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COVID-19-Impfpflicht in Österreich

2022-02-04T21:31:08Z

Int21h: /* Weblinks */ ELI

{{Laufendes Ereignis}}

Die '''COVID-19-Impfpflicht in Österreich''' regelt die [[COVID-19-Impfung]] gegen die Erkrankung [[COVID-19]] im Rahmen der [[COVID-19-Pandemie in Österreich]]. Die Impfpflicht beruht auf dem ''Bundesgesetz über die Impfpflicht gegen COVID-19 (COVID-19-Impfpflichtgesetz – COVID-19-IG),'' das am 20. Jänner 2022 vom [[Nationalrat (Österreich)|Nationalrat]] mit deutlicher Mehrheit beschlossen wurde und dem am 3. Februar 2022 auch der [[Bundesrat (Österreich)|Bundesrat]] zustimmte.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=tagesschau.de |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/europa/oesterreich-impfpflicht-107.html |titel=Österreich: Grünes Licht für die stufenweise Impfpflicht |datum=2022-02-03 |sprache=de |abruf=2022-02-03}}</ref> Die [[Impfpflicht]] soll in drei Phasen eingeführt werden.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=faz.net|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/so-will-oesterreich-die-impfpflicht-durchsetzen-17734402.html |titel=So will Österreich die Impfpflicht durchsetzen |datum=2022-01-16 |sprache=de |abruf=2022-01-16}}</ref><ref>[https://www.derstandard.at/jetzt/livebericht/2000132677997/erneut-hoechstwert-bei-sieben-tage-inzidenz-in-deutschland?responsive=false LIVE Impfpflichtgesetz mit großer Mehrheit im Nationalrat beschlossen], STANDARD 20. Jänner 2022</ref> Das Gesetz trat mit 5. Februar 2022 in Kraft.

== Gesetzliche Impfpflicht ==
Personen, die im Bundesgebiet einen Wohnsitz haben oder über eine Hauptwohnsitzbestätigung verfügen und das 18. Lebensjahr vollendet haben, sind verpflichtet, sich einer Schutzimpfung gegen [[COVID-19]] zu unterziehen. Für Personen zwischen dem 14. und 18. Lebensjahr kommt es auf die erforderliche Entscheidungsfähigkeit gemäß § 173 Abs. 1 [[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch|ABGB]] an.

Die Impfpflicht besteht nicht für Schwangere, für Personen, die nicht ohne Gefahr für Leben oder Gesundheit geimpft werden können und für Personen, die eine bestätigte Infektion mit [[SARS-CoV-2]] überstanden haben, für die Dauer von 180 Tagen ab dem Tag der Probenahme.<ref name=":1" /> Die Gründe, ob eine Person aus Gefahr für Leben oder Gesundheit nicht geimpft werden kann, werden per Verordnung durch den [[Bundesministerium für Soziales, Gesundheit, Pflege und Konsumentenschutz]] festgelegt.

Die Impfung umfasst eine aus Erst-, Zweit- und Drittimpfung bestehende Impfserie mit einem anerkannten oder einem nach der [[Verordnung (EG) Nr. 726/2004]] von der Europäischen Kommission zentral zugelassenen [[SARS-CoV-2-Impfstoff|Impfstoff]] gegen COVID-19.<ref>vgl. [https://orf.at/corona/stories/3213431/ ''Österreich: Welche Impfstoffe verwendet werden.''] [[ORF]], 18. Mai 2021.</ref>

Die Schutzimpfung darf nicht durch Ausübung unmittelbarer Befehls- und Zwangsgewalt durchgesetzt werden. Wer nach dem 15. März 2022 die Impfpflicht nicht erfüllt, begeht jedoch eine [[Verwaltungsübertretung]] und ist mit einer Geldstrafe bis zu 3 600 Euro zu bestrafen. Gegenüber derselben Person dürfen maximal vier Strafverfahren pro Jahr geführt werden. Im [[Abgekürztes Verfahren (Österreich)|abgekürzten Verfahren]] beträgt die Geldstrafe bis zu 600 Euro. Sofern die Zahlung verweigert oder Einspruch erhoben wird, kommt es zu einem ordentlichem Verfahren, in dem das Strafausmaß bis zu 3.600 Euro beträgt. Bei Zahlungsverweigerung soll, wie auch bei gewöhnlichen Verfahren, eine [[Exekution (gerichtliche Pfändung)]] vom [[Gerichtsvollzieher (Österreich)|Gerichtsvollzieher]] durchgeführt werden.<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=nico |Titel=Impfpflicht – das passiert mit allen, die sich weigern |Sammelwerk=Heute.at |Online=https://www.heute.at/s/impfpflicht-das-passiert-mit-allen-die-sich-weigern-100178455 |Abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref> Eine Umwandlung der Geldstrafe in eine Freiheitsstrafe findet auch im Falle der Uneinbringlichkeit der Geldstrafe nicht statt.

Die Bestrafung kann durch Nachholung der erforderlichen Impfung abgewendet werden. Die verhängten Geldstrafen fließen dem jeweiligen [[Landesgesundheitsfonds]] zu.

Der Bund trägt die Kosten für die Durchführung der Impfungen.

Das Gesetz tritt mit Ablauf des 31. Jänner 2024 außer Kraft.

== Ablauf ==
=== Phase 1 ===
Phase 1 soll ab Inkrafttreten des Gesetzes bis 15. März 2022 gelten. In dieser Phase erhalten alle Haushalte in Österreich Informationen über die Impfpflicht in Form von Postwurfsendungen. Eine Impfung soll in dieser Phase in Anspruch genommen werden.

=== Phase 2 ===
Bis zur Festlegung der „Erinnerungsstichtage“ wird ab 15. März die Einhaltung der Impfpflicht durch Organe des öffentlichen Sicherheitsdienstes flächendeckend kontrolliert, unter anderem im Rahmen von üblichen Verkehrskontrollen. Im Fall einer Übertretung erfolgt eine Anzeige bei der Bezirksverwaltungsbehörde, die eine Frist zur Vorlage eine Impfnachweises bzw. eines Ausnahmegrundes festlegt. Wenn man dem nicht nachkommt, begeht man eine [[Verwaltungsübertretung]] und kann gemäß dem Gesetzentwurf mit bis zu 600 Euro [[Verwaltungsstrafe]] bestraft werden.<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Andreas Mihm, Wien |Titel=Von Februar an: Österreich führt Impfpflicht ab 14 Jahre ein |Sammelwerk=FAZ.NET |ISSN=0174-4909 |Online=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/oesterreich-fuehrt-allgemeine-corona-impfpflicht-ab-14-jahren-ein-17675604.html |Abruf=2021-12-15}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Internetquelle |autor=ORF at/Agenturen red |url=https://orf.at/stories/3239589/ |titel=Hohe Strafen: Entwurf zur Impfpflicht präsentiert |datum=2021-12-09 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.oe24.at/coronavirus/alle-ungeimpften-in-oesterreich-bekommen-jetzt-brief-mit-impf-termin/501539402 |titel=Alle Ungeimpften in Österreich bekommen jetzt Brief mit Impf-Termin |hrsg=OE24 |datum=2021-12-02 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref>

=== Phase 3 ===
Nach einer Datenverschneidung zwischen dem [[Melderegister#Österreich|Zentralen Melderegister]] und dem [[Epidemiologisches Meldesystem|Epidemiologischen Meldesystem]] sowie dem [[Zentrales Impfregister (Österreich)|Zentralen Impfregister]] sollen alle Ungeimpften zu per Verordnung festgelegten „Erinnerungsstichtagen“ per Brief aufgefordert werden, sich impfen zu lassen oder bei einem berechtigten Arzt einen Ausnahmegrund eintragen zu lassen. Es sollen zwei „Impfstichtage“ pro Jahr festgelegt werden. Sofern zu diesem Zeitpunkt kein Eintrag einer Impfung oder eines Ausnahmegrundes im Zentralen Impfregister vorliegt, wird von der zuständigen Bezirksverwaltungsbehörde ein Strafverfahren eingeleitet. Das Strafverfahren wird eingestellt, wenn innerhalb von zwei Wochen ab Ausstellung der Strafverfügung ein Impfnachweis oder ein Nachweis über einen Ausnahmegrund der Bezirksverwaltungsbehörde vorgelegt werden kann.

== Hintergrund ==
Lange Zeit wurde eine Impfpflicht von der [[Bundesregierung (Österreich)|Regierung]] ausgeschlossen.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Daniel Bischof |url=https://www.wienerzeitung.at/nachrichten/politik/oesterreich/2128368-Stich-oder-Geldstrafe.html |titel=Impfpflicht - Stich oder Geldstrafe |hrsg=Wiener Zeitung |datum=2021-11-19 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-16}}</ref> Am 19. November 2021 kündigte der damalige [[Bundeskanzler (Österreich)|Bundeskanzler]] [[Alexander Schallenberg]] an, man werde doch eine Impfpflicht einführen. Trotz aller Überzeugungsarbeit und Kampagnen, seien zu wenige Menschen geimpft worden, meinte Schallenberg.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Deutscher Ärzteverlag GmbH, Redaktion Deutsches Ärzteblatt |url=https://www.aerzteblatt.de/nachrichten/129255/Lockdown-und-Impfpflicht-in-Oesterreich |titel=Lockdown und Impfpflicht in Österreich |datum=2021-11-19 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-16}}</ref> Eine allgemeine Impfpflicht gab es zu dem Zeitpunkt nur in wenigen Staaten weltweit. Dazu zählen unter anderem [[Turkmenistan]] und [[Tadschikistan]], sowie der [[Vatikanstadt|Vatikan]]. Mehrere Länder und Gebiete haben eine Corona-Impfpflicht nur für bestimmte Bevölkerungs- oder Berufsgruppen erlassen.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.nachrichten.at/panorama/weltspiegel/wo-die-impfpflicht-bereits-realitaet-ist;art17,3492274 |titel=Wo die Impfpflicht bereits Realität ist |hrsg=OÖNachrichten |datum=2021-11-19 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-16}}</ref>

Die [[ELGA GmbH]] kündigte am 7. Jänner an, den notwendigen Datenabgleich für eine flächendeckende Verfolgung erst im April bereitstellen zu können.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=ORF at/Agenturen red |url=https://orf.at/stories/3242849/ |titel=Technische Umsetzung: Impfpflicht für ELGA erst ab April möglich |datum=2022-01-07 |sprache=de |abruf=2022-01-21}}</ref>

== Der Weg in der Bundesgesetzgebung ==
Das Gesetz wurde am 20. Jänner 2022 im [[Nationalrat (Österreich)|Nationalrat]] beschlossen.

Bei den beiden Regierungsparteien ([[Österreichische Volkspartei|ÖVP]], [[Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative|Die Grünen]]) stimmten die anwesenden Mandatare geschlossen für die Impfpflicht. Bei der [[Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs|SPÖ]] stimmten die anwesenden Mandatare für die Impfpflicht, mit Ausnahme von [[Josef Muchitsch]]. Bei [[NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum|NEOS]] stimmten 11 von 15 Abgeordneten für die Impfpflicht, dagegen stimmten [[Stephanie Krisper]], [[Fiona Fiedler]], [[Johannes Margreiter]] und [[Gerald Loacker]]. Die anwesenden Mandatare der [[Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs|FPÖ]] stimmten geschlossen gegen die Impfpflicht. Die freie Abgeordnete [[Philippa Strache]] stimmte für den Gesetzesentwurf.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.puls24.at/news/politik/philippa-strache-fuer-impfpflicht-vier-neos-und-ein-spoe-mandatar-dagegen/254624 |titel=Philippa Strache für Impfpflicht, vier NEOS- und ein SPÖ-Mandatar dagegen |sprache=de |abruf=2022-01-20}}</ref>

In der Sitzung nicht anwesend waren unter anderem [[Ewa Ernst-Dziedzic]] (Grüne), [[Gudrun Kugler]] (ÖVP), [[Rudolf Silvan]], [[Petra Vorderwinkler]], [[Robert Laimer]], [[Max Lercher]] (jeweils SPÖ) sowie [[Dagmar Belakowitsch]] und [[Volker Reifenberger]] (beide FPÖ).<ref name="ds2000132718620">{{Internetquelle |autor=Sebastian Fellner, Gabriele Scherndl, Fabian Schmid |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000132718620/philippa-strache-fuer-impfpflicht-gruene-blieb-fern-was-war-da |titel=Philippa Strache für Impfpflicht, Grüne blieb fern: Was war da los im Nationalrat? |werk=[[DerStandard.at]] |datum=2022-01-21 |abruf=2022-01-22}}</ref><ref name="ds2000132709351">{{Internetquelle |autor=Theo Anders, Vanessa Gaigg, Jan Michael Marchart, Gabriele Scherndl |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000132709351/breite-mehrheit-und-laute-protesteimpfpflicht-ist-beschlossene-sache |titel=Breite Mehrheit und laute Proteste: Impfpflicht ist beschlossene Sache |werk=[[DerStandard.at]] |datum=2022-01-20 |abruf=2022-01-20}}</ref> Insgesamt stimmten 137 der 170 anwesenden Abgeordneten (von [[Liste der Abgeordneten zum Österreichischen Nationalrat (XXVII. Gesetzgebungsperiode)|gesamt 183]]) für den Entwurf.<ref name="ds2000132709351" />

In der [[Bundesrat (Österreich)|Bundesratssitzung]] am 3. Februar 2022 stimmte auch die zweite österreichische Parlamentskammer dem Impfpflichtgesetz zu. Von den 59 in der Sitzung anwesenden Bundesratsmitgliedern stimmten 47 gegen die Erhebung eines Einspruchs gegen den Gesetzesentwurf (was ein [[Suspensives Veto]] bedeutet hätte) und zwölf für die Erhebung eines solchen. Neben allen zehn Bundesratsmitgliedern der FPÖ stimmten auch die beiden SPÖ-Bundesratsmitglieder [[David Egger (Politiker)|David Egger]] (SPÖ, Salzburg) und [[Horst Schachner]] (SPÖ, Steiermark) für die Erhebung eines Einspruchs und damit gegen den Gesetzesentwurf.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20220203_OTS0186/covid-19-impfpflichtgesetz-wird-nach-zustimmung-durch-den-bundesrat-voraussichtlich-naechste-woche-in-kraft-treten |titel=COVID-19-Impfpflichtgesetz wird nach Zustimmung durch den Bundesrat voraussichtlich nächste Woche in Kraft treten |hrsg=Pressedienst der Parlamentsdirektion |werk=Parlamentskorrespondenz des [[Österreichisches Parlament|Österreichischen Parlaments]] |datum=2022-02-03 |abruf=2022-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000133068159/bundesrat-stimmt-fuer-impfpflicht |titel=Bundesrat stimmt mit klarer Mehrheit für Impfpflicht |autor=Lara Hagen |werk=[[derStandard.at]] |datum=2022-02-03 |abruf=2022-02-04}}</ref>

Am 4. Februar 2022, einen Tag nach der Beschlussfassung im Bundesrat, beurkundete [[Bundespräsident (Österreich)|Bundespräsident]] [[Alexander Van der Bellen]] das verfassungsgemäße Zustandekommen des Gesetzesentwurfes.<ref name="ORF 2022-02-04">{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.orf.at/stories/3246267/ |titel=Impfpflichtgesetz tritt morgen in Kraft |werk=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk|ORF.at]] |datum=2022-02-04 |abruf=2022-02-04}}</ref> Noch am selben Tag erfolgte die Gegenzeichnung durch [[Bundeskanzler (Österreich)|Bundeskanzler]] [[Karl Nehammer]] sowie die Kundmachung im [[Bundesgesetzblatt für die Republik Österreich|Bundesgesetzblatt]] (BGBl I Nr. 4/2022). Das ''Bundesgesetz über die Pflicht zur Impfung gegen COVID-19'' trat somit am 5. Februar 2022 in Kraft.<ref name="ORF 2022-02-04" />

== Rezeption ==
Nach einer [[Befragung|Umfrage]] des [[Meinungsforschung|Meinungsforschers]] Peter Hajek für ATV vom 5. Dezember 2021 waren 53 Prozent der Bevölkerung für eine Impfpflicht. Strikt dagegen waren 32 Prozent und 13 Prozent waren unentschlossen. Dabei gibt es wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen Wählergruppen. Die Mehrheit der [[Österreichische Volkspartei|ÖVP]]- und [[Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs|SPÖ]]-Wähler waren dafür, während die meisten [[Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs|FPÖ]]-Wähler dagegen waren.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Salzburger Nachrichten |url=https://www.sn.at/panorama/oesterreich/oesterreicher-mehrheitlich-fuer-impfpflicht-113557807 |titel=Österreicher mehrheitlich für Impfpflicht |datum=2021-12-05 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref> Bei den zeitgleich stattfindenden konträren [[Liste der Volksbegehren in Österreich|Volksbegehren]] der [[Initiative IGE]] sprachen sich bis zum September 2021 269.391 Menschen gegen und 65.729 für eine Impfpflicht aus.<ref>[https://www.sn.at/panorama/oesterreich/bei-den-volksbegehren-unterschrieben-mehr-gegner-einer-impfpflicht-110079847 Bei den Volksbegehren unterschrieben mehr Gegner einer Impfpflicht], Salzburger Nachrichten, abgerufen am 23. Jänner 2022</ref> Eine Umfrage der Salzburger Arbeiterkammer ergab im Dezember 2021 eine knappe Mehrheit gegen die Impfpflicht unter den Salzburger Arbeitnehmern.<ref>[https://salzburg.orf.at/stories/3136481/ AK: „Mehrheit der Arbeitnehmer gegen Impfpflicht“], orf.at, abgerufen am 23. Jänner 2022</ref> In einer [[Profil (Zeitschrift)|profil]]-Umfrage am 15. Jänner 2022 sprachen sich 51 % der Befragten gegen eine Impfpflicht ab Februar aus.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=thomas.hoisl |url=https://profil.at/oesterreich/umfrage-knappe-mehrheit-gegen-impfpflicht-ab-februar/401872517 |titel=Umfrage: Knappe Mehrheit gegen Impfpflicht ab Februar |datum=2022-01-15 |sprache=de |abruf=2022-01-21}}</ref>

Der FPÖ-[[Bundesparteiobmann]] [[Herbert Kickl]] reagierte auf die Ankündigung einer Impfpflicht am 19. November 2021 mit der Aussage, Österreich sei „mit heutigem Tag eine [[Diktatur]]“.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor= |url=https://www.diepresse.com/6063244/intensivmediziner-begruessen-lockdown-kickl-ortet-diktatur |titel=Intensivmediziner begrüßen Lockdown, Kickl ortet "Diktatur" |werk=[[Die Presse]] |datum=2021-11-19 |sprache=de |abruf=2022-01-18}}</ref>
Bei der Debatte im [[Landtag Steiermark|steirischen Landtag]] positionierten sich die NEOS und die [[KPÖ]] gegen die Impfpflicht.<ref>[https://www.krone.at/2605740 Impfpflicht: FPÖ, KPÖ, Neos in Steiermark dagegen], Kronen Zeitung, abgerufen am 23. Jänner 2022</ref>

Auf Bundesebene forderten die NEOS, dass mit der Gültigkeit der Impfpflicht ein Ende der [[2G-Regel]] und des Lockdown für Ungeimpfte einhergehen müsse. Außerdem kritisierten sie die Impf-Lotterie und die dadurch verursachten Kosten scharf.<ref>[https://www.vienna.at/neos-fordern-mit-impfpflicht-ein-ende-von-2g-und-dem-lockdown-fuer-ungeimpfte/7268287 NEOS fordern mit Impfpflicht ein Ende von 2G und dem Lockdown für Ungeimpfte], vienna.at, abgerufen am 24. Jänner 2022</ref> Auch ein im Auftrag der [[Wirtschaftskammer Österreich|WKO]] erstelltes Rechtsgutachten kam zum Schluss, dass die 2G-Pflicht mit Einführung der Impfpflicht verfassungswidrig sei.<ref>[https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000132794083/handelsobmann-will-das-2g-kontrollen-im-handel-mit-impfpflicht-fallen Handelsobmann will, dass 2G-Kontrollen im Handel mit Impfpflicht fallen], der Standard, abgerufen am 24. Jänner 2022</ref>

=== Demonstrationen ===
[[Datei:Wien - Anti-Corona-Demo, 20. November 2021 (b).JPG|mini|Demonstration gegen die Impfpflicht und den Anti-Corona-Maßnahmen am 20. November 2021 in Wien mit rund 40.000 Teilnehmern]]
Seit der Ankündigung gab es [[Protest]]e in allen [[Land (Österreich)|Bundesländern]].<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://kurier.at/chronik/oesterreich/demos-gegen-impfpflicht-in-ganz-oesterreich/401826115 |titel=Demos gegen Impfpflicht in ganz Österreich |hrsg=KURIER |datum=2021-12-01 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref> Die FPÖ hat auch zu Demonstrationen aufgerufen. Der damalige [[Innenminister]] [[Karl Nehammer]] warnte vor einer „zunehmenden Radikalisierung der Maßnahmen-Gegner“. Manche Demonstranten verglichen den damaligen Bundeskanzler Schallenberg mit dem KZ-Arzt [[Josef Mengele]] und trugen [[Judenstern]]e mit der Aufschrift „ungeimpft“. Einige Journalisten wurden beleidigt und angegriffen.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=tagesschau.de |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/corona-proteste-oesterreichradikalisierung-innenminister-101.html |titel=Corona-Gegner: Österreichs Innenminister warnt vor Radikalisierung |datum=2021-11-19 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref> Während die breite Mehrheit der Teilnehmer friedlich waren, gab es vereinzelt auch Angriffe auf Polizisten.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=wien ORF at red |url=https://wien.orf.at/stories/3132907/ |titel=Demos: 621 Anzeigen, fünf Beamte verletzt |datum=2021-12-05 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref>

== Gesellschaftliche Debatte ==
Grundsätzlich stellt eine Impfpflicht einen Eingriff in das [[Recht auf körperliche Unversehrtheit]] dar (Art. 3 der [[Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union|europäischen Grundrechte]]).<ref name=":0">{{Internetquelle |autor=[[Ulrich Körtner]] |url=https://science.orf.at/stories/3209985/ |titel=Was für eine allgemeine Impfpflicht spricht |werk=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk#Internet|science.orf.at]] |hrsg=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk]] |datum=2021-11-24 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref> Allerdings steht nach mehreren Urteilen des [[Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte|Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte]] eine hinreichend begründete Impfpflicht nicht im Widerspruch zur [[Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention|Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention]].<ref name=":0">{{Internetquelle |autor=[[Ulrich Körtner]] |url=https://science.orf.at/stories/3209985/ |titel=Was für eine allgemeine Impfpflicht spricht |werk=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk#Internet|science.orf.at]] |hrsg=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk]] |datum=2021-11-24 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref> In Österreich gab es schon seit 1939 eine Impfpflicht gegen [[Pocken]], die mit der Ausrottung der Krankheit 1981 aufgehoben wurde.<ref>https://roemr.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/i_roemisches_recht/Publikationen/Memmer_in_Aigner_u.a.__Schutzimpfungen__2016__7-36.pdf</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://vorarlberg.orf.at/stories/3130873/ |titel=Impfpflicht ist nichts Neues |werk=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk#Internet|vorarlberg.orf.at]] |hrsg=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk]] |datum=2021-11-20 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref>

Für Befürworter der Impfpflicht ist der Eingriff in die Grundrechte vertretbar, da somit die Gesundheit der Allgemeinheit, also das gleiche Grundrecht, geschützt würde.<ref name=":2">{{Internetquelle |autor=Elisabeth Prechtl, Robert Stammler |url=https://www.nachrichten.at/wirtschaft/rechtliche-argumente-fuer-und-gegen-impfpflicht;art15,3499476 |titel=Rechtliche Argumente für und gegen Impfpflicht |werk=[[Oberösterreichische Nachrichten]] |hrsg= |datum=2021-12-04 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref> Ungeimpfte würden überproportional [[Intensivstation]]en und [[Krankenhaus|Spitäler]] belasten und damit anderen die ärztliche Behandlung vorenthalten. Zwar gäbe es ein „Recht auf Krankheit“, wonach Menschen nicht für ihre eigene Gesundheit zu einer Behandlung gezwungen werden dürfen, doch ende die Freiheit des Einzelnen dort, wo man andere in Gefahr bringe. Dies gelte insbesondere in Bezug auf Personengruppen, die sich aufgrund von Vorerkrankungen nicht impfen lassen können, und deswegen von der Allgemeinheit geschützt werden müssten.<ref name=":0">{{Internetquelle |autor=[[Ulrich Körtner]] |url=https://science.orf.at/stories/3209985/ |titel=Was für eine allgemeine Impfpflicht spricht |werk=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk#Internet|science.orf.at]] |hrsg=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk]] |datum=2021-11-24 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref> Mit einer höheren Impfquote ließen sich [[Lockdown]]s und die damit verbunden wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Schäden vermeiden, außerdem würde durch ein geringeres Infektionsgeschehen die Entstehung gefährlicherer Virus-Mutationen erschwert.<ref name=":0">{{Internetquelle |autor=[[Ulrich Körtner]] |url=https://science.orf.at/stories/3209985/ |titel=Was für eine allgemeine Impfpflicht spricht |werk=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk#Internet|science.orf.at]] |hrsg=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk]] |datum=2021-11-24 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref>

Damit eine Impfpflicht rechtlich durchsetzbar ist, muss sie verhältnismäßig sein, es darf also keine gelinderen Mittel geben, die denselben Zweck erfüllen. Damit stellt die Impfpflicht nach Aussage des Gesundheitsministers eine [[Ultima Ratio|Ultima-Ratio]]-Maßnahme dar.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.zdf.de/uri/d596e38a-2b19-416e-8319-b41b01385085 |titel=Gesundheitsminister zu Impfpflicht: "Sie ist Ultima Ratio" |sprache=de |abruf=2022-01-22}}</ref> Verfassungsjuristen zweifeln an der Verfassungskonformität der Impfpflicht.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=salzburg ORF at red |url=https://salzburg.orf.at/stories/3137976/ |titel=Impfpflicht: Umfassende Kritik von Verfassungsjuristen |datum=2022-01-10 |sprache=de |abruf=2022-01-24}}</ref>

Voraussetzung für eine Impfpflicht ist allerdings eine hohe Sicherheit der zugelassenen [[SARS-CoV-2-Impfstoff]]e. Das Risiko von [[Nebenwirkung#schwerwiegende_Nebenwirkungen|schwerwiegenden Nebenwirkungen]] der Impfung ist nach den vorliegenden wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen geringer als die Folgen eines schwerwiegenden Krankheitsverlaufs.<ref name=":2" /> Der Kritik von Impfgegnern, es gäbe keine Daten zu Nebenwirkungen der Impfung, die möglicherweise erst nach Monaten oder Jahren auftreten, setzt [[Klaus Cichutek]], Chef des [[Paul Ehrlich-Institut]]s (RKI) entgegen, dass es bei Impfstoffen generell so sei, dass die meisten Nebenwirkungen schon innerhalb weniger Stunden oder Tage auftreten, in seltenen Fällen auch nach Wochen. Langzeit-Nebenwirkungen, die erst nach Jahren auftreten, seien bei Impfstoffen generell unbekannt. Wird dagegen von ''Langzeitfolgen'' gesprochen, werden darunter sehr seltene Nebenwirkungen verstanden, die möglicherweise erst nach längerer und häufiger Anwendung eines Impfstoffs entdeckt werden. Dieses Prinzip gelte grundsätzlich auch für [[mRNA-Impfstoff]]e.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Oliver Klein, Katja Belousova |url=https://www.zdf.de/uri/c2c58cca-b44b-4d3c-8374-408ae954e278 |titel=Impfstoffe: Warum es keine Langzeit-Nebenwirkungen gibt |werk=[[Panorama (Magazin)|Panorama]] |hrsg=[[ZDF]] |datum=2021-10-20 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref>

Da die verfügbaren Impfstoffe keine [[Immunität (Medizin)|sterile Immunität]] bewirken, wird die Verhältnismäßigkeit der Maßnahme ebenfalls angezweifelt.<ref name=":2" />

Kritiker einer Impfpflicht sehen in regelmäßigen Corona-Tests eine für die Pandemiebekämpfung äquivalente Maßnahme, die weniger stark in die Grundrechte eingreife.<ref name=":2" /> Ein getesteter Ungeimpfter ist nach Aussage des Medizinethikers [[Ulrich H. J. Körtner]] weniger gefährlich als ein potentiell infizierter, ungetesteter Geimpfter, die Testung schütze jedoch nicht vor einer Infektion.<ref name=":0">{{Internetquelle |autor=[[Ulrich Körtner]] |url=https://science.orf.at/stories/3209985/ |titel=Was für eine allgemeine Impfpflicht spricht |werk=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk#Internet|science.orf.at]] |hrsg=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk]] |datum=2021-11-24 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref> Daneben ist die Verlässlichkeit der Antigen-Schnelltests gemäß aktueller Studien<ref>https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub2/full?cookiesEnabled</ref> beschränkt. So liegt die [[Sensitivität (Test)|Sensitivität]] bei symptomfreien Personen nur bei 58 %, viele infizierte Personen werden also gar nicht entdeckt.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Jana Meixner |url=https://www.medizin-transparent.at/corona-antigen-schnelltest/ |titel=Wie verlässlich sind Corona-Antigen-Schnelltests? |werk=[[Medizin transparent]] |datum=2021-04-20 |sprache=de-DE |abruf=2022-01-18}}</ref> Im Falle eines [[Falsch-negativ|falsch-negativen]] Tests schützt eine Impfung immer noch vor Infektion und schweren Verläufen.

Des Weiteren wird an der praktischen Umsetzung gezweifelt. Impfgegner könnten die Impfung weiterhin verweigern, Geldstrafen in Kauf nehmen und Rechtsverfahren einleiten, die die Behörden überlasten könnten.<ref name=":0">{{Internetquelle |autor=[[Ulrich Körtner]] |url=https://science.orf.at/stories/3209985/ |titel=Was für eine allgemeine Impfpflicht spricht |werk=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk#Internet|science.orf.at]] |hrsg=[[Österreichischer Rundfunk]] |datum=2021-11-24 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref> Kritiker der Impfpflicht befürchten, diese würde nur noch mehr Widerstand auslösen und zögernde Personen nicht überzeugen.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Magdalena Ennemoser |url=https://www.tt.com/artikel/30808224/impfpflicht-sorgt-auch-bei-expertinnen-fuer-skepsis |titel=Impfpflicht sorgt auch bei Expertinnen für Skepsis |werk=[[Tiroler Tageszeitung]] |datum=2021-12-13 |sprache=de |abruf=2021-12-17}}</ref>

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/eli/bgbl/I/2022/4 Bundesgesetz über die Pflicht zur Impfung gegen COVID-19 (BGBl I 4/2022)] im [[Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes]].
* [https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXVII/A/A_02173/index.shtml COVID-19-Impfpflichtgesetz – COVID-19-IG] parlament.gv.at. Übersicht, Parlamentarisches Verfahren und Stellungnahmen.
* [https://www.sozialministerium.at/Corona-Schutzimpfung/Impfpflicht.html Zweiter Gesetzentwurf zur Impfpflicht] auf der Website des Gesundheitsministeriums
* [https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXVII/ME/ME_00164/index.shtml# Erster Gesetzentwurf zur Impfpflicht] auf www.parlament.gv.at
* FAZ.net vom 5. Januar 2022: [https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/in-oesterreich-wackelt-die-impfpflicht-immunitaet-dank-omikron-17717185.html ''In Österreich wackelt die Impfpflicht'']
* derstandard.at: [https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000132333410/wackelt-wegen-omikron-die-impfpflicht ''Wackelt wegen Omikron die Impfpflicht?'']

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references responsive />
{{Rechtshinweis}}
[[Kategorie:COVID-19-Pandemie in Österreich| ]]
[[Kategorie:Gesundheitswesen (Österreich)]]
[[Kategorie:Gesundheitspolitik (Österreich)]]
[[Kategorie:Rechtsquelle (Österreich)]]
[[Kategorie:Politik 2022]]

Apple Card

2019-04-08T13:29:47Z

Int21h: +Category:Credit cards +Category:Contactless smart cards

{{short description|A credit card developed by Apple Inc.}}
{{use mdy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox electronic payment
| name = Apple Card
| logo = Apple Card.svg
| logo_size = 100px
| screenshot = AppleCard iPhoneXS.png
| screenshot_size = 225px
| alt =
| caption = Apple Card within the [[Apple Wallet|Wallet]] app in [[iOS 12]] on an [[iPhone XS]]
| location = [[United States]]
| launched = 2019
| technology_1 = [[Credit card]]
| technology_2 = [[Contactless payment]]
| technology_3 = [[Apple Pay]]
| operator = {{plain list|
* [[Apple Inc.]] (developer)
* [[Goldman Sachs]] (issuing bank)
* [[Mastercard]] (payment system)
}}
| homepage = {{URL|apple.com/apple-card/}}
}}
'''Apple Card''' is a [[credit card]] developed by [[Apple Inc.]], designed primarily to be used with [[Apple Pay]] on [[Apple device]]s such as an [[iPhone]] or [[Apple Watch]]. It will be available in the [[United States]] at launch in the summer of 2019.

Apple Card was announced at an [[list of Apple Inc. media events#Apple Special Event (March 25, 2019)|Apple Special Event]] on March 25, 2019, which focused on new services provided by Apple.<ref>{{cite web |last= Arkin |first= Daniel |title= Apple event: TV, news and video game services signal new direction for iPhone maker |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/apple/apple-event-credit-card-news-subscription-service-signal-new-direction-n986996 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date= 2019-03-25 |accessdate= 26 March 2019 |language= en |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47697647|title=Apple debuts own credit card and TV shows |last= Kleinman |first= Zoe |publisher=[[BBC]] |date= 2019-03-25 |access-date= 2019-03-25 |language= en-GB |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

==Features==
Apple Card does not include [[late fee|late]], [[cash advance]], [[foreign exchange market|international]], [[overdraft]], or [[annual fee|annual]] credit card [[credit card fees|fees]], except for applicable [[interest]] [[bank charge|charges]] when carrying a [[balance (accounting)|balance]] and any [[interchange fee]]s that are normally charged to the [[vendor]].<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/25/apple-unveils-new-credit-card-the-apple-card.html |title= Apple unveils new credit-card: the Apple Card |last= Son |first= Hugh |date= 2019-03-25 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date= 2019-03-25 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Joint accounts will not be supported upon launch.<ref name="in-depth-tc">{{cite news |last= Panzarino |first= Matthew |title= How Apple Card works |url= https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/28/how-apple-card-works/ |accessdate= 8 April 2019 |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date= 28 March 2019 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

=== Reward program ===
The card features a 2% "Daily Cash" [[cashback reward program|cash-back reward program]] for every purchase done using [[Apple Pay]], 3% for any purchase from Apple (at [[Apple Online Store|online]] or [[Apple Retail Store|retail]] [[Apple Store]]s; the various Apple [[App Store]]s for [[App Store (iMessage)|iMessage]], [[App Store (iOS)|iOS]], [[App Store (macOS)|macOS]], [[App Store (tvOS)|tvOS]], or [[App Store (watchOS)|watchOS]]; other Apple media stores like [[iBooks Store]] or [[iTunes Store]]; or on [[:Category:Apple Inc. services|Apple services]] like [[Apple Arcade]], [[Apple Music]], [[Apple News+]], [[Apple TV+]], [[iCloud]] storage, or [[iTunes Match]]), and 1% when using the physical card anywhere else.<ref>{{Cite web |first= Jon |last= Fingas |url= https://www.engadget.com/2019/03/25/apple-card/ |title= Apple is launching a credit card |website=[[Engadget]] |date= 2019-03-25 |language= en |access-date= 2019-03-25 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Rewards accrue and are paid out daily via [[Apple Pay Cash]] inside of [[Apple Wallet]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.techradar.com/news/apple-card-launches-as-a-new-type-of-credit-card-on-your-iphone|title=Apple Card launches as a new type of credit card on your iPhone |last= McCann |first= John |date= 2019-03-25 |website=[[TechRadar]] |language= en |access-date= 2019-03-25 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

=== Privacy ===
A unique permanent card number is created for each device and is stored in the device's [[secure element]], a special security chip used by Apple Pay. Every purchase generates a one-time "dynamic security code", authorized with [[Face ID]] or [[Touch ID]].<ref>{{cite web |last= Matsakis |first= Louise |title= Apple Enters the Credit Card Market With—Yep—Apple Card |url= https://www.wired.com/story/apple-credit-card-apple-pay/ |website=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |accessdate= 26 March 2019 |date= 25 March 2019 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Due to the Apple Card's privacy features, Apple won’t know where a customer shopped, what they bought, or how much they paid.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://qz.com/1580194/the-apple-credit-cards-most-original-feature-is-privacy/ |title= The most original thing about Apple’s credit card isn’t its app, fees, or laser-etched titanium |last= Detrixhe |first= John |date= 2019-03-25 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |language= en |archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url= |access-date= 2019-03-26 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> [[Two-factor authentication]] is required in order to apply for the card.<ref name="in-depth-tc" />

=== Partnerships ===
Apple will partner with [[Goldman Sachs]] to provide the support of an [[issuing bank]] and [[Mastercard]] to provide the [[global payments network]] for the Apple Card.<ref>{{Cite web |first= Andrew |last= Griffin |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/apple-card-credit-pay-iphone-wallet-details-cost-goldman-sachs-a8839276.html |title= Apple just released a stunning new credit card |date= 2019-03-25 |website=[[The Independent]] |language= en |access-date= 2019-03-25 |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

=== Physical card ===
Apple has designed a [[titanium]] Apple Card for shopping at locations where Apple Pay [[contactless payment]] is not accepted yet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url= https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2019/03/introducing-apple-card-a-new-kind-of-credit-card-created-by-apple/ |title= Introducing Apple Card, a new kind of credit card created by Apple |date= 2019-03-25 |website=[[Apple Newsroom]] |language= en-US |archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url= |access-date= 2019-03-26 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> The card has no [[payment card number|card number]], [[Card Verification Value|CVV]] [[card security code|security code]], expiration date, or [[signature]] printed on the card; though, if necessary, this information is available in the Apple Wallet app.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official site|2=Official website for Apple Card}}

{{Apple}}
{{Mobile payments}}
{{Payment service providers}}
[[Category:Apple Inc. services]]
[[Category:Credit cards]]
[[Category:Contactless smart cards]]
{{Apple-stub}}
{{Tech-stub}}
{{Finance-stub}}

Edmunds–Tucker Act

2015-12-09T06:44:17Z

Int21h: /* History */ change wl

{{multiple image
| footer = Two cards used by football referees
| image1 = GFEdmunds.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = Photo of George F. Edmunds
| caption1 = <center>[[United States Senate|Sen.]] [[George F. Edmunds]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]—[[List of United States Senators from Vermont|VT]])</center>
| image2 = John Randolph Tucker 1823-1897 - Brady-Handy.jpg
| width2 = 170
| alt2 = Photo of John Randolph Tucker
| caption2 = <center>[[United States House of Representatives|Rep.]] [[John Randolph Tucker (1823–1897)|John Randolph Tucker]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]—[[Virginia's 10th congressional district|VA-10]])</center>
| footer = Co-sponsors of the Edmunds–Tucker Act
| footer_align = center
}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| shorttitle =
| othershorttitles =
| longtitle = An act to amend an act entitled "An act to amend section fifty-three hundred and fifty-two of the Revised Statutes of the United States, in reference to bigamy, and for other purposes," approved March twenty-second, eighteen hundred and eighty-two.
| colloquialacronym =
| nickname = Edmunds–Tucker Act
| enacted by = 49th
| effective date =
| public law url =
| cite public law = 
| cite statutes at large = Chapter 397, {{usstat|24|635}}
| acts amended = [[Edmunds Act]]
| acts repealed =
| title amended = 
| sections created = 
| sections amended =
| leghisturl =
| introducedin = Senate
| introducedbill = {{USBill|49|S|10}}
| introducedby = Sen. [[George F. Edmunds|Edmunds]] and Rep. [[John Randolph Tucker (politician)|Tucker]]
| introduceddate = December 8, 1885
| committees =
| passedbody1 =
| passeddate1 =
| passedvote1 =
| passedbody2 =
| passedas2 = 
| passeddate2 =
| passedvote2 =
| conferencedate =
| passedbody3 =
| passeddate3 =
| passedvote3 =
| agreedbody3 = 
| agreeddate3 = 
| agreedvote3 = 
| agreedbody4 = 
| agreeddate4 = 
| agreedvote4 = 
| passedbody4 =
| passeddate4 =
| passedvote4 =
| signedpresident = [[Grover Cleveland]]
| signeddate = March 3, 1887
| unsignedpresident = 
| unsigneddate = 
| vetoedpresident = 
| vetoeddate = 
| overriddenbody1 = 
| overriddendate1 = 
| overriddenvote1 = 
| overriddenbody2 = 
| overriddendate2 = 
| overriddenvote2 = 
| amendments = '''Repealed''' by {{USPL|95|584}}, § 1, {{USStat|92|2483}} (1978)
| SCOTUS cases =
}}
The '''Edmunds–Tucker Act''' of 1887 was an [[Act of Congress]] that focused on restricting some practices of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church). It was passed in response to the dispute between the [[United States Congress]] and the LDS Church regarding [[polygamy]]. The act is found in US Code Title 48 & 1461, full text as 24 Stat. 635, with this annotation to be interpreted as Volume 24, page 635 of ''United States Statutes at Large''. The act is named after its congressional sponsors, Senator [[George F. Edmunds]] of Vermont and Congressman [[John Randolph Tucker (1823–1897)|John Randolph Tucker]] of Virginia.

The act was repealed in 1978.

==History==
The act disincorporated both the LDS Church and the [[Perpetual Emigration Fund]] on the grounds that they fostered [[polygamy]]. The act prohibited the practice of polygamy and punished it with a fine of from $500 to $800 and imprisonment of up to five years. It dissolved the [[Incorporation (business)|corporation]] of the church and directed the confiscation by the federal government of all church properties valued over a limit of $50,000. The act was enforced by the [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshal]] and a host of deputies.
{{LDSpolygamy}}
The act:
*Disincorporated the LDS Church and the Perpetual Emigrating Fund Company, with assets to be used for public schools in the Territory.<ref>L. Rex Sears, "Punishing the Saints for Their "Peculiar Institution": Congress on the Constitutional Dilemmas," 2001 Utah L. Rev. 581</ref>
*Required an anti-polygamy oath for prospective voters, jurors and public officials.
*Annulled territorial laws allowing illegitimate children to inherit.
*Required civil [[marriage license]]s (to aid in the prosecution of polygamy).
*Abrogated the common law [[spousal privilege]] for polygamists, thus requiring wives to testify against their husbands.<ref>{{citation |first= Jessie L. |last= Embry |contribution= Polygamy |contribution-url= http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POLYGAMY.html |editor-last= Powell |editor-first= Allan Kent |year= 1994 |title= Utah History Encyclopedia |location= Salt Lake City, Utah |publisher= [[University of Utah Press]] |isbn= 0874804256 |oclc= 30473917 }}</ref>
*[[women's suffrage in Utah|Disenfranchised women]] (who had been enfranchised by the Territorial legislature in 1870).<ref>[http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/statehood_and_the_progressive_era/womenssuffrageinutah.html Women's Suffrage in Utah] Jean Bickmore White, Utah History Encyclopedia</ref>
* Replaced local judges (including the previously powerful [[Probate Court]] judges) with federally appointed judges.
* Abolished the office of Territorial superintendent of district schools, granting the supreme court of the Territory of Utah the right to appoint a commissioner of schools. Also called for the prohibition of the use of sectarian books and for the collection of statistics of the number of so-called [[Gentile#LDS Church usage|gentiles]] and Mormons attending and teaching in the schools.<ref>Edmunds–Tucker Act: Section 25</ref>
* Text of the act scanned from the U.S. Statutes at large. <ref>[[File:Edmunds-Tucker Act Volume 24,page 635 of United States Statutes at Large 1887.pdf|thumb|Edmunds-Tucker Act Volume 24,page 635 of United States Statutes at Large 1887]] </ref>

In 1890 the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] upheld the seizure of Church property under the Edmunds–Tucker Act in ''[[Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States]]''.

