Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Swizzels Matlow

2011-02-18T22:06:50Z

Imc:

[[Image:Swizzels 573279 27f8d787.jpg|thumb|right|The new part by the [[Peak Forest Canal|Upper Peak Forest canal]] in [[New Mills]].]]
'''Swizzels Matlow''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]]-based traditional [[confectionery]] manufacturer.<ref name=love>[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/consumer_goods/article3998031.ece Love Hearts maker Swizzels Matlow keeps clients sweet], Teena Lyons, Times online, 25 May 2008, accessed 3 May 2009</ref>

Their best known sweets include Love Hearts, Double Lollies, Drumsticks, Refreshers (not to be confused with the fizzy sweets made by [[Cadbury plc|Barratt]]), Fizzers and Parma Violets.

==History==
The company began as Matlow Bros. Ltd in a small factory in [[London]] in 1928<ref name=parma>[http://www.how-do.co.uk/north-west-media-news/north-west-marketing-services/love-hearts-for-peppermint-pr-200801141650/ Love Hearts for Peppermint PR], January 2008, accessed May 2009</ref> by Alf and Maurice Matlow. In 1933, they formed Swizzels Limited along with David Dee.<ref name=love/>

In 1940, [[The Blitz]] forced their business to relocate northwards to [[New Mills]], Derbyshire, where it remains. Later, in 1975, they adopted their current title Swizzels Matlow Ltd.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.swizzels-matlow.com/ Official Website]

[[Category:Companies established in 1928]]
[[Category:Companies based in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Confectionery companies of the United Kingdom]]

[[sv:Swizzels Matlow]]

Messum’s

2010-11-11T07:51:56Z

Imc: most well known -> best known

'''Messum's''' is one of the best known [[art gallery|art galleries]] in [[Cork Street]], [[Mayfair]], a street with a concentration of art galleries in [[London]], [[England]]. It was founded by David Messum in 1963 <ref>[http://www.artlondon.net/HTML/Exhibitor_HTML/Messums.html artLONDON], 2005.</ref>. The gallery exhibits British Impressionist, modern and traditional paintings, as well as [[contemporary art]].

Notable artists whose work has been exhibited at the gallery include [[William Bowyer (artist)|William Bowyer]], [[Peter Brown (British artist)|Peter Brown]], [[Derek Gardner]], [[Kurt Jackson]] <ref>[http://www.kurtjackson.co.uk/Kurt_jackson_biography_cv.htm Kurt Jackson — Biography].</ref>, [[Edward Piper]], [[John Piper]] <ref>Musson, John, [http://www.countrylife.co.uk/blogs/property/article/123217/John_and_Edward_Piper.html John and Edward Piper]. ''[[Country Life]]'', 7 June 2007.</ref> and [[Julian Trevelyan]].

Founded by David Messum in 1963, Messum's have been Fine Art dealers for over 40 years; a family firm offering professional expertise and an individual service in the acquisition of fine art. The gallery is renowned for its eye in British painting from the last two centuries, and in particular for pioneering the reappraisal of British Impressionist painters. A series of ground-breaking catalogues in the 1980s culminated in the publication of “British Impressionism, A Garden of Bright Images”, the first overview of the impressionist tradition in Britain. This spirit of discovery continues and the company publishes biannually on its recent acquisitions and research to aid and enlighten the collector.

The gallery also represents some of this country's strongest figurative artists working today and promotes a tradition of fine painting that it sees as the backbone to British art through the centuries. Exhibitions of contemporary artists are almost always on view at our Cork Street gallery, and there are around 10 in the year, each accompanied by a fully illustrated and authoritative catalogue.

The company attends the major Art Fairs in England and in America, and is a member of BADA, SLAD and LAPADA trade affiliations.

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.messums.com/ Messum's website]

{{coord|51.5102|-0.1417|type:landmark_region:GB-WSM|display=title}}

[[Category:1963 establishments]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in London]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Westminster]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Westminster]]

{{UK-art-display-stub}}

Hungersnot in Bengalen 1770

2010-10-31T19:21:43Z

Imc: /* East India Company responsibilities */ Add reference.

{{Infobox famine
| famine_name =
| famine_name_in_local =
| image_1 =
| image_title_1 =
| image_width_1 = (The default image size is 126px or 252px depending on
the number of images. You can use this parameter to override the default
size.)
| image_2 =
| image_title_2 =
| image_width_2 =
| country = India
| location = Bengal
| coordinates = 
| period = 1769-1773
| excess_mortality= 10 million
| from_disease =
| observations = Policy failure
| theory =
| relief = None provided
| food_situation = 
| demographics = Population of Bengal declined by a third
| consequences = Poor legacy of British rule in modern India{{sfn|Heaven|2010|p=1}}
| memorial = 
| preceded = [[Deccan Famine of 1630–32]]
| succeeded = [[Chalisa famine]]
| footnotes = The revenues of British East India Company dropped to £ 174,300 due to the famine. Tax collection was carried out violently to make up for Company loses.{{sfn|Bowen|2002|p=104}}{{#tag:ref|The Company was widely regarded as a pack of bloodsuckers, the [[Whig]] leader Lord Rockingham, calling them guilty of "rapine and oppression" in Bengal.{{sfn|James|2000|pp=51}}|group=fn}}
}}
The '''Bengal famine of 1770''' (Bengali: ৭৬-এর মন্বন্তর, ''Chhiattōrer monnōntór''; lit ''The Famine of '76'') was a catastrophic [[famine]] between 1769 and 1773 (1176 to 1180 in the [[Bengali calendar]]) that affected the lower [[Gangetic plain]] of [[India]]. The famine is estimated to have caused the deaths of 10 million people (one out of three, reducing the population to thirty million in [[Bengal]], which included Bihar and parts of Orissa). The Bengali names derives from its origins in the [[Bangla calendar|Bengali calendar]] year 1176. ("Chhiattōr"- "76"; "monnōntór"- "[[famine]]" in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]).<ref>Mazumdar, Kedarnath, ''Moymonshingher Itihash O Moymonsingher Biboron'', 2005, {{Bn icon}}, pp. 46-53, Anandadhara, 34/8 Banglabazar, Dhaka. </ref>

==Background==
The famine occurred in the territory which was called [[Bengal]], then ruled by the [[British East India Company]]. This territory included modern [[West Bengal]], [[Bangladesh]], and parts of [[Assam]], [[Orissa]], [[Bihar]], and [[Jharkhand]]. It was originally a province of the [[Mughal empire]] from the 16th century and was ruled by a ''[[Nawab]]'', or governor. The Nawab had become effectively independent by the beginning of the 18th century, though in theory was still a tributary power of the Great Mughal in [[Delhi]].

In the 17th century the British East India Company had been given a grant on the town of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] by the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]. At this time the Company was effectively another tributary power of the Mughal. During the following century the company obtained sole trading rights for the province, and went on to become the dominant power in Bengal. In 1757, at the [[battle of Plassey]], the British defeated the-then Nawab [[Siraj Ud Daulah]] and plundered the Bengali treasury. In 1764 their military control was reaffirmed at [[Battle of Buxar|Buxar]]. The subsequent treaty gained them the ''[[Diwan (title)|Diwani]]'', that is, taxation rights: the Company thereby became the de facto ruler of Bengal.

