Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Omah Lay

2022-08-03T23:55:26Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Omah Lay in 2021.jpeg

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Short description|Nigerian singer}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Omah Lay
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Omah Stanley Didia
| birth_date = {{ Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|5|19}}
| birth_place = [[Rivers State|Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| genre = {{hlist|[[Afrobeats]]|[[contemporary R&B|R&B]]}}
| label = {{hlist|[[Sire Records]]|[[KeyQaad]]}}
| associated_acts = [[Justin Bieber]]
| years_active = 2019{{ndash}}present
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Songwriter|Record producer}}
| alias =
}}

'''Omah Stanley Didia''' (born 19 May 1997),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Interesting facts about Nigerian musician Omah Lay |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55313562 |access-date=2022-07-23}}</ref> popularly known by his stage name, '''Omah Lay''' is a Nigerian singer, songwriter, and record producer. He gained widespread recognition in early 2020 after his self-produced single, "Bad Influence", went viral on social media.<ref name="Falola">{{Cite web|last=Falola|first=Ifeoluwa|date=15 June 2020|title=Meet Omah Lay: The Brazen Bad Boy of New School Afrobeat|url=https://notjustok.com/article/interviews/meet-omah-lay-the-brazen-bad-boy-of-new-school-afrobeats/|url-status=live|access-date=5 April 2021|website=[[NotJustOk]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He is also known for being featured alongside Alpha P on the official [[Masterkraft (producer)|Masterkraft]]'s remix of [[Justin Bieber]]'s 2021 single, [[Peaches (Justin Bieber song)|Peaches]]. He and Bieber went on to collaborate on [[Attention (Omah Lay and Justin Bieber song)|Attention]] in 2022. Didia won the [[The Headies Award for Next Rated|Next Rated]] award at the [[The Headies 2020|2020 Headies Awards]].<ref name="Oluwatoye">{{Cite web|last=Oluwatoye|first=Dara|date=22 February 2021|title=Fireboy, Omah Lay, More Make Impressive Win Debut At The 14th Headies|url=https://thenet.ng/fireboy-omah-lay-dj-neptune-and-more-make-impressive-win-debut-at-the-14th-headies/|url-status=live|access-date=5 April 2021|website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Didia is from [[Ikwerre, Rivers|Ikwerre]] Local Government Area in [[Rivers State]].<ref name="Falola" /> He attended Comprehensive High School in [[Rivers State]] before proceeding to the [[University of Port Harcourt]].<ref name="BBC News Pidgin">{{Cite news|title=Interesting facts about Nigerian musician Omah Lay|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55313562|access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> He comes from a musical family and his grandfather played instruments (mostly drums) for the singer [[Celestine Ukwu]] before he died in 1977.<ref>{{cite news |last1=omah lay |title=early life of omah lay |newspaper=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55313562 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>

== Career ==
Didia started out in a rap group under the stage name "Lil King".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=2021-07-17 |title=From Lil King to Omah Lay: The Making of A Pop Music Icon |url=https://thenet.ng/from-lil-king-to-omah-lay-the-making-of-a-pop-music-icon/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |language=en-US}}</ref> He later moved on to songwriting and music producing, which went largely uncredited, and as a result of that, he released "Do Not Disturb" in April 2019. "Hello Brother" was released a month after.

He signed to a record label named KeyQaad in June 2019, and took a seven month break.<ref name="Falola" /><ref name=" Olonilua">{{Cite web|last=Olonilua|first=Ademola|date=14 December 2020|title=New kids on the block: Omah Lay, Laycon, Bella Shmurda and other artistes who made waves in 2020|url=https://punchng.com/new-kids-on-the-block-omah-lay-laycon-bella-shmurda-and-other-artists-who-made-waves-in-2020/|url-status=live|access-date=5 April 2021|website=[[The Punch|Punch Newspapers]]|language=en-US}}</ref> During the break, he worked on his debut EP, ''Get Layd.'' He told [[OkayAfrica]], "I started working on it August [of 2019]. At some point I had to go off social media, stay away from a lot of things and keep my head straight to get the project right. The first song I'd recorded on ''Get Layd'' was 'Bad Influence'. I'd done that way before the songs we had to put on the project."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Esomnofu |first1=Emmanuel |title=Interview: Omah Lay Is Nigeria's New Young Act to Watch|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/omah-lay-nigeria-interview |website=OkayAfrica |date=6 July 2020 |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> Following the break, he released "Bad Influence," which became the most streamed Nigerian song on Apple Music at the end of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alake|first=Motolani|date=27 December 2020|title=Here are the 10 hottest Nigerian artists of the year [Pulse Picks 2020]|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/here-are-the-top-10-nigerian-artists-of-2020/6b5nyfs|url-status=live|access-date=5 April 2021|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 14 February 2020, Didia released "You," his first official single. He released his five-track debut EP, ''Get Layd'' on 22 May 2020. The EP peaked at number one on the Nigerian [[Apple Music]] charts.<ref name="Falola" /> All five songs from the EP reached the top 15 of the Apple Music charts for Nigeria, with "You" peaking at number one.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple Music Nigeria Top 100 Songs – May 25-May 31, 2020 |url=https://www.top-charts.com/songs/all-genres/nigeria/apple-music/2020-W22 |website=top-charts.com |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

In October, Lay appeared on [[Olamide]]'s album ''[[Carpe Diem (Olamide album)|Carpe Diem]]'', on the track "Infinity", which topped the Apple Music charts for Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple Music Nigeria Top 100 Songs – October 19-25, 2020 |url=https://www.top-charts.com/songs/all-genres/nigeria/apple-music/2020-W43 |website=top-charts.com |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

On 20 November, Didia released his second five-track EP, ''What Have We Done''. All five tracks reached the top 12 of the Apple Music charts for Nigeria, with "Godly" reaching number one.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple Music Nigeria Top 100 Songs – November 23-29, 2020 |url=https://www.top-charts.com/songs/all-genres/nigeria/apple-music/2020-W48 |website=top-charts.com |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

On 3 July 2020, Didia was the first artist highlighted for Apple's Africa Rising Campaign to spotlight African talent.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Eggertsen|first=Chris|date=2 July 2020|title=Apple Music Launches Africa Rising Artist Showcase with Debut Cover Star Omah Lay|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/streaming/9413058/apple-music-africa-rising-artist-showcase-omah-lay|url-status=live|access-date=5 April 2021|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The African stars being tipped for global success in 2021 and beyond |url=https://xclusivehype.com/entertainment/the-african-stars-being-tipped-for-global-success-in-2021-and-beyond/ |website=XclusiveHype |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> In December 2020, he was included in [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]]'s annual "Hot for 2021" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=1Xtra's Hot For 2021: The Performances |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5Yrs6gybH9mL0nXPjH2Hpst/1xtras-hot-for-2021-the-performances |website=BBC Radio 1Xtra |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> He was the first African artist featured on [[Audiomack]]'s #Up Now program for emerging artists;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Nicolas-Tyrell |title=Omah Lay Is #UpNow |url=https://audiomack.com/world/post/omah-lay-interview |website=Audiomack |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> was included in [[Montreux Jazz Festival]]'s "20 artists to watch in 2021";<ref>{{cite web |title=MJF Spotlight: 20 artists to watch in 2021 |url=https://www.montreuxjazzfestival.com/en/news/20-artists-to-watch/ |website=Montreux Jazz Festival |date=2 February 2021 |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> and was named [[BET]]'s Amplified International Artist of the Month for November 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alston |first1=Trey |title=BET's Amplified International Artist of the Month Omah Lay Releases Sultry New Single Featuring 6LACK |url=https://www.bet.com/music/2020/11/09/bet-amplified-international-artist-of-the-month-omah-lay-6lack-d.html |website=BET}}</ref> He is currently signed to Dvpper Music Distribution in Nigeria,<ref name="Olonilua" /><ref name=" BBC News Pidgin" /> and [[Sire Records]] for international distribution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyetayo |first1=Bamise |title=Did You Know Omah Lay is Signed to Warner Records? |url=https://notjustok.com/article/did-you-know-omah-lay-is-signed-to-warner-records/ |website=NotJustOk |date=7 November 2020 |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> He was nominated in four categories at the 2020 [[The Headies 2020|Headies]] Awards, winning the [[The Headies Award for Next Rated|Next Rated]] award.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ihekire|first=Chinonso|date=16 January 2021|title=The Voices Redefining Naija Music|url=https://guardian.ng/life/the-voices-redefining-naija-music/|url-status=live|access-date=5 April 2021|website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 25 June 2021, Omah was featured alongside fellow Nigerian singer Alpha P on Nigerian producer [[Masterkraft (producer)|Masterkraft]]'s official remix of Canadian singer [[Justin Bieber]]'s single, "[[Peaches (Justin Bieber song)|Peaches]]". On 8 July 2021, Lay released a new single, "Understand".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hansen |first1=Gabrielle Myers |title=Omah Lay releases Understand single |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/nigeria-omah-lay-releases-understand-single |website=Music in Africa |date=9 July 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Abulude|first=Samuel|date=5 August 2021|title=Meet 7 Young Nigerian Artistes With Impacts In 2021|url=https://leadership.ng/meet-7-young-nigerian-artistes-with-impacts-in-2021/|access-date=5 August 2021|website=Leadership News – Nigeria News, Breaking News, Politics and more|language=en-GB}}</ref> On 3 March 2022, he released a collaboration with Bieber, "[[Attention (Omah Lay and Justin Bieber song)|Attention]]", which serves as the second collaboration between the two artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/omah-lay-justin-bieber-attention-single-afrobeats-interview-1235038302/|title=Omah Lay Talks Reuniting With Justin Bieber and Bringing More 'Attention' to Afrobeats Music|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Mamo|first=Heran|date=4 March 2022|accessdate=4 March 2022}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
On 14 December 2020, Lay was arrested alongside [[Tems (Nigerian singer)|Tems]] after they performed in a show in [[Uganda]]. The Ugandan Police authority identified violation of COVID-19 lockdown protocols as the reason for their arrests. The artists felt they were set up.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why Uganda Police do U-turn for Omah Lay release, tie am 'handcuffs'|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55265376|access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 December 2020|title=Nigerian star Omah Lay arrested after Uganda gig|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/nigerian-star-omah-lay-arrested-after-uganda-gig/|url-status=live|access-date=5 April 2021|website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Two days later, the Ugandan government released the two, apologized for the arrests and cleared them of wrongdoing.<ref name="Paulinus">{{cite news |last1=Paulinus |first1=Aidoghie |title=Uganda apologises to FG over arrest of singer Omah Lay, others |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/uganda-apologises-to-fg-over-arrest-of-singer-omah-lay-others/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |publisher=The Sun (Nigeria) |date=16 December 2020}}</ref>

== Political views ==

Omah has expressed his support for the [[End SARS|#EndSARS]] campaign in Nigeria. He told ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', "People need to know these protests are purely about the people, with no political undertone whatsoever. Police harass, extort, beat, and kill us just for being young and trendy, with no consequences. This has gone on long enough, and we are saying enough is enough and demanding government action."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cohn |last2=Marsh |first1=Alison S. |first2=Ariana |title=Yvonne Orji, Wale, Sharon Chuter and More on #EndSARS |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/politics/a34479702/end-sars-nigerian-creatives/ |website=Harper's Bazaar |date=26 October 2020 |accessdate=4 November 2020}}</ref>

In an interview with [[HARDtalk|BBC HARDtalk]], Didia explained that he doesn't involve politics in his music because he prefers to focus on his life experience and putting a smile on people's faces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC World Service - HARDtalk, Omah Lay: Is there a universal message in his music? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct32lm |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Discography ==

===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:12em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:19em;" | Album details
|-
! scope="row" | ''Boy Alone''
|
* Released: 15 July 2022
* Label: [[Sire Records|Sire]], KeyQaad
* Format: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[streaming media|streaming]]
|}

===Extended plays===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:12em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:19em;" | Extended play details
|-
! scope="row" | ''Get Layd''<ref name="Falola"/>
|
* Released: 22 May 2020
* Label: Sire, KeyQaad
* Format: Digital download, streaming
|-
! scope="row" | ''What Have We Done''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Onabanjo|first=Adedamola|date=20 November 2020|title=Omah Lay's 'What Have We Done' Builds On The Momentum of His Stellar Year|url=https://culturecustodian.com/omah-lay-what-have-we-done/|url-status=live|access-date=5 April 2021|website=The Culture Custodian|language=en-US}}</ref>
|
* Released: 20 November 2020
* Label: Sire, KeyQaad
* Format: Digital download, streaming
|}

===Singles===
====As lead artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions, sales, certifications, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="7"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]] <ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/justin-bieber/chart-history/can/| title=Justin Bieber Chart History: Billboard Canadian Hot 100 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]] <ref>{{cite web | url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Omah+Lay | title=Discography Omah Lay | work=irish-charts.com | access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Hot]] <ref>{{cite web | url=https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Omah+Lay | title=Discography Omah Lay | work=charts.nz | access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref>{{cite web | url=http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Omah+Lay | title=Discography Omah Lay | work=swedishcharts.com | access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/6002/justin-bieber/ | title=Justin Bieber – Official Charts Company | publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] | access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Bubbling Under Hot 100|US Bub.]] <ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/justin-bieber/chart-history/hbu/ | title=Justin Bieber Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Global 200|WW]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/justin-bieber/chart-history/glo/|title=Justin Bieber Chart History: Global 200|work=Billboard|access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Do Not Disturb"
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Hello Brother"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "Bad Influence"
| rowspan="3" | 2020
| — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| rowspan="3" | ''Get Layd''
|-
! scope="row"| "You"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "Damn"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "Forever" (Remix) {{small|(with [[Gyakie]])}}
| rowspan="4" | 2021
| — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Understand"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| ''Boy Alone''
|-
! scope="row"| "Free My Mind"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || —
| rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Winter Wonderland / Don't Worry Be Happy"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Attention (Omah Lay and Justin Bieber song)|Attention]]" {{small|(with [[Justin Bieber]])}}
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| 45 || 78 || 9 || 87 || 76 || 11 || 74
| rowspan="2" | ''Boy Alone''
|-
! scope="row"| "Woman"
| — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
| colspan="10" style="font-size:90%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}

====As featured artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of singles as featured artist, with selected chart positions and certifications shown
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Year
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Album
|-
! scope="row"| "Tonight" {{Small|([[Spinall]] featuring Omah Lay)}}
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''Grace''
|-
! scope="row"| "Pami" {{Small|([[DJ Tunez]] featuring [[Wizkid]], [[Adekunle Gold]], and Omah Lay)}}
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Pronto" {{Small|(Ajebo Hustlers featuring Omah Lay)}}
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''Kpos Lifestyle, Vol. 1''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Peaches (Justin Bieber song)|Peaches]]" ([[Masterkraft (producer)|Masterkraft]] Remix) {{Small|([[Justin Bieber]] featuring Alpha P and Omah Lay)}}
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|}

===Guest appearances===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" style="width:15em;" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Other artist(s)
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row" | "Infinity"
| 2020
| [[Olamide]]
| ''[[Carpe Diem (Olamide album)|Carpe Diem]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "Abeg"
| 2021
| [[DJ Neptune]], [[Joeboy]]
| ''Greatness 2.0''
|}

===Production discography===
====2018====
'''Kidoben Ace'''
* "Caught Up"

====2019====
'''Klug Ali'''
* "Opium"

'''Sikiboi'''
* "One Day"

====2020====
'''Omah Lay – ''Get Layd'''''
*2. "Lo Lo"
*4. "Bad Influence"

'''Moveek'''
* "Flossin"

'''Omah Lay – ''What Have We Done'''''
*4. "Confession"

====2021====
'''Jhay Jhay'''
* "Welcum Party"

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee/work
!Result
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
| rowspan="4" |[[The Headies 2020|The Headies]]
|[[The Headies Award for Next Rated|Next Rated]]
| rowspan="2" |Omah Lay
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Oluwatoye" />
|-
|[[The Headies Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewer's Choice]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=See full list of Headies 2020 award nomination|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55040703|access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Headies Award for Best R&B Single|Best R&B Single]]
|"Bad Influence"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Songwriter of the Year
|Stanley Omah Didia – "Bad Influence"
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="8" |2021
|[[Vodafone Ghana Music Awards|Ghana Music Awards]]
|Best African Artiste of the Year
| rowspan="2" | Omah Lay
|{{TBA}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 April 2021|title=Full List: Here are the nominees for the 2021 Ghana Music Awards|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/full-list-here-are-the-nominees-for-the-2021-ghana-music-awards/7whwp48|access-date=5 April 2021|website=Pulse Ghana|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[MTV Africa Music Awards 2021|MTV Africa Music Awards]]
|[[MTV Africa Music Award for Best Breakthrough Act|Best Breakthrough Act]]
|{{pending}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Here Are the 2021 MTV Africa Music Awards Nominees |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/mtv-africa-music-awards-2021-nominees-announced/ |website=OkayAfrica |access-date=1 July 2021 |language=en |date=11 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Net Honours]]
|Most Played Pop Song
|<nowiki>''</nowiki>Godly"
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Net Honours – The Class of 2021|url=https://thenet.ng/net-honours-class-of-2021/|url-status=live|access-date=21 July 2021|website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Most Played RnB Song
|"Pami"
{{Small|([[DJ Tunez]] featuring Wizkid [[Adekunle Gold]] & Omah Lay)}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[All Africa Music Awards|All Africa Music Awards (AFRIMA)]]
|Artiste of the Year in Africa
| rowspan="3" |Omah Lay
|{{nominated}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Afrima Nominations 2021 - See full list of nominees|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/world-58668545|access-date=2021-09-26}}</ref>
|-
|Best Artiste in Western Africa
|{{nominated}}
|-
|Breakout Artiste of the Year
|{{nominated}}
|-
|Best Artiste, Duo or Group in African Pop
|
|{{nominated}}
|-
|2021
|Afro X Digitals Awards
|Break Out Act of the Year
|Omah Lay
|{{win}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Afrodigital Award winners |url= https://www.afroxdigital.com/winners-details.php?nominees-token=MYB742095861 |website=AfroxDigital.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lay, Omah}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Nigerian singers]]
[[Category:1997 births]]

Rema (Musiker)

2019-09-04T00:56:03Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Rema.jpg

{{Multiple issues|{{Sources exist|date=August 2019}}{{BLP primary sources|date=August 2019}}}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rema
| background = solo_singer
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Divine Ikubor
| birth_date = 1st May, 2000
| origin = [[Edo State]], [[Nigeria]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[African popular music|Afro pop]]|[[Afrobeats]]|[[Trap music|Trap]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Songwriter}}
| instrument = Vocals, Piano
| years_active = 2015{{ndash}}present
| label = {{hlist|[[Mavin Records]]|Jonzingworld}}
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Don Jazzy]]|[[D'Prince]]|DJ big n}}
| website =
}}

'''Divine Ikubor''' (born in 2000), popularly known as '''Rema''', is a Nigerian musician.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/why-mavin-global-signed-18-year-old-rema-don-jazzy/|title=Why Mavin Global signed 18-year-old Rema –Don Jazzy|date=29 March 2019|publisher=}}</ref> In 2019, he signed a record deal with Jonzing World, a new imprint under Mavin Records. He rose to prominence with the release of the song "Iron Man".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/321661-don-jazzy-signs-new-artiste-to-mavin-global.html|title=Don Jazzy signs new artiste to Mavin Global|first=Jayne|last=Augoye|date=22 March 2019|publisher=}}</ref>Mavin Record’s signeee, Rema, made Barack Obama’s 2019 Sure Playlist with his song, ‘Iron Man.<ref>https://punchng.com/nigerian-singer-rema-makes-obamas-summer-playlist/</ref>

==Early life==
Rema was born in the year 2000 in Benin City, [[Edo State]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://austinemedia.com/rema-biography-and-net-worth/|title=Rema Biography and Net Worth|first=Austine|last=Ikeru|date=7 April 2019|publisher=}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=May 2019}}. He grew up singing and rapping in local churches and schools at a very young age. Rema was born into a Christian family, he had his primary and secondary school certificate in Edo state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenigerianinfo.com/rema-biography-networth/|title=Rema Biography, Age, Networth & Contact Details|date=28 May 2019|website=TheNigerianInfo|last=Editorial Staff}}</ref>

Rema started music early as he rapped in his secondary school and church. While still in school, he created his own group with his friend "Alpha P" who according to sources met him in church and both have since made music together.

In 2013 Rema and his Friend Alpha P formed a group known as RnA which represents the first initials of their name. Rema alongside his friend Alpha P showcased their talents to the world in 2015 for the first time on stage at the annual talent hunt competition '''Dream Alive''' with '''Pikolo Season 2'''. The duo known officially released their debut single titled ''mercy''. The mid tempo song was recorded in the dream alive studio in Benin City while the video was directed by notable Benin based video director Whyte House Pictures. The Duo gained huge fan appreciation when they performed at the '''Glo Slide and Bounce''' in Benin and Lagos . However Rema continued singing with Alisong until he got signed by Don Jazzy's younger brother D'Prince, Jonzing World record owner, into [[Mavin Records]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infoguideafrica.com/2019/03/Rema-Biography.html|title=Rema Biography, Age 18, Family, Early Life, Education, Music, Albums, Net Worth And More|last=Clifford|first=Igbo|date=|website=Information Guide Africa|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Career==
'''''Rema''''' first came to limelight in 2015 when he and his friend ''[[Alpha P]]'' (stage name '''''RnA''''') made it on stage to showcase their talent at the Dream Alive with Pikolo, of which they emerged winners. They were signed into the record label of '''''Peak Entertainment''''' owned by ''[[Mc Pikolo]]'' the organiser of the Talent Hunt as part of the entitlement of winning the competition .They released ''Panda Cover, Starboy,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/|title=Latest News in Nigeria & Breaking Naija News 24/7 {{!}} LEGIT.NG|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|access-date=2019-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jaguda.com/music-mp3/new-video-rna-mercy/|title=New Video: RNA - Mercy {{!}} Jaguda.com|last=Bilo|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-02}}</ref> and a hit track titled [[Mercy]] in'' 2015. Rema was taken up by [[D'Prince]] who helped him get signed to [[Mavin Records]]. He came through with his self titlef project ''REMA-EP''. Even though it was his first major release, the EP made its way to the NO.1 Album on Apple Music Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ng/album/rema-ep/1455903943|title=Rema - EP by Rema|via=music.apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ng/playlist/top-100-nigeria/pl.2fc68f6d68004ae993dadfe99de83877|title=Top 100: Nigeria|website=Apple Music}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nigerian musicians]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

The King’s Man: The Beginning

2019-07-09T03:55:27Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:King's Man logo.jpg

{{pp-protected|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The King's Man
| image =
| italic title = yes
| alt =
| caption = Official logo
| director = [[Matthew Vaughn]]
| producer = Matthew Vaughn
| writer = [[Karl Gajdusek]]
| based on = {{based on|''[[Kingsman (franchise)|Kingsman]]''|[[Mark Millar]]|[[Dave Gibbons]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ralph Fiennes]]
* [[Harris Dickinson]]
* [[Daniel Brühl]]
* [[Djimon Hounsou]]
* [[Rhys Ifans]]
* [[Aaron Taylor-Johnson]]
* [[Tom Hollander]]
* [[Gemma Arterton]]
* [[Matthew Goode]]
* [[Charles Dance]]
* [[Stanley Tucci]]
* [[Liam Neeson]]
}}
| music = [[Henry Jackman]]
| cinematography = [[Ben Davis (cinematographer)|Ben Davis]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hnentertainment.co/exclusive-captain-marvel-layer-cake-cinematographer-ben-davis-joins-matthew-vaughns-kingsman-the-great-game/ |title=‘Captain Marvel/Layer Cake’ Cinematographer Ben Davis Confirmed For Matthew Vaughn’s ‘Kingsman: The Great Game’ |website=HN Entertainment |first=Christopher |last=Marc |date=January 16, 2019 |accessdate=January 16, 2019}}</ref>
| editing = [[Jon Harris (director)|Jon Harris]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[20th Century Fox]]
* [[Walt Disney Pictures]]<ref name=ew/>
* [[Marv Films|Marv Studios]]<ref name="Empire-Magazine"/>
}}
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2020|02|14}}
| country = {{Plainlist|
* United Kingdom
* United States
}}
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''The King’s Man''''' is an upcoming [[Action film|action]] [[comedy film]] directed and produced by [[Matthew Vaughn]]. It is a prequel to the [[Kingsman (franchise)|''Kingsman'' film series]], which is loosely based on the [[comic book]] series ''[[Kingsman (franchise)|Kingsman]]'', created by [[Dave Gibbons]] and [[Mark Millar]]. The film features an ensemble cast that includes [[Ralph Fiennes]], [[Harris Dickinson]], [[Liam Neeson]], [[Daniel Brühl]], [[Rhys Ifans]], [[Gemma Arterton]], [[Aaron Taylor-Johnson]], [[Charles Dance]], [[Matthew Goode]], [[Tom Hollander]], [[Djimon Hounsou]], and [[Stanley Tucci]]. The film will be released on February 14, 2020.