This act was repealed in 1978.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080309131450/http://www.law.nyu.edu/journals/legislation/articles/vol5num1/vazquez.pdf The practice of polygamy: legitimate free exercise of religion or legitimate public menace? Revisiting Reynolds in light of modern constitutional jurisprudence] Richard A. Vazquez, Journal of Legislation & Public Policy (New York University School of Law), Volume 5, Number 1, Fall 2001</ref><ref>[http://lawreview.wustl.edu/inprint/82-3/p%20611%20Stein%20book%20pages.pdf Past and Present Proposed Amendments to the United States Constitution Regarding Marriage] Edward Stein, Washington University Law Quarterly, Volume 82, Number 3, 2004</ref>

==See also==
{{Wikipedia books
|1=Mormonism and polygamy
}}
{{Div col}}
*[[1890 Manifesto]]
*[[Edmunds Act]] (1882)
*[[Timeline of civil marriage in the United States]]
*''[[Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States|LDS Church v. United States]]'' (1890)
*[[Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act]] (1862)
*[[Poland Act]] (1874)
*''[[Reynolds v. United States]]'' (1879)
*[[Second Manifesto]] (1904)
*[[Smoot Hearings]] (1903–1907)
*[[Utah War]] (1857–1858)
*[[Women's suffrage in Utah]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation |url= https://www.lds.org/topics/the-manifesto-and-the-end-of-plural-marriage?lang=eng |title= Gospel Topics: The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage |work= LDS.org |publisher= LDS Church |accessdate= 2014-10-22 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edmunds-Tucker Act}}
[[Category:1887 in law]]
[[Category:1887 in religion]]
[[Category:1887 in the United States]]
[[Category:49th United States Congress]]
[[Category:History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Mormonism and law]]
[[Category:Legal history of the United States]]
[[Category:Marriage, unions and partnerships in the United States]]
[[Category:Mormonism and polygamy]]
[[Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the United States]]
[[Category:United States federal territory and statehood legislation]]
[[Category:United States repealed legislation]]
[[Category:Utah Territory]]
[[Category:19th-century Mormonism]]
[[Category:Church and state law in the United States]]
[[Category:Christianity and law in the 19th century]]

Edmunds–Tucker Act

2015-12-09T05:53:00Z

Int21h:

{{multiple image
| footer = Two cards used by football referees
| image1 = GFEdmunds.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = Photo of George F. Edmunds
| caption1 = <center>[[United States Senate|Sen.]] [[George F. Edmunds]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]—[[List of United States Senators from Vermont|VT]])</center>
| image2 = John Randolph Tucker 1823-1897 - Brady-Handy.jpg
| width2 = 170
| alt2 = Photo of John Randolph Tucker
| caption2 = <center>[[United States House of Representatives|Rep.]] [[John Randolph Tucker (1823–1897)|John Randolph Tucker]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]—[[Virginia's 10th congressional district|VA-10]])</center>
| footer = Co-sponsors of the Edmunds–Tucker Act
| footer_align = center
}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| shorttitle =
| othershorttitles =
| longtitle = An act to amend an act entitled "An act to amend section fifty-three hundred and fifty-two of the Revised Statutes of the United States, in reference to bigamy, and for other purposes," approved March twenty-second, eighteen hundred and eighty-two.
| colloquialacronym =
| nickname = Edmunds–Tucker Act
| enacted by = 49th
| effective date =
| public law url =
| cite public law = 
| cite statutes at large = Chapter 397, {{usstat|24|635}}
| acts amended = [[Edmunds Act]]
| acts repealed =
| title amended = 
| sections created = 
| sections amended =
| leghisturl =
| introducedin = Senate
| introducedbill = {{USBill|49|S|10}}
| introducedby = Sen. [[George F. Edmunds|Edmunds]] and Rep. [[John Randolph Tucker (politician)|Tucker]]
| introduceddate = December 8, 1885
| committees =
| passedbody1 =
| passeddate1 =
| passedvote1 =
| passedbody2 =
| passedas2 = 
| passeddate2 =
| passedvote2 =
| conferencedate =
| passedbody3 =
| passeddate3 =
| passedvote3 =
| agreedbody3 = 
| agreeddate3 = 
| agreedvote3 = 
| agreedbody4 = 
| agreeddate4 = 
| agreedvote4 = 
| passedbody4 =
| passeddate4 =
| passedvote4 =
| signedpresident = [[Grover Cleveland]]
| signeddate = March 3, 1887
| unsignedpresident = 
| unsigneddate = 
| vetoedpresident = 
| vetoeddate = 
| overriddenbody1 = 
| overriddendate1 = 
| overriddenvote1 = 
| overriddenbody2 = 
| overriddendate2 = 
| overriddenvote2 = 
| amendments = '''Repealed''' by {{USPL|95|584}}, § 1, {{USStat|92|2483}} (1978)
| SCOTUS cases =
}}
The '''Edmunds–Tucker Act''' of 1887 was an [[Act of Congress]] that focused on restricting some practices of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church). It was passed in response to the dispute between the [[United States Congress]] and the LDS Church regarding [[polygamy]]. The act is found in US Code Title 48 & 1461, full text as 24 Stat. 635, with this annotation to be interpreted as Volume 24, page 635 of ''United States Statutes at Large''. The act is named after its congressional sponsors, Senator [[George F. Edmunds]] of Vermont and Congressman [[John Randolph Tucker (1823–1897)|John Randolph Tucker]] of Virginia.

The act was repealed in 1978.

==History==
The act disincorporated both the LDS Church and the [[Perpetual Emigration Fund]] on the grounds that they fostered [[polygamy]]. The act prohibited the practice of polygamy and punished it with a fine of from $500 to $800 and imprisonment of up to five years. It dissolved the [[Incorporation (business)|corporation]] of the church and directed the confiscation by the federal government of all church properties valued over a limit of $50,000. The act was enforced by the [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshal]] and a host of deputies.
{{LDSpolygamy}}
The act:
*Disincorporated the LDS Church and the Perpetual Emigrating Fund Company, with assets to be used for public schools in the Territory.<ref>L. Rex Sears, "Punishing the Saints for Their "Peculiar Institution": Congress on the Constitutional Dilemmas," 2001 Utah L. Rev. 581</ref>
*Required an anti-polygamy oath for prospective voters, jurors and public officials.
*Annulled territorial laws allowing illegitimate children to inherit.
*Required civil [[marriage license]]s (to aid in the prosecution of polygamy).
*Abrogated the common law [[spousal privilege]] for polygamists, thus requiring wives to testify against their husbands.<ref>{{citation |first= Jessie L. |last= Embry |contribution= Polygamy |contribution-url= http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POLYGAMY.html |editor-last= Powell |editor-first= Allan Kent |year= 1994 |title= Utah History Encyclopedia |location= Salt Lake City, Utah |publisher= [[University of Utah Press]] |isbn= 0874804256 |oclc= 30473917 }}</ref>
*[[women's suffrage|Disenfranchised women]] (who had been enfranchised by the Territorial legislature in 1870).<ref>[http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/statehood_and_the_progressive_era/womenssuffrageinutah.html Women's Suffrage in Utah] Jean Bickmore White, Utah History Encyclopedia</ref>
* Replaced local judges (including the previously powerful [[Probate Court]] judges) with federally appointed judges.
* Abolished the office of Territorial superintendent of district schools, granting the supreme court of the Territory of Utah the right to appoint a commissioner of schools. Also called for the prohibition of the use of sectarian books and for the collection of statistics of the number of so-called [[Gentile#LDS Church usage|gentiles]] and Mormons attending and teaching in the schools.<ref>Edmunds–Tucker Act: Section 25</ref>
* Text of the act scanned from the U.S. Statutes at large. <ref>[[File:Edmunds-Tucker Act Volume 24,page 635 of United States Statutes at Large 1887.pdf|thumb|Edmunds-Tucker Act Volume 24,page 635 of United States Statutes at Large 1887]] </ref>

In 1890 the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] upheld the seizure of Church property under the Edmunds–Tucker Act in ''[[Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States]]''.

This act was repealed in 1978.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080309131450/http://www.law.nyu.edu/journals/legislation/articles/vol5num1/vazquez.pdf The practice of polygamy: legitimate free exercise of religion or legitimate public menace? Revisiting Reynolds in light of modern constitutional jurisprudence] Richard A. Vazquez, Journal of Legislation & Public Policy (New York University School of Law), Volume 5, Number 1, Fall 2001</ref><ref>[http://lawreview.wustl.edu/inprint/82-3/p%20611%20Stein%20book%20pages.pdf Past and Present Proposed Amendments to the United States Constitution Regarding Marriage] Edward Stein, Washington University Law Quarterly, Volume 82, Number 3, 2004</ref>

==See also==
{{Wikipedia books
|1=Mormonism and polygamy
}}
{{Div col}}
*[[1890 Manifesto]]
*[[Edmunds Act]] (1882)
*[[Timeline of civil marriage in the United States]]
*''[[Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States|LDS Church v. United States]]'' (1890)
*[[Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act]] (1862)
*[[Poland Act]] (1874)
*''[[Reynolds v. United States]]'' (1879)
*[[Second Manifesto]] (1904)
*[[Smoot Hearings]] (1903–1907)
*[[Utah War]] (1857–1858)
*[[Women's suffrage in Utah]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation |url= https://www.lds.org/topics/the-manifesto-and-the-end-of-plural-marriage?lang=eng |title= Gospel Topics: The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage |work= LDS.org |publisher= LDS Church |accessdate= 2014-10-22 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edmunds-Tucker Act}}
[[Category:1887 in law]]
[[Category:1887 in religion]]
[[Category:1887 in the United States]]
[[Category:49th United States Congress]]
[[Category:History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Mormonism and law]]
[[Category:Legal history of the United States]]
[[Category:Marriage, unions and partnerships in the United States]]
[[Category:Mormonism and polygamy]]
[[Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the United States]]
[[Category:United States federal territory and statehood legislation]]
[[Category:United States repealed legislation]]
[[Category:Utah Territory]]
[[Category:19th-century Mormonism]]
[[Category:Church and state law in the United States]]
[[Category:Christianity and law in the 19th century]]

Edmunds–Tucker Act

2015-12-09T05:32:36Z

Int21h: add Infobox U.S. legislation

{{multiple image
| footer = Two cards used by football referees
| image1 = GFEdmunds.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = Photo of George F. Edmunds
| caption1 = <center>[[United States Senate|Sen.]] [[George F. Edmunds]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]—[[List of United States Senators from Vermont|VT]])</center>
| image2 = John Randolph Tucker 1823-1897 - Brady-Handy.jpg
| width2 = 170
| alt2 = Photo of John Randolph Tucker
| caption2 = <center>[[United States House of Representatives|Rep.]] [[John Randolph Tucker (1823–1897)|John Randolph Tucker]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]—[[Virginia's 10th congressional district|VA-10]])</center>
| footer = Co-sponsors of the Edmunds–Tucker Act
| footer_align = center
}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| shorttitle =
| othershorttitles =
| longtitle = An act to amend an act entitled "An act to amend section fifty-three hundred and fifty-two of the Revised Statutes of the United States, in reference to bigamy, and for other purposes," approved March twenty-second, eighteen hundred and eighty-two.
| colloquialacronym =
| nickname = Edmunds–Tucker Act
| enacted by = 49th
| effective date =
| public law url =
| cite public law = 
| cite statutes at large = {{usstat|24|635}}
| acts amended = [[Edmunds Act]]
| acts repealed =
| title amended = 
| sections created = 
| sections amended =
| leghisturl =
| introducedin = Senate
| introducedbill = {{USBill|49|S|10}}
| introducedby = Sen. [[George F. Edmunds|Edmunds]] and Rep. [[John Randolph Tucker (politician)|Tucker]]
| introduceddate = December 8, 1885
| committees =
| passedbody1 =
| passeddate1 =
| passedvote1 =
| passedbody2 =
| passedas2 = 
| passeddate2 =
| passedvote2 =
| conferencedate =
| passedbody3 =
| passeddate3 =
| passedvote3 =
| agreedbody3 = 
| agreeddate3 = 
| agreedvote3 = 
| agreedbody4 = 
| agreeddate4 = 
| agreedvote4 = 
| passedbody4 =
| passeddate4 =
| passedvote4 =
| signedpresident = [[Grover Cleveland]]
| signeddate = March 3, 1887
| unsignedpresident = 
| unsigneddate = 
| vetoedpresident = 
| vetoeddate = 
| overriddenbody1 = 
| overriddendate1 = 
| overriddenvote1 = 
| overriddenbody2 = 
| overriddendate2 = 
| overriddenvote2 = 
| amendments = '''Repealed''' by {{USPL|95|584}}, § 1, {{USStat|92|2483}} (1978)
| SCOTUS cases =
}}
The '''Edmunds–Tucker Act''' of 1887 was an [[Act of Congress]] that focused on restricting some practices of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church). It was passed in response to the dispute between the [[United States Congress]] and the LDS Church regarding [[polygamy]]. The act is found in US Code Title 48 & 1461, full text as 24 Stat. 635, with this annotation to be interpreted as Volume 24, page 635 of ''United States Statutes at Large''. The act is named after its congressional sponsors, Senator [[George F. Edmunds]] of Vermont and Congressman [[John Randolph Tucker (1823–1897)|John Randolph Tucker]] of Virginia.

The act was repealed in 1978.

==History==
The act disincorporated both the LDS Church and the [[Perpetual Emigration Fund]] on the grounds that they fostered [[polygamy]]. The act prohibited the practice of polygamy and punished it with a fine of from $500 to $800 and imprisonment of up to five years. It dissolved the [[Incorporation (business)|corporation]] of the church and directed the confiscation by the federal government of all church properties valued over a limit of $50,000. The act was enforced by the [[United States Marshals Service|U.S. Marshal]] and a host of deputies.
{{LDSpolygamy}}
The act:
*Disincorporated the LDS Church and the Perpetual Emigrating Fund Company, with assets to be used for public schools in the Territory.<ref>L. Rex Sears, "Punishing the Saints for Their "Peculiar Institution": Congress on the Constitutional Dilemmas," 2001 Utah L. Rev. 581</ref>
*Required an anti-polygamy oath for prospective voters, jurors and public officials.
*Annulled territorial laws allowing illegitimate children to inherit.
*Required civil [[marriage license]]s (to aid in the prosecution of polygamy).
*Abrogated the common law [[spousal privilege]] for polygamists, thus requiring wives to testify against their husbands.<ref>{{citation |first= Jessie L. |last= Embry |contribution= Polygamy |contribution-url= http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POLYGAMY.html |editor-last= Powell |editor-first= Allan Kent |year= 1994 |title= Utah History Encyclopedia |location= Salt Lake City, Utah |publisher= [[University of Utah Press]] |isbn= 0874804256 |oclc= 30473917 }}</ref>
*[[women's suffrage|Disenfranchised women]] (who had been enfranchised by the Territorial legislature in 1870).<ref>[http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/statehood_and_the_progressive_era/womenssuffrageinutah.html Women's Suffrage in Utah] Jean Bickmore White, Utah History Encyclopedia</ref>
* Replaced local judges (including the previously powerful [[Probate Court]] judges) with federally appointed judges.
* Abolished the office of Territorial superintendent of district schools, granting the supreme court of the Territory of Utah the right to appoint a commissioner of schools. Also called for the prohibition of the use of sectarian books and for the collection of statistics of the number of so-called [[Gentile#LDS Church usage|gentiles]] and Mormons attending and teaching in the schools.<ref>Edmunds–Tucker Act: Section 25</ref>
* Text of the act scanned from the U.S. Statutes at large. <ref>[[File:Edmunds-Tucker Act Volume 24,page 635 of United States Statutes at Large 1887.pdf|thumb|Edmunds-Tucker Act Volume 24,page 635 of United States Statutes at Large 1887]] </ref>

In 1890 the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] upheld the seizure of Church property under the Edmunds–Tucker Act in ''[[Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States]]''.

This act was repealed in 1978.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080309131450/http://www.law.nyu.edu/journals/legislation/articles/vol5num1/vazquez.pdf The practice of polygamy: legitimate free exercise of religion or legitimate public menace? Revisiting Reynolds in light of modern constitutional jurisprudence] Richard A. Vazquez, Journal of Legislation & Public Policy (New York University School of Law), Volume 5, Number 1, Fall 2001</ref><ref>[http://lawreview.wustl.edu/inprint/82-3/p%20611%20Stein%20book%20pages.pdf Past and Present Proposed Amendments to the United States Constitution Regarding Marriage] Edward Stein, Washington University Law Quarterly, Volume 82, Number 3, 2004</ref>

==See also==
{{Wikipedia books
|1=Mormonism and polygamy
}}
{{Div col}}
*[[1890 Manifesto]]
*[[Edmunds Act]] (1882)
*[[Timeline of civil marriage in the United States]]
*''[[Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States|LDS Church v. United States]]'' (1890)
*[[Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act]] (1862)
*[[Poland Act]] (1874)
*''[[Reynolds v. United States]]'' (1879)
*[[Second Manifesto]] (1904)
*[[Smoot Hearings]] (1903–1907)
*[[Utah War]] (1857–1858)
*[[Women's suffrage in Utah]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{citation |url= https://www.lds.org/topics/the-manifesto-and-the-end-of-plural-marriage?lang=eng |title= Gospel Topics: The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage |work= LDS.org |publisher= LDS Church |accessdate= 2014-10-22 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edmunds-Tucker Act}}
[[Category:1887 in law]]
[[Category:1887 in religion]]
[[Category:1887 in the United States]]
[[Category:49th United States Congress]]
[[Category:History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Mormonism and law]]
[[Category:Legal history of the United States]]
[[Category:Marriage, unions and partnerships in the United States]]
[[Category:Mormonism and polygamy]]
[[Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the United States]]
[[Category:United States federal territory and statehood legislation]]
[[Category:United States repealed legislation]]
[[Category:Utah Territory]]
[[Category:19th-century Mormonism]]
[[Category:Church and state law in the United States]]
[[Category:Christianity and law in the 19th century]]

Verteiltes soziales Netzwerk

2015-08-02T20:58:47Z

Int21h: /* History */

A '''distributed social network''' or '''federated social network''' is an Internet [[social networking service]] that is decentralized and distributed across distinct providers. It consists of multiple [[social website]]s, where users of each site communicate with users of any of the involved sites. From a societal perspective, one may compare this concept to that of [[Social media as a public utility|social media being a public utility]].

A social website participating in a distributed social network is [[interoperability|interoperable]] with the other sites and is in [[Federation (information technology)|federation]] with them. Communication among the social websites is technically conducted over [[social networking]] [[Networking protocol|protocols]]. Software used for distributed social networking is generally [[software portability|portable]] so it is easily adopted on various website [[Computing platform|platforms]]. Distributed social networks contrast with [[social network aggregation]] services, which are used to manage accounts and activities across multiple discrete social networks.

A few social networking service providers have used the term more broadly to describe provider-specific services that are distributable across different websites, typically through added widgets or [[plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]s. Through the add-ons, the social network functionality is implemented on users' websites.

== Comparison of software and protocols {{anchor|Comparison of projects}} ==
{{Main|Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking}}

Distributed social network projects generally develop [[software]], [[Protocol (computing)|protocols]], or both. The software is generally [[Free and open source software|free and open source]], and the protocols are generally [[Open protocol|open]] and [[Free protocol|free]].

[[Open standard]]s such as [[OAuth]] [[authorization]], [[OpenID]] [[authentication]], [[OStatus]] federation, [[XRDS|XRD]] metadata discovery, the [[Portable Contacts]] protocol, the [[Wave Federation Protocol]], the [[XMPP|Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)]] (aka Jabber), [[OpenSocial]] [[web widget|widget]] [[application programming interface|API]]s, [[microformats]] like [[XHTML Friends Network|XFN]] and [[hCard]], and [[Atom (standard)|Atom]] web feeds—increasingly referred to together as the Open Stack—are often cited as enabling technologies for distributed social networking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/daveman692/blowing-up-social-networks-by-going-open-presentation/ |title="Blowing Up" Social Networks by Going Open |accessdate=5 January 2009 |last=Recordon |first=David |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2008-10-09 |page=27 |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>

== History ==
The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF), a U.S. legal defense organization and advocacy group for civil liberties on the Internet, endorses the distributed social network model as one "that can plausibly return control and choice to the hands of the Internet user" and allow persons living under restrictive regimes to "conduct activism on social networking sites while also having a choice of services and providers that may be better equipped to protect their security and anonymity".<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/03/introduction-distributed-social-network|title = An Introduction to the Federated Social Network|date = March 21, 2012|author = Richard Esguerra|publisher = Electronic Frontier Foundation Deeplinks Blog}}</ref>

The [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), the main international standards organization for the [[World Wide Web]], launched a new Social Activity in July 2014 to develop standards for social web application interoperability.<ref>{{cite web|title=W3C Launches Push for Social Web Application Interoperability
|date=21 July 2014|publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]]|url=http://www.w3.org/blog/news/archives/3958}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[DataPortability]]
*[[Collective intelligence]]
*[[Geosocial networking]]
*[[Mobile social network]]
*[[Personal Network]]
*[[Professional network service]]
*[[Social identity]]
*[[Virtual community]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://buddycloud.com/cms/sites/default/files/thesis.pdf Diploma Thesis from the University of Applied Sciences Dresden(HTW) about XMPP-based Federated Social Networks like buddycloud]([[Creative Commons licenses#Attribution|CC-BY]])
* [http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2011/ESWC_MobileSocialSemanticWeb/public.pdf Paper on FOAF in an Android environment] by Tramp, S., Frischmuth, P., Arndt, N., Ermilov, T., and Auer, S. (2011). Weaving a distributed, semantic social network for mobile users. In Antoniou, G., editor, ESWC 2011, Part I, LNCS 6643, pages 200–214.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.w3.org/Social/ W3C Social Activity]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/WG W3C Social Web Working Group]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/IG W3C Social Interest Group]
* [http://d-cent.org/fsw2011/ Federated Social Web Conference 2011]
* [http://gitorious.org/social/pages/ProjectComparison Comparison of protocol/software projects for distributed social networking]
* [http://vimeo.com/30014844 Video] by Henry Story demonstrating FOAF in an Android environment

{{Social networking}}

[[Category:Social networks]]
[[Category:Distributed computing architecture]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer]]

Verteiltes soziales Netzwerk

2015-08-02T20:58:03Z

Int21h: /* Comparison of software and protocols {{anchor|Comparison of projects}} */ reorder

A '''distributed social network''' or '''federated social network''' is an Internet [[social networking service]] that is decentralized and distributed across distinct providers. It consists of multiple [[social website]]s, where users of each site communicate with users of any of the involved sites. From a societal perspective, one may compare this concept to that of [[Social media as a public utility|social media being a public utility]].

A social website participating in a distributed social network is [[interoperability|interoperable]] with the other sites and is in [[Federation (information technology)|federation]] with them. Communication among the social websites is technically conducted over [[social networking]] [[Networking protocol|protocols]]. Software used for distributed social networking is generally [[software portability|portable]] so it is easily adopted on various website [[Computing platform|platforms]]. Distributed social networks contrast with [[social network aggregation]] services, which are used to manage accounts and activities across multiple discrete social networks.

A few social networking service providers have used the term more broadly to describe provider-specific services that are distributable across different websites, typically through added widgets or [[plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]s. Through the add-ons, the social network functionality is implemented on users' websites.

== Comparison of software and protocols {{anchor|Comparison of projects}} ==
{{Main|Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking}}

Distributed social network projects generally develop [[software]], [[Protocol (computing)|protocols]], or both. The software is generally [[Free and open source software|free and open source]], and the protocols are generally [[Open protocol|open]] and [[Free protocol|free]].

[[Open standard]]s such as [[OAuth]] [[authorization]], [[OpenID]] [[authentication]], [[OStatus]] federation, [[XRDS|XRD]] metadata discovery, the [[Portable Contacts]] protocol, the [[Wave Federation Protocol]], the [[XMPP|Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)]] (aka Jabber), [[OpenSocial]] [[web widget|widget]] [[application programming interface|API]]s, [[microformats]] like [[XHTML Friends Network|XFN]] and [[hCard]], and [[Atom (standard)|Atom]] web feeds—increasingly referred to together as the Open Stack—are often cited as enabling technologies for distributed social networking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/daveman692/blowing-up-social-networks-by-going-open-presentation/ |title="Blowing Up" Social Networks by Going Open |accessdate=5 January 2009 |last=Recordon |first=David |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2008-10-09 |page=27 |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>

== History ==
The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF), a U.S. legal defense organization and advocacy group for civil liberties on the Internet, endorses the distributed social network model as one "that can plausibly return control and choice to the hands of the Internet user" and allow persons living under restrictive regimes to "conduct activism on social networking sites while also having a choice of services and providers that may be better equipped to protect their security and anonymity".<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/03/introduction-distributed-social-network|title = An Introduction to the Federated Social Network|date = March 21, 2012|author = Richard Esguerra|publisher = Electronic Frontier Foundation Deeplinks Blog}}</ref>

The [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), the main international standards organization for the [[World Wide Web]], launched a new Social Activity in July 2014 to develop standards for social web application interoperability.<ref>{{cite web|title=W3C Launches Push for Social Web Application Interoperability
date=21 July 2014|publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]]|url=http://www.w3.org/blog/news/archives/3958}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[DataPortability]]
*[[Collective intelligence]]
*[[Geosocial networking]]
*[[Mobile social network]]
*[[Personal Network]]
*[[Professional network service]]
*[[Social identity]]
*[[Virtual community]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://buddycloud.com/cms/sites/default/files/thesis.pdf Diploma Thesis from the University of Applied Sciences Dresden(HTW) about XMPP-based Federated Social Networks like buddycloud]([[Creative Commons licenses#Attribution|CC-BY]])
* [http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2011/ESWC_MobileSocialSemanticWeb/public.pdf Paper on FOAF in an Android environment] by Tramp, S., Frischmuth, P., Arndt, N., Ermilov, T., and Auer, S. (2011). Weaving a distributed, semantic social network for mobile users. In Antoniou, G., editor, ESWC 2011, Part I, LNCS 6643, pages 200–214.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.w3.org/Social/ W3C Social Activity]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/WG W3C Social Web Working Group]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/IG W3C Social Interest Group]
* [http://d-cent.org/fsw2011/ Federated Social Web Conference 2011]
* [http://gitorious.org/social/pages/ProjectComparison Comparison of protocol/software projects for distributed social networking]
* [http://vimeo.com/30014844 Video] by Henry Story demonstrating FOAF in an Android environment

{{Social networking}}

[[Category:Social networks]]
[[Category:Distributed computing architecture]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer]]

Verteiltes soziales Netzwerk

2015-08-02T20:57:23Z

Int21h:

A '''distributed social network''' or '''federated social network''' is an Internet [[social networking service]] that is decentralized and distributed across distinct providers. It consists of multiple [[social website]]s, where users of each site communicate with users of any of the involved sites. From a societal perspective, one may compare this concept to that of [[Social media as a public utility|social media being a public utility]].

A social website participating in a distributed social network is [[interoperability|interoperable]] with the other sites and is in [[Federation (information technology)|federation]] with them. Communication among the social websites is technically conducted over [[social networking]] [[Networking protocol|protocols]]. Software used for distributed social networking is generally [[software portability|portable]] so it is easily adopted on various website [[Computing platform|platforms]]. Distributed social networks contrast with [[social network aggregation]] services, which are used to manage accounts and activities across multiple discrete social networks.

A few social networking service providers have used the term more broadly to describe provider-specific services that are distributable across different websites, typically through added widgets or [[plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]s. Through the add-ons, the social network functionality is implemented on users' websites.

== Comparison of software and protocols {{anchor|Comparison of projects}} ==
{{Main|Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking}}

[[Open standard]]s such as [[OAuth]] [[authorization]], [[OpenID]] [[authentication]], [[OStatus]] federation, [[XRDS|XRD]] metadata discovery, the [[Portable Contacts]] protocol, the [[Wave Federation Protocol]], the [[XMPP|Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)]] (aka Jabber), [[OpenSocial]] [[web widget|widget]] [[application programming interface|API]]s, [[microformats]] like [[XHTML Friends Network|XFN]] and [[hCard]], and [[Atom (standard)|Atom]] web feeds—increasingly referred to together as the Open Stack—are often cited as enabling technologies for distributed social networking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/daveman692/blowing-up-social-networks-by-going-open-presentation/ |title="Blowing Up" Social Networks by Going Open |accessdate=5 January 2009 |last=Recordon |first=David |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2008-10-09 |page=27 |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>

Distributed social network projects generally develop [[software]], [[Protocol (computing)|protocols]], or both. The software is generally [[Free and open source software|free and open source]], and the protocols are generally [[Open protocol|open]] and [[Free protocol|free]].

== History ==
The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF), a U.S. legal defense organization and advocacy group for civil liberties on the Internet, endorses the distributed social network model as one "that can plausibly return control and choice to the hands of the Internet user" and allow persons living under restrictive regimes to "conduct activism on social networking sites while also having a choice of services and providers that may be better equipped to protect their security and anonymity".<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/03/introduction-distributed-social-network|title = An Introduction to the Federated Social Network|date = March 21, 2012|author = Richard Esguerra|publisher = Electronic Frontier Foundation Deeplinks Blog}}</ref>

The [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), the main international standards organization for the [[World Wide Web]], launched a new Social Activity in July 2014 to develop standards for social web application interoperability.<ref>{{cite web|title=W3C Launches Push for Social Web Application Interoperability
date=21 July 2014|publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]]|url=http://www.w3.org/blog/news/archives/3958}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[DataPortability]]
*[[Collective intelligence]]
*[[Geosocial networking]]
*[[Mobile social network]]
*[[Personal Network]]
*[[Professional network service]]
*[[Social identity]]
*[[Virtual community]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://buddycloud.com/cms/sites/default/files/thesis.pdf Diploma Thesis from the University of Applied Sciences Dresden(HTW) about XMPP-based Federated Social Networks like buddycloud]([[Creative Commons licenses#Attribution|CC-BY]])
* [http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2011/ESWC_MobileSocialSemanticWeb/public.pdf Paper on FOAF in an Android environment] by Tramp, S., Frischmuth, P., Arndt, N., Ermilov, T., and Auer, S. (2011). Weaving a distributed, semantic social network for mobile users. In Antoniou, G., editor, ESWC 2011, Part I, LNCS 6643, pages 200–214.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.w3.org/Social/ W3C Social Activity]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/WG W3C Social Web Working Group]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/IG W3C Social Interest Group]
* [http://d-cent.org/fsw2011/ Federated Social Web Conference 2011]
* [http://gitorious.org/social/pages/ProjectComparison Comparison of protocol/software projects for distributed social networking]
* [http://vimeo.com/30014844 Video] by Henry Story demonstrating FOAF in an Android environment

{{Social networking}}

[[Category:Social networks]]
[[Category:Distributed computing architecture]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer]]

Verteiltes soziales Netzwerk

2015-08-02T20:55:26Z

Int21h:

A '''distributed social network''' or '''federated social network''' is an Internet [[social networking service]] that is decentralized and distributed across distinct providers. It consists of multiple [[social website]]s, where users of each site communicate with users of any of the involved sites. From a societal perspective, one may compare this concept to that of [[Social media as a public utility|social media being a public utility]].

A social website participating in a distributed social network is [[interoperability|interoperable]] with the other sites and is in [[Federation (information technology)|federation]] with them. Communication among the social websites is technically conducted over [[social networking]] [[Networking protocol|protocols]]. Software used for distributed social networking is generally [[software portability|portable]] so it is easily adopted on various website [[Computing platform|platforms]]. Distributed social networks contrast with [[social network aggregation]] services, which are used to manage accounts and activities across multiple discrete social networks.

A few social networking service providers have used the term more broadly to describe provider-specific services that are distributable across different websites, typically through added widgets or [[plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]s. Through the add-ons, the social network functionality is implemented on users' websites.

== Comparison of software and protocols {{anchor|Comparison of projects}} ==
{{Main|Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking}}

[[Open standard]]s such as [[OAuth]] [[authorization]], [[OpenID]] [[authentication]], [[OStatus]] federation, [[XRDS|XRD]] metadata discovery, the [[Portable Contacts]] protocol, the [[Wave Federation Protocol]], the [[XMPP|Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)]] (aka Jabber), [[OpenSocial]] [[web widget|widget]] [[application programming interface|API]]s, [[microformats]] like [[XHTML Friends Network|XFN]] and [[hCard]], and [[Atom (standard)|Atom]] web feeds—increasingly referred to together as the Open Stack—are often cited as enabling technologies for distributed social networking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/daveman692/blowing-up-social-networks-by-going-open-presentation/ |title="Blowing Up" Social Networks by Going Open |accessdate=5 January 2009 |last=Recordon |first=David |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2008-10-09 |page=27 |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>

Distributed social network projects generally develop [[software]], [[Protocol (computing)|protocols]], or both. The software is generally [[Free and open source software|free and open source]], and the protocols are generally [[Open protocol|open]] and [[Free protocol|free]].

== History ==
The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF), a U.S. legal defense organization and advocacy group for civil liberties on the Internet, endorses the distributed social network model as one "that can plausibly return control and choice to the hands of the Internet user" and allow persons living under restrictive regimes to "conduct activism on social networking sites while also having a choice of services and providers that may be better equipped to protect their security and anonymity".<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/03/introduction-distributed-social-network|title = An Introduction to the Federated Social Network|date = March 21, 2012|author = Richard Esguerra|publisher = Electronic Frontier Foundation Deeplinks Blog}}</ref>

The [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), the main international standards organization for the [[World Wide Web]], launched a new Social Activity in July 2014 to develop standards for social web application interoperability.<ref>{{cite web|title=W3C Launches Push for Social Web Application Interoperability
date=21 July 2014|publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]]|url=http://www.w3.org/blog/news/archives/3958}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[DataPortability]]
*[[Collective intelligence]]
*[[Geosocial networking]]
*[[Mobile social network]]
*[[Personal Network]]
*[[Professional network service]]
*[[Social identity]]
*[[Virtual community]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://buddycloud.com/cms/sites/default/files/thesis.pdf Diploma Thesis from the University of Applied Sciences Dresden(HTW) about XMPP-based Federated Social Networks like buddycloud]([[Creative Commons licenses#Attribution|CC-BY]])
* [http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2011/ESWC_MobileSocialSemanticWeb/public.pdf Paper on FOAF in an Android environment] by Tramp, S., Frischmuth, P., Arndt, N., Ermilov, T., and Auer, S. (2011). Weaving a distributed, semantic social network for mobile users. In Antoniou, G., editor, ESWC 2011, Part I, LNCS 6643, pages 200–214.
* [http://vimeo.com/30014844 Video] by Henry Story demonstrating FOAF in an Android environment
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.w3.org/Social/ W3C Social Activity]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/WG W3C Social Web Working Group]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/IG W3C Social Interest Group]
* [http://d-cent.org/fsw2011/ Federated Social Web Conference 2011]
* [http://gitorious.org/social/pages/ProjectComparison Comparison of protocol/software projects for distributed social networking]

{{Social networking}}

[[Category:Social networks]]
[[Category:Distributed computing architecture]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer]]

Verteiltes soziales Netzwerk

2015-08-02T20:54:46Z

Int21h: more organization

A '''distributed social network''' or '''federated social network''' is an Internet [[social networking service]] that is decentralized and distributed across distinct providers. It consists of multiple [[social website]]s, where users of each site communicate with users of any of the involved sites. From a societal perspective, one may compare this concept to that of [[Social media as a public utility|social media being a public utility]].

A social website participating in a distributed social network is [[interoperability|interoperable]] with the other sites and is in [[Federation (information technology)|federation]] with them. Communication among the social websites is technically conducted over [[social networking]] [[Networking protocol|protocols]]. Software used for distributed social networking is generally [[software portability|portable]] so it is easily adopted on various website [[Computing platform|platforms]]. Distributed social networks contrast with [[social network aggregation]] services, which are used to manage accounts and activities across multiple discrete social networks.

A few social networking service providers have used the term more broadly to describe provider-specific services that are distributable across different websites, typically through added widgets or [[plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]s. Through the add-ons, the social network functionality is implemented on users' websites.

== Comparison of software and protocols {{anchor|Comparison of projects}} ==
{{Main|Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking}}

[[Open standard]]s such as [[OAuth]] [[authorization]], [[OpenID]] [[authentication]], [[OStatus]] federation, [[XRDS|XRD]] metadata discovery, the [[Portable Contacts]] protocol, the [[Wave Federation Protocol]], the [[XMPP|Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)]] (aka Jabber), [[OpenSocial]] [[web widget|widget]] [[application programming interface|API]]s, [[microformats]] like [[XHTML Friends Network|XFN]] and [[hCard]], and [[Atom (standard)|Atom]] web feeds—increasingly referred to together as the Open Stack—are often cited as enabling technologies for distributed social networking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/daveman692/blowing-up-social-networks-by-going-open-presentation/ |title="Blowing Up" Social Networks by Going Open |accessdate=5 January 2009 |last=Recordon |first=David |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2008-10-09 |page=27 |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>

Distributed social network projects generally develop [[software]], [[Protocol (computing)|protocols]], or both. The software is generally [[Free and open source software|free and open source]], and the protocols are generally [[Open protocol|open]] and [[Free protocol|free]].

== History ==
The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF), a U.S. legal defense organization and advocacy group for civil liberties on the Internet, endorses the distributed social network model as one "that can plausibly return control and choice to the hands of the Internet user" and allow persons living under restrictive regimes to "conduct activism on social networking sites while also having a choice of services and providers that may be better equipped to protect their security and anonymity".<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/03/introduction-distributed-social-network|title = An Introduction to the Federated Social Network|date = March 21, 2012|author = Richard Esguerra|publisher = Electronic Frontier Foundation Deeplinks Blog}}</ref>

The [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), the main international standards organization for the [[World Wide Web]], launched a new Social Activity in July 2014 to develop standards for social web application interoperability.<ref>{{cite web|title=W3C Launches Push for Social Web Application Interoperability
date=21 July 2014|publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]]|url=http://www.w3.org/blog/news/archives/3958}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[DataPortability]]
*[[Collective intelligence]]
*[[Geosocial networking]]
*[[Mobile social network]]
*[[Personal Network]]
*[[Professional network service]]
*[[Social identity]]
*[[Virtual community]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://buddycloud.com/cms/sites/default/files/thesis.pdf Diploma Thesis from the University of Applied Sciences Dresden(HTW) about XMPP-based Federated Social Networks like buddycloud]([[Creative Commons licenses#Attribution|CC-BY]])
* [http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2011/ESWC_MobileSocialSemanticWeb/public.pdf Paper on FOAF in an Android environment] by Tramp, S., Frischmuth, P., Arndt, N., Ermilov, T., and Auer, S. (2011). Weaving a distributed, semantic social network for mobile users. In Antoniou, G., editor, ESWC 2011, Part I, LNCS 6643, pages 200–214.
* [http://vimeo.com/30014844 Video] by Henry Story demonstrating FOAF in an Android environment
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.w3.org/Social/ W3C Social Activity]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/WG W3C Social Web Working Group]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/IG W3C Social Interest Group]
* [http://d-cent.org/fsw2011/ Federated Social Web Conference 2011]
* [http://gitorious.org/social/pages/ProjectComparison Comparison of protocol/software projects for distributed social networking]

{{Social networking}}

[[Category:Social networks]]
[[Category:Distributed computing architecture]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer]]

Verteiltes soziales Netzwerk

2015-08-02T20:53:08Z

Int21h: /* Comparison of software and protocols {{anchor|Comparison of projects}} */

A '''distributed social network''' or '''federated social network''' is an Internet [[social networking service]] that is decentralized and distributed across distinct providers. It consists of multiple [[social website]]s, where users of each site communicate with users of any of the involved sites.

A social website participating in a distributed social network is [[interoperability|interoperable]] with the other sites and is in [[Federation (information technology)|federation]] with them. Communication among the social websites is technically conducted over [[social networking]] [[Networking protocol|protocols]]. Software used for distributed social networking is generally [[software portability|portable]] so it is easily adopted on various website [[Computing platform|platforms]]. Distributed social networks contrast with [[social network aggregation]] services, which are used to manage accounts and activities across multiple discrete social networks.

A few social networking service providers have used the term more broadly to describe provider-specific services that are distributable across different websites, typically through added widgets or [[plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]s. Through the add-ons, the social network functionality is implemented on users' websites.

== History ==
The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF), a U.S. legal defense organization and advocacy group for civil liberties on the Internet, endorses the distributed social network model as one "that can plausibly return control and choice to the hands of the Internet user" and allow persons living under restrictive regimes to "conduct activism on social networking sites while also having a choice of services and providers that may be better equipped to protect their security and anonymity".<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/03/introduction-distributed-social-network|title = An Introduction to the Federated Social Network|date = March 21, 2012|author = Richard Esguerra|publisher = Electronic Frontier Foundation Deeplinks Blog}}</ref>

The [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), the main international standards organization for the [[World Wide Web]], launched a new Social Activity in July 2014 to develop standards for social web application interoperability.<ref>{{cite web|title=W3C Launches Push for Social Web Application Interoperability
date=21 July 2014|publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]]|url=http://www.w3.org/blog/news/archives/3958}}</ref>

== Comparison of software and protocols {{anchor|Comparison of projects}} ==
{{Main|Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking}}

[[Open standard]]s such as [[OAuth]] [[authorization]], [[OpenID]] [[authentication]], [[OStatus]] federation, [[XRDS|XRD]] metadata discovery, the [[Portable Contacts]] protocol, the [[Wave Federation Protocol]], the [[XMPP|Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)]] (aka Jabber), [[OpenSocial]] [[web widget|widget]] [[application programming interface|API]]s, [[microformats]] like [[XHTML Friends Network|XFN]] and [[hCard]], and [[Atom (standard)|Atom]] web feeds—increasingly referred to together as the Open Stack—are often cited as enabling technologies for distributed social networking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/daveman692/blowing-up-social-networks-by-going-open-presentation/ |title="Blowing Up" Social Networks by Going Open |accessdate=5 January 2009 |last=Recordon |first=David |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2008-10-09 |page=27 |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>

Distributed social network projects generally develop [[software]], [[Protocol (computing)|protocols]], or both. The software is generally [[Free and open source software|free and open source]], and the protocols are generally [[Open protocol|open]] and [[Free protocol|free]].

From a societal perspective, one may compare this concept to that of [[Social media as a public utility|social media being a public utility]].

==See also==
*[[DataPortability]]
*[[Collective intelligence]]
*[[Geosocial networking]]
*[[Mobile social network]]
*[[Personal Network]]
*[[Professional network service]]
*[[Social identity]]
*[[Virtual community]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://buddycloud.com/cms/sites/default/files/thesis.pdf Diploma Thesis from the University of Applied Sciences Dresden(HTW) about XMPP-based Federated Social Networks like buddycloud]([[Creative Commons licenses#Attribution|CC-BY]])
* [http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2011/ESWC_MobileSocialSemanticWeb/public.pdf Paper on FOAF in an Android environment] by Tramp, S., Frischmuth, P., Arndt, N., Ermilov, T., and Auer, S. (2011). Weaving a distributed, semantic social network for mobile users. In Antoniou, G., editor, ESWC 2011, Part I, LNCS 6643, pages 200–214.
* [http://vimeo.com/30014844 Video] by Henry Story demonstrating FOAF in an Android environment
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.w3.org/Social/ W3C Social Activity]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/WG W3C Social Web Working Group]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/IG W3C Social Interest Group]
* [http://d-cent.org/fsw2011/ Federated Social Web Conference 2011]
* [http://gitorious.org/social/pages/ProjectComparison Comparison of protocol/software projects for distributed social networking]

{{Social networking}}

[[Category:Social networks]]
[[Category:Distributed computing architecture]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer]]

Verteiltes soziales Netzwerk

2015-08-02T20:52:37Z

Int21h: /* History */ W3C Social Activity

A '''distributed social network''' or '''federated social network''' is an Internet [[social networking service]] that is decentralized and distributed across distinct providers. It consists of multiple [[social website]]s, where users of each site communicate with users of any of the involved sites.

A social website participating in a distributed social network is [[interoperability|interoperable]] with the other sites and is in [[Federation (information technology)|federation]] with them. Communication among the social websites is technically conducted over [[social networking]] [[Networking protocol|protocols]]. Software used for distributed social networking is generally [[software portability|portable]] so it is easily adopted on various website [[Computing platform|platforms]]. Distributed social networks contrast with [[social network aggregation]] services, which are used to manage accounts and activities across multiple discrete social networks.

A few social networking service providers have used the term more broadly to describe provider-specific services that are distributable across different websites, typically through added widgets or [[plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]s. Through the add-ons, the social network functionality is implemented on users' websites.

== History ==
The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF), a U.S. legal defense organization and advocacy group for civil liberties on the Internet, endorses the distributed social network model as one "that can plausibly return control and choice to the hands of the Internet user" and allow persons living under restrictive regimes to "conduct activism on social networking sites while also having a choice of services and providers that may be better equipped to protect their security and anonymity".<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/03/introduction-distributed-social-network|title = An Introduction to the Federated Social Network|date = March 21, 2012|author = Richard Esguerra|publisher = Electronic Frontier Foundation Deeplinks Blog}}</ref>

The [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), the main international standards organization for the [[World Wide Web]], launched a new Social Activity in July 2014 to develop standards for social web application interoperability.<ref>{{cite web|title=W3C Launches Push for Social Web Application Interoperability
date=21 July 2014|publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]]|url=http://www.w3.org/blog/news/archives/3958}}</ref>

== Comparison of software and protocols {{anchor|Comparison of projects}} ==
[[Open standard]]s such as [[OAuth]] [[authorization]], [[OpenID]] [[authentication]], [[OStatus]] federation, [[XRDS|XRD]] metadata discovery, the [[Portable Contacts]] protocol, the [[Wave Federation Protocol]], the [[XMPP|Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)]] (aka Jabber), [[OpenSocial]] [[web widget|widget]] [[application programming interface|API]]s, [[microformats]] like [[XHTML Friends Network|XFN]] and [[hCard]], and [[Atom (standard)|Atom]] web feeds—increasingly referred to together as the Open Stack—are often cited as enabling technologies for distributed social networking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/daveman692/blowing-up-social-networks-by-going-open-presentation/ |title="Blowing Up" Social Networks by Going Open |accessdate=5 January 2009 |last=Recordon |first=David |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2008-10-09 |page=27 |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>

{{Main|Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking}}
Distributed social network projects generally develop [[software]], [[Protocol (computing)|protocols]], or both. The software is generally [[Free and open source software|free and open source]], and the protocols are generally [[Open protocol|open]] and [[Free protocol|free]].