==The famine==
About ten million people<ref>{{cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=The Unseen World and other essays|year=1942|publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC|isbn=0766104249|url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/f/fiske/john/f54u/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dutt|first=Romesh Chunder|title=The economic history of India under early British rule|year=1908|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4BcoAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>, approximately one-third of the population of the affected area, are estimated to have died in the famine. The regions in which the famine occurred included especially the modern [[States and territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]], but the famine also extended into [[Orissa]] and [[Jharkhand]] as well as modern [[Bangladesh]]. Among the worst affected areas were [[Birbhum]] and [[Murshidabad]] in Bengal, and [[Tirhut]], [[Champaran]] and [[Bettiah]] in Bihar.

A partial shortfall in crops, considered nothing out of the ordinary, occurred in 1768 and was followed in late 1769 by more severe conditions. By September 1769 there was a severe drought, and alarming reports were coming in of rural distress. These were, however, ignored by company officers.

By early 1770 there was [[starvation]], and by mid-1770 deaths from starvation were occurring on a large scale. There were also reports of the living feeding on the bodies of the dead in the middle of that year. [[Smallpox]] and other diseases further took their toll of the population. Later in 1770 good [[rainfall]] resulted in a good harvest and the famine abated. However, other shortfalls occurred in the following years, raising the total death toll.

As a result of the famine large areas were depopulated and returned to jungle for decades to come, as the survivors migrated in mass in a search for food. Many cultivated lands were abandoned—much of Birbhum, for instance, returned to jungle and was virtually impassable for decades afterwards. From 1772 on, bands of [[outlaw|bandit]]s and [[criminal|thug]]s became an established feature of Bengal, and were only brought under control by punitive actions in the 1780s.

==East India Company responsibilities==
Fault for the famine is now often ascribed to the [[British East India Company]]'s policies in Bengal.

As a trading body, the first remit of the company was to maximise its profits and with taxation rights the profits to be obtained from Bengal came from [[Land value tax|land tax]] as well as [[Tariff|trade tariffs]]. As lands came under company control, the land tax was typically raised fivefold what it had been – from 10% to up to 50% of the value of the agricultural produce.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dutt|first=Romesh Chunder|title=The economic history of India under early British rule|year=1908|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4BcoAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> In the first years of the rule of the British East India Company, the total land tax income was doubled and most of this revenue flowed out of the country.<ref>Romesh Dutt The Economic History of India under early British Rule (1906)</ref> As the famine approached its height in April of 1770, the Company announced that the land tax for the following year was to be increased by a further 10%.

It is claimed that the destruction of food crops in Bengal to make way for [[opium poppy]] cultivation for export reduced food availability and contributed to the famine.<ref>Chaudhury, ''From Prosperity to Decline: Eighteenth Century Bengal''</ref> However, this claim has been disputed on the grounds that the total area under opium poppy cultivation in the Bengal region constituted less than two percent of all the land.

The company is also criticised for forbidding the "[[hoarding]]" of rice. This prevented traders and dealers from laying in reserves that in other times would have tided the population over lean periods, as well as ordering the farmers to plant indigo instead of rice.

By the time of the famine, [[Monopoly|monopolies]] in grain trading had been established by the company and its agents. The company had no plan for dealing with the grain shortage, and actions were only taken insofar as they affected the mercantile and trading classes. Land revenue decreased by 14% during the affected year, but recovered rapidly (Kumkum Chatterjee). According to McLane, the first governor-general of [[British India]], [[Warren Hastings]], acknowledged "violent" tax collecting after 1771: revenues earned by the Company were higher in 1771 than in 1768. <ref>[http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/F_0015.htm BANGLAPEDIA: Famine]</ref> Globally, the profit of the company increased from fifteen million rupees in 1765 to thirty million in 1777.

== See also ==
*[[List of famines]]
*[[Timeline of major famines in India during British rule]]

==References==
* {{citation
|title=Revenue and Reform: The Indian Problem in British Politics 1757-1773
|last=Bowen
|first=H.V
|isbn=9780521890816
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JThm_6SxG9kC
|year=2002
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
}}
* {{citation
|title=Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India
|first=Lawrence
|last=James
|publisher=Macmillan
|year=2000
|isbn=9780312263829
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=r4MXcT8Tdn0C&dq=Raj:+The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+British+India
}}
* {{citation
|title=The history of British India will serve David Cameron well – as long as he doesn't go on about it
| first=Will
|last=Heaven
|year=2010
|publisher=The Telegraph
|url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/willheaven/100048709/the-history-of-british-india-will-serve-david-cameron-well-as-long-as-he-doesnt-talk-about-it/
|accessdate=October 15, 2010
}}
*[[Brooks Adams]], ''The Laws of Civilizations and Decay. An Essays on History'', New York, 1898
*Kumkum Chatterjee, ''Merchants, Politics and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar: 1733-1820'', [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 1996, ISBN 90-04-10303-1
*Sushil Chaudhury, ''From Prosperity to Decline: Eighteenth Century Bengal'', Manohar Publishers and Distributors, 1999, ISBN 978-8173042973
*[[Romesh Dutt|Romesh Chunder Dutt]], ''The Economic History of India under early British Rule'', [[Routledge]], 2001, ISBN 0-415-24493-5
*John R. McLane, ''Land and Local Kingship in 18th century Bengal'', [[Cambridge University Press]], ISBN 0-521-52654-X
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|group=fn}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/resources_dharampal.html Section VII] from Dharampal, ''India Before British Rule and the Basis for India's Resurgence'', 1998.
*[http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fiske/john/f54u/chapter9.html Chapter IX. The famine of 1770 in Bengal] in John Fiske, ''The Unseen World, and other essays''
*[http://www.bengalweb.com/hist/ History of West Bengal & Calcutta]
*[http://www.newscentralasia.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=798 First World Hegemony and Mass Mortality - from Bengal to Afghanistan and Iraq]
*R.C. Dutt, [http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/dutt/index.html The Economic History of India.]



[[Category:Colonialism]]
[[Category:Famines in India]]

[[Category:History of Bengal]]
[[Category:History of Bihar]]
[[Category:1770 in India]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengal Famine Of 1770}}

[[it:Carestia del Bengala del 1770]]
[[pt:Fome de 1770 em Bengala]]
[[ru:Голод в Бенгалии (1769—1773)]]
[[zh:1770年孟加拉饑荒]]

Labeo rohita

2010-01-21T07:26:38Z

Imc: Simplify usage range.

{{Taxobox | name = Rohu
| image = Labeo rohita.JPG
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Cypriniformes]]
| familia = [[Cyprinidae]]
| genus = ''[[Labeo]]''
| species = '''''L. rohita'''''
| binomial = ''Labeo rohita''
| binomial_authority = [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Hamilton]], 1822
}}

'''''Rohu''''' ('''''Labeo rohita''''', {{lang-bn|রুই}}) is a fish of the carp family ''[[Cyprinidae]]'', found commonly in rivers and freshwater lakes in and around [[South Asia]] and [[South-East Asia]]. It is a herbivore. It is treated as a delicacy in the [[India]]n states of [[Orissa]], [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In fact, the Kayastha community of Uttar Pradesh treats it as one of their most sacred foods: to be eaten on all auspicious occasions.