== Cast ==
{{main|List of Kingsman characters}}
{{cast listing|
* [[Ralph Fiennes]] as [[T. E. Lawrence]]
* [[Harris Dickinson]] as Conrad
* [[Liam Neeson]] as [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener]]
* [[Daniel Brühl]] as [[Felix Yusupov]]
* [[Rhys Ifans]] as [[Grigori Rasputin]]
* [[Gemma Arterton]] as [[Mata Hari]]
* [[Aaron Taylor-Johnson]] as Lee Unwin
* [[Charles Dance]] as [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Field Marshall Haig]]
* [[Matthew Goode]] as Tristan
* [[Tom Hollander]] as [[George V]] / [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] / [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]]
* [[Djimon Hounsou]] as [[Neil Kenlock]]
* [[Stanley Tucci]] as Merlin
* [[Alison Steadman]] as Guinevere
* [[Robert Aramayo]] as [[Gavrilo Princip]]
* [[Alexandra Maria Lara]] as Polly
* [[Joel Basman]] as Gawain
}}

== Production ==
In June 2018, [[Matthew Vaughn]] announced that a prequel film titled ''Kingsman: The Great Game'' was in active development, stating that the plot would take place during the early-1900s and would depict the formation of the spy agency and that the project would film back-to-back with "the third regular ''Kingsman'' film".<ref name="Empire-Magazine">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/kick-ass-reboot-kingsman-universe-coming-matthew-vaughn-new-studio-exclusive/ |title=Kick-Ass Reboot and Kingsman Universe Coming from Matthew Vaughn’s New Studio |magazine=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] |last1=Travis |first1=Ben |last2=Hewitt |first2=Chris |date=June 8, 2018 |accessdate=December 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name="That-Hastag-Show">{{cite web |url=http://thathashtagshow.com/2018/08/exclusive-details-on-kingsman-3/ |title=EXCLUSIVE: Details on ‘KINGSMAN 3’ |website=That Hashtag Show |last=Murphy |first=Charles |date=August 9, 2018 |accessdate=December 2, 2018}}</ref>

In April 2019 some scenes were shot in [[Turin]] and [[Venaria Reale]] ([[Italy]]), transformed into [[Yugoslavia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fctp.it/news_detail.php?id=3411 |title=Al via a Torino le riprese del film che racconta le “origini” dei Kingsman |publisher=Film Commission Torino Piemonte |date=April 24, 2019 |accessdate=July 2, 2019}}</ref>

As the ''Kingsman: The Great Game'', actors that were attached to the film, [[Charles Dance]], [[Daniel Bruhl]], [[Harris Dickinson]], and [[Ralph Fiennes]]. They were joined in February 2019 by [[Aaron Taylor-Johnson]], [[Gemma Arterton]] and [[Liam Neeson]] at which time the release date was November 8, 2019.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Romano |first1=Nick |title='Kingsman: The Great Game' forms a 'Kick-Ass' cast with Aaron Taylor-Johnson |url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/02/08/kingsman-3-the-great-game-aaron-taylor-johnson/ |accessdate=June 20, 2019 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]] |date=February 8, 2019 }}</ref> On June 19, 2019, 20th Century Fox revealed the film's title as ''The King's Man'' and new release date with no cast attached while to be first ''Kingsman'' film made under control of [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]].<ref name=ew>{{cite magazine |last1=Jones |first1=Marcus |title=The 'Kingsman' prequel is now known as 'The King's Man' |url=https://ew.com/movies/2019/06/19/kingsman-prequel-title-kings-man/ |accessdate=June 20, 2019 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]] |date=June 19, 2019 }}</ref>

==Release==
''The King’s Man'' is scheduled to be released in the United States on February 14, 2020. It was originally scheduled to be released on November 15, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/kingsman-prequel-moves-feb-2020-free-fall-lands-summer-release-1189367|title='Kingsman' Prequel Moves to Next February, Ryan Reynolds' 'Free Guy' Lands Summer 2020 Release|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Pamela|last=McClintock|date=February 23, 2019|accessdate=February 23, 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|8532490}}

{{Kingsman}}
{{Matthew Vaughn}}
{{Mark Millar}}
{{Marvel Comics films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:King's Man, The}}
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020s prequel films]]
[[Category:2020s war films]]
[[Category:American action comedy films]]
[[Category:Upcoming films]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mata Hari]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Films based on American comics]]
[[Category:Films based on Marvel Comics]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Mark Millar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Matthew Vaughn]]
[[Category:Films produced by Matthew Vaughn]]
[[Category:Films scored by Henry Jackman]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Italy]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in Surrey]]
[[Category:Kingsman (franchise)]]
[[Category:Live-action films based on comics]]
[[Category:Prequel films]]
[[Category:World War I films]]

Minecraft Dungeons

2019-06-25T21:55:40Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Minecraft Dungeons Cover.png

{{Infobox video game
| title = Minecraft Dungeons
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| developer = [[Mojang]]
| publisher = Mojang
| series = ''[[Minecraft]]''
| engine = [[Unreal Engine 4]]
| platforms = {{Unbulleted list|[[Xbox One]]|[[Nintendo Switch]]|[[PlayStation 4]]|[[Microsoft Windows]]}}
| released = Q2 2020
| genre = [[Action role-playing game|Action role-playing]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Minecraft Dungeons''''' is an action-RPG game set to be released in the second quarter of 2020 on [[Windows]], [[Nintendo Switch]], [[PlayStation 4]], and [[Xbox One]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/erikkain/2019/06/09/minecraft-dungeons-is-a-new-action-rpg-set-in-the-minecraft-universe/|title='Minecraft Dungeons' Is A New Action-RPG Set In The 'Minecraft' Universe|last=Kain|first=Erik|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref> It can be played solo or online with up to four players.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/06/09/minecraft-dungeons-release-window-announced-e3-2019|title=Minecraft Dungeons Release Window Announced - E3 2019|last=Marks|first=Tom|date=2019-06-09|website=IGN|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-10}}</ref>

==Development==
It was created by [[Mojang]] under the creative director Mans Olsen, using [[Unreal Engine 4]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/minecraft-dungeons/unreal-engine|title=Minecraft: Dungeons is made in the Unreal Engine|website=PCGamesN|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
Unlike ''[[Minecraft]]'', ''Minecraft Dungeons'' has no crafting, building, or the ability to destroy blocks. Instead it focuses on being a [[dungeon crawler]] game, where the player explores [[procedural generation#Video games|randomly-generated]] dungeons filled with randomly-generated monsters, deals with traps and puzzles, and finds treasures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/06/11/minecraft-dungeons-is-a-blocky-smash-and-slash-adventure/|title='Minecraft Dungeons' is a blocky, smash-and-slash adventure|website=Engadget|language=en|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/e3/2019/6/10/18660635/minecraft-dungeons-release-date-xbox-one-pc-ps4-e3-2019|title=Minecraft Dungeons is simple, Diablo-inspired fun for the family|last=Campbell|first=Colin|date=2019-06-10|website=Polygon|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>

There is no [[character class|class]] system. Anyone can use any weapon or armor they wish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/minecraft-dungeons-is-diablo-for-people-who-are-intimidated-by-diablo|title=Minecraft Dungeons is Diablo for People Who Are Intimidated by Diablo|last=McCarthy|first=Caty|date=2019-06-11|website=USgamer|language=en|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[Shacknews]] calls it "a fun, laid back dungeon crawler for friends to get into".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shacknews.com/article/112340/minecraft-dungeons-e3-2019-preview-creative-sidestep|title=Minecraft Dungeons E3 2019 preview: Creative sidestep|website=Shacknews|language=en|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Official website|https://www.minecraft.net/en-us/dungeons}}

[[category:Upcoming video games]]
[[Category:Action role-playing video games]]
[[category:Minecraft]]
[[Category:Nintendo Switch games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Sweden]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2020]]
[[Category:Video games using procedural generation]]

Candy Mountain (Washington)

2018-12-24T00:59:51Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Candy Mountain Preserve from drone.JPG

{{about||the 1988 Movie|Candy Mountain|flash animation film|Charlie the Unicorn}}

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Candy Mountain
| photo =
| photo_caption = Candy Mountain seen from overhead [[Interstate 182]].
| photo_size = 200
| elevation_ft = 1394
| elevation_ref = {{navd88}}<ref name="pb">{{cite peakbagger|25712|Candy Mountain, Washington|accessdate=2015-08-31}}</ref>
| prominence_ft = 536
| prominence_ref = <ref name="pb"/>
| isolation_mi = 2.76
| isolation_ref = <ref name="pb"/>
| map = USA Washington
| map_size = 200
| label_position = right
| location = [[West Richland, Washington|West Richland]], [[Benton County, Washington|Benton County]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| range = [[Columbia River Plateau]]
| coordinates = {{coord|46.259115|N|119.366603|W|type:mountain_region:US-WA_scale:100000_source:peakbagger|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| range_coordinates =
| coordinates_ref = <ref name="pb"/>
| topo = [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] Richland
| type =
| age =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = Hike
}}
'''Candy Mountain''' is a small mountain located just outside [[West Richland, Washington|West Richland]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. Candy Mountain rises above the [[Tri-Cities, Washington|Tri-Cities]], located between [[Badger Mountain (Tri-Cities)|Badger Mountain]] to the south and [[Red Mountain (Washington)|Red Mountain]] to the north.

Candy Mountain is connected to Badger Mountain by [[Goose Gap]].<ref>{{cite gnis |id=1505186 |name=Goose Gap |accessdate=2015-08-31}}</ref> There is a primitive road leading to the top, and the remains of an old radio tower.<ref name=HikeTri-Cities>[http://hiketricities.com/candy-mountain/ Candy Mountain Hiking Trail] Accessed 2015-08-31</ref> The non-profit organization Friends of Badger Mountain, in collaboration with Benton County, raised funds and pursued grants to purchase 200 acres of land surrounding Candy Mountain to build new trails on the mountain and connect it to Badger Mountain.<ref>[http://www.tri-cityherald.com/news/local/article75168197.html Candy Mountain dream about to come true] Accessed 2017-05-20</ref>

==Trail==
There is a trail that hikers can use starting on the east side of the mountain, leading to the top. The {{convert|1.4|mi|adj=on}} trail is fairly steep, but one can reach the summit in around 20 minutes. Along the climb, there are several false summits, where it appears you are approaching the peak only to find that such is not the case.<ref name=HikeTri-Cities /><ref>[http://www.peakbagger.com/climber/ascent.aspx?aid=233098 Ascent of Candy Mountain on 2012-03-25] Accessed 2015-08-31</ref><ref>[http://www.tri-cityherald.com/2012/01/15/1787836_candy-mountain-trail-proposed.html?rh=1 Candy Mountain Trail Proposed] Assessed 2015-08-31</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Washington State hills and ridges}}

[[Category:Mountains of Benton County, Washington]]
[[Category:Tri-Cities, Washington]]
[[Category:Mountains of Washington (state)]]

Kelly Link

2018-08-31T00:58:02Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Kellylink1.jpg

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Kelly Link
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1969}}
| birth_place = [[Miami]], [[Florida]], United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kellylink.net/pretty-monsters-bio |title=About Kelly |publisher=Kelly Link |date= |accessdate=2013-05-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315010831/http://kellylink.net/pretty-monsters-bio |archivedate=2013-03-15 |df= }}</ref>
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = [[Writer]]
| nationality = United States
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Columbia University]]
| period =
| genre = [[Fantasy literature|Fantasy]], [[Horror fiction|horror]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = [[Gavin Grant (editor)|Gavin Grant]]
| partner =
| children = Ursula Annabel Link Grant.<ref name="smallbeer">{{cite news |last=Grant |first=Gavin |url= http://smallbeerpress.com/not-a-journal/2009/05/20/small-beer-little-baby/ |title=Small Beer, little baby
|work=Small Beer Press |date=2009-05-20 |accessdate=2011-08-12}}</ref>
| relatives =
| influences = [[M. R. James]], [[Eudora Welty]], [[Georgette Heyer]], [[Theodore Sturgeon]], [[Joan Aiken]], [[Carol Emshwiller]], [[Angela Carter]]
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Kelly Link''' (born 1969) is an American editor and author of [[short stories]].<ref>http://www.salon.com/2015/02/04/get_in_trouble_going_back_inside_the_weird_and_wonderful_world_of_kelly_link/{{cite web|author=Laura Miller |url=http://archive.salon.com/audio/col/mill/2001/11/19/kelly_link/index.html |title=An interview with Kelly Link - Salon.com |publisher=Archive.salon.com |date=2001-11-19 |accessdate=2013-05-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307164703/http://archive.salon.com/audio/col/mill/2001/11/19/kelly_link/index.html |archivedate=2008-03-07 |df= }}</ref> While some of her fiction falls more clearly within genre categories, many of her stories might be described as [[Slipstream (genre)|slipstream]] or [[magic realism]]: a combination of [[science fiction]], [[fantasy]], [[horror fiction|horror]], [[Mystery fiction|mystery]], and [[Realism (arts)|realism]]. Among other honors, she has won a [[Hugo award]], three [[Nebula awards]], and a [[World Fantasy Award]] for her fiction.

== Biography ==

Link is a graduate of [[Columbia University]] in New York and the MFA program of [[UNC Greensboro]]. In 1995, she attended the [[Clarion Workshop|Clarion East Writing Workshop]].

Link and husband [[Gavin Grant (editor)|Gavin Grant]] manage [[Small Beer Press]], based in [[Northampton, Massachusetts]]. The couple's imprint of Small Beer Press for intermediate readers is called Big Mouth House. They also co-edited [[St. Martin's Press]]'s ''[[Year's Best Fantasy and Horror]]'' anthology series with [[Ellen Datlow]] for five years, ending in 2008. (The couple inherited the "fantasy" side from [[Terri Windling]] in 2004.) Link was also the [[slush pile|slush]] reader for ''[[Sci Fiction]]'', edited by Datlow.

Link taught at [[Lenoir-Rhyne College]] in [[Hickory, North Carolina]], with the Visiting Writers Series for spring semester 2006. She has taught or visited at a number of schools and workshops including [[Bard College]], [[Annandale-on-Hudson, New York]]; [[Brookdale Community College]], [[Lincroft, New Jersey]]; the Imagination Workshop at [[Cleveland State University]]; New England Institute of Art & Communications, [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]; Clarion East at [[Michigan State University]]; Clarion West in [[Seattle, Washington]]; and [[Smith College]], near her home in Northampton. She has participated in the Juniper Summer Writing Institute at the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]]'s [[MFA Program for Poets & Writers]].

==Awards==

* 2017 [[World Fantasy Convention|World Fantasy Award]] for contributions to the genre (nominee)

===Books===
* ''Get in Trouble'': 2016 [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction|Pulitzer Prize (fiction) finalist]].
* ''Pretty Monsters'': 2008 World Fantasy<ref>{{cite web|author=World Fantasy Convention |year=2010 |title=Award Winners and Nominees |url=http://www.worldfantasy.org/awards/awardslist.html/ |accessdate=4 Feb 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201074405/http://worldfantasy.org/awards/awardslist.html |archivedate=2010-12-01 |df= }}</ref> and Locus Award finalist.
* ''[[Magic for Beginners (anthology)|Magic for Beginners]]'': 2006 [[Locus Award]] for best short story collection
* ''Stranger Things Happen'': [[Salon.com|Salon]] [[Salon Book Awards|Book of the Year]], [[Village Voice]] favorite (available here [https://web.archive.org/web/20070220010942/http://www.lcrw.net/kellylink/sth/] as a free download, under a [[Creative Commons]] license)

===Selected stories (award winners)===
* “The Game of Smash and Recovery”: 2016 [[Theodore Sturgeon Award]] for Best Short Fiction
* “The Summer People”: 2011 [[Shirley Jackson Award]] for best [[Novella|Novelette]], 2013 [[O'Henry Prize|The O'Henry Prize Stories]]
* "Pretty Monsters": 2009 [[Locus Award]] for Best [[Novella]]
* "[[Magic for Beginners (novella)|Magic for Beginners]]": 2005 [[Nebula Award]] for Best [[Novella]]
* "[[The Faery Handbag]]": 2005 [[Hugo Award|Hugo]] and Nebula Award for Best [[Novella|Novelette]], [[Locus Award]] winner
* "Stone Animals": 2005 [[Best American Short Stories]]
* "Louise's Ghost": 2001 [[Nebula Award for Best Novelette]]
* "The Specialist's Hat": 1999 [[World Fantasy Award]]
* "Travels with the Snow Queen": 1997 [[James Tiptree, Jr. Award]]

==As author==
*''4 Stories ([[chapbook]])'', Small Beer Press, 2000
*''Stranger Things Happen'', Small Beer Press, 2001
*''Magic For Beginners'', Small Beer Press, 2005, reprinted by Harcourt, 2005
*''Catskin: a swaddled zine'', Jelly Ink Press, date unknown
*''Pretty Monsters: Stories'', Viking Juvenile, 2008
*''The Wrong Grave'', 2009
*''Get in Trouble: Stories'', Random House, 2015

==As editor==
*''Trampoline'' Small Beer Press, 2003
*''The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror'' volume 17– (with Ellen Datlow and Gavin J. Grant) St. Martin's Press, 2004–2008

In addition, Link and Grant have edited a semiannual [[small press]] fantasy magazine: ''[[Lady Churchill's Rosebud Wristlet]]'' (or ''LCRW'') since 1997. An anthology, ''The Best of Lady Churchill's Rosebud Wristlet'', was published by [[Del Rey Books]] in 2007.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Children and Young Adult Literature}}
*[http://www.kellylink.net/ Official website]
*[http://www.lcrw.net/lcrw/ Lady Churchill's Rosebud Wristlet]
*{{isfdb name|id=Kelly_Link|name=Kelly Link}}
*Kelly Link's [http://www.sfadb.com/Kelly_Link awards and nominations] at the Science Fiction Awards Database
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051125045740/http://www.fantasticmetropolis.com/i/va-link/ Essay] on Link's story "Lull" at [[Fantastic Metropolis]]
*[http://www.kcrw.com/cgi-bin/db/kcrw.pl?show_code=bw&air_date=1/5/06&tmplt_type=Show RealAudio Interview] from KCRW's Bookworm show
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070404000859/http://www.apublicspace.org/issue1/link.shtml An excerpt from Origin Story] from the magazine ''[[A Public Space]]''
*[http://mainehumanities.org/podcasts/stonecoast.html Reading by Kelly from the Stonecoast MFA program's Winter 2008 residency]
{{James Tiptree, Jr. Award Winners}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Link, Kelly}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:American fantasy writers]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Magic realism writers]]
[[Category:American short story writers]]
[[Category:Hugo Award-winning writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nebula Award winners]]
[[Category:Print editors]]
[[Category:Writers from Northampton, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Women science fiction and fantasy writers]]
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty]]
[[Category:American women short story writers]]
[[Category:American women novelists]]
[[Category:Chapbook writers]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:University of North Carolina at Greensboro alumni]]
[[Category:Novelists from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Creative Commons-licensed authors]]

Sherif Gaber

2018-08-27T01:00:53Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Sherif Gaber.png

{{Orphan|date=July 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sherif Gaber
| image =
| image_size = 265px
| alt =
| caption = Sherif Gaber in the role of narrator in his video "The Story of Religions" (2017).
| birth_name = Sherif Gaber Abdelazim Bakr
| birth_date = {{circa}} {{Birth based on age as of date|25|2018|05|07}}<ref name="HuffPost Maroc">{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2018/05/07/le-blogueur-sherif-gaber-arrete-en-egypte-pour-apologie-de-latheisme_a_23428637/ |title=Le blogueur Sherif Gaber arrêté en Égypte pour "apologie de l'athéisme" |author=HuffPost Maroc |work=Huffington Post |date=7 May 2018 |accessdate=24 August 2018 |language=fr}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = Being arrested for atheist activism
| notable_works =
}}
'''Sherif Gaber''' (full name ''Sherif Gaber Abdelazim Bakr;'' {{lang-ar|شريف جابر عبد العظيم بكر}}&lrm;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/346690|title=القبض على خاروق جامعي يدعو إلى الإلحاد في العريش|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=September 18, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417053102/http://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/346690|archivedate=April 17, 2015}}</ref> {{IPA-arz|ʃɪˈɾiːf ˈɡæːbeɾ ʕæbdelʕɑˈzˤiːm bɑkɾ|pron}}) born c. 1993, is an [[Egypt]]ian political activist and blogger who was arrested on October 27, 2013 for professing [[atheism]], contempt of religion relating to activities on campus and atheist statements online.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/19/sherif-gaber-sentenced_n_6714770.html |title=Sherif Gaber, Egyptian Student, Sentenced To Prison For Atheist Facebook Posts |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=2015-02-19 |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Gaber has been making satirical videos that [[criticism of religion|criticise religions]] for years. With titles such as "Does God exist?", "Evolution and religion are incompatible" and "Criticising religion is a human right", his videos brought him into legal troubles. The [[Blasphemy law in Egypt|Egyptian law against blasphemy]], Article 98(f) of the Penal Code, was eventually used to justify his arrest.<ref name="HuffPost Maroc"/>

=== Arrest and court case ===
At 3:00 a.m. on October 27, 2013, three armored state security cars and an army vehicle arrived at Gaber's house. A number of state security agents entered his apartment, conducted a search, and confiscated all of his property, including but not limited to his school papers and documents, books, his PC, mobile phone, and his money. After that they threw him in the car and took him to jail.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.albersaber.com/2013/11/sherif-gaber-2.html |title=Full details in the case of Sharif Jaber - التفاصل الكاملة في قضية شريف جابر | ALBER SABER ألبير صابر |publisher=Albersaber.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref>

On December 3, 2013, the court agreed to release Gaber after paying 7500 LE (2500 for the "Contempt of Religion" charge and 5000 for "spreading immoral values and abnormal thoughts that provoke and disturb the public peace and the national security of Egypt.") He was released the next day, but his case was ongoing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afteegypt.org/academic_freedom/2014/04/27/7489-afteegypt.html |title=جنح ثالث الإسماعيلية تؤجل نظر قضية الطالب "شريف جابر" المتهم بازدراء الأديان لجلسة 8 يونيو | مؤسسة حرية الفكر والتعبير |publisher=Afteegypt.org |date=2014-04-27 |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref>

On February 16, 2015 Gaber was found guilty and sentenced to one year in jail. He was allowed to appeal if he paid 1,000 LE,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shorouknews.com/mobile/news/view.aspx?cdate=18022015&id=35324542-6525-462c-93f9-c3fadea86cb1 |title=الحبس سنة لطالب جامعي ملحد لإدانته بازدراء الإسلام على "فيس بوك" :: بوابة الشروق :: نسخة الموبايل |publisher=Shorouknews.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://afteegypt.org/digital_freedoms/2015/02/18/9486-afteegypt.html |title=حكم جديد يجرم الحق في حرية التعبير .. حبس الطالب شريف جابر سنة وكفالة ألف جنيه للتعبير عن رأيه | مؤسسة حرية الفكر والتعبير |publisher=Afteegypt.org |date=2015-02-18 |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref> but instead Gaber went into hiding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/i-live-face-things-not-run-them-political-repression-and-asylum-egypt-1565425661|title=‘I live to face things, not run from them’: Political repression and asylum in Egypt|last=Nader|first=Emir|date=30 May 2015|publisher=[[Middle East Eye]]|accessdate=18 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Hiding and re-arrest ===
Gaber's whereabouts were unknown, but in July 2015 the blog ''Patheos'' reported that Gaber had been releasing pro-science and pro-human rights videos on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2015/07/15/egyptian-atheist-sentenced-to-prison-but-hiding-from-police-is-now-releasing-pro-science-youtube-videos/|accessdate=17 September 2015|first=Hemant|last=Mehta|title=Egyptian Atheist, Sentenced to Prison but Hiding from Police, is Now Releasing Pro-Science YouTube Videos|date=15 July 2015}}</ref>

On March 31, 2018 Gaber published a tweet about an imminent arrest, call for calm among his supporters and claimed he would "keep making videos when i get out.. i'll write the scripts in prison." <ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Mr_SherifGaber/status/980189390482927617|title='some muslim lawyers reported me to the attorney general because of my videos'|date=31 March 2018|publisher=[[twitter]]|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="HuffPost Maroc"/>

On Saturday May 5, 2018, Gaber was arrested once again and imprisoned.<ref name="HuffPost Maroc"/> Several media associated his arrest with a large number of arrests around the time of the [[Egyptian presidential election, 2018|March 2018 reelection of president El-Sisi]] (generally regarded as "farcical" as the elections were not free and fair), including a fellow satirical video maker named Shady Abuzaid (or Shadi Abuzeid) a week after Gaber.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/06/egypt-sisi-sworn-term-office-180602100504726.html |title=Egypt's Sisi sworn in for second term in office |author= |work=Aljazeera English |date=2 June 2018 |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/SherifGaberOfficial Gaber's YouTube channel]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaber, Sherif}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Political activism]]
[[Category:Egyptian activists]]
[[Category:Egyptian atheists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Egyptian YouTubers]]

XQc

2018-08-16T08:59:35Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Xqcpicture.jpeg

{{DISPLAYTITLE:xQc}}
{{Infobox eSports player
| ID = xQc
| name = Félix Lengyel
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|November 12, 1995}}
|birth country Sweden
status = Inactive
| hometown = [[Laval, Quebec]], Canada
| nationality = [[Canadians|Canadian]]
| team =
| league = [[Overwatch League]]
| games = ''[[Overwatch (video game)|Overwatch]]''
| years1 = 2016
| team1 = Q?
| years2 = 2016–2017
| team2 = Denial eSports
| years3 = 2017–present
| team3 = Team Canada
| years4 = 2017
| team4 = Arc 6
| team5 = [[Dallas Fuel]]
| years5 = 2017–2018
}}

'''Félix Lengyel''' (born November 12, 1995), known professionally under his username '''xQc''', is a [[Canada|Canadian]] professional ''[[Overwatch (video game)|Overwatch]]'' player and [[Twitch.tv]] streamer who played as Main Tank for the [[Dallas Fuel]] in the [[Overwatch League]] for part of the inaugural season, before being released due to repeated controversy. xQc has also played in the [[Overwatch World Cup]] as the Main Tank for Team Canada in 2017 & 2018.