From a societal perspective, one may compare this concept to that of [[Social media as a public utility|social media being a public utility]].

==See also==
*[[DataPortability]]
*[[Collective intelligence]]
*[[Geosocial networking]]
*[[Mobile social network]]
*[[Personal Network]]
*[[Professional network service]]
*[[Social identity]]
*[[Virtual community]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://buddycloud.com/cms/sites/default/files/thesis.pdf Diploma Thesis from the University of Applied Sciences Dresden(HTW) about XMPP-based Federated Social Networks like buddycloud]([[Creative Commons licenses#Attribution|CC-BY]])
* [http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2011/ESWC_MobileSocialSemanticWeb/public.pdf Paper on FOAF in an Android environment] by Tramp, S., Frischmuth, P., Arndt, N., Ermilov, T., and Auer, S. (2011). Weaving a distributed, semantic social network for mobile users. In Antoniou, G., editor, ESWC 2011, Part I, LNCS 6643, pages 200–214.
* [http://vimeo.com/30014844 Video] by Henry Story demonstrating FOAF in an Android environment
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.w3.org/Social/ W3C Social Activity]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/WG W3C Social Web Working Group]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/IG W3C Social Interest Group]
* [http://d-cent.org/fsw2011/ Federated Social Web Conference 2011]
* [http://gitorious.org/social/pages/ProjectComparison Comparison of protocol/software projects for distributed social networking]

{{Social networking}}

[[Category:Social networks]]
[[Category:Distributed computing architecture]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer]]

Verteiltes soziales Netzwerk

2015-08-02T20:48:10Z

Int21h: organize

A '''distributed social network''' or '''federated social network''' is an Internet [[social networking service]] that is decentralized and distributed across distinct providers. It consists of multiple [[social website]]s, where users of each site communicate with users of any of the involved sites.

A social website participating in a distributed social network is [[interoperability|interoperable]] with the other sites and is in [[Federation (information technology)|federation]] with them. Communication among the social websites is technically conducted over [[social networking]] [[Networking protocol|protocols]]. Software used for distributed social networking is generally [[software portability|portable]] so it is easily adopted on various website [[Computing platform|platforms]]. Distributed social networks contrast with [[social network aggregation]] services, which are used to manage accounts and activities across multiple discrete social networks.

A few social networking service providers have used the term more broadly to describe provider-specific services that are distributable across different websites, typically through added widgets or [[plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]s. Through the add-ons, the social network functionality is implemented on users' websites.

== History ==
The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], a U.S. legal defense organization and advocacy group for civil liberties on the Internet, endorses the distributed social network model as one "that can plausibly return control and choice to the hands of the Internet user" and allow persons living under restrictive regimes to "conduct activism on social networking sites while also having a choice of services and providers that may be better equipped to protect their security and anonymity".<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/03/introduction-distributed-social-network|title = An Introduction to the Federated Social Network|date = March 21, 2012|author = Richard Esguerra|publisher = Electronic Frontier Foundation Deeplinks Blog}}</ref>

== Comparison of software and protocols {{anchor|Comparison of projects}} ==
[[Open standard]]s such as [[OAuth]] [[authorization]], [[OpenID]] [[authentication]], [[OStatus]] federation, [[XRDS|XRD]] metadata discovery, the [[Portable Contacts]] protocol, the [[Wave Federation Protocol]], the [[XMPP|Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)]] (aka Jabber), [[OpenSocial]] [[web widget|widget]] [[application programming interface|API]]s, [[microformats]] like [[XHTML Friends Network|XFN]] and [[hCard]], and [[Atom (standard)|Atom]] web feeds—increasingly referred to together as the Open Stack—are often cited as enabling technologies for distributed social networking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/daveman692/blowing-up-social-networks-by-going-open-presentation/ |title="Blowing Up" Social Networks by Going Open |accessdate=5 January 2009 |last=Recordon |first=David |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2008-10-09 |page=27 |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>

{{Main|Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking}}
Distributed social network projects generally develop [[software]], [[Protocol (computing)|protocols]], or both. The software is generally [[Free and open source software|free and open source]], and the protocols are generally [[Open protocol|open]] and [[Free protocol|free]].

From a societal perspective, one may compare this concept to that of [[Social media as a public utility|social media being a public utility]].

==See also==
*[[DataPortability]]
*[[Collective intelligence]]
*[[Geosocial networking]]
*[[Mobile social network]]
*[[Personal Network]]
*[[Professional network service]]
*[[Social identity]]
*[[Virtual community]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://buddycloud.com/cms/sites/default/files/thesis.pdf Diploma Thesis from the University of Applied Sciences Dresden(HTW) about XMPP-based Federated Social Networks like buddycloud]([[Creative Commons licenses#Attribution|CC-BY]])
* [http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2011/ESWC_MobileSocialSemanticWeb/public.pdf Paper on FOAF in an Android environment] by Tramp, S., Frischmuth, P., Arndt, N., Ermilov, T., and Auer, S. (2011). Weaving a distributed, semantic social network for mobile users. In Antoniou, G., editor, ESWC 2011, Part I, LNCS 6643, pages 200–214.
* [http://vimeo.com/30014844 Video] by Henry Story demonstrating FOAF in an Android environment
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.w3.org/Social/ W3C Social Activity]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/WG W3C Social Web Working Group]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/IG W3C Social Interest Group]
* [http://d-cent.org/fsw2011/ Federated Social Web Conference 2011]
* [http://gitorious.org/social/pages/ProjectComparison Comparison of protocol/software projects for distributed social networking]

{{Social networking}}

[[Category:Social networks]]
[[Category:Distributed computing architecture]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer]]

Verteiltes soziales Netzwerk

2015-08-02T20:43:27Z

Int21h: /* External links */ W3C Social Activity

A '''distributed social network''' or '''federated social network''' is an Internet [[social networking service]] that is decentralized and distributed across distinct providers. It consists of multiple [[social website]]s, where users of each site communicate with users of any of the involved sites. A social website participating in a distributed social network is [[interoperability|interoperable]] with the other sites and is in [[Federation (information technology)|federation]] with them. Communication among the social websites is technically conducted over [[social networking]] [[Networking protocol|protocols]]. Software used for distributed social networking is generally [[software portability|portable]] so it is easily adopted on various website [[Computing platform|platforms]]. Distributed social networks contrast with [[social network aggregation]] services, which are used to manage accounts and activities across multiple discrete social networks.

[[Open standard]]s such as [[OAuth]] [[authorization]], [[OpenID]] [[authentication]], [[OStatus]] federation, [[XRDS|XRD]] metadata discovery, the [[Portable Contacts]] protocol, the [[Wave Federation Protocol]], the [[XMPP|Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)]] (aka Jabber), [[OpenSocial]] [[web widget|widget]] [[application programming interface|API]]s, [[microformats]] like [[XHTML Friends Network|XFN]] and [[hCard]], and [[Atom (standard)|Atom]] web feeds—increasingly referred to together as the Open Stack—are often cited as enabling technologies for distributed social networking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/daveman692/blowing-up-social-networks-by-going-open-presentation/ |title="Blowing Up" Social Networks by Going Open |accessdate=5 January 2009 |last=Recordon |first=David |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2008-10-09 |page=27 |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>

A few social networking service providers have used the term more broadly to describe provider-specific services that are distributable across different websites, typically through added widgets or [[plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]s. Through the add-ons, the social network functionality is implemented on users' websites.

The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], a U.S. legal defense organization and advocacy group for civil liberties on the Internet, endorses the distributed social network model as one "that can plausibly return control and choice to the hands of the Internet user" and allow persons living under restrictive regimes to "conduct activism on social networking sites while also having a choice of services and providers that may be better equipped to protect their security and anonymity".<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/03/introduction-distributed-social-network|title = An Introduction to the Federated Social Network|date = March 21, 2012|author = Richard Esguerra|publisher = Electronic Frontier Foundation Deeplinks Blog}}</ref>

== Comparison of software and protocols {{anchor|Comparison of projects}} ==
{{Main|Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking}}
Distributed social network projects generally develop [[software]], [[Protocol (computing)|protocols]], or both. The software is generally [[Free and open source software|free and open source]], and the protocols are generally [[Open protocol|open]] and [[Free protocol|free]].

From a societal perspective, one may compare this concept to that of [[Social media as a public utility|social media being a public utility]].

==See also==
*[[DataPortability]]
*[[Collective intelligence]]
*[[Geosocial networking]]
*[[Mobile social network]]
*[[Personal Network]]
*[[Professional network service]]
*[[Social identity]]
*[[Virtual community]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.w3.org/Social/ W3C Social Activity]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/WG W3C Social Web Working Group]
** [http://www.w3.org/Social/IG W3C Social Interest Group]
* [http://d-cent.org/fsw2011/ Federated Social Web Conference 2011]
* [http://gitorious.org/social/pages/ProjectComparison Comparison of protocol/software projects for distributed social networking]
* [http://buddycloud.com/cms/sites/default/files/thesis.pdf Diploma Thesis from the University of Applied Sciences Dresden(HTW) about XMPP-based Federated Social Networks like buddycloud]([[Creative Commons licenses#Attribution|CC-BY]])
* [http://svn.aksw.org/papers/2011/ESWC_MobileSocialSemanticWeb/public.pdf Paper on FOAF in an Android environment] by Tramp, S., Frischmuth, P., Arndt, N., Ermilov, T., and Auer, S. (2011). Weaving a distributed, semantic social network for mobile users. In Antoniou, G., editor, ESWC 2011, Part I, LNCS 6643, pages 200–214.
** [http://vimeo.com/30014844 Video] by Henry Story demonstrating FOAF in an Android environment

{{Social networking}}

[[Category:Social networks]]
[[Category:Distributed computing architecture]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer]]

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

2015-07-14T00:44:05Z

Int21h: /* External links */ in the NYCRR

{{multiple issues|
{{update|date=November 2014}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2014}}
}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Environmental Conservation
| type = department
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| logo = NYSDEC logo.png
| logo_width =
| logo_caption = DEC logo
| picture =
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| formed = {{Start date|1970|04|22}}
| preceding1 = [[New York Fisheries Commission]]<ref name=nysarchives>[http://www.archives.nysed.gov/a/research/res_topics_env_guide_3_dec.shtml "Department of Environmental Conservation," New York State Archives, n.d.] Accessed: November 4, 2012.</ref>
| preceding2 = [[New York Forest Commission]]
| preceding3 = [[New York Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission]]
| preceding4 = [[New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission]]
| preceding5 = [[New York Conservation Commission]]
| preceding6 = [[New York Conservation Department]]
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| agency_type =
| jurisdiction = [[New York]]
| headquarters = [[Albany, New York]]
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| employees = 3,000
| budget = $899 million <small>(2013-14)</small><ref name=budget>[http://publications.budget.ny.gov/eBudget1415/agencyPresentations/appropData/index.html New York State Division of the Budget. 2014. "Agency Appropriations".] Accessed November 18, 2014.</ref>
| chief1_name = [[Joseph Martens|Joe Martens]]
| chief1_position = Commissioner
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = 
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
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| keydocument1 = [[Environmental Conservation Law]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.dec.ny.gov/}}
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The '''New York State Department of Environmental Conservation''' ('''NYSDEC''', '''DEC''', or '''EnCon''') is the department of the [[Government of New York|New York state government]]<ref>[[Environmental Conservation Law]] § 3-0101. "The Department of Environmental Conservation, which was established by chapter 140 of the Laws of 1970, is hereby continued, and all the powers, functions, duties and obligations possessed by the department pursuant to such chapter immediately preceding the effective date of this chapter are hereby continued."</ref> responsible for the conservation, improvement, and protection of [[natural resources]], manages the Adirondack and Catskill [[Forest Preserve (New York)|Forest Preserve]] lands, [[state forest]] lands, [[New York State Wildlife Management Areas|wildlife management area]]s and various other state owned public lands of New York, is responsible for regulating [[sport fishing]], [[hunting]] and [[Trapping (Animal)|trapping]], and enforces the state's [[Natural environment|environmental]] laws and regulations. Its regulations are compiled in title 6 of the ''[[New York Codes, Rules and Regulations]]''. It was founded in 1970, replacing the previous [[New York State Conservation Department|Conservation Department]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/9677.html |title=History of DEC |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref>

NYSDEC had an annual budget of about $899 million for 2013-14,<ref name=budget /> and employs roughly 3,000 people across New York State.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} It manages over 4 million acres (16,000 km²) of [[protected area|protected state-owned land]] (including all [[Forest Preserve (New York)|Forest Preserve]] holdings in the [[Adirondack Park|Adirondack]] and [[Catskill Park|Catskill]] parks) and another 910,000 acres (3,682 km²) of privately owned land on which it holds [[conservation easement]]s.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} The Department's activities go beyond land management and environmental enforcement to include the publication of a magazine and a state bird atlas, and the operation of a major ski area.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

==History==

===Predecessor agencies===
The core of DEC is the conservation functions, which trace their origins to the [[New York Forest Preserve Advisory Board|Forest Preserve Advisory Board]] set up in 1885 when that land category was created. The first forest rangers were hired and trained to support it. It became the [[New York Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission|Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission]] ten years later.<ref name=nysarchives />

By 1911, it was the [[New York Conservation Commission|Conservation Commission]].<ref name=nysarchives /> Departmental status came in 1927 and it lasted until 1970.

===Origin===
DEC was created when then Governor Nelson Rockefeller symbolically signed the legislation creating it on the first Earth Day in 1970. The existing Conservation Department was joined by some programs then part of the state's [[New York State Department of Health|Department of Health]] and several other commissions with environmental responsibilities to create the new department along with some brand-new offices.

===1970s===
In its first decade, it took the lead in helping the state comply with [[National Environmental Policy Act|newly passed federal environmental legislation]]. DEC's work at [[Love Canal]] helped draw national attention to the problems posed by [[hazardous waste]] sites. It also worked to end [[General Electric]]'s discharge of [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]]s into the [[Hudson River]], an issue that continues into {{As of|2006|alt=the present day}}. It implemented New York's first state-level [[endangered species]] list.

DEC also was put in charge of reviewing declarations filed under the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA), which mirrors federal laws. In 1972, voters approved the Environmental Quality Bond Act, which continues to provide funds for land acquisition, solid waste aid, sewage treatment, air pollution control and resource recovery. Its renewal in 1986 made possible [[Environmental remediation|remediation]] of many hazardous waste sites.

===1980s===
In the 1980s, DEC was given regulatory authority over storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. In this capacity, it helped New York end disposal of [[radioactive]] waste at [[West Valley, New York|West Valley]]. The legislature also passed a [[container deposit legislation|bottle bill]], to be enforced and administered by DEC. The department's facilities at Whiteface and Mt. Van Hoevenberg near [[Lake Placid, New York|Lake Placid]] were venues for several events at the [[1980 Winter Olympic Games]].

The decade also saw the department complete, with considerable volunteer help, New York's ''Atlas of Breeding Birds'', a mammoth, exhaustive tome of great interest to [[birding|birders]] and [[ornithology|ornithologists]]. DEC efforts have also led to the restoration of several species in the state, including the [[bald eagle]].

The state also began allowing its taxpayers to return a Gift to Wildlife on their [[income tax]] [[Tax return (United States)|forms]], providing money directly to DEC for conservation programs.

===1990s===
DEC actions against [[New York City]] led to a [[consent order]] requiring the city to operate the [[Fresh Kills]] [[landfill]] under its regulations, which led to its eventual closure. New York has seen an 80% reduction in its operating landfills since 1984. The department also obtained a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the city that eventually led to both tougher land-use regulations in the [[drainage basin|watersheds]] of its upstate [[reservoir (water)|reservoirs]] and [[economic development]] funds for the communities in them.

The 90 mile (140 km) [[Genesee Valley Greenway]] was created during this time on abandoned railbed and [[Genesee Valley Canal]] property. A new source of funding was opened up when the legislature created the state's Environmental Protection Fund.

The decade that saw New York come under its first [[Republican Party (U.S.)|Republican]] administration in 16 years had some worried that DEC would become more submissive to business interests. But the department remained active, taking the lead in establishing the state's Open Space Plan for future land acquisitions.

===2000–present===
[[File:NYSDEC in Albany.jpg|thumb|DEC's Headquarters in [[Albany, New York|Albany]]]]
The summer of 2001 brought a major change to the Department. Since its inception in 1970 the department's headquarters (central office) had been at 50 Wolf Road in Colonie, NY (the current headquarters of the [[New York State Department of Transportation]]). In the late 1990s then Gov. George Pataki decided the department needed a new home with views of the Hudson River. He authorized funding to build a new office tower at 625 Broadway in downtown Albany. The building was completed in April 2001 and by late August the entire central office staff had been relocated to the new facility.

DEC employees were active in the cleanup after the [[September 11, 2001]], terrorist attacks in New York City.

In 2006, the DEC started an investigation of the former New York National Guard training range, known as [[Camp O'Ryan]]. The concerns at this site included lead contamination from spent bullets, as well as alleged witnessed burial of cylinders of unknown origin. As of that date, DEC was contacting the [[New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs]] and the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] for further information about the range.{{update needed|2014|11|18}}

==Organization==
The Department of Environmental Conservation is headed by a [[Commissioner]] (until October 2010 it was former assemblyman [[Pete Grannis]]) appointed by the governor. He or she reports to the deputy secretary for the environment. Below the commissioner and deputy commissioner are the heads of all offices, divisions, and regional directors.

The Department has eleven offices: Administration, Air Resources, Climate Change & Energy, Commissioner's Policy, General Counsel, Hearings and Mediation Services, Internal Audit, Legislative Affairs, Natural Resources, Remediation and Materials Management, and Water Resources. Many of these offices have internal divisions with specific responsibilities.<ref>[http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/255.html About the DEC]</ref>

===Office of Administration===
There are five divisions within this office:

*'''Division of Operations''' According to its [[mission statement]], this division "provide(s) technical services, facilities management, and maintenance of physical assets to insure effective and efficient operation of the Department and safe public use of DEC lands and facilities." In practice this means its primary responsibility is operating DEC-owned recreational facilities such as the DEC's 52 [[campground]]s in the Adirondack and Catskill Parks. Other responsibilities include managing DEC's extensive vehicle fleet and all departmental facilities. It also houses DEC's internal design and construction shop.
*'''Division of Information Services''': Manages DEC's computer networks and systems.
*'''Division of Management and Budget''': Handles all personnel, internal [[accounting]] and [[bookkeeping]] activities.
*'''Division of Public Affairs and Education''': Responsible for all public outreach efforts, including the ''[[New York State Conservationist]]'' magazine and the Department's website.
*'''Office of Employee Relations''': Handles all relations between DEC and the several unions which represent its employees.

===Office of Air Resources, Climate Change & Energy===
*'''Division of Air Resources''' Oversees all [[air quality]]-related programs
*'''Climate Change Office'''

===Office of Remediation and Materials Management===
[[File:NYSDEC Spill Response South Beach Sandy jeh.jpg|thumb|NYSDEC Spill Response vehicle at [[South Beach, Staten Island]] after Hurricane Sandy]]
*'''Division of Environmental Remediation''' Administers cleanup efforts, spill response and [[brownfield]] redevelopment.
*'''Division of Mineral Resources''' Oversees all programs related to [[mining]] and [[oil exploration|oil and gas exploration]] (New York has 12,600 active [[oil well|wells]]).
*'''Division of Solid & Hazardous Materials''' Oversees all programs related to [[waste management]] and the manufacture, transport and disposal of [[hazardous material]].

===Office of General Counsel===
This is DEC's legal office. It has four divisions.
*'''Legal Affairs'''
*'''Environmental Justice'''
*'''Environmental Enforcement'''
*'''Regional Enforcement'''

===Office of Hearings and Mediation Services===
This office has no other further divisions. It administers all DEC public hearings and enforcement hearings. It also considers all appeals of denials of requests under [[Freedom of information in the United States|New York's Freedom of Information Law]].
[[Image:NYS Forest Preserve sign.jpg|thumb|225px|right|DEC sign marking state-land boundary.]]

===Office of Natural Resources===
This office handles most of DEC's conservation-related functions.
*'''Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources''': Oversees hunting, fishing and trapping licenses, and monitors the quality of those resources. Manages state wildlife management areas. Oversees freshwater and tidal wetlands programs.
*'''Division of Lands and Forests''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/309.html]: Responsible for the management, protection and recreational use of about four million acres (16,000 km²) of state owned land or 13 percent of the land area of New York State. Lands and Forests is also responsible for public recreation rights on roughly 910,000 acres (3,000 km²) of [[Conservation easement]] lands. One of the largest divisions in terms of scope.

===Office of Water Resources===
*'''Division of Water''' : Oversees all [[water quality]] and [[flood control]] programs on the state's 52,337 miles (84,210 km) of [[river]]s; 7,849 [[lake]]s; 2.5 million acres (10,000 km²) of freshwater [[wetland]]s and 25,000 acres (100 km²) of [[tide|tidal]] wetlands. Oversees the Coastal Erosion Hazard Area [CEHA] program.
*'''Hudson River Estuary Program''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/4920.html]
*'''Great Lakes Program''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/25562.html]
*'''New York City Watershed'''

===Office of Public Protection===
This office houses the two uniformed [[law enforcement agency|law enforcement agencies]] under DEC's aegis.

*'''Division of Forest Protection and Fire Management''': [[New York State Forest Rangers]].
*'''Division of Law Enforcement''': [[New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Police|Environmental Conservation Officers]], known as EnCons or ECOs for short, are the oldest state-level police agency in New York, having evolved from the state's [[game warden]]s in the late 19th century. Today they not only handle those responsibilities but enforce other environmental laws as well.

===Office of Internal Audit===

===Office of Legislative Affairs===
This office serves to "build and maintain positive working relationships with Legislators and their staffs in order to encourage dialogue and cooperation on matters affecting environmental policy. OLA is charged to present, discuss, and gain passage of the Department's annual legislative program. OLA also serves as a liaison between elected officials and the Department on concerns and issues affecting their constituents."

===Commissioner's Policy Office===

==Regions==
[[Image:NYSDEC regions map.svg|300px|right]]
[[Image:NYSDEC Region 3 HQ.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Region 3 office in New Paltz]]
[[Image:NY DEC - Ray Brook NY.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Region 5 office in [[Ray Brook, New York|Ray Brook]]]]
DEC divides the state into nine administrative regions, all groups of [[county (US)|counties]]. All DEC Program areas are represented in each regional office. Some regions have sub-offices closer to particular areas of special concern.

*'''Region 1''': [[Long Island]] ([[Nassau County, New York|Nassau]] and [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk]] counties). Regional office is in [[Stony Brook, New York|Stony Brook]].
*'''Region 2''': The five boroughs of [[New York City]] ([[The Bronx]], [[Brooklyn]], [[Manhattan]], [[Queens]] and [[Staten Island]]). Regional Office is in [[Long Island City]].

*'''Region 3''': Lower and central [[Hudson Valley]] ([[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess]], [[Orange County, New York|Orange]], [[Putnam County, New York|Putnam]], [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]], [[Sullivan County, New York|Sullivan]], [[Ulster County, New York|Ulster]] and [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]] counties). Regional office is in [[New Paltz (town), New York|New Paltz]], with a sub-office in [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]].
*'''Region 4''': [[Berkshires]], Western [[Catskill Mountains|Catskills]], upper [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]] valley and [[Capital District]] ([[Albany County, New York|Albany]], [[Columbia County, New York|Columbia]], [[Delaware County, New York|Delaware]], [[Greene County, New York|Greene]], [[Montgomery County, New York|Montgomery]], [[Otsego County, New York|Otsego]], [[Rensselaer County, New York|Rensselaer]], [[Schenectady County, New York|Schenectady]] and [[Schoharie County, New York|Schoharie]] counties). Regional office is in [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], with a sub-office in [[Stamford, New York|Stamford]].
*'''Region 5''': Eastern [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondacks]] ([[Clinton County, New York|Clinton]], [[Essex County, New York|Essex]], [[Franklin County, New York|Franklin]], [[Fulton County, New York|Fulton]], [[Hamilton County, New York|Hamilton]], [[Saratoga County, New York|Saratoga]], [[Warren County, New York|Warren]] and [[Washington County, New York|Washington]] counties). Regional office is in [[Ray Brook, New York|Ray Brook]], with sub-offices in [[Northville, New York (disambiguation)|Northville]] and [[Warrensburg, New York|Warrensburg]].
*'''Region 6''': Western Adirondacks and [[St. Lawrence River]] valley ([[Herkimer County, New York|Herkimer]], [[Jefferson County, New York|Jefferson]], [[Lewis County, New York|Lewis]], [[Oneida County, New York|Oneida]] and [[St. Lawrence County, New York|St. Lawrence]] counties). Regional office is in [[Watertown, New York|Watertown]], with sub-offices located in [[Cape Vincent, New York|Cape Vincent]], [[Herkimer, New York|Herkimer]], [[Lowville (town), New York|Lowville]], [[Potsdam (town), New York|Potsdam]] and [[Utica, New York|Utica]].
*'''Region 7''': [[Central New York]] ([[Broome County, New York|Broome]], [[Cayuga County, New York|Cayuga]], [[Chenango County, New York|Chenango]], [[Cortland County, New York|Cortland]], [[Madison County, New York|Madison]], [[Onondaga County, New York|Onondaga]], [[Oswego County, New York|Oswego]], [[Tioga County, New York|Tioga]] and [[Tompkins County, New York|Tompkins]] counties). Regional office is in [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]], with sub-offices in [[Cortland, New York|Cortland]], [[Kirkwood, New York|Kirkwood]] and [[Sherburne, New York|Sherburne]].
*'''Region 8''': Greater [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] and [[Finger Lakes]] ([[Chemung County, New York|Chemung]], [[Genesee County, New York|Genesee]], [[Livingston County, New York|Livingston]], [[Monroe County, New York|Monroe]], [[Ontario County, New York|Ontario]], [[Orleans County, New York|Orleans]], [[Schuyler County, New York|Schuyler]], [[Seneca County, New York|Seneca]], [[Steuben County, New York|Steuben]], [[Wayne County, New York|Wayne]] and [[Yates County, New York|Yates]] counties). Regional office is in [[Avon, New York|Avon]] with sub-offices in [[Bath (village), New York|Bath]] and [[Horseheads (village), New York|Horseheads]].
*'''Region 9''': [[Western New York]] ([[Allegany County, New York|Allegany]], [[Cattaraugus County, New York|Cattaraugus]], [[Chautauqua County, New York|Chautauqua]], [[Erie County, New York|Erie]], [[Niagara County, New York|Niagara]] and [[Wyoming County, New York|Wyoming]] counties). Regional office is in the [[Buffalo, New York|City of Buffalo]], with sub-offices in [[Allegany (village), New York|Allegany]], [[Almond, New York|Almond]] and [[Dunkirk, New York|Dunkirk]].

==Financing==
Licensing and permitting fees provide the DEC with the majority of its primary operating [[revenue]], at about 58%. Direct funding from the state contributes another 24%, and federal programs and grants make up the remaining 17% difference.

==Employees==
DEC employees range from holders of multiple advanced degrees to clerk/typists who may not even have attended college. They do their work everywhere from the agency's offices to deep [[wilderness]]. Almost all DEC positions are classified as [[civil service]] and require that applicants pass the appropriate exams to be considered for hiring.

ECOs and forest rangers are considered police officers under New York's Criminal Procedure Law, with the authority to carry [[firearm]]s at all times and make [[arrest]]s for any possible criminal violations they witness.

The majority of employees are [[Labor unions in the United States|unionized]], with [[White-collar worker|white collar]] professionals paying dues to the [[Public Employees Federation]], blue-collar workers represented by the [[Civil Service Employees Association]] and the law enforcement officers members of the independent [[New York State Correctional and Police Officers' Benevolent Association]], following the same pattern as other state agencies.

==Frequent interagency partners==
DEC frequently works closely on some matters with other agencies at different levels of government.

*The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA). DEC's Hudson River drillings were used by EPA as a basis for its own tests that led to its decision to dredge the PCBs from the bed of the upper Hudson.
*New York's [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation|Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] (OPRHP) is the agency in charge of New York's state parks, while DEC manages other lands. The two sometimes collaborate on projects such as the Genesee Valley Greenway, where neither agency has the expertise or jurisdiction to realize the project on its own.
*The [[Palisades Interstate Park Commission]], which manages many of the state parks in the downstate region. Projects like the proposed Catskill Interpretive Center are to be built on land owned by PIPC since New York's state constitution is generally interpreted to preclude DEC or other state agencies from doing such things on state-owned land [[Blue Line (New York State)|inside]] the Adirondack or Catskill parks.
*The [[New York City Department of Environmental Protection]] (DEP) is in charge and control of the city's water resources, mainly the [[Upstate New York|upstate]] reservoirs, manages the city's storm water and sewage systems, has jurisdiction over air and noise pollution within the city, and responds to emergencies caused by releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances into the environment. Most of DEP's activities take place within DEC's Region 2.
*The [[Adirondack Park Agency]] has final authority over most private land use in that park.

==See also==
*[[New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Police]]

==References==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist}}

=== Further reading ===
*New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, [http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/9677.html "History of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation"].
*[http://publications.budget.state.ny.us/fy0607app1/encon.pdf 2006-07 NYSDEC proposed budget]

==External links==
{{Portal|New York|Environment}}
* [http://www.dec.ny.gov/ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation] (Official website)
* [https://govt.westlaw.com/nycrr/Browse/Home/NewYork/NewYorkCodesRulesandRegulations?guid=I51cc02d0ac3d11dd9f72c1eb90efe723&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default) Department of Environmental Conservation] in the [[New York Codes, Rules and Regulations]]
* [http://www.esf.edu/success/alumni/martens.htm "Joe Martens: Commissioner of the New York Department of Environmental Conservation," SUNY-ESF, n.d.]

{{NewYorkStateExecutiveDepartments}}

[[Category:New York state government departments|Environmental Conservation]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in New York]]
[[Category:State forestry agencies in the United States]]
[[Category:State environmental protection agencies of the United States]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1970]]

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

2014-11-18T06:53:02Z

Int21h: ce lede

{{refimprove|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Environmental Conservation
| type = department
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| logo = NYSDEC logo.png
| logo_width =
| logo_caption = DEC logo
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = {{Start date|1970|04|22}}
| preceding1 = [[New York Fisheries Commission]]<ref name=nysarchives>[http://www.archives.nysed.gov/a/research/res_topics_env_guide_3_dec.shtml "Department of Environmental Conservation," New York State Archives, n.d.] Accessed: November 4, 2012.</ref>
| preceding2 = [[New York Forest Commission]]
| preceding3 = [[New York Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission]]
| preceding4 = [[New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission]]
| preceding5 = [[New York Conservation Commission]]
| preceding6 = [[New York Conservation Department]]
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| agency_type =
| jurisdiction = [[New York]]
| headquarters = [[Albany, New York]]
| latd = | latm = | lats = | latNS =
| longd = | longm = | longs = | longEW =
| region_code =
| coordinates = 
| motto =
| employees = 3,000
| budget = $1 billion
| chief1_name = [[Joseph Martens|Joe Martens]]
| chief1_position = Commissioner
| chief2_name =
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| parent_department =
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| keydocument1 = [[Environmental Conservation Law]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.dec.ny.gov/}}
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The '''New York State Department of Environmental Conservation''' ('''NYSDEC''', '''DEC''', or '''EnCon''') is the department of the [[Government of New York|New York state government]]<ref>[[Environmental Conservation Law]] § 3-0101. "The Department of Environmental Conservation, which was established by chapter 140 of the Laws of 1970, is hereby continued, and all the powers, functions, duties and obligations possessed by the department pursuant to such chapter immediately preceding the effective date of this chapter are hereby continued."</ref> responsible for the conservation, improvement, and protection of [[natural resources]], manages the Adirondack and Catskill [[Forest Preserve (New York)|Forest Preserve]] lands, [[state forest]] lands, [[New York State Wildlife Management Areas|wildlife management area]]s and various other state owned public lands of New York, is responsible for regulating [[sport fishing]], [[hunting]] and [[Trapping (Animal)|trapping]], and enforces the state's [[Natural environment|environmental]] laws and regulations. Its regulations are compiled in title 6 of the ''[[New York Codes, Rules and Regulations]]''. It was founded in 1970, replacing the previous [[New York State Conservation Department|Conservation Department]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/9677.html |title=History of DEC |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref>

NYSDEC has an annual budget of approximately $1 billion and employs roughly 3,000 people across New York State. It manages over 4 million acres (16,000 km²) of [[protected area|protected state-owned land]] (including all [[Forest Preserve (New York)|Forest Preserve]] holdings in the [[Adirondack Park|Adirondack]] and [[Catskill Park|Catskill]] parks) and another 910,000 acres (3,682 km²) of privately owned land on which it holds [[conservation easement]]s. The Department's activities go beyond land management and environmental enforcement to include the publication of a magazine and a state bird atlas, and the operation of a major ski area.

==History==

===Predecessor agencies===
The core of DEC is the conservation functions, which trace their origins to the [[New York Forest Preserve Advisory Board|Forest Preserve Advisory Board]] set up in 1885 when that land category was created. The first forest rangers were hired and trained to support it. It became the [[New York Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission|Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission]] ten years later.<ref name=nysarchives />

By 1911, it was the [[New York Conservation Commission|Conservation Commission]].<ref name=nysarchives /> Departmental status came in 1927 and it lasted until 1970.

===Origin===
DEC was created when then Governor Nelson Rockefeller symbolically signed the legislation creating it on the first Earth Day in 1970. The existing Conservation Department was joined by some programs then part of the state's [[New York State Department of Health|Department of Health]] and several other commissions with environmental responsibilities to create the new department along with some brand-new offices.

===1970s===
In its first decade, it took the lead in helping the state comply with [[National Environmental Policy Act|newly passed federal environmental legislation]]. DEC's work at [[Love Canal]] helped draw national attention to the problems posed by [[hazardous waste]] sites. It also worked to end [[General Electric]]'s discharge of [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]]s into the [[Hudson River]], an issue that continues into {{As of|2006|alt=the present day}}. It implemented New York's first state-level [[endangered species]] list.

DEC also was put in charge of reviewing declarations filed under the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA), which mirrors federal laws. In 1972, voters approved the Environmental Quality Bond Act, which continues to provide funds for land acquisition, solid waste aid, sewage treatment, air pollution control and resource recovery. Its renewal in 1986 made possible [[Environmental remediation|remediation]] of many hazardous waste sites.

===1980s===
In the 1980s, DEC was given regulatory authority over storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. In this capacity, it helped New York end disposal of [[radioactive]] waste at [[West Valley, New York|West Valley]]. The legislature also passed a [[container deposit legislation|bottle bill]], to be enforced and administered by DEC. The department's facilities at Whiteface and Mt. Van Hoevenberg near [[Lake Placid, New York|Lake Placid]] were venues for several events at the [[1980 Winter Olympic Games]].

The decade also saw the department complete, with considerable volunteer help, New York's ''Atlas of Breeding Birds'', a mammoth, exhaustive tome of great interest to [[birding|birders]] and [[ornithology|ornithologists]]. DEC efforts have also led to the restoration of several species in the state, including the [[bald eagle]].

The state also began allowing its taxpayers to return a Gift to Wildlife on their [[income tax]] [[Tax return (United States)|forms]], providing money directly to DEC for conservation programs.

===1990s===
DEC actions against [[New York City]] led to a [[consent order]] requiring the city to operate the [[Fresh Kills]] [[landfill]] under its regulations, which led to its eventual closure. New York has seen an 80% reduction in its operating landfills since 1984. The department also obtained a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the city that eventually led to both tougher land-use regulations in the [[drainage basin|watersheds]] of its upstate [[reservoir (water)|reservoirs]] and [[economic development]] funds for the communities in them.

The 90 mile (140 km) [[Genesee Valley Greenway]] was created during this time on abandoned railbed and [[Genesee Valley Canal]] property. A new source of funding was opened up when the legislature created the state's Environmental Protection Fund.

The decade that saw New York come under its first [[Republican Party (U.S.)|Republican]] administration in 16 years had some worried that DEC would become more submissive to business interests. But the department remained active, taking the lead in establishing the state's Open Space Plan for future land acquisitions.

===2000–present===
[[File:NYSDEC in Albany.jpg|thumb|DEC's Headquarters in [[Albany, New York|Albany]]]]
The summer of 2001 brought a major change to the Department. Since its inception in 1970 the department's headquarters (central office) had been at 50 Wolf Road in Colonie, NY (the current headquarters of the [[New York State Department of Transportation]]). In the late 1990s then Gov. George Pataki decided the department needed a new home with views of the Hudson River. He authorized funding to build a new office tower at 625 Broadway in downtown Albany. The building was completed in April 2001 and by late August the entire central office staff had been relocated to the new facility.

DEC employees were active in the cleanup after the [[September 11, 2001]] terrorist attacks in New York City.

In 2006, the DEC started an investigation of the former New York National Guard training range, known as [[Camp O'Ryan]]. The concerns at this site include lead contamination from spent bullets, as well as alleged witnessed burial of cylinders of unknown origin. They are presently contacting the [[New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs]] and the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] for further information on this range.

==Organization==
{{update|section|date=February 2014}}
The Department of Environmental Conservation is headed by a [[Commissioner]] (until October 2010 it was former assemblyman [[Pete Grannis]]) appointed by the governor. He or she reports to the deputy secretary for the environment. Below the commissioner and deputy commissioner are the heads of all offices, divisions, and regional directors.

The Department has eleven offices: Administration, Air Resources, Climate Change & Energy, Commissioner's Policy, General Counsel, Hearings and Mediation Services, Internal Audit, Legislative Affairs, Natural Resources, Remediation and Materials Management, and Water Resources. Many of these offices have internal divisions with specific responsibilities.<ref>[http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/255.html About the DEC]</ref>

===Office of Administration===
There are five divisions within this office:

*'''Division of Operations''' According to its [[mission statement]], this division "provide(s) technical services, facilities management, and maintenance of physical assets to insure effective and efficient operation of the Department and safe public use of DEC lands and facilities." In practice this means its primary responsibility is operating DEC-owned recreational facilities such as the DEC's 52 [[campground]]s in the Adirondack and Catskill Parks. Other responsibilities include managing DEC's extensive vehicle fleet and all departmental facilities. It also houses DEC's internal design and construction shop.
*'''Division of Information Services''': Manages DEC's computer networks and systems.
*'''Division of Management and Budget''': Handles all personnel, internal [[accounting]] and [[bookkeeping]] activities.
*'''Division of Public Affairs and Education''': Responsible for all public outreach efforts, including the ''[[New York State Conservationist]]'' magazine and the Department's website.
*'''Office of Employee Relations''': Handles all relations between DEC and the several unions which represent its employees.

===Office of Air Resources, Climate Change & Energy===
*'''Division of Air Resources''' Oversees all [[air quality]]-related programs
*'''Climate Change Office'''

===Office of Remediation and Materials Management===
[[File:NYSDEC Spill Response South Beach Sandy jeh.jpg|thumb|NYSDEC Spill Response vehicle at [[South Beach, Staten Island]] after Hurricane Sandy]]
*'''Division of Environmental Remediation''' Administers cleanup efforts, spill response and [[brownfield]] redevelopment.
*'''Division of Mineral Resources''' Oversees all programs related to [[mining]] and [[oil exploration|oil and gas exploration]] (New York has 12,600 active [[oil well|wells]]).
*'''Division of Solid & Hazardous Materials''' Oversees all programs related to [[waste management]] and the manufacture, transport and disposal of [[hazardous material]].

===Office of General Counsel===
This is DEC's legal office. It has four divisions.
*'''Legal Affairs'''
*'''Environmental Justice'''
*'''Environmental Enforcement'''
*'''Regional Enforcement'''

===Office of Hearings and Mediation Services===
This office has no other further divisions. It administers all DEC public hearings and enforcement hearings. It also considers all appeals of denials of requests under [[Freedom of information in the United States|New York's Freedom of Information Law]].
[[Image:NYS Forest Preserve sign.jpg|thumb|225px|right|DEC sign marking state-land boundary.]]

===Office of Natural Resources===
This office handles most of DEC's conservation-related functions.
*'''Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources''': Oversees hunting, fishing and trapping licenses, and monitors the quality of those resources. Manages state wildlife management areas. Oversees freshwater and tidal wetlands programs.
*'''Division of Lands and Forests''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/309.html]: Responsible for the management, protection and recreational use of about four million acres (16,000 km²) of state owned land or 13 percent of the land area of New York State. Lands and Forests is also responsible for public recreation rights on roughly 910,000 acres (3,000 km²) of [[Conservation easement]] lands. One of the largest divisions in terms of scope.

===Office of Water Resources===
*'''Division of Water''' : Oversees all [[water quality]] and [[flood control]] programs on the state's 52,337 miles (84,210 km) of [[river]]s; 7,849 [[lake]]s; 2.5 million acres (10,000 km²) of freshwater [[wetland]]s and 25,000 acres (100 km²) of [[tide|tidal]] wetlands. Oversees the Coastal Erosion Hazard Area [CEHA] program.
*'''Hudson River Estuary Program''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/4920.html]
*'''Great Lakes Program''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/25562.html]
*'''New York City Watershed'''

===Office of Public Protection===
This office houses the two uniformed [[law enforcement agency|law enforcement agencies]] under DEC's aegis.

*'''Division of Forest Protection and Fire Management''': [[New York State Forest Rangers]].
*'''Division of Law Enforcement''': [[New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Police|Environmental Conservation Officers]], known as EnCons or ECOs for short, are the oldest state-level police agency in New York, having evolved from the state's [[game warden]]s in the late 19th century. Today they not only handle those responsibilities but enforce other environmental laws as well.

===Office of Internal Audit===

===Office of Legislative Affairs===
This office serves to "build and maintain positive working relationships with Legislators and their staffs in order to encourage dialogue and cooperation on matters affecting environmental policy. OLA is charged to present, discuss, and gain passage of the Department's annual legislative program. OLA also serves as a liaison between elected officials and the Department on concerns and issues affecting their constituents."

===Commissioner's Policy Office===

==Regions==
[[Image:NYSDEC regions map.svg|300px|right]]
[[Image:NYSDEC Region 3 HQ.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Region 3 office in New Paltz]]
[[Image:NY DEC - Ray Brook NY.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Region 5 office in [[Ray Brook, New York|Ray Brook]]]]
DEC divides the state into nine administrative regions, all groups of [[county (US)|counties]]. All DEC Program areas are represented in each regional office. Some regions have sub-offices closer to particular areas of special concern.

*'''Region 1''': [[Long Island]] ([[Nassau County, New York|Nassau]] and [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk]] counties). Regional office is in [[Stony Brook, New York|Stony Brook]].
*'''Region 2''': The five boroughs of [[New York City]] ([[The Bronx]], [[Brooklyn]], [[Manhattan]], [[Queens]] and [[Staten Island]]). Regional Office is in [[Long Island City]].

*'''Region 3''': Lower and central [[Hudson Valley]] ([[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess]], [[Orange County, New York|Orange]], [[Putnam County, New York|Putnam]], [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]], [[Sullivan County, New York|Sullivan]], [[Ulster County, New York|Ulster]] and [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]] counties). Regional office is in [[New Paltz (town), New York|New Paltz]], with a sub-office in [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]].
*'''Region 4''': [[Berkshires]], Western [[Catskill Mountains|Catskills]], upper [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]] valley and [[Capital District]] ([[Albany County, New York|Albany]], [[Columbia County, New York|Columbia]], [[Delaware County, New York|Delaware]], [[Greene County, New York|Greene]], [[Montgomery County, New York|Montgomery]], [[Otsego County, New York|Otsego]], [[Rensselaer County, New York|Rensselaer]], [[Schenectady County, New York|Schenectady]] and [[Schoharie County, New York|Schoharie]] counties). Regional office is in [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], with a sub-office in [[Stamford, New York|Stamford]].
*'''Region 5''': Eastern [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondacks]] ([[Clinton County, New York|Clinton]], [[Essex County, New York|Essex]], [[Franklin County, New York|Franklin]], [[Fulton County, New York|Fulton]], [[Hamilton County, New York|Hamilton]], [[Saratoga County, New York|Saratoga]], [[Warren County, New York|Warren]] and [[Washington County, New York|Washington]] counties). Regional office is in [[Ray Brook, New York|Ray Brook]], with sub-offices in [[Northville, New York (disambiguation)|Northville]] and [[Warrensburg, New York|Warrensburg]].
*'''Region 6''': Western Adirondacks and [[St. Lawrence River]] valley ([[Herkimer County, New York|Herkimer]], [[Jefferson County, New York|Jefferson]], [[Lewis County, New York|Lewis]], [[Oneida County, New York|Oneida]] and [[St. Lawrence County, New York|St. Lawrence]] counties). Regional office is in [[Watertown, New York|Watertown]], with sub-offices located in [[Cape Vincent, New York|Cape Vincent]], [[Herkimer, New York|Herkimer]], [[Lowville (town), New York|Lowville]], [[Potsdam (town), New York|Potsdam]] and [[Utica, New York|Utica]].
*'''Region 7''': [[Central New York]] ([[Broome County, New York|Broome]], [[Cayuga County, New York|Cayuga]], [[Chenango County, New York|Chenango]], [[Cortland County, New York|Cortland]], [[Madison County, New York|Madison]], [[Onondaga County, New York|Onondaga]], [[Oswego County, New York|Oswego]], [[Tioga County, New York|Tioga]] and [[Tompkins County, New York|Tompkins]] counties). Regional office is in [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]], with sub-offices in [[Cortland, New York|Cortland]], [[Kirkwood, New York|Kirkwood]] and [[Sherburne, New York|Sherburne]].
*'''Region 8''': Greater [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] and [[Finger Lakes]] ([[Chemung County, New York|Chemung]], [[Genesee County, New York|Genesee]], [[Livingston County, New York|Livingston]], [[Monroe County, New York|Monroe]], [[Ontario County, New York|Ontario]], [[Orleans County, New York|Orleans]], [[Schuyler County, New York|Schuyler]], [[Seneca County, New York|Seneca]], [[Steuben County, New York|Steuben]], [[Wayne County, New York|Wayne]] and [[Yates County, New York|Yates]] counties). Regional office is in [[Avon, New York|Avon]] with sub-offices in [[Bath (village), New York|Bath]] and [[Horseheads (village), New York|Horseheads]].
*'''Region 9''': [[Western New York]] ([[Allegany County, New York|Allegany]], [[Cattaraugus County, New York|Cattaraugus]], [[Chautauqua County, New York|Chautauqua]], [[Erie County, New York|Erie]], [[Niagara County, New York|Niagara]] and [[Wyoming County, New York|Wyoming]] counties). Regional office is in the [[Buffalo, New York|City of Buffalo]], with sub-offices in [[Allegany (village), New York|Allegany]], [[Almond, New York|Almond]] and [[Dunkirk, New York|Dunkirk]].