In Hindi it is called ''rehu'' (''rawas'' is the Indian Salmon, which is quite different). It is called ''rohi'' in [[Oriya language|Oriya]], ''rui'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], ''rou'' in [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]. It popular in [[Thailand]], [[Bangladesh]], northern [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. It is a non-oily/white fish.

[[File:Fried Rohu in Bangladesh.jpg|right|thumb|Fried Rohu dish, [[Bangladesh]].]]
The [[Roe (egg)|roe]] of ''rohu'' is also considered as a delicacy by [[Oriyas]] and [[Bengalis]]. It is deep fried and served hot as an appetizer as part of an Oriya and Bengali meal. It is also stuffed inside [[pointed gourd]] to make ''potoler dolma'' which is considered a delicacy. ''Rohu'' is also served deep fried in [[mustard oil]], as ''kalia'' which is a rich gravy made of concoction of spices and deeply browned onions and ''tok'', where the fish is cooked in a tangy sauce made of [[tamarind]] and mustard. ''Rohu'' is also very popular in Northern India such as in the province of Punjab. It is a specialty of Lahori cuisine in Lahori fried fish where it is prepared with batter and spices. It is also a very popular food fish in [[Iraq]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}.

==Biology==
During the early stages of its lifecycle, it eats mainly [[zooplankton]], but as it grows, it eats more and more [[phytoplankton]], and as a juvenile or adult is a herbivorous column feeder, eating mainly phytoplankton and submerged vegetation. It has modified, thin hair-like [[gill rakers]], suggesting that it feeds by sieving the water.

It is diurnal and generally solitary. It reaches sexual maturity between two and five years. In nature, it spawns in the marginal areas of flooded rivers. When cultured, it does not breed in [[lentic]] environments, so [[induced spawning]] becomes necessary.

==See also==
* [[Fish head curry]]

==References==
* {{ITIS|ID=163681|taxon=Labeo rohita|year=2006|date=30 January}}
*{{FishBase species|genus=Labeo|species=rohita|year=2005|month=November}}

[[Category:Labeo]]
[[Category:Appetizers]]
[[Category:Fish of Pakistan]]

[[bn:রুই]]
[[ca:Labeo rohita]]
[[fr:Labeo rohita]]
[[hi:रोहू मछली]]
[[it:Labeo rohita]]
[[nl:Rohu]]
[[pnb:رعو]]

Dardische Völker

2008-10-07T19:17:25Z

Imc: Undid revision 243462200 by 99.228.164.238 (talk)

The '''Dards''' are an ethnic group predominantly found in [[Afghanistan]], [[Kashmir Valley]], [[Kargil]], and [[Northern Areas (Pakistan)|Northern Areas]] of Pakistan Controlled Kashmir. They are also found in northeastern Afghanistan as well as the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Smaller Dard populations can be found in [[China]].<ref>An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China By [[James S. Olson|James Stuart Olson]], pg.55</ref> The term '''Dard''' is due to [[Herodotus]] who described a land of the ''Dardikae'' the areas of northeastern [[Afghanistan]].

==Geographic distribution==

The term "Dard" is an outdated one that has been used to describe various groups of often unrelated mountain tribesmen who inhabit a region between [[Badakhshan]], Northern [[Pakistan]] and [[Kashmir]]. Although the [[Dardic languages]] do show similarities they are mostly very distinct from one another often living in remote mountain valleys. The cultures of the Dardic peoples are also quite varied but they do share similarities due to their common mountainous environment and intertwined history.

The [[Shina language]] is spoken in Pakistan's [[Northern Areas]] apart from [[Gilgit]] where most of the speakers live, other areas with significant Shina speakers include Punial, Darail, Tangair and [[Astore]] which are located adjacent to the Gilgit region. It is also spoken in Gurez, Drass and Ladakh in the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] region. It has many dialects, most of which are found in [[Pakistan]], including Gilgiti Shina, Astori Shine, Ponyali Shina, Chilasi Shina and Gurezi Shina. The pronunciation of this language is very different. It is very important to make changes in the script of this language to make it easy.

[[Khowar]] is principally spoken in the Pakistani regions of [[Chitral]], [[Yasin]], Gupis, Koh-o-ghizar and [[Ishkoman]]. Many Khowar speakers have migrated and set up colonies in Pakistan's urban centres such as in [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]] and [[Rawalpindi]]. A small number of [[Khowar]] speakers can be found in the adjacent regions of [[Afghanistan]].

Two non-Dardic languages which are spoken in Pakistan are [[Balti language|Balti]], a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language and [[Burushaski language|Burushaski]] a language isolate and still the topic of considerable interest for Pakistani and international linguists.

===Dards in Pakistan===
Most Dardic people(s) reside in the Northern areas and are mainly settled in the north of the country. In ancient times, Pakistan's northern areas plus the adjacent areas of upper [[Swat]], [[Kohistan]], north eastern Afghanistan were referred to as [[Dardistan]], or land of the ''Dards''. The people of the [[Northern Areas]] are mostly of Dardic extract, including the people of [[Chitral District|Chitral]], [[Gilgit]], [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]] and upper [[Swat (Pakistan)|Swat]]. Dards have also migrated heavily and set up colonies in several of Pakistan's major urban centres such as [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Islamabad]] and [[Rawalpindi]].

===Dards in Afghanistan===
There are also Dardic groups in north eastern Afghanistan such as the [[Pashai]] and the Kohistanis. The [[Nuristani]]s were previously considered to be Dards but are today classified as a distinct group. Many Dards are also settled in the capital [[Kabul]] where they form a close social community.

===Dards in Jammu & Kashmir===
Dards also inhabit parts of Jammu and Kashmir. [[Shina]] speaking populations are predominant in Tehsil Gurez, Drass and Dah Hanu areas of Ladakh. The Brokpa who follow the Bon religion are also a Dard group who speak an archaic variety of Shina called Brokpa. The Kashmiri people of the Kashmir valley are also considered a Dardic people.

===Dards in China===
Dardic groups like the [[Burusho]] of the Hunza valley of [[Pakistan]], are found in small numbers in China. Periodically these groups enter [[China]] often for the purposes of business and trade. China has recently invested heavily in Pakistan's [[Northern Areas]] and is the two governments have planned to establish a ''free trade zone'' to further encourage bilateral trade between the two nations as part of the Early Harvest Treaty.<ref>An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China By James Stuart Olson, pg. 55</ref>

==Religion==
The vast majority of Dardic peoples are Muslims ([[Sunni]], [[Shia]] and [[Ismaili]]). The Dards of [[Dah Hanu]] are nominally [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] but also worship their own Pantheon of gods. They have an [[Indo-European people|Indo-European]] appearance in contrast to the predominantly [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] inhabitants of most of [[Ladakh]]/[[Baltistan]] and the Indo-aryan features of most Pakistani [[Punjabi people|Panjabi]]s. They live in very primitive conditions even when judged by the standards of [[Ladakh]]. The [[Kalash]] tribes found in Chitral, are exceptional in having retained their ancestral [[polytheistic]] religion and are protected by the Government of Pakistan.