==Career==
xQc began his career as a main tank player on the ''Overwatch'' team Q? which was later picked up by [[Denial eSports]].{{r|The Score Denial}} After the team disbanded, xQc and the other members of the team played together under the name YIKES! which was later changed to Arc 6. After qualifying, they played in Season Zero of Overwatch Contenders but were ultimately eliminated in the group stage. Eventually, Arc 6 went their separate ways to focus on tryouts for Season 1 of the [[Overwatch League]].

xQc also played for Team Canada in their [[Overwatch World Cup 2017|2017 Overwatch World Cup]] campaign. They qualified for the World Cup after beating the Netherlands by a score of 3-0. The team made it all the way to the finals of the tournament before being defeated by defending champions, South Korea.{{r|Overwatch World Cup Finals}} xQc won the MVP Fan Vote for the tournament.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/esports/article-5051827/Overwatch-World-Cup-South-Korea-champions-second-time.html|title=Overwatch World Cup: South Korea champions for second time in a row|work=Mail Online|access-date=2018-03-28}}</ref>

On October 28, 2017, Overwatch League franchise Dallas Fuel announced xQc would be joining their roster as their 9th player.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/DallasFuel/status/924305913468653568|title=Dallas Fuel on Twitter|website=Twitter|language=en|access-date=2018-07-04}}</ref> xQc played with the team for several matches before coming under fire due to homophobic remarks made on his Twitch.tv stream directed against rival player Austin "Muma" Wilmot of the [[Houston Outlaws]]. Lengyel was suspended by the League for four matches and fined $2,000 dollars for violating the Overwatch League Code of Conduct. The Dallas Fuel later extended the suspension to include the entirety of Stage 1. Lengyel made his return at the beginning of Stage 2, leading his team to victory against the [[Los Angeles Gladiators|LA Gladiators]], and was chosen as Omen by HP's Player Of The Match.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/DallasFuel/status/954562635520978945/photo/1?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E954562635520978945|title=Dallas Fuel on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en}}</ref> However, he only played for a little bit longer, before being suspended and fined again, and then finally released from the team, this time for seeming to post a Twitch emote in the chat in a racially disparaging manner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fuel.overwatchleague.com/en-us/news/dallas-fuel-announce-release-felix-xqc-lengyel|title=Dallas Fuel Announce Release of Félix “xQc” Lengyel|last=|first=|date=|website=The Overwatch League|language=en-GB|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref>

xQc then said he was going to take a break from professional play, retiring to become a full time streamer. He continued full time streaming for several months, before making the decision to return to pro play, playing with the Contenders Trials NA team GOATS.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dexerto.com/overwatch/controversial-overwatch-streamer-xqc-is-returning-to-competition|title=Controversial Overwatch Streamer xQc is Returning to Competition|work=Dexerto|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref>

At the moment, xQc is playing main tank on the starting roster for Team Canada in the 2018 Overwatch World Cup. He will be playing starting on the Los Angeles Group Stage, September 7th-9th.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://overwatchwire.usatoday.com/2018/07/10/canada-announce-final-starting-roster-for-2018-overwatch-world-cup/|title=Canada announce final starting roster for 2018 Overwatch World Cup|date=2018-07-10|work=Overwatch Wire|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Controversy==
===Before joining Dallas Fuel===
Prior to major incidents in the Overwatch League, xQc was already known for making trouble. His account was suspended twice for violating [[Blizzard Entertainment|Blizzard]]'s Terms Of Use. The first incident occurred in November 2017, xQc was booted mid-match from a competitive Overwatch game with a suspension message. He was suspended for 72 hours for "misuse of the reporting system". Lengyel had used the in-game reporting system for reporting players for supposedly invalid reasons. He had reported a player for refusing to switch off of a hero, even after repeatedly dying.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://compete.kotaku.com/overwatch-pros-mid-match-suspension-sparks-debate-over-1820572524|title=Overwatch Pro's Mid-Match Suspension Raises Questions About Blizzard's Reporting System|last=Allen|first=Eric Van|work=Compete|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

While streaming in December 2017 xQc threw a competitive game. Blizzard responded with a seven-day suspension, and xQc posted a video to publicly apologize for his behaviour.<ref>{{Citation|last=xQcOW|title=Suspended: My apology|date=2017-12-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pq_VGpPooM|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dotesports.com/the-op/overwatch/news/xqc-seven-day-overwatch-suspension-19615|title=Dallas Fuel player xQc receives 7-day Overwatch suspension|work=The OP|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Dallas Fuel===
Over the course of his time with the Dallas Fuel, xQc was suspended twice. His first suspension came after [[Dallas Fuel]]'s loss to the [[Houston Outlaws]] in Stage 1. xQc made homophobic remarks towards openly gay Houston Outlaws player Austin "Muma" Wilmot after Wilmot used xQc's own catch phrase against him after the match. The [[Overwatch League]] then fined xQc $2,000 and suspended him for 4 matches. The [[Dallas Fuel]] later extended that suspension to the remainder of Stage 1.<ref name=":0" />

xQc returned from his suspension in Stage 2 only to be fined and suspended again for using the [[Twitch.tv|Twitch]] emoticon TriHard in a "racially disparaging manner" in Twitch chat as African-American broadcaster Malik Forté appeared on stream and using disparaging language against Overwatch League casters and fellow players on social media and on his personal stream.{{r|xQc 2nd Suspension}} This time, xQc received a $4,000 fine and was suspended for 4 matches. On March 11th, 2018 the [[Dallas Fuel]] announced that the team and xQc had mutually parted ways.{{r|xQc released from Dallas Fuel}} In an interview, xQc said that although he likes to play at a professional level, he also enjoys creating content on Twitch. If he receives an offer to play in a professional team again, he said he'd have to think about it a while.<ref>{{cite news|last=Selk|first=Avi|date=14 March 2018|title='I blame myself': A fallen e-sports star reflects on video gaming's image problems|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2018/03/14/i-blame-myself-a-fallen-esports-star-reflects-on-video-gamings-image-problems/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref>

=== Overwatch World Cup 2018 ===
On August 11th, 2018 xQc's account was suspended once again for violating the Abusive Chat policy. He had apparently been reported by teammates several times for this offense. As of August 14, 2018, it is unknown whether this will affect his ability to play in the World Cup.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://overwatchwire.usatoday.com/2018/08/12/xqcs-account-suspended-world-cup-status-could-be-at-risk/|title=xQc's account suspended, World Cup status could be at risk|date=2018-08-12|work=Overwatch Wire|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="The Score Denial">
{{Cite news |last= Bury |first= Josh |title=Denial eSports sign Overwatch roster |work= [[theScore Inc.]]|publisher= [[theScore Inc.]] |date=2016-10-13 |accessdate= 2018-03-17 |url=https://www.thescoreesports.com/news/10976 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="xQc 2nd Suspension">
{{Cite news |last= Carpenter |first= Nicole |title=Dallas Fuel player xQc suspended again from the Overwatch League, others fined |work= dotesports.com|publisher= dotesports.com |date=2018-03-09 |accessdate= 2018-03-17 |url=https://dotesports.com/overwatch/news/overwatch-league-players-banned-fined-21753 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="xQc released from Dallas Fuel">
{{Cite news |last= Wolf |first= Jacob |title=xQc released from Dallas Fuel after receiving second Overwatch League suspension |work=[[ESPN.com]] |publisher=[[ESPN.com]] |date=2018-03-11 |accessdate= 2018-03-17 |url=http://www.espn.com/esports/story/_/id/22727221/xqc-released-dallas-fuel-receiving-second-overwatch-league-suspension |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

<ref name="Overwatch World Cup Finals">
{{Cite news |last= Van Allen |first= Eric |title=Overwatch World Cup Comes Down To A Fight Over Meters |work=[[ESPN.com]] |publisher=[[ESPN.com]] |date=2018-03-11 |accessdate= 2018-03-17 |url=https://compete.kotaku.com/overwatch-world-cup-comes-down-to-a-fight-over-meters-1820149729 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{twitch|Xqcow}}

{{Overwatch}}
{{Portal bar|Video games|Canada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lengyel, Félix}}
[[Category:Overwatch (video game) players]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Twitch streamers]]

Lidia Thorpe

2018-08-15T14:01:52Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Lidia Thorpe Northcote.png

{{Use Australian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox AM
|honorific prefix =
| image =
| name = Lidia Thorpe
| honorific-suffix = [[Victorian Legislative Assembly|MP]]
| constituency_AM = [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]]
| majority =
| term_start = 18 November 2017
| term_end =
| spouse =
| party = [[Australian Greens Victoria|Greens]]
| predecessor = [[Fiona Richardson]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1973}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| website = {{URL|http://lidiathorpe.com}}
}}
'''Lidia Alma Thorpe''' (born 1973)<ref name="birthyear">{{cite news|last1=Wahlquist|first1=Calla|title=Lidia Thorpe 'finds her voice', the first Indigenous woman to do so in Victorian parliament|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/29/lidia-thorpe-finds-her-voice-the-first-indigenous-woman-to-do-so-in-victorian-parliament|accessdate=8 February 2018|work=The Guardian|date=29 November 2017|language=en}}</ref> is an Australian politician. She has been the member for [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]] in the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly]] since November 2017 and is a member of the [[Australian Greens Victoria|Victorian Greens]]. Thorpe won the [[Northcote state by-election, 2017|Northcote state by-election]] on 18 November 2017 to become the first female [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] elected to the [[Parliament of Victoria]].<ref name="The Guardian - 19 November 2019 - Northcote byelection: Greens' Lidia Thorpe takes Melbourne seat from Labor">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/19/northcote-byelection-greens-lidia-thorpe-takes-melbourne-seat-from-labor|title=Northcote byelection: Greens' Lidia Thorpe takes Melbourne seat from Labor|last=Raue|first=Ben|date=19 November 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref>

==Early career==
Thorpe, a [[Gunnai]]-[[Gunditjmara]] woman, was the managing director of Clan Corporation, a sustainable housing and renewable energy business catering to remote Aboriginal communities. She was also the chair of the Victorian [[NAIDOC]] Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/northcote-by-election-2017|last=Green|first=Antony|authorlink=Antony Green|title=Northcote by-election|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/northcote-byelection-greens-pick-their-woman-for-key-battle-of-the-north-20170911-gyez5c.html|title=Northcote by-election: Greens pick their woman for key battle of the north|last1=Towell|first1=Noel|last2=Preiss|first2=Benjamin|newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=11 September 2017}}</ref> Thorpe has also worked as the Aboriginal Employment Adviser for the Municipal Association of Victoria, was President of the Lakes Entrance Basketball Association for three years, school council member of the Nowa Nowa Primary School, a Steering Committee Member for Indigenous Administrators, a member of Community of Practice, a member of the Institute of Public Administration Australia (Victoria), and a Project Manager with the East Gippsland Shire Council where she addressed disadvantage in Lakes Entrance through the Advancing Country Towns Project.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indigenousfellowship.net.au/emerging-leaders/lidia-thorpe/|title=Lidia Thorpe: Emerging Leader 2008 - 2009|accessdate=15 August 2018}}</ref>

Thorpe's grandmother, [[Alma Thorpe]], was one of the founders of the Victorian Aboriginal Health Service.<ref name=2011_Vic_AHR>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vic.gov.au/aboriginalvictoria/community-engagement/leadership-programs/aboriginal-honour-roll/2011-victorian-aboriginal-honour-roll/alma-thorpe.html|title=2011 Victorian Aboriginal Honour Roll - Alma Thorpe|last=|first=|date=2012|website=|publisher=State Government of Victoria|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-06}}
</ref><ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/new-greens-mp-lidia-thorpes-long-road-from-nowa-nowa-to-northcote-20171119-gzodm6.html New Greens MP Lidia Thorpe's long road from Nowa Nowa to Northcote], ''The Age'', 19 November 2017.</ref>

==Political career==
Thorpe won the seat of Northcote at the 2017 by-election after receiving 45.22% of the primary vote, giving her a winning distribution of 50.93%, 11% more than the Labor candidate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/Results/State2017/NorthcoteDistrict.html|title=Northcote District By-election 2017 : Northcote District|work=VEC|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref>
Thorpe was sworn in as a member of parliament on 28 November 2017 and she delivered her first speech to the Assembly the following day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/first-aboriginal-woman-mp-lidia-thorpe-speaks-of-genocide-lingering-disadvantage-20171129-gzv2ms.html|title=State's first Aboriginal woman MP Lidia Thorpe speaks of genocide, lingering disadvantage|work=The Age|date=29 November 2017}}</ref>

Thorpe is the current [[Australian Greens Victoria]] portfolio holder for Aboriginal Justice, Consumer Affairs, Skills and Training, Sport and Mental Health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greens.org.au/vic/person/lidia-thorpe|title=Lidia Thorpe MLA for Northcote|work=The Greens Victoria|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref>

Since taking her seat in the Victorian Legislative Assembly, Thorpe has held Labor to account on the many promises they made during the Northcote by-election. This includes honouring the promises of funding to schools in Northcote, Alphington, Thornbury and Preston;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greens.org.au/vic/news/speech/schools-still-neglected-northcote-and-thronbury|title=Schools still neglected in Northcote and Thornbury|work=The Greens Victoria|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref> and reforms to renter's rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greens.org.au/vic/news/media-release/rental-reform-could-come-too-late|title=Rental reforms could come too late|work=The Greens Victoria|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref>

In May 2018 Thorpe organised a historic gathering of Aboriginal Elders in the parliament of Victoria to discuss the state's treaty processes. The meeting was organised as part of Thorpe's campaign to implement clan-based treaties, which would recognise the approximately 100 Aboriginal clans in Victoria. At the time Thorpe said "Our sovereignty and each of our language groups and our Clans must be clearly recognised in the government's treaty advancement legislation."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/05/14/victorian-elders-call-clan-based-treaties-and-more-inclusion-process|title=Victorian Elders call for Clan-based treaties and more inclusion in process|work=NITV|accessdate=15 August 2018}}</ref> The delegation of Clan Elders unanimously agreed to form a Elder's Council. Thorpe supported the Victorian government's 2018 Treaty bill, but stated that she would continue to push for clan sovereignty to be recognised as the Treaty process advances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/victoria-passes-aboriginal-treaty-bill-20180621-p4zmzz.html|title=Victoria passes Aboriginal treaty bill|work=The Age|accessdate=15 August 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==External links==
*{{Official|http://lidiathorpe.com}}
*[https://www.facebook.com/lidiathorpe/ Facebook]
*[https://twitter.com/lidiathorpemp Twitter]
*[https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/about/people-in-parliament/members-search/list-greens-members/details/22/342 Parliament Profile]
*[https://indigenousx.com.au/daniel-james-lidia-thorpe-member-for-northcote/ IndigenousX]
*[http://indigenousfellowship.net.au/emerging-leaders/lidia-thorpe/ Fellowship for Indigenous Leadership]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|au-vic-la}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Fiona Richardson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member for [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]]|years=2017–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{VicCurrentMLAs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorpe, Lidia}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Victoria]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]]
[[Category:Australian indigenous rights activists]]
[[Category:Women members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly]]

Qamar Javed Bajwa

2018-08-02T06:56:04Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Flag of the Cheif of the Army Staff (Pakistan).gif

{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = General
| name = Qamar Javed Bajwa {{Nastaliq|قمر جاوید باجوہ}}
| honorific_suffix = [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI (M)]] [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = General Qamar Javed Bajwa.jpg
|office =10th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]
|term_start = 29 November 2016<ref name="AssumedOffice">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1299382|title=General Bajwa takes charge as Pakistan's 16th army chief|first=|last=Dawn.com|date=29 November 2016|website=dawn.com|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref>
| predecessor = General [[Raheel Sharif]]
|office1 = Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation
|term_start1 = 22 September 2015
|term_end1 = 29 November 2016
|office2 = Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]],Rawalpindi
|term_start2 = 14 August 2013
|term_end2 = 22 September 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|11|11}}<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016">{{cite news|title=General Bajwa's Battle|url=http://newsweekpakistan.com/know-your-general/|accessdate=24 December 2016|publisher=Newsweek Pakistan|date=23 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223182537/http://newsweekpakistan.com/know-your-general/|archivedate=23 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
|education = [[F. G. Sir Syed College|Sir Syed College]], [[Gordon College (Pakistan)|Gordon College]], [[Pakistan Military Academy]]
|allegiance ={{PAK}}
|branch ={{army|PAK}}
|serviceyears = 1978 – ''present''
|rank =[[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|10px]][[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|30px]][[General officer|General]]
| servicenumber = 
|unit = [[File:Baloch 1h1.jpg|20px]][[Baloch Regiment|16th Baloch Regiment]]
| commands = [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|16th Chief of Army Staff]] [[Inspector-General|Ins-Gen.]] [[List of serving Generals of the Pakistan Army|Training and Evaluation]] [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]] in [[Rawalpindi]] [[General officer commanding|GOC]] [[Force Command Northern Areas|Force Command North]], [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit]] [[Pakistan Armed Forces International deployments|Pakistan Armed Forces–Africa Command]]
| battles =[[Dongo conflict|Dongo conflict in Africa]] [[2014 India-Pakistan Border Skirmishes|2014 Indo-Pakistani tenions]] [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]] [[War in North-West Pakistan|War in North-West Pakistan]]
*[[Operation Zarb-e-Azb|Zarb-e-Azb]]
*[[Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad|Radd-ul-Fasaad]]
*[[Operation Khyber|Khyber–1]]
|battles_label =
|awards = [[File:Order of Excellence Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|30px]][[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)]] [[File:Crescent of Excellence Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|30px]][[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Military)]]
| serviceyears_label =
| rank_label =
|parents = Lt Col Muhammad Iqbal Bajwa (father)
}}

[[General officer|General]] '''Qamar Javed Bajwa''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|قمر جاوید باجوہ}}}}; born 11 November 1960), {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]], [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|HI(M)]]}}, is the 10th and current [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] of the [[Pakistan Army]]. A [[four-star rank|four-star]] rank [[general]], he was appointed to the post on 29 November 2016. According to magazine [[Forbes]], Bajwa is the 68th most powerful person in the world.<ref>https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/1706751/1-general-bajwa-makes-forbes-powerful-people-2018-list/%3famp=1</ref><ref name="AssumedOffice"/> Born in [[Karachi]], Bajwa was educated at the [[F. G. Sir Syed College|Sir Syed College]] and [[Gordon College (Pakistan)|Gordon College]] in [[Rawalpindi]] before joining the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] in 1978.

Bajwa was commissioned in 1980 in the 16th Battalion of the [[Baloch Regiment]]. Prior to his appointment as the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] of [[Pakistan Army]], he served at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] as the Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation from 22 September 2015 to 29 November 2016 and as field commander of the [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]] from 14 August 2013 to 22 September 2015 which is responsible for the area along the [[Line of Control]] at Kashmir. In addition, he served as a Brigadier in the [[MONUSCO|UN mission in Congo]] and as a brigade commander in 2007.

==Early life and education==
Bajwa was born on 11 November 1960 in [[Karachi]], [[Sindh, Pakistan|Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" /> into a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-speaking [[Jat Muslim|Jat]] family that initially hailed and belonged to [[Ghakhar Mandi]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan.<ref name="dawn1/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Residents of Gakhar Mandi celebrate new COAS appointment|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298913|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=27 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127070951/http://www.dawn.com/news/1298913|archivedate=27 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last = Banerji| first = Rana| title = Pakistan Has a New Army Chief. Here's What We Know About Him| newspaper = The Wire| date = 26 November 2016| url = http://thewire.in/82852/pakistan-new-army-chief-heres-know/| access-date = 1 December 2016| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161129164504/http://thewire.in/82852/pakistan-new-army-chief-heres-know/| archivedate = 29 November 2016| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation| last = Staff reporter| title = 'No caste system' in Pak Army| newspaper = The Nation| date = 28 November 2016| url = http://nation.com.pk/lahore/28-Nov-2016/no-caste-system-in-pak-army| access-date = 1 December 2016| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161129150956/http://nation.com.pk/lahore/28-Nov-2016/no-caste-system-in-pak-army| archivedate = 29 November 2016| df = dmy-all}}</ref> His father, [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] Muhammad Iqbal Bajwa, was an [[Army Officer|officer]] of [[Pakistan Army]] who died while in service in 1967 in [[Quetta]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], Pakistan.<ref name="dawn1/27nov2016" /> Bajwa was seven years old when his father died and he was the youngest of five siblings.<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" /> He and his siblings were raised by their mother, who passed away in September 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/457277-obituary|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The News|date=27 September 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128051523/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/457277-obituary|archivedate=28 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bajwa's father-in-law, Ijaz Amjad,<ref name="thenews/27nov2016">{{cite news|last1=Shakil|first1=Sheikh|title=General Qamar Bajwa COAS, General Zubair Hayat CJCSC|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/168038-General-Qamar-Bajwa-COAS-General-Zubair-Hayat-CJCSC|accessdate=5 February 2017|work=The News|date=27 November 2016|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108224149/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/168038-General-Qamar-Bajwa-COAS-General-Zubair-Hayat-CJCSC|archivedate=8 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> was also an [[Pakistan Army]] officer who retired with a two-star rank, [[Major-General]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bajwa solid soldier who believes in civilian supremacy|url=http://nation.com.pk/editors-picks/27-Nov-2016/bajwa-solid-soldier-who-believes-in-civilian-supremacy|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Nation|date=27 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127065524/http://nation.com.pk/editors-picks/27-Nov-2016/bajwa-solid-soldier-who-believes-in-civilian-supremacy|archivedate=27 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Bajwa completed his secondary and intermediate education at [[F. G. Sir Syed College|Sir Syed College]] in [[Rawalpindi]]<ref name="nation/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Newly appointed COAS qualified SCC, HSSC from Rawalpindi Sir Syed College|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/27-Nov-2016/newly-appointed-coas-qualified-scc-hssc-from-rawalpindi-sir-syed-college|accessdate=1 March 2017|work=The Nation|date=27 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303201749/http://nation.com.pk/national/27-Nov-2016/newly-appointed-coas-qualified-scc-hssc-from-rawalpindi-sir-syed-college|archivedate=3 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Gordon College (Pakistan)|Gordon College]] in Rawalpindi before joining the [[Pakistan Army]] in 1978,<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" /> which directed him to attend the military academy.<ref name="dawn1/26nov2016" /> He was sent to attend the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] in [[Kakul]] and [[Passing out (military)|passed out]] with the class of 62nd PMA Long Course<ref name="dawn1/26nov2016" /> in 1980.<ref name="geo/26nov2016" />

Bajwa is a graduate of [[Canadian Army Command and Staff College|Command and Staff]] in [[Canada]] and later attended and secured his graduation from the [[Naval Postgraduate School]] in [[Monterey, California|Monterey]], [[California]], [[United States]].<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" /> He also attended the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]].<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" /><ref name="geo/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=How the 'dark horse' rose as army chief – The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1245698/qamar-javed-bajwa-picked-replace-gen-raheel/|accessdate=8 March 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=27 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227114802/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1245698/qamar-javed-bajwa-picked-replace-gen-raheel/|archivedate=27 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Bajwa is married to Ayesha. The couple have two sons, Saad and Ali.<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" />

==Career in the military==

After joining the [[Pakistan Army]] in 1978<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" />, Bajwa was sent to enrolled at the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] (PMA) in [[Kakul]], and [[Passing out (military)|passed out]] from the PMA Kakul where he gained [[Commissioned officer|commissioned]] as [[Second Lieutenant|2nd-Lt.]], on 24 October 1980 in the 16th [[Baloch Regiment|Baloch Regiment]] at the [[Sialkot Cantonment|Sialkot Cantonment]] – the same unit that his father commanded.<ref>{{cite news|title=COAS visits Sialkot, recollects memories|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1312193/coas-visits-sialkot-recollects-memories|accessdate=2 February 2017|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=2 February 2017|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202075014/http://www.dawn.com/news/1312193/coas-visits-sialkot-recollects-memories|archivedate=2 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="geo/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=General Qamar Javed Bajwa appointed Pakistan Army chief|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/121719-General-Qamar-Javed-Bajwa-appointed-Pakistan-Army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|publisher=Geo|date=26 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127024927/https://www.geo.tv/latest/121719-General-Qamar-Javed-Bajwa-appointed-Pakistan-Army-chief|archivedate=27 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 1992, [[Major]] Bajwa briefly served in the 5th [[Northern Light Infantry|Northern Light Infantry Regiment]] in [[Azad Kashmir|Kashmir]].<ref name="dawn/14aug2016">{{cite news|title=Who will be the next army chief?|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1277442|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=14 August 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121233903/http://www.dawn.com/news/1277442|archivedate=21 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes/5dec2016">{{cite news|title=Pakistan's new army chief Bajwa 'knows a lot about what India thinks'|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/pakistan-s-new-army-chief-bajwa-knows-a-lot-about-what-india-thinks/story-q4PFVkbyQqxalUSrc4rfbM.html|accessdate=11 December 2016|work=hindustan times/|date=5 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210175937/http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/pakistan-s-new-army-chief-bajwa-knows-a-lot-about-what-india-thinks/story-q4PFVkbyQqxalUSrc4rfbM.html|archivedate=10 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In addition, [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] Bajwa served in the [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]], stationed in [[Rawalpindi]], as a [[Staff Officer|staff officer]].<ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /> Upon promoting as [[One star general|one-star]] rank army general, [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] Bajwa served as the [[Chief of Staff|Chief of Staff]] (COS) at the X Corps before promoting to the [[Two-star rank|two-star]] rank and commanding a division in [[Geography of Pakistan#The northern highlands|Northern Pakistan]].<ref name="thenews/13aug2013">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed new Commander 10 Corps|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/632361-lt-gen-qamar-javed-new-commander-10-corps|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=The News|date=13 August 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125110521/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/632361-lt-gen-qamar-javed-new-commander-10-corps|archivedate=25 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="brecorder/19sept2016">{{cite news|last1=Recorder|first1=Business|title=Next Army chief: Lieutenant-General Qamar Bajwa strongest candidate?|url=http://www.brecorder.com/general-news/172/86161/|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=Business Recorder|date=19 September 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125043857/http://www.brecorder.com/general-news/172/86161/|archivedate=25 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2007, [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brig.]] Bajwa commanded the [[Pakistan Armed Forces deployments|Pakistan Armed Forces-Africa Command]], attached to the [[United Nations peacekeeping|UN peacekeeping]] mission [[MONUSCO|MONUSCO]], in [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]]<ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /><ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" /><ref name="dawn1/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa chosen as new army chief|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1298802|accessdate=1 March 2017|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=26 November 2016|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303202127/https://www.dawn.com/news/1298802|archivedate=3 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" /> Brig. Bajwa served in the Congo as a [[Brigade commander|brigade commander]] under<ref name="timesofindia/27nov2016" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-Indian army chief praises Pakistan's incoming chief Gen Bajwa|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298964|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=27 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127101623/http://www.dawn.com/news/1298964|archivedate=27 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> then-[[Major General]] [[Bikram Singh (general)|Bikram Singh]], the former [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] of the [[Indian Army]] from 2012–14.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> Gen. Singh later termed Bajwa's performance there as "professional and outstanding."<ref name="tribune1/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Ex-Indian army chief praises Gen Qamar Jawed Bajwa – The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1245946/ex-indian-army-chief-praises-incoming-chief-gen-bajwa/|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=27 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127135422/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1245946/ex-indian-army-chief-praises-incoming-chief-gen-bajwa/|archivedate=27 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Will Qamar Javed Bajwa be as hostile as Raheel Sharif to India? – Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Qamar-Javed-Bajwa-Pakistans-new-army-chief-Implications-for-india/articleshow/55641190.cms?|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=27 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127122802/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Qamar-Javed-Bajwa-Pakistans-new-army-chief-Implications-for-india/articleshow/55641190.cms|archivedate=27 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

After being promoted to [[Two star general|two-star]] rank in May 2009, [[Major-General]] Bajwa took over the command of the [[Force Command Northern Areas|Force Command Northern Areas]] (FCNA) as its [[General officer commanding|GOC]], stationed in [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|title=24 brigadiers made major generals|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/664358-24-brigadiers-made-major-generals|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=The News|date=9 May 2009|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125050001/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/664358-24-brigadiers-made-major-generals|archivedate=25 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Goodbye Gen Raheel, who's next?|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/166799-Goodbye-Gen-Raheel-whos-next|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=The News|date=22 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122051650/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/166799-Goodbye-Gen-Raheel-whos-next|archivedate=22 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who will be the next Army Chief?|url=https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2016/11/who-will-be-next-army-chief/|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=Samaa TV|date=21 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122182106/https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2016/11/who-will-be-next-army-chief/|archivedate=22 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Administration given 10 days to widen spillway|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/953072/administration-given-10-days-to-widen-spillway|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=19 June 2010|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125045257/http://www.dawn.com/news/953072/administration-given-10-days-to-widen-spillway|archivedate=25 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="dawn/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa chosen as new army chief|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298802/lt-gen-qamar-javed-bajwa-chosen-as-new-army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=26 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126194658/http://www.dawn.com/news/1298802/lt-gen-qamar-javed-bajwa-chosen-as-new-army-chief|archivedate=26 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="thenews/13aug2013" />