==Financing==
Licensing and permitting fees provide the DEC with the majority of its primary operating [[revenue]], at about 58%. Direct funding from the state contributes another 24%, and federal programs and grants make up the remaining 17% difference.

==Employees==
DEC employees range from holders of multiple advanced degrees to clerk/typists who may not even have attended college. They do their work everywhere from the agency's offices to deep [[wilderness]]. Almost all DEC positions are classified as [[civil service]] and require that applicants pass the appropriate exams to be considered for hiring.

ECOs and forest rangers are considered police officers under New York's Criminal Procedure Law, with the authority to carry [[firearm]]s at all times and make [[arrest]]s for any possible criminal violations they witness.

The majority of employees are [[Labor unions in the United States|unionized]], with [[White-collar worker|white collar]] professionals paying dues to the [[Public Employees Federation]], blue-collar workers represented by the [[Civil Service Employees Association]] and the law enforcement officers members of the independent [[New York State Correctional and Police Officers' Benevolent Association]], following the same pattern as other state agencies.

==Frequent interagency partners==
DEC frequently works closely on some matters with other agencies at different levels of government.

*The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA). DEC's Hudson River drillings were used by EPA as a basis for its own tests that led to its decision to dredge the PCBs from the bed of the upper Hudson.
*New York's [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation|Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] (OPRHP) is the agency in charge of New York's state parks, while DEC manages other lands. The two sometimes collaborate on projects such as the Genesee Valley Greenway, where neither agency has the expertise or jurisdiction to realize the project on its own.
*The [[Palisades Interstate Park Commission]], which manages many of the state parks in the downstate region. Projects like the proposed Catskill Interpretive Center are to be built on land owned by PIPC since New York's state constitution is generally interpreted to preclude DEC or other state agencies from doing such things on state-owned land [[Blue Line (New York State)|inside]] the Adirondack or Catskill parks.
*The [[New York City Department of Environmental Protection]] (DEP) is in charge and control of the city's water resources, mainly the [[Upstate New York|upstate]] reservoirs, manages the city's storm water and sewage systems, has jurisdiction over air and noise pollution within the city, and responds to emergencies caused by releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances into the environment. Most of DEP's activities take place within DEC's Region 2.
*The [[Adirondack Park Agency]] has final authority over most private land use in that park.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, [http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/9677.html "History of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation"].
*[http://publications.budget.state.ny.us/fy0607app1/encon.pdf 2006-07 NYSDEC proposed budget]

==External links==
{{Portal|New York|Environment}}
* [http://www.esf.edu/success/alumni/martens.htm "Joe Martens: Commissioner of the New York Department of Environmental Conservation," SUNY-ESF, n.d.]
* [http://www.dec.ny.gov/ Official website]
* [http://www.eregulations.com/newyork/hunting/ Official DEC Hunting & Trapping Regulations]
* [http://www.eregulations.com/newyork/fishing/ Official DEC Fishing Regulations]

{{NewYorkStateExecutiveDepartments}}

[[Category:New York state government departments|Environmental Conservation]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in New York]]
[[Category:State forestry agencies in the United States]]
[[Category:State environmental protection agencies of the United States]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1970]]

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

2014-11-18T06:51:32Z

Int21h: title 6 of the NYCRR

{{refimprove|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox government agency
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| preceding2 = [[New York Forest Commission]]
| preceding3 = [[New York Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission]]
| preceding4 = [[New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission]]
| preceding5 = [[New York Conservation Commission]]
| preceding6 = [[New York Conservation Department]]
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| chief1_name = [[Joseph Martens|Joe Martens]]
| chief1_position = Commissioner
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The '''New York State Department of Environmental Conservation''' ('''NYSDEC''', '''DEC''', or '''EnCon''') is the department of the [[Government of New York|New York state government]]<ref>[[Environmental Conservation Law]] § 3-0101. "The Department of Environmental Conservation, which was established by chapter 140 of the Laws of 1970, is hereby continued, and all the powers, functions, duties and obligations possessed by the department pursuant to such chapter immediately preceding the effective date of this chapter are hereby continued."</ref> responsible for the conservation, improvement, and protection of [[natural resources]] within the state. The Department manages the Adirondack and Catskill [[Forest Preserve (New York)|Forest Preserve]] lands, [[state forest]] lands, [[New York State Wildlife Management Areas|wildlife management area]]s and various other state owned public lands of New York. The Department is also responsible for regulating [[sport fishing]], [[hunting]] and [[Trapping (Animal)|trapping]] within the state, and enforcing the State's [[Natural environment|environmental]] laws and regulations. Its regulations are compiled in title 6 of the ''[[New York Codes, Rules and Regulations]]''. It was founded in 1970, replacing the previous [[New York State Conservation Department|Conservation Department]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/9677.html |title=History of DEC |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref>

NYSDEC has an annual budget of approximately $1 billion and employs roughly 3,000 people across New York State. It manages over 4 million acres (16,000 km²) of [[protected area|protected state-owned land]] (including all [[Forest Preserve (New York)|Forest Preserve]] holdings in the [[Adirondack Park|Adirondack]] and [[Catskill Park|Catskill]] parks) and another 910,000 acres (3,682 km²) of privately owned land on which it holds [[conservation easement]]s. The Department's activities go beyond land management and environmental enforcement to include the publication of a magazine and a state bird atlas, and the operation of a major ski area.

==History==

===Predecessor agencies===
The core of DEC is the conservation functions, which trace their origins to the [[New York Forest Preserve Advisory Board|Forest Preserve Advisory Board]] set up in 1885 when that land category was created. The first forest rangers were hired and trained to support it. It became the [[New York Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission|Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission]] ten years later.<ref name=nysarchives />

By 1911, it was the [[New York Conservation Commission|Conservation Commission]].<ref name=nysarchives /> Departmental status came in 1927 and it lasted until 1970.

===Origin===
DEC was created when then Governor Nelson Rockefeller symbolically signed the legislation creating it on the first Earth Day in 1970. The existing Conservation Department was joined by some programs then part of the state's [[New York State Department of Health|Department of Health]] and several other commissions with environmental responsibilities to create the new department along with some brand-new offices.

===1970s===
In its first decade, it took the lead in helping the state comply with [[National Environmental Policy Act|newly passed federal environmental legislation]]. DEC's work at [[Love Canal]] helped draw national attention to the problems posed by [[hazardous waste]] sites. It also worked to end [[General Electric]]'s discharge of [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]]s into the [[Hudson River]], an issue that continues into {{As of|2006|alt=the present day}}. It implemented New York's first state-level [[endangered species]] list.

DEC also was put in charge of reviewing declarations filed under the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA), which mirrors federal laws. In 1972, voters approved the Environmental Quality Bond Act, which continues to provide funds for land acquisition, solid waste aid, sewage treatment, air pollution control and resource recovery. Its renewal in 1986 made possible [[Environmental remediation|remediation]] of many hazardous waste sites.

===1980s===
In the 1980s, DEC was given regulatory authority over storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. In this capacity, it helped New York end disposal of [[radioactive]] waste at [[West Valley, New York|West Valley]]. The legislature also passed a [[container deposit legislation|bottle bill]], to be enforced and administered by DEC. The department's facilities at Whiteface and Mt. Van Hoevenberg near [[Lake Placid, New York|Lake Placid]] were venues for several events at the [[1980 Winter Olympic Games]].

The decade also saw the department complete, with considerable volunteer help, New York's ''Atlas of Breeding Birds'', a mammoth, exhaustive tome of great interest to [[birding|birders]] and [[ornithology|ornithologists]]. DEC efforts have also led to the restoration of several species in the state, including the [[bald eagle]].

The state also began allowing its taxpayers to return a Gift to Wildlife on their [[income tax]] [[Tax return (United States)|forms]], providing money directly to DEC for conservation programs.

===1990s===
DEC actions against [[New York City]] led to a [[consent order]] requiring the city to operate the [[Fresh Kills]] [[landfill]] under its regulations, which led to its eventual closure. New York has seen an 80% reduction in its operating landfills since 1984. The department also obtained a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the city that eventually led to both tougher land-use regulations in the [[drainage basin|watersheds]] of its upstate [[reservoir (water)|reservoirs]] and [[economic development]] funds for the communities in them.

The 90 mile (140 km) [[Genesee Valley Greenway]] was created during this time on abandoned railbed and [[Genesee Valley Canal]] property. A new source of funding was opened up when the legislature created the state's Environmental Protection Fund.

The decade that saw New York come under its first [[Republican Party (U.S.)|Republican]] administration in 16 years had some worried that DEC would become more submissive to business interests. But the department remained active, taking the lead in establishing the state's Open Space Plan for future land acquisitions.

===2000–present===
[[File:NYSDEC in Albany.jpg|thumb|DEC's Headquarters in [[Albany, New York|Albany]]]]
The summer of 2001 brought a major change to the Department. Since its inception in 1970 the department's headquarters (central office) had been at 50 Wolf Road in Colonie, NY (the current headquarters of the [[New York State Department of Transportation]]). In the late 1990s then Gov. George Pataki decided the department needed a new home with views of the Hudson River. He authorized funding to build a new office tower at 625 Broadway in downtown Albany. The building was completed in April 2001 and by late August the entire central office staff had been relocated to the new facility.

DEC employees were active in the cleanup after the [[September 11, 2001]] terrorist attacks in New York City.

In 2006, the DEC started an investigation of the former New York National Guard training range, known as [[Camp O'Ryan]]. The concerns at this site include lead contamination from spent bullets, as well as alleged witnessed burial of cylinders of unknown origin. They are presently contacting the [[New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs]] and the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] for further information on this range.

==Organization==
{{update|section|date=February 2014}}
The Department of Environmental Conservation is headed by a [[Commissioner]] (until October 2010 it was former assemblyman [[Pete Grannis]]) appointed by the governor. He or she reports to the deputy secretary for the environment. Below the commissioner and deputy commissioner are the heads of all offices, divisions, and regional directors.

The Department has eleven offices: Administration, Air Resources, Climate Change & Energy, Commissioner's Policy, General Counsel, Hearings and Mediation Services, Internal Audit, Legislative Affairs, Natural Resources, Remediation and Materials Management, and Water Resources. Many of these offices have internal divisions with specific responsibilities.<ref>[http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/255.html About the DEC]</ref>

===Office of Administration===
There are five divisions within this office:

*'''Division of Operations''' According to its [[mission statement]], this division "provide(s) technical services, facilities management, and maintenance of physical assets to insure effective and efficient operation of the Department and safe public use of DEC lands and facilities." In practice this means its primary responsibility is operating DEC-owned recreational facilities such as the DEC's 52 [[campground]]s in the Adirondack and Catskill Parks. Other responsibilities include managing DEC's extensive vehicle fleet and all departmental facilities. It also houses DEC's internal design and construction shop.
*'''Division of Information Services''': Manages DEC's computer networks and systems.
*'''Division of Management and Budget''': Handles all personnel, internal [[accounting]] and [[bookkeeping]] activities.
*'''Division of Public Affairs and Education''': Responsible for all public outreach efforts, including the ''[[New York State Conservationist]]'' magazine and the Department's website.
*'''Office of Employee Relations''': Handles all relations between DEC and the several unions which represent its employees.

===Office of Air Resources, Climate Change & Energy===
*'''Division of Air Resources''' Oversees all [[air quality]]-related programs
*'''Climate Change Office'''

===Office of Remediation and Materials Management===
[[File:NYSDEC Spill Response South Beach Sandy jeh.jpg|thumb|NYSDEC Spill Response vehicle at [[South Beach, Staten Island]] after Hurricane Sandy]]
*'''Division of Environmental Remediation''' Administers cleanup efforts, spill response and [[brownfield]] redevelopment.
*'''Division of Mineral Resources''' Oversees all programs related to [[mining]] and [[oil exploration|oil and gas exploration]] (New York has 12,600 active [[oil well|wells]]).
*'''Division of Solid & Hazardous Materials''' Oversees all programs related to [[waste management]] and the manufacture, transport and disposal of [[hazardous material]].

===Office of General Counsel===
This is DEC's legal office. It has four divisions.
*'''Legal Affairs'''
*'''Environmental Justice'''
*'''Environmental Enforcement'''
*'''Regional Enforcement'''

===Office of Hearings and Mediation Services===
This office has no other further divisions. It administers all DEC public hearings and enforcement hearings. It also considers all appeals of denials of requests under [[Freedom of information in the United States|New York's Freedom of Information Law]].
[[Image:NYS Forest Preserve sign.jpg|thumb|225px|right|DEC sign marking state-land boundary.]]

===Office of Natural Resources===
This office handles most of DEC's conservation-related functions.
*'''Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources''': Oversees hunting, fishing and trapping licenses, and monitors the quality of those resources. Manages state wildlife management areas. Oversees freshwater and tidal wetlands programs.
*'''Division of Lands and Forests''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/309.html]: Responsible for the management, protection and recreational use of about four million acres (16,000 km²) of state owned land or 13 percent of the land area of New York State. Lands and Forests is also responsible for public recreation rights on roughly 910,000 acres (3,000 km²) of [[Conservation easement]] lands. One of the largest divisions in terms of scope.

===Office of Water Resources===
*'''Division of Water''' : Oversees all [[water quality]] and [[flood control]] programs on the state's 52,337 miles (84,210 km) of [[river]]s; 7,849 [[lake]]s; 2.5 million acres (10,000 km²) of freshwater [[wetland]]s and 25,000 acres (100 km²) of [[tide|tidal]] wetlands. Oversees the Coastal Erosion Hazard Area [CEHA] program.
*'''Hudson River Estuary Program''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/4920.html]
*'''Great Lakes Program''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/25562.html]
*'''New York City Watershed'''

===Office of Public Protection===
This office houses the two uniformed [[law enforcement agency|law enforcement agencies]] under DEC's aegis.

*'''Division of Forest Protection and Fire Management''': [[New York State Forest Rangers]].
*'''Division of Law Enforcement''': [[New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Police|Environmental Conservation Officers]], known as EnCons or ECOs for short, are the oldest state-level police agency in New York, having evolved from the state's [[game warden]]s in the late 19th century. Today they not only handle those responsibilities but enforce other environmental laws as well.

===Office of Internal Audit===

===Office of Legislative Affairs===
This office serves to "build and maintain positive working relationships with Legislators and their staffs in order to encourage dialogue and cooperation on matters affecting environmental policy. OLA is charged to present, discuss, and gain passage of the Department's annual legislative program. OLA also serves as a liaison between elected officials and the Department on concerns and issues affecting their constituents."

===Commissioner's Policy Office===

==Regions==
[[Image:NYSDEC regions map.svg|300px|right]]
[[Image:NYSDEC Region 3 HQ.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Region 3 office in New Paltz]]
[[Image:NY DEC - Ray Brook NY.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Region 5 office in [[Ray Brook, New York|Ray Brook]]]]
DEC divides the state into nine administrative regions, all groups of [[county (US)|counties]]. All DEC Program areas are represented in each regional office. Some regions have sub-offices closer to particular areas of special concern.

*'''Region 1''': [[Long Island]] ([[Nassau County, New York|Nassau]] and [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk]] counties). Regional office is in [[Stony Brook, New York|Stony Brook]].
*'''Region 2''': The five boroughs of [[New York City]] ([[The Bronx]], [[Brooklyn]], [[Manhattan]], [[Queens]] and [[Staten Island]]). Regional Office is in [[Long Island City]].

*'''Region 3''': Lower and central [[Hudson Valley]] ([[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess]], [[Orange County, New York|Orange]], [[Putnam County, New York|Putnam]], [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]], [[Sullivan County, New York|Sullivan]], [[Ulster County, New York|Ulster]] and [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]] counties). Regional office is in [[New Paltz (town), New York|New Paltz]], with a sub-office in [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]].
*'''Region 4''': [[Berkshires]], Western [[Catskill Mountains|Catskills]], upper [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]] valley and [[Capital District]] ([[Albany County, New York|Albany]], [[Columbia County, New York|Columbia]], [[Delaware County, New York|Delaware]], [[Greene County, New York|Greene]], [[Montgomery County, New York|Montgomery]], [[Otsego County, New York|Otsego]], [[Rensselaer County, New York|Rensselaer]], [[Schenectady County, New York|Schenectady]] and [[Schoharie County, New York|Schoharie]] counties). Regional office is in [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], with a sub-office in [[Stamford, New York|Stamford]].
*'''Region 5''': Eastern [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondacks]] ([[Clinton County, New York|Clinton]], [[Essex County, New York|Essex]], [[Franklin County, New York|Franklin]], [[Fulton County, New York|Fulton]], [[Hamilton County, New York|Hamilton]], [[Saratoga County, New York|Saratoga]], [[Warren County, New York|Warren]] and [[Washington County, New York|Washington]] counties). Regional office is in [[Ray Brook, New York|Ray Brook]], with sub-offices in [[Northville, New York (disambiguation)|Northville]] and [[Warrensburg, New York|Warrensburg]].
*'''Region 6''': Western Adirondacks and [[St. Lawrence River]] valley ([[Herkimer County, New York|Herkimer]], [[Jefferson County, New York|Jefferson]], [[Lewis County, New York|Lewis]], [[Oneida County, New York|Oneida]] and [[St. Lawrence County, New York|St. Lawrence]] counties). Regional office is in [[Watertown, New York|Watertown]], with sub-offices located in [[Cape Vincent, New York|Cape Vincent]], [[Herkimer, New York|Herkimer]], [[Lowville (town), New York|Lowville]], [[Potsdam (town), New York|Potsdam]] and [[Utica, New York|Utica]].
*'''Region 7''': [[Central New York]] ([[Broome County, New York|Broome]], [[Cayuga County, New York|Cayuga]], [[Chenango County, New York|Chenango]], [[Cortland County, New York|Cortland]], [[Madison County, New York|Madison]], [[Onondaga County, New York|Onondaga]], [[Oswego County, New York|Oswego]], [[Tioga County, New York|Tioga]] and [[Tompkins County, New York|Tompkins]] counties). Regional office is in [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]], with sub-offices in [[Cortland, New York|Cortland]], [[Kirkwood, New York|Kirkwood]] and [[Sherburne, New York|Sherburne]].
*'''Region 8''': Greater [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] and [[Finger Lakes]] ([[Chemung County, New York|Chemung]], [[Genesee County, New York|Genesee]], [[Livingston County, New York|Livingston]], [[Monroe County, New York|Monroe]], [[Ontario County, New York|Ontario]], [[Orleans County, New York|Orleans]], [[Schuyler County, New York|Schuyler]], [[Seneca County, New York|Seneca]], [[Steuben County, New York|Steuben]], [[Wayne County, New York|Wayne]] and [[Yates County, New York|Yates]] counties). Regional office is in [[Avon, New York|Avon]] with sub-offices in [[Bath (village), New York|Bath]] and [[Horseheads (village), New York|Horseheads]].
*'''Region 9''': [[Western New York]] ([[Allegany County, New York|Allegany]], [[Cattaraugus County, New York|Cattaraugus]], [[Chautauqua County, New York|Chautauqua]], [[Erie County, New York|Erie]], [[Niagara County, New York|Niagara]] and [[Wyoming County, New York|Wyoming]] counties). Regional office is in the [[Buffalo, New York|City of Buffalo]], with sub-offices in [[Allegany (village), New York|Allegany]], [[Almond, New York|Almond]] and [[Dunkirk, New York|Dunkirk]].

==Financing==
Licensing and permitting fees provide the DEC with the majority of its primary operating [[revenue]], at about 58%. Direct funding from the state contributes another 24%, and federal programs and grants make up the remaining 17% difference.

==Employees==
DEC employees range from holders of multiple advanced degrees to clerk/typists who may not even have attended college. They do their work everywhere from the agency's offices to deep [[wilderness]]. Almost all DEC positions are classified as [[civil service]] and require that applicants pass the appropriate exams to be considered for hiring.

ECOs and forest rangers are considered police officers under New York's Criminal Procedure Law, with the authority to carry [[firearm]]s at all times and make [[arrest]]s for any possible criminal violations they witness.

The majority of employees are [[Labor unions in the United States|unionized]], with [[White-collar worker|white collar]] professionals paying dues to the [[Public Employees Federation]], blue-collar workers represented by the [[Civil Service Employees Association]] and the law enforcement officers members of the independent [[New York State Correctional and Police Officers' Benevolent Association]], following the same pattern as other state agencies.

==Frequent interagency partners==
DEC frequently works closely on some matters with other agencies at different levels of government.

*The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA). DEC's Hudson River drillings were used by EPA as a basis for its own tests that led to its decision to dredge the PCBs from the bed of the upper Hudson.
*New York's [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation|Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] (OPRHP) is the agency in charge of New York's state parks, while DEC manages other lands. The two sometimes collaborate on projects such as the Genesee Valley Greenway, where neither agency has the expertise or jurisdiction to realize the project on its own.
*The [[Palisades Interstate Park Commission]], which manages many of the state parks in the downstate region. Projects like the proposed Catskill Interpretive Center are to be built on land owned by PIPC since New York's state constitution is generally interpreted to preclude DEC or other state agencies from doing such things on state-owned land [[Blue Line (New York State)|inside]] the Adirondack or Catskill parks.
*The [[New York City Department of Environmental Protection]] (DEP) is in charge and control of the city's water resources, mainly the [[Upstate New York|upstate]] reservoirs, manages the city's storm water and sewage systems, has jurisdiction over air and noise pollution within the city, and responds to emergencies caused by releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances into the environment. Most of DEP's activities take place within DEC's Region 2.
*The [[Adirondack Park Agency]] has final authority over most private land use in that park.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, [http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/9677.html "History of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation"].
*[http://publications.budget.state.ny.us/fy0607app1/encon.pdf 2006-07 NYSDEC proposed budget]

==External links==
{{Portal|New York|Environment}}
* [http://www.esf.edu/success/alumni/martens.htm "Joe Martens: Commissioner of the New York Department of Environmental Conservation," SUNY-ESF, n.d.]
* [http://www.dec.ny.gov/ Official website]
* [http://www.eregulations.com/newyork/hunting/ Official DEC Hunting & Trapping Regulations]
* [http://www.eregulations.com/newyork/fishing/ Official DEC Fishing Regulations]

{{NewYorkStateExecutiveDepartments}}

[[Category:New York state government departments|Environmental Conservation]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in New York]]
[[Category:State forestry agencies in the United States]]
[[Category:State environmental protection agencies of the United States]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1970]]

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

2014-11-18T06:41:29Z

Int21h: add ref: Environmental Conservation Law

{{refimprove|date=November 2012}}
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| preceding2 = [[New York Forest Commission]]
| preceding3 = [[New York Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission]]
| preceding4 = [[New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission]]
| preceding5 = [[New York Conservation Commission]]
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| chief1_name = [[Joseph Martens|Joe Martens]]
| chief1_position = Commissioner
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| keydocument1 = [[Environmental Conservation Law]]
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The '''New York State Department of Environmental Conservation''' ('''NYSDEC''', '''DEC''', or '''EnCon''') is the department of the [[Government of New York|New York state government]]<ref>[[Environmental Conservation Law]] § 3-0101. "The Department of Environmental Conservation, which was established by chapter 140 of the Laws of 1970, is hereby continued, and all the powers, functions, duties and obligations possessed by the department pursuant to such chapter immediately preceding the effective date of this chapter are hereby continued."</ref> responsible for the conservation, improvement, and protection of [[natural resources]] within the state. The Department manages the Adirondack and Catskill [[Forest Preserve (New York)|Forest Preserve]] lands, [[state forest]] lands, [[New York State Wildlife Management Areas|wildlife management area]]s and various other state owned public lands of New York. The Department is also responsible for regulating [[sport fishing]], [[hunting]] and [[Trapping (Animal)|trapping]] within the state, and enforcing the State's [[Natural environment|environmental]] laws and regulations. It was founded in 1970, replacing the previous [[New York State Conservation Department|Conservation Department]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/9677.html |title=History of DEC |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref>

NYSDEC has an annual budget of approximately $1 billion and employs roughly 3,000 people across New York State. It manages over 4 million acres (16,000 km²) of [[protected area|protected state-owned land]] (including all [[Forest Preserve (New York)|Forest Preserve]] holdings in the [[Adirondack Park|Adirondack]] and [[Catskill Park|Catskill]] parks) and another 910,000 acres (3,682 km²) of privately owned land on which it holds [[conservation easement]]s. The Department's activities go beyond land management and environmental enforcement to include the publication of a magazine and a state bird atlas, and the operation of a major ski area.

==History==

===Predecessor agencies===
The core of DEC is the conservation functions, which trace their origins to the [[New York Forest Preserve Advisory Board|Forest Preserve Advisory Board]] set up in 1885 when that land category was created. The first forest rangers were hired and trained to support it. It became the [[New York Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission|Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission]] ten years later.<ref name=nysarchives />

By 1911, it was the [[New York Conservation Commission|Conservation Commission]].<ref name=nysarchives /> Departmental status came in 1927 and it lasted until 1970.

===Origin===
DEC was created when then Governor Nelson Rockefeller symbolically signed the legislation creating it on the first Earth Day in 1970. The existing Conservation Department was joined by some programs then part of the state's [[New York State Department of Health|Department of Health]] and several other commissions with environmental responsibilities to create the new department along with some brand-new offices.

===1970s===
In its first decade, it took the lead in helping the state comply with [[National Environmental Policy Act|newly passed federal environmental legislation]]. DEC's work at [[Love Canal]] helped draw national attention to the problems posed by [[hazardous waste]] sites. It also worked to end [[General Electric]]'s discharge of [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]]s into the [[Hudson River]], an issue that continues into {{As of|2006|alt=the present day}}. It implemented New York's first state-level [[endangered species]] list.

DEC also was put in charge of reviewing declarations filed under the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA), which mirrors federal laws. In 1972, voters approved the Environmental Quality Bond Act, which continues to provide funds for land acquisition, solid waste aid, sewage treatment, air pollution control and resource recovery. Its renewal in 1986 made possible [[Environmental remediation|remediation]] of many hazardous waste sites.

===1980s===
In the 1980s, DEC was given regulatory authority over storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. In this capacity, it helped New York end disposal of [[radioactive]] waste at [[West Valley, New York|West Valley]]. The legislature also passed a [[container deposit legislation|bottle bill]], to be enforced and administered by DEC. The department's facilities at Whiteface and Mt. Van Hoevenberg near [[Lake Placid, New York|Lake Placid]] were venues for several events at the [[1980 Winter Olympic Games]].

The decade also saw the department complete, with considerable volunteer help, New York's ''Atlas of Breeding Birds'', a mammoth, exhaustive tome of great interest to [[birding|birders]] and [[ornithology|ornithologists]]. DEC efforts have also led to the restoration of several species in the state, including the [[bald eagle]].

The state also began allowing its taxpayers to return a Gift to Wildlife on their [[income tax]] [[Tax return (United States)|forms]], providing money directly to DEC for conservation programs.

===1990s===
DEC actions against [[New York City]] led to a [[consent order]] requiring the city to operate the [[Fresh Kills]] [[landfill]] under its regulations, which led to its eventual closure. New York has seen an 80% reduction in its operating landfills since 1984. The department also obtained a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the city that eventually led to both tougher land-use regulations in the [[drainage basin|watersheds]] of its upstate [[reservoir (water)|reservoirs]] and [[economic development]] funds for the communities in them.

The 90 mile (140 km) [[Genesee Valley Greenway]] was created during this time on abandoned railbed and [[Genesee Valley Canal]] property. A new source of funding was opened up when the legislature created the state's Environmental Protection Fund.

The decade that saw New York come under its first [[Republican Party (U.S.)|Republican]] administration in 16 years had some worried that DEC would become more submissive to business interests. But the department remained active, taking the lead in establishing the state's Open Space Plan for future land acquisitions.

===2000–present===
[[File:NYSDEC in Albany.jpg|thumb|DEC's Headquarters in [[Albany, New York|Albany]]]]
The summer of 2001 brought a major change to the Department. Since its inception in 1970 the department's headquarters (central office) had been at 50 Wolf Road in Colonie, NY (the current headquarters of the [[New York State Department of Transportation]]). In the late 1990s then Gov. George Pataki decided the department needed a new home with views of the Hudson River. He authorized funding to build a new office tower at 625 Broadway in downtown Albany. The building was completed in April 2001 and by late August the entire central office staff had been relocated to the new facility.

DEC employees were active in the cleanup after the [[September 11, 2001]] terrorist attacks in New York City.

In 2006, the DEC started an investigation of the former New York National Guard training range, known as [[Camp O'Ryan]]. The concerns at this site include lead contamination from spent bullets, as well as alleged witnessed burial of cylinders of unknown origin. They are presently contacting the [[New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs]] and the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] for further information on this range.

==Organization==
{{update|section|date=February 2014}}
The Department of Environmental Conservation is headed by a [[Commissioner]] (until October 2010 it was former assemblyman [[Pete Grannis]]) appointed by the governor. He or she reports to the deputy secretary for the environment. Below the commissioner and deputy commissioner are the heads of all offices, divisions, and regional directors.

The Department has eleven offices: Administration, Air Resources, Climate Change & Energy, Commissioner's Policy, General Counsel, Hearings and Mediation Services, Internal Audit, Legislative Affairs, Natural Resources, Remediation and Materials Management, and Water Resources. Many of these offices have internal divisions with specific responsibilities.<ref>[http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/255.html About the DEC]</ref>

===Office of Administration===
There are five divisions within this office:

*'''Division of Operations''' According to its [[mission statement]], this division "provide(s) technical services, facilities management, and maintenance of physical assets to insure effective and efficient operation of the Department and safe public use of DEC lands and facilities." In practice this means its primary responsibility is operating DEC-owned recreational facilities such as the DEC's 52 [[campground]]s in the Adirondack and Catskill Parks. Other responsibilities include managing DEC's extensive vehicle fleet and all departmental facilities. It also houses DEC's internal design and construction shop.
*'''Division of Information Services''': Manages DEC's computer networks and systems.
*'''Division of Management and Budget''': Handles all personnel, internal [[accounting]] and [[bookkeeping]] activities.
*'''Division of Public Affairs and Education''': Responsible for all public outreach efforts, including the ''[[New York State Conservationist]]'' magazine and the Department's website.
*'''Office of Employee Relations''': Handles all relations between DEC and the several unions which represent its employees.

===Office of Air Resources, Climate Change & Energy===
*'''Division of Air Resources''' Oversees all [[air quality]]-related programs
*'''Climate Change Office'''

===Office of Remediation and Materials Management===
[[File:NYSDEC Spill Response South Beach Sandy jeh.jpg|thumb|NYSDEC Spill Response vehicle at [[South Beach, Staten Island]] after Hurricane Sandy]]
*'''Division of Environmental Remediation''' Administers cleanup efforts, spill response and [[brownfield]] redevelopment.
*'''Division of Mineral Resources''' Oversees all programs related to [[mining]] and [[oil exploration|oil and gas exploration]] (New York has 12,600 active [[oil well|wells]]).
*'''Division of Solid & Hazardous Materials''' Oversees all programs related to [[waste management]] and the manufacture, transport and disposal of [[hazardous material]].

===Office of General Counsel===
This is DEC's legal office. It has four divisions.
*'''Legal Affairs'''
*'''Environmental Justice'''
*'''Environmental Enforcement'''
*'''Regional Enforcement'''

===Office of Hearings and Mediation Services===
This office has no other further divisions. It administers all DEC public hearings and enforcement hearings. It also considers all appeals of denials of requests under [[Freedom of information in the United States|New York's Freedom of Information Law]].
[[Image:NYS Forest Preserve sign.jpg|thumb|225px|right|DEC sign marking state-land boundary.]]

===Office of Natural Resources===
This office handles most of DEC's conservation-related functions.
*'''Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources''': Oversees hunting, fishing and trapping licenses, and monitors the quality of those resources. Manages state wildlife management areas. Oversees freshwater and tidal wetlands programs.
*'''Division of Lands and Forests''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/309.html]: Responsible for the management, protection and recreational use of about four million acres (16,000 km²) of state owned land or 13 percent of the land area of New York State. Lands and Forests is also responsible for public recreation rights on roughly 910,000 acres (3,000 km²) of [[Conservation easement]] lands. One of the largest divisions in terms of scope.

===Office of Water Resources===
*'''Division of Water''' : Oversees all [[water quality]] and [[flood control]] programs on the state's 52,337 miles (84,210 km) of [[river]]s; 7,849 [[lake]]s; 2.5 million acres (10,000 km²) of freshwater [[wetland]]s and 25,000 acres (100 km²) of [[tide|tidal]] wetlands. Oversees the Coastal Erosion Hazard Area [CEHA] program.
*'''Hudson River Estuary Program''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/4920.html]
*'''Great Lakes Program''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/25562.html]
*'''New York City Watershed'''

===Office of Public Protection===
This office houses the two uniformed [[law enforcement agency|law enforcement agencies]] under DEC's aegis.

*'''Division of Forest Protection and Fire Management''': [[New York State Forest Rangers]].
*'''Division of Law Enforcement''': [[New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Police|Environmental Conservation Officers]], known as EnCons or ECOs for short, are the oldest state-level police agency in New York, having evolved from the state's [[game warden]]s in the late 19th century. Today they not only handle those responsibilities but enforce other environmental laws as well.

===Office of Internal Audit===

===Office of Legislative Affairs===
This office serves to "build and maintain positive working relationships with Legislators and their staffs in order to encourage dialogue and cooperation on matters affecting environmental policy. OLA is charged to present, discuss, and gain passage of the Department's annual legislative program. OLA also serves as a liaison between elected officials and the Department on concerns and issues affecting their constituents."

===Commissioner's Policy Office===

==Regions==
[[Image:NYSDEC regions map.svg|300px|right]]
[[Image:NYSDEC Region 3 HQ.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Region 3 office in New Paltz]]
[[Image:NY DEC - Ray Brook NY.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Region 5 office in [[Ray Brook, New York|Ray Brook]]]]
DEC divides the state into nine administrative regions, all groups of [[county (US)|counties]]. All DEC Program areas are represented in each regional office. Some regions have sub-offices closer to particular areas of special concern.

*'''Region 1''': [[Long Island]] ([[Nassau County, New York|Nassau]] and [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk]] counties). Regional office is in [[Stony Brook, New York|Stony Brook]].
*'''Region 2''': The five boroughs of [[New York City]] ([[The Bronx]], [[Brooklyn]], [[Manhattan]], [[Queens]] and [[Staten Island]]). Regional Office is in [[Long Island City]].

*'''Region 3''': Lower and central [[Hudson Valley]] ([[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess]], [[Orange County, New York|Orange]], [[Putnam County, New York|Putnam]], [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]], [[Sullivan County, New York|Sullivan]], [[Ulster County, New York|Ulster]] and [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]] counties). Regional office is in [[New Paltz (town), New York|New Paltz]], with a sub-office in [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]].
*'''Region 4''': [[Berkshires]], Western [[Catskill Mountains|Catskills]], upper [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]] valley and [[Capital District]] ([[Albany County, New York|Albany]], [[Columbia County, New York|Columbia]], [[Delaware County, New York|Delaware]], [[Greene County, New York|Greene]], [[Montgomery County, New York|Montgomery]], [[Otsego County, New York|Otsego]], [[Rensselaer County, New York|Rensselaer]], [[Schenectady County, New York|Schenectady]] and [[Schoharie County, New York|Schoharie]] counties). Regional office is in [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], with a sub-office in [[Stamford, New York|Stamford]].
*'''Region 5''': Eastern [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondacks]] ([[Clinton County, New York|Clinton]], [[Essex County, New York|Essex]], [[Franklin County, New York|Franklin]], [[Fulton County, New York|Fulton]], [[Hamilton County, New York|Hamilton]], [[Saratoga County, New York|Saratoga]], [[Warren County, New York|Warren]] and [[Washington County, New York|Washington]] counties). Regional office is in [[Ray Brook, New York|Ray Brook]], with sub-offices in [[Northville, New York (disambiguation)|Northville]] and [[Warrensburg, New York|Warrensburg]].
*'''Region 6''': Western Adirondacks and [[St. Lawrence River]] valley ([[Herkimer County, New York|Herkimer]], [[Jefferson County, New York|Jefferson]], [[Lewis County, New York|Lewis]], [[Oneida County, New York|Oneida]] and [[St. Lawrence County, New York|St. Lawrence]] counties). Regional office is in [[Watertown, New York|Watertown]], with sub-offices located in [[Cape Vincent, New York|Cape Vincent]], [[Herkimer, New York|Herkimer]], [[Lowville (town), New York|Lowville]], [[Potsdam (town), New York|Potsdam]] and [[Utica, New York|Utica]].
*'''Region 7''': [[Central New York]] ([[Broome County, New York|Broome]], [[Cayuga County, New York|Cayuga]], [[Chenango County, New York|Chenango]], [[Cortland County, New York|Cortland]], [[Madison County, New York|Madison]], [[Onondaga County, New York|Onondaga]], [[Oswego County, New York|Oswego]], [[Tioga County, New York|Tioga]] and [[Tompkins County, New York|Tompkins]] counties). Regional office is in [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]], with sub-offices in [[Cortland, New York|Cortland]], [[Kirkwood, New York|Kirkwood]] and [[Sherburne, New York|Sherburne]].
*'''Region 8''': Greater [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] and [[Finger Lakes]] ([[Chemung County, New York|Chemung]], [[Genesee County, New York|Genesee]], [[Livingston County, New York|Livingston]], [[Monroe County, New York|Monroe]], [[Ontario County, New York|Ontario]], [[Orleans County, New York|Orleans]], [[Schuyler County, New York|Schuyler]], [[Seneca County, New York|Seneca]], [[Steuben County, New York|Steuben]], [[Wayne County, New York|Wayne]] and [[Yates County, New York|Yates]] counties). Regional office is in [[Avon, New York|Avon]] with sub-offices in [[Bath (village), New York|Bath]] and [[Horseheads (village), New York|Horseheads]].
*'''Region 9''': [[Western New York]] ([[Allegany County, New York|Allegany]], [[Cattaraugus County, New York|Cattaraugus]], [[Chautauqua County, New York|Chautauqua]], [[Erie County, New York|Erie]], [[Niagara County, New York|Niagara]] and [[Wyoming County, New York|Wyoming]] counties). Regional office is in the [[Buffalo, New York|City of Buffalo]], with sub-offices in [[Allegany (village), New York|Allegany]], [[Almond, New York|Almond]] and [[Dunkirk, New York|Dunkirk]].

==Financing==
Licensing and permitting fees provide the DEC with the majority of its primary operating [[revenue]], at about 58%. Direct funding from the state contributes another 24%, and federal programs and grants make up the remaining 17% difference.

==Employees==
DEC employees range from holders of multiple advanced degrees to clerk/typists who may not even have attended college. They do their work everywhere from the agency's offices to deep [[wilderness]]. Almost all DEC positions are classified as [[civil service]] and require that applicants pass the appropriate exams to be considered for hiring.

ECOs and forest rangers are considered police officers under New York's Criminal Procedure Law, with the authority to carry [[firearm]]s at all times and make [[arrest]]s for any possible criminal violations they witness.

The majority of employees are [[Labor unions in the United States|unionized]], with [[White-collar worker|white collar]] professionals paying dues to the [[Public Employees Federation]], blue-collar workers represented by the [[Civil Service Employees Association]] and the law enforcement officers members of the independent [[New York State Correctional and Police Officers' Benevolent Association]], following the same pattern as other state agencies.

==Frequent interagency partners==
DEC frequently works closely on some matters with other agencies at different levels of government.

*The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA). DEC's Hudson River drillings were used by EPA as a basis for its own tests that led to its decision to dredge the PCBs from the bed of the upper Hudson.
*New York's [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation|Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] (OPRHP) is the agency in charge of New York's state parks, while DEC manages other lands. The two sometimes collaborate on projects such as the Genesee Valley Greenway, where neither agency has the expertise or jurisdiction to realize the project on its own.
*The [[Palisades Interstate Park Commission]], which manages many of the state parks in the downstate region. Projects like the proposed Catskill Interpretive Center are to be built on land owned by PIPC since New York's state constitution is generally interpreted to preclude DEC or other state agencies from doing such things on state-owned land [[Blue Line (New York State)|inside]] the Adirondack or Catskill parks.
*The [[New York City Department of Environmental Protection]] (DEP) is in charge and control of the city's water resources, mainly the [[Upstate New York|upstate]] reservoirs, manages the city's storm water and sewage systems, has jurisdiction over air and noise pollution within the city, and responds to emergencies caused by releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances into the environment. Most of DEP's activities take place within DEC's Region 2.
*The [[Adirondack Park Agency]] has final authority over most private land use in that park.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, [http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/9677.html "History of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation"].
*[http://publications.budget.state.ny.us/fy0607app1/encon.pdf 2006-07 NYSDEC proposed budget]

==External links==
{{Portal|New York|Environment}}
* [http://www.esf.edu/success/alumni/martens.htm "Joe Martens: Commissioner of the New York Department of Environmental Conservation," SUNY-ESF, n.d.]
* [http://www.dec.ny.gov/ Official website]
* [http://www.eregulations.com/newyork/hunting/ Official DEC Hunting & Trapping Regulations]
* [http://www.eregulations.com/newyork/fishing/ Official DEC Fishing Regulations]

{{NewYorkStateExecutiveDepartments}}

[[Category:New York state government departments|Environmental Conservation]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in New York]]
[[Category:State forestry agencies in the United States]]
[[Category:State environmental protection agencies of the United States]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1970]]

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

2014-11-18T06:36:56Z

Int21h: ce infobox

{{refimprove|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox government agency
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The '''New York State Department of Environmental Conservation''' ('''NYSDEC''', '''DEC''', or '''EnCon''') is the department of the [[Government of New York|New York state government]] responsible for the conservation, improvement, and protection of [[natural resources]] within the state. The Department manages the Adirondack and Catskill [[Forest Preserve (New York)|Forest Preserve]] lands, [[state forest]] lands, [[New York State Wildlife Management Areas|wildlife management area]]s and various other state owned public lands of New York. The Department is also responsible for regulating [[sport fishing]], [[hunting]] and [[Trapping (Animal)|trapping]] within the state, and enforcing the State's [[Natural environment|environmental]] laws and regulations. It was founded in 1970, replacing the previous [[New York State Conservation Department|Conservation Department]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/9677.html |title=History of DEC |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref>

NYSDEC has an annual budget of approximately $1 billion and employs roughly 3,000 people across New York State. It manages over 4 million acres (16,000 km²) of [[protected area|protected state-owned land]] (including all [[Forest Preserve (New York)|Forest Preserve]] holdings in the [[Adirondack Park|Adirondack]] and [[Catskill Park|Catskill]] parks) and another 910,000 acres (3,682 km²) of privately owned land on which it holds [[conservation easement]]s. The Department's activities go beyond land management and environmental enforcement to include the publication of a magazine and a state bird atlas, and the operation of a major ski area.

==History==

===Predecessor agencies===
The core of DEC is the conservation functions, which trace their origins to the [[New York Forest Preserve Advisory Board|Forest Preserve Advisory Board]] set up in 1885 when that land category was created. The first forest rangers were hired and trained to support it. It became the [[New York Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission|Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission]] ten years later.<ref name=nysarchives />

By 1911, it was the [[New York Conservation Commission|Conservation Commission]].<ref name=nysarchives /> Departmental status came in 1927 and it lasted until 1970.

===Origin===
DEC was created when then Governor Nelson Rockefeller symbolically signed the legislation creating it on the first Earth Day in 1970. The existing Conservation Department was joined by some programs then part of the state's [[New York State Department of Health|Department of Health]] and several other commissions with environmental responsibilities to create the new department along with some brand-new offices.