==Origin==
Parpola (1999) identifies "Proto-Dardic" with "Proto-Rigvedic", suggesting that the Dards are the linguistic descendants of the bearers of proto [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]] culture ca. [[1700 BC]], pointing to features in certain Dardic dialects that continue peculiarities of [[Vedic Sanskrit|Rigvedic Sanskrit]], such as the gerund in ''-tvī'' (p. 189).

==See also==
*[[Demographics of Pakistan]]
*[[Indo-Iranian peoples]]
*[[Indo-Aryans]]
*[[Iranian people]]
*[[Nuristani people]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.mockandoneil.com/dard.htm Dards, Dardistan, and Dardic: an Ethnographic, Geographic, and Linguistic Conundrum]
*Asko Parpola, 'The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European', in Blench and Spriggs (eds), ''Archaeology and Language III'', London and New York (1999).

[[Category:Dardic peoples| ]]
[[Category:Indo-Iranian peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Pre-Islamic heritage of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indo-Scythian peoples]]

Finchley

2006-12-27T23:16:29Z

Imc: /* Culture and sports */ It is not close to Finchley Central station; it is closer to West Finchley. And it has its own article.

{{infobox London place |
| Place= Finchley
| Latitude= 51.599309
| Longitude= -0.18707
| GridReference= TQ255905
| Borough= [[London Borough of Barnet|Barnet]]
| Traditional= [[Middlesex]] (1965)
| PostTown= LONDON
| PostCode= [[London N2|N2]], [[London N3|N3]], [[London N12|N12]]
| DiallingCode= 020
| Constituency= [[Finchley and Golders Green (UK Parliament constituency)|Finchley & Golders Green]]
| GLA= [[Barnet and Camden (London Assembly constituency)|Barnet & Camden]]}}

'''Finchley''' is a place in the [[London Borough of Barnet]], [[London]], [[England]]. Finchley is predominantly a residential area with a number of retail districts.

==Location and divisions==
Situated in the north of London, Finchley is divided into four:

* [[East Finchley]], roughly speaking, the area between [[Highgate]] and the [[A406 road|North Circular Road]], and in postal area N2;
* [[Church End Finchley]], often known as "Finchley Central", the area west of the North Circular Road, centred around Ballards Lane and [[Finchley Central tube station]], and in postal area N3;
* [[West Finchley]], the area around [[West Finchley tube station]], and in postal area N3; and
* [[North Finchley]], the area surrounding Tally-Ho Corner, stretching west to [[Woodside Park]] and the [[Northern Line]], in postal area N12.

'Finchley' should '''not''' be confused with the area of London known as 'Finchley Road' around [[Finchley Road tube station]] in [[Swiss Cottage]], [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]].

==Culture and sports==
The [[Phoenix Cinema]] is one of the oldest purpose-built cinemas in the UK. It has an active local arts scene which is publicised by [[Barnet Borough Arts Council]] with the [[Arts Depot]] based in North Finchley opened in Autumn [[2004]].

Finchley's local football team is [[Wingate & Finchley]] who play in the Southern League Eastern Division. It was founded as a specifically [[Jewish]] football club in [[1946]]. The local rugby team is [http://www.finchleyrfc.co.uk/ Finchley RFC].

Finchley's community orchestra is [http://www.tudorOrchestra.org.uk Tudor Orchestra] which rehearses at Trinity Church Centre N12 close to the Tally Ho bus terminus on Monday nights.

Victoria Park is a park alongside Ballards Lane. It was opened in 1902 and was intended to mark Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee and was Finchley's first Public Park.

==History==
[[Finchley (constituency)|Finchley]] was from [[1959]] to [[1992]] the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]ary [[constituency]] of [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] from [[1979]] to [[1990]].

Since [[1963]] Finchley has been twinned with [[Jinja, Uganda]].

===See also===
*[[Municipal Borough of Finchley]]

==Famous people associated with Finchley==
* [[Fleur Adcock]], poet
* [[Harry Beck]], Designer of the original Tube map
* [[Emma Bunton]], singer
* [[Charles Dickens]], novelist
* [[Samantha Fox]], UK model and singer
* [[Robert Fripp]], musician
* [[Octavia Hill]], social reformer
* [[David Jason]], Actor
* [[Stephen Merchant]], Actor/Director/Writer/Comedian
* [[George Michael]], [[singer]] and [[songwriter]]
* [[Spike Milligan]], comedian often poked fun at Finchley, specifically East Finchley
* [[Eric Morecambe]], comedian
* [[Tim Parks]], novelist (his semi-autobiographical ''Tongues of Flame'' is set in the North Finchley of [[1968]]).
* [[Anna Popplewell]], Movie actress
* [[Will Self]], novelist, reviewer and columnist
* [[Feargal Sharkey]], singer
* [[Jerry Springer]], born at East Finchley Station during the war
* [[Steven Stapleton]], musician
* [[Owen Suffolk]], Australian bush-ranger - born in Finchley
* [[Margaret Thatcher]], Prime Minister.
* [[Terry-Thomas]], actor

===Fictional characters===
* [[Bluebottle (character)|Bluebottle]], a character in the 1950s [[BBC]] radio series ''[[The Goon Show]]'', hails from Finchley.
* In the [[2005 in film|2005]] film ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'', [[Susan Pevensie]] says that she and her siblings, [[Peter Pevensie|Peter]], [[Edmund Pevensie|Edmund]], and [[Lucy Pevensie|Lucy]], are from Finchley, despite no mention of Finchley being made in [[C. S. Lewis]]'s [[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|book]]. Anna Popplewell, the actress who plays Susan, is from Finchley in real life.

==Nearest places==
* [[Highgate]]
* [[Hendon]]
* [[Whetstone, London|Whetstone]]
* [[Woodside Park]]
* [[Golders Green]]
* [[Muswell Hill]]

Nearest [[London Underground|tube]] stations:

* [[East Finchley tube station]]
* [[Finchley Central tube station]]
* [[Mill Hill East tube station]]
* [[West Finchley tube station]]
* [[Woodside Park tube station]]
* [[Totteridge and Whetstone tube station]]

All the above stations are on the [[Northern Line]] of the [[London Underground]] system.

==External links==
*[http://www.michaelpead.co.uk/photography/london/finchley.shtml Michael Pead :: Photos of Finchley] - includes pictures of the new Arts Depot.

{{London Districts}}

[[Category:Barnet]]
[[Category:Districts of London]]

[[fr:Finchley]]
[[no:Finchley]]
[[sv:Finchley]]

Hungersnot in Bengalen 1770

2006-02-16T18:26:25Z

Imc: /* East India Company responsibilities */ Simplify English

The '''Bengal famine of 1770''' was a catastrophic [[famine]] that between [[1769]] and [[1773]] affected the lower [[Gangetic plain]] of [[India]]. The famine is supposed to have caused the deaths of an estimated 10 million people, approximately one-third of the population at the time.