In August 2011, he was honored with the [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]] (Military),<ref>{{cite news|title=Military Awards|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/316844-military-awards|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=The News|date=15 August 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125044556/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/316844-military-awards|archivedate=25 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and posted as an instructor at the School of Infantry and Tactics in Quetta,<ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals made lieutenant general|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/632324-four-major-generals-made-lieutenant-general|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=The News|date=9 August 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125111035/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/632324-four-major-generals-made-lieutenant-general|archivedate=25 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>, and later taught staff course at [[Command and Staff College]] in Quetta, and course on national security at the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]].<ref name="geo/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa appointed new army chief – The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1245194/qamar-javed-bajwa-appointed-new-army-chief/|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=26 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127021904/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1245194/qamar-javed-bajwa-appointed-new-army-chief/|archivedate=27 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 14 August 2013, [[Major-General|Maj-Gen.]] Bajwa was promoted to [[Three-star rank|three-star]] rank and posted as field commander of the [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]], stationed in Rawalpindi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals promoted|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1035068|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=9 August 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125043850/http://www.dawn.com/news/1035068|archivedate=25 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lt-Gen Qamar new Rawalpindi corps commander: ISPR|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/12/national/lt-gen-qamar-new-rawalpindi-corps-commander-ispr/|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Today|date=12 August 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125110435/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/12/national/lt-gen-qamar-new-rawalpindi-corps-commander-ispr/|archivedate=25 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=General Raheel Sharif visits LoC|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1061699|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=10 December 2013|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125044215/http://www.dawn.com/news/1061699|archivedate=25 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He was appointed as Grade-I officer during his tenure as field commander of the X Corps.<ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" /> The appointment was commented in the [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]] that noted that [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] Bajwa had been posted in X Corps thrice,<ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" /> which is the army's important and largest corps, which has experience of keeping control over the situation in Kashmir.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" />.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016">{{cite news|title=Who will be the new army chief?|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/11/22/national/who-will-be-the-new-army-chief/|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Today|date=22 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124062719/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/11/22/national/who-will-be-the-new-army-chief/|archivedate=24 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2014, [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] Bajwa was appointed as [[Colonel Commandant]] of [[Baloch Regiment]].<ref>{{cite news|title=INSTALLATION CEREMONY COLONEL IN CHIEF/ COLONEL COMMANDANT OF BALOCH REGIMENT|url=https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/t-press_release.asp?id=2550&print=1|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=ISPR|date=13 May 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127153618/https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/t-press_release.asp?id=2550&print=1|archivedate=27 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 22 September 2015, [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] Bajwa was posted in the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] when he appointed as the [[Inspector-General]] of the Training and Evaluation (IGT&E) where he was a Principal Staff Officer to then-Chief of Army Staff, General [[Raheel Sharif]].<ref name="dawn/22september2015">{{cite news|title=Four army officers including DG ISPR Asim Bajwa made three-star generals|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1208595|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=22 September 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128114551/http://www.dawn.com/news/1208595|archivedate=28 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals promoted to lieutenant generals|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/14819-four-major-generals-promoted-to-lieutenant-generals|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=The News|date=23 September 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125044834/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/14819-four-major-generals-promoted-to-lieutenant-generals|archivedate=25 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Chief of Army Staff==
[[File:Khawaja Muhammad Asif and Shahid Khaqan Abbasi in Islamabad, Pakistan - 2017 (37852998846).jpg|thumb|Bajwa with Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi and members of the federal cabinet ]]
In 2016, [[Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif|Prime Minister Sharif]] confirmed the timely retirement of [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] General [[Rashad Mahmood|Rashad Mahmood]], while General [[Raheel Sharif]] dismissed rumores of seeking the extension for his term.<ref>{{cite news|last1=War correspondent|first1=staff wrtier|title=I don't believe in extension, will retire on due date: Gen Raheel Sharif|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1235293|accessdate=30 December 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=25 January 2016}}</ref>

Initially, the race for the appointment for the army chief was rumored between [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] [[Zubair Mahmood Hayat|Zubair Hayat]] and Lt-Gen. [[Javed Iqbal Ramday|Javed Ramday]] who was close to the [[Sharif family|first family]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Lt General Zubair Mahmood Hayat, tipped to be Pakistan Army chief, visits China|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/lt-gen-hayat-tipped-to-be-pakistan-army-chief-visits-china-3083591/|accessdate=30 December 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=15 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Reuters, Pakistan Bureau in 2016">{{cite news|last1=Zehra-Malik|first1=Mehreen|title=As Pakistan army chief's tenure nears end, PM faces key choice|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-military-idUSKCN11Y04C|accessdate=30 December 2017|work=Reuters|agency=Reuters, Pakistan Burea|publisher=Reuters|date=2016}}</ref> However, Prime Minister Sharif announced to appoint the senior most army general, [[Lieutenant-General|Lt-Gen.]] [[Zubair Mahmood Hayat|Zubair Hayat]] was appointed [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs committee]].<ref>{{cite news|title=General Zubair Mahmood Hayat appointed CJCSC|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/121724-General-Zubair-Mahmood-Hayat-appointed-CJCSC|accessdate=30 December 2017|work=www.geo.tv}}</ref>

On 28 November 2016, Prime Minister Sharif eventually announced to appoint the fourth by seniority, General Bajwa, as the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]], superseding two generals who were senior than him.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Editor|first1=Ashfaq Ahmed, UAE Deputy|title=Pakistan: General Qamar Javed Bajwa takes charge at a critical time|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-general-qamar-javed-bajwa-takes-charge-at-a-critical-time-1.1937554|accessdate=8 March 2017|work=Gulf News|date=29 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301224957/http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/pakistan-general-qamar-javed-bajwa-takes-charge-at-a-critical-time-1.1937554|archivedate=1 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="dawn/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=PM picks Gen Qamar Bajwa to head army|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1298904/pm-picks-gen-qamar-bajwa-to-head-army|accessdate=3 March 2017|work=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=27 November 2016|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304035406/https://www.dawn.com/news/1298904/pm-picks-gen-qamar-bajwa-to-head-army|archivedate=4 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress/29nov2016">{{cite news|title=General Qamar Javed Bajwa takes over as Pakistan's new army chief, vows to improve LoC tension|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/general-qamar-javed-bajwa-takes-over-as-pakistans-new-army-chief-vows-to-improve-situation-along-loc/|accessdate=29 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=29 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129182011/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/general-qamar-javed-bajwa-takes-over-as-pakistans-new-army-chief-vows-to-improve-situation-along-loc/|archivedate=29 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/167866-Profile-of-Gen-Qamar-Javed-Bajwa|title=Profile of Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa|work=The News|access-date=27 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126224619/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/167866-Profile-of-Gen-Qamar-Javed-Bajwa|archivedate=26 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="nytimes/26nov2016">{{cite news|last1=Masood|first1=Salman|title=Pakistan Names New Military Leader|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/26/world/asia/pakistan-names-new-military-leader.html|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127083733/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/26/world/asia/pakistan-names-new-military-leader.html|archivedate=27 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

His strong [[Democracy in Pakistan|pro-democracy]] stance and views may have influenced his appointment as an army chief as noted by the media pundits.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistani Media on Why Qamar Bajwa Got One of The Country's Top Military Job|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/general-qamar-bajwas-pro-democratic-credentials-earned-him-the-post-pak-media-1630798?pfrom=home-lateststories|accessdate=28 November 2016|publisher=NDTV.com|date=28 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129021156/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/general-qamar-bajwas-pro-democratic-credentials-earned-him-the-post-pak-media-1630798?pfrom=home-lateststories|archivedate=29 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The [[Reuters|''Reuters Pakistan'']] reported that Prime Minister Sharif picked Bajwa because of his low-key style.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zahra-Malik|first1=Drazen Jorgic and Mehreen|title=Pakistan PM Sharif names General Bajwa as new army chief|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-pakistan-military-idUKKBN13L0KU|accessdate=26 November 2016|agency=Reuters UK|date=26 November 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127023423/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-pakistan-military-idUKKBN13L0KU|archivedate=27 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He was also noted as the fourth oldest [[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|army chief of staff]].<ref name="thenews/2dec2016">{{cite news|title=General Qamar Bajwa fourth oldest Pak Army chief|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/169231-General-Qamar-Bajwa-fourth-oldest-Pak-Army-chief|accessdate=13 February 2017|work=The News|date=2 December 2016|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210084316/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/169231-General-Qamar-Bajwa-fourth-oldest-Pak-Army-chief|archivedate=10 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

About the reception of this appointment, Gen. Bajwa is known to have a sound understanding of Indian strategic ambitions in the region and experience of armed conflict on LoC in Kashmir.<ref name="hindustantimes/5dec2016" /> In December 2016, he was awarded [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]].<ref>{{cite news|title=President presents awards to COAS General Bajwa, CJCSC General Hayat|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/125617-President-presents-awards-to-COAS-General-Bajwa-CJCSC-General-Hayat|accessdate=31 December 2016|work=geo.tv|publisher=Geo|date=31 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231171204/https://www.geo.tv/latest/125617-President-presents-awards-to-COAS-General-Bajwa-CJCSC-General-Hayat|archivedate=31 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Under the command of Gen. Bajwa, the nationwide [[Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad|counterterrorism operations]] and [[Operation Khyber|''Khyber-4'']] were launched in February 2017 and July 2017, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gen. Bajwa dines at local hotel without security protocol|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/218356-Gen-Bajwa-dines-at-local-hotel-without-security-protocol|accessdate=8 August 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809000300/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/218356-Gen-Bajwa-dines-at-local-hotel-without-security-protocol|archivedate=9 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2017, Gen. Bajwa received significant political criticism by the political circles and the [[Islamabad High Court]] for his political role during the [[2017 Tehreek-e-Labaik protest|far-right protests]], in which Gen. Bajwa refused to follow the orders of Prime Minister [[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]] to deploy troops in Islamabad in order to end the protest.<ref>{{cite news|title=FATAH: Pakistan surrenders to the mob|url=http://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/fatah-pakistan-surrenders-to-the-mob|accessdate=30 November 2017|work=Toronto Sun|date=30 November 2017}}</ref> Instead, Gen. Bajwa acted to became a mediator and proposed Prime Minister to negotiate with the protesters which led to resignation of the [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Justice minister]] [[Zahid Hamid]].<ref>{{cite news|title=‘Who is the army to adopt mediator’s role?’|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/11/27/who-is-the-army-to-adopt-mediators-role/|accessdate=27 November 2017|work=Pakistan Today|date=27 November 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127140758/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/11/27/who-is-the-army-to-adopt-mediators-role/|archivedate=27 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan court slams Army for mediating with protesters|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pakistan-court-slams-army-for-mediating-with-protesters-117112700903_1.html|accessdate=27 November 2017|work=Business Standard India|date=27 November 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127140758/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pakistan-court-slams-army-for-mediating-with-protesters-117112700903_1.html|archivedate=27 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Imran|first1=Mohammad|title=Govt asked to satisfy court on 'role of armed forces as an arbitrator' in agreement with protesters|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1373184|accessdate=27 November 2017|work=DAWN|date=27 November 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127082248/https://www.dawn.com/news/1373184|archivedate=27 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan army's role in focus as Islamists end blasphemy blockade|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-protests-military/pakistan-armys-role-in-focus-as-islamists-end-blasphemy-blockade-idUSKBN1DS0QQ|accessdate=28 November 2017|work=Reuters|date=28 November 2017}}</ref>

Over the issue of [[Panama Papers case|supreme court case]] that disqualified [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] Sharif, Gen. Bajwa reportedly denied claims that the military had played any role in shaping the judgments.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news|last1=PTI|title=Military had no role in Nawaz Sharif's ouster, says Pakistani Army chief Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/military-had-no-role-in-nawaz-sharifs-ouster-says-pakistani-army-chief-gen-qamar-javed-bajwa/articleshow/60745737.cms|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=The Economic Times|agency=The Economic Times|publisher=The Economic Times|date=19 September 2017|format=.cms}}</ref> In 2017, Gen. Bajwa testified the military's support for the [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary system]] before the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]], denying any claims made in the news media of military seeking to support the [[Presidential system|presidentialism]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ghauri|first1=Irfan|title=You make policy, we follow it, Gen Qamar tells parliament - The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1587001/1-army-chief-arrives-parliament-brief-lawmakers-security-situation/|accessdate=2 January 2018|work=The Express Tribune|date=19 December 2017}}</ref>
===The Bajwa Doctrine===
In the first few months of 2018, media reports described his leadership vision as ''The Bajwa Doctrine'', under that doctrine, the [[Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|eighteenth amendment to the constitution of Pakistan]] and the financial policies of [[Ishaq Dar]] (who was the [[Minister of Finance (Pakistan)|minister of finance]] in [[Nawaz Sharif]] government which was sacked on 28 July 2017) are disliked while financial policies of [[Asif Ali Zardari]] are preferred.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/293885-the-bajwa-doctrine-from-chauvinism-to-realism|title=The Bajwa Doctrine: from chauvinism to realism|author=|date=|website=www.thenews.com.pk|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref> [[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]] vehemently rejected that ''The Bajwa Doctrine'' has anything to do with the politics and if any such doctrine exists, it is only related to the security of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1671349/1-bajwa-doctrine-dg-ispr-clarifies-coas-remarks-taken-context/|title=Army seeks to quell speculation about ‘Bajwa doctrine' - The Express Tribune|author=|date=28 March 2018|website=tribune.com.pk|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/188306-dg-ispr-addresses-press-conference|title=Bajwa doctrine does not mention 18th Amendment or judiciary: DG ISPR|author=|date=|website=www.geo.tv|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref>

Some reports say that ''The Bajwa Doctrine'' is at play behind the blackout of [[Geo TV]] which started on 1 April 2018. The blackout started after an off the record meeting with journalists in which Bajwa threatened Geo TV with consequences if it did not toe the line of military. The term ''The Bajwa Doctrine'' was coined by journalists in the result of that same off the record meeting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/blackout-pakistani-tv-channel-tug-of-war-military/29151371.html|title=Blackout For Pakistani TV Channel Amid Tug-Of-War With Military|author=|date=|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|accessdate=8 April 2018}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2017, he was awarded a Turkish Legion of Merit for promotion of defence ties between Pakistan and Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|title=COAS Bajwa awarded Turkish Legion of Merit|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1340701/coas-bajwa-awarded-turkish-legion-of-merit|accessdate=20 June 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=20 June 2017|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620185522/https://www.dawn.com/news/1340701/coas-bajwa-awarded-turkish-legion-of-merit|archivedate=20 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Public image==
Bajwa is an avid reader and has keen interest in the history of [[History of Europe|Europe]].<ref name="hindustantimes/5dec2016" /><ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" />

He enjoys [[cricket]]<ref name="newsweek/23dec2016" /> and was himself a good sportsman who used to play cricket as a [[Wicket-keeper|wicket-keeper]].<ref name="nation/27nov2016" />

Reportedly, Gen. Bajwa doesn't have a "hatred" towards India contrary to an assumption that every high-ranking [[Pakistani military]] officer has some sort of a hostility for India<ref name="hindustantimes/5dec2016" /> and he considers religious extremism to be a bigger threat to national security in Pakistan rather than India.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" />

He is reported to be a genuine military man with no interest in politics<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> and the one who remains well-connected with the junior officers and troops, and does not seek attention and protocol.<ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016" />
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==External links==
*[https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/ Pakistan Army official website]

{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{S-bef|before=Gen [[Raheel Sharif]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]|years=2016–present}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-bef|before=Lt Gen [[Ikram Ul Haq]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation|years=2015–2016}}
{{S-aft|after=Lt Gen Hidayat Ur Rehman}}
{{S-bef|before=Lt Gen Khalid Nawaz Khan}}
{{S-ttl|title=Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]], Rawalpindi|years=2013–2015}}
{{S-aft|after=Lt Gen Malik Zafar Iqbal}}
{{s-end}}

{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajwa, Qamar Javed}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:People from Karachi]]
[[Category:Pakistani generals]]
[[Category:Gordon College (Pakistan) alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Naval Postgraduate School alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan alumni]]
[[Category:People of the Congo Crisis]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan faculty]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Priyanka Bose

2018-07-10T09:55:27Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Actress Priyanka Bose.jpg

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyanka Bose
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| known_for =
| yearsactive = 2007 - present
}}

'''Priyanka Bose''' is an [[Indian film]] actress and model. Active on stage and in films, she is best known for her role in the award-winning Italian film ''[[Gangor (film)|Gangor]]'' among others. Priyanka started her film career with small roles in ''[[Love Sex aur Dhokha]]'', ''[[Sorry Bhai!]]'', ''[[Johnny Gaddar]]'' and ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]''. Her first film in a lead role was ''[[Gangor (film)|Gangor]]'' by the Italian director, Italo Spinelli in 2010. She gained recognition as an actress with her power-packed performance as a tribal woman in the film and went on to win the best actress award at the ''New Jersey Independent South Asian Film Festival''.<ref name=Firstpost>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/gritty-indian-art-house-film-gangor-sweeps-awards-in-america-140825.html|title=Gritty Indian art-house film Gangor sweeps awards in America|publisher=First Post|date=26 November 2011|accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
Priyanka starred as the lead actress in the 2010 film [[Gangor]] directed by Italo Spinelli. Adapted from ''Choli Ke Peeche'', a short story by the acclaimed Indian writer [[Mahasweta Devi]], Gangor won several awards at the New Jersey Independent South Asian Film Festival, including ''Best Actress'' for Bose.

In 2013, Priyanka appeared in the advertisement for [[Tanishq]], a jewellery retail brand, as a girl who has a daughter and remarries that drew much attention to her.<ref name=verve>{{cite web|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/priyanka-bose|title=Actions Speak Louder Than Words |publisher=Verve Magazine|date=24 May 2014 |accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/priyanka-bose-tanishq-ad-gauri-shinde-english-vinglish-twitter/1/321301.html|title=Tanishq ad star Priyanka Bose on cloud nine|date=1 November 2013|publisher=India Today|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref>The ad that was hailed as "path-breaking", "courageous" and "unique" became a talking point on [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]] and had more than three lakh hits on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131031/jsp/t2/story_17514154.jsp#.VbHx8M8VjmI|title=The New Tanishq bride|date=31 October 2013|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref>

She toured the world for the shows of the play ''Nirbhaya'', written and directed by the South African playwright Yael Farber based on the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]]. The much acclaimed play won the Scotsman Fringe First Award and Herald Angel Award at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and the Amnesty International Freedom of Expression Award.<ref name=verve/><ref name=dna>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-cant-play-dumb-priyanka-bose-1917924|title=I can't play dumb: Priyanka Bose|date=12 November 2013|publisher=DNA|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/art-theatre/Each-Delhi-girl-can-narrate-incidents-of-being-molested-Priyanka-Bose/articleshow/25047049.cms|title=Each Delhi girl can narrate incidents of being molested: Priyanka Bose|date=1 November 2013|publisher=Mumbai Mirror|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref>

Priyanka has also played the lead with [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] in the Bengali film, ''[[Shunyo Awnko]]'', directed by [[Goutam Ghose]]. ''[[Gulaab Gang]]'' is another film where she appeared along with [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Juhi Chawla]]. Her performance has been noted in films currently making rounds of film festivals including ''[[Sold (2014 film)|Sold]]'', by director Jeffery D Brown, ''[[Oass]]'', directed by Abhinav Tiwari and ''[[Oonga]]'' by Devashish Makhija. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://openbeast.com/5521|title=Gangor – Priyanka Bose|publisher=Open Beast|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=dna/>

Priyanka co-starred in ''[[Lion (2016 film)|Lion]]'', directed by [[Garth Davis]], along with [[Nicole Kidman]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] and [[Dev Patel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/nicole-kidman-dev-patel-to-roar-in-india-set-survival-tale-lion-1201405538/|title=Nicole Kidman, Dev Patel to Roar in India-set Survival Tale ‘Lion’|publisher=Variety|date=14 January 2015|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref> She has also started a production company, ''PaapiPet Pictures'', which has created short format films and music videos including ''Dark and delicious'' for ''Hipnotribe'', and ''Bartender'' with Mikey Mcleary, besides one for ''Kailasa'' of [[Kailash Kher]].<ref name=dna/>

In 2016, Priyanka starred alongside [[Bhalchandra Kadam]] and [[Usha Naik]] in the Marathi film [[Half Ticket (2016 film)|Half Ticket]]. A remake of the Tamil film [[Kaaka Muttai]], Half Ticket was awarded the Ecumenical Jury Award at the 57th [[Zlin Film Festival|Zlin International Film Festival]] 2017 held in in [[Czech Republic]]. It was also picked for screening at the Indiwood Panorama Competition section at the 2nd edition of Indiwood Carnival 2016 in [[Hyderabad]].

==== 2016 - Present ====
Recently, Bose has worked in the 2018 film ''Mortal'' directed by [[André Øvredal]] and co-starring [[Nat Wolff]], that is set to release later this year.
She alternates between [[Mumbai]] and [[Los Angeles]] to shoot for upcoming Indian and International productions.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
! Awards and Nominations
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]'' || Ola-Ola main dancer || Hindi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Sorry Bhai!]]'' || Shruti || Hindi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Love Sex aur Dhokha]]'' || || Hindi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Gangor (film)|Gangor]]'' || Gangor || Bengali || - || "Best Actress" at the New Jersey Independent South Asian Film Festival
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'' || Singer at the bar || Hindi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Padduram]]'' || Mrs Menon || Hindi ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Oass]]'' || Madam || Hindi ||
|-
| 2012 || '' Uproot'' || Sharmi || English, Hindi, Bengali || (short)
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Shunyo Awnko]]'' || Jhilik Bose || Bengali||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Oonga (film)|Oonga]]'' || Oongamma || Hindi ||
|-
| 2013 || [[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani|''Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani'']] ||Sex worker ||Hindi ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Glass Bottom Boat]]'' || || English || (short)
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Gulaab Gang]]'' || Sandhya || Hindi ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Sold (2014 film)|Sold]]'' || Monica || English ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Lion (2016 film)|Lion]]'' || Kamla Munshi || English, Hindi, Bengali ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Devi (Goddess)]]'' || || English || (short)
|-
| 2016 || [[Half Ticket (2016 film)|Half Ticket]] || Aai || Marathi|| || "Best Supporting Actress" at Zee Chitra Gaurav Awards 2017, "Best Actress" at Sakal Premiere Awards 2017, Sanskruti Kala Darpan 2017, "Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Female) at Filmfare 2017
|-
| 2018 || Mortal || Hathaway || English || Post-production ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3140757}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Priyanka}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Female models from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]

Operation „Y“ und andere Abenteuer Schuriks

2018-02-02T02:58:13Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:SZA car featured in Operation Y.jpg

{{Infobox film
|name = Operation Y and Shurik's Other Adventures
|image = Operatsiya.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Film poster
|director = [[Leonid Gaidai]]
|producer =
|writer = Moris Slobodskoy Yakov Kostyukovsky Leonid Gaidai
|narrator =
|starring = [[Aleksandr Demyanenko]] [[Aleksei Smirnov (actor)|Aleksey Smirnov]] [[Natalya Seleznyova]] [[Yuri Nikulin]] [[Georgy Vitsin]] [[Yevgeny Morgunov]]
|music = [[Aleksandr Zatsepin]]
|cinematography = Konstantin Brovin
|editing = Valentina Yankovskaya
|distributor = [[Mosfilm]]
|released = {{Film date|1965|8|16|df=y}}
|runtime = 90 minutes
|country = Soviet Union
|language = Russian
|budget =
|gross =
}}
'''''Operation Y and Shurik's Other Adventures''''' ({{lang-ru|Операция „Ы“ и другие приключения Шурика}}) - (Operatsiya „Y“ i drugie priklyucheniya Shurika) is a 1965 Soviet [[slapstick film|slapstick]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Leonid Gaidai]], starring [[Aleksandr Demyanenko]], [[Natalya Seleznyova]], [[Yuri Nikulin]], [[Georgy Vitsin]] and [[Yevgeny Morgunov]]. The film consists of three independent parts: "Workmate" (Напарник, ''Naparnik''), "Déjà vu" (Наваждение, ''Navazhdeniye'') and "Operation Y"<ref name=note>The letter "Y" in the title of the film is in fact [[Yery]] ([[Cyrillic]]: '''Ы''', pronounced roughly as the vowel sound in the word "nib"), Operatsiya „Y“, this codename sounds bizarre because no native Russian word starts with this letter. As ''Fool'' (Yu. Nikulin) answers to the "Why 'Y'?" question — "So that nobody would guess why!" The phrase became a common colloquialism in Russian used to answer odd questions.</ref> (Операция „Ы“).<ref name=kinoexp>{{cite web|url=http://www.kinoexpert.ru/index.asp?comm=4&num=291|script-title=ru:Операция "Ы" и другие приключения Шурика|publisher=KinoExpert.ru|language=Russian|accessdate=2010-06-12}}</ref><ref name=kinoros>{{cite web|url=http://kinoros.ru/db/movies/213/index.html/ |script-title=ru:Операция "Ы" и другие приключения Шурика (1965) |language=Russian |accessdate=2010-06-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105175350/http://kinoros.ru/db/movies/213/index.html |archivedate=January 5, 2010 }}</ref>{{verify source|date=October 2009|due to several changes, needed the titles of parts from the official DVD, etc.}} The plot follows the adventures of Shurik (alternative spelling — ''Shourick''), the naive and [[nerd]]y Soviet [[student]] who often gets into ludicrous situations but always finds a way out very neatly.

''Operation Y and Shurik's Other Adventures'' was a hit movie and became [[List of Soviet films of the year by ticket sales|the leader of Soviet film distribution]] in 1965.<ref name=kinoexp />

==Cast==
*[[Aleksandr Demyanenko]] — Shurik

===Segment "Workmate"===
*[[Aleksei Makarovich Smirnov|Aleksei Smirnov]] as Fedya the Boor
*[[Vladimir Basov]] as The Strict Policeman
*[[Emmanuil Geller]] as The Passenger with an Umbrella
*[[Rina Zelyonaya]] as A Woman in the bus
*[[Viktor Uralsky]] as The Cook at the Construction Site
*[[Mikhail Pugovkin]] as Pavel Stepanovich, Construction Works Manager
*[[Valentina Berezutskaya]] as Expectant Mother

===Segment "Déjà vu"===
*[[Natalya Seleznyova]] as Lida
*[[Svetlana Ageyeva]] as Lida's friend
*[[Vladimir Rautbart]] as Professor
*[[Viktor Pavlov]] as "Dub"
*[[Valery Nosik]] as The Student-[[gambler]]
*[[Georgi Georgiu]] as Lida's Neighbor
*[[Zoya Fyodorova]] as Lida's Neighbor

===Segment "Operation Y"===
*[[Yuri Nikulin]] as "Fool"
*[[Georgy Vitsin]] as "Coward"
*[[Yevgeny Morgunov]] as "Pro"
*[[Vladimir Vladislavsky]] as The [[Warehouse]] Manager
*[[Maria Kravchunovskaya]] as The Gran
*[[Tanya Gradova]] as Lenochka
*[[V. Komarovsky]] as The Truck Driver
*[[Aleksei Smirnov (actor)|Aleksei Smirnov]] as The Consumer at the Market

==Plot==

===Segment "Workmate"===
On a bus a [[:wikt:boor|boor]] and drunkard named Fedya takes a seat reserved for children and disabled persons and then refuses to let a young pregnant woman sit claiming that "she is neither a child nor handicapped". Shurik, who is riding on the same bus, puts on a pair of sunglasses, and pretends to be [[Blindness|visually impaired]]. When Fedya is urged to let him sit in his seat, Shurik offers the seat to the pregnant woman. Fedya is enraged at being deceived and gets into a fight with Shurik. As a result, Fedya is arrested and sentenced to 15 days of [[Community service#Alternative sentencing|Community service]], Russian administrative arrest or simply '15 sutok' (15 days). Ironically, he is sent to serve his term to the same construction site where Shurik works part-time. The manager puts them on the same work crew. Fedya does not do his work properly, bullies Shurik, and plans to get revenge on the young student. When Shurik finally hits back, the two get involved in a ''[[Tom and Jerry]]''-style chase throughout the construction site using building equipment and various materials as weapons. In the end Fedya is subdued and reeducated by Shurik.

====Features====
* The policeman asks the crowd: 'Well, citizens – alcoholics, spongers, hooligans. Who wants to work?'

===Segment "Déjà vu"===

It's time for summer [[Exams|examinations]] at the University, and everyone is cramming for the exams. Shurik (and everyone else) is looking desperately for lecture notes and finally sees them in the hands of a girl on a [[streetcar]], Lida, who is a student of the same University. As Shurik follows her reading the notebook over her shoulder, they become so deeply absorbed in reading the notes that Lida never looks up, instinctively assuming that Shurik is one of her female coeds. The two are completely engrossed in reading and never look at or speak to each other, following a sort of humorous pantomime.