===1970s===
In its first decade, it took the lead in helping the state comply with [[National Environmental Policy Act|newly passed federal environmental legislation]]. DEC's work at [[Love Canal]] helped draw national attention to the problems posed by [[hazardous waste]] sites. It also worked to end [[General Electric]]'s discharge of [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]]s into the [[Hudson River]], an issue that continues into {{As of|2006|alt=the present day}}. It implemented New York's first state-level [[endangered species]] list.

DEC also was put in charge of reviewing declarations filed under the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA), which mirrors federal laws. In 1972, voters approved the Environmental Quality Bond Act, which continues to provide funds for land acquisition, solid waste aid, sewage treatment, air pollution control and resource recovery. Its renewal in 1986 made possible [[Environmental remediation|remediation]] of many hazardous waste sites.

===1980s===
In the 1980s, DEC was given regulatory authority over storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. In this capacity, it helped New York end disposal of [[radioactive]] waste at [[West Valley, New York|West Valley]]. The legislature also passed a [[container deposit legislation|bottle bill]], to be enforced and administered by DEC. The department's facilities at Whiteface and Mt. Van Hoevenberg near [[Lake Placid, New York|Lake Placid]] were venues for several events at the [[1980 Winter Olympic Games]].

The decade also saw the department complete, with considerable volunteer help, New York's ''Atlas of Breeding Birds'', a mammoth, exhaustive tome of great interest to [[birding|birders]] and [[ornithology|ornithologists]]. DEC efforts have also led to the restoration of several species in the state, including the [[bald eagle]].

The state also began allowing its taxpayers to return a Gift to Wildlife on their [[income tax]] [[Tax return (United States)|forms]], providing money directly to DEC for conservation programs.

===1990s===
DEC actions against [[New York City]] led to a [[consent order]] requiring the city to operate the [[Fresh Kills]] [[landfill]] under its regulations, which led to its eventual closure. New York has seen an 80% reduction in its operating landfills since 1984. The department also obtained a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the city that eventually led to both tougher land-use regulations in the [[drainage basin|watersheds]] of its upstate [[reservoir (water)|reservoirs]] and [[economic development]] funds for the communities in them.

The 90 mile (140 km) [[Genesee Valley Greenway]] was created during this time on abandoned railbed and [[Genesee Valley Canal]] property. A new source of funding was opened up when the legislature created the state's Environmental Protection Fund.

The decade that saw New York come under its first [[Republican Party (U.S.)|Republican]] administration in 16 years had some worried that DEC would become more submissive to business interests. But the department remained active, taking the lead in establishing the state's Open Space Plan for future land acquisitions.

===2000–present===
[[File:NYSDEC in Albany.jpg|thumb|DEC's Headquarters in [[Albany, New York|Albany]]]]
The summer of 2001 brought a major change to the Department. Since its inception in 1970 the department's headquarters (central office) had been at 50 Wolf Road in Colonie, NY (the current headquarters of the [[New York State Department of Transportation]]). In the late 1990s then Gov. George Pataki decided the department needed a new home with views of the Hudson River. He authorized funding to build a new office tower at 625 Broadway in downtown Albany. The building was completed in April 2001 and by late August the entire central office staff had been relocated to the new facility.

DEC employees were active in the cleanup after the [[September 11, 2001]] terrorist attacks in New York City.

In 2006, the DEC started an investigation of the former New York National Guard training range, known as [[Camp O'Ryan]]. The concerns at this site include lead contamination from spent bullets, as well as alleged witnessed burial of cylinders of unknown origin. They are presently contacting the [[New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs]] and the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] for further information on this range.

==Organization==
{{update|section|date=February 2014}}
The Department of Environmental Conservation is headed by a [[Commissioner]] (until October 2010 it was former assemblyman [[Pete Grannis]]) appointed by the governor. He or she reports to the deputy secretary for the environment. Below the commissioner and deputy commissioner are the heads of all offices, divisions, and regional directors.

The Department has eleven offices: Administration, Air Resources, Climate Change & Energy, Commissioner's Policy, General Counsel, Hearings and Mediation Services, Internal Audit, Legislative Affairs, Natural Resources, Remediation and Materials Management, and Water Resources. Many of these offices have internal divisions with specific responsibilities.<ref>[http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/255.html About the DEC]</ref>

===Office of Administration===
There are five divisions within this office:

*'''Division of Operations''' According to its [[mission statement]], this division "provide(s) technical services, facilities management, and maintenance of physical assets to insure effective and efficient operation of the Department and safe public use of DEC lands and facilities." In practice this means its primary responsibility is operating DEC-owned recreational facilities such as the DEC's 52 [[campground]]s in the Adirondack and Catskill Parks. Other responsibilities include managing DEC's extensive vehicle fleet and all departmental facilities. It also houses DEC's internal design and construction shop.
*'''Division of Information Services''': Manages DEC's computer networks and systems.
*'''Division of Management and Budget''': Handles all personnel, internal [[accounting]] and [[bookkeeping]] activities.
*'''Division of Public Affairs and Education''': Responsible for all public outreach efforts, including the ''[[New York State Conservationist]]'' magazine and the Department's website.
*'''Office of Employee Relations''': Handles all relations between DEC and the several unions which represent its employees.

===Office of Air Resources, Climate Change & Energy===
*'''Division of Air Resources''' Oversees all [[air quality]]-related programs
*'''Climate Change Office'''

===Office of Remediation and Materials Management===
[[File:NYSDEC Spill Response South Beach Sandy jeh.jpg|thumb|NYSDEC Spill Response vehicle at [[South Beach, Staten Island]] after Hurricane Sandy]]
*'''Division of Environmental Remediation''' Administers cleanup efforts, spill response and [[brownfield]] redevelopment.
*'''Division of Mineral Resources''' Oversees all programs related to [[mining]] and [[oil exploration|oil and gas exploration]] (New York has 12,600 active [[oil well|wells]]).
*'''Division of Solid & Hazardous Materials''' Oversees all programs related to [[waste management]] and the manufacture, transport and disposal of [[hazardous material]].

===Office of General Counsel===
This is DEC's legal office. It has four divisions.
*'''Legal Affairs'''
*'''Environmental Justice'''
*'''Environmental Enforcement'''
*'''Regional Enforcement'''

===Office of Hearings and Mediation Services===
This office has no other further divisions. It administers all DEC public hearings and enforcement hearings. It also considers all appeals of denials of requests under [[Freedom of information in the United States|New York's Freedom of Information Law]].
[[Image:NYS Forest Preserve sign.jpg|thumb|225px|right|DEC sign marking state-land boundary.]]

===Office of Natural Resources===
This office handles most of DEC's conservation-related functions.
*'''Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources''': Oversees hunting, fishing and trapping licenses, and monitors the quality of those resources. Manages state wildlife management areas. Oversees freshwater and tidal wetlands programs.
*'''Division of Lands and Forests''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/309.html]: Responsible for the management, protection and recreational use of about four million acres (16,000 km²) of state owned land or 13 percent of the land area of New York State. Lands and Forests is also responsible for public recreation rights on roughly 910,000 acres (3,000 km²) of [[Conservation easement]] lands. One of the largest divisions in terms of scope.

===Office of Water Resources===
*'''Division of Water''' : Oversees all [[water quality]] and [[flood control]] programs on the state's 52,337 miles (84,210 km) of [[river]]s; 7,849 [[lake]]s; 2.5 million acres (10,000 km²) of freshwater [[wetland]]s and 25,000 acres (100 km²) of [[tide|tidal]] wetlands. Oversees the Coastal Erosion Hazard Area [CEHA] program.
*'''Hudson River Estuary Program''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/4920.html]
*'''Great Lakes Program''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/25562.html]
*'''New York City Watershed'''

===Office of Public Protection===
This office houses the two uniformed [[law enforcement agency|law enforcement agencies]] under DEC's aegis.

*'''Division of Forest Protection and Fire Management''': [[New York State Forest Rangers]].
*'''Division of Law Enforcement''': [[New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Police|Environmental Conservation Officers]], known as EnCons or ECOs for short, are the oldest state-level police agency in New York, having evolved from the state's [[game warden]]s in the late 19th century. Today they not only handle those responsibilities but enforce other environmental laws as well.

===Office of Internal Audit===

===Office of Legislative Affairs===
This office serves to "build and maintain positive working relationships with Legislators and their staffs in order to encourage dialogue and cooperation on matters affecting environmental policy. OLA is charged to present, discuss, and gain passage of the Department's annual legislative program. OLA also serves as a liaison between elected officials and the Department on concerns and issues affecting their constituents."

===Commissioner's Policy Office===

==Regions==
[[Image:NYSDEC regions map.svg|300px|right]]
[[Image:NYSDEC Region 3 HQ.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Region 3 office in New Paltz]]
[[Image:NY DEC - Ray Brook NY.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Region 5 office in [[Ray Brook, New York|Ray Brook]]]]
DEC divides the state into nine administrative regions, all groups of [[county (US)|counties]]. All DEC Program areas are represented in each regional office. Some regions have sub-offices closer to particular areas of special concern.

*'''Region 1''': [[Long Island]] ([[Nassau County, New York|Nassau]] and [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk]] counties). Regional office is in [[Stony Brook, New York|Stony Brook]].
*'''Region 2''': The five boroughs of [[New York City]] ([[The Bronx]], [[Brooklyn]], [[Manhattan]], [[Queens]] and [[Staten Island]]). Regional Office is in [[Long Island City]].

*'''Region 3''': Lower and central [[Hudson Valley]] ([[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess]], [[Orange County, New York|Orange]], [[Putnam County, New York|Putnam]], [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]], [[Sullivan County, New York|Sullivan]], [[Ulster County, New York|Ulster]] and [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]] counties). Regional office is in [[New Paltz (town), New York|New Paltz]], with a sub-office in [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]].
*'''Region 4''': [[Berkshires]], Western [[Catskill Mountains|Catskills]], upper [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]] valley and [[Capital District]] ([[Albany County, New York|Albany]], [[Columbia County, New York|Columbia]], [[Delaware County, New York|Delaware]], [[Greene County, New York|Greene]], [[Montgomery County, New York|Montgomery]], [[Otsego County, New York|Otsego]], [[Rensselaer County, New York|Rensselaer]], [[Schenectady County, New York|Schenectady]] and [[Schoharie County, New York|Schoharie]] counties). Regional office is in [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], with a sub-office in [[Stamford, New York|Stamford]].
*'''Region 5''': Eastern [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondacks]] ([[Clinton County, New York|Clinton]], [[Essex County, New York|Essex]], [[Franklin County, New York|Franklin]], [[Fulton County, New York|Fulton]], [[Hamilton County, New York|Hamilton]], [[Saratoga County, New York|Saratoga]], [[Warren County, New York|Warren]] and [[Washington County, New York|Washington]] counties). Regional office is in [[Ray Brook, New York|Ray Brook]], with sub-offices in [[Northville, New York (disambiguation)|Northville]] and [[Warrensburg, New York|Warrensburg]].
*'''Region 6''': Western Adirondacks and [[St. Lawrence River]] valley ([[Herkimer County, New York|Herkimer]], [[Jefferson County, New York|Jefferson]], [[Lewis County, New York|Lewis]], [[Oneida County, New York|Oneida]] and [[St. Lawrence County, New York|St. Lawrence]] counties). Regional office is in [[Watertown, New York|Watertown]], with sub-offices located in [[Cape Vincent, New York|Cape Vincent]], [[Herkimer, New York|Herkimer]], [[Lowville (town), New York|Lowville]], [[Potsdam (town), New York|Potsdam]] and [[Utica, New York|Utica]].
*'''Region 7''': [[Central New York]] ([[Broome County, New York|Broome]], [[Cayuga County, New York|Cayuga]], [[Chenango County, New York|Chenango]], [[Cortland County, New York|Cortland]], [[Madison County, New York|Madison]], [[Onondaga County, New York|Onondaga]], [[Oswego County, New York|Oswego]], [[Tioga County, New York|Tioga]] and [[Tompkins County, New York|Tompkins]] counties). Regional office is in [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]], with sub-offices in [[Cortland, New York|Cortland]], [[Kirkwood, New York|Kirkwood]] and [[Sherburne, New York|Sherburne]].
*'''Region 8''': Greater [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] and [[Finger Lakes]] ([[Chemung County, New York|Chemung]], [[Genesee County, New York|Genesee]], [[Livingston County, New York|Livingston]], [[Monroe County, New York|Monroe]], [[Ontario County, New York|Ontario]], [[Orleans County, New York|Orleans]], [[Schuyler County, New York|Schuyler]], [[Seneca County, New York|Seneca]], [[Steuben County, New York|Steuben]], [[Wayne County, New York|Wayne]] and [[Yates County, New York|Yates]] counties). Regional office is in [[Avon, New York|Avon]] with sub-offices in [[Bath (village), New York|Bath]] and [[Horseheads (village), New York|Horseheads]].
*'''Region 9''': [[Western New York]] ([[Allegany County, New York|Allegany]], [[Cattaraugus County, New York|Cattaraugus]], [[Chautauqua County, New York|Chautauqua]], [[Erie County, New York|Erie]], [[Niagara County, New York|Niagara]] and [[Wyoming County, New York|Wyoming]] counties). Regional office is in the [[Buffalo, New York|City of Buffalo]], with sub-offices in [[Allegany (village), New York|Allegany]], [[Almond, New York|Almond]] and [[Dunkirk, New York|Dunkirk]].

==Financing==
Licensing and permitting fees provide the DEC with the majority of its primary operating [[revenue]], at about 58%. Direct funding from the state contributes another 24%, and federal programs and grants make up the remaining 17% difference.

==Employees==
DEC employees range from holders of multiple advanced degrees to clerk/typists who may not even have attended college. They do their work everywhere from the agency's offices to deep [[wilderness]]. Almost all DEC positions are classified as [[civil service]] and require that applicants pass the appropriate exams to be considered for hiring.

ECOs and forest rangers are considered police officers under New York's Criminal Procedure Law, with the authority to carry [[firearm]]s at all times and make [[arrest]]s for any possible criminal violations they witness.

The majority of employees are [[Labor unions in the United States|unionized]], with [[White-collar worker|white collar]] professionals paying dues to the [[Public Employees Federation]], blue-collar workers represented by the [[Civil Service Employees Association]] and the law enforcement officers members of the independent [[New York State Correctional and Police Officers' Benevolent Association]], following the same pattern as other state agencies.

==Frequent interagency partners==
DEC frequently works closely on some matters with other agencies at different levels of government.

*The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA). DEC's Hudson River drillings were used by EPA as a basis for its own tests that led to its decision to dredge the PCBs from the bed of the upper Hudson.
*New York's [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation|Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] (OPRHP) is the agency in charge of New York's state parks, while DEC manages other lands. The two sometimes collaborate on projects such as the Genesee Valley Greenway, where neither agency has the expertise or jurisdiction to realize the project on its own.
*The [[Palisades Interstate Park Commission]], which manages many of the state parks in the downstate region. Projects like the proposed Catskill Interpretive Center are to be built on land owned by PIPC since New York's state constitution is generally interpreted to preclude DEC or other state agencies from doing such things on state-owned land [[Blue Line (New York State)|inside]] the Adirondack or Catskill parks.
*The [[New York City Department of Environmental Protection]] (DEP) is in charge and control of the city's water resources, mainly the [[Upstate New York|upstate]] reservoirs, manages the city's storm water and sewage systems, has jurisdiction over air and noise pollution within the city, and responds to emergencies caused by releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances into the environment. Most of DEP's activities take place within DEC's Region 2.
*The [[Adirondack Park Agency]] has final authority over most private land use in that park.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, [http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/9677.html "History of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation"].
*[http://publications.budget.state.ny.us/fy0607app1/encon.pdf 2006-07 NYSDEC proposed budget]

==External links==
{{Portal|New York|Environment}}
* [http://www.esf.edu/success/alumni/martens.htm "Joe Martens: Commissioner of the New York Department of Environmental Conservation," SUNY-ESF, n.d.]
* [http://www.dec.ny.gov/ Official website]
* [http://www.eregulations.com/newyork/hunting/ Official DEC Hunting & Trapping Regulations]
* [http://www.eregulations.com/newyork/fishing/ Official DEC Fishing Regulations]

{{NewYorkStateExecutiveDepartments}}

[[Category:New York state government departments|Environmental Conservation]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in New York]]
[[Category:State forestry agencies in the United States]]
[[Category:State environmental protection agencies of the United States]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1970]]

Federal Register

2014-10-28T20:27:17Z

Int21h: /* External links */ ACFR in the Federal Register

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| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[government gazette|official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices.<ref>http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title44/html/USCODE-2011-title44-chap15-sec1505.htm</ref> It is published daily, except on [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holidays]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).{{cn|date=August 2014}}

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to announce changes to government requirements, policies and guidance to the public. The notice and comment process, as outlined in the Administrative Procedure Act, gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

Both proposed and final rules are published in the Federal Register. A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule along with a discussion of the comments is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to address these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the printed ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (including policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (including petitions to agencies from the public)
* Notices (such as scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public and grant applications)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back print copies of the ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently,{{when|date=May 2014}} a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to agency dockets on rulemaking projects including the published ''Federal Register'' document. The public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings. To help federal agencies manage their dockets, the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS) was launched in 2005 and is the agency side of regulations.gov.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
In addition to purchasing printed copies or subscriptions, the contents of the ''Federal Register'' can be acquired via several commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> In 1946 the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] required agencies to publish more information related to their rulemaking documents in the Federal Register.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref>

On March 11, 2014, Rep. [[Darrell Issa]] introduced the [[Federal Register Modernization Act (H.R. 4195; 113th Congress)]], a bill that would require the ''Federal Register'' to be published (e.g., by electronic means), rather than printed, and that documents in the ''Federal Register'' be made available for sale or distribution to the public in published form.<ref name=4195sum>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - Summary|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> The [[American Association of Law Libraries]] (AALL) strongly opposed the bill, arguing that the bill undermines citizens' right to be informed by making it more difficult for citizens to find their government's regulations.<ref name=AALLoppose>{{cite web|title=The Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations|url=http://aallnet.org/Documents/Government-Relations/Issue-Briefs-and-Reports/2014/FRonepager.pdf|publisher=American Association of Law Libraries|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> According to AALL, a survey they conducted "revealed that members of the public, librarians, researchers, students, attorneys, and small business owners continue to rely on the print" version of the ''Federal Register''.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> AALL also argued that the lack of print versions of the ''Federal Register'' and ''CFR'' would mean the 15 percent of Americans who don't use the internet would lose their access to that material.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> The House voted on July 14, 2014 to pass the bill 386-0.<ref name=FTbillpassage>{{cite news|last1=Medici|first1=Andy|title=House passes bills to change TSP default fund, extend whistleblower protections|url=http://www.federaltimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2014307150016|accessdate=21 July 2014|publisher=Federal Times|date=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=4195allactions>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - All Actions|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195/all-actions|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
* [[Regulations.gov]]
* ''[[United States Statutes at Large]]''
* ''[[United States Reports]]''
* ''[[California Regulatory Notice Register]]''
* ''[[Florida Administrative Register]]''
* ''[[Illinois Register]]''
* ''[[New York State Register]]''
* ''[[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58–64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office
* [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/federal-register-office Office of the Federal Register] in the ''Federal Register''
* [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/federal-register-administrative-committee Administrative Committee of the Federal Register] in the ''Federal Register''

{{US Administrative law}}

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1935]]

Federal Register

2014-10-28T01:30:51Z

Int21h: /* External links */ in the Federal Register

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette|official journal]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 1768512
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[government gazette|official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices.<ref>http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title44/html/USCODE-2011-title44-chap15-sec1505.htm</ref> It is published daily, except on [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holidays]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).{{cn|date=August 2014}}

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to announce changes to government requirements, policies and guidance to the public. The notice and comment process, as outlined in the Administrative Procedure Act, gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

Both proposed and final rules are published in the Federal Register. A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule along with a discussion of the comments is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to address these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the printed ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (including policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (including petitions to agencies from the public)
* Notices (such as scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public and grant applications)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back print copies of the ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently,{{when|date=May 2014}} a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to agency dockets on rulemaking projects including the published ''Federal Register'' document. The public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings. To help federal agencies manage their dockets, the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS) was launched in 2005 and is the agency side of regulations.gov.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
In addition to purchasing printed copies or subscriptions, the contents of the ''Federal Register'' can be acquired via several commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> In 1946 the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] required agencies to publish more information related to their rulemaking documents in the Federal Register.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref>

On March 11, 2014, Rep. [[Darrell Issa]] introduced the [[Federal Register Modernization Act (H.R. 4195; 113th Congress)]], a bill that would require the ''Federal Register'' to be published (e.g., by electronic means), rather than printed, and that documents in the ''Federal Register'' be made available for sale or distribution to the public in published form.<ref name=4195sum>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - Summary|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> The [[American Association of Law Libraries]] (AALL) strongly opposed the bill, arguing that the bill undermines citizens' right to be informed by making it more difficult for citizens to find their government's regulations.<ref name=AALLoppose>{{cite web|title=The Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations|url=http://aallnet.org/Documents/Government-Relations/Issue-Briefs-and-Reports/2014/FRonepager.pdf|publisher=American Association of Law Libraries|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> According to AALL, a survey they conducted "revealed that members of the public, librarians, researchers, students, attorneys, and small business owners continue to rely on the print" version of the ''Federal Register''.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> AALL also argued that the lack of print versions of the ''Federal Register'' and ''CFR'' would mean the 15 percent of Americans who don't use the internet would lose their access to that material.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> The House voted on July 14, 2014 to pass the bill 386-0.<ref name=FTbillpassage>{{cite news|last1=Medici|first1=Andy|title=House passes bills to change TSP default fund, extend whistleblower protections|url=http://www.federaltimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2014307150016|accessdate=21 July 2014|publisher=Federal Times|date=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=4195allactions>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - All Actions|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195/all-actions|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
* [[Regulations.gov]]
* ''[[United States Statutes at Large]]''
* ''[[United States Reports]]''
* ''[[California Regulatory Notice Register]]''
* ''[[Florida Administrative Register]]''
* ''[[Illinois Register]]''
* ''[[New York State Register]]''
* ''[[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58–64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office
* [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/federal-register-office Office of the Federal Register] in the ''Federal Register''

{{US Administrative law}}

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1935]]

Federal Register

2014-10-13T02:44:12Z

Int21h: /* See also */ states

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette|official journal]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 1768512
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[government gazette|official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices.<ref>http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title44/html/USCODE-2011-title44-chap15-sec1505.htm</ref> It is published daily, except on [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holidays]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).{{cn|date=August 2014}}

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to announce changes to government requirements, policies and guidance to the public. The notice and comment process, as outlined in the Administrative Procedure Act, gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

Both proposed and final rules are published in the Federal Register. A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule along with a discussion of the comments is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to address these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the printed ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (including policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (including petitions to agencies from the public)
* Notices (such as scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public and grant applications)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back print copies of the ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently,{{when|date=May 2014}} a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to agency dockets on rulemaking projects including the published ''Federal Register'' document. The public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings. To help federal agencies manage their dockets, the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS) was launched in 2005 and is the agency side of regulations.gov.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
In addition to purchasing printed copies or subscriptions, the contents of the ''Federal Register'' can be acquired via several commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> In 1946 the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] required agencies to publish more information related to their rulemaking documents in the Federal Register.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref>

On March 11, 2014, Rep. [[Darrell Issa]] introduced the [[Federal Register Modernization Act (H.R. 4195; 113th Congress)]], a bill that would require the ''Federal Register'' to be published (e.g., by electronic means), rather than printed, and that documents in the ''Federal Register'' be made available for sale or distribution to the public in published form.<ref name=4195sum>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - Summary|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> The [[American Association of Law Libraries]] (AALL) strongly opposed the bill, arguing that the bill undermines citizens' right to be informed by making it more difficult for citizens to find their government's regulations.<ref name=AALLoppose>{{cite web|title=The Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations|url=http://aallnet.org/Documents/Government-Relations/Issue-Briefs-and-Reports/2014/FRonepager.pdf|publisher=American Association of Law Libraries|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> According to AALL, a survey they conducted "revealed that members of the public, librarians, researchers, students, attorneys, and small business owners continue to rely on the print" version of the ''Federal Register''.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> AALL also argued that the lack of print versions of the ''Federal Register'' and ''CFR'' would mean the 15 percent of Americans who don't use the internet would lose their access to that material.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> The House voted on July 14, 2014 to pass the bill 386-0.<ref name=FTbillpassage>{{cite news|last1=Medici|first1=Andy|title=House passes bills to change TSP default fund, extend whistleblower protections|url=http://www.federaltimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2014307150016|accessdate=21 July 2014|publisher=Federal Times|date=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=4195allactions>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - All Actions|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195/all-actions|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
* [[Regulations.gov]]
* ''[[United States Statutes at Large]]''
* ''[[United States Reports]]''
* ''[[California Regulatory Notice Register]]''
* ''[[Florida Administrative Register]]''
* ''[[Illinois Register]]''
* ''[[New York State Register]]''
* ''[[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58–64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

{{US Administrative law}}

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1935]]

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

2014-08-11T08:52:59Z

Int21h: ce lede

{{refimprove|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox Government agency
|agency_name = New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
|type = department
|logo = NYSDEC logo.png
|logo_width = 150px
|logo_caption = DEC logo
|formed = April 22, 1970
|preceding1 = [[New York Fisheries Commission]]<ref name=nysarchives>[http://www.archives.nysed.gov/a/research/res_topics_env_guide_3_dec.shtml "Department of Environmental Conservation," New York State Archives, n.d.] Accessed: November 4, 2012.</ref>
|preceding2 = [[New York Forest Commission]]
|preceding3 = [[New York Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission]]
|preceding4 = [[New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission]]
|preceding5 = [[New York Conservation Commission]]
|preceding6 = [[New York Conservation Department]]
|jurisdiction = [[Government of New York|New York State Government]]
|headquarters = [[Albany, New York|Albany]], [[New York|NY]]
|employees = 3,000
|budget = $1 billion
|chief1_name = [[Joseph Martens|Joe Martens]]
|chief1_position = Commissioner
|website = [http://www.dec.ny.gov/ www.dec.ny.gov]
}}

The '''New York State Department of Environmental Conservation''' ('''NYSDEC''', '''DEC''', or '''EnCon''') is the department of the [[Government of New York|New York state government]] responsible for the conservation, improvement, and protection of [[natural resources]] within the state. The Department manages the Adirondack and Catskill [[Forest Preserve (New York)|Forest Preserve]] lands, [[state forest]] lands, [[New York State Wildlife Management Areas|wildlife management area]]s and various other state owned public lands of New York. The Department is also responsible for regulating [[sport fishing]], [[hunting]] and [[Trapping (Animal)|trapping]] within the state, and enforcing the State's [[Natural environment|environmental]] laws and regulations. It was founded in 1970, replacing the previous [[New York State Conservation Department|Conservation Department]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/9677.html |title=History of DEC |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref>

NYSDEC has an annual budget of approximately $1 billion and employs roughly 3,000 people across New York State. It manages over 4 million acres (16,000 km²) of [[protected area|protected state-owned land]] (including all [[Forest Preserve (New York)|Forest Preserve]] holdings in the [[Adirondack Park|Adirondack]] and [[Catskill Park|Catskill]] parks) and another 910,000 acres (3,682 km²) of privately owned land on which it holds [[conservation easement]]s. The Department's activities go beyond land management and environmental enforcement to include the publication of a magazine and a state bird atlas, and the operation of a major ski area.

==History==

===Predecessor agencies===
The core of DEC is the conservation functions, which trace their origins to the [[New York Forest Preserve Advisory Board|Forest Preserve Advisory Board]] set up in 1885 when that land category was created. The first forest rangers were hired and trained to support it. It became the [[New York Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission|Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission]] ten years later.<ref name=nysarchives />

By 1911, it was the [[New York Conservation Commission|Conservation Commission]].<ref name=nysarchives /> Departmental status came in 1927 and it lasted until 1970.

===Origin===
DEC was created when then Governor Nelson Rockefeller symbolically signed the legislation creating it on the first Earth Day in 1970. The existing Conservation Department was joined by some programs then part of the state's [[New York State Department of Health|Department of Health]] and several other commissions with environmental responsibilities to create the new department along with some brand-new offices.

===1970s===
In its first decade, it took the lead in helping the state comply with [[National Environmental Policy Act|newly passed federal environmental legislation]]. DEC's work at [[Love Canal]] helped draw national attention to the problems posed by [[hazardous waste]] sites. It also worked to end [[General Electric]]'s discharge of [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]]s into the [[Hudson River]], an issue that continues into {{As of|2006|alt=the present day}}. It implemented New York's first state-level [[endangered species]] list.

DEC also was put in charge of reviewing declarations filed under the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA), which mirrors federal laws. In 1972, voters approved the Environmental Quality Bond Act, which continues to provide funds for land acquisition, solid waste aid, sewage treatment, air pollution control and resource recovery. Its renewal in 1986 made possible [[Environmental remediation|remediation]] of many hazardous waste sites.

===1980s===
In the 1980s, DEC was given regulatory authority over storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. In this capacity, it helped New York end disposal of [[radioactive]] waste at [[West Valley, New York|West Valley]]. The legislature also passed a [[container deposit legislation|bottle bill]], to be enforced and administered by DEC. The department's facilities at Whiteface and Mt. Van Hoevenberg near [[Lake Placid, New York|Lake Placid]] were venues for several events at the [[1980 Winter Olympic Games]].

The decade also saw the department complete, with considerable volunteer help, New York's ''Atlas of Breeding Birds'', a mammoth, exhaustive tome of great interest to [[birding|birders]] and [[ornithology|ornithologists]]. DEC efforts have also led to the restoration of several species in the state, including the [[bald eagle]].

The state also began allowing its taxpayers to return a Gift to Wildlife on their [[income tax]] [[Tax return (United States)|forms]], providing money directly to DEC for conservation programs.

===1990s===
DEC actions against [[New York City]] led to a [[consent order]] requiring the city to operate the [[Fresh Kills]] [[landfill]] under its regulations, which led to its eventual closure. New York has seen an 80% reduction in its operating landfills since 1984. The department also obtained a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the city that eventually led to both tougher land-use regulations in the [[drainage basin|watersheds]] of its upstate [[reservoir (water)|reservoirs]] and [[economic development]] funds for the communities in them.

The 90 mile (140 km) [[Genesee Valley Greenway]] was created during this time on abandoned railbed and [[Genesee Valley Canal]] property. A new source of funding was opened up when the legislature created the state's Environmental Protection Fund.

The decade that saw New York come under its first [[Republican Party (U.S.)|Republican]] administration in 16 years had some worried that DEC would become more submissive to business interests. But the department remained active, taking the lead in establishing the state's Open Space Plan for future land acquisitions.

===2000–present===
[[File:NYSDEC in Albany.jpg|thumb|DEC's Headquarters in [[Albany, New York|Albany]]]]
The summer of 2001 brought a major change to the Department. Since its inception in 1970 the department's headquarters (central office) had been at 50 Wolf Road in Colonie, NY (the current headquarters of the [[New York State Department of Transportation]]). In the late 1990s then Gov. George Pataki decided the department needed a new home with views of the Hudson River. He authorized funding to build a new office tower at 625 Broadway in downtown Albany. The building was completed in April 2001 and by late August the entire central office staff had been relocated to the new facility.

DEC employees were active in the cleanup after the [[September 11, 2001]] terrorist attacks in New York City.

In 2006, the DEC started an investigation of the former New York National Guard training range, known as [[Camp O'Ryan]]. The concerns at this site include lead contamination from spent bullets, as well as alleged witnessed burial of cylinders of unknown origin. They are presently contacting the [[New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs]] and the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] for further information on this range.

==Organization==
{{update|section|date=February 2014}}
The Department of Environmental Conservation is headed by a [[Commissioner]] (until October 2010 it was former assemblyman [[Pete Grannis]]) appointed by the governor. He or she reports to the deputy secretary for the environment. Below the commissioner and deputy commissioner are the heads of all offices, divisions, and regional directors.

The Department has eleven offices: Administration, Air Resources, Climate Change & Energy, Commissioner's Policy, General Counsel, Hearings and Mediation Services, Internal Audit, Legislative Affairs, Natural Resources, Remediation and Materials Management, and Water Resources. Many of these offices have internal divisions with specific responsibilities.<ref>[http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/255.html About the DEC]</ref>

===Office of Administration===
There are five divisions within this office:

*'''Division of Operations''' According to its [[mission statement]], this division "provide(s) technical services, facilities management, and maintenance of physical assets to insure effective and efficient operation of the Department and safe public use of DEC lands and facilities." In practice this means its primary responsibility is operating DEC-owned recreational facilities such as the DEC's 52 [[campground]]s in the Adirondack and Catskill Parks. Other responsibilities include managing DEC's extensive vehicle fleet and all departmental facilities. It also houses DEC's internal design and construction shop.
*'''Division of Information Services''': Manages DEC's computer networks and systems.
*'''Division of Management and Budget''': Handles all personnel, internal [[accounting]] and [[bookkeeping]] activities.
*'''Division of Public Affairs and Education''': Responsible for all public outreach efforts, including the ''[[New York State Conservationist]]'' magazine and the Department's website.
*'''Office of Employee Relations''': Handles all relations between DEC and the several unions which represent its employees.

===Office of Air Resources, Climate Change & Energy===
*'''Division of Air Resources''' Oversees all [[air quality]]-related programs
*'''Climate Change Office'''

===Office of Remediation and Materials Management===
[[File:NYSDEC Spill Response South Beach Sandy jeh.jpg|thumb|NYSDEC Spill Response vehicle at [[South Beach, Staten Island]] after Hurricane Sandy]]
*'''Division of Environmental Remediation''' Administers cleanup efforts, spill response and [[brownfield]] redevelopment.
*'''Division of Mineral Resources''' Oversees all programs related to [[mining]] and [[oil exploration|oil and gas exploration]] (New York has 12,600 active [[oil well|wells]]).
*'''Division of Solid & Hazardous Materials''' Oversees all programs related to [[waste management]] and the manufacture, transport and disposal of [[hazardous material]].

===Office of General Counsel===
This is DEC's legal office. It has four divisions.
*'''Legal Affairs'''
*'''Environmental Justice'''
*'''Environmental Enforcement'''
*'''Regional Enforcement'''

===Office of Hearings and Mediation Services===
This office has no other further divisions. It administers all DEC public hearings and enforcement hearings. It also considers all appeals of denials of requests under [[Freedom of information in the United States|New York's Freedom of Information Law]].
[[Image:NYS Forest Preserve sign.jpg|thumb|225px|right|DEC sign marking state-land boundary.]]

===Office of Natural Resources===
This office handles most of DEC's conservation-related functions.
*'''Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources''': Oversees hunting, fishing and trapping licenses, and monitors the quality of those resources. Manages state wildlife management areas. Oversees freshwater and tidal wetlands programs.
*'''Division of Lands and Forests''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/309.html]: Responsible for the management, protection and recreational use of about four million acres (16,000 km²) of state owned land or 13 percent of the land area of New York State. Lands and Forests is also responsible for public recreation rights on roughly 910,000 acres (3,000 km²) of [[Conservation easement]] lands. One of the largest divisions in terms of scope.

===Office of Water Resources===
*'''Division of Water''' : Oversees all [[water quality]] and [[flood control]] programs on the state's 52,337 miles (84,210 km) of [[river]]s; 7,849 [[lake]]s; 2.5 million acres (10,000 km²) of freshwater [[wetland]]s and 25,000 acres (100 km²) of [[tide|tidal]] wetlands. Oversees the Coastal Erosion Hazard Area [CEHA] program.
*'''Hudson River Estuary Program''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/4920.html]
*'''Great Lakes Program''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/25562.html]
*'''New York City Watershed'''

===Office of Public Protection===
This office houses the two uniformed [[law enforcement agency|law enforcement agencies]] under DEC's aegis.

*'''Division of Forest Protection and Fire Management''': [[New York State Forest Rangers]].
*'''Division of Law Enforcement''': [[New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Police|Environmental Conservation Officers]], known as EnCons or ECOs for short, are the oldest state-level police agency in New York, having evolved from the state's [[game warden]]s in the late 19th century. Today they not only handle those responsibilities but enforce other environmental laws as well.

===Office of Internal Audit===

===Office of Legislative Affairs===
This office serves to "build and maintain positive working relationships with Legislators and their staffs in order to encourage dialogue and cooperation on matters affecting environmental policy. OLA is charged to present, discuss, and gain passage of the Department's annual legislative program. OLA also serves as a liaison between elected officials and the Department on concerns and issues affecting their constituents."

===Commissioner's Policy Office===

==Regions==
[[Image:NYSDEC regions map.svg|300px|right]]
[[Image:NYSDEC Region 3 HQ.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Region 3 office in New Paltz]]
[[Image:NY DEC - Ray Brook NY.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Region 5 office in [[Ray Brook, New York|Ray Brook]]]]
DEC divides the state into nine administrative regions, all groups of [[county (US)|counties]]. All DEC Program areas are represented in each regional office. Some regions have sub-offices closer to particular areas of special concern.

*'''Region 1''': [[Long Island]] ([[Nassau County, New York|Nassau]] and [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk]] counties). Regional office is in [[Stony Brook, New York|Stony Brook]].
*'''Region 2''': The five boroughs of [[New York City]] ([[The Bronx]], [[Brooklyn]], [[Manhattan]], [[Queens]] and [[Staten Island]]). Regional Office is in [[Long Island City]].

*'''Region 3''': Lower and central [[Hudson Valley]] ([[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess]], [[Orange County, New York|Orange]], [[Putnam County, New York|Putnam]], [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]], [[Sullivan County, New York|Sullivan]], [[Ulster County, New York|Ulster]] and [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]] counties). Regional office is in [[New Paltz (town), New York|New Paltz]], with a sub-office in [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]].
*'''Region 4''': [[Berkshires]], Western [[Catskill Mountains|Catskills]], upper [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]] valley and [[Capital District]] ([[Albany County, New York|Albany]], [[Columbia County, New York|Columbia]], [[Delaware County, New York|Delaware]], [[Greene County, New York|Greene]], [[Montgomery County, New York|Montgomery]], [[Otsego County, New York|Otsego]], [[Rensselaer County, New York|Rensselaer]], [[Schenectady County, New York|Schenectady]] and [[Schoharie County, New York|Schoharie]] counties). Regional office is in [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], with a sub-office in [[Stamford, New York|Stamford]].
*'''Region 5''': Eastern [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondacks]] ([[Clinton County, New York|Clinton]], [[Essex County, New York|Essex]], [[Franklin County, New York|Franklin]], [[Fulton County, New York|Fulton]], [[Hamilton County, New York|Hamilton]], [[Saratoga County, New York|Saratoga]], [[Warren County, New York|Warren]] and [[Washington County, New York|Washington]] counties). Regional office is in [[Ray Brook, New York|Ray Brook]], with sub-offices in [[Northville, New York (disambiguation)|Northville]] and [[Warrensburg, New York|Warrensburg]].
*'''Region 6''': Western Adirondacks and [[St. Lawrence River]] valley ([[Herkimer County, New York|Herkimer]], [[Jefferson County, New York|Jefferson]], [[Lewis County, New York|Lewis]], [[Oneida County, New York|Oneida]] and [[St. Lawrence County, New York|St. Lawrence]] counties). Regional office is in [[Watertown, New York|Watertown]], with sub-offices located in [[Cape Vincent, New York|Cape Vincent]], [[Herkimer, New York|Herkimer]], [[Lowville (town), New York|Lowville]], [[Potsdam (town), New York|Potsdam]] and [[Utica, New York|Utica]].
*'''Region 7''': [[Central New York]] ([[Broome County, New York|Broome]], [[Cayuga County, New York|Cayuga]], [[Chenango County, New York|Chenango]], [[Cortland County, New York|Cortland]], [[Madison County, New York|Madison]], [[Onondaga County, New York|Onondaga]], [[Oswego County, New York|Oswego]], [[Tioga County, New York|Tioga]] and [[Tompkins County, New York|Tompkins]] counties). Regional office is in [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]], with sub-offices in [[Cortland, New York|Cortland]], [[Kirkwood, New York|Kirkwood]] and [[Sherburne, New York|Sherburne]].
*'''Region 8''': Greater [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] and [[Finger Lakes]] ([[Chemung County, New York|Chemung]], [[Genesee County, New York|Genesee]], [[Livingston County, New York|Livingston]], [[Monroe County, New York|Monroe]], [[Ontario County, New York|Ontario]], [[Orleans County, New York|Orleans]], [[Schuyler County, New York|Schuyler]], [[Seneca County, New York|Seneca]], [[Steuben County, New York|Steuben]], [[Wayne County, New York|Wayne]] and [[Yates County, New York|Yates]] counties). Regional office is in [[Avon, New York|Avon]] with sub-offices in [[Bath (village), New York|Bath]] and [[Horseheads (village), New York|Horseheads]].
*'''Region 9''': [[Western New York]] ([[Allegany County, New York|Allegany]], [[Cattaraugus County, New York|Cattaraugus]], [[Chautauqua County, New York|Chautauqua]], [[Erie County, New York|Erie]], [[Niagara County, New York|Niagara]] and [[Wyoming County, New York|Wyoming]] counties). Regional office is in the [[Buffalo, New York|City of Buffalo]], with sub-offices in [[Allegany (village), New York|Allegany]], [[Almond, New York|Almond]] and [[Dunkirk, New York|Dunkirk]].

==Financing==
Licensing and permitting fees provide the DEC with the majority of its primary operating [[revenue]], at about 58%. Direct funding from the state contributes another 24%, and federal programs and grants make up the remaining 17% difference.

==Employees==
DEC employees range from holders of multiple advanced degrees to clerk/typists who may not even have attended college. They do their work everywhere from the agency's offices to deep [[wilderness]]. Almost all DEC positions are classified as [[civil service]] and require that applicants pass the appropriate exams to be considered for hiring.

ECOs and forest rangers are considered police officers under New York's Criminal Procedure Law, with the authority to carry [[firearm]]s at all times and make [[arrest]]s for any possible criminal violations they witness.

The majority of employees are [[Labor unions in the United States|unionized]], with [[White-collar worker|white collar]] professionals paying dues to the [[Public Employees Federation]], blue-collar workers represented by the [[Civil Service Employees Association]] and the law enforcement officers members of the independent [[New York State Correctional and Police Officers' Benevolent Association]], following the same pattern as other state agencies.

==Frequent interagency partners==
DEC frequently works closely on some matters with other agencies at different levels of government.