==Background==
The famine occurred in the territory which was called [[Bengal]], then ruled by the [[British East India Company]]. This territory included modern [[West Bengal]], [[Bangladesh]], and parts of [[Assam]], [[Orissa]], [[Bihar]], and [[Jharkhand]]. It was originally a province of the [[Mughal empire]], from the 16th century, and was ruled by a ''[[Nawab]]'', or governor. The Nawab had become effectively independent by the beginning of the 18th century, though in theory was still a tributary power of the Great Mughal in [[Delhi]].

In the 17th century, the British East India Company had been given a grant on the town of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], by the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]. At this time the Company was effectively another tributary power of the Mughal. During the following century, the Company obtained sole trading rights for the province, and went on to become the dominant power in Bengal. In [[1757]], at the [[battle of Plassey]], the British defeated the then Nawab, [[Siraj Ud Daulah]], and plundered the Bengali treasury. In [[1764]] their military control was reaffirmed at [[Battle of Buxar|Buxar]]. The subsequent treaty gained them the ''[[Diwan (title)|Diwani]]'', that is the taxation rights: in effect, the Company became the ruler of Bengal.

==The famine==
About 10 million people, approximately one third of the population of the affected area, are thought to have died in the famine. The regions in which the famine occurred included especially the modern [[States and territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]], but the famine also extended into [[Orissa]] and [[Jharkhand]], as well as modern [[Bangladesh]]. Among the worst affected areas were [[Birbhum]] and [[Murshidabad]], in Bengal, and [[Tirhut]], [[Champaran]] and [[Bettiah]], in Bihar.

A partial shortfall in crops, considered nothing out of the ordinary, occurred in [[1768]] and was followed in late [[1769]] by more severe conditions. By September 1769 there was a severe drought, and alarming reports were coming in of rural distress. These were, however, ignored by Company officers.

By early 1770 there was [[starvation]], and, by mid 1770, deaths from starvation were occurring on a large scale. There were also reports of the living feeding on the bodies of the dead in the middle of that year. [[Smallpox]] and other diseases further took their toll of the population. Later in 1770, good [[rainfall]] resulted in a good harvest and the famine abated. However, other shortfalls occurred in the following years, raising the total death toll.

As a result of the famine large areas were depopulated and returned to jungle for decades to come, as the survivors migrated in mass in a search for food. Many cultivated lands were abandoned: much of Birbhum, for instance, returned to jungle and was virtually impassable for decades afterwards. From 1772, bands of [[bandit]]s and [[thug]]s became an established feature of Bengal, and these were only controlled by punitive actions in the 1780s.

==East India Company responsibilities==
Fault for the famine is now often ascribed to the British East India Company policies in Bengal. As a trading body, its first remit was to maximise its profits and with taxation rights the profits to be obtained from Bengal came from [[Land value tax|land tax]] as well as [[Tariff|trade tariffs]]. As lands came under company control, the land tax was typically raised by 3 to 4 times what it had been – from 10-15% up to 50% of the value of the agricultural produce. In the first years of the rule of the British East India Company, the total land tax income was doubled and most of this revenue flowed out of the country. As the famine approached its height, in April of 1770, the Company announced that land tax for the following year was to be increased by 10%.

The company is also criticised for forbidding the "[[hoarding]]" of rice. This prevented traders and dealers from laying in reserves that in other times would have tided the population over lean periods.

By the time of the famine, [[Monopoly|monopolies]] in grain trading had been established by the Company and its agents. The Company had no plan for dealing with the grain shortage, and actions were only taken insofar as they affected the mercantile and trading classes. Land revenue decreased by 14% during the affected year, but recovered rapidly (Kumkum Chatterjee). According to McLane, the first governor-general of [[British India]], [[Warren Hastings]], acknowledged "violent" tax collecting after [[1771]]: revenues earned by the Company were higher in 1771 than in 1768 [http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/F_0015.htm]. Globally, the profit of the Company increased from 15 million rupees in [[1765]] up to 30 million rupees in [[1777]].


==References==
*Romesh Chunder Dutt, ''The Economic History of India under early British Rule'', [[Routledge]], 2001, ISBN 0415244935
*John R. McLane, ''Land and Local Kingship in 18th century Bengal'', [[Cambridge University Press]], ISBN 052152654X
*Kumkum Chatterjee, ''Merchants, Politics and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar: 1733-1820'', [[Brill Academic Publishers]], 1996, ISBN 9004103031
*[[Brooks Adams]], ''The Laws of Civilizations and Decay. An Essays on History'', New York, 1898

==External links==
*[http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/resources_dharampal.html Section VII] from Dharampal, ''India Before British Rule and the Basis for India's Resurgence'', 1998.
*[http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fiske/john/f54u/chapter9.html Chapter IX. The famine of 1770 in Bengal] in John Fiske, ''The Unseen World, and other essays''
*[http://www.bengalweb.com/hist/ History of West Bengal & Calcutta]
*[http://www.newscentralasia.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=798 First World Hegemony and Mass Mortality - from Bengal to Afghanistan and Iraq]
*R.C. Dutt, [http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/dutt/index.html The Economic History of India.]


[[Category:Colonialism]]
[[Category:Famines]]
[[Category:Genocides]]
[[Category:History of Bengal]]

[[ru:Голод в Бенгалии 1769-1773]]

Hungersnot in Bengalen 1770

2006-01-01T12:09:56Z

Imc: Add some more content. Remove stub notices.

The '''Bengal famine of 1770''' was a catastrophic [[famine]] that between [[1769]] and [[1773]] affected the lower [[Gangetic plain]] of [[India]]. The famine is supposed to have caused the deaths of an estimated 10 million people, approximately one-third of the population at the time.

==Background==
The famine occurred in the territory which was called [[Bengal]], then ruled by the [[British East India Company]]. This territory includes modern [[West Bengal]], [[Bangladesh]], and parts of [[Assam]], [[Orissa]], [[Bihar]], and [[Jharkhand]]. The territory was originally a province of the [[Mughal empire]] from the 16th century and was ruled by a ''[[Nawab]]'' or governor. The Nawab had become effectively independent by the beginning of the 18th century, though in theory was still a tributary power of the Great Mughal in [[Delhi]].

In the 17th century, the British East India Company had been given a grant on the town of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], by the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] . It was at this time effectively another tributary power of the Mughal. During the following century, the Company obtained sole trading rights for the province, and went on to become the dominant power in Bengal. In [[1757]], at the [[battle of Plassey]], the British defeated the then Nawab, [[Siraj Ud Daulah]], and plundered the Bengali treasury. In [[1764]] their military control was reaffirmed at [[Battle of Buxar|Buxar]]. The subsequent treaty gained them the ''Diwani'', that is the taxation rights: in effect, the Company became the ruler of Bengal.