They come into the girl's apartment and spend time there reading simultaneously with having a snack and resting, with the girl taking her clothes off, still completely unaware of each other's identity, then prepare to go back to the University. There Shurik is distracted from Lida's notebook by a fellow student and loses her as she walks in another direction. After passing the exam successfully, he is introduced to Lida by a mutual friend. Shurik does not recognize Lida but is enchanted by her. He walks her back home and, following an amusing incident involving a dog belonging to Lida's neighbors, finds himself in her apartment again, where he starts to feel [[Déjà vu|as if he has been there before]] since he can guess where all the things are placed and all the "objects, scents and sounds" seem familiar to him. Lida assumes that he might be a [[telepathy|telepathist]] and has an ability of [[precognition]]. She tells him to guess her wish that she has written on a piece of paper, "Find the [[teddy bear]]". Shurik then kisses her. Although he failed to guess the wish, the kiss evokes romantic feelings in both of them, and they decide to meet again after the next exam.

Meanwhile, another student tries to cheat his way through his Physics exam by using a concealed radio to communicate with another student, but has to dress up to an absurd degree to hide his crude equipment and attracts the examiner's attention by using radio jargon, but he seems to get away with it. However, the examiner promptly reveals a proper [[Signals intelligence|radio intercept]] suite in his bag, listens to the cheater call him a fool, and then activates a [[Radio jamming|radio jammer]] before approaching the offender and blowing his cover. They both laugh at the disguise, and the student gets 5 (excellent) for his design (it is a technical faculty) and a 2 (fail) for the exam.

===Segment "Operation Y"===
A [[warehouse]] manager, trying to cover up his theft, hires three petty criminals nicknamed Fool (''Балбес''), Coward (''Трус'') and Pro (''Бывалый'') to stage a break-in. Their elaborate plan goes wrong when Shurik is asked by his landlady, an elderly woman nicknamed Grandma God's Dandelion (''Бабушка божий одуванчик'') who usually guards the warehouse, to babysit her granddaughter during her shift, and once that proves to be too much for him, to replace her while she takes care of the child. Surprised, Coward fails to neutralize the guard using a handkerchief soaked in [[chloroform]] as planned, putting himself to sleep instead. The culmination of the story is the "Warehouse Battle", involving Shurik and the criminals using various impromptu weapons such as [[musical instrument]]s and [[rapier]]s. The segment ends as an agitated Baboushka arrives at the warehouse and finds Shurik and the trio lying on a floor asleep — Coward having fainted earlier on, Fool and Pro having been "rendered harmless" by Shurik, and Shurik himself having fallen asleep after accidentally wiping his face with the chloroform soaked handkerchief.

==Production==
* The film was shot in [[Leningrad]], [[Odessa]], [[Yalta]], [[Mosfilm]] pavilions, Sviblovo district of Moscow and near the [[Moscow State University]]. The filming was started on July 27, 1964. In October bad weather in Moscow hindered the completion of the outdoor scenes, so the shooting was relocated to Odessa and was complete on November 22. The rest of the scenes were shot in Moscow and Leningrad. The lack of snow offered much difficulty filming the third episode about the burglary of a warehouse on a snowy winter night. In spring 1965 the editing of the film was mostly complete. The remaining short location shooting was made in Yalta.<ref name="vm1">{{cite news|title="Simply Shurik". One of the most popular characters of the Soviet Cinema came into the world 40 years ago|url=http://www.vmdaily.ru/article.php?aid=44434|accessdate=2008-02-05|language=Russian|work=Vechernyaya Moskva}}</ref>
* The film's plot is based loosely on a screenplay written by Moris Slobodsky and Yakov Kostyukovsky entitled ''Light-hearted Stories'' (Russian: Несерьёзные истории); it consisted of two novels about comical adventures of a young student Vladik Arkov, clumsy but very decent. A character of a "good guy" was popular in the Soviet art of that time, so Gaidai decided to follow this tendency shooting his next film. The story line was modified and the additional novel was written.<ref name="vm1"/>
* More than one hundred actors took a screen test for the role of the student Vladik, but Gaidai was not satisfied with any of them. He had his own personality in mind as a [[prototype]] of the character, so when he first saw a photo of Aleksandr Demyanenko and then met him in person, he noticed the likeness to himself in the actor, and believed that the humble Demyanenko in glasses would be able to portray the awkward, naive and honest student.<ref name="vm1"/>
*Before the shooting it was decided to dye Alexandr's hair from brown to blond. Years later, his wife Lyudmila Akimovna recalled: "He was dyed mercilessly, until blisters appeared on his skin. The dyes were terrible back then. It is a good thing that Sasha's hair was so thick that despite all the experiments he did not go bald."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spb.aif.ru/culture/person/vlip_ochkarik_pyat_yarkih_roley_aleksandra_demyanenko|publisher=[[Argumenty i Fakty]]|title=«Влип, очкарик»! Пять ярких ролей Александра Демьяненко}}</ref>
* Initially the name of the main character was Vladik (short for ''Vladislav''). Later the director, impressed by Demyanenko, decided to name the characted after the actor (Shurik, as well as Sasha, is a short form of the name Aleksandr).<ref name="vm1"/>
* Among those who took part in the audition for the main role was actor Valery Nosik. Eventually he appeared in the film as a student-gambler. Mikhail Pugovkin, who played the role of the construction site manager, was initially cast for the role of Fedya.
* At the session of the Art Council after the preliminary watching of the film, the critics panned the acting of Morgunov and Vitsin, while praising Nikulin, and were insisting on deleting scenes where Alexei Smirnov appears in [[blackface]]. However, no changes were made.<ref name="vm1"/>

==Reception==
The film was enormously popular; it became [[List of Soviet films of the year by ticket sales|the leader of Soviet film distribution]] in 1965 having 69.6 million viewers. The novel ''Déjà vu'', based on a story from a [[Poland|Polish]] magazine,<ref name="vm1"/> won the Grand Prix Wawel Silver [[Smok Wawelski|Dragon]] at the [[Kraków Film Festival]] in [[Poland]] in 1965.<ref name=kinoexp/>

The film became a fountain of quotes for Soviet/Russian people.

In spring 2012 a monument to Lida and Shurik reading the class notes over her shoulder was installed in front of the [[Kuban State Technological University]], [[Krasnodar]].<ref>[http://riarealty.ru/multimedia_photo/20150123/404210104_7.html Мученики науки: 9 самых выразительных памятников студентам в России]</ref>

==Video release==
At the end of the 1970s and the 1980s, the film was released on VHS as part of the series "Video Program of Goskino USSR". Starting in 1990, the film was released on VHS by the film association "Large Scale" (Krupniy plan) with Hi-Fi Stereo sound and encoded in [[PAL]]. Starting in 2001, Large Scale began fully restored releases of the film on DVD with enhanced video and sound quality using [[Dolby Digital]] 5.1 and [[Dolby Mono]] and incorporating subtitles.

==Notes==

* [[SZ cycle-car|S-3A]], a tiny car for the handicapped featured in ''Operation Y'' section of the film. It was used by Fool, Coward and Pro.
* Aleksandr Demyanenko was also featured as Shurik in the next two films — ''[[Kidnapping, Caucasian Style|The Prisoneress of the Caucasus, or Shurik's New Adventures]]'' (also known as "[[Kidnapping, Caucasian Style]]") and ''[[Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future]]''; they are considered semi-sequels of "Operation Y".
* The criminal trio of Fool, Coward and Pro, portrayed by Nikulin, Vitsin and Morgunov, was featured in other movies written and directed by Gaidai, short films ''[[Dog Barbos and Unusual Cross]]'' (international title: ''Medor, le chien qui rapporte bien'') (1960), [[Bootleggers (1961 film)|''Bootleggers'']] (1961) and the 1966 hit ''The Prisoner of the Caucasus, or Shurik's New Adventures''. In 1968, trio featured in [[Yevgeni Karelov]]'s ''[[Seven Old Men and One Girl]]'' comedy.<ref>{{IMDb title|0063579|Семь стариков и одна девушка (1968) }}</ref> Vitsin, Nikulin and Morgunov also appeared in Gaidai's 1962 film [[Business People (film)|''Business People'']].
* The bus, where Shurik gets into a fight with the boor, is [[ZIL 158]].
* In the segment ''Déjà Vu'' Shurik and Lida ride on a [[streetcar]] [[Tatra T3]], [[license plate]] 530. It was from one of the first series of these streetcars, later [[ČKD|Tatra]]'s have three doors instead of two. Also in that scene a [[MTV-82]] streetcar is visible (in typical coating with downfalling red line alongside).
* Tube radio in Lida's flat is [[Radiotehnika RRR|RRR]] ''Dzintars'' (1960).<ref>[http://ser-buki.livejournal.com/30491.html Radios in Movies] (russian)</ref><ref>[http://www.radiopagajiba.lv/RRR/sakta/dzintars.htm Dzintars]</ref>

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
* {{cite journal |author=Saša Milić |title=Sight Gags and Satire in the Soviet Thaw: Operation Y and Other Shurik’s Adventures |journal=[[Senses of Cinema]] |volume=33 |year=2004 |url=http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2004/33/operation_y/}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{Amg movie|170919}}
*{{IMDb title|0059550}}
*[http://cinema.mosfilm.ru/films/film/1960-1969/operatsiya-y-i-drugie-priklyucheniya-shurika/ Operation Y and Shurik's Other Adventures] at official [[Mosfilm]] site with English subtitles
*[http://www.gotterdammerung.org/film/reviews/o/operation-y-and-other-adventures-of-shurik.html A review of the film with screenshots]
*{{ru icon}} [http://kinoros.ru/db/movies/213/ "Operation Y" at Kinoros.ru]
*{{ru icon}} [http://www.kinoexpert.ru/index.asp?comm=4&num=291 "Operation Y" at KinoExpert.ru]

{{Leonid Gaidai}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Operation Y And Other Shurik's Adventures}}
[[Category:1965 films]]
[[Category:Soviet films]]
[[Category:1960s comedy films]]
[[Category:Mosfilm films]]
[[Category:Russian-language films]]
[[Category:Russian comedy films]]
[[Category:Russian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Leonid Gaidai]]
[[Category:Soviet comedy films]]

TunnelBear

2017-11-30T05:55:33Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:TunnelBear popup.jpg

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox software
| title = TunnelBear
| name = TunnelBear
| logo = TunnelBear_Logo.png
| screenshot = TunnelBear Connected USA.jpg
| caption = TunnelBear connected to a U.S. [[IP Address]]
| developer = TunnelBear Inc.
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[iOS]], [[Linux]]
| language = English
| genre = [[Internet censorship circumvention]]
| license = [[Subscription business model]], with a [[freeware]] client app
| alexa = 18,294
| website = {{URL|https://tunnelbear.com}}
}}

'''TunnelBear''' (also known as the '''TunnelBear VPN''') is a public [[virtual private network]] (VPN) service based in Toronto, Canada. The company was founded by Daniel Kaldor and Ryan Dochuk in 2011. A [[freeware]] TunnelBear client is available on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]] and [[iOS]]. There is also a [[Google Chrome]] and Opera [[browser extension]].<ref name="extension">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2923442/how-to-easily-secure-your-web-browsing-with-tunnelbears-free-chrome-extension.html |title=How to easily secure your web browsing with TunnelBear's free Chrome extension |last=Paul |first=Ian |date=19 May 2015 |website=[[PC World]] |publisher=[[IDG]] |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Alternatively, [[Linux distribution|Linux distros]] can be configured to use TunnelBear.<ref name="TBlinux">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tunnelbear.com/updates/linux_support/ |title=TunnelBear Befriends Penguins with Limited Linux Support |last=Robinson |first=John |date=20 March 2014 |website=TunnelBear |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201160818/https://www.tunnelbear.com/updates/linux_support/ |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=6 August 2016 |quote=we’re excited to announce that you can now connect to TunnelBear on Linux! We currently have apps for Windows, OSX, iOS and Android. While we aren’t quite ready to build a full application for Linux, we are now offering settings and instructions for manual configuration of a connection to the TunnelBear network (for Giant and Grizzly TunnelBears). We’ve successfully tested these settings on new installs of [[Linux Mint|Mint]] and [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] in the office. We want to send a big thank you to the TunnelBear Science Division Volunteers (our Beta group) who helped test these settings on half a dozen other Linux distributions.}}</ref> Like other public VPN services, TunnelBear has the ability to bypass [[Internet censorship|content block]]ing in most countries.<ref name="content">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifehacker.com.au/2015/06/the-always-up-to-date-guide-to-streaming-blocked-content-overseas/|title=Streaming Content From Overseas: The Complete Lifehacker Guide|website=[[Lifehacker]]|publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|date=1 June 2015|first1=Thorin|last1=Klosowski|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> TunnelBear allows the user to appear in one of 20 different countries (including Ireland, the United States of America, Sweden, and Italy). All clients use [[AES-256]] encryption.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tunnelbear.com/blog/stronger-encryption/|title=Rawwwr! Even Stronger Encryption|date=17 March 2015|work=TunnelBear's Online Privacy Blog|access-date=25 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> When connected, the user's actual [[IP address]] will not be visible to the websites visited.<ref name="IPAddress">{{Cite web |url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/tunnelbear-simple-vpn-online-privacy-app/ |title=Watch U.S. Netflix anywhere with TunnelBear, now available as a Chrome extension |last=Boxall |first=Andy |date=13 May 2015 |website=[[Digital Trends]] |publisher=Designtechnica |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Freegate]]
*[[Ghostery]]
*[[Hotspot Shield]]
*[[Psiphon]]
*[[Tor (anonymity network)]]
*[[Ultrasurf]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Computer-security-stub}}
[[Category:Virtual private networks]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Windows software]]
[[Category:MacOS software]]
[[Category:iOS software]]
[[Category:Google Chrome extensions]]

Griechisches Waisenhaus Prinkipo

2017-11-13T00:56:18Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Orphanageprinkipo.jpg

{{Infobox building
| name = Prinkipo Greek Orphanage
| native_name = {{lang-tr|Prinkipo Rum Yetimhanesi}}
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Prinkipo Greek Orphanage
| former_names =
| alternate_names = Buyukada Orphanage
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| building_type = Orphanage
| architectural_style =
| structural_system = Wooden
| cost =
| location = [[Büyükada]], [[Adalar]]
| client =
| owner =
| current_tenants = none
| landlord =
| location_country = [[Turkey]]
| coordinates = {{coord|40|51|39|N|29|07|24|E|type:landmark_region:TR|display=inline,title}}
| altitude =
| start_date = 1898
| inauguration_date = {{Start date|May 21, 1903}}
| demolition_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| main_contractor =
| architect = [[Alexander Vallaury]]
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| awards =
| url =
| references =
}}
The '''Prinkipo Greek Orphanage''' (also known as '''Prinkipo Palace''' or '''Büyükada Greek Orphanage''') is a historic 20,000-square-meter wooden building on [[Büyükada]], one of the nine [[Princes' Islands]] off the coast of [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]], in the [[Sea of Marmara]]. It is considered the largest wooden building in Europe and second largest in the world.<ref name="Turkey Reinstates Legal Title of Prinkipo Orphanage">{{cite news|last=Preka|first=Yiota|title=Turkey Reinstates Legal Title of Prinkipo Orphanage|url=http://eu.greekreporter.com/2010/10/14/orthodox-orphanage-in-turkey-to-be-reopened/|accessdate=11 January 2013|newspaper=Greek Reporter|date=October 14, 2010}}</ref><ref name="The Greek Orphanage in Prinkipo: A case against Turkey in Europe">{{cite news|title=The Greek Orphanage in Prinkipo: A case against Turkey in Europe|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=the-greek-orphanage-in-prinkipo-a-case-against-turkey-in-europe-2007-11-26|accessdate=11 January 2013|newspaper=Hurriyet|date=2007-11-26}}</ref> It served as an orphanage from 1903 to 1964.<ref name=asbarez>{{cite news|title=European Court Tells Turkey to Return Confiscated Greek Orphanage to Patriarchate|url=http://asbarez.com/82135/european-court-tells-turkey-to-return-confiscated-greek-orphanage-to-patriarchate/|newspaper=Asbarez|date=June 15, 2010}}</ref>

==History==
It was designed and constructed in 1898 by the late-nineteenth century by the [[France|French]]-[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] architect [[Alexander Vallaury]] as a luxury hotel and casino for the [[Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits]], the European passenger train company that operated the [[Orient Express]]. It was sold in 1903, however, when Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]] would not issue a permit for its operation, and subsequently bought by the wife of a prominent Greek banker, who donated it to the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]], which operated it as an orphanage. On April 21, 1964, during heightened tension of the [[Cyprus issue]], the orphanage was forcefully closed by the General Directorate of Foundations (Vakif Genel Mudurlugu).<ref name=wmf>[http://www.wmf.org/project/rum-orphanage RUM ORPHANAGE | World Monuments Fund]</ref><ref name="Prinkipo Orphanage">{{cite web|title=Prinkipo Orphanage|url=http://www.sde.org.tr/tr/kose-yazilari/678/prinkipo-orphanage.aspx|publisher=Institute of Strategical Thinking|accessdate=11 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Το καμάρι του Γένους επιστρέφει στο σπίτι του">{{cite news|last=Tsitounas|first=Costas|title=Το καμάρι του Γένους επιστρέφει στο σπίτι του|url=http://www.espressonews.gr/default.asp?pid=79&catid=1&artID=1298659|accessdate=11 January 2013|newspaper=Espresso|date=5.12.2010|language=Greek}}</ref> Throughout its history, the orphanage has catered to the needs of 5,744 orphans.<ref name="Το καμάρι του Γένους επιστρέφει στο σπίτι του" />

==Building==
The building is considered to be the largest wooden building in Europe and the second largest in the world ([[Tōdai-ji]] Buddhist Temple being the largest). The orphanage consists of 206 rooms, a kitchen, a library, a primary school and vocational workshops.<ref name="Prinkipo Orphanage" /> It is situated on top of the Isa Tepesi, a mountain 206 meters high on the island of [[Buyukada]].<ref name="Prinkipo Orphanage" />

==Deterioration and repair==
Since its closure half a century ago, the neglected building has deteriorated into a state of heavy disrepair.<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/10/pictures/111018-world-monuments-watch-list-2012-china-new-york/#/monument-watch-list-2012-turkey-rum-orphanage_42114_600x450.jpg Pictures: 12 World Monuments at Risk]</ref> The building was severely damaged by a fire in 1980.<ref name=asbarez /> The site was included on the [[2012 World Monuments Watch]] and is presently classified as "Rescue Needed" by [[Global Heritage Network]].<ref>[http://www.ghn.globalheritagefund.org/explore.php?id=1374 GHN Sites]</ref> In April 2012, it was announced that the building would be restored over the next two years to house an international environmental institute.<ref name=bartholomew>[http://eu.greekreporter.com/2012/04/09/istanbul-historic-greek-orphanage-to-become-environmental-center-under-patriarch-bartholomew-i/ Istanbul: Historic Greek Orphanage to Become Environmental Center Under Patriarch Bartholomew I | Greek Reporter Europe]</ref>

==Legal dispute==
The Greek community of Turkey claimed that the Orphanage belonged to the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] on the basis of Ottoman edicts that granted title to the Patriarchate which was subsequently converted under the Turkish republic. On the other hand, the Turkish government believed that the property does not belong to the Ecumenical Patriarchate. In 2003, the Patriarchate had submitted all required documents to show evidence of its ownership to the Supreme Administrative Court in Turkey. The Supreme Administrative Court dismissed the claims and argued that the foundation had lost its function as an orphanage and has become a seized asset (Turkish: mazbut vakıf).<ref name="The Greek Orphanage in Prinkipo: A case against Turkey in Europe" /> This position adheres with Turkish law which ultimately claims that if a foundation hasn't been of use for more than 10 years, the Directorate of Foundations Council has the right to seize the property.<ref name="The Greek Orphanage in Prinkipo: A case against Turkey in Europe" /> In 2004, The [[European Union]] raised the issue in Turkey’s progress report towards accession.<ref>{{cite web|title=2004 Regular Report on Turkey’s progress towards accession|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2004/rr_tr_2004_en.pdf|publisher=European Union|accessdate=11 January 2013|location=Brussels|date=6.10.2004}}</ref> In 2010, the case was handed to and resolved by the [[European Court of Human Rights]] which ordered the restitution of the building to the Ecumenical Patriarchate becoming the first property title to be returned to a religious minority.<ref name="Turkey Reinstates Legal Title of Prinkipo Orphanage" /><ref name=wmf /> The legal title is currently in the hands of the Ecumenical Patriarchate who plans to turn the building into a global environmental center, according to the current Greek Orthodox Patriarch, [[Bartholomew I]].<ref name=bartholomew /><ref>{{cite news|last=Koc|first=Ilyas|title=Greek orphanage to serve as foundation for environment|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&newsId=276864&link=276864|accessdate=11 January 2013|newspaper=Zaman|date=9 April 2012|location=Ankara}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Prigipos3f5.jpg|Orphans at the dormitory of the Orphanage
File:Prigipos6.jpg|Orphan students during class session
File:Prigipos2f4.jpg|Orphan girls learning to knit at vocational school
File:Prigipos4f3.jpg|Orphan students with their teacher
File:Büyükada Rum Yetimhanesi (Old Greek Orphanage), Istanbul 2.jpg|The Orphanage today
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ghn.globalheritagefund.org/explore.php?id=1374 Rum Orphanage on Global Heritage Network]
* [http://www.wmf.org/project/rum-orphanage 2012 World Monuments Watch]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buyukada Greek Orthodox Orphanage}}
[[Category:Orphanages in Turkey]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Istanbul]]
[[Category:Wooden buildings and structures in Turkey]]
[[Category:Greeks of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Greeks in Turkey]]
[[Category:Historic preservation in Turkey]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]]

Ispace

2017-08-13T09:56:35Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:White label space rover.jpg

{{For|the Japanese train service formerly named ''Hakuto''|Super Hakuto}}
{{More footnotes|date=August 2010}}

{{nihongo|'''Hakuto'''|ハクト}}<ref name="GLXP20130715">[http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/teams/white-label-space/blog/announcement-new-team-name-hakuto Announcement: New Team Name is "HAKUTO"] Google Lunar X PRIZE, July 15, 2013</ref> or formerly {{nihongo|'''White Label Space'''|ホワイトレーベルスペース}} was formed in early 2008 by a group of experienced space professionals inspired by the challenge of the [[Google Lunar X PRIZE]]. Hakuto is named after the [[Moon rabbit|white rabbit]] in Japanese mythology. The team aims to finance its Google Lunar X PRIZE mission from advertising expenditure of large global companies.<ref>[http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/teams/white-label-space/about White Label Space team page] on the [[Google Lunar X PRIZE]] site</ref>{{full|date=November 2012}}

==History==
In 2008, ''White Label Space'' was founded in the Netherlands. In 2009, the team registered with the Google Lunar X PRIZE.<ref name="HakutoHistory">[http://team-hakuto.jp/about-us/history/ ''History''] team Hakuto, 2014</ref> On September 10, 2010 the team also established White Label Space Japan LLC, a Limited Liability Company registered in Japan.<ref>[http://www.whitelabelspace.com/2010/09/wls-japan-office-open-for-business.html WLS Japanese Office Open for Business], 9 September 2010</ref>{{full|date=November 2012}} On June 11, 2012, it was decided to name unit 2 Rover prototype (PM-2) "White Rabbit" (「はくと」).<ref name="HakutoHistory"/> On January 30, 2013, it was announced that the team relocated its operating headquarters from the Netherlands to Japan. The change included a change of leadership from Steve Allen to co-founder Takeshi Hakamada, who has been leading operations in Japan.<ref name="WLS20130130">[http://www.whitelabelspace.com/2013/01/white-label-space-moves-full-operations.html ''White Label Space Moves Full Operations to Japan''] team White Label Space</ref><ref name="Hakuto20130130">[http://team-hakuto.jp/238/ ''チーム体制変更のお知らせ''] team Hakuto, 2013.1.30</ref> On July 15, 2013 the team officially changed the team name to Hakuto (「ハクト」).<ref name="GLXP20130715"/> On December 4, 2013, the team successfully crowd-funded the development of unit 3 Rover prototype (PM-3).<ref name="HakutoHistory"/> On February 19, 2014, Hakuto was nominated to the Milestone Prize, as one of five teams, in the mobility subsystem section.<ref name="GLXP20140219">[http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/teams/hakuto/blog/japans-hakuto-was-selected-milestone-prizes-finalists ''Japan's Hakuto was selected for Milestone Prizes finalists!''] Google Lunar X PRIZE, February 28, 2014</ref>

==Launch==
In December, 2016 Hakuto decided to go with [[Team Indus]] and launch their craft on reliable and robust launcher [[PSLV]] of [[ISRO]]. Team Indus has already contracted for a [[PSLV]] spaceflight on 28th December, 2017. Team Hakuto will be sharing space on this flight booked by [[Team Indus]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

==Locations==
The team is based in Japan and is led by Takeshi Hakamada. Lead engineer is Kazuya Yoshida, a professor of Aerospace Engineering at [[Tohoku University]] in Japan. Hakuto is operated by ispace Inc. and is supported by the Space Robotics Lab of Tohoku University.<ref name="Hakuto">[http://team-hakuto.jp/en/ ''About Hakuto''] Team Haruko, January, 2014</ref><ref name="GLXP-about-team">[http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/teams/hakuto ''Hakuto''] Google Lunar X PRIZE</ref>

==Partners==
{{asof|2008|01}}, the team had nine official partners:<ref>[http://www.whitelabelspace.com/2009/01/partners.html White Label Space Official Partners Page], 2008-01-01.</ref>{{update after|2011|02|13}}
* [[Advanced Operations and Engineering Services]] (AOES Group BV) - an international engineering services and consultancy provider providing specialist support for design and analysis tasks related to the structures, thermal and propulsion subsystems of the Lander and Rover
* The [[Swiss Propulsion Laboratory]] - developing a low-cost engine for the landing stage of the White Label Space mission using its in-house rocket motor test bench
* [[Tohoku University]] Space Robotics Laboratory - designing the Moon rover for the mission
* [[Airborne Composites BV]] - a developer of advanced composite products and technologies for space and other industries, and will provide lightweight high performance composite structures for the mission
* Emxys - a designer and manufacturer of instrumentation and control embedded electronic systems for science and industry markets <ref>[http://www.whitelabelspace.com/2009/11/emxys-new-partner-for-electronic.html Emxys - New Partner for Electronic Systems], 27 November 2009</ref><ref name="GLXP20091127">[http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/teams/hakuto/blog/emxys-new-partner-electronic-systems ''Emxys - New Partner for Electronic Systems''] Google Lunar X PRIZE, November 27, 2009</ref>
* Space Technology Group at the [[Technical University of Munich]]
* LunarNumbat - a team of Australians and New Zealanders who are using [[Open Source]] technologies to develop new software and electronic hardware in support of the White Label Space mission
* [[Wrocław University of Technology]] - developer of aerospace communications equipment
* JAQAR Space Engineering - the partner for orbital design and mission analysis

==See also==
* [[X PRIZE Foundation]]
* [[Space advertising]]
* [[Private spaceflight]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://team-hakuto.jp/en/ Hakuto official website]
* [http://www.whitelabelspace.com/ White Label Space Website]
* [http://whitelabelspacejapanoffice.blogspot.com/ White Label Space Japan Site]
* [http://www.astro.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/e/index.html Space Robotics Lab of Tohoku University]
* [http://ispace-inc.com ispace inc.]