*The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA). DEC's Hudson River drillings were used by EPA as a basis for its own tests that led to its decision to dredge the PCBs from the bed of the upper Hudson.
*New York's [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation|Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] (OPRHP) is the agency in charge of New York's state parks, while DEC manages other lands. The two sometimes collaborate on projects such as the Genesee Valley Greenway, where neither agency has the expertise or jurisdiction to realize the project on its own.
*The [[Palisades Interstate Park Commission]], which manages many of the state parks in the downstate region. Projects like the proposed Catskill Interpretive Center are to be built on land owned by PIPC since New York's state constitution is generally interpreted to preclude DEC or other state agencies from doing such things on state-owned land [[Blue Line (New York State)|inside]] the Adirondack or Catskill parks.
*The [[New York City Department of Environmental Protection]] (DEP) is in charge and control of the city's water resources, mainly the [[Upstate New York|upstate]] reservoirs, manages the city's storm water and sewage systems, has jurisdiction over air and noise pollution within the city, and responds to emergencies caused by releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances into the environment. Most of DEP's activities take place within DEC's Region 2.
*The [[Adirondack Park Agency]] has final authority over most private land use in that park.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, [http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/9677.html "History of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation"].
*[http://publications.budget.state.ny.us/fy0607app1/encon.pdf 2006-07 NYSDEC proposed budget]

==External links==
{{Portal|New York|Environment}}
* [http://www.esf.edu/success/alumni/martens.htm "Joe Martens: Commissioner of the New York Department of Environmental Conservation," SUNY-ESF, n.d.]
* [http://www.dec.ny.gov/ Official website]
* [http://www.eregulations.com/newyork/hunting/ Official DEC Hunting & Trapping Regulations]
* [http://www.eregulations.com/newyork/fishing/ Official DEC Fishing Regulations]

{{NewYorkStateExecutiveDepartments}}

[[Category:New York state government departments|Environmental Conservation]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in New York]]
[[Category:State forestry agencies in the United States]]
[[Category:State environmental protection agencies of the United States]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1970]]

Federal Register

2014-07-27T22:58:10Z

Int21h: Undid revision 618735189 by Int21h (talk)

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette|official journal]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 1768512
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[government gazette|official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices.<ref>http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title44/html/USCODE-2011-title44-chap15-sec1505.htm</ref> It is published daily, except on [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holidays]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to announce changes to government requirements, policies and guidance to the public. The notice and comment process, as outlined in the Administrative Procedure Act, gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

Both proposed and final rules are published in the Federal Register. A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule along with a discussion of the comments is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to address these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the printed ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (including policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (including petitions to agencies from the public)
* Notices (such as scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public and grant applications)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back print copies of the ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently,{{when|date=May 2014}} a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to agency dockets on rulemaking projects including the published ''Federal Register'' document. The public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings. To help federal agencies manage their dockets, the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS) was launched in 2005 and is the agency side of regulations.gov.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
In addition to purchasing printed copies or subscriptions, the contents of the ''Federal Register'' can be acquired via several commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> In 1946 the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] required agencies to publish more information related to their rulemaking documents in the Federal Register.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref>

On March 11, 2014, Rep. [[Darrell Issa]] introduced the [[Federal Register Modernization Act (H.R. 4195; 113th Congress)]], a bill that would require the ''Federal Register'' to be published (e.g., by electronic means), rather than printed, and that documents in the ''Federal Register'' be made available for sale or distribution to the public in published form.<ref name=4195sum>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - Summary|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> The [[American Association of Law Libraries]] (AALL) strongly opposed the bill, arguing that the bill undermines citizens' right to be informed by making it more difficult for citizens to find their government's regulations.<ref name=AALLoppose>{{cite web|title=The Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations|url=http://aallnet.org/Documents/Government-Relations/Issue-Briefs-and-Reports/2014/FRonepager.pdf|publisher=American Association of Law Libraries|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> According to AALL, a survey they conducted "revealed that members of the public, librarians, researchers, students, attorneys, and small business owners continue to rely on the print" version of the ''Federal Register''.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> AALL also argued that the lack of print versions of the ''Federal Register'' and ''CFR'' would mean the 15 percent of Americans who don't use the internet would lose their access to that material.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> The House voted on July 14, 2014 to pass the bill 386-0.<ref name=FTbillpassage>{{cite news|last1=Medici|first1=Andy|title=House passes bills to change TSP default fund, extend whistleblower protections|url=http://www.federaltimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2014307150016|accessdate=21 July 2014|publisher=Federal Times|date=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=4195allactions>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - All Actions|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195/all-actions|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
* [[Regulations.gov]]
* ''[[United States Statutes at Large]]''
* ''[[United States Reports]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58–64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

{{US Administrative law}}

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1935]]

Federal Register

2014-07-27T22:57:08Z

Int21h: rm headquarters from infobox

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette|official journal]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters =
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 1768512
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[government gazette|official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices.<ref>http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title44/html/USCODE-2011-title44-chap15-sec1505.htm</ref> It is published daily, except on [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holidays]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to announce changes to government requirements, policies and guidance to the public. The notice and comment process, as outlined in the Administrative Procedure Act, gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

Both proposed and final rules are published in the Federal Register. A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule along with a discussion of the comments is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to address these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the printed ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (including policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (including petitions to agencies from the public)
* Notices (such as scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public and grant applications)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back print copies of the ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently,{{when|date=May 2014}} a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to agency dockets on rulemaking projects including the published ''Federal Register'' document. The public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings. To help federal agencies manage their dockets, the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS) was launched in 2005 and is the agency side of regulations.gov.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
In addition to purchasing printed copies or subscriptions, the contents of the ''Federal Register'' can be acquired via several commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> In 1946 the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] required agencies to publish more information related to their rulemaking documents in the Federal Register.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref>

On March 11, 2014, Rep. [[Darrell Issa]] introduced the [[Federal Register Modernization Act (H.R. 4195; 113th Congress)]], a bill that would require the ''Federal Register'' to be published (e.g., by electronic means), rather than printed, and that documents in the ''Federal Register'' be made available for sale or distribution to the public in published form.<ref name=4195sum>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - Summary|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> The [[American Association of Law Libraries]] (AALL) strongly opposed the bill, arguing that the bill undermines citizens' right to be informed by making it more difficult for citizens to find their government's regulations.<ref name=AALLoppose>{{cite web|title=The Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations|url=http://aallnet.org/Documents/Government-Relations/Issue-Briefs-and-Reports/2014/FRonepager.pdf|publisher=American Association of Law Libraries|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> According to AALL, a survey they conducted "revealed that members of the public, librarians, researchers, students, attorneys, and small business owners continue to rely on the print" version of the ''Federal Register''.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> AALL also argued that the lack of print versions of the ''Federal Register'' and ''CFR'' would mean the 15 percent of Americans who don't use the internet would lose their access to that material.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> The House voted on July 14, 2014 to pass the bill 386-0.<ref name=FTbillpassage>{{cite news|last1=Medici|first1=Andy|title=House passes bills to change TSP default fund, extend whistleblower protections|url=http://www.federaltimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2014307150016|accessdate=21 July 2014|publisher=Federal Times|date=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=4195allactions>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - All Actions|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195/all-actions|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
* [[Regulations.gov]]
* ''[[United States Statutes at Large]]''
* ''[[United States Reports]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58–64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

{{US Administrative law}}

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1935]]

Federal Register

2014-07-27T22:54:29Z

Int21h: gazette versus official journal

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette|official journal]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 1768512
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[government gazette|official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices.<ref>http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title44/html/USCODE-2011-title44-chap15-sec1505.htm</ref> It is published daily, except on [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holidays]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to announce changes to government requirements, policies and guidance to the public. The notice and comment process, as outlined in the Administrative Procedure Act, gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

Both proposed and final rules are published in the Federal Register. A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule along with a discussion of the comments is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to address these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the printed ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (including policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (including petitions to agencies from the public)
* Notices (such as scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public and grant applications)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back print copies of the ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently,{{when|date=May 2014}} a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to agency dockets on rulemaking projects including the published ''Federal Register'' document. The public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings. To help federal agencies manage their dockets, the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS) was launched in 2005 and is the agency side of regulations.gov.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
In addition to purchasing printed copies or subscriptions, the contents of the ''Federal Register'' can be acquired via several commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> In 1946 the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] required agencies to publish more information related to their rulemaking documents in the Federal Register.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref>

On March 11, 2014, Rep. [[Darrell Issa]] introduced the [[Federal Register Modernization Act (H.R. 4195; 113th Congress)]], a bill that would require the ''Federal Register'' to be published (e.g., by electronic means), rather than printed, and that documents in the ''Federal Register'' be made available for sale or distribution to the public in published form.<ref name=4195sum>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - Summary|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> The [[American Association of Law Libraries]] (AALL) strongly opposed the bill, arguing that the bill undermines citizens' right to be informed by making it more difficult for citizens to find their government's regulations.<ref name=AALLoppose>{{cite web|title=The Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations|url=http://aallnet.org/Documents/Government-Relations/Issue-Briefs-and-Reports/2014/FRonepager.pdf|publisher=American Association of Law Libraries|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> According to AALL, a survey they conducted "revealed that members of the public, librarians, researchers, students, attorneys, and small business owners continue to rely on the print" version of the ''Federal Register''.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> AALL also argued that the lack of print versions of the ''Federal Register'' and ''CFR'' would mean the 15 percent of Americans who don't use the internet would lose their access to that material.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> The House voted on July 14, 2014 to pass the bill 386-0.<ref name=FTbillpassage>{{cite news|last1=Medici|first1=Andy|title=House passes bills to change TSP default fund, extend whistleblower protections|url=http://www.federaltimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2014307150016|accessdate=21 July 2014|publisher=Federal Times|date=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=4195allactions>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - All Actions|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195/all-actions|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
* [[Regulations.gov]]
* ''[[United States Statutes at Large]]''
* ''[[United States Reports]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58–64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

{{US Administrative law}}

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1935]]

Federal Register

2014-07-27T22:50:20Z

Int21h: infobox: rm GPO; list OFR as publisher. GPO role is better described as printer?

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 1768512
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices.<ref>http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title44/html/USCODE-2011-title44-chap15-sec1505.htm</ref> It is published daily, except on [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holidays]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to announce changes to government requirements, policies and guidance to the public. The notice and comment process, as outlined in the Administrative Procedure Act, gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

Both proposed and final rules are published in the Federal Register. A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule along with a discussion of the comments is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to address these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the printed ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (including policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (including petitions to agencies from the public)
* Notices (such as scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public and grant applications)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back print copies of the ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently,{{when|date=May 2014}} a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to agency dockets on rulemaking projects including the published ''Federal Register'' document. The public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings. To help federal agencies manage their dockets, the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS) was launched in 2005 and is the agency side of regulations.gov.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
In addition to purchasing printed copies or subscriptions, the contents of the ''Federal Register'' can be acquired via several commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> In 1946 the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] required agencies to publish more information related to their rulemaking documents in the Federal Register.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref>

On March 11, 2014, Rep. [[Darrell Issa]] introduced the [[Federal Register Modernization Act (H.R. 4195; 113th Congress)]], a bill that would require the ''Federal Register'' to be published (e.g., by electronic means), rather than printed, and that documents in the ''Federal Register'' be made available for sale or distribution to the public in published form.<ref name=4195sum>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - Summary|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> The [[American Association of Law Libraries]] (AALL) strongly opposed the bill, arguing that the bill undermines citizens' right to be informed by making it more difficult for citizens to find their government's regulations.<ref name=AALLoppose>{{cite web|title=The Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations|url=http://aallnet.org/Documents/Government-Relations/Issue-Briefs-and-Reports/2014/FRonepager.pdf|publisher=American Association of Law Libraries|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> According to AALL, a survey they conducted "revealed that members of the public, librarians, researchers, students, attorneys, and small business owners continue to rely on the print" version of the ''Federal Register''.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> AALL also argued that the lack of print versions of the ''Federal Register'' and ''CFR'' would mean the 15 percent of Americans who don't use the internet would lose their access to that material.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> The House voted on July 14, 2014 to pass the bill 386-0.<ref name=FTbillpassage>{{cite news|last1=Medici|first1=Andy|title=House passes bills to change TSP default fund, extend whistleblower protections|url=http://www.federaltimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2014307150016|accessdate=21 July 2014|publisher=Federal Times|date=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=4195allactions>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - All Actions|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195/all-actions|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
* [[Regulations.gov]]
* ''[[United States Statutes at Large]]''
* ''[[United States Reports]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58–64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

{{US Administrative law}}

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1935]]

Federal Register

2014-07-27T20:39:03Z

Int21h: add GPO to infobox

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[United States Government Printing Office|Government Printing Office]]
| editor = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 1768512
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices.<ref>http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title44/html/USCODE-2011-title44-chap15-sec1505.htm</ref> It is published daily, except on [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holidays]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to announce changes to government requirements, policies and guidance to the public. The notice and comment process, as outlined in the Administrative Procedure Act, gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

Both proposed and final rules are published in the Federal Register. A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule along with a discussion of the comments is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to address these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the printed ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (including policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (including petitions to agencies from the public)
* Notices (such as scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public and grant applications)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back print copies of the ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently,{{when|date=May 2014}} a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to agency dockets on rulemaking projects including the published ''Federal Register'' document. The public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings. To help federal agencies manage their dockets, the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS) was launched in 2005 and is the agency side of regulations.gov.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
In addition to purchasing printed copies or subscriptions, the contents of the ''Federal Register'' can be acquired via several commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> In 1946 the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] required agencies to publish more information related to their rulemaking documents in the Federal Register.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref>

On March 11, 2014, Rep. [[Darrell Issa]] introduced the [[Federal Register Modernization Act (H.R. 4195; 113th Congress)]], a bill that would require the ''Federal Register'' to be published (e.g., by electronic means), rather than printed, and that documents in the ''Federal Register'' be made available for sale or distribution to the public in published form.<ref name=4195sum>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - Summary|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> The [[American Association of Law Libraries]] (AALL) strongly opposed the bill, arguing that the bill undermines citizens' right to be informed by making it more difficult for citizens to find their government's regulations.<ref name=AALLoppose>{{cite web|title=The Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations|url=http://aallnet.org/Documents/Government-Relations/Issue-Briefs-and-Reports/2014/FRonepager.pdf|publisher=American Association of Law Libraries|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> According to AALL, a survey they conducted "revealed that members of the public, librarians, researchers, students, attorneys, and small business owners continue to rely on the print" version of the ''Federal Register''.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> AALL also argued that the lack of print versions of the ''Federal Register'' and ''CFR'' would mean the 15 percent of Americans who don't use the internet would lose their access to that material.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> The House voted on July 14, 2014 to pass the bill 386-0.<ref name=FTbillpassage>{{cite news|last1=Medici|first1=Andy|title=House passes bills to change TSP default fund, extend whistleblower protections|url=http://www.federaltimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2014307150016|accessdate=21 July 2014|publisher=Federal Times|date=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=4195allactions>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - All Actions|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195/all-actions|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
* [[Regulations.gov]]
* ''[[United States Statutes at Large]]''
* ''[[United States Reports]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58–64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

{{US Administrative law}}

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1935]]

Federal Register

2014-07-27T20:34:39Z

Int21h: better oclc

Federal Register

2014-07-24T19:01:56Z

Int21h: /* History */ dup from CFR article

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices.<ref>http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title44/html/USCODE-2011-title44-chap15-sec1505.htm</ref> It is published daily, except on [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holidays]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to announce changes to government requirements, policies and guidance to the public. The notice and comment process, as outlined in the Administrative Procedure Act, gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

Both proposed and final rules are published in the Federal Register. A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule along with a discussion of the comments is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to address these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the printed ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (including policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (including petitions to agencies from the public)
* Notices (such as scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public and grant applications)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back print copies of the ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently,{{when|date=May 2014}} a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to agency dockets on rulemaking projects including the published ''Federal Register'' document. The public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings. To help federal agencies manage their dockets, the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS) was launched in 2005 and is the agency side of regulations.gov.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
In addition to purchasing printed copies or subscriptions, the contents of the ''Federal Register'' can be acquired via several commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> In 1946 the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] required agencies to publish more information related to their rulemaking documents in the Federal Register.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref>

On March 11, 2014, Rep. [[Darrell Issa]] introduced the [[Federal Register Modernization Act (H.R. 4195; 113th Congress)]], a bill that would require the ''Federal Register'' to be published (e.g., by electronic means), rather than printed, and that documents in the ''Federal Register'' be made available for sale or distribution to the public in published form.<ref name=4195sum>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - Summary|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> The [[American Association of Law Libraries]] (AALL) strongly opposed the bill, arguing that the bill undermines citizens' right to be informed by making it more difficult for citizens to find their government's regulations.<ref name=AALLoppose>{{cite web|title=The Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations|url=http://aallnet.org/Documents/Government-Relations/Issue-Briefs-and-Reports/2014/FRonepager.pdf|publisher=American Association of Law Libraries|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> According to AALL, a survey they conducted "revealed that members of the public, librarians, researchers, students, attorneys, and small business owners continue to rely on the print" version of the ''Federal Register''.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> AALL also argued that the lack of print versions of the ''Federal Register'' and ''CFR'' would mean the 15 percent of Americans who don't use the internet would lose their access to that material.<ref name="AALLoppose"/> The House voted on July 14, 2014 to pass the bill 386-0.<ref name=FTbillpassage>{{cite news|last1=Medici|first1=Andy|title=House passes bills to change TSP default fund, extend whistleblower protections|url=http://www.federaltimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2014307150016|accessdate=21 July 2014|publisher=Federal Times|date=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=4195allactions>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - All Actions|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195/all-actions|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
* [[Regulations.gov]]
* ''[[United States Statutes at Large]]''
* ''[[United States Reports]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58–64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

{{US Administrative law}}

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1935]]

Federal Register

2014-07-24T18:39:42Z

Int21h: /* History */ chronological order

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices.<ref>http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title44/html/USCODE-2011-title44-chap15-sec1505.htm</ref> It is published daily, except on [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holidays]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to announce changes to government requirements, policies and guidance to the public. The notice and comment process, as outlined in the Administrative Procedure Act, gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

Both proposed and final rules are published in the Federal Register. A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule along with a discussion of the comments is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to address these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the printed ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (including policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (including petitions to agencies from the public)
* Notices (such as scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public and grant applications)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back print copies of the ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently,{{when|date=May 2014}} a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to agency dockets on rulemaking projects including the published ''Federal Register'' document. The public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings. To help federal agencies manage their dockets, the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS) was launched in 2005 and is the agency side of regulations.gov.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
In addition to purchasing printed copies or subscriptions, the contents of the ''Federal Register'' can be acquired via several commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref> In 1946 the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] required agencies to publish more information related to their rulemaking documents in the Federal Register.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref>

On March 11, 2014, Rep. [[Darrell Issa]] introduced the [[Federal Register Modernization Act (H.R. 4195; 113th Congress)]], a bill that would require the ''Federal Register'' to be published (e.g., by electronic means), rather than printed, and that documents in the ''Federal Register'' be made available for sale or distribution to the public in published form.<ref name=4195sum>{{cite web|title=H.R. 4195 - Summary|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4195|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
* [[Regulations.gov]]
* ''[[United States Statutes at Large]]''
* ''[[United States Reports]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58–64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

{{US Administrative law}}

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1935]]

New York State Comptroller

2014-06-13T22:36:43Z

Int21h: Department of Audit and Control

{{Redirect|New York Comptroller|the comptroller of the city|New York City Comptroller}}
{{Infobox official post
|post = New York State Comptroller
|body = 
|nativename = 
|flag = 
|flagsize = 
|flagcaption = 
|insignia = 
|insigniasize = 
|insigniacaption = 
|image = New York State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli.jpg
|imagesize = 
|alt = 
|incumbent = [[Thomas DiNapoli]]
|incumbentsince = February 7, 2007
|department = [[New York State Department of Audit and Control|Department of Audit and Control]]
|style = 
|member_of = 
|reports_to = 
|residence = 
|seat = 
|nominator = 
|appointer = 
|appointer_qualified = 
|termlength = 
|termlength_qualified = 
|constituting_instrument = 
|precursor = 
|formation = 1797
|first = [[Samuel Jones (NY comptroller)|Samuel Jones]]
|last = 
|abolished = 
|succession = 
|deputy = 
|salary = 
|website = {{URL|http://www.osc.state.ny.us/}}
}}

The '''New York State Comptroller''' is a state cabinet officer of the [[U.S. state]] of [[New York]]. The duties of the [[comptroller]] include [[auditing]] government operations and operating the state's retirement system. They are head of the [[New York State Department of Audit and Control|Department of Audit and Control]].

==History==
In 1776, the [[New York Provincial Congress]] appointed an Auditor-General to settle the public accounts. After his resignation, the [[Council of Appointment]] appointed an Auditor to succeed. In 1797, the office of the State Comptroller was created by the State Legislature to succeed the State Auditor. The Comptroller was appointed by the [[Council of Appointment]] to a one-year term, and could be re-appointed without term limit. In 1800, the Legislature reduced the salary of the Comptroller from $3,000 to $2,500, and Samuel Jones declined to be re-appointed.

Under the Constitution of 1821, the Comptroller was elected by joint ballot of the [[New York State Legislature]] to a three-year term. Under the Constitution of 1846, the office became elective by general election, and the Comptroller was elected with the other state cabinet officers in odd years to a two-year term, serving in the second year of the governor in office and the first year of the succeeding governor. The comptroller was elected in 1895 to a three-year term, and subsequently the state officers were elected in even years and served a two-year term concurrently with the governor. In 1926, the responsibilities of the [[New York State Treasurer]] were transferred to the Comptroller as the head of the Department of Audit and Control. Since 1938, the comptroller has been elected to a four-year term, like the governor.

==New York State Comptrollers==
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
! width = "17%" | Name
! width = "15%" | Took office
! width = "15%" | Left office
! Party
! Notes
|-
|[[Comfort Sands]]
|July 24, 1776
|March 23, 1782
|
|as Auditor-General <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=E3sFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA34 Google Book: ''The New York Civil List''] compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (page 34; Weed, Parsons and
Co., 1858)</ref>
|-
|[[Peter T. Curtenius]]
|April 2, 1782
|1797
|
|as Auditor
|-
|[[Samuel Jones (NY comptroller)|Samuel Jones]]
|March 15, 1797
|March 12, 1800
|
|
|- {{Party shading/Federalist}}
|[[John Vernon Henry]]
|March 12, 1800
|August 10, 1801
|[[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist]]
|
|- {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}}
|[[Elisha Jenkins]]
|August 10, 1801
|March 16, 1806
|[[Democratic-Republican Party|Dem.-Rep.]]
|appointed [[New York Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]
|- {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}}
|[[Archibald McIntyre]]
|March 26, 1806
|February 12, 1821
|Dem.-Rep./Clintonian
|
|- {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}}
|[[John Savage (Congressman)|John Savage]]
|February 12, 1821
|January 29, 1823
|Dem.-Rep.
|appointed Chief Justice of the [[New York Supreme Court]]
|- {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}}
|[[William L. Marcy]]
|February 13, 1823
|January 21, 1829
|Dem.-Rep./Bucktail
|appointed to the [[New York Supreme Court]] shortly before the end of his second term
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Silas Wright]]
|January 27, 1829
|January 7, 1833
|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|elected a [[U.S. Senator from New York]] during his second term
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Azariah Cutting Flagg|Azariah C. Flagg]]
|January 11, 1833
|February 4, 1839
|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|two terms
|- {{Party shading/Whig}}
|[[Bates Cooke]]
|February 4, 1839
|January 1841
|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
|resigned because of bad health
|- {{Party shading/Whig}}
|[[John A. Collier]]
|January 27, 1841
|February 7, 1842
|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
|elected to a term of three years, but in 1842 all Whig state officers were removed by Democratic majority of the State Legislature
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Azariah Cutting Flagg|Azariah C. Flagg]]
|February 7, 1842
|December 31, 1847
|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|two terms, legislated out of office by the Constitution of 1846
|- {{Party shading/Whig}}
|[[Millard Fillmore]]
|January 1, 1848
|February 20, 1849
|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
|first Comptroller elected by general ballot; elected [[U.S. Vice President]]
|- {{Party shading/Whig}}
|[[Washington Hunt]]
|February 20, 1849
|December 18, 1850
|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
|elected by the State Legislature to fill unexpired term, then re-elected, then elected [[Governor of New York]]
|- {{Party shading/Whig}}
|[[Philo C. Fuller]]
|December 18, 1850
|December 31, 1851
|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
|appointed to fill unexpired term
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[John C. Wright (comptroller)|John C. Wright]]
|January 1, 1852
|December 31, 1853
|Democratic
|
|- {{Party shading/Whig}}
|[[James M. Cook]]
|January 1, 1854
|December 31, 1855
|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
|
|- {{Party shading/American}}
|[[Lorenzo Burrows]]
|January 1, 1856
|December 31, 1857
|[[Know Nothing|American]]
|
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Sanford E. Church]]
|January 1, 1858
|December 31, 1859
|Democratic
|
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Robert Denniston]]
|January 1, 1860
|December 31, 1861
|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|
|- {{Party shading/Union}}
|[[Lucius Robinson]]
|January 1, 1862
|December 31, 1865
|[[National Union Party (United States)|Union]]
|two terms
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Thomas Hillhouse (adjutant general)|Thomas Hillhouse]]
|January 1, 1866
|December 31, 1867
|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[William F. Allen (New York)|William F. Allen]]
|January 1, 1868
|July 1, 1870
|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|elected a judge of the [[New York Court of Appeals]]
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Asher P. Nichols]]
|July 1, 1870
|December 31, 1871
|Democratic
|appointed to fill unexpired term, elected for the remainder of the term in [[New York state election, 1870|Nov. 1870]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Nelson K. Hopkins]]
|January 1, 1872
|December 31, 1875
|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|two terms
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Lucius Robinson]]
|January 1, 1876
|December 31, 1876
||Democratic
|elected [[Governor of New York]]
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Frederic P. Olcott]]
|January 1, 1877
|December 31, 1879
|Democratic
|appointed to fill unexpired term, then elected for a full term in [[New York state election, 1877|Nov. 1877]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[James Wolcott Wadsworth|James W. Wadsworth]]
|January 1, 1880
|December 31, 1881
|Republican
|
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Ira Davenport (New York)|Ira Davenport]]
|January 1, 1882
|December 31, 1883
|Republican
|
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Alfred C. Chapin]]
|January 1, 1884
|December 31, 1887
|Democratic
|two terms
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Edward Wemple]]
|January 1, 1888
|December 31, 1891
|Democratic
|two terms
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Frank Campbell]]
|January 1, 1892
|December 31, 1893
|Democratic
|
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[James A. Roberts]]
|January 1, 1894
|December 31, 1898
|Republican
|two terms (1894-95, 1896-98)
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[William J. Morgan (New York)|William J. Morgan]]
|January 1, 1899
|September 5, 1900
|Republican
|died in office
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Theodore P. Gilman]]
|September 5, 1900
|December 31, 1900
|Republican
|as First Deputy Comptroller acted until being appointed to fill unexpired term
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Erastus C. Knight]]
|January 1, 1901
|December 28, 1901
|Republican
|elected [[List of mayors of Buffalo, New York|Mayor of Buffalo]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Nathan Lewis Miller|Nathan L. Miller]]
|December 30, 1901
|November 1903
|Republican
|appointed to fill unexpired term, then elected for a full term in [[New York state election, 1902|Nov. 1902]], then resigned to take office as a justice of the [[New York Supreme Court]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Otto Kelsey]]
|November 12, 1903
|May 2, 1906
|Republican
|appointed to fill unexpired term, then elected for a full term in [[New York state election, 1904|Nov. 1904]], then appointed Superintendent of Insurance
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[William C. Wilson (NY comptroller)|William C. Wilson]]
|May 2, 1906
|December 31, 1906
|Republican
|as First Deputy Comptroller acted until being appointed on November 8 to fill unexpired term
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Martin H. Glynn]]
|January 1, 1907
|December 31, 1908
|Democratic
|
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Charles H. Gaus]]
|January 1, 1909
|October 31, 1909
|Republican
|died in office
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Otto Kelsey]]
|October 31, 1909
|November 11, 1909
|Republican
|as First Deputy Comptroller acted until the appointment of a successor
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Clark Williams]]
|November 11, 1909
|December 31, 1910
|Republican
|appointed to fill unexpired term
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[William Sohmer]]
|January 1, 1911
|December 31, 1914
|Democratic
|two terms
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Eugene M. Travis]]
|January 1, 1915
|December 31, 1920
|Republican
|three terms
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[James A. Wendell]]
|January 1, 1921
|May 10, 1922
|Republican
|died in office
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[William J. Maier]]
|May 10, 1922
|December 31, 1922
|Republican
|as First Deputy Comptroller acted until being appointed on May 22 to fill unexpired term
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[James W. Fleming]]
|January 1, 1923
|December 31, 1924
|Democratic
|
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Vincent B. Murphy]]
|January 1, 1925
|December 31, 1926
|Republican
|
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Morris S. Tremaine]]
|January 1, 1927
|October 12, 1941
|Democratic
|seven terms, died in office
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Harry D. Yates]]
|October 12, 1941
|October 17, 1941
|Democratic
|as First Deputy Comptroller acted until the appointment of a successor
|- {{Party shading/American Labor}}
|[[Joseph V. O'Leary]]
|October 17, 1941
|December 31, 1942
|[[American Labor Party|American Labor]]
|appointed to fill unexpired term
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Frank C. Moore]]
|January 1, 1943
|December 31, 1950
|Republican
|two terms
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[J. Raymond McGovern]]
|January 1, 1951
|December 31, 1954
|Republican
|
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Arthur Levitt, Sr.]]
|January 1, 1955
|December 31, 1978
|Democratic
|six terms, longest-serving Comptroller (24 years)
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Edward Regan]]
|January 1, 1979
|May 7, 1993
|Republican
|resigned in the middle of his fourth term
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Carl McCall]]
|1993
|December 31, 2002
|Democratic
|elected by State Legislature to fill unexpired term, then re-elected twice
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Alan Hevesi]]
|January 1, 2003
|December 22, 2006
|Democratic
|re-elected to a second term, but resigned prior to its commencement <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/22/nyregion/22cnd-hevesi.html?hp&ex=1166850000&en=d92ef16b58866d38&ei=5094&partner=homepage] His resignation in NYT on December 22, 2006</ref>
|-
|[[Thomas Sanzillo]]
|December 22, 2006
|February 7, 2007
|
|as First Deputy Comptroller acted until the election of a successor by the State Legislature
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Thomas DiNapoli]]
|February 7, 2007
|present
|Democratic
|elected by the State Legislature to fill unexpired term, then re-elected
|}

==Notes==
<references />

==See also==
*[[New York Comptroller election, 2006]]
*[[New York Comptroller elections]]

==External links==
*[http://www.osc.state.ny.us/about/response.htm Office of the State Comptroller]
*[http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/comp.html Political Graveyard: NY State Comptrollers]

{{U.S. State Treasurers}}
{{NYStateOfficers}}
{{New York}}

[[Category:New York State Comptrollers| ]]
[[Category:State constitutional officers of New York|Comptroller]]
[[Category:State auditors and comptrollers of the United States|New York]]

New York State Comptroller

2014-06-13T22:35:52Z

Int21h: add Infobox official post

{{Redirect|New York Comptroller|the comptroller of the city|New York City Comptroller}}
{{Infobox official post
|post = New York State Comptroller
|body = 
|nativename = 
|flag = 
|flagsize = 
|flagcaption = 
|insignia = 
|insigniasize = 
|insigniacaption = 
|image = New York State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli.jpg
|imagesize = 
|alt = 
|incumbent = [[Thomas DiNapoli]]
|incumbentsince = February 7, 2007
|department = [[New York State Department of Audit and Control|Department of Audit and Control]]
|style = 
|member_of = 
|reports_to = 
|residence = 
|seat = 
|nominator = 
|appointer = 
|appointer_qualified = 
|termlength = 
|termlength_qualified = 
|constituting_instrument = 
|precursor = 
|formation = 1797
|first = [[Samuel Jones (NY comptroller)|Samuel Jones]]
|last = 
|abolished = 
|succession = 
|deputy = 
|salary = 
|website = {{URL|http://www.osc.state.ny.us/}}
}}

The '''New York State Comptroller''' is a state cabinet officer of the [[U.S. state]] of [[New York]]. The duties of the [[comptroller]] include [[auditing]] government operations and operating the state's retirement system.

==History==
In 1776, the [[New York Provincial Congress]] appointed an Auditor-General to settle the public accounts. After his resignation, the [[Council of Appointment]] appointed an Auditor to succeed. In 1797, the office of the State Comptroller was created by the State Legislature to succeed the State Auditor. The Comptroller was appointed by the [[Council of Appointment]] to a one-year term, and could be re-appointed without term limit. In 1800, the Legislature reduced the salary of the Comptroller from $3,000 to $2,500, and Samuel Jones declined to be re-appointed.

Under the Constitution of 1821, the Comptroller was elected by joint ballot of the [[New York State Legislature]] to a three-year term. Under the Constitution of 1846, the office became elective by general election, and the Comptroller was elected with the other state cabinet officers in odd years to a two-year term, serving in the second year of the governor in office and the first year of the succeeding governor. The comptroller was elected in 1895 to a three-year term, and subsequently the state officers were elected in even years and served a two-year term concurrently with the governor. In 1926, the responsibilities of the [[New York State Treasurer]] were transferred to the Comptroller as the head of the Department of Audit and Control. Since 1938, the comptroller has been elected to a four-year term, like the governor.

==New York State Comptrollers==
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable"
! width = "17%" | Name
! width = "15%" | Took office
! width = "15%" | Left office
! Party
! Notes
|-
|[[Comfort Sands]]
|July 24, 1776
|March 23, 1782
|
|as Auditor-General <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=E3sFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA34 Google Book: ''The New York Civil List''] compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (page 34; Weed, Parsons and
Co., 1858)</ref>
|-
|[[Peter T. Curtenius]]
|April 2, 1782
|1797
|
|as Auditor
|-
|[[Samuel Jones (NY comptroller)|Samuel Jones]]
|March 15, 1797
|March 12, 1800
|
|
|- {{Party shading/Federalist}}
|[[John Vernon Henry]]
|March 12, 1800
|August 10, 1801
|[[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist]]
|
|- {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}}
|[[Elisha Jenkins]]
|August 10, 1801
|March 16, 1806
|[[Democratic-Republican Party|Dem.-Rep.]]
|appointed [[New York Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]
|- {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}}
|[[Archibald McIntyre]]
|March 26, 1806
|February 12, 1821
|Dem.-Rep./Clintonian
|
|- {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}}
|[[John Savage (Congressman)|John Savage]]
|February 12, 1821
|January 29, 1823
|Dem.-Rep.
|appointed Chief Justice of the [[New York Supreme Court]]
|- {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}}
|[[William L. Marcy]]
|February 13, 1823
|January 21, 1829
|Dem.-Rep./Bucktail
|appointed to the [[New York Supreme Court]] shortly before the end of his second term
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Silas Wright]]
|January 27, 1829
|January 7, 1833
|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|elected a [[U.S. Senator from New York]] during his second term
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Azariah Cutting Flagg|Azariah C. Flagg]]
|January 11, 1833
|February 4, 1839
|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|two terms
|- {{Party shading/Whig}}
|[[Bates Cooke]]
|February 4, 1839
|January 1841
|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
|resigned because of bad health
|- {{Party shading/Whig}}
|[[John A. Collier]]
|January 27, 1841
|February 7, 1842
|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
|elected to a term of three years, but in 1842 all Whig state officers were removed by Democratic majority of the State Legislature
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Azariah Cutting Flagg|Azariah C. Flagg]]
|February 7, 1842
|December 31, 1847
|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|two terms, legislated out of office by the Constitution of 1846
|- {{Party shading/Whig}}
|[[Millard Fillmore]]
|January 1, 1848
|February 20, 1849
|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
|first Comptroller elected by general ballot; elected [[U.S. Vice President]]
|- {{Party shading/Whig}}
|[[Washington Hunt]]
|February 20, 1849
|December 18, 1850
|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
|elected by the State Legislature to fill unexpired term, then re-elected, then elected [[Governor of New York]]
|- {{Party shading/Whig}}
|[[Philo C. Fuller]]
|December 18, 1850
|December 31, 1851
|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
|appointed to fill unexpired term
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[John C. Wright (comptroller)|John C. Wright]]
|January 1, 1852
|December 31, 1853
|Democratic
|
|- {{Party shading/Whig}}
|[[James M. Cook]]
|January 1, 1854
|December 31, 1855
|[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
|
|- {{Party shading/American}}
|[[Lorenzo Burrows]]
|January 1, 1856
|December 31, 1857
|[[Know Nothing|American]]
|
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Sanford E. Church]]
|January 1, 1858
|December 31, 1859
|Democratic
|
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Robert Denniston]]
|January 1, 1860
|December 31, 1861
|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|
|- {{Party shading/Union}}
|[[Lucius Robinson]]
|January 1, 1862
|December 31, 1865
|[[National Union Party (United States)|Union]]
|two terms
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Thomas Hillhouse (adjutant general)|Thomas Hillhouse]]
|January 1, 1866
|December 31, 1867
|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[William F. Allen (New York)|William F. Allen]]
|January 1, 1868
|July 1, 1870
|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|elected a judge of the [[New York Court of Appeals]]
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Asher P. Nichols]]
|July 1, 1870
|December 31, 1871
|Democratic
|appointed to fill unexpired term, elected for the remainder of the term in [[New York state election, 1870|Nov. 1870]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Nelson K. Hopkins]]
|January 1, 1872
|December 31, 1875
|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|two terms
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Lucius Robinson]]
|January 1, 1876
|December 31, 1876
||Democratic
|elected [[Governor of New York]]
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Frederic P. Olcott]]
|January 1, 1877
|December 31, 1879
|Democratic
|appointed to fill unexpired term, then elected for a full term in [[New York state election, 1877|Nov. 1877]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[James Wolcott Wadsworth|James W. Wadsworth]]
|January 1, 1880
|December 31, 1881
|Republican
|
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Ira Davenport (New York)|Ira Davenport]]
|January 1, 1882
|December 31, 1883
|Republican
|
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Alfred C. Chapin]]
|January 1, 1884
|December 31, 1887
|Democratic
|two terms
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Edward Wemple]]
|January 1, 1888
|December 31, 1891
|Democratic
|two terms
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Frank Campbell]]
|January 1, 1892
|December 31, 1893
|Democratic
|
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[James A. Roberts]]
|January 1, 1894
|December 31, 1898
|Republican
|two terms (1894-95, 1896-98)
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[William J. Morgan (New York)|William J. Morgan]]
|January 1, 1899
|September 5, 1900
|Republican
|died in office
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Theodore P. Gilman]]
|September 5, 1900
|December 31, 1900
|Republican
|as First Deputy Comptroller acted until being appointed to fill unexpired term
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Erastus C. Knight]]
|January 1, 1901
|December 28, 1901
|Republican
|elected [[List of mayors of Buffalo, New York|Mayor of Buffalo]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Nathan Lewis Miller|Nathan L. Miller]]
|December 30, 1901
|November 1903
|Republican
|appointed to fill unexpired term, then elected for a full term in [[New York state election, 1902|Nov. 1902]], then resigned to take office as a justice of the [[New York Supreme Court]]
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Otto Kelsey]]
|November 12, 1903
|May 2, 1906
|Republican
|appointed to fill unexpired term, then elected for a full term in [[New York state election, 1904|Nov. 1904]], then appointed Superintendent of Insurance
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[William C. Wilson (NY comptroller)|William C. Wilson]]
|May 2, 1906
|December 31, 1906
|Republican
|as First Deputy Comptroller acted until being appointed on November 8 to fill unexpired term
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Martin H. Glynn]]
|January 1, 1907
|December 31, 1908
|Democratic
|
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Charles H. Gaus]]
|January 1, 1909
|October 31, 1909
|Republican
|died in office
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Otto Kelsey]]
|October 31, 1909
|November 11, 1909
|Republican
|as First Deputy Comptroller acted until the appointment of a successor
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Clark Williams]]
|November 11, 1909
|December 31, 1910
|Republican
|appointed to fill unexpired term
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[William Sohmer]]
|January 1, 1911
|December 31, 1914
|Democratic
|two terms
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Eugene M. Travis]]
|January 1, 1915
|December 31, 1920
|Republican
|three terms
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[James A. Wendell]]
|January 1, 1921
|May 10, 1922
|Republican
|died in office
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[William J. Maier]]
|May 10, 1922
|December 31, 1922
|Republican
|as First Deputy Comptroller acted until being appointed on May 22 to fill unexpired term
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[James W. Fleming]]
|January 1, 1923
|December 31, 1924
|Democratic
|
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Vincent B. Murphy]]
|January 1, 1925
|December 31, 1926
|Republican
|
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Morris S. Tremaine]]
|January 1, 1927
|October 12, 1941
|Democratic
|seven terms, died in office
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Harry D. Yates]]
|October 12, 1941
|October 17, 1941
|Democratic
|as First Deputy Comptroller acted until the appointment of a successor
|- {{Party shading/American Labor}}
|[[Joseph V. O'Leary]]
|October 17, 1941
|December 31, 1942
|[[American Labor Party|American Labor]]
|appointed to fill unexpired term
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Frank C. Moore]]
|January 1, 1943
|December 31, 1950
|Republican
|two terms
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[J. Raymond McGovern]]
|January 1, 1951
|December 31, 1954
|Republican
|
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Arthur Levitt, Sr.]]
|January 1, 1955
|December 31, 1978
|Democratic
|six terms, longest-serving Comptroller (24 years)
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|[[Edward Regan]]
|January 1, 1979
|May 7, 1993
|Republican
|resigned in the middle of his fourth term
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Carl McCall]]
|1993
|December 31, 2002
|Democratic
|elected by State Legislature to fill unexpired term, then re-elected twice
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Alan Hevesi]]
|January 1, 2003
|December 22, 2006
|Democratic
|re-elected to a second term, but resigned prior to its commencement <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/22/nyregion/22cnd-hevesi.html?hp&ex=1166850000&en=d92ef16b58866d38&ei=5094&partner=homepage] His resignation in NYT on December 22, 2006</ref>
|-
|[[Thomas Sanzillo]]
|December 22, 2006
|February 7, 2007
|
|as First Deputy Comptroller acted until the election of a successor by the State Legislature
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|[[Thomas DiNapoli]]
|February 7, 2007
|present
|Democratic
|elected by the State Legislature to fill unexpired term, then re-elected
|}

==Notes==
<references />

==See also==
*[[New York Comptroller election, 2006]]
*[[New York Comptroller elections]]

==External links==
*[http://www.osc.state.ny.us/about/response.htm Office of the State Comptroller]
*[http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/comp.html Political Graveyard: NY State Comptrollers]

{{U.S. State Treasurers}}
{{NYStateOfficers}}
{{New York}}

[[Category:New York State Comptrollers| ]]
[[Category:State constitutional officers of New York|Comptroller]]
[[Category:State auditors and comptrollers of the United States|New York]]

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation

2014-06-13T22:11:17Z

Int21h:

{{refimprove|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox Government agency
|agency_name = New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
|type = department
|logo = NYSDEC logo.png
|logo_width = 150px
|logo_caption = DEC logo
|formed = April 22, 1970
|preceding1 = [[New York Fisheries Commission]]<ref name=nysarchives>[http://www.archives.nysed.gov/a/research/res_topics_env_guide_3_dec.shtml "Department of Environmental Conservation," New York State Archives, n.d.] Accessed: November 4, 2012.</ref>
|preceding2 = [[New York Forest Commission]]
|preceding3 = [[New York Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission]]
|preceding4 = [[New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission]]
|preceding5 = [[New York Conservation Commission]]
|preceding6 = [[New York Conservation Department]]
|jurisdiction = [[Government of New York|New York State Government]]
|headquarters = [[Albany, New York|Albany]], [[New York|NY]]
|employees = 3,000
|budget = $1 billion
|chief1_name = [[Joseph Martens|Joe Martens]]
|chief1_position = Commissioner
|website = [http://www.dec.ny.gov/ www.dec.ny.gov]
}}

The '''New York State Department of Environmental Conservation''' ('''NYSDEC''', '''DEC''', or '''EnCon''') is responsible for the conservation, improvement, and protection of [[natural resources]] within the [[U.S. state]] of [[New York]]. It was founded in 1970, replacing the previous [[New York State Conservation Department|Conservation Department]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/9677.html |title=History of DEC |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |accessdate=15 November 2010}}</ref> The Department manages the Adirondack and Catskill [[Forest Preserve (New York)|Forest Preserve]] lands, [[state forest]] lands, [[New York State Wildlife Management Areas|wildlife management area]]s and various other state owned public lands of New York. The Department is also responsible for regulating [[sport fishing]], [[hunting]] and [[Trapping (Animal)|trapping]] within the state, and enforcing the State's [[Natural environment|environmental]] laws and regulations.

NYSDEC has an annual budget of approximately $1 billion and employs roughly 3,000 people across New York State. It manages over 4 million acres (16,000 km²) of [[protected area|protected state-owned land]] (including all [[Forest Preserve (New York)|Forest Preserve]] holdings in the [[Adirondack Park|Adirondack]] and [[Catskill Park|Catskill]] parks) and another 910,000 acres (3,682 km²) of privately owned land on which it holds [[conservation easement]]s. The Department's activities go beyond land management and environmental enforcement to include the publication of a magazine and a state bird atlas, and the operation of a major ski area.

==History==

===Predecessor agencies===
The core of DEC is the conservation functions, which trace their origins to the [[New York Forest Preserve Advisory Board|Forest Preserve Advisory Board]] set up in 1885 when that land category was created. The first forest rangers were hired and trained to support it. It became the [[New York Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission|Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission]] ten years later.<ref name=nysarchives />

By 1911, it was the [[New York Conservation Commission|Conservation Commission]].<ref name=nysarchives /> Departmental status came in 1927 and it lasted until 1970.

===Origin===
DEC was created when then Governor Nelson Rockefeller symbolically signed the legislation creating it on the first Earth Day in 1970. The existing Conservation Department was joined by some programs then part of the state's [[New York State Department of Health|Department of Health]] and several other commissions with environmental responsibilities to create the new department along with some brand-new offices.

===1970s===
In its first decade, it took the lead in helping the state comply with [[National Environmental Policy Act|newly passed federal environmental legislation]]. DEC's work at [[Love Canal]] helped draw national attention to the problems posed by [[hazardous waste]] sites. It also worked to end [[General Electric]]'s discharge of [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCB]]s into the [[Hudson River]], an issue that continues into {{As of|2006|alt=the present day}}. It implemented New York's first state-level [[endangered species]] list.

DEC also was put in charge of reviewing declarations filed under the State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA), which mirrors federal laws. In 1972, voters approved the Environmental Quality Bond Act, which continues to provide funds for land acquisition, solid waste aid, sewage treatment, air pollution control and resource recovery. Its renewal in 1986 made possible [[Environmental remediation|remediation]] of many hazardous waste sites.

===1980s===
In the 1980s, DEC was given regulatory authority over storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. In this capacity, it helped New York end disposal of [[radioactive]] waste at [[West Valley, New York|West Valley]]. The legislature also passed a [[container deposit legislation|bottle bill]], to be enforced and administered by DEC. The department's facilities at Whiteface and Mt. Van Hoevenberg near [[Lake Placid, New York|Lake Placid]] were venues for several events at the [[1980 Winter Olympic Games]].

The decade also saw the department complete, with considerable volunteer help, New York's ''Atlas of Breeding Birds'', a mammoth, exhaustive tome of great interest to [[birding|birders]] and [[ornithology|ornithologists]]. DEC efforts have also led to the restoration of several species in the state, including the [[bald eagle]].

The state also began allowing its taxpayers to return a Gift to Wildlife on their [[income tax]] [[Tax return (United States)|forms]], providing money directly to DEC for conservation programs.