==The famine==
About 10 million people, approximately one third of the population of the affected area, are thought to have died in the famine. The regions affected included especially the modern [[States and territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]], but the famine also extended into [[Orissa]] and [[Jharkhand]], as well as modern [[Bangladesh]]. Among the worst affected areas were [[Birbhum]] and [[Murshidabad]], in Bengal, and [[Tirhut]], [[Champaran]] and [[Bettiah]], in Bihar.

A partial shortfall in crops, considered nothing out of the ordinary, occurred in [[1768]]. It was followed in late [[1769]] by a more severe conditions. By September 1769 there was a severe drought, and reports were coming in of rural distress. These were however ignored by Company officers.

By early 1770 there was [[starvation]], and, by mid 1770, deaths from starvation were occurring on a large scale. There were reports of the living feeding on the bodies of the dead in the middle of that year. [[Smallpox]] and other diseases further took their toll of the population. Later in 1770, good [[rainfall]] resulted in a good harvest and the famine abated. However, other shortfalls occurred in the following years, raising the total death toll.

As a result of the famine large areas were depopulated and returned to jungle for decades to come, as the survivors migrated in mass in a search for food. From 1772, bands of [[bandit]]s and [[thug]]s became an established feature of Bengal, and these were only controlled by punitive actions in the 1780s. Many cultivated lands were abandoned. Much of Birbhum for instance, returned to jungle, and was virtually impassable for decades afterwards.

==East India Company responsibilities==
Fault for the famine is now often ascribed to the British East India Company policies in Bengal. As a trading body, its first remit was to maximise its profits and. With taxation rights, the profits to be obtained from Bengal came from [[Land value tax|land tax]] as well as [[Tariff|trade tariffs]]. As lands came under company control, the land tax was typically raised by 3 to 4 times what it had been – from 10-15% up to 50% of the value of the agricultural produce. In the first years of the rule of the British East India Company, the land tax was doubled and most of this revenue flowed out of the country. As the famine approached its height, in April of 1770, the Company announced that land tax for the following year was to be increased by 10%.

Criticism of the company is also made on the basis that they interfered with the local economy by forbidding the 'hoarding' of rice. This prevented traders and dealers from laying in reserves that in other times would have tided the population over lean periods.

By the time of the famine, [[Monopoly|monopolies]] in grain trading had been established by the Company and its agents. The Company had no plan for dealing with the grain shortage, and actions were only taken insofar as they affected the mercantile and trading classes. Land revenue decreased by 14% during the affected year, but recovered rapidly (Kumkum Chatterjee). According to McLane, the first governor-general of [[British India]], [[Warren Hastings]], acknowledged "violent" tax collecting after [[1771]]: revenues earned by the Company were higher in 1771 than in 1768 [http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/F_0015.htm]. Globally, the profit of the Company increased from 15 million rupees in [[1765]] up to 30 million rupees in [[1777]].


==References==
*Romesh Chunder Dutt, ''The Economic History of India under early British Rule'', [[Routledge]], 2001, ISBN 0415244935
*John R. McLane, ''Land and Local Kingship in 18th century Bengal'', [[Cambridge University Press]], ISBN 052152654X
*Kumkum Chatterjee, ''Merchants, Politics and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar: 1733-1820'', [[Brill Academic Publishers]], 1996, ISBN 9004103031
*[[Brooks Adams]], ''The Laws of Civilizations and Decay. An Essays on History'', New York, 1898

==External links==
*[http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/resources_dharampal.html Section VII] from Dharampal, ''India Before British Rule and the Basis for India's Resurgence'', 1998.
*[http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fiske/john/f54u/chapter9.html Chapter IX. The famine of 1770 in Bengal] in John Fiske, ''The Unseen World, and other essays''
*[http://www.bengalweb.com/hist/ History of West Bengal & Calcutta]
*[http://www.newscentralasia.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=798 First World Hegemony and Mass Mortality - from Bengal to Afghanistan and Iraq]


[[Category:Colonialism]]
[[Category:Famines]]
[[Category:Genocides]]
[[Category:History of India]]

[[ru:Голод в Бенгалии 1769-1773]]

Hungersnot in Bengalen 1770

2005-12-31T19:02:14Z

Imc: Copyedit, clarify some sentences.

The '''Bengal famine of 1770''' was a catastrophic [[famine]] that between [[1769]] and [[1773]] affected the lower [[Gangetic plain]] of [[India]]. The famine is supposed to have caused the deaths of an estimated 10 million people, approximately one-third of the population at the time.

==Background==
The famine occurred in the territory which was called [[Bengal]], then ruled by the [[British East India Company]]. This territory includes modern [[West Bengal]], [[Bangladesh]], and parts of [[Assam]], [[Orissa]], [[Bihar]], and [[Jharkhand]]. The territory was originally a province of the [[Mughal empire]] from the 16th century and was ruled by a ''[[Nawab]]'' or governor. The Nawab had become effectively independent by the beginning of the 18th century, though in theory was still a tributary power of the Great Mughal in [[Delhi]].

In the 17th century, the British East India Company had been given a grant on the town of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], by the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] . It was at this time effectively another tributary power of the Mughal. During the following century, the Company obtained sole trading rights for the province, and went on to become the dominant power in Bengal. In [[1757]], at the [[battle of Plassey]], the British defeated the then Nawab, [[Siraj Ud Daulah]], and plundered the Bengali treasury. In [[1764]] their military control was reaffirmed at [[Battle of Buxar|Buxar]]. The subsequent treaty gained them the ''Diwani'', that is the taxation rights: in effect, the Company became the ruler of Bengal.

==The famine==
About 10 million people, approximately one third of the population of the affected area, are thought to have died in the famine. The regions affected included especially the modern [[States and territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]], but the famine also extended into [[Orissa]] and [[Jharkhand]], as well as modern [[Bangladesh]]. Among the worst affected areas were [[Birbhum]] and [[Murshidabad]], in Bengal, and [[Tirhut]], [[Champaran]] and [[Bettiah]], in Bihar.

A partial shortfall in crops, considered nothing out of the ordinary, occurred in [[1768]] and was followed in late [[1769]] by a more pronounced shortfall in the harvest and available food supplies. By early 1770 there was [[starvation]], and, by mid 1770, deaths from starvation were occurring on a large scale. As a result of the famine large areas were depopulated and returned to jungle for decades to come, as the survivors migrated in mass in a search for food. [[Smallpox]] and other diseases further took their toll of the population. Later in 1770, good [[rainfall]] resulted in a good harvest and the famine abated. However, other shortfalls occurred in the following years, raising the total death toll.

==East India Company responsibilities==
Fault for the famine is now often ascribed to the British East India Company policies in Bengal. As a trading body, its first remit was to maximise its profits and. With taxation rights, the profits to be obtained from Bengal came from [[Land value tax|land tax]] as well as [[Tariff|trade tariffs]]. In the first years of the rule of the British East India Company, the land tax was doubled and most of this revenue flowed out of the country. As the famine approached its height, in April of 1770, the Company announced that land tax for the following year was to be increased by 10%.