{{Google Lunar X Prize}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Lunar rovers}}
{{Future spaceflights}}

[[Category:Google Lunar X Prize]]
[[Category:Proposed space probes]]
[[Category:2017 in spaceflight]]

My Little Pony – Der Film

2017-04-22T00:56:25Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:MLP Movie Promotional Banner Licensing Expo.jpg

{{Use American English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = My Little Pony: The Movie
| image = MLP Movie Promotional Poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional teaser poster
| director = [[Jayson Thiessen]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Brian Goldner]]
* Stephen Davis
}}
| screenplay = {{Unbulleted list|[[Meghan McCarthy]]|Rita Hsiao<ref name="mlp02"/>}}
| based on = {{Plainlist|
* {{based on|''[[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]''|[[Lauren Faust]]}}
* {{based on|[[My Little Pony]]|[[Bonnie Zacherle]]}}
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tara Strong]]
* [[Ashleigh Ball]]
* [[Andrea Libman]]
* [[Tabitha St. Germain]]
* [[Cathy Weseluck]]
* [[Emily Blunt]]
* [[Kristin Chenoweth]]
* [[Liev Schreiber]]
* [[Michael Peña]]
* [[Sia Furler]]
* [[Taye Diggs]]
* [[Uzo Aduba]]
* [[Zoe Saldana]]
}}
| music = [[Daniel Ingram]]<ref name="ingram"/>
| cinematography = Anthony Di Ninno
| editing = Braden Oberson
| studio = {{ubl|[[Hasbro Studios|Allspark Pictures]]||[[DHX Media]] {{Small|([[Studio B Productions|Vancouver 2D animation studio]])}} }}
| distributor = [[Lionsgate]]
| released = {{film date|2017|10|6|ref1=<ref name="release"/>}}
| runtime =
| country = Canada United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''My Little Pony: The Movie''''' is an upcoming 2017 American–Canadian [[Animation|animated]] [[Musical film|musical]] [[fantasy film]] based on the television series ''[[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]'', which was developed as part of the [[My Little Pony (2010 toyline)|2010 relaunch]] of the [[My Little Pony]] toy line by [[Hasbro]].<ref name="logo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/my-little-pony-movie-debuts-904581|title='My Little Pony' Movie Debuts Logo|last=Galuppo|first=Mia|date=June 20, 2016|website=The Hollywood Reporter|publisher=|access-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> Directed and written by ''Friendship Is Magic'' veterans [[Jayson Thiessen]] and [[Meghan McCarthy]], respectively,<ref name="mlp02">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/05/16/my-little-pony-movie-liev-schreiber-taye-diggs|title=Liev Schreiber, Taye Diggs join My Little Pony Movie|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=May 16, 2016|accessdate=July 14, 2016|first=Devan|last=Coggan}}</ref> the film stars the series' regular voice cast – [[Tara Strong]], [[Ashleigh Ball]], [[Andrea Libman]], [[Tabitha St. Germain]], and [[Cathy Weseluck]] – reprising their roles alongside guest performances by [[Emily Blunt]], [[Kristin Chenoweth]], [[Liev Schreiber]], [[Michael Peña]], [[Sia Furler]], [[Taye Diggs]], [[Uzo Aduba]], and [[Zoe Saldana]].

The film is produced by [[Hasbro Studios|Allspark Pictures]] and [[DHX Media]],<ref name="mlp01">{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/my-little-pony-movie-in-the-works-at-hasbro-studios-exclusive-1201334144|title=‘My Little Pony’ Movie in the Works at Hasbro Studios (EXCLUSIVE)|work=Variety|date=October 20, 2014|accessdate=October 20, 2014|first=Marc|last=Greaser}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Animation movies to watch out for in 2017|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/showbiz/animation-movies-watch-out-2017-1339726|accessdate=January 5, 2017|work=The Daily Star|date=January 3, 2017|quote=My Little Pony: The Movie is a Canadian–American animated musical fantasy film produced and financed by Hasbro Studios' film label Allspark Pictures and animated through DHX Media.}}</ref> and is scheduled to be released theatrically on October 6, 2017 in the United States by [[Lionsgate]].

==Synopsis==
In order to stop a threat to the town of Ponyville, the "Mane 6" – Twilight Sparkle, Applejack, Rainbow Dash, Pinkie Pie, Fluttershy, and Rarity – embark on a journey beyond their home kingdom of Equestria, meeting new friends and overcoming challenges in the process.<ref name="ksn">{{cite news|last1=Goldman Getzler|first1=Wendy|title=My Little Pony saddles up for the big screen|url=http://kidscreen.com/2015/08/10/my-little-pony-saddles-up-for-the-big-screen/#|accessdate=January 5, 2017|work=Kidscreen|publisher=Brunico Communications Ltd.|date=August 10, 2015}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{see also|List of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic characters}}
* [[Tara Strong]]<ref name="ksn"/> as [[List of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic characters#Twilight Sparkle|Twilight Sparkle]], a princess [[Winged unicorn|alicorn]] who leads her friends in spreading harmony across Equestria.
* [[Ashleigh Ball]]<ref name="ksn"/> as [[List of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic characters#Applejack|Applejack]], an honest apple farmer pony; and [[List of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic characters#Rainbow Dash|Rainbow Dash]], a loyal and adventurous pegasus.
* [[Andrea Libman]]<ref name="ksn"/> as [[List of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic characters#Pinkie Pie|Pinkie Pie]], a joyful, party-obsessed pony; and [[List of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic characters#Fluttershy|Fluttershy]], a kind, animal-loving pegasus.
** [[Shannon Chan-Kent]]<ref name="penadu" /> performs Pinkie Pie's singing voice.
* [[Tabitha St. Germain]]<ref name="ksn"/> as [[List of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic characters#Rarity|Rarity]], a generous fashion designer unicorn.
** [[Kazumi Evans]]<ref name="ingram" /> performs Rarity's singing voice.
* [[Cathy Weseluck]]<ref name="ksn"/> as [[List of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic characters#Spike|Spike]], a child dragon who is Twilight Sparkle's assistant.
* [[Emily Blunt]]<ref name="emily" /> as Tempest Shadow, a dark unicorn with a broken horn.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MLPMovie/status/830099036187144192|title=[Announcement of Tempest Shadow]|author=My Little Pony Movie Official Twitter|work=Twitter|date=February 10, 2017|accessdate=February 10, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Kristin Chenoweth]]<ref name="ksn"/> as Princess Skystar, a [[Hippocampus (mythology)|seapony]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/KChenoweth/status/830099102767652866|title=[Announcement of Princess Skystar]|first=Kristin|last=Chenoweth|work=Twitter|date=February 10, 2017|accessdate=February 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MMeghanMcCarthy/status/830099934602895361|title=[Meghan McCarthy confirming seaponies]|first=Meghan|last=McCarthy|publisher=(Self-published)|work=Twitter|date=February 10, 2017|accessdate=February 10, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Liev Schreiber]]<ref name="mlp02" /> as the Storm King, a [[satyr]]-like monster who threatens Equestria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/LievSchreiber/status/830090984012734464|title=[Announcement of Storm King]|first=Liev|last=Schreiber|publisher=(Self-published)|work=Twitter|date=February 10, 2017|accessdate=February 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="liev" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Liev Schreiber’s not a bad guy, he just plays one in 'My Little Pony’|url=http://www.scpr.org/programs/take-two/2016/07/26/50748/to-get-away-from-bad-guy-roles-liev-schreiber-take/|accessdate=February 10, 2017|publisher=Take Two|date=July 26, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Michael Peña]]<ref name="penadu" /> as Grubber, the Storm King's minion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MLPMovie/status/830990226835206145|title=[Announcement of Grubber]|author=My Little Pony Movie Official Twitter|work=Twitter|date=February 12, 2017|accessdate=February 12, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Sia Furler]] as Songbird Serenade, a pegasus and rising pop star in Equestria.<ref name="sia" /> The character's design is modeled after Sia's facially obscured stage persona.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-3704254/Sia-star-forthcoming-Little-Pony-film-Songbird-Serenade-record-single-soundtrack.html|title=Sia's Songbird Serenade! Popstar to star in forthcoming My Little Pony film and will also record a single for the soundtrack|last=Lyall|first=Amy|work=Daily Mail|date=July 22, 2016|accessdate=July 23, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Taye Diggs]]<ref name="mlp02" /> as Capper, a humanoid cat and reformed [[Confidence trick|con artist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/TayeDiggs/status/830099193586974721|title=[Announcement of Capper]|first=Taye|last=Diggs|publisher=(Self-published)|work=Twitter|date=February 10, 2017|accessdate=February 10, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Uzo Aduba]]<ref name="penadu" /> as Queen Novo, a seapony and mother of Princess Skystar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/UzoAduba/status/830243696901656577|title=[Announcement of Queen Novo]|first=Uzo|last=Aduba|work=Twitter|date=February 10, 2017|accessdate=February 10, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Zoe Saldana]]<ref name="zoe">{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2017/film/news/zoe-saldana-voice-cast-my-little-pony-the-movie-1201957590/|title=Zoe Saldana Joins the Voice Cast of ‘My Little Pony: The Movie’ (EXCLUSIVE)|first=Dave|last=McNarry|work=Variety|date=January 11, 2017|accessdate=January 11, 2017}}</ref> as Captain Celaeno, a humanoid parrot pirate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/ZoeSaldana/photos/a.10150171334449150.300810.25055509149/10154432578819150/?type=3|title=[Announcement of Captain Celaeno]|first=Zoe|last=Saldana|publisher=(Self-published)|work=Facebook|date=February 10, 2017|accessdate=February 10, 2017}}</ref>

In addition, [[Nicole Oliver]] voices [[List of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic characters#Princess Celestia|Princess Celestia]],<ref name="nicole1">{{cite web|last1=Oliver|first1=Nicole|title=[Nicole Oliver confirming her casting in the film]|url=https://twitter.com/mouthnoize/status/823748135667150849|website=Twitter|publisher=Self-published|accessdate=January 30, 2017|date=January 23, 2017}}</ref><ref name="nicole2">{{cite web|last1=Oliver|first1=Nicole|title=[Oliver confirming her reprisal role as Princess Celestia in the film]|url=https://twitter.com/mouthnoize/status/830216707402670080|website=Twitter|publisher=Self-published|accessdate=February 10, 2017|date=February 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Vogel|first1=Michael|title=[Confirmation of Princess Celestia]|url=https://twitter.com/mktoon/status/830226601581293568|website=Twitter|publisher=Self-published|accessdate=February 10, 2017|date=February 10, 2017}}</ref> an alicorn who rules over Equestria.

==Production==

===Development===


At [[San Diego Comic-Con International]] in 2012, ''Friendship Is Magic'' head writer [[Meghan McCarthy]] commented on the possibility of a feature film based on the series, saying it was not in her control whether or not the film would be made.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comicsalliance.com/my-little-pony-friendship-is-magic-interview-sdcc-2012/ |title=‘We Love The Bronies’: The Cast And Writer Of ‘My Little Pony’ On MLP And Its Fans |work=ComicsAlliance |date=July 15, 2012 |accessdate=July 13, 2016 |first=Chris |last=Sims |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612040055/http://comicsalliance.com/my-little-pony-friendship-is-magic-interview-sdcc-2012/ |archivedate=June 12, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The film was announced on October 20, 2014, with [[Joe Ballarini]] originally attached as screenwriter and McCarthy as co-executive producer.<ref name="mlp01" /> [[Hasbro Studios]] president Stephan Davis said of the film that "I think it gives us an opportunity to tell a bigger story, that maybe we [can't] tell on television" and that "[it's] also an opportunity to broaden the franchise".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2014/digital/news/hasbro-studios-president-talks-the-my-little-pony-movie-expanding-the-brands-1201334812/|title = Hasbro Studios President Talks the ‘My Little Pony’ Movie, Expanding the Brands|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=October 20, 2014|accessdate=October 21, 2014|first=Kevin|last=Noonan}}</ref> The film is one of the first being produced through Hasbro Studios' self-financing film label Allspark Pictures, which also produced the [[Jem and the Holograms (film)|live-action adaptation]] of ''[[Jem (TV series)|Jem and the Holograms]]''.<ref name="mlp01" /> During PonyCon AU on February 22, 2015, McCarthy said that the movie would be unrelated to the ''[[My Little Pony: Equestria Girls|Equestria Girls]]'' spin-off franchise, and that the crew was "going all out on it, to make sure it doesn't just feel like an extended episode".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4plKUIDOcTU&feature=youtu.be&t=24m30s|title=PonyCon Au 2015 Writers Panel (Meghan McCarthy and G.M. Berrow) Panel|work=YouTube|date=February 28, 2015|accessdate=July 19, 2016}}</ref>

On August 7, 2015, [[Lionsgate]] confirmed that they would distribute and market the film worldwide, with the exception of [[China]].<ref name=dl>{{cite web|last1=Lieberman|first1=David|title=Lionsgate Plans 'My Little Pony' With Kristin Chenoweth, VR For 'John Wick'|url=http://deadline.com/2015/08/lionsgate-my-little-pony-kristin-chenoweth-jon-feltheimer-1201494998/|publisher=Deadline|accessdate=August 10, 2015|date=August 7, 2015}}</ref><ref name="mlp03">{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-magic-of-friendship-comes-to-the-big-screen-in-a-new-my-little-pony-movie-from-hasbros-allspark-pictures-and-lionsgate-300125402.html|title=The magic of friendship comes to the big screen in a new My Little Pony movie from Hasbro's Allspark Pictures and Lionsgate|publisher=PR Newswire|date=August 7, 2015|accessdate=July 13, 2016}}</ref> Series director [[Jayson Thiessen]] and McCarthy were both confirmed as the film's director and screenwriter, respectively;<ref name="mlp03" /> Michael Vogel was also signed on as co-executive producer alongside McCarthy, with Hasbro executives [[Brian Goldner]] and Stephen Davis as producers,<ref name="mlp03" /> and screenwriter Rita Hsiao later announced as co-writer alongside McCarthy.<ref name="mlp02" />

The film was showcased at the [[2016 Cannes Film Festival]] on May 10 along with eight other Lionsgate films to help sell the movie to international distributors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2016/film/news/cannes-lionsgate-now-you-see-me-3-my-little-pony-1201769595/|title=Cannes: Lionsgate Selling ‘Now You See Me 3,’ ‘My Little Pony’|first=Dave|last=McNary|publisher=Variety|date=May 10, 2016|accessdate=July 13, 2016}}</ref> On April 30, 2016, concept artwork and other information was officially revealed at PonyRadioCon in [[Moscow]]; the panel included additional plot details such as the main characters' transformation into "seaponies" for a portion of the film.<ref name="PRC Geek">{{cite web|url=http://www.geekscape.net/new-concept-slides-info-for-the-2017-my-little-pony-movie|title=New Concept Slides & Info For The 2017 ‘My Little Pony’ Movie!|work=Geekscape|author=The_acz|date=April 30, 2016|accessdate=May 2, 2016}}</ref>

===Casting===
{{quote box
| quote = "Working on the feature was similar to working on the show, just that the stakes are higher and the adventure is bigger. [...] Any time you go from a series to a feature, you have to have a big story, and they certainly accomplished that."
| source = — [[Tara Strong]], discussing the film's larger scope compared to ''[[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]''<ref>{{cite web|last=Trumbore|first=Dave|url=http://collider.com/my-little-pony-season-7-tara-strong-interview/#ben-10-teen-titans-go|title=‘My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic’: Tara Strong AKA Twilight Sparkle Teases Season 7|website=Collider|date=April 15, 2017|accessdate=April 15, 2017}}</ref>
| align = left
| width = 30%
}}
The initial Lionsgate announcement listed the principal voice cast of ''Friendship Is Magic'' – [[Tara Strong]], [[Ashleigh Ball]], [[Andrea Libman]], [[Tabitha St. Germain]], and [[Cathy Weseluck]] – reprising their roles alongside actress [[Kristin Chenoweth]] as a new character.<ref name=dl/> On February 12, 2016, it was announced that [[Emily Blunt]] joined the voice cast.<ref name="emily">{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2016/film/news/my-little-pony-movie-emily-blunt-1201704719/|title=Emily Blunt Joins ‘My Little Pony’ Movie|first=Dave|last=McNary|publisher=Variety|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=July 13, 2016}}</ref> By April 27, 2016, actors [[Michael Peña]] and [[Uzo Aduba]] were in negotiations to join the cast.<ref name=penadu>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/michael-pena-uzo-aduba-talks-887465|title=Michael Pena, Uzo Aduba in Talks to Join 'My Little Pony' (Exclusive)|author1=Kit, Borys |author2=Galuppo, Mia|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 27, 2016|accessdate=July 13, 2016}}</ref> On May 16, [[Liev Schreiber]] and [[Taye Diggs]] were confirmed additions to the cast.<ref name="mlp02" /> On June 20, [[Ashleigh Ball]] stated through Twitter that she had begun recording for the film's songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ash_leigh_ball/status/745030856679526401|title=Ashleigh Ball on recording film songs|first=Ashleigh|last=Ball|work=Twitter|publisher=(Self-published)|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=July 21, 2016}}</ref> By June 22, Schreiber commented in an interview on ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]'' that he had finished recording for an antagonist character in the film.<ref name="liev">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lji8hKoxbl8|title=Liev Schreiber Wants More Kid Friendly Roles|work=Jimmy Kimmel Live!|publisher=YouTube|date=June 22, 2016|accessdate=July 14, 2016}}</ref> At San Diego Comic-Con in July 2016, singer [[Sia Furler]] was announced to be portraying a new "pop star pony" character called Songbird Serenade.<ref name="sia">{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2016/film/news/comic-con-sia-joins-my-little-pony-movie-1201820722/|title=Sia Joins the Voice Cast of ‘My Little Pony: The Movie’|work=Variety|date=July 22, 2016|accessdate=July 22, 2016|first=Dave|last=McNary}}</ref> On January 11, 2017, it was reported by ''Variety'' that [[Zoe Saldana]] had joined the cast.<ref name="zoe"/> ''Friendship Is Magic'' voice actress [[Nicole Oliver]] confirmed via Twitter on January 23 that she was a part of the film's cast,<ref name="nicole1"/> reprising her role as Princess Celestia.<ref name="nicole2"/>

===Animation===
Animator [[Michel Gagné]], after receiving an email from [[Jayson Thiessen]] on June 10, 2015 and being pitched the project in early 2016, committed to it in early 2016 and started making some animated special effects for the movie on April 2, 2017, taking an eight-month hiatus from [[Spider-Man in film#Animation|an animated Spider-Man movie]] made by [[Sony Pictures Animation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gagneint.com/Final%20site/Whatsnew/archive/2016/04_Apr/30.html|title=Had Fun at TAAFI, Now Back to Work|author=Michel Gagné|date=April 30, 2016|accessdate=August 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gagneint.com/Final%20site/Whatsnew/archive/2016/08_Aug/01.html|title=Working with Jayson Again|author=Michel Gagné|date=August 1, 2016|accessdate=August 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gagneint.com/Final%20site/Whatsnew/archive/2016/07_Jul/22.html|title=Spider-Man VFX Phase One|author=Michel Gagné|date=July 22, 2016|accessdate=August 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gagneint.com/Final%20site/Whatsnew/archive/2016/02_Feb/28.html|title=A Time for Change|author=Michel Gagné|date=February 28, 2016|accessdate=August 27, 2016}}</ref>{{specify}} In early October 2016, Gagné reported that Nik Gipe was hired onto the film's staff as his assistant. He also mentioned that the film was being animated using [[Toon Boom Animation#Toon Boom Harmony|Toon Boom Harmony]] instead of the usual animation software [[Adobe Animate|Adobe Flash]], that was used in [[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic|the television series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GagneMichel/status/785262712959807490|title=Michel Gagne on Twitter: Bellingham's @ngipe83 joins me on #MLP Movie.|author=Michel Gagné|publisher=Twitter|date=October 9, 2016|accessdate=October 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gagneint.com/Final%20site/Whatsnew/archive/2016/10_Oct/09.html|title=Bellingham's Nik Gipe Joins Me on MLP Movie|author=Michel Gagné|date=October 9, 2016|accessdate=October 12, 2016}}</ref>

===Music===
The film's songs and score were composed by ''Friendship Is Magic'' songwriter [[Daniel Ingram]], who first announced at GalaCon 2015 that he would be collaborating with a live studio orchestra for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDF825d5Gy8&feature=youtu.be&t=23m27s|title=GalaCon 2015 - Daniel Ingram & Monique Creber Panel|work=YouTube|date=October 3, 2015|accessdate=July 19, 2016}}</ref> On his songwriting for the film, Ingram said, "I had to challenge myself to push beyond what had been done in the TV show; to write bigger, more epic."<ref name="ingram">{{cite web|url=http://www.westender.com/arts-culture/reel-people/daniel-ingram-is-the-maestro-of-toon-tunes-1.2339689|title=Daniel Ingram is the maestro of 'toon tunes|first=Sabrina|last=Furminger|work=Westender|date=September 8, 2016|accessdate=September 9, 2016}}</ref> It was stated through the PonyRadioCon panel that the film would have a total of eight original songs.<ref name="PRC Geek" /> At Hasbro's Toy Fair investor presentation on February 17, 2017, it was announced that there would be seven songs.<ref name="7songs">{{cite web|last1=Corvoda|first1=Chevistian|title=[Toy Fair 2017 confirmation of songs and global theatrical release]|url=https://twitter.com/Chevistian1/status/832595477421973505|website=Twitter|publisher=(Self-published)|accessdate=February 18, 2017|date=February 17, 2017}}</ref> Sia will be contributing an original song to the film's soundtrack.<ref name="teaser">{{cite web|url=http://screenrant.com/my-little-pony-movie-trailer-teaser/|title=My Little Pony: The Movie Teaser & Poster Spotlight The All-Star Cast|website=Screen Rant|first=Becky|last=Fuller|date=April 6, 2017|accessdate=April 6, 2017}}</ref>

==Release==
''My Little Pony: The Movie'' was originally scheduled for release on November 3, 2017,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/my-little-pony-movie-release-date-1201642503/|title=‘My Little Pony’ Movie Gets Release Date|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=November 18, 2015|accessdate=November 19, 2015|last=McNary|first=Dave}}</ref> which was subsequently moved up to October 6, 2017.<ref name="release">{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2016/04/my-little-pony-cafe-society-woody-allen-cannes-1201745396/|title=‘My Little Pony’ Trots Up To October 2017; ‘Cafe Society’ Changes To Platform Release|first=Anthony|last=D'Alessandro|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|date=April 27, 2016|accessdate=April 27, 2016}}</ref> The theatrical release will be accompanied by an animated short from the Hasbro Studios [[web series]] ''[[Hanazuki: Full of Treasures]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Corvoda|first1=Chevistian|title=[Toy Fair 2017 confirmation of Hanazuki short]|url=https://twitter.com/Chevistian1/status/832606596861566977|website=Twitter|publisher=(Self-published)|accessdate=February 18, 2017|date=February 17, 2017}}</ref>

===Marketing===
{{Main|My Little Pony (2010 toyline)}}
The 2016 PonyRadioCon panel included a brief preview for some of the planned merchandise being developed for the film, including T-shirts and graphics.<ref name="PRC Geek"/> On July 27, 2016, the [[My Little Pony Collectible Card Game]] hinted on Twitter about a new set of cards based on the film releasing in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MLP_CCG/status/758363605121335296|title=MLP: CCG hinting on future card set|publisher=Twitter|author=MLP: CCG|date=July 27, 2016|accessdate=September 12, 2016}}</ref> Several books related to the film have been announced: ''My Little Pony: Annual 2018'', which contains "exclusive content from the ''My Little Pony'' movie" and is set for release on August 10, 2017;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Movie-Tie-Annual-2018-Little/dp/1408344750/|title=2018 MLP Annual Listed on Amazon With Movie Tie-In|work=Equestria Daily|author=Sethisto|date=October 23, 2016|accessdate=October 23, 2016}}</ref> and a story set before the events of the film, tentatively titled ''My Little Pony: The Movie Prequel'', slated for an August 1 release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hachettebookgroup.biz/_b2b/media/media_assets/catalogs/LBYR_SS17_Frontlist.pdf|title=Little, Brown and Company Books for Young Readers: Spring Summer 2017|publisher=Hatchette Book Group|accessdate=November 1, 2016}}</ref> On January 23, 2017, Hachette Book Group listed five different books for the film, all set for release on August 29, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/hasbro/my-little-pony-the-movie-8x8/9780316557030/|title=Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings [8x8]|website=Hachette Book Group|date=January 23, 2017|accessdate=January 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/hasbro/my-little-pony-the-movie-jacketed-picture-book/9780316557702/|title=Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings [Jacketed Picture Book]|website=Hachette Book Group|date=January 23, 2017|accessdate=January 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/hasbro/my-little-pony-the-movie-sticker-book/9780316557078/|title=Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings [Sticker Book]|website=Hachette Book Group|date=January 23, 2017|accessdate=January 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/hasbro/my-little-pony-the-movie-reader/9780316557559/|title=Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings [Reader]|website=Hachette Book Group|date=January 23, 2017|accessdate=January 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/hasbro/my-little-pony-the-movie-the-junior-novel/9780316557658/|title=Hachette My Little Pony Book Listings [The Deluxe Junior Novel]|website=Hachette Book Group|date=January 23, 2017|accessdate=January 23, 2017}}</ref>

A teaser trailer and promotional poster for the film was released online on April 6, 2017,<ref name="teaser" /> and debuted in theaters alongside ''[[Smurfs: The Lost Village]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trailer-track.com/2017/04/03/confirmed-first-teaser-trailer-for-my-little-pony-this-week/|title=CONFIRMED: First Teaser Trailer For ‘My Little Pony’ This Week|website=Trailer-Track|first=Anton|last=Volkov|date=April 3, 2017|accessdate=April 3, 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt4131800}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|my_little_pony_the_movie_2017}}
*{{Metacritic film|my-little-pony}}
*{{Mojo title|mylittlepony2017}}
*{{Allmovie title|618110}}
*{{douban|26176481}}

{{My Little Pony Friendship is Magic}}
{{My Little Pony}}
{{Hasbro Studios}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:My Little Pony: The Movie}}
[[Category:2010s fantasy films]]
[[Category:2010s musical films]]
[[Category:2017 animated films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:American adventure films]]
[[Category:American children's adventure films]]
[[Category:American children's animated films]]
[[Category:American children's fantasy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American musical films]]
[[Category:Animated films based on animated series]]
[[Category:Animated musical films]]
[[Category:Canadian adventure films]]
[[Category:Canadian animated films]]
[[Category:Canadian fantasy films]]
[[Category:Canadian films]]
[[Category:Canadian musical films]]
[[Category:Dolby Atmos films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on animated television series]]
[[Category:Films based on Hasbro toys]]
[[Category:Films based on toys]]
[[Category:Hasbro brands]]
[[Category:Hasbro Studios films]]
[[Category:Lions Gate Entertainment animated films]]
[[Category:Lions Gate Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Musical fantasy films]]
[[Category:My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]