===1990s===
DEC actions against [[New York City]] led to a [[consent order]] requiring the city to operate the [[Fresh Kills]] [[landfill]] under its regulations, which led to its eventual closure. New York has seen an 80% reduction in its operating landfills since 1984. The department also obtained a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the city that eventually led to both tougher land-use regulations in the [[drainage basin|watersheds]] of its upstate [[reservoir (water)|reservoirs]] and [[economic development]] funds for the communities in them.

The 90 mile (140 km) [[Genesee Valley Greenway]] was created during this time on abandoned railbed and [[Genesee Valley Canal]] property. A new source of funding was opened up when the legislature created the state's Environmental Protection Fund.

The decade that saw New York come under its first [[Republican Party (U.S.)|Republican]] administration in 16 years had some worried that DEC would become more submissive to business interests. But the department remained active, taking the lead in establishing the state's Open Space Plan for future land acquisitions.

===2000–present===
[[File:NYSDEC in Albany.jpg|thumb|DEC's Headquarters in [[Albany, New York|Albany]]]]
The summer of 2001 brought a major change to the Department. Since its inception in 1970 the department's headquarters (central office) had been at 50 Wolf Road in Colonie, NY (the current headquarters of the [[New York State Department of Transportation]]). In the late 1990s then Gov. George Pataki decided the department needed a new home with views of the Hudson River. He authorized funding to build a new office tower at 625 Broadway in downtown Albany. The building was completed in April 2001 and by late August the entire central office staff had been relocated to the new facility.

DEC employees were active in the cleanup after the [[September 11, 2001]] terrorist attacks in New York City.

In 2006, the DEC started an investigation of the former New York National Guard training range, known as [[Camp O'Ryan]]. The concerns at this site include lead contamination from spent bullets, as well as alleged witnessed burial of cylinders of unknown origin. They are presently contacting the [[New York Division of Military and Naval Affairs]] and the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]] for further information on this range.

==Organization==
{{update|section|date=February 2014}}
The Department of Environmental Conservation is headed by a [[Commissioner]] (until October 2010 it was former assemblyman [[Pete Grannis]]) appointed by the governor. He or she reports to the deputy secretary for the environment. Below the commissioner and deputy commissioner are the heads of all offices, divisions, and regional directors.

The Department has eleven offices: Administration, Air Resources, Climate Change & Energy, Commissioner's Policy, General Counsel, Hearings and Mediation Services, Internal Audit, Legislative Affairs, Natural Resources, Remediation and Materials Management, and Water Resources. Many of these offices have internal divisions with specific responsibilities.<ref>[http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/255.html About the DEC]</ref>

===Office of Administration===
There are five divisions within this office:

*'''Division of Operations''' According to its [[mission statement]], this division "provide(s) technical services, facilities management, and maintenance of physical assets to insure effective and efficient operation of the Department and safe public use of DEC lands and facilities." In practice this means its primary responsibility is operating DEC-owned recreational facilities such as the DEC's 52 [[campground]]s in the Adirondack and Catskill Parks. Other responsibilities include managing DEC's extensive vehicle fleet and all departmental facilities. It also houses DEC's internal design and construction shop.
*'''Division of Information Services''': Manages DEC's computer networks and systems.
*'''Division of Management and Budget''': Handles all personnel, internal [[accounting]] and [[bookkeeping]] activities.
*'''Division of Public Affairs and Education''': Responsible for all public outreach efforts, including the ''[[New York State Conservationist]]'' magazine and the Department's website.
*'''Office of Employee Relations''': Handles all relations between DEC and the several unions which represent its employees.

===Office of Air Resources, Climate Change & Energy===
*'''Division of Air Resources''' Oversees all [[air quality]]-related programs
*'''Climate Change Office'''

===Office of Remediation and Materials Management===
[[File:NYSDEC Spill Response South Beach Sandy jeh.jpg|thumb|NYSDEC Spill Response vehicle at [[South Beach, Staten Island]] after Hurricane Sandy]]
*'''Division of Environmental Remediation''' Administers cleanup efforts, spill response and [[brownfield]] redevelopment.
*'''Division of Mineral Resources''' Oversees all programs related to [[mining]] and [[oil exploration|oil and gas exploration]] (New York has 12,600 active [[oil well|wells]]).
*'''Division of Solid & Hazardous Materials''' Oversees all programs related to [[waste management]] and the manufacture, transport and disposal of [[hazardous material]].

===Office of General Counsel===
This is DEC's legal office. It has four divisions.
*'''Legal Affairs'''
*'''Environmental Justice'''
*'''Environmental Enforcement'''
*'''Regional Enforcement'''

===Office of Hearings and Mediation Services===
This office has no other further divisions. It administers all DEC public hearings and enforcement hearings. It also considers all appeals of denials of requests under [[Freedom of information in the United States|New York's Freedom of Information Law]].
[[Image:NYS Forest Preserve sign.jpg|thumb|225px|right|DEC sign marking state-land boundary.]]

===Office of Natural Resources===
This office handles most of DEC's conservation-related functions.
*'''Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources''': Oversees hunting, fishing and trapping licenses, and monitors the quality of those resources. Manages state wildlife management areas. Oversees freshwater and tidal wetlands programs.
*'''Division of Lands and Forests''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/309.html]: Responsible for the management, protection and recreational use of about four million acres (16,000 km²) of state owned land or 13 percent of the land area of New York State. Lands and Forests is also responsible for public recreation rights on roughly 910,000 acres (3,000 km²) of [[Conservation easement]] lands. One of the largest divisions in terms of scope.

===Office of Water Resources===
*'''Division of Water''' : Oversees all [[water quality]] and [[flood control]] programs on the state's 52,337 miles (84,210 km) of [[river]]s; 7,849 [[lake]]s; 2.5 million acres (10,000 km²) of freshwater [[wetland]]s and 25,000 acres (100 km²) of [[tide|tidal]] wetlands. Oversees the Coastal Erosion Hazard Area [CEHA] program.
*'''Hudson River Estuary Program''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/4920.html]
*'''Great Lakes Program''' [http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/25562.html]
*'''New York City Watershed'''

===Office of Public Protection===
This office houses the two uniformed [[law enforcement agency|law enforcement agencies]] under DEC's aegis.

*'''Division of Forest Protection and Fire Management''': [[New York State Forest Rangers]].
*'''Division of Law Enforcement''': [[New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Police|Environmental Conservation Officers]], known as EnCons or ECOs for short, are the oldest state-level police agency in New York, having evolved from the state's [[game warden]]s in the late 19th century. Today they not only handle those responsibilities but enforce other environmental laws as well.

===Office of Internal Audit===

===Office of Legislative Affairs===
This office serves to "build and maintain positive working relationships with Legislators and their staffs in order to encourage dialogue and cooperation on matters affecting environmental policy. OLA is charged to present, discuss, and gain passage of the Department's annual legislative program. OLA also serves as a liaison between elected officials and the Department on concerns and issues affecting their constituents."

===Commissioner's Policy Office===

==Regions==
[[Image:NYSDEC regions map.svg|300px|right]]
[[Image:NYSDEC Region 3 HQ.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Region 3 office in New Paltz]]
[[Image:NY DEC - Ray Brook NY.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Region 5 office in [[Ray Brook, New York|Ray Brook]]]]
DEC divides the state into nine administrative regions, all groups of [[county (US)|counties]]. All DEC Program areas are represented in each regional office. Some regions have sub-offices closer to particular areas of special concern.

*'''Region 1''': [[Long Island]] ([[Nassau County, New York|Nassau]] and [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk]] counties). Regional office is in [[Stony Brook, New York|Stony Brook]].
*'''Region 2''': The five boroughs of [[New York City]] ([[The Bronx]], [[Brooklyn]], [[Manhattan]], [[Queens]] and [[Staten Island]]). Regional Office is in [[Long Island City]].

*'''Region 3''': Lower and central [[Hudson Valley]] ([[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess]], [[Orange County, New York|Orange]], [[Putnam County, New York|Putnam]], [[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]], [[Sullivan County, New York|Sullivan]], [[Ulster County, New York|Ulster]] and [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]] counties). Regional office is in [[New Paltz (town), New York|New Paltz]], with a sub-office in [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]].
*'''Region 4''': [[Berkshires]], Western [[Catskill Mountains|Catskills]], upper [[Susquehanna River|Susquehanna]] valley and [[Capital District]] ([[Albany County, New York|Albany]], [[Columbia County, New York|Columbia]], [[Delaware County, New York|Delaware]], [[Greene County, New York|Greene]], [[Montgomery County, New York|Montgomery]], [[Otsego County, New York|Otsego]], [[Rensselaer County, New York|Rensselaer]], [[Schenectady County, New York|Schenectady]] and [[Schoharie County, New York|Schoharie]] counties). Regional office is in [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], with a sub-office in [[Stamford, New York|Stamford]].
*'''Region 5''': Eastern [[Adirondack Mountains|Adirondacks]] ([[Clinton County, New York|Clinton]], [[Essex County, New York|Essex]], [[Franklin County, New York|Franklin]], [[Fulton County, New York|Fulton]], [[Hamilton County, New York|Hamilton]], [[Saratoga County, New York|Saratoga]], [[Warren County, New York|Warren]] and [[Washington County, New York|Washington]] counties). Regional office is in [[Ray Brook, New York|Ray Brook]], with sub-offices in [[Northville, New York (disambiguation)|Northville]] and [[Warrensburg, New York|Warrensburg]].
*'''Region 6''': Western Adirondacks and [[St. Lawrence River]] valley ([[Herkimer County, New York|Herkimer]], [[Jefferson County, New York|Jefferson]], [[Lewis County, New York|Lewis]], [[Oneida County, New York|Oneida]] and [[St. Lawrence County, New York|St. Lawrence]] counties). Regional office is in [[Watertown, New York|Watertown]], with sub-offices located in [[Cape Vincent, New York|Cape Vincent]], [[Herkimer, New York|Herkimer]], [[Lowville (town), New York|Lowville]], [[Potsdam (town), New York|Potsdam]] and [[Utica, New York|Utica]].
*'''Region 7''': [[Central New York]] ([[Broome County, New York|Broome]], [[Cayuga County, New York|Cayuga]], [[Chenango County, New York|Chenango]], [[Cortland County, New York|Cortland]], [[Madison County, New York|Madison]], [[Onondaga County, New York|Onondaga]], [[Oswego County, New York|Oswego]], [[Tioga County, New York|Tioga]] and [[Tompkins County, New York|Tompkins]] counties). Regional office is in [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]], with sub-offices in [[Cortland, New York|Cortland]], [[Kirkwood, New York|Kirkwood]] and [[Sherburne, New York|Sherburne]].
*'''Region 8''': Greater [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]] and [[Finger Lakes]] ([[Chemung County, New York|Chemung]], [[Genesee County, New York|Genesee]], [[Livingston County, New York|Livingston]], [[Monroe County, New York|Monroe]], [[Ontario County, New York|Ontario]], [[Orleans County, New York|Orleans]], [[Schuyler County, New York|Schuyler]], [[Seneca County, New York|Seneca]], [[Steuben County, New York|Steuben]], [[Wayne County, New York|Wayne]] and [[Yates County, New York|Yates]] counties). Regional office is in [[Avon, New York|Avon]] with sub-offices in [[Bath (village), New York|Bath]] and [[Horseheads (village), New York|Horseheads]].
*'''Region 9''': [[Western New York]] ([[Allegany County, New York|Allegany]], [[Cattaraugus County, New York|Cattaraugus]], [[Chautauqua County, New York|Chautauqua]], [[Erie County, New York|Erie]], [[Niagara County, New York|Niagara]] and [[Wyoming County, New York|Wyoming]] counties). Regional office is in the [[Buffalo, New York|City of Buffalo]], with sub-offices in [[Allegany (village), New York|Allegany]], [[Almond, New York|Almond]] and [[Dunkirk, New York|Dunkirk]].

==Financing==
Licensing and permitting fees provide the DEC with the majority of its primary operating [[revenue]], at about 58%. Direct funding from the state contributes another 24%, and federal programs and grants make up the remaining 17% difference.

==Employees==
DEC employees range from holders of multiple advanced degrees to clerk/typists who may not even have attended college. They do their work everywhere from the agency's offices to deep [[wilderness]]. Almost all DEC positions are classified as [[civil service]] and require that applicants pass the appropriate exams to be considered for hiring.

ECOs and forest rangers are considered police officers under New York's Criminal Procedure Law, with the authority to carry [[firearm]]s at all times and make [[arrest]]s for any possible criminal violations they witness.

The majority of employees are [[Labor unions in the United States|unionized]], with [[White-collar worker|white collar]] professionals paying dues to the [[Public Employees Federation]], blue-collar workers represented by the [[Civil Service Employees Association]] and the law enforcement officers members of the independent [[New York State Correctional and Police Officers' Benevolent Association]], following the same pattern as other state agencies.

==Frequent interagency partners==
DEC frequently works closely on some matters with other agencies at different levels of government.

*The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA). DEC's Hudson River drillings were used by EPA as a basis for its own tests that led to its decision to dredge the PCBs from the bed of the upper Hudson.
*New York's [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation|Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] (OPRHP) is the agency in charge of New York's state parks, while DEC manages other lands. The two sometimes collaborate on projects such as the Genesee Valley Greenway, where neither agency has the expertise or jurisdiction to realize the project on its own.
*The [[Palisades Interstate Park Commission]], which manages many of the state parks in the downstate region. Projects like the proposed Catskill Interpretive Center are to be built on land owned by PIPC since New York's state constitution is generally interpreted to preclude DEC or other state agencies from doing such things on state-owned land [[Blue Line (New York State)|inside]] the Adirondack or Catskill parks.
*The [[New York City Department of Environmental Protection]] (DEP) is in charge and control of the city's water resources, mainly the [[Upstate New York|upstate]] reservoirs, manages the city's storm water and sewage systems, has jurisdiction over air and noise pollution within the city, and responds to emergencies caused by releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances into the environment. Most of DEP's activities take place within DEC's Region 2.
*The [[Adirondack Park Agency]] has final authority over most private land use in that park.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, [http://www.dec.ny.gov/about/9677.html "History of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation"].
*[http://publications.budget.state.ny.us/fy0607app1/encon.pdf 2006-07 NYSDEC proposed budget]

==External links==
{{Portal|New York|Environment}}
* [http://www.esf.edu/success/alumni/martens.htm "Joe Martens: Commissioner of the New York Department of Environmental Conservation," SUNY-ESF, n.d.]
* [http://www.dec.ny.gov/ Official website]
* [http://www.eregulations.com/newyork/hunting/ Official DEC Hunting & Trapping Regulations]
* [http://www.eregulations.com/newyork/fishing/ Official DEC Fishing Regulations]

{{NewYorkStateExecutiveDepartments}}

[[Category:New York state government departments|Environmental Conservation]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in New York]]
[[Category:State forestry agencies in the United States]]
[[Category:State environmental protection agencies of the United States]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1970]]

Federal Register

2014-05-04T02:25:33Z

Int21h: reorder intro

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices.<ref>http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title44/html/USCODE-2011-title44-chap15-sec1505.htm</ref> It is a daily (except [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]s) publication. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to announce changes to government requirements, policies and guidance to the public. The notice and comment process, as outlined in the Administrative Procedure Act, gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule along with a discussion of the comments is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to address these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (including policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (including petitions to agencies from the public)
* Notices (such as scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public and grant applications)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back copies of ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently, a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to agency dockets on rulemaking projects including the published ''Federal Register'' document. The public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings. To help federal agencies manage their dockets, [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS) was launched in 2005 and is the agency side of regulations.gov.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
Other than paid copies or subscriptions, people may obtain ''Federal Register'' contents from commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]]{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> In 1946 the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] required agencies to publish more information related to their rulemaking documents in the Federal Register.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
* [[Regulations.gov]]
* ''[[United States Statutes at Large]]''
* ''[[United States Reports]]''

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58-64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

{{US Administrative law}}

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Government databases in the United States]]
[[Category:Online law databases]]

Federal Register

2014-04-30T13:22:40Z

Int21h: /* See also */ United States Statutes at Large

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies. It is a daily (except [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]s) publication.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to think aloud to the people, and also serves as official journal of record for the approved [[Act of Congress|act]]s of the U.S. Government. The notice and comment process outlined in the ''Federal Register'' gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to give [[due diligence]] to these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (petitions by agencies for assistance in rulemaking and other proposals)
* Notices (scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public, grant applications, and administrative orders)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back copies of ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently, a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to ''Federal Register'' publications related to rule-making and was further enhanced in 2005 with the launch of the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS). Through FDMS, the public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal departments and agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
Other than paid copies or subscriptions, people may obtain ''Federal Register'' contents from commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]]{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> and was further enlarged and amended by the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] of 1946.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
*[[Regulations.gov]]
*[[United States Statutes at Large]]
*[[United States Reports]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58-64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

{{US Administrative law}}

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Government databases in the United States]]
[[Category:Online law databases]]

Federal Register

2014-04-30T13:05:25Z

Int21h: /* See also */ United States Reports

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies. It is a daily (except [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]s) publication.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to think aloud to the people, and also serves as official journal of record for the approved [[Act of Congress|act]]s of the U.S. Government. The notice and comment process outlined in the ''Federal Register'' gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to give [[due diligence]] to these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (petitions by agencies for assistance in rulemaking and other proposals)
* Notices (scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public, grant applications, and administrative orders)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back copies of ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently, a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to ''Federal Register'' publications related to rule-making and was further enhanced in 2005 with the launch of the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS). Through FDMS, the public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal departments and agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
Other than paid copies or subscriptions, people may obtain ''Federal Register'' contents from commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]]{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> and was further enlarged and amended by the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] of 1946.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
*[[Regulations.gov]]
*[[United States Reports]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58-64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

{{US Administrative law}}

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Government databases in the United States]]
[[Category:Online law databases]]

Weltforum für die Harmonisierung von Fahrzeugvorschriften

2014-04-29T21:37:17Z

Int21h: /* North America */ US and Canada are parties to the 1998 Agreement

{{Infobox United Nations
| name = World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29)
| type = Working Party
| acronyms = WP.29
| head = {{flagicon|Russia}}[[Boris Kisulenko]] (2004 - present)
| status = Active
| established = 1952
| website = [http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/meeting_docs_wp29.html UNECE Transport - WP29]
| parent = [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|UNECE]] Inland Transport Committee
}}

The '''World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations''' is a working party ('''WP.29''')<ref>http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/WP29-FAQ-2005.pdf</ref> of the Inland Transport Division of the [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]] (UNECE). It is tasked with creating a uniform system of regulations, called '''UN Regulations''', for vehicle design to facilitate international trade.

WP.29 was established on June 1952 as "Working party of experts on technical requirement of vehicles"; the current name was adopted in 2000.

The forum works on regulations covering [[vehicle safety]], [[environmental protection]], [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and [[theft]]-resistance.

==1958 Agreement==
The core of the Forum's work is based around the "1958 Agreement", formally titled "Agreement concerning the adoption of uniform technical prescriptions for wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts which can be fitted and/or be used on wheeled vehicles and the conditions for reciprocal recognition of approvals granted on the basis of these prescriptions" (E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2, amended on 16 October 1995). This forms a legal framework wherein participating countries (contracting parties) agree a common set of technical prescriptions and protocols for [[type approval]] of vehicles and components. These were formerly called "UNECE Regulations" or, less formally, "ECE Regulations" in reference to the Economic Commission for Europe. However, since many non-European countries are now contracting parties to the 1958 Agreement, the regulations are officially entitled "UN Regulations".<ref name="WP29">[http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/introduction.html WP.29: Nomenclature]</ref><ref>[http://www.drivingvisionnews.com/news/lighting/78-regulations/3290-the-end-of-the-ece-era- The End of the 'ECE' Era], ''Driving Vision News'', 29 August 2011</ref> Each contracting party's type approvals are recognised by all other contracting parties.

===Participating countries===
[[File:World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations.png|thumb|350px]]

The first signatories to the 1958 Agreement include Italy (March 28), Netherlands (March 30), Germany (June 19), France (June 26), Hungary (June 30), Sweden and Belgium. Originally, the agreement allowed participation of [[UNECE|ECE]] member countries only, but in 1995 the agreement was revised to allow non-ECE members to participate. Current participants include European Union and its member countries, as well non-EU UNECE members such as Norway, Russia, Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Tunisia, and even remote territories such as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia.

{{As of|2012}}, the participants to the 1958 Agreement, with their UN country code, are:

{| class ="wikitable sortable"
!UN Code || Country || Effective date || Notes
|-
| 1 ||{{flag| Germany }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1965-01-28}} ||
|-
| 2 ||{{flag| France }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1959-06-20}} ||
|-
| 3 ||{{flag| Italy }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1963-04-26}} ||
|-
| 4 ||{{flag| Netherlands }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1960-08-29}} ||
|-
| 5 ||{{flag| Sweden }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1959-06-20}} ||
|-
| 6 ||{{flag| Belgium }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1959-09-05}} ||
|-
| 7 ||{{flag| Hungary }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1960-07-02}} ||
|-
| 8 ||{{flag| Czech Republic }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1993-01-01}} ||(formerly [[Czechoslovakia]])
|-
| 9 ||{{flag| Spain }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1961-10-10}} ||
|-
| 10 ||{{flag| Serbia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2001-03-12}} || (formerly [[Yugoslavia]])
|-
| 11 ||{{flag| United Kingdom }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1963-03-16}} ||
|-
| 12 ||{{flag| Austria }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1971-05-11}} ||
|-
| 13 ||{{flag| Luxembourg }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1971-12-12}} ||
|-
| 14 ||{{flag| Switzerland }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1973-08-28}} ||
|-
| 15 ||{{flag| DDR }} || {{dts|format=dmy| }} || (expired in 1999)
|-
| 16 ||{{flag| Norway }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1975-04-04}} ||
|-
| 17 ||{{flag| Finland }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1976-09-17}} ||
|-
| 18 ||{{flag| Denmark }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1976-12-20}} ||
|-
| 19 ||{{flag| Romania }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1977-02-21}} ||
|-
| 20 ||{{flag| Poland }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1979-03-13}} ||
|-
| 21 ||{{flag| Portugal }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1980-03-28}} ||
|-
| 22 ||{{flag| Russian Federation }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1987-02-17}} ||
|-
| 23 ||{{flag| Greece }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1992-12-05}} ||
|-
| 24 ||{{flag| Ireland }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1998-03-24}} ||
|-
| 25 ||{{flag| Croatia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1991-10-08}} ||
|-
| 26 ||{{flag| Slovenia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1991-06-25}} ||
|-
| 27 ||{{flag| Slovakia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1993-01-01}} ||
|-
| 28 ||{{flag| Belarus }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1995-07-02}} ||
|-
| 29 ||{{flag| Estonia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1995-05-01}} ||
|-
| 31 ||{{flag| Bosnia and Herzegovina }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1992-03-06}} ||
|-
| 32 ||{{flag| Latvia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1999-01-18}} ||
|-
| 34 ||{{flag| Bulgaria }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2000-01-21}} ||
|-
| 35 ||{{flag| Kazakhstan }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2011-01-08}} ||
|-
| 36 ||{{flag| Lithuania }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2002-03-29}} ||
|-
| 37 ||{{flag| Turkey }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1996-02-27}} ||
|-
| 39 ||{{flag| Azerbaijan }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2002-06-14}} ||
|-
| 40 ||{{flag| Republic of Macedonia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1991-11-17}} ||
|-
| 42 ||{{flag| European Union }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1998-03-24}} ||
|-
| 43 ||{{flag| Japan }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1998-11-24}} ||
|-
| 45 ||{{flag| Australia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2000-04-25}} ||
|-
| 46 ||{{flag| Ukraine }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2000-06-30}} ||
|-
| 47 ||{{flag| South Africa }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2001-06-17}} ||
|-
| 48 ||{{flag| New Zealand }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2002-01-26}} ||
|-
| 49 ||{{flag| Cyprus }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2004-05-01}} ||
|-
| 50 ||{{flag| Malta }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2004-05-01}} ||
|-
| 51 ||{{flag| South Korea }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2004-12-31}} ||
|-
| 52 ||{{flag| Malaysia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2006-04-04}} ||
|-
| 53 ||{{flag| Thailand }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2006-05-01}} ||
|-
| 54 ||{{flag| Albania }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2011-11-05}} ||
|-
| 56 ||{{flag| Montenegro }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2006-06-03}} ||
|-
| 58 ||{{flag| Tunisia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2008-01-01}} ||
|}

Most countries, even if not formally participating in the 1958 agreement, recognise the UN Regulations and either mirror the UN Regulations' content in their own national requirements, or permit the import, registration, and use of UN type-approved vehicles, or both. The [[United States]] and [[Canada]] are the two significant exceptions; there UN regulations are generally not recognised and UN-compliant vehicles and equipment are not authorised for import, sale, or use in the US, unless they are tested to be compliant with US car safety laws, or for limited non driving use (E.G. car show displays).

===Type approval===
[[File:E-Pruefzeichen.svg|thumb|150 px|Two types of EU markings: top - according to UN regulations, bottom - according to EC directives]]

The 1958 Agreement operates on the principles of [[type approval]] and [[reciprocal recognition]]. Any country that accedes to the 1958 Agreement has authority to test and approve any manufacturer's design of a regulated product, regardless of the country in which that component was produced. Each individual design from each individual manufacturer is counted as one individual type. Once any acceding country grants a type approval, every other acceding country is obliged to honor that type approval and regard that vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment as legal for import, sale and use.
Items type-approved according to a UN Regulation are marked with an ''E'' and a number, within a circle. The number indicates which country approved the item, and other surrounding letters and digits indicate the precise version of the regulation met and the type approval number, respectively.

Although all countries' type approvals are legally equivalent, there are real and perceived differences in the rigour with which the regulations and protocols are applied by different national type approval authorities. Some countries have their own national standards for granting type approvals, which may be more stringent than called for by the UN regulations themselves. Within the auto parts industry, a German (E1) type approval, for example, is regarded as a measure of insurance against suspicion of poor quality or an undeserved type approval.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://candlepowerinc.com/pdfs/Metal_Signal.pdf |title=Marketing emphasis on German E1 type approval |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref>

===UN Regulations===
{{anchor|List of UN Regulations}}
{{As of|2012}}, there are 128 UN Regulations appended to the 1958 Agreement; most regulations cover a single vehicle component or technology. A partial list of current regulations applying to passenger cars follows (different regulations may apply to heavy vehicles, motorcycles, etc.)

====General lighting====
* R3 — Retroreflecting devices
* R4 — Illumination of rear registration plates
* R6 — Direction indicators
* R7 — Front and rear position lamps, stop lamps and end-outline marker lamps
* R19 — Front fog lamps
* R23 — Reversing lights
* R37 — Filament lamps (bulbs) (''See: [[Automotive lamp types]]'')
* R38 — Rear fog lamps
* R48 — Installation of lighting and light-signalling devices
* R77 — Parking lamps
* R87 — [[Daytime running lamp]]s
* R91 — Side marker lamps
* R119 — Cornering lamps
* R123 — AFS lamps
* R128 — LED light sources
http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs121-140.html

==== Headlamps ====
* R1 - [[Headlamps]] emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam, equipped with R2 or HS1 bulbs (superseded by R112, but still valid for existing approvals)
* R5 - Sealed Beam headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam
* R8 - Headlamps equipped with replaceable single-filament tungsten-halogen bulbs (superseded by R112, but still valid for existing approvals)
* R20 - Headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam and equipped with halogen double-filament H4 bulbs (superseded by R112, but still valid for existing approvals)
* R31 — Halogen sealed beam headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam
* R45 — Headlamp cleaners
* R98 — Headlamps equipped with gas-discharge light sources
* R99 — Gas-discharge light sources for use in approved gas-discharge lamp units of power-driven vehicles (''See: [[Automotive lamp types]]'')
* R112 — Headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam and equipped with filament bulbs
* R113 — Headlamps emitting a symmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam and equipped with filament bulbs

==== Instrumentation/controls ====
* R35 — arrangement of foot controls
* R39 — speedometer equipment
* R46 — rear-view mirrors
* R79 — steering equipment

==== Crashworthiness ====
* R11 — door latches and door retention components
* R13-H — [[Brake|braking]] (passenger cars)
* R13 — braking (trucks and busses)
* R14 — [[Seat belt|safety belt]] anchorages
* R16 — [[Seat belt|safety belts]] and restraint systems
* R17 — seats, seat anchorages, head restraints
* R27 — advance-warning triangles
* R42 — front and rear protective devices ([[Bumper (automobile)|bumpers]], etc.)
* R43 — safety glazing materials and their installation on vehicles
* R94 — protection of the occupants in the event of a frontal collision
* R95 — protection of the occupants in the event of a lateral collision
* R116 — protection of motor vehicles against unauthorized use

==== Environmental compatibility ====
* R10 — electromagnetic compatibility
* R15 — emissions and fuel consumption (superseded by R83, R84 and R101)
* R24 — engine power measurement, smoke emissions, engine type approval
* R51 — noise emissions
* R68 — measurement of the maximum speed
* R83 — emission of pollutants according to engine fuel requirements
* R84 — measurement of [[Fuel economy in automobiles#Europe|fuel consumption]]
* R85 — electric drive trains — measurement of the net power and the maximum 30 minutes power of electric drive trains
* R100 — approval of [[battery electric vehicle]]s with regard to specific requeriments for the [[vehicle construction|construction]], [[Functional Safety]] and [[hydrogen emission]].<ref>http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/r100a1e.pdf</ref>
* R101 — measurement of the emission of carbon dioxide and [[Fuel economy in automobiles#Europe|fuel consumption]]
* R117 — rolling sound emissions of tyres

==North America==
The most notable non-signatory to the 1958 Agreement is the [[United States]], which has its own [[Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards]] and does not recognise UN type approvals. However, both the United States and Canada are parties to the 1998 Agreement. UN-specification vehicles and components which do not also comply with the US regulations therefore cannot be imported to the US without extensive modifications. [[Canada]] has its own [[Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standards]], broadly similar to the US FMVSS, but Canada does also accept UN-compliant headlamps and bumpers. It should be noted, however, that the impending [[Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement]] between Canada and the European Union (likely to be ratified in 2015) could see Canada recognise more UN Regulations as acceptable alternatives to the Canadian regulations.<ref>{{cite news|title=CETA Means Big Changes For Canadian Automotive Industry |url=http://www.autos.ca/general-news/ceta-means-big-changes-for-canadian-automotive-industry/|accessdate=20 March 2014|date=18 October 2013}}</ref> Canada currently applies 14 of the 17 ECE main standards as allowable alternatives{{CN|date=March 2014}} - the exceptions at this point relate to motorcycle controls and displays, motorcycle mirrors, and electronic stability control for passenger cars.{{CN|date=March 2014}} These three remaining groups will be allowed in Canada by the time the ratification of the trade deal occurs.{{CN|date=March 2014}}

===Self-certification===
Rather than a UN-style system of type approvals, the US and Canadian auto safety regulations operate on the principle of self-certification, wherein the manufacturer or importer of a vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment certifies — i.e., asserts and promises — that the vehicle or equipment complies with all applicable Federal or Canada Motor Vehicle Safety, bumper and antitheft standards. No prior verification is required by a governmental agency or authorised testing entity before the vehicle or equipment can be imported, sold, or used. If reason develops to believe the certification was
false or improper — i.e., that the vehicle or equipment does not in fact comply — then authorities may conduct tests and, if a noncompliance is found, order a recall and/or other corrective and/or punitive measures. Vehicle and equipment makers are permitted to appeal such penalties by filing petitions for finding of ''noncompliance inconsequential to safety''.

==Regulatory differences==
[[Image:Citroen Headlamps - Euro vs US.jpg|thumb|left|A comparison of European (top) and US (bottom) headlamp configuration on similar-year [[Citroën DS]] cars]]
Historically, one of the most conspicuous differences between UN and US regulations was the design and performance of [[headlamp]]s. The [[Citroën DS]] shown here illustrates the large differences in headlamps during the 1940-1983 era when US regulations required [[sealed beam]] headlamps.

It is not currently possible to produce a single car design that fully meets both UN and US requirements simultaneously,{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} but it is growing easier as both sets of regulations evolve. Given the size of the US vehicle market, and differing [[marketing]] strategies in North America vs. the rest of the world, many manufacturers produce vehicles in three versions: North American, rest-of-world [[Driving on the left or right|right-hand drive]] (RHD) and rest-of-world [[left-hand-drive]] (LHD).{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}

==1998 Agreement==
The "Agreement concerning the Establishing of Global Technical Regulations for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be fitted and/or be used on Wheeled Vehicles", or 1998 Agreement, is a subsequent agreement. Following its mission to harmonize vehicle regulations, the UNECE solved the main issues (Administrative Provisions for Type approval opposed to self-certification and mutual recognition of Type Approvals) preventing non-signatory Countries to the 1958 Agreement to fully participate to its activities.

The 1998 Agreement is born to produce meta regulations called Global Technical Regulations without administrative procedures for type approval and so, without the principle of mutual recognition of Type Approvals. The 1998 Agreement stipulates that Contracting Parties will establish, by consensus vote, United Nations Global Technical Regulations (UN GTRs) in a UN Global Registry. The UN GTRs contain globally harmonized performance requirements and test procedures. Each UN GTR contains extensive notes on its development. The text includes a record of the technical rationale, the research sources used, cost and benefit considerations, and references to data consulted. The Contracting Parties use their nationally established rulemaking processes when transposing UN GTRs into their national legislation. The 1998 Agreement currently has 33 Contracting Parties and 14 UN GTRs that have been established into the UN Global Registry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29glob_registry.html |title=Global Technical Regulations(GTRs)of UNECE |format= |date= |accessdate=2014-02-05}}</ref>

==OICA==
[[Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles]] (OICA) hosts on its web site the working documents from various United Nations expert groups including World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oica.net/category/worldwide-harmonization/un-expert-group-documents |title=OICA un-expert-group-documents |publisher=Oica.net |date= |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Vehicle regulation]]
*[[Car safety]]
*[[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]]
*[[Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards]]
*[[Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108]]
*[[Automotive lighting]]
*[[Headlamps]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ib-lenhardt.com/en/services.php IB-Lenhardt - Your Partner for Worldwide Testing, Type Approval, Homologation, Certification Services, Radar (24GHz, 77GHz, 79GHz), WLAN (2,4GHz, 3GHz, 5 GHz, 10GHz)]
*[http://www.unece.org/trans/main/welcwp29.htm UN Regulations]
*[http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29pub.html World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) – How It Works, How to Join It]
*[http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/WP29-FAQ-2005.pdf World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations FAQ]

{{DEFAULTSORT:World Forum For Harmonization Of Vehicle Regulations}}
[[Category:Automotive technologies]]
[[Category:Car safety]]
[[Category:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]]

Weltforum für die Harmonisierung von Fahrzeugvorschriften

2014-04-29T21:35:14Z

Int21h: /* 1998 Agreement */

{{Infobox United Nations
| name = World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29)
| type = Working Party
| acronyms = WP.29
| head = {{flagicon|Russia}}[[Boris Kisulenko]] (2004 - present)
| status = Active
| established = 1952
| website = [http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/meeting_docs_wp29.html UNECE Transport - WP29]
| parent = [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|UNECE]] Inland Transport Committee
}}

The '''World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations''' is a working party ('''WP.29''')<ref>http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/WP29-FAQ-2005.pdf</ref> of the Inland Transport Division of the [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]] (UNECE). It is tasked with creating a uniform system of regulations, called '''UN Regulations''', for vehicle design to facilitate international trade.

WP.29 was established on June 1952 as "Working party of experts on technical requirement of vehicles"; the current name was adopted in 2000.

The forum works on regulations covering [[vehicle safety]], [[environmental protection]], [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and [[theft]]-resistance.

==1958 Agreement==
The core of the Forum's work is based around the "1958 Agreement", formally titled "Agreement concerning the adoption of uniform technical prescriptions for wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts which can be fitted and/or be used on wheeled vehicles and the conditions for reciprocal recognition of approvals granted on the basis of these prescriptions" (E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2, amended on 16 October 1995). This forms a legal framework wherein participating countries (contracting parties) agree a common set of technical prescriptions and protocols for [[type approval]] of vehicles and components. These were formerly called "UNECE Regulations" or, less formally, "ECE Regulations" in reference to the Economic Commission for Europe. However, since many non-European countries are now contracting parties to the 1958 Agreement, the regulations are officially entitled "UN Regulations".<ref name="WP29">[http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/introduction.html WP.29: Nomenclature]</ref><ref>[http://www.drivingvisionnews.com/news/lighting/78-regulations/3290-the-end-of-the-ece-era- The End of the 'ECE' Era], ''Driving Vision News'', 29 August 2011</ref> Each contracting party's type approvals are recognised by all other contracting parties.

===Participating countries===
[[File:World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations.png|thumb|350px]]

The first signatories to the 1958 Agreement include Italy (March 28), Netherlands (March 30), Germany (June 19), France (June 26), Hungary (June 30), Sweden and Belgium. Originally, the agreement allowed participation of [[UNECE|ECE]] member countries only, but in 1995 the agreement was revised to allow non-ECE members to participate. Current participants include European Union and its member countries, as well non-EU UNECE members such as Norway, Russia, Ukraine, Croatia, Serbia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Azerbaijan and Tunisia, and even remote territories such as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia.

{{As of|2012}}, the participants to the 1958 Agreement, with their UN country code, are:

{| class ="wikitable sortable"
!UN Code || Country || Effective date || Notes
|-
| 1 ||{{flag| Germany }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1965-01-28}} ||
|-
| 2 ||{{flag| France }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1959-06-20}} ||
|-
| 3 ||{{flag| Italy }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1963-04-26}} ||
|-
| 4 ||{{flag| Netherlands }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1960-08-29}} ||
|-
| 5 ||{{flag| Sweden }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1959-06-20}} ||
|-
| 6 ||{{flag| Belgium }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1959-09-05}} ||
|-
| 7 ||{{flag| Hungary }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1960-07-02}} ||
|-
| 8 ||{{flag| Czech Republic }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1993-01-01}} ||(formerly [[Czechoslovakia]])
|-
| 9 ||{{flag| Spain }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1961-10-10}} ||
|-
| 10 ||{{flag| Serbia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2001-03-12}} || (formerly [[Yugoslavia]])
|-
| 11 ||{{flag| United Kingdom }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1963-03-16}} ||
|-
| 12 ||{{flag| Austria }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1971-05-11}} ||
|-
| 13 ||{{flag| Luxembourg }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1971-12-12}} ||
|-
| 14 ||{{flag| Switzerland }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1973-08-28}} ||
|-
| 15 ||{{flag| DDR }} || {{dts|format=dmy| }} || (expired in 1999)
|-
| 16 ||{{flag| Norway }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1975-04-04}} ||
|-
| 17 ||{{flag| Finland }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1976-09-17}} ||
|-
| 18 ||{{flag| Denmark }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1976-12-20}} ||
|-
| 19 ||{{flag| Romania }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1977-02-21}} ||
|-
| 20 ||{{flag| Poland }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1979-03-13}} ||
|-
| 21 ||{{flag| Portugal }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1980-03-28}} ||
|-
| 22 ||{{flag| Russian Federation }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1987-02-17}} ||
|-
| 23 ||{{flag| Greece }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1992-12-05}} ||
|-
| 24 ||{{flag| Ireland }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1998-03-24}} ||
|-
| 25 ||{{flag| Croatia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1991-10-08}} ||
|-
| 26 ||{{flag| Slovenia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1991-06-25}} ||
|-
| 27 ||{{flag| Slovakia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1993-01-01}} ||
|-
| 28 ||{{flag| Belarus }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1995-07-02}} ||
|-
| 29 ||{{flag| Estonia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1995-05-01}} ||
|-
| 31 ||{{flag| Bosnia and Herzegovina }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1992-03-06}} ||
|-
| 32 ||{{flag| Latvia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1999-01-18}} ||
|-
| 34 ||{{flag| Bulgaria }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2000-01-21}} ||
|-
| 35 ||{{flag| Kazakhstan }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2011-01-08}} ||
|-
| 36 ||{{flag| Lithuania }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2002-03-29}} ||
|-
| 37 ||{{flag| Turkey }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1996-02-27}} ||
|-
| 39 ||{{flag| Azerbaijan }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2002-06-14}} ||
|-
| 40 ||{{flag| Republic of Macedonia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1991-11-17}} ||
|-
| 42 ||{{flag| European Union }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1998-03-24}} ||
|-
| 43 ||{{flag| Japan }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 1998-11-24}} ||
|-
| 45 ||{{flag| Australia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2000-04-25}} ||
|-
| 46 ||{{flag| Ukraine }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2000-06-30}} ||
|-
| 47 ||{{flag| South Africa }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2001-06-17}} ||
|-
| 48 ||{{flag| New Zealand }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2002-01-26}} ||
|-
| 49 ||{{flag| Cyprus }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2004-05-01}} ||
|-
| 50 ||{{flag| Malta }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2004-05-01}} ||
|-
| 51 ||{{flag| South Korea }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2004-12-31}} ||
|-
| 52 ||{{flag| Malaysia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2006-04-04}} ||
|-
| 53 ||{{flag| Thailand }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2006-05-01}} ||
|-
| 54 ||{{flag| Albania }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2011-11-05}} ||
|-
| 56 ||{{flag| Montenegro }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2006-06-03}} ||
|-
| 58 ||{{flag| Tunisia }} || {{dts|format=dmy| 2008-01-01}} ||
|}

Most countries, even if not formally participating in the 1958 agreement, recognise the UN Regulations and either mirror the UN Regulations' content in their own national requirements, or permit the import, registration, and use of UN type-approved vehicles, or both. The [[United States]] and [[Canada]] are the two significant exceptions; there UN regulations are generally not recognised and UN-compliant vehicles and equipment are not authorised for import, sale, or use in the US, unless they are tested to be compliant with US car safety laws, or for limited non driving use (E.G. car show displays).

===Type approval===
[[File:E-Pruefzeichen.svg|thumb|150 px|Two types of EU markings: top - according to UN regulations, bottom - according to EC directives]]

The 1958 Agreement operates on the principles of [[type approval]] and [[reciprocal recognition]]. Any country that accedes to the 1958 Agreement has authority to test and approve any manufacturer's design of a regulated product, regardless of the country in which that component was produced. Each individual design from each individual manufacturer is counted as one individual type. Once any acceding country grants a type approval, every other acceding country is obliged to honor that type approval and regard that vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment as legal for import, sale and use.
Items type-approved according to a UN Regulation are marked with an ''E'' and a number, within a circle. The number indicates which country approved the item, and other surrounding letters and digits indicate the precise version of the regulation met and the type approval number, respectively.

Although all countries' type approvals are legally equivalent, there are real and perceived differences in the rigour with which the regulations and protocols are applied by different national type approval authorities. Some countries have their own national standards for granting type approvals, which may be more stringent than called for by the UN regulations themselves. Within the auto parts industry, a German (E1) type approval, for example, is regarded as a measure of insurance against suspicion of poor quality or an undeserved type approval.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://candlepowerinc.com/pdfs/Metal_Signal.pdf |title=Marketing emphasis on German E1 type approval |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref>

===UN Regulations===
{{anchor|List of UN Regulations}}
{{As of|2012}}, there are 128 UN Regulations appended to the 1958 Agreement; most regulations cover a single vehicle component or technology. A partial list of current regulations applying to passenger cars follows (different regulations may apply to heavy vehicles, motorcycles, etc.)