By the time of the famine, [[Monopoly|monopolies]] in grain trading had been established by the Company and its agents. The Company had no plan for dealing with the grain shortage, and actions were only taken insofar as they affected the mercantile and trading classes. Land revenue decreased by 14% during the affected year, but recovered rapidly (Kumkum Chatterjee). According to McLane, the first governor-general of [[British India]], [[Warren Hastings]], acknowledged "violent" tax collecting after [[1771]]: revenues earned by the Company were higher in 1771 than in 1768 [http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/F_0015.htm]. Globally, the profit of the Company increased from 15 million rupees in [[1765]] up to 30 million rupees in [[1777]].


==References==
*Romesh Chunder Dutt, ''The Economic History of India under early British Rule'', [[Routledge]], 2001, ISBN 0415244935
*John R. McLane, ''Land and Local Kingship in 18th century Bengal'', [[Cambridge University Press]], ISBN 052152654X
*Kumkum Chatterjee, ''Merchants, Politics and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar: 1733-1820'', [[Brill Academic Publishers]], 1996, ISBN 9004103031
*[[Brooks Adams]], ''The Laws of Civilizations and Decay. An Essays on History'', New York, 1898

==External links==
*[http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/resources_dharampal.html Section VII] from Dharampal, ''India Before British Rule and the Basis for India's Resurgence'', 1998.
*[http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fiske/john/f54u/chapter9.html Chapter IX. The famine of 1770 in Bengal] in John Fiske, ''The Unseen World, and other essays''
*[http://www.bengalweb.com/hist/ History of West Bengal & Calcutta]
*[http://www.newscentralasia.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=798 First World Hegemony and Mass Mortality - from Bengal to Afghanistan and Iraq]


[[Category:Colonialism]]
[[Category:Famines]]
[[Category:Genocides]]
[[Category:History of India]]

{{agri-stub}}
{{SAsia-stub}}
{{Asia-hist-stub}}

[[ru:Голод в Бенгалии 1769-1773]]

Hungersnot in Bengalen 1770

2005-12-27T09:14:56Z

Imc: /* The famine */

The '''Bengal famine of 1770''' was a catastrophic [[famine]] that affected between [[1769]] and [[1773]] the lower [[Gangetic plain]] of [[India]]. The famine is supposed to have caused the deaths of an estimated 10 million people, approximately one-third of the population at the time.

==Background==
The famine occurred in the territory which was called [[Bengal]], then ruled by the [[British East India Company]]. Bengal had been a province of the [[Mughal empire]] from the 16th century but had become effectively independent by the beginning of the 18th century and was ruled by a ''[[Nawab]]'', in theory a tributary power of the Great Mughal in [[Delhi]].

In the 17th century, the British East India Company had been given by Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] a grant on the town of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], and was then effectively another tributary power of the Mughal. During the following century, the Company obtained sole trading rights for the province, and went on to become the dominant power in Bengal. In [[1757]], at the [[battle of Plassey]], the British defeated the then Nawab, [[Siraj Ud Daulah]], and plundered the Bengali treasure. In [[1764]] their military control was reaffirmed at [[Battle of Buxar|Buxar]]. The subsequent treaty gained them the ''Diwani'', that is the taxation rights: in effect, the Company became the ruler of Bengal.

==The famine==
About 10 million people, approximately one third of the population of the interested area, are thought to have died in the famine. The regions affected included especially the modern [[States and territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]], but the famine also extended into [[Orissa]] and [[Jharkhand]], as well as modern [[Bangladesh]]. Among the most affected areas were [[Birbhum]] and [[Murshidabad]], in Bengal, and [[Tirhut]], [[Champaran]] and [[Bettiah]], in Bihar.

A partial shortfall in crops, considered nothing out of the ordinary, occurred in [[1768]] and was followed in late [[1769]] by a more pronounced shortfall in the harvest and available food supplies. By early 1770 there was [[starvation]], and, by mid 1770, deaths from starvation were occurring on a large scale. As a result of the famine large areas were depopulated, as the survivors migrated in mass in a search for food. [[Smallpox]] and other diseases further took their toll of the population. Later in 1770, good [[rainfall]] resulted in a good harvest and the famine abated. Other shortfalls occurred in the following years, raising the total death toll.

==East India Company responsibilities==
Fault for the famine is now often ascribed to the British East India Company policies in Bengal. As a trading body, its first remit was to maximise its profits and, with taxation rights, the profits to be obtained from Bengal came from [[Land value tax|land tax]] as well as [[Tariff|trade tariffs]]. For the first years of the rule of the British East India Company, the land tax was doubled and most of this revenue flowed out of the country. At the height of the famine, in April of 1770, the Company announced that land tax for the following year was to be increased by 10%.

By the time of the famine, [[Monopoly|monopolies]] in grain trading had been established by the Company and its agents. The Company had no plan for dealing with the grain shortage, and actions were only taken insofar as they affected the mercantile and trading classes. Land revenue decreased by 14% during the affected year, but recovered rapidly (Kumkum Chatterjee). According to McLane, the first governor-general of [[British India]], [[Warren Hastings]], acknowledged "violent" tax collecting after [[1771]]: revenues earned by the Company were higher in 1771 than in 1768 [http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/F_0015.htm]. Globally, the profit of the Company increased from 15 million rupees in [[1765]] up to 30 million rupees in [[1777]].


==References==
*Romesh Chunder Dutt, ''The Economic History of India under early British Rule'', [[Routledge]], 2001, ISBN 0415244935
*John R. McLane, ''Land and Local Kingship in 18th century Bengal'', [[Cambridge University Press]], ISBN 052152654X
*Kumkum Chatterjee, ''Merchants, Politics and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar: 1733-1820'', [[Brill Academic Publishers]], 1996, ISBN 9004103031
*[[Brooks Adams]], ''The Laws of Civilizations and Decay. An Essays on History'', New York, 1898

==External links==
*[http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/resources_dharampal.html Section VII] from Dharampal, ''India Before British Rule and the Basis for India's Resurgence'', 1998.
*[http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fiske/john/f54u/chapter9.html Chapter IX. The famine of 1770 in Bengal] in John Fiske, ''The Unseen World, and other essays''
*[http://www.bengalweb.com/hist/ History of West Bengal & Calcutta]
*[http://www.newscentralasia.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=798 First World Hegemony and Mass Mortality - from Bengal to Afghanistan and Iraq]


[[Category:Colonialism]]
[[Category:Famines]]
[[Category:Genocides]]
[[Category:History of India]]

{{agri-stub}}
{{SAsia-stub}}
{{Asia-hist-stub}}

[[ru:Голод в Бенгалии 1769-1773]]

Hungersnot in Bengalen 1770

2005-12-24T15:53:44Z

Imc: Added content; needs formatting, linking, and sorting out references.

The '''Bengal famine of 1770''' was a catastrophic [[famine]] that started in 1769 in the lower [[Gangetic plain]], and in which most of the deaths occurred in 1770.

==The famine==
About about 10 million people, around one third of the total population of the affected areas, are thought to have died. The regions affected by the famine included especially the modern Indian states of [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]]. It also extended into modern [[Orissa]] and [[Jharkhand]], as well as modern [[Bangladesh]]. Affected areas include [[Birbhum]], [[Murshidabad]], (Bengal) and Tirhut, Champaran, and Betia. (Bihar)

A partial shortfall in crops occurred in 1768, but this was considered nothing out of the ordinary. A pronounced shortfall in the harvest and available food supplies occurred in late 1769. By early 1770, there was large scale starvation, and by mid 1770, deaths from starvation were occurring on a large scale.