My Little Pony – Der Film

2017-04-22T00:56:25Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:MLP Movie Promotional Banner Licensing Expo.jpg

Priyanka Bose

2017-04-01T04:02:04Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Priyanka Bose.jpeg

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Priyanka Bose
| image =
| alt =
| caption =Priyanka Bose latest photoshoot
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| known_for =
| yearsactive = 2007 - present
}}
'''Priyanka Bose''' is an [[Indian film]] actress and model. Active on stage and in films, she is best known for her role in the award-winning Italian film ''[[Gangor (film)|Gangor]]'' among others. Priyanka started her film career with small roles in ''[[Love Sex aur Dhokha]]'', ''[[Sorry Bhai!]]'', ''[[Johnny Gaddar]]'' and ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]''. Her first film in a lead role was ''[[Gangor (film)|Gangor]]'' by the Italian director, Italo Spinelli in 2010. She gained recognition as an actress with her power-packed performance as a tribal woman in the film and went on to win the best actress award at the ''New Jersey Independent South Asian Film Festival''.<ref name=Firstpost>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/gritty-indian-art-house-film-gangor-sweeps-awards-in-america-140825.html|title=Gritty Indian art-house film Gangor sweeps awards in America|publisher=First Post|date=26 November 2011|accessdate=23 July 2015}}</ref>

==Other works==
In 2013 she appeared in the advertisement for [[Tanishq]], a jewellery retail brand, as a girl who has a daughter and remarries that drew much attention to her.<ref name=verve>{{cite web|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/priyanka-bose|title=Actions Speak Louder Than Words |publisher=Verve Magazine|date=24 May 2014 |accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/priyanka-bose-tanishq-ad-gauri-shinde-english-vinglish-twitter/1/321301.html|title=Tanishq ad star Priyanka Bose on cloud nine|date=1 November 2013|publisher=India Today|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref>The ad that was hailed as "path-breaking", "courageous" and "unique" became a talking point on [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]] and had more than three lakh hits on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131031/jsp/t2/story_17514154.jsp#.VbHx8M8VjmI|title=The New Tanishq bride|date=31 October 2013|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref>

She toured the world for the shows of the play ''Nirbhaya'', written and directed by the South African playwright Yael Farber based on the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]]. The much acclaimed play won the Scotsman Fringe First Award and Herald Angel Award at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and the Amnesty International Freedom of Expression Award.<ref name=verve/><ref name=dna>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-cant-play-dumb-priyanka-bose-1917924|title=I can't play dumb: Priyanka Bose|date=12 November 2013|publisher=DNA|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/art-theatre/Each-Delhi-girl-can-narrate-incidents-of-being-molested-Priyanka-Bose/articleshow/25047049.cms|title=Each Delhi girl can narrate incidents of being molested: Priyanka Bose|date=1 November 2013|publisher=Mumbai Mirror|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref>

Priyanka has also played the lead with [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] in the Bengali film, ''[[Shunyo Awnko]]'', directed by [[Goutam Ghose]]. ''[[Gulaab Gang]]'' is another film where she appeared along with [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Juhi Chawla]]. Her performance has been noted in films currently making rounds of film festivals including ''[[Sold (2014 film)|Sold]]'', by director Jeffery D Brown, ''[[Oass]]'', directed by Abhinav Tiwari and ''[[Oonga]]'' by Devashish Makhija. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://openbeast.com/5521|title=Gangor – Priyanka Bose|publisher=Open Beast|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=dna/>

Priyanka co-stars [[Nicole Kidman]] along with [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] and [[Dev Patel]] in ''Lion'' directed by [[Garth Davis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/nicole-kidman-dev-patel-to-roar-in-india-set-survival-tale-lion-1201405538/|title=Nicole Kidman, Dev Patel to Roar in India-set Survival Tale ‘Lion’|publisher=Variety|date=14 January 2015|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref>

Priyanka has also started a production company, ''PaapiPet Pictures'' which has created short format films and music videos including ''Dark and delicious'' for ''Hipnotribe'', and ''Bartender'' with Mikey Mcleary besides one for ''Kailasa'' of [[Kailash Kher]].<ref name=dna/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]'' || Ola-Ola main dancer || Hindi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Sorry Bhai!]]'' || Shruti || Hindi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Love Sex aur Dhokha]]'' || || Hindi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Gangor (film)|Gangor]]'' || Gangor || Bengali ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'' || Singer at the bar || Hindi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Padduram]]'' || Mrs Menon || Hindi ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Oass]]'' || Madam || Hindi ||
|-
| 2012 || '' Uproot'' || Sharmi || English, Hindi, Bengali || (short)
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Shunyo Awnko]]'' || Jhilik Bose || Bengali||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Oonga (film)|Oonga]]'' || Oongamma || Hindi ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Glass Bottom Boat]]'' || || English || (short)
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Gulaab Gang]]'' || Sandhya || Hindi ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Sold (2014 film)|Sold]]'' || Monica || English ||
|-
|2016
|Half Ticket
|
|Marathi
|''Production''
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Lion (2016 film)|Lion]]'' || Kamla Munshi || English, Hindi, Bengali
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3140757}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Priyanka}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chicano Movement

2017-02-22T00:58:02Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Chicano newspapers and periodicals 1966-1979.png

{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Chicano movement
| partof = [[Chicanismo]]
| image = [[File:Cesar chavez visita a colegio cesar chavez.jpg|300px]]
| caption = [[Cesar Chavez]] with demonstrators
| date = 1940s to 1970s
| place = Mainly the United States
| coordinates =
| causes = [[Racism in the United States]]
| goals = [[Chicanismo]]
| methods = [[Occupation (protest)|Occupation]]s, [[Protest]], [[Boycotts]], [[East L.A. walkouts|School walkouts]]
| status =
| result =
| side1 = '''Chicano Rights Groups'''
Organizations
[[American GI Forum]] [[Brown Berets]] [[MEChA]] [[Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund]] [[United Farm Workers]] [[Venceremos (political organization)|Venceremos]]
| side2 = {{flagicon|United States|size=16px}} '''[[US Government|Government of the United States]]'''

*[[United States Congress|US Legislature]]

| side3 =
| leadfigures1 = [[Cesar Chavez]] [[Reies López Tijerina]] [[Hector P. Garcia|Dr. Hector P. Garcia]] [[Rodolfo Gonzales|Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzáles]] [[Dolores Huerta]]
| leadfigures2 = '''[[President of the United States|Government Leaders]]''' ([[President of the United States]])
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| arrests =
| detentions =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
}}
{{Hispanic and Latino Americans}}
The '''Chicano Movement''' of the 1960s, also called the '''Chicano Civil Rights Movement''' or '''El Movimiento''', was a civil rights movement extending the '''Mexican American Civil Rights Movement''' of the 1960s with the stated goal of achieving [[Mexican American]] empowerment.

==Origins==
It encompassed a broad cross section of issues—from restoration of land grants, to farm workers' rights, to enhanced education, to voting and political rights, as well as emerging awareness of collective history. Socially, the Chicano Movement addressed negative [[Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino Americans|ethnic stereotypes]] of Mexicans in mass media and the American consciousness. Edward J. Escobar sleeder [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2080213?&Search=yes&term=escobar&term=edward&term=j&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dedward%2Bj%2Bescobar%26wc%3Don%26dc%3DAll%2BDisciplines&item=3&ttl=1194&returnArticleService=showArticle] from ''The Journal of American History'' describes some of the negativity of the time in stating, "The conflict between Chicanos and the LAPD thus helped Mexican Americans develop a new political consciousness that included a greater sense of ethnic solidarity, an acknowledgment of their subordinated status in American society, and a greater determination to act politically, and perhaps even violently, to end that subordination. While most people of Mexican descent still refused to call themselves Chicanos, many had come to adopt many of the principles intrinsic in the concept of ''[[chicanismo]]''. Chicanos did this through the creation of works of literary and visual art that validated the Mexican American ethnicity and culture practices.

The term ''Chicanos'' was originally used as a derogatory label for the sons and daughters of Mexican migrants. Some prefer to spell the word "Chicano" as "Xicano". This new generation of Mexican Americans were singled out by people on both sides of the border in whose view these Mexican Americans were not "American", yet they were not "Mexican", either. In the 1960s "Chicano" was accepted as a symbol of self-determination and ethnic pride.

The Chicano Movement also addressed discrimination in public and private institutions. Early in the twentieth century, Mexican Americans formed organizations to protect themselves from discrimination. One of those organizations, the [[League of United Latin American Citizens]], was formed in 1929 and remains active today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lulac.org/about/history/|title=LULAC: LULAC History - All for One and One for All|publisher=|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>

The Chicano Movement had been fermenting since the end of the U.S.–Mexican War in 1848, when the current U.S–Mexican border took form. Since that time, many Chicanos and Chicanas have campaigned against discrimination, racism and exploitation. The Chicano Movement that culminated in the early 1970s took inspiration from heroes and heroines from their [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]], Mexican and American past.

The movement gained momentum after [[World War II]] when groups such as the [[American G.I. Forum]] (AGIF), which was formed by returning Mexican American veterans, joined in the efforts by other civil rights organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americangiforum.org/about.cfm |title=毎月の返済が遅れるなどを - お金を借りる即日cash｜ブラックでもお金借りたい方必見 |publisher= |accessdate=23 September 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706223234/http://www.americangiforum.org/about.cfm |archivedate=6 July 2015 |df= }}</ref> The AGIF first received national exposure when it took on the cause of [[Felix Longoria]], a Mexican American serviceman who was denied a funeral service in his hometown of [[Three Rivers, Texas]] after being killed during WWII.<ref>{{cite web|last=Williams |first=Rudi |title=Congress Lauds American G.I. Forum Founder Garcia |url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=42268 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414203747/http://www.defense.gov//News/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=42268 |archivedate=2012-04-14 |df= }}</ref> After the Longoria incident, the AGIF quickly expanded throughout Texas and by the 1950s, chapters were founded across the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/moves/LULAC_map.shtml|title=American GI Forum Map|last=|first=|date=|website=Mapping American Social Movements|publisher=|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref>

Mexican American civil rights activists also achieved several major legal victories including the 1947 ''[[Mendez v. Westminster]]'' [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] ruling which declared that segregating children of "Mexican and Latin descent" was unconstitutional and the 1954 [[Hernandez v. Texas]] ruling which declared that Mexican Americans and other historically-subordinated groups in the United States were entitled to equal protection under the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment]] of the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latinola.com/story.php?story=432|title=LatinoLA - Hollywood :: Mendez v. Westminster|work=LatinoLA|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref>HERNANDEZ v. TEXAS. The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. http://www.oyez.org/cases/1950-1959/1953/1953_406/</ref>

There were several leaders throughout the Chicano Movement. In New Mexico there was Reies López Tijerina who worked on the land grant movement. He fought to regain control of what he considered ancestral lands. He became involved in civil rights causes within six years and also became a cosponsor of the Poor People's March on Washington in 1967. In Texas, war veteran [[Hector P. Garcia|Dr. Hector P. Garcia]] founded the American GI Forum and was later appointed to the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]]. In Denver, [[Rodolfo Gonzales|Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzáles]] helped define the meaning of being a Chicano through his poem ''Yo Soy Joaquin'' (''I am Joaquin'')[http://www.gs.cidsnet.de/englisch-online/diverse/joaquin.htm]. In California, [[César Chávez]] and the farm workers turned to the struggle of urban youth, and created political awareness and participated in ''[[La Raza Unida]]'' Party.

The most prominent civil rights organization in the Mexican-American community is the [[Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund]] (MALDEF), founded in 1968.<ref>[http://www.maldef.org/about/index.htm MALDEF - About Us] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422002948/http://www.maldef.org/about/index.htm |date=April 22, 2008 }}</ref> Although modeled after the [[NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund]], MALDEF has also taken on many of the functions of other organizations, including political advocacy and training of local leaders.

Some women who worked for the Chicano movement felt that members were being too concerned with social issues that affected the Chicano community, instead of addressing problems that affected Chicana women specifically. This led Chicana women to form the [[Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional]]. In 1975, it became involved in the case ''[[Madrigal v. Quilligan]]'', obtaining a moratorium on the [[compulsory sterilization]] of women and adoption of bilingual consent forms. These steps were necessary because many Hispanic women who did not understand English well were being sterilized in the United States at the time, without proper consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1449330|title=STERILIZED in the Name of Public Health|work=PubMed Central (PMC)|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cemaweb.library.ucsb.edu/cfmn_intro.html|title=Untitled Document|publisher=|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>

With the widespread immigration marches which flourished throughout the U.S. in the Spring of 2006, the Chicano Movement has continued to expand in its focus and the number of people who are actively involved within the Mexican American community. As of the 21st Century, a major focus of the Chicano Movement has been to increase the (intelligent) representation of Chicanos in mainstream American media and entertainment.There are also many community education projects to educate Latinos about their voice and power like South Texas Voter Registration Project. SVREP's mission is to empower Latinos and other minorities by increasing their participation in the American democratic process. Members of the beginning of the Chicano movement like Faustino Erebia Jr., still speak about their trials and the changes they have seen over the years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.svrep.org/about_svrep.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-02-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306114630/http://www.svrep.org/about_svrep.html |archivedate=2012-03-06 |df= }}</ref><ref>[http://mexican-american.org/chicano-movement/index.html "Chicano Power in the U.S.A."] - Xcano Media, Los Angeles</ref>

==Major cities==
This is a list of the major epicenters of the Chicano Movement.
{{Columns-list|2|
* [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]]
* [[Chicago]]
* [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]]
* [[Dallas]]
* [[Delano, California|Delano]]
* [[Denver]]
* [[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]]
* [[Fresno, California|Fresno]]
* [[Houston]]
* [[Las Vegas]]
* [[Los Angeles]]
* [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]
* [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]
* [[San Antonio]]
* [[San Diego]]
* [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]
* [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]]
* [[San Francisco]]
* [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]]
}}

==Political activism==
[[File:Mural Chicano Movement.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Casa [[Aztlán]]. A mural in [[Pilsen, Chicago]] for the Chicano Movement]]

In 1949 and 1950, the American G.I. Forum initiated local "pay your poll tax" drives to register Mexican American voters. Although they were unable to repeal the poll tax, their efforts did bring in new Hispanic voters who would begin to elect Latino representatives to the [[Texas House of Representatives]] and to [[American Congress|Congress]] during the late 1950s and early 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6582/|title="Our First Poll Tax Drive": The American G.I. Forum Fights Disenfranchisement of Mexican Americans in Texas|publisher=|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>

In California, a similar phenomenon took place. When World War II veteran [[Edward R. Roybal]] ran for a seat on the [[Los Angeles City Council]], community activists established the [[Community Service Organization]] (CSO). The CSO was effective in registering 15,000 new voters in Latino neighborhoods. With this newfound support, Roybal was able to win the 1949 election race against the incumbent councilman and become the first Mexican American since 1886 to win a seat on the [[Los Angeles City Council]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb0n39n7q6/?brand=oac|title=Election of Roybal, democracy at work : extension of remarks of Hon. Chet Holifield of California in the House of Representatives|publisher=|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>

The [[Mexican American Political Association]] (MAPA), founded in [[Fresno, California]] came into being in 1959 and drew up a plan for direct electoral politics. MAPA soon became the primary political voice for the Mexican-American community of California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cemaweb.library.ucsb.edu/corona_toc.html|title=Untitled Document|publisher=|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>

==Student walkouts==
{{main article|Chicano Blowouts}}
After World War II, Chicanos began to assert their own views of their own history and status as Mexican Americans in the US and they began to critically analyze what they were being taught in public schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/millennium/0921mile.shtml |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-06-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627030605/http://denver.rockymountainnews.com:80/millennium/0921mile.shtml |archivedate=2009-06-27 |df= }}</ref>

In the late 1960s, when the student movement was active around the globe, the Chicano Movement inspired its own organized protests like the mass walkouts of high school students and the [[Chicano Moratorium]] in [[Los Angeles]] in 1970.<ref>[http://www.laep.org/access/attitudes/blowouts/index.html Our PLACE Called Home - The Chicano Student Walkout] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510082040/http://www.laep.org/access/attitudes/blowouts/index.html |date=May 10, 2011 }}</ref> The student walkouts occurred in [[Denver]] and [[East Los Angeles, California|East LA]] of 1968. There were also many incidents of walkouts outside of the city of [[Los Angeles]]. In the [[Los Angeles County|LA County]] high schools of [[El Monte, California|El Monte]], [[Alhambra, California|Alhambra]], and [[Covina, California|Covina]] (particularly Northview) the students marched to fight for their rights. Similar walkouts took place in 1978 of [[Houston]] high schools to protest the discrepant academic quality for Latino students. There were also several student sit-ins as objection to the decreasing funding of Chicano courses.

The blowouts of the 1960s can be compared to the 2006 walkouts, which were done as opposition to the [[HR4437|Illegal Immigration Control]] bill.

==Student and youth organizations==

Chicano student groups such as United Mexican American Students (UMAS), Mexican American Youth Association (MAYA) in California, and the [[Mexican american youth organization|Mexican American Youth Organization]] (MAYO) in Texas, developed in universities and colleges in the mid-1960s. South Texas had a local chapter of MAYO that also made significant changes to the racial tension in this area at the time. Members included Faustino Erebia Jr, local politician and activist, who has been a keynote speaker at Texas A&M University at the annual Cesar Chavez walk.<ref>http://www.tamuk.edu/southtexan/PDF_Archives/032310.pdf</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>Moore, J. W., & Cuéllar, A. B. (1970). ''Mexican Americans''. Ethnic groups in American life series. Englewood, Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. p. 150. ISBN 0-13-579490-0</ref> At the historic meeting at the University of California, Santa Barbara in April 1969, the diverse student organizations came together under the new name [[Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán]] (MECHA). Between 1969 and 1971, MECHA grew rapidly in California with major centers of activism on campuses in southern California, and few chapters were created along the East coast at Ivy LeagueSchools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/moves/MEChA_map.shtml|title=MEChA chapters map|last=|first=|date=|website=Mapping American Social Movements|publisher=|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref> And by 2012, MECHA had more than [http://depts.washington.edu/moves/MEChA_map.shtml 500 chapters] throughout the U.S. Student groups such as these were initially concerned with education issues, but their activities evolved to participation in political campaigns and to various forms of protest against broader issues such as police brutality and the U.S. war in Southeast Asia.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The [[Brown Berets]], a youth group which began in California, took on a more militant and [[chicano nationalism|nationalistic]] ideology.<ref>Moore, J. W., & Cuéllar, A. B. (1970). ''Mexican Americans''. Ethnic groups in American life series. Englewood, Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. p. 151. ISBN 0-13-579490-0</ref>

==Anti-war activism==
The [[Chicano Moratorium]] was a movement by Chicano activists that organized [[Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-Vietnam War demonstrations]] and activities throughout the Southwest and other Mexican American communities from November 1969 through August 1971. The movement focused on the disproportionately high death rate of Mexican American soldiers in Vietnam as well as discrimination faced at home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://revolutionaryfrontlines.wordpress.com/2010/03/26/30-years-after-the-chicano-moratorium/|title=30 Years After the Chicano Moratorium|work=Frontlines of Revolutionary Struggle|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref> After months of demonstrations and conferences, it was decided to hold a National Chicano Moratorium against the war on August 29, 1970. The march began at Belvedere Park in LA and headed towards Laguna Park (since renamed [[Salazar Park|Ruben F. Salazar Park]]) alongside 20,000 to 30,000 people. The Committee members included Rosalio Munoz and Corky Gonzales and only lasted one more year but the political momentum generated by the Moratorium led many of its activists to continue their activism in other groups.<ref>http://chicanomoratorium.org/html/history_timeline.html</ref>

==Chicano art==
{{main article|Chicano literature|Chicano#Music|Teatro Campesino|Mexican murals}} Art of the Movement was the burgeoning of Chicano art fueled by heightened political activism and energized cultural pride. Chicano visual art, music, literature, dance, theater and other forms of expression have flourished. During the 20th century, an emergence of Chicano expression developed into a full-scale Chicano Art Movement. Chicanos developed a wealth of cultural expression through such media as painting, drawing, sculpture and printmaking. Similarly, novels, poetry, short stories, essays and plays have flowed from the pens of contemporary Chicano writers. Chicano, Mexican-American, and Hispanic cultural centers, theaters, film festivals, museums, galleries and numerous other arts and cultural organizations have also grown in number and impact since this time.

Chicano Art developed around the 1960s.<ref name="Grove Art Online">{{cite web|last=Goldman|first=Shifra M.|title=Latin American artists of the USA|url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T049509|publisher=Oxford Art Online|accessdate=20 April 2012}}</ref> In its beginning stages, Chicano art was distinguished by the expression through public art forms. Chicano artists created a bi-cultural style that included US and Mexican influences. The Mexican style can be found by their use of bright colors and expressionism. The art has a very powerful regionalist factor that influences its work.
Examples of Chicano muralism can be found in California at the historic Estrada Courts Housing Projects in Boyle Heights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Estrada Courts|url=http://www.laconservancy.org/locations/estrada-courts}}</ref> Another example is [[La Marcha Por La Humanidad aka The Chicano Mural At The University of Houston|La Marcha Por La Humanidad]], which is housed at the University of Houston.

About 20 years later, Chicano artists were affected by political priorities and societal values. They were also becoming more accepted by society. They were becoming more interested making pieces for the museums and such, which brought about new forms of artwork, like easel paintings. By the late 1970s, women became very prominent in the artistic world. An increase in individualism was more apparent as Chicano artists entered the art business market.

== Chicano press ==


The Chicano press was an important component of the Chicano Movement to disseminate Chicano history, literature, and current news.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/moves/Chicano_intro.shtml|title=Chicano/Latino Movements History and Geography|last=|first=|date=|website=Mapping American Social Movements|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> The press created a link between the core and the periphery to create a national Chicano identity and community. The Chicano Press Association (CPA) created in 1969 was significant to the development of this national ethos. The CPA argued that an active press was foundational to the liberation of Chicano people, and represented about twenty newspapers, mostly in California but also throughout the Southwest.

Chicanos at many colleges campuses also created their own student newspapers but many ceased publication within a year or two, or merged with other larger publications. Organizations such as the Brown Berets and MECHA also established their own independent newspapers. And Chicano communities published newspapers like ''El Grito del Norte'' from Denver and ''Caracol'' from San Antonio.

Over 300 newspapers and periodicals in both large and small communities have been linked the Movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://depts.washington.edu/moves/Chicano_news_map.shtml|title=Chicano Newspapers and Periodicals, 1966-1979|last=|first=|date=|website=Mapping American Social Movements|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Aztlán==
''(Taken from the Chicano Activism section of the main article [[Aztlán]])''

The concept of Aztlán as the place of origin of the pre-Columbian Mexican civilization has become a symbol for various Mexican nationalist and indigenous movements.

The name Aztlán was first taken up by a group of Chicano independence activists led by [[Oscar Zeta Acosta]] during the Chicano movement of the 1960s and 1970s. They used the name "Aztlán" to refer to the lands of Northern Mexico that were annexed by the United States as a result of the [[Mexican-American War]]. Combined with the claim of some [[historical linguistics|historical linguists]] and anthropologists that the original homeland of the Aztecan peoples was located in the southwestern United States even though these lands were historically the homeland of many American Indian tribes (e.g. Navajo, Hopi, Apache, Comanche, Shoshone, Mojave, Zuni and many others). Aztlán in this sense became a "symbol" for mestizo activists who believed they have a legal and primordial right to the land, although this is disputed by many of the American Indian tribes currently living on the lands they claim as their historical homeland. Some scholars argue that Aztlan was located within Mexico proper. Groups who have used the name "Aztlán" in this manner include [[Plan Espiritual de Aztlán]], [[MEChA]] (Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán, "Chicano Student Movement of Aztlán").

Many in the Chicano Movement attribute poet [[Alurista]] for popularizing the term Aztlán in a poem presented during the Chicano Youth Liberation Conference in Denver, Colorado, March 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/poetry-criticism/alurista|title=Alurista Essay - Critical Essays|work=eNotes|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mestizos in the United States]]
* [[Chicano]]
* [[Chicanismo]]
* [[Chicano nationalism]]
* [[Chicano studies]]
*[[Chicano/a Movement in Washington State History Project]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Gómez-Quiñones, Juan, and Irene Vásquez. ''Making Aztlán: Ideology and Culture of the Chicana and Chicano Movement, 1966-1977'' (2014)
* Meier, Matt S., and Margo Gutiérrez. ''Encyclopedia of the Mexican American civil rights movement'' (Greenwood 2000) [https://www.questia.com/library/120072171/encyclopedia-of-the-mexican-american-civil-rights online]
* Orozco, Cynthia E. ''No Mexicans, women, or dogs allowed: The rise of the Mexican American civil rights movement'' (University of Texas Press, 2010) [https://www.questia.com/library/120074575/no-mexicans-women-or-dogs-allowed-the-rise-of-the online]
* Rosales, F. Arturo. ''Chicano! The history of the Mexican American civil rights movement'' (Arte Público Press, 1997); [https://www.questia.com/library/97907989/chicano-the-history-of-the-mexican-american-civil online]
* Sánchez, George I. "Ideology, and Whiteness in the Making of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, 1930–1960" ''Journal of Southern History'' (2006) 72#3 pp. 569–604 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/27649149 in JSTOR]

==External links==
*[http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz0026v3zq&title "La Batalla Está Aquí": The Chicana/o Movement in Los Angeles]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, interview series, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles.
*[http://www.mexican-american.org Mexican-American.org] – Network of the Mexican American Community
*[http://www.networkaztlan.com/ NetworkAztlan.com] - Network Aztlan
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070914081139/http://chicana-swicki.eurekster.com:80/ Chicana community search page]
*[http://depts.washington.edu/moves/Chicano_news_map.shtml Chicano Newspapers and Periodicals 1969-1979] A map of Chicano press across the country from 1969 to 1970 based on serial listings collected by the University of California Libraries.

{{Chicano/Mexican-American}}
{{1968 protests}}

[[Category:Chicano]]
[[Category:Chicano nationalism]]
[[Category:History of civil rights in the United States]]
[[Category:Mexican-American culture]]
[[Category:Mexican-American history]]
[[Category:Nonviolent resistance movements]]
[[Category:Defunct American political movements]]
[[Category:Latin American culture]]
[[Category:Hispanic and Latino American]]
[[Category:Hispanic and Latino-American history]]
[[Category:History of Latino civil rights]]

Maggie Nelson

2016-12-27T07:06:33Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Nelson 2016 hi-res-download 4 ykva7hi.jpg

{{Infobox writer
| name = Maggie Nelson
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1973 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = American
| spouse =
| field =
| training =
| movement =
| works = ''Bluets'', ''The Argonauts''
| genres = non-fiction, poetry, memoir
| patrons =
| awards = MacArthur Fellow
| elected =
| website = 
| bgcolour =
}}

'''Maggie Nelson''' (born 1973) is an American writer.
She is the author of five books of nonfiction, including ''The Argonauts'' (2015), ''The Art of Cruelty: A Reckoning'' (2011), ''Bluets'' (2009), ''The Red Parts: Autobiography of a Trial'', (first published in 2007, reprinted in 2016), and ''Women, the New York School, and Other True Abstractions'' (2007, winner of the Susanne M. Glassock Award in Interdisciplinary Scholarship).