====General lighting====
* R3 — Retroreflecting devices
* R4 — Illumination of rear registration plates
* R6 — Direction indicators
* R7 — Front and rear position lamps, stop lamps and end-outline marker lamps
* R19 — Front fog lamps
* R23 — Reversing lights
* R37 — Filament lamps (bulbs) (''See: [[Automotive lamp types]]'')
* R38 — Rear fog lamps
* R48 — Installation of lighting and light-signalling devices
* R77 — Parking lamps
* R87 — [[Daytime running lamp]]s
* R91 — Side marker lamps
* R119 — Cornering lamps
* R123 — AFS lamps
* R128 — LED light sources
http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs121-140.html

==== Headlamps ====
* R1 - [[Headlamps]] emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam, equipped with R2 or HS1 bulbs (superseded by R112, but still valid for existing approvals)
* R5 - Sealed Beam headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam
* R8 - Headlamps equipped with replaceable single-filament tungsten-halogen bulbs (superseded by R112, but still valid for existing approvals)
* R20 - Headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam and equipped with halogen double-filament H4 bulbs (superseded by R112, but still valid for existing approvals)
* R31 — Halogen sealed beam headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam
* R45 — Headlamp cleaners
* R98 — Headlamps equipped with gas-discharge light sources
* R99 — Gas-discharge light sources for use in approved gas-discharge lamp units of power-driven vehicles (''See: [[Automotive lamp types]]'')
* R112 — Headlamps emitting an asymmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam and equipped with filament bulbs
* R113 — Headlamps emitting a symmetrical passing beam and/or a driving beam and equipped with filament bulbs

==== Instrumentation/controls ====
* R35 — arrangement of foot controls
* R39 — speedometer equipment
* R46 — rear-view mirrors
* R79 — steering equipment

==== Crashworthiness ====
* R11 — door latches and door retention components
* R13-H — [[Brake|braking]] (passenger cars)
* R13 — braking (trucks and busses)
* R14 — [[Seat belt|safety belt]] anchorages
* R16 — [[Seat belt|safety belts]] and restraint systems
* R17 — seats, seat anchorages, head restraints
* R27 — advance-warning triangles
* R42 — front and rear protective devices ([[Bumper (automobile)|bumpers]], etc.)
* R43 — safety glazing materials and their installation on vehicles
* R94 — protection of the occupants in the event of a frontal collision
* R95 — protection of the occupants in the event of a lateral collision
* R116 — protection of motor vehicles against unauthorized use

==== Environmental compatibility ====
* R10 — electromagnetic compatibility
* R15 — emissions and fuel consumption (superseded by R83, R84 and R101)
* R24 — engine power measurement, smoke emissions, engine type approval
* R51 — noise emissions
* R68 — measurement of the maximum speed
* R83 — emission of pollutants according to engine fuel requirements
* R84 — measurement of [[Fuel economy in automobiles#Europe|fuel consumption]]
* R85 — electric drive trains — measurement of the net power and the maximum 30 minutes power of electric drive trains
* R100 — approval of [[battery electric vehicle]]s with regard to specific requeriments for the [[vehicle construction|construction]], [[Functional Safety]] and [[hydrogen emission]].<ref>http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/r100a1e.pdf</ref>
* R101 — measurement of the emission of carbon dioxide and [[Fuel economy in automobiles#Europe|fuel consumption]]
* R117 — rolling sound emissions of tyres

==North America==
The most notable non-signatory to the 1958 Agreement is the [[United States]], which has its own [[Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards]] and does not recognise UN type approvals. UN-specification vehicles and components which do not also comply with the US regulations therefore cannot be imported to the US without extensive modifications. [[Canada]] has its own [[Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standards]], broadly similar to the US FMVSS, but Canada does also accept UN-compliant headlamps and bumpers. It should be noted, however, that the impending [[Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement]] between Canada and the European Union (likely to be ratified in 2015) could see Canada recognise more UN Regulations as acceptable alternatives to the Canadian regulations.<ref>{{cite news|title=CETA Means Big Changes For Canadian Automotive Industry |url=http://www.autos.ca/general-news/ceta-means-big-changes-for-canadian-automotive-industry/|accessdate=20 March 2014|date=18 October 2013}}</ref> Canada currently applies 14 of the 17 ECE main standards as allowable alternatives{{CN|date=March 2014}} - the exceptions at this point relate to motorcycle controls and displays, motorcycle mirrors, and electronic stability control for passenger cars.{{CN|date=March 2014}} These three remaining groups will be allowed in Canada by the time the ratification of the trade deal occurs.{{CN|date=March 2014}}

===Self-certification===
Rather than a UN-style system of type approvals, the US and Canadian auto safety regulations operate on the principle of self-certification, wherein the manufacturer or importer of a vehicle or item of motor vehicle equipment certifies — i.e., asserts and promises — that the vehicle or equipment complies with all applicable Federal or Canada Motor Vehicle Safety, bumper and antitheft standards. No prior verification is required by a governmental agency or authorised testing entity before the vehicle or equipment can be imported, sold, or used. If reason develops to believe the certification was
false or improper — i.e., that the vehicle or equipment does not in fact comply — then authorities may conduct tests and, if a noncompliance is found, order a recall and/or other corrective and/or punitive measures. Vehicle and equipment makers are permitted to appeal such penalties by filing petitions for finding of ''noncompliance inconsequential to safety''.

==Regulatory differences==
[[Image:Citroen Headlamps - Euro vs US.jpg|thumb|left|A comparison of European (top) and US (bottom) headlamp configuration on similar-year [[Citroën DS]] cars]]
Historically, one of the most conspicuous differences between UN and US regulations was the design and performance of [[headlamp]]s. The [[Citroën DS]] shown here illustrates the large differences in headlamps during the 1940-1983 era when US regulations required [[sealed beam]] headlamps.

It is not currently possible to produce a single car design that fully meets both UN and US requirements simultaneously,{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} but it is growing easier as both sets of regulations evolve. Given the size of the US vehicle market, and differing [[marketing]] strategies in North America vs. the rest of the world, many manufacturers produce vehicles in three versions: North American, rest-of-world [[Driving on the left or right|right-hand drive]] (RHD) and rest-of-world [[left-hand-drive]] (LHD).{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}

==1998 Agreement==
The "Agreement concerning the Establishing of Global Technical Regulations for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be fitted and/or be used on Wheeled Vehicles", or 1998 Agreement, is a subsequent agreement. Following its mission to harmonize vehicle regulations, the UNECE solved the main issues (Administrative Provisions for Type approval opposed to self-certification and mutual recognition of Type Approvals) preventing non-signatory Countries to the 1958 Agreement to fully participate to its activities.

The 1998 Agreement is born to produce meta regulations called Global Technical Regulations without administrative procedures for type approval and so, without the principle of mutual recognition of Type Approvals. The 1998 Agreement stipulates that Contracting Parties will establish, by consensus vote, United Nations Global Technical Regulations (UN GTRs) in a UN Global Registry. The UN GTRs contain globally harmonized performance requirements and test procedures. Each UN GTR contains extensive notes on its development. The text includes a record of the technical rationale, the research sources used, cost and benefit considerations, and references to data consulted. The Contracting Parties use their nationally established rulemaking processes when transposing UN GTRs into their national legislation. The 1998 Agreement currently has 33 Contracting Parties and 14 UN GTRs that have been established into the UN Global Registry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29glob_registry.html |title=Global Technical Regulations(GTRs)of UNECE |format= |date= |accessdate=2014-02-05}}</ref>

==OICA==
[[Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles]] (OICA) hosts on its web site the working documents from various United Nations expert groups including World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oica.net/category/worldwide-harmonization/un-expert-group-documents |title=OICA un-expert-group-documents |publisher=Oica.net |date= |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Vehicle regulation]]
*[[Car safety]]
*[[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration]]
*[[Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards]]
*[[Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108]]
*[[Automotive lighting]]
*[[Headlamps]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ib-lenhardt.com/en/services.php IB-Lenhardt - Your Partner for Worldwide Testing, Type Approval, Homologation, Certification Services, Radar (24GHz, 77GHz, 79GHz), WLAN (2,4GHz, 3GHz, 5 GHz, 10GHz)]
*[http://www.unece.org/trans/main/welcwp29.htm UN Regulations]
*[http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29pub.html World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) – How It Works, How to Join It]
*[http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/WP29-FAQ-2005.pdf World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations FAQ]

{{DEFAULTSORT:World Forum For Harmonization Of Vehicle Regulations}}
[[Category:Automotive technologies]]
[[Category:Car safety]]
[[Category:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]]

Benutzer:Rogi.Official/Artikel/Werkstatt/Missachtung des Gerichts

2014-04-26T09:15:19Z

Int21h: /* United States */ as prerogative of the court, no right to jury trial, criticism

{{pp-move-indef}}
'''Contempt of court''', often referred to simply as "contempt," is the offense of being disobedient to or disrespectful of a court of law and its officers in the form of behavior that opposes or defies the authority, justice, and dignity of the court.<ref>http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/contempt?q=contempt</ref><ref>http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Contempt+of+Court West's Encyclopedia of American Law</ref> It manifests itself in willful disregard of or disrespect for the authority of a court of law, which is often behavior that is illegal because it does not obey or respect the rules of a law court.<ref>http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/contempt-of-court</ref><ref>http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/contempt_2</ref>

As explained in the People's Law Dictionary by Gerald and Kathleen Hill, "there are essentially two types of contempt: (1) being rude, disrespectful to the judge or other attorneys or causing a disturbance in the courtroom, particularly after being warned by the judge; (2) willful failure to obey an order of the court."<ref>http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=325</ref> Contempt proceedings are especially used to enforce equitable remedies, such as injunctions.<ref name="Myth">{{cite journal |url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2330050 |title=The Myth of the Mild Declaratory Judgment |volume=63 |page=1091 |journal=[[Duke Law Journal]]|first=Samuel |last=Bray|date=2014 |accessdate=3 April 2014}}</ref>

When a court decides that an action constitutes contempt of court, it can issue a [[court order]] that in the context of a court [[Trial (law)|trial]] or [[Hearing (law)|hearing]] declares a person or organization to have disobeyed or been disrespectful of the [[court]]'s authority, called "found" or "held in contempt," this is the [[judge]]'s strongest power to impose [[sanctions (law)|sanctions]] for acts that disrupt the court's normal process.

A finding of being in contempt of court may result from a failure to obey a lawful order of a court, showing disrespect for the judge, disruption of the proceedings through poor behaviour, or publication of material deemed likely to jeopardize a [[fair trial]]. A judge may impose sanctions such as a [[Fine (penalty)|fine]] or [[jail]] for someone found guilty of contempt of court. Judges in [[common law]] systems usually have more extensive power to declare someone in contempt than judges in [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] systems. The client or person must be proven to be guilty before he/she will be punished.

==In use today==
Contempt of court is essentially seen as a form of disturbance that may impede the functionality of the court. The judge may impose fines and/or jail time upon any person committing contempt of court. The person is usually let out upon his agreement to fulfill the wishes of the court.<ref>Hill, G. (2008). Contempt of Court. Retrieved April 12, 2008 from , Law.dictionary.com Web site: [http://dictionary.law.com/default2.asp?typed=contempt&type=1&submit1.x=0&submit1.y=0&submit1=Look+up]</ref> Civil contempt can involve acts of omission. The judge will make use of warnings in most situations that may lead to a person being charged with contempt. It is relatively rare that a person is charged for contempt without first receiving at least one warning from the judge.<ref>Hill, G. (2008). Contempt of Court. Retrieved April 12, 2008 from , Law.dictionary.com Web site:
[http://dictionary.law.com/default2.asp?typed=contempt&type=1&submit1.x=0&submit1.y=0&submit1=Look+up]</ref> Constructive contempt, also called consequential contempt is when a person fails to fulfill the will of the court as it applies to outside obligations of the person. In most cases, constructive contempt is considered to be in the realm of civil contempt because of its passive nature.

Indirect contempt is something that is associated with civil and constructive contempt and involves a failure to follow court orders. Criminal contempt includes anything that could be called a disturbance such as repeatedly talking out of turn, bringing forth previously banned evidence, or harassment of any other party in the courtroom.<ref>Hill, G. (2008). Contempt of Court. Retrieved April 12, 2008 from , Law.dictionary.com Web site: [http://dictionary.law.com/default2.asp?typed=contempt&type=1&submit1.x=0&submit1.y=0&submit1=Look+up]</ref> Direct contempt is an unacceptable act in the presence of the judge (in facie curiae), and generally begins with a warning, and may be accompanied by an immediate imposition of punishment. [[Yawning]] in some cases can be considered contempt of court.<ref>{{citation|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/20/local/me-yawn20|title=Sleepy Juror Gets Rude Awakening|author=Liu, Caitlin|date=April 20, 2005|publisher=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

Contempt of court has a significant impact on journalism in the form of restrictions on court reporting which are set out in statute in the UK.<ref>[http://journalism.winchester.ac.uk Media Law Web, Winchester University,UK (2009)Web site]</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2013}}

===Australia===
In [[Australia]] a judge may impose a fine or jail. <ref>[http://www.thenewsmanual.net/Resources/medialaw_in_australia_03.html]</ref>

===Canada===
Criminal offences are found within the [[Criminal Code of Canada]] or other federal/provincial laws, with the exception that contempt of court is the only remaining [[common law offence]] in Canada.<ref>[http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/legal_compendium/Chapter22.asp A Compendium of Law and Judges]</ref>

Contempt of Court includes the following behaviours:
* Fails to maintain a respectful attitude, remain silent or refrain from showing approval or disapproval of the proceeding
* Refuses or neglects to obey a subpoena
* Willfully disobeys a process or order of the Court
* Interfere with the orderly administration of justice or to impair the authority or dignity of the Court
* Officer of the Court fails to perform his or her duties
* Sheriff and/or bailiff does not execute a writ forthwith or does not make a return thereof

====Canadian Federal courts====
''This section applies only to [[Federal Court of Appeal]] and [[Federal Court (Canada)|Federal Court]].''

Under Federal Court Rules, Rules 466, and Rule 467 a person who is accused of Contempt needs to be first served with a contempt order and then appear in court to answer the charges. Convictions can only be made when proof beyond a reasonable doubt is achieved.<ref>[http://reports.fja.gc.ca/regles/partie12.html Federal Court Rules Chapter 12]</ref>

If it is a matter of urgency or the contempt was done in front of a judge, that person can be punished immediately. Punishment can range from the person being imprisoned for a period of less than five years or until the person complies with the order or fine.

====Tax Court of Canada====
Under [[Tax Court of Canada]] Rules of ''Tax Court of Canada Act'', a person who is found to be in contempt may be imprisoned for a period of less than two years or fined. Similar procedures for serving an order first is also used at the Tax Court.

====Provincial courts====
Different procedures exist for different provincial courts. For example, in [[British Columbia]], [[Justice of Peace]] can only issue summon to the offender for Contempt, for which will be dealt with by a judge, even if the offence was done at the face of the Justice.<ref>[http://www.qp.gov.bc.ca/statreg/stat/P/96379_01.htm#section31 Provincial Court Act Jurisdiction of justice]</ref>

===Hong Kong===
Judges from the [[Court of Final Appeal (Hong Kong)|Court of Final Appeal]], [[High Court (Hong Kong)|High Court]], [[District Court (Hong Kong)|District Courts]] along with members from the various tribunals and Coroner's Court all have the power to impose immediate punishments for contempt in the face of the court, derived from legislation or through [[common law]]:

* Insult a judge or justice, witness or [[officers of the court]]
* Interrupts the proceedings of the Court
* Interfere with the course of justice
* Misbehaves in court (i.e., use of [[mobile phone]] or recording devices without permission)
* [[Juror]] who leaves without permission of the court during proceedings
* Disobeying a judgment or court order
* Breach of undertaking
* Breach of a duty imposed upon a solicitor by rules of court

The use of insulting or threatening language in the [[magistrates' court (Hong Kong)|magistrates' courts]] or against a magistrate is in breach of HK Laws. Chap 227 ''Magistrates Ordinance'' Section 99 which states the magistrate can 'summarily sentence the offender to a fine at level 3 and to imprisonment for 6 months.

In addition, certain appeal boards are given the statutory authority for contempt by them (i.e., Residential Care Home, Hotel and Guesthouse Accommodation, Air Pollution Control, etc.). For contempt in front of these boards, the chairperson will certify the act of contempt to the [[Court of First Instance (Hong Kong)|Court of First Instance]] who will then proceed with a hearing and determine the punishment.

===India===
In India contempt of court is of two types:

1. Civil Contempt
Under Section 2(b) of the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, civil contempt has been defined as wilful disobedience to any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other process of a court or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court.

2. Criminal Contempt
Under Section 2(c) of the Contempt of Courts Act of 1971, criminal contempt has been defined as the publication (whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which:
(i) Scandalises or tends to scandalise, or lowers or tends to lower the authority of, any court, or
(ii) Prejudices, or interferes or tends to interfere with the due course of any judicial proceeding, or
(iii) Interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the administration of justice in any other manner.
(a) 'High Court' means the high court for a state or a union territory and includes the court of the judicial commissioner in any union territory.

===England===
In [[England|English]] law (a [[common law]] jurisdiction) the law on contempt is partly set out in case law, and partly specified in the [[Contempt of Court Act 1981]]. Contempt may be a [[Crime|criminal]] or [[Civil law (common law)|civil]] offence. The maximum sentence for criminal contempt is two years.

Disorderly, contemptuous, or insolent behaviour toward the judge or magistrates while holding the court, tending to interrupt the due course of a trial or other judicial proceeding, may be prosecuted as "direct" contempt. The term "direct" means that the court itself cites the person in contempt by describing the behaviour observed on the record. Direct contempt is distinctly different from indirect contempt, wherein another individual may file papers alleging contempt against a person who has willfully violated a lawful court order.

====Criminal contempt of court====
The [[Crown Court]] is a [[Superior court|superior court of record]] under the [[Senior Courts Act 1981]] and accordingly has power to punish for contempt of its own motion. The [[Divisional Court (England and Wales)|Divisional Court]] has stated that this power applies in three circumstances:

# Contempt "in the face of the court" (not to be taken literally; the judge does not need to see it, provided it took place within the court precincts or relates to a case currently before that court);
# Disobedience of a court order; and
# Breaches of undertakings to the court.

Where it is necessary to act quickly the judge (even the trial judge) may act to sentence for contempt.

Where it is not necessary to be so urgent, or where indirect contempt has taken place the [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney General]] can intervene and the [[Crown Prosecution Service]] will institute criminal proceedings on his behalf before a Divisional Court of the [[Queen's Bench Division]] of the [[High Court of Justice of England and Wales]].

[[Magistrates' court (England and Wales)|Magistrates' court]]s are not superior courts of record, but nonetheless have powers granted under the [[Contempt of Court Act 1981]]. They may detain any person who insults the court or otherwise disrupts its proceedings until the end of the sitting. Upon the contempt being either admitted or proved the judge or [[Justice of the peace|JP]] may imprison the offender for a maximum of one month, fine them up to [[Pound sterling|GBP]] £2,500, or do both.

It is contempt of court to bring an audio recording device or picture-taking device of any sort into an English court without the consent of the court.

It is not contempt of court (under section 10 of the Act) for a journalist to refuse to disclose his sources, unless the court has considered the evidence available and determined that the information is "necessary in the interests of justice or national security or for the prevention of disorder or crime."

====Strict liability contempt====
Under the Contempt of Court Act 1981 it is criminal contempt of court to publish anything which creates a real risk that the course of justice in proceedings may be seriously impaired. It only applies where proceedings are active, and the [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney General]] has issued guidance as to when he believes this to be the case, and there is also statutory guidance. The clause prevents the newspapers and media from publishing material that is too extreme or sensationalist about a criminal case until the trial is over and the jury has given its verdict.

Section 2 of the Act limits the [[common law]] presumption that conduct may be treated as contempt regardless of intention: now only cases where there is a substantial risk of serious prejudice to a trial are affected.

====Civil contempt====
In civil proceedings there are two main ways in which contempt is committed:

# Failure to attend at court despite a [[subpoena]] requiring attendance. In respect of the High Court, historically a [[writ]] of [[latitat]] would have been issued, but now a [[bench warrant]] is issued, authorizing the [[tipstaff]] to arrange for the arrest of the individual, and imprisonment until the date and time the court appoints to next sit. In practice a groveling letter of apology to the court is sufficient to ward off this possibility, and in any event the warrant is generally 'backed for bail'—i.e., [[bail]] will be granted once the arrest has been made and a location where the person can be found in future established.{{citation needed|date=May 2011}}
# Failure to comply with a court order. A copy of the order, with a "penal notice"—i.e., notice informing the recipient that if they do not comply they are subject to imprisonment—is served on the person concerned. If, after that, they breach the order, proceedings can be started and in theory the person involved can be sent to prison. In practice this rarely happens as the cost on the claimant of bringing these proceedings is significant and in practice imprisonment is rarely ordered as an apology or fine are usually considered appropriate.

===United States===
Under the United States [[jurisprudence]], acts of contempt are divided into direct or indirect and civil or criminal. Direct contempt occurs in the presence of a judge; civil contempt is "coercive and remedial" as opposed to punitive. In the United States, relevant statutes include {{usc|18|401|403}} and [[Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure]] 42.<ref>[Doyle C. (2010). [https://opencrs.com/document/RL34303/2010-11-05/ Obstruction of Justice: An Overview of Some of the Federal Statutes That Prohibit Interference with Judicial, Executive, or Legislative Activities]. ''Congressional Research Service.</ref>

# '''Direct contempt''' is that which occurs in the presence of the presiding judge (''in facie curiae'') and may be dealt with summarily: the judge notifies the offending party that he or she has acted in a manner which disrupts the tribunal and prejudices the administration of justice. After giving the person the opportunity to respond, the judge may impose the sanction immediately.
# '''Indirect contempt''' occurs outside the immediate presence of the court and consists of disobedience of a court's prior order. Generally a party will be accused of indirect contempt by the party for whose benefit the order was entered. A person cited for indirect contempt is entitled to notice of the charge and an opportunity for hearing of the evidence of contempt and, since there is no written procedure, may or may not be allowed to present evidence in rebuttal.

Contempt of court in a [[civil suit]] is generally not considered to be a criminal offense, with the party benefiting from the order also holding responsibility for the enforcement of the order. However, some cases of civil contempt have been perceived as intending to harm the reputation of the plaintiff, or to a lesser degree, the judge or the court.

Sanctions for contempt may be criminal or civil. If a person is to be punished criminally, then the contempt must be proven beyond a [[Legal burden of proof|reasonable doubt]], but once the charge is proven, then punishment (such as a [[Fine (penalty)|fine]] or, in more serious cases, imprisonment) is imposed unconditionally. The civil sanction for contempt (which is typically incarceration in the custody of the [[Sheriffs in the United States|sheriff]] or similar court officer) is limited in its imposition for so long as the disobedience to the court's order continues: once the party complies with the court's order, the sanction is lifted. The imposed party is said to "hold the keys" to his or her own cell, thus conventional [[due process of law|due process]] is not required. The [[Legal burden of proof|burden of proof]] for civil contempt, however, is a [[preponderance of the evidence]], and theoretically punitive sanctions (punishment) can only be imposed after due process but the due process is unpublished.

In civil contempt cases there is no [[Proportionality (law)|principle of proportionality]]. In ''[[Chadwick v. Janecka]]'' (3d Cir. 2002), a U.S. court of appeals held that [[H. Beatty Chadwick]] could be held indefinitely under federal law, for his failure to produce US$ 2.5 mill. as state court ordered in a civil trial. Chadwick had been imprisoned for nine years at that time and continued to be held in prison until 2009, when a state court set him free after 14 years, making his imprisonment the longest on a contempt charge to date.

Civil contempt is only appropriate when the imposed party has the power to comply with the underlying order.<ref>{{cite web|title=See In re Marciano|url=http://www.protectyou.com/blog/case-law/in-re-marciano/|publisher=Westlaw|location=Donlevy-Rosen & Rosen, P.A.}}</ref> Controversial contempt rulings have periodically arisen from cases involving [[asset protection]] trusts, where the court has ordered a settlor of an asset protection trust to repatriate assets so that the assets may be made available to a creditor.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Importance of Proper APT Design & Counsel|url=http://protectyou.com/1998/10/the-importance-of-a-property-asset-protection-design/|publisher=The Asset Protection News|author=Howard Rosen|coauthors=Patricia Donlevy-Rosen}}</ref> A court cannot maintain an order of contempt where the imposed party does not have the ability to comply with the underlying order. This claim when made by the imposed party is known as the "[[impossibility defense]]".<ref>{{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Sam|title=In re Marciano - an analysis of the impossibility defense in contempt|url=http://www.protectyou.com/blog/in-re-marciano-an-analysis-of-the-impossibility-defense-in-contempt/|publisher=Donlevy-Rosen & Rosen, P.A.}}</ref>

Contempt of court is considered a [[prerogative]] of the court, and "the requirement of a jury does not apply to 'contempts committed in disobedience of any lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree, or command entered in any suit or action brought or prosecuted in the name of, or on behalf of, the United States'".<ref>''[[United States v. Barnett]]'', {{ussc|376|681|1964}}</ref>

The United States Marshals Service is the agency component that first holds all federal prisoners. It uses the Prisoner Population Management System /Prisoner Tracking System. The only types of records that are disclosed as being in the system are those of "federal prisoners who are in custody pending criminal proceedings." The records of "alleged civil contempors" are not listed in the Federal Register as being in the system leading to a potential claim for damages under The Privacy Act, {{usc|5|552a(e)(4)(I)}}.<ref>Federal Register on November 8, 1999 in Vol. 64, No. 215
page 60836 a “Revised Notice regarding its Prisoner Tracking System”</ref><ref>http://www.justice.gov/opcl/privstat.htm</ref>

====News media in the United States====
In the United States, because of the broad protections granted by the [[First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States|First Amendment]], with extremely limited exceptions, unless the media outlet is a party to the case, a media outlet cannot be found in contempt of court for reporting about a case because a court cannot order the media in general not to report on a case or forbid it from reporting facts discovered publicly.<ref>''[[Nebraska Press Assn. v. Stuart]]'', [[case citation|427 U.S. 539]] (1976)</ref> Newspapers cannot be closed because of their content.<ref>''[[Near v. Minnesota]]'', 283 U.S. 697 (1931)</ref>

====Criticism====
There have been criticisms over the practice of trying contempt from the bench. In particular, [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] Justice [[Hugo Black]] wrote in a dissent, "It is high time, in my judgment, to wipe out root and branch the judge-invented and judge-maintained notion that judges can try criminal contempt cases without a jury."<ref>''[[Callan v. Wilson]]'', {{ussc|127|540|1888}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Law}}
*[[Contempt of Congress]]
*[[Contempt of Parliament]]
*[[Contumacy]]
*[[Judicial discretion]]
*[[Perjury]]
*[[Perverting the course of justice]]
*[[Obstruction of justice]]
*[[Offence of scandalizing the court in Singapore]]

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Literature==
*Scarce, Rik. "Contempt of Court: A Scholar's Battle for Free Speech from behind Bars" (2005) (ISBN 0759106436).

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wiktionary|contempt of court}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Contempt Of Court}}
[[Category:Abuse of the legal system]]
[[Category:Common law]]
[[Category:Civil law (common law)]]
[[Category:Legal procedure]]
[[Category:Common law offences in England and Wales]]
{{Refimprove|date=September 2010}}

Federal Register

2014-04-19T05:40:18Z

Int21h: {{US Administrative law}}

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies. It is a daily (except [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]s) publication.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to think aloud to the people, and also serves as official journal of record for the approved [[Act of Congress|act]]s of the U.S. Government. The notice and comment process outlined in the ''Federal Register'' gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to give [[due diligence]] to these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (petitions by agencies for assistance in rulemaking and other proposals)
* Notices (scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public, grant applications, and administrative orders)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back copies of ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently, a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to ''Federal Register'' publications related to rule-making and was further enhanced in 2005 with the launch of the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS). Through FDMS, the public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal departments and agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
Other than paid copies or subscriptions, people may obtain ''Federal Register'' contents from commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]]{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> and was further enlarged and amended by the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] of 1946.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
*[[Regulations.gov]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58-64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

{{US Administrative law}}

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Government databases in the United States]]
[[Category:Online law databases]]

Federal Register

2014-03-30T22:40:29Z

Int21h: mv History section to bottom

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies. It is a daily (except [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]s) publication.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to think aloud to the people, and also serves as official journal of record for the approved [[Act of Congress|act]]s of the U.S. Government. The notice and comment process outlined in the ''Federal Register'' gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to give [[due diligence]] to these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (petitions by agencies for assistance in rulemaking and other proposals)
* Notices (scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public, grant applications, and administrative orders)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back copies of ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently, a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to ''Federal Register'' publications related to rule-making and was further enhanced in 2005 with the launch of the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS). Through FDMS, the public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal departments and agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
Other than paid copies or subscriptions, people may obtain ''Federal Register'' contents from commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]]{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> and was further enlarged and amended by the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] of 1946.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
*[[Regulations.gov]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58-64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Government databases in the United States]]
[[Category:Online law databases]]

Federal Register

2014-03-28T14:52:58Z

Int21h: add cat

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies. It is a daily (except [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]s) publication.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]]{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> and was further enlarged and amended by the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] of 1946.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to think aloud to the people, and also serves as official journal of record for the approved [[Act of Congress|act]]s of the U.S. Government. The notice and comment process outlined in the ''Federal Register'' gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to give [[due diligence]] to these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (petitions by agencies for assistance in rulemaking and other proposals)
* Notices (scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public, grant applications, and administrative orders)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back copies of ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently, a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to ''Federal Register'' publications related to rule-making and was further enhanced in 2005 with the launch of the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS). Through FDMS, the public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal departments and agencies to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings.

In April 2009, [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for ''Federal Register'' articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010, the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011, the Federal Register announced a new application programming interface (API) to facilitate programmatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful, utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
Other than paid copies or subscriptions, people may obtain ''Federal Register'' contents from commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

==See also==
*[[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
*[[Regulations.gov]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58-64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]
[[Category:Government databases in the United States]]
[[Category:Online law databases]]

Federal Register

2014-03-12T05:29:50Z

Int21h: /* Free sources */ rm challenged

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies. It is a daily (except [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]s) publication.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]]{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> and was further enlarged and amended by the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] of 1946.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to think aloud to the people, and also serves as official journal of record for the approved [[Act of Congress|act]]s of the U.S. Government. The notice and comment process outlined in the ''Federal Register'' gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to give [[due diligence]] to these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (petitions by agencies for assistance in rulemaking and other proposals)
* Notices (scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public, grant applications, and administrative orders)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back copies of ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently, a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to Federal Register publications related to rulemaking and was further enhanced in 2005 with the launch of the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS). Through FDMS, the public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal Departments and Agencies" to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings.

In April, 2009 [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for Federal Register articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010 the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011 the Federal Register announced a new Application Programming Interface (API) to facilitate programatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

=== Paid sources ===
Other than paid copies or subscriptions, people may obtain ''Federal Register'' contents from commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

==See also==
*[[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
*[[Regulations.gov]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58-64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}} from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]

Federal Register

2014-03-06T09:21:39Z

Int21h: /* Format */ use citation explanation from intro

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies. It is a daily (except [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]s) publication.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]]{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> and was further enlarged and amended by the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] of 1946.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to think aloud to the people, and also serves as official journal of record for the approved [[Act of Congress|act]]s of the U.S. Government. The notice and comment process outlined in the ''Federal Register'' gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to give [[due diligence]] to these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (petitions by agencies for assistance in rulemaking and other proposals)
* Notices (scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public, grant applications, and administrative orders)

Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back copies of ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently, a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to Federal Register publications related to rulemaking and was further enhanced in 2005 with the launch of the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS). Through FDMS, the public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal Departments and Agencies" to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings.

In April, 2009 [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for Federal Register articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010 the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011 the Federal Register announced a new Application Programming Interface (API) to facilitate programatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

Some older material is available from the [[Internet Archive]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} Most of it is scanned from microfilm and has two pages per "page". Page ranges for each item are not shown, but volume numbers and date ranges are, so items cited in the "''volume'' FR ''page'' (''date'')" style will be reasonably easy to find using a simple search and some basic arithmetic.

=== Paid sources ===
Other than paid copies or subscriptions, people may obtain ''Federal Register'' contents from commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

==See also==
*[[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
*[[Regulations.gov]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58-64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
*[http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/ Official website] from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]

Federal Register

2014-03-06T09:15:08Z

Int21h: fold Further reading material into References section

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies. It is a daily (except [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]s) publication.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]]{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> and was further enlarged and amended by the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] of 1946.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to think aloud to the people, and also serves as official journal of record for the approved [[Act of Congress|act]]s of the U.S. Government. The notice and comment process outlined in the ''Federal Register'' gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to give [[due diligence]] to these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (petitions by agencies for assistance in rulemaking and other proposals)
* Notices (scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public, grant applications, and administrative orders)

The citation "44 FR 33238" refers to "''Federal Register'', volume 44, page 33,238."

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back copies of ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently, a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to Federal Register publications related to rulemaking and was further enhanced in 2005 with the launch of the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS). Through FDMS, the public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal Departments and Agencies" to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings.

In April, 2009 [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for Federal Register articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010 the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011 the Federal Register announced a new Application Programming Interface (API) to facilitate programatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

Some older material is available from the [[Internet Archive]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} Most of it is scanned from microfilm and has two pages per "page". Page ranges for each item are not shown, but volume numbers and date ranges are, so items cited in the "''volume'' FR ''page'' (''date'')" style will be reasonably easy to find using a simple search and some basic arithmetic.

=== Paid sources ===
Other than paid copies or subscriptions, people may obtain ''Federal Register'' contents from commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

==See also==
*[[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
*[[Regulations.gov]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58-64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}


==External links==
*[http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/ Official website] from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]

Federal Register

2014-03-06T09:12:42Z

Int21h: /* Contents */ mv sentence

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies. It is a daily (except [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]s) publication.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]]{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> and was further enlarged and amended by the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] of 1946.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to think aloud to the people, and also serves as official journal of record for the approved [[Act of Congress|act]]s of the U.S. Government. The notice and comment process outlined in the ''Federal Register'' gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' also constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to give [[due diligence]] to these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (petitions by agencies for assistance in rulemaking and other proposals)
* Notices (scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public, grant applications, and administrative orders)

The citation "44 FR 33238" refers to "''Federal Register'', volume 44, page 33,238."

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back copies of ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently, a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to Federal Register publications related to rulemaking and was further enhanced in 2005 with the launch of the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS). Through FDMS, the public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal Departments and Agencies" to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings.

In April, 2009 [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for Federal Register articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010 the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011 the Federal Register announced a new Application Programming Interface (API) to facilitate programatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

Some older material is available from the [[Internet Archive]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} Most of it is scanned from microfilm and has two pages per "page". Page ranges for each item are not shown, but volume numbers and date ranges are, so items cited in the "''volume'' FR ''page'' (''date'')" style will be reasonably easy to find using a simple search and some basic arithmetic.

=== Paid sources ===
Other than paid copies or subscriptions, people may obtain ''Federal Register'' contents from commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

==See also==
*[[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
*[[Regulations.gov]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==

* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58-64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}

==External links==
*[http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/ Official website] from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]

Federal Register

2014-03-01T07:07:33Z

Int21h: /* Contents */ reorder

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies. It is a daily (except [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]s) publication.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]]{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> and was further enlarged and amended by the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] of 1946.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==Contents==
In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to think aloud to the people, and also serves as official journal of record for the approved [[Act of Congress|act]]s of the U.S. Government. The notice and comment process outlined in the ''Federal Register'' gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]].

The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule is published in the ''Federal Register''. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to give [[due diligence]] to these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (petitions by agencies for assistance in rulemaking and other proposals)
* Notices (scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public, grant applications, and administrative orders)

The citation "44 FR 33238" refers to "''Federal Register'', volume 44, page 33,238."

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back copies of ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently, a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to Federal Register publications related to rulemaking and was further enhanced in 2005 with the launch of the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS). Through FDMS, the public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal Departments and Agencies" to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings.

In April, 2009 [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for Federal Register articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010 the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011 the Federal Register announced a new Application Programming Interface (API) to facilitate programatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

Some older material is available from the [[Internet Archive]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} Most of it is scanned from microfilm and has two pages per "page". Page ranges for each item are not shown, but volume numbers and date ranges are, so items cited in the "''volume'' FR ''page'' (''date'')" style will be reasonably easy to find using a simple search and some basic arithmetic.

=== Paid sources ===
Other than paid copies or subscriptions, people may obtain ''Federal Register'' contents from commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

==See also==
*[[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
*[[Regulations.gov]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==

* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58-64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}

==External links==
*[http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/ Official website] from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]

Federal Register

2014-03-01T07:03:58Z

Int21h: mv info about NPRM into Contents

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies. It is a daily (except [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]s) publication.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]]{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> and was further enlarged and amended by the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] of 1946.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==Contents==
The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to think aloud to the people, and also serves as official journal of record for the approved [[Act of Congress|act]]s of the U.S. Government. The notice and comment process outlined in the ''Federal Register'' gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to give [[due diligence]] to these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject.

A [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule is published in the ''Federal Register''.

Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (petitions by agencies for assistance in rulemaking and other proposals)
* Notices (scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public, grant applications, and administrative orders)

The citation "44 FR 33238" refers to "''Federal Register'', volume 44, page 33,238."

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back copies of ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently, a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to Federal Register publications related to rulemaking and was further enhanced in 2005 with the launch of the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS). Through FDMS, the public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal Departments and Agencies" to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings.

In April, 2009 [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for Federal Register articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010 the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011 the Federal Register announced a new Application Programming Interface (API) to facilitate programatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

Some older material is available from the [[Internet Archive]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} Most of it is scanned from microfilm and has two pages per "page". Page ranges for each item are not shown, but volume numbers and date ranges are, so items cited in the "''volume'' FR ''page'' (''date'')" style will be reasonably easy to find using a simple search and some basic arithmetic.

=== Paid sources ===
Other than paid copies or subscriptions, people may obtain ''Federal Register'' contents from commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

==See also==
*[[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
*[[Regulations.gov]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==

* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58-64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}

==External links==
*[http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/ Official website] from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]

Federal Register

2014-03-01T07:01:14Z

Int21h: mv info about constructive notice out of intro

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Federal Register
| logo =
| image = [[File:FedRegI.JPG||225px|border]]
| caption = Cover
| type = Daily [[government gazette]]
| format =
| owners =
| founder =
| publisher = [[Office of the Federal Register]]
| editor =
| chiefeditor =
| assoceditor =
| maneditor =
| newseditor =
| managingeditordesign =
| campuseditor =
| campuschief =
| opeditor =
| sportseditor =
| photoeditor =
| staff =
| foundation = {{Start date|1935|07|26}}
| political =
| language = English
| ceased publication =
| relaunched =
| headquarters = United States
| circulation =
| sister newspapers =
| ISSN = 0097-6326
| oclc = 436630761
| website = {{URL|http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/}}
| free = {{URL|https://www.federalregister.gov/}}
| dirinteractive =
}}
The '''''Federal Register''''', abbreviated '''FR''' or sometimes '''Fed. Reg.''', is the [[official journal]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies. It is a daily (except [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]]s) publication.

The ''Federal Register'' is compiled by the [[Office of the Federal Register]] (within the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]) and is printed by the [[Government Printing Office]]. The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and [[Codification (law)|codified]] in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

There are no [[copyright]] restrictions on the ''Federal Register''; as a [[Copyright status of work by the U.S. government|work of the U.S. government]], it is in the [[public domain]].<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|2|6}}; "Any person may reproduce or republish, without restriction, any material appearing in any regular or special edition of the Federal Register."</ref> Citations from the ''Federal Register'' are [volume] FR [page number] ([date]), ''e.g.'', 65 FR 741 (Jan. 6, 2000).

== History ==
The ''Federal Register'' system of publication was created on July 26, 1935 under the [[Federal Register Act]]{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}<ref>{{USStatute|74|220|49|500|1935|07|26}}. {{Usc-title-chap|44|15}}.</ref> and was further enlarged and amended by the [[Administrative Procedure Act]] of 1946.<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode|5|551}}</ref> The first issue of the ''Federal Register'' was published on March 16, 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/history.pdf|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|title=A Brief History Commemorating the 70th Anniversary of the Publication of the First Issue of the Federal Register March 14, 1936|accessdate=13 February 2014}}</ref>

==Contents==
The ''Federal Register'' is the main source for the U.S. federal government agencies':

* Proposed new rules and [[regulation]]s
* Final rules
* Changes to existing rules
* Notices of meetings and adjudicatory proceedings
* Presidential documents including Executive orders, proclamations and administrative orders.

In essence, the ''Federal Register'' is a way for the government to think aloud to the people, and also serves as official journal of record for the approved [[Act of Congress|act]]s of the U.S. Government. The notice and comment process outlined in the ''Federal Register'' gives the people a chance to participate in agency [[rulemaking]]. Any agency proposing a rule in the ''Federal Register'' must provide contact information for people and organizations interested in making comments to the agencies and the agencies are required to give [[due diligence]] to these concerns when it publishes its final rule on the subject. Publication of documents in the ''Federal Register'' constitutes [[constructive notice]], and its contents are [[judicial notice|judicially noticed]].{{sfn|Kohlmetz|1948|p=58}}

The ''[[United States Government Manual]]'' is published as a special edition of the Federal Register. Its focus is on programs and activities.<ref>{{CodeFedReg|1|9|1}}</ref>

== Format ==
Each daily issue of the ''Federal Register'' is organized into four categories:

* Presidential Documents ([[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]s and [[proclamation]]s)
* Rules and Regulations (policy statements and interpretations of rules by federal agencies)
* Proposed Rules (petitions by agencies for assistance in rulemaking and other proposals)
* Notices (scheduled hearings and meetings open to the public, grant applications, and administrative orders)

The citation "44 FR 33238" refers to "''Federal Register'', volume 44, page 33,238." The published notice, called a [[Notice of Proposed Rulemaking]] (or "NPRM") typically requests public comment on a proposed rule, and provides notice of any public meetings where a proposed rule will be discussed. The public comments are considered by the issuing [[government agencies|government agency]], and the text of a final rule is published in the ''Federal Register''.

The final rules promulgated by a federal agency and published in the ''Federal Register'' are ultimately reorganized by topic or subject matter and re-published (or "codified") in the ''[[Code of Federal Regulations]]'' (CFR), which is updated annually.

== Availability ==
To purchase current or back copies of ''Federal Register'', one may contact the U.S. Government Printing Office. In each issue of the ''Federal Register'', there is a subscription page. Currently, a year's subscription rate within the U.S. is US$929. Each individual issue may be priced from $11 to $33 depending on its pages. Virtually every [[law library]] associated with an [[American Bar Association]]–accredited law school will also have a set, as will [[Federal depository library|federal depository libraries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp|title=FDLP Library Directory|work=Catalog of U.S. Government Publications}}</ref>

=== Free sources ===
The ''Federal Register'' has been available online since 1994. [[Federal Depository Library Program|Federal depository libraries]] within the U.S. also receive copies of the text, either in [[paper]] or [[microfiche]] format. Outside the U.S., some major libraries may also carry the ''Federal Register''.

As part of the Federal E-Government eRulemaking Initiative, the web site [[Regulations.gov]] was established in 2003 to enable easy public access to Federal Register publications related to rulemaking and was further enhanced in 2005 with the launch of the [[Federal Docket Management System]] (FDMS). Through FDMS, the public can use Regulations.gov to access entire rulemaking dockets from participating Federal Departments and Agencies" to include providing on-line comments directly to those responsible for drafting the rulemakings.

In April, 2009 [[Citation Technologies]] created a free, searchable website for Federal Register articles dating from 1996 to the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.federalregister.com|title=Federal Register – Rules, notices, proposed rules|work=FederalRegister.com}}</ref>

[http://govpulse.us GovPulse.us], a finalist in the Sunlight Foundation's Apps for America 2,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunlightlabs.com/contests/appsforamerica2/|title=Apps for America 2: The Data.gov Challenge|work=Sunlight Labs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> provides a web 2.0 interface to the ''Federal Register'', including sparklines of agency activity and maps of current rules.

On July 25, 2010 the [http://federalregister.gov Federal Register 2.0] website went live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2010/07/26/meet-the-new-federal-register/|title=Meet the New Federal Register|work=Sunlight Foundation|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref> The new website is a collaboration between the developers who created GovPulse.us, the [[Government Printing Office]] and the [[National Archives and Records Administration]].

On August 1, 2011 the Federal Register announced a new Application Programming Interface (API) to facilitate programatic access to the Federal Register content. The API is fully RESTful utilizing the [[HATEOAS]] architecture with results delivered in the JSON format. Details are available at the [http://federalregister.gov/learn/developers developers page] and Ruby and Python client libraries are available.

Some older material is available from the [[Internet Archive]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} Most of it is scanned from microfilm and has two pages per "page". Page ranges for each item are not shown, but volume numbers and date ranges are, so items cited in the "''volume'' FR ''page'' (''date'')" style will be reasonably easy to find using a simple search and some basic arithmetic.

=== Paid sources ===
Other than paid copies or subscriptions, people may obtain ''Federal Register'' contents from commercial databases:
* [[Citation Technologies]] offers the complete Federal Register and Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) through subscription-based web portals such as [[CyberRegs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberregs.com/pub/cr/inside-cyberregs/index.htm/|title=Welcome to CyberRegs|work=CyberRegs|accessdate=January 30, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Westlaw]] (January 1, 1981–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|46|1}}. The Unified Agenda and the official English text of the 1980 [[United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods]], which became effective January 1, 1988, are included. Sunshine Act Meeting Notices are not available prior to 1991. Unified Agenda documents are not available prior to October 1989.
* [[LexisNexis]] (July 1, 1980–): Searchable text format since {{USFR|45|44251}}.
* [[HeinOnline]] (1936–): Full coverage available dating back to 1936 in an image-based searchable PDF format.

==See also==
*[[Government gazette]] – for other similar government publications in other countries
*[[Regulations.gov]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==

* {{cite journal|last=Kohlmetz|first=William J.|title=Administrative Law—The Effect of Publication in the Federal Register|journal=[[Marquette Law Review]]|year=1948|volume=32|issue=1|pages=58-64|url=http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol32/iss1/5|ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=About the ''Federal Register''|publisher=Office of the Federal Register|url=http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/the-federal-register/about.html}}
* {{cite web|title=A Research Guide to the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations|first=Richard J.|last=McKinney|date=July 21, 2012|publisher=Law Librarians' Society of Washington, D.C|url=http://www.llsdc.org/fr-cfr-research-guide}}
* {{cite book|title=Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register|first=Maeve P.|last=Carey|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf}}

==External links==
*[http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/ Official website] from the [[Office of the Federal Register]]
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR Federal Register] (official) on [[Federal Digital System|FDsys]] from the [[Government Printing Office]]
*[https://www.federalregister.gov/ Federal Register 2.0] (unofficial) from the Office of the Federal Register
*[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=LSA List of CFR Sections Affected] on FDsys from the Government Printing Office

[[Category:Publications of the United States government]]
[[Category:United States administrative law]]
[[Category:Government gazettes]]