Large areas were depopulated as a result of the famine, as the survivors migrated in mass in a search for food. Smallpox and other diseases further took their toll of the population.

Later in 1770, good rainfall resulted in a good harvest, and the famine abated.

==Background==
The famine occurred in the territory ruled by the [[British East India Company]], and which was then called Bengal. It had been a province of the [[Mughal empire]] from the 16th century. It had become effectively independent by the 18th century, and was ruled by a Nawab who was in theory a tributary power of the Great Mughal in [[Delhi]]. In the 17th century, the British had been given a grant of the town of [[Calcutta]] by [[Akbar]], and was then effectively another tributary power of the Mughal. During the following centuries, they obtained sole trading rights for the province, and went on became the dominant power in Bengal. In 1757, at the battle of Plessey, they defeated the then Nawab, [[Siraj Ud Daulah]]. In 1765, their military control was reaffirmed at Buxar, and in the treaty of that year, they gained the 'Diwani', or taxation rights for Bengal. In effect, the Company became the ruler of Bengal, with effective sovereignty passing from the Mughal to the British throne.

===Company responsibility===
Fault for the famine is now often ascribed to the [[British East India Company]] and its policies in Bengal. As a trading body, its first remit was to maximise its profits. With taxation rights, the profits to be obtained from Bengal now came from land tax as well as trade. Most of this revenue flowed out of the country.  At the height of the famine, in April of 1770, the Company announced that land tax for the following year was to be increased by 10%. 

By the time of the famine, monopolies in grain trading had been established by the Company and its agents. The company had no plan for dealing with the grain shortage, and actions were only taken insofar as they affected the mercantile and trading classes. Land revenue decreased by 14% during the affected year, but recovered rapidly. (Kumkum Chatterjee). [[Warren Hastings]] acknowledged 'violent' tax collecting after 1771. (McLane) Revenues earned by the Company from Bengal were higher in 1771 than in 1768. [http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/F_0015.htm]

==References==

http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fiske/john/f54u/chapter9.html
http://www.bengalweb.com/hist/
http://www.newscentralasia.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=798
http://www.swaraj.org/shikshantar/resources_dharampal.html



[[Category:Colonialism]]
[[Category:Famines]]
[[Category:Genocides]]
[[Category:History of India]]
[[Category:Racism]]

{{agri-stub}}
{{SAsia-stub}}
{{Asia-hist-stub}}

[[ru:Голод в Бенгалии 1769-1773]]

Highgate

2004-04-29T16:10:52Z

Imc: add Finchley

'''Highgate''' is a place in north [[London]]. It is the highest point in the city, and is noteworthy for its [[Georgian architecture]]. It is one of the more expensive suburbs to live in, and has an active conservation society to protect its character. It is on the north-eastern edge of [[Hampstead Heath]], one of London's largest open spaces.

It is divided between three [[London borough]]s: [[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey]] to the north, [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]] to the south and west, and [[London Borough of Islington|Islington]] to the south and east.

Historically it was part of the [[Bishop of London]]'s hunting estate. The Bishop kept a toll-house on one of the main northward roads out of London. A number of pubs sprung up along the route, one of which, the Gatehouse, commemorates the toll-house. In later centuries Highgate was associated with the highwayman [[Dick Turpin]].

In recent years famous inhabitants have included [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[J. B. Priestley]], [[Yehudi Menuhin]] (and later [[Sting_(musician)|Sting]] who bought Menuhin's old house), Sir [[Jacob Bronowski]], [http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Cavern/1863/baxter.html/ Stanley Baxter], and [[Victoria Wood]]. Highgate Cemetery is the burial place of [[Karl Marx]].

The current [[Member of Parliament|MP]] for the [[Hampstead]] and Highgate constituency is [[The Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]'s [[Glenda Jackson]], since [[1992]]. [[Barbara Roche]] is the Labour MP for the [[Hornsey]] and [[Wood Green]] constituency, which covers half of Highgate Village.

Nearest places:
* [[Finchley]]
* [[Hampstead, London, England|Hampstead]]
* [[Muswell Hill, London, England|Muswell Hill]]
* [[Tufnell Park, London, England|Tufnell Park]]
* [[Kentish Town, London, England|Kentish Town]]
* [[Holloway, London, England|Holloway]]

Nearest tube stations:
* [[East Finchley tube station]]
* [[Highgate tube station]]

Places of interest:
* [[Highgate Cemetery]]

Finchley

2003-08-04T22:01:16Z

Imc: Added reference to Church End, which is locally sensitive as a name

'''Finchley''' is a place in [[London, England]] in the [[London Borough of Barnet]].

Situated in the North of London, Finchley is divided into three:

* [[East Finchley]], roughly speaking, the area between [[Highgate]] and the [[North Circular Road]];
* [[Finchley Central]] (Church End), the area centred around Ballards Lane; and
* [[North Finchley]], the area surrounding Tally-Ho Corner.

Finchley is predominantly a residential area, though East Finchley is the home to [[McDonalds]] UK headquarters. Barnet, Finchley was the Parliamentary [[Constituency]] of [[Margaret Thatcher]], UK [[Prime Minister]] from 1979 to 1990.

Nearest places:

* [[Highgate, London, England|Highgate]]
* [[Hendon, London, England|Hendon]]
* [[Whetstone, London, England|Whetstone]]
* [[Golders Green, London, England|Golders Green]]
* [[Muswell Hill, London, England|Muswell Hill]]

Nearest tube stations:
* [[East Finchley tube station]]
* [[Finchley Central tube station]]
* [[West Finchley tube station]]
* [[Totteridge and Whetstone tube station]]

All are on the [[Northern Line]].

Finchley

2003-08-01T23:31:51Z

Imc:

Finchley is a place in [[London, England]] in the [[London Borough of Barnet]].

Situated in the North of London, Finchley is divided into three:

* [[East Finchley]], roughly speaking, the area between [[Highgate]] and the [[North Circular Road]];
* [[Finchley Central]], the area centred around Ballards Lane; and
* [[North Finchley]], the area surrounding Tally-Ho Corner.

Finchley is predominantly a residential area, though East Finchley is the home to [[McDonalds]] UK headquarters. Barnet, Finchley was the Parliamentary [[Constituency]] of [[Margaret Thatcher]], UK [[Prime Minister]] from 1979 to 1990.

Nearest places:

* [[Highgate, London, England|Highgate]]
* [[Hendon, London, England|Hendon]]
* [[Whetstone, London, England|Whetstone]]
* [[Golders Green, London, England|Golders Green]]
* [[Muswell Hill, London, England|Muswell Hill]]

Nearest tube stations:
* [[East Finchley tube station]]
* [[Finchley Central tube station]]
* [[West Finchley tube station]]
* [[Totteridge and Whetstone tube station]]

All are on the [[Northern Line]].