Her books of poetry include ''Something Bright, Then Holes'' (2007), ''Jane: A Murder'' (2005, finalist for the PEN/Martha Albrand Award for the Art of the Memoir), ''The Latest Winter'' (2003), and ''Shiner'' (2001). ''The Argonauts'' won the National Book Critics Circle Award in Criticism and was a ''New York Times'' best-seller. ''The Art of Cruelty,'' a work of cultural, art, and literary criticism, was featured on the front cover of the Sunday Book Review of the ''New York Times'' and named a ''NY Times'' Notable Book of the Year. Her 2009 book ''Bluets,'' about pain, pleasure, and the color blue, became a cult classic, and was named by Bookforum as one of the 10 best books of the past 20 years.

Her memoir about her family, media spectacle, and sexual violence, titled ''The Red Parts,'' is the second of two books she wrote about the 1969 murder of her aunt, Jane Mixer. She has been the recipient of a 2016 [[MacArthur Fellowship]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/962/|title=Maggie Nelson — MacArthur Foundation|website=www.macfound.org|access-date=2016-09-22}}</ref> a 2012 Creative Capital Literature Fellowship, a 2010 Guggenheim Fellowship in Nonfiction, an NEA Fellowship in Poetry, and an Andy Warhol Foundation/Creative Capital Arts Writers Grant. She is generally described as a genre-busting writer defying classification, working in autobiography, art criticism, theory, scholarship, and poetry.

==Career==
Nelson has taught at the Graduate Writing Program of the [[New School]], [[Wesleyan University]], and the School of Art and Design at [[Pratt Institute]]; she currently directs the [[CalArts]] MFA writing program and lives in Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://directory.calarts.edu/directory/maggie-nelson|title = Maggie Nelson {{!}} Faculty/Staff Directory|website = directory.calarts.edu|access-date = 2016-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hilton|first1=Als|title=Immediate Family: Maggie Nelson's life in words|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/04/18/maggie-nelsons-many-selves|publisher=The New Yorker|date=April 18, 2016}}</ref>

==Themes==
Nelson's work has included writing on art, feminism, queerness, sexual violence, the history of the avant-garde, aesthetic theory and philosophy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.triquarterly.org/craft-essays/now-where-was-i-maggie-nelson%E2%80%99s-bluets|title=Now, Where Was I? : On Maggie Nelson’s Bluets|last=Larson|first=Thomas|date=24 January 2011|website=TriQuarterly|publisher=Northwestern University|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nelson is married to the artist [[Harry Dodge]]. The couple have a child together. Nelson is the stepmother of Dodge's son from a previous relationship.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/apr/23/the-argonauts-maggie-nelson-review-harry-dodge-transgender|website=theguardian.com|accessdate=18 May 2015}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
*2007 Arts Writers grant from the Creative Capital/[[Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts]].<ref name="mfa_wyonming">[http://www.uwyo.edu/creativewriting/news-events/index.html MFA Program News and Events]</ref>
*2011 [[National Endowment for the Arts]] Fellowship for Poetry.<ref name="NEA">[http://www.nea.gov/grants/recent/11grants/litFellows.php National Endowment of the Arts 2011 Poetry Fellows]</ref>
*2015 [[New York Times Notable Book]], ''The Argonauts''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/06/books/review/100-notable-books-of-2015.html|title=100 Notable Books of 2015|date=2015-11-27|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-03-09}}</ref>
*2016 [[National Book Critics Circle Award]] (Criticism), winner for ''Argonauts''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/18/business/the-sellout-wins-national-book-critics-circles-fiction-award.html |title=‘The Sellout’ Wins National Book Critics Circle’s Fiction Award |work=[[New York Times]] |author=Alexandra Alter |date=March 17, 2016 |accessdate=March 18, 2016}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*''Shiner'' (Hanging Loose Press, 2001). {{OCLC|45223536}}
*''The Latest Winter'' (Hanging Loose Press, 2003). {{OCLC|50868215}}
*''Jane: A Murder'' (Soft Skull, 2005). {{OCLC|57506563}}
*''The Red Parts: A Memoir'' (Free Press, 2007). {{OCLC|71275645}}
*''Something Bright, Then Holes'' (Soft Skull, 2007). {{OCLC|148844319}}
*''Women, the New York School, and Other True Abstractions'' (University of Iowa Press, 2007). {{OCLC|609313973}}
*''Bluets'' (Wave Books, 2009). {{OCLC|303931395}}
*''The Art of Cruelty: A Reckoning'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 2011). {{OCLC|668194794}}
*''The Argonauts'' (Graywolf Press 2015). {{OCLC|889165103}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/17/books/review/book-review-the-art-of-cruelty-by-maggie-nelson.html ''New York Times'' review of ''The Art of Cruelty'']
*[http://www.kwls.org/podcasts/maggie_nelson_2008/ Audio: Maggie Nelson at the Key West Literary Seminar, 2008: reading from "Something Bright, Then Holes"]
*[http://www.kwls.org/podcasts/new_voices_spotlight_maggie_ne/ Audio: Maggie Nelson at the Key West Literary Seminar, 2008: reading from ''Jane: A Murder'' and ''The Red Parts: A Memoir'']
*[http://about-creativity.com/2007/02/an-interview-with-maggie-nelson.php An interview with Maggie Nelson about creativity]
*[http://books.wwnorton.com/books/Author.aspx?ID=20536 Maggie Nelson's Author page at W. W. Norton & Company]
*[http://www.wavepoetry.com/authors/62-maggie-nelson Maggie Nelson's Author page at Wave Books]
*[http://jacketmagazine.com/35/r-nelson-rb-epstein.shtml A review of ''Women, the New York School, and Other True Abstractions'']
*[http://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/x/Nelson.php Maggie Nelson on PennSound]
*[http://directory.calarts.edu/directory/maggie-nelson Maggie Nelson's page at CalARTS]
*[http://bombmagazine.org/article/7402616/maggie-nelson Maggie Nelson by AL Steiner] ''[[Bomb (magazine)|Bomb]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nelson, Maggie}}
[[Category:21st-century American poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Wesleyan University faculty]]
[[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
[[Category:American women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century women writers]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:National Endowment for the Arts Fellows]]
[[Category:The New School faculty]]
[[Category:Pratt Institute faculty]]
[[Category:California Institute of the Arts faculty]]

Game Jolt

2016-12-12T00:58:00Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Game-jolt-mar-2014-homepage.png

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Game Jolt
| logo = File:Game-jolt-logo.svg
| logo_size = 328
| screenshot = File:Game-jolt-homepage-screenshot.png
| screenshot_size = 256px
| collapsible = yes
| caption = A screenshot of '''GameJolt.com''' from December 2015
| url = {{URL|http://www.gamejolt.com}}
| alexa = {{decrease}} 4,381 ({{as of|2016|09|2|alt=September 2016}})<ref name="alexa">{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/gamejolt.com |title= Game Jolt.com Site Info | publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= September 2, 2016}}</ref>
| slogan = {{Unbulleted list|This is Indie.|Indie Games for the Love of It.|Too many games... and counting!}}
| commercial = Yes
| type = [[Freeware]] [[video game]] [[Internet hosting service|hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| author = David 'CROS' DeCarmine
| owner = Lucent Web Creative, LLC
| launch date = July 2004
| current status = Online
| language = English
}}

'''Game Jolt''' ('''GJ''') is a [[freeware]] [[video games]] [[Internet hosting service|hosting service]] (in [[browser games|browser]] and a downloadable [[Client (computing)|client]]) with [[social media|social]] functions. The initial site was launched on January 1, 2004,<ref name=launch>{{citation |url=http://www.gamejolt.com/ |title=Game Jolt Main Page |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040101195736/http://gamejolt.com/ |archivedate=January 1, 2004 |accessdate=November 30, 2013 }}</ref> and was founded by David 'CROS' DeCarmine.

== History ==

=== 2003 - 2007 ===
Development of Game Jolt started in 2003.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.gamejolt.com/ |title=Game Jolt Main Page |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030723150117/http://gamejolt.com/ |archivedate=July 23, 2003 |accessdate=November 30, 2013 }}</ref> The site publicly launched on July 1, 2004<ref name=launch /> and included a public account system, forums, a chatroom and games, uploaded with the respect creators' permission. In 2007 the site was taken down due to inactivity.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.gamejolt.com/ |title=Index of /|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013185511/http://gamejolt.com/|archivedate=October 13, 2007|accessdate=November 30, 2013}}</ref>

=== 2008–present ===
In December 2008, David launched a second version of the site with Game Jolt becoming a [[game portal]]. The site was completely redesigned and introduced an automated uploading system for downloadable, [[Adobe Flash|Flash]], [[Unity (game engine)|Unity]] and [[Java applet|Java]] games.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.gamejolt.com/|title=Game Jolt Main Page|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225141040/http://gamejolt.com/|archivedate=December 25, 2008|accessdate=November 30, 2013}}</ref>

Ad revenue sharing was publicly released in September 2009 from its closed beta,<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Rose|url=http://indiegames.com/2009/09/game_jolt_ad_revenue_sharing_g.html|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWEmIqz7|title=Game Jolt Ad Revenue Sharing Goes Public|publisher=[[Gamasutra#IndieGames.com|IndieGames.com]]|date=September 7, 2009|accessdate=November 30, 2013|archivedate=November 30, 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=axiom>{{cite news|first=David|last=DeCarmine|url=http://gamejolt.com/blog/ad-revenue-sharing-and-contest/8/|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWEnJhEP|title=Ad Revenue Sharing and Contest|publisher=Game Jolt|date=June 12, 2009|accessdate=November 30, 2013|archivedate=November 30, 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> which gave users a 30% share on advertising revenue on their game pages, profiles and blog posts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/developers/ad-sharing |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWEvTbH8 |title=Ad Revenue Sharing |website=Game Jolt |archivedate=November 30, 2013|accessdate=November 30, 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>



The site had much automated spam from mid-2011 to early 2012, which resulted in inactivity of the community as well as its owner.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/holy-mother-of-mary/968/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWYxBCfQ |title=Holy mother of Mary... |date=July 17, 2011 | archivedate=November 30, 2013 |accessdate=November 30, 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/why-is-gamejolt-dead/1089/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWZGHouB |title=Why is Game Jolt so dead? |date=November 11, 2011 | archivedate=November 30, 2013 |accessdate=November 30, 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-brainstorming/1108/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWaoKlj8 |title=Game Jolt... brainstorming |date=February 18, 2012 | archivedate=November 30, 2013 |accessdate=November 30, 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/spam/822/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWZO4iHG |title=Spam? |date=May 5, 2011 | archivedate=November 30, 2013 |accessdate=November 30, 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/so-much-spam/893/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWZSSf94 |title=So much spam |date=July 7, 2011 | archivedate=November 30, 2013 |accessdate=November 30, 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gmc.yoyogames.com/index.php?showtopic=516227 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LXbNTDEi |title=Making Money Through Ads |date=August 13, 2011 | archivedate=December 1, 2013 |accessdate=December 1, 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://approachdawn.blogspot.co.uk/2011/08/vest-trials-approaching-dawn-released.html?showComment=1313258076294#c5900212427437393477 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LXbcbcCt |title=Vest Trials: Approaching Dawn Released! |date=August 8, 2011 | archivedate=December 1, 2013 |accessdate=December 1, 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

The [[#API|Game Jolt API]] came out of its three-year beta in July 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scirra.com/forum/game-jolt-achievements-now-open_t71845|archiveurl=https://www.scirra.com/forum/game-jolt-achievements-now-open_t71845|title=Game Jolt Achievements now open|date=July 8, 2012|archivedate=September 1, 2016|accessdate=September 1, 2016|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ashley|last=Gwinnell|url=http://gamejolt.com/blog/achievements-system-released/29/|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWE8TOiN|title=Achievements System Released!|publisher=Game Jolt|date=July 17, 2012|archivedate=November 30, 2013|accessdate=November 30, 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> allowing games to integrate with the site.

Game Jolt started accepting browser-based HTML5 games for upload in February 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.html5gamedevs.com/topic/1464-newgrounds-now-accept-html5-games/#comment-10079|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6kCQgx0vc|title=
Newgrounds now accept HTML5 games|date=September 24, 2013|archivedate=September 1, 2016|accessdate=September 1, 2016|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scirra.com/forum/gamejolt-html5_t79168|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6kCQtzd2B|title=GameJolt Html5|date=February 13, 2013|archivedate=September 1, 2016|accessdate=September 1, 2016|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=DeCarmine|url=http://gamejolt.com/blog/distributions-and-html-integration/30/|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWE7XJMC|title=Distributions and HTML Integration|publisher=Game Jolt|date=February 11, 2013|archivedate=November 30, 2013|accessdate=November 30, 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>
{{^| No third-party reference > A user levelling system was released into public beta in April 2013, incorporating the [[Game Jolt#API|GJAPI]] [[achievement (video gaming)|trophies]] and [[Score (game)|highscores]], as well as site activity, to generate 'EXP' ([[experience points]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/new-experience-level-system/1727/|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWUGima2 |title=New Experience/Level system |website=Game Jolt |archivedate=November 30, 2013|date=April 16, 2013 |accessdate=November 30, 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> }}
David DeCarmine announced on August 8 that he was working full-time on Game Jolt's development,<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=DeCarmine|url=http://gamejolt.com/blog/game-jolt-is-now-indie/34/|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWThB6Ae|title=Game Jolt is now indie!|publisher=Game Jolt|archivedate= November 30, 2013|date=September 7, 2009|accessdate=November 30, 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> leaving his job at [[Zulily]] in the process.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.linkedin.com/in/daviddecarmine |title=David DeCarmine's LinkedIn |website=[[LinkedIn]] |accessdate=November 30, 2013}}</ref>

[[Indie Statik]], a now defunct<ref>{{cite web|title=Internet Archive Wayback Machine|url=http://web.archive.org/web/*/IndieStatik.com|accessdate=December 27, 2015}}</ref> [[indie games]]-related [[news aggregator]] and [[blog]], announced it was 'partnering' with Game Jolt in October 2013.<ref>{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Priestman|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWTpKvU6|url=http://indiestatik.com/2013/10/17/indie-statik/|title=Thank You: Indie Statik, Kickstarter and Game Jolt|publisher=[[IndieStatik]]|date=September 17, 2013|archivedate=November 30, 2013|accessdate=November 30, 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> This brought an article stream on the front page and articles of Game Jolt hosted games show up on the said game's profile, with a [[game portal]] congregated by Indie Statik and served by Game Jolt planned<ref>{{cite news|first=Josh|last=Mattingly|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/877458309/indie-statik/posts/613747|title=We're funded, but it's not over yet!|publisher=[[IndieStatik]]|date=October 2, 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> but never came to fruition.

Game Jolt Jams released in early 2014 as a service to allow users to create their own [[game jam]]s that integrated with the main site.<ref>{{cite web|first=Alex|last=Wawro|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/221211/Run_your_own_game_jams_with_Game_Jolts_new_jam_manager.php|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6kCS7GfF2|publisher=[[Gamasutra]]|title=Run your own game jams with Game Jolt's new manager|date=July 16, 2014|archivedate=September 1, 2016|accessdate=September 1, 2016|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20140815000000*/http://jams.gamejolt.com/ |title=Internet Archive Wayback Machine|accessdate=December 27, 2015 }}</ref>

A beta for a new site overhaul was made public in June 2015 and was released later that month, with Game Jolt advertising a [[Responsive web design|responsive]] design, automated curation for both games and game news articles which weighs how recent a game was uploaded and how popular it is ("hot") and filtering options on game listings for platform, maturity rating and development status.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geekyjuegos.com/gamejolt-next-nuevo-diseno-nuevas-posibilidades/|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6kCShrZ0t|title=Gamejolt Next :: Nuevo diseño, nuevas posibilidades|date=July 9, 2015|archivedate=September 1, 2016|accessdate=September 1, 2016|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=We Launched the New Site - Fireside by GameJolt|url=http://fireside.gamejolt.com/post/we-launched-the-new-site-zkdvvscx|accessdate=December 13, 2015|date=October 13, 2013}}</ref>

An online marketplace was announced in April 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fireside.gamejolt.com/post/selling-games-on-game-jolt-rshmihiu|title=Selling Games on Game Jolt|date=April 21, 2016|accessdate=September 2, 2016|deadurl=no}}</ref> and released the following month in May, allowing developers to sell their games on the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/272467/Gamejolt_announces_indie_games_marketplace.php|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6kDxgXkro|title=Gamasutra - Gamejolt announces indie games marketplace|first=Bryant |last=Francis|publisher=[[Gamasutra]]|date=2016|archivedate=September 2, 2016|accessdate=September 2, 2016|deadurl=no}}</ref>

==== Let's Player partnerships ====

In November 2014 Game Jolt announced the "Indies vs PewDiePie" game jam, partnering with the popular Youtuber [[PewDiePie|Felix "PewDiePie" Kjellberg]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Konstantinos|last=Dimopoulos|url=http://indiegames.com/2014/11/_indies_vs_pewdiepie_the_game_.html|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6kCTJ7pkS|title=Indies VS PewDiePie: The Game Jam|publisher=[[Gamasutra#IndieGames.com]]|date=November 13, 2014|archivedate=September 1, 2016|accessdate=September 1, 2016|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjhL7EbsNLU |title=INDIES VS PEWDIEPIE - YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |accessdate=December 31, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Developers were given a weekend (21-24 November) to create a game with the theme of "fun to play, fun to watch" to suit the Let's Plays entertainment style.<ref name="IndiesVSPewDiePie">{{cite web |url=http://jams.gamejolt.io/indiesvspewdiepie |title=Indies VS PewDiePie |website=Game Jolt |accessdate=December 11, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Users could rate entries afterwards until December 1 when the scores were counted up. The prize to the top 10 rated games was Felix playing the games on his channel as a means of promotion for the developers,<ref>{{cite web |url=
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMw6o7497To |title=DANCE PEWDIEPIE DANCE! // INDIES VS PEWDIEPIE JAM WINNERS! - YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |accessdate=December 31, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref> although later he played other entries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kozmWR9NlIU |title=VIDEOGAME: THE GAME - YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |accessdate=December 31, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

Game Jolt partnered with Felix, [[Jacksepticeye|Sean "jacksepticeye" McLoughlin]] and [[Markiplier|Mark "Markiplier" Fischbach]] to host "Indies vs Gamers" in July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|first=Chloi|last=Rad|url=http://indiegames.com/2015/07/indies_vs_gamers_jam.html|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6kCTw5V49|title=Game Jolt Prepares to Launch Indies VS Gamers Jam|publisher=[[Gamasutra#IndieGames.com]]|date=July 8, 2015|archivedate=September 1, 2016|accessdate=September 1, 2016|deadurl=no}}</ref> The requirements for entries were arcade games using the [[#API|GJAPI]] highscore tables, to be made between the July 17–20<ref name="IndiesVSGamers">{{cite web |url=http://jams.gamejolt.io/indiesvsgamers |title=Indies Vs Gamers {{!}} Game Jolt Jams |website=Game Jolt |accessdate=December 11, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref> and the top 5 games were played on the partner's YouTube channels.<ref>{{cite web |url=
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtUCMeCqH1E |title=BEAT UP KIDS! {{!}} Indies Vs Gamers Gamejam - Top 5 Winners - YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |accessdate=December 31, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5cXb5ePvl0 |title=Fans vs PewDiePie (Indies vs Gamers) - YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |accessdate=December 31, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H1x0I7AWhRA |title=BEATING SMALL CHILDREN!! {{!}} Super Nanny Sleepytime Ultra HD Alpha Omega - YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |accessdate=December 31, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

== API ==
The Game Jolt [[Application Programming Interface]] (usually known as the '''GJAPI''') allows any developer using a [[computing platform|game development platform]] that supports [[HTTP|HTTP operations]] and [[MD5]] or [[SHA-1]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What is the Game API? |url=https://help.gamejolt.com/dev-game-api | accessdate=December 13, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Game Achievement System| url=http://gamejolt.com/developers/achievements-new/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWOm0hBV |archivedate=November 30, 2013|accessdate=November 30, 2013 |date=October 13, 2013 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Game Jolt advertise that the API can:
* Create multiple "scoreboards" which collect [[Score (game)#High score|high scores]] from players made publicly available on the game's profile and give user accounts EXP<ref>{{cite web|title=Scoreboards Guide|url=https://help.gamejolt.com/dev-scoreboards| accessdate=December 13, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
* Award player's [[Achievement (video gaming)|trophies]] which give user accounts EXP<ref>{{cite web |title=Scoreboards Guide |url=https://help.gamejolt.com/dev-scoreboards| accessdate=December 13, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
* Store game data on Game Jolt's data servers<ref>{{cite web |title=Data Storage Guide |url=https://help.gamejolt.com/dev-data-storage| accessdate=December 13, 2015 |deadurl=no}}</ref>


== Competitions ==
Game Jolt has hosted numerous official [[Game jam|game development contests]] with varying requirements and rewards. "Contests" are differentiated from "Jams". A contest on Game Jolt refers to a competition wherein developers have a single [[Game jam#Theme|theme]] their game must follow if they enter the competition, and an ordered subjective top games selection is found either from judging by the staff or, with the two recent Indies VSs competitions, community voting. A jam however has no requirements and only an optional theme, which may or may not be judged but with no prizes for the winners.

=== Contests ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Date
! rowspan="2" | Theme
! colspan="3" | Place
|-
! style="width: 20%" | 1st
! style="width: 20%" | 2nd
! style="width: 20%" | 3rd
|-
| 13–21 June 2009
| Shocking<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-shocking-contest-judged/11/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LXIENiib |title=Shocking Contest |website=Game Jolt |date=2009-06-12 |archivedate=2013-12-01 |accessdate=2013-12-01 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/action/shockmaze/375 ShockMaze]
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/other/infidels/363 Infidels]
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/puzzle/shocker-the-electrifying-super-hero/382 Shocker: The Electrifying Hero]
|-
| 1–31 August
| Axiom <ref name=axiom/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-axiom-contest-contest-is-over/82/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWfgDbbE |title=Axiom Contest |website=Game Jolt |date=2009-07-25 |archivedate=2013-11-30 |accessdate=2013-11-30|deadurl=no}}</ref>
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/platformer/raimond-ex/695/ Raimond Ex]
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/adventure/paul-moose-in-space-world/675/ Paul Moose In Space World]
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/puzzle/no-longer-apart/632/ No Longer Apart]
|-
| 1–7 November 2009
| Minimal<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-minimal-contest-it-s-over/187/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWftuLly |title=Minimal Contest |website=Game Jolt |date=2009-10-28 |archivedate=2013-11-30 |accessdate=2013-11-30 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/blog/minimal-contest-results/17/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWfu7A7t |title=Minimal Contest Results |website=[[GameJolt]] |date=2009-11-19 |archivedate=2013-11-30 |accessdate=2013-11-30|deadurl=no}}</ref>
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/adventure/spectrum-wing/1058/ Spectrum Wing]
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/platformer/saut/1043/ Saut]
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/platformer/fetus/1026/ Fetus]
|-
| 24–25 January 2010
| Rogue<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-rogue-contest-it-s-over/271/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWgE8ttE |title=Rogue Contest |website=Game Jolt |date=2010-01-10 |archivedate=2013-11-30 |accessdate=2013-11-30 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/blog/rogue-contest-results/20/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWgI3eS8 |title=Rogue Contest Results |website=Game Jolt |date=2010-01-31 |archivedate=2013-11-30 |accessdate=2013-11-30 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/adventure/super-space-rogues/1457/ Super Space Rogues]
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/platformer/towerclimb/1459/ Tower Climb]
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/platformer/flood-the-chamber/1419/ Flood the Chamber]
|-
| 1–8 July 2010
| Indie Game Demake<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-official-indie-game-demake-contest-it-s-over/574/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWgmHt2O |title=Indie Game Demake Contest |website=Game Jolt |date=2010-06-28 |archivedate=2013-11-30 |accessdate=2013-11-30 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/blog/indie-game-demake-contest-results/24/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LWgsE0f2 |title=Indie Game Demake Contest Results |website=Game Jolt |date=2010-07-17 |archivedate=2013-11-30 |accessdate=2013-11-30 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
| [http://gamejolt.com/online/games/shooter/warning-foregone/2794/ Warning Foregone]
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/adventure/sulkeis/2812/ Sulkeis]
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/arcade/saucelifter-8-bit/2804/ Saucelifter 8-bit]
|-
| 16 January – 14 February 2011
| Invention Contest<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-official-invention-contest-hosted-by-nal-results-announced/730/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LXG4TgGy |title=Invention Contest- Hosted by NAL |website=Game Jolt |date=2011-01-16 |archivedate=2013-12-01 |accessdate=2013-12-01 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-official-invention-contest-hosted-by-nal-results-announced/730/?forum_topic_post_page=15#forum_topic_posts |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LXG9DIuo |title=Invention Contest- Hosted by NAL |website=Game Jolt |date=2011-03-12 |archivedate=2013-12-01 |accessdate=2013-12-01 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/arcade/fire-with-a-riot/4532/ Fire With a Riot]
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/arcade/bun-dun/4534/ Bun Dun]
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/platformer/monica/4549/ Monica]
|-
| August 20 – September 24, 2011
| Music Interpretation<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-music-interpretation-contest-with-indie-function-finished/1005/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LXGKEa8Q |title=Music Interpretation Contest with... |website=Game Jolt |date=2011-08-13 |archivedate=2013-12-01 |accessdate=2013-12-01 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-music-interpretation-contest-with-indie-function-finished/1005/?forum_topic_post_page=23#post-15351 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LXGRHDfl |title=Music Interpretation Contest with... |website=Game Jolt |date=2012-06-27 |archivedate=2013-12-01 |accessdate=2013-12-01 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/rpg/je-suis-le-diable/6035/ Je Suis Le Diable]
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/arcade/rhythmical/6179/ Rhythmical]
| [http://gamejolt.com/freeware/games/action/jeremy/6148/ Jeremy]
|-
| 11–19 August 2012
| Fear<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-official-fear-contest/1250/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LXGnnZu2 |title=Fear Contest |website=Game Jolt |date=2012-08-07 |archivedate=2013-12-01 |accessdate=2013-12-01 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/contests/3/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LXGrw4F5 |title=GameJolt Fear Contest |website=Game Jolt |date= |archivedate=2013-12-01 |accessdate=2013-12-01 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/adventure/the-room/9224/ The Room]
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/adventure/fragments-of-fear/9072/ Fragments of Fear]
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/adventure/nyctophobia/9161/ Nyctophobia]
|-
| 1–11 March 2013
| Chaos<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-chaos-contest/1496/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LXH1YRFI |title=Chaos Contest |website=[[GameJolt]] |date=2013-02-22 |archivedate=2013-12-01 |accessdate=2013-12-01 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/contests/5/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LXH6Nvxt |title=Game Jolt Chaos Contest |website=[[GameJolt]] |date= |archivedate=2013-12-01 |accessdate=2013-12-01 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/platformer/void-rogue/12988/ Void Rogue]
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/other/blues-for-mittavinda/12886/ Blues for Mittavinda]
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/shooter/stellar-zero/12973/ Stellar Zero]
|-
| 9–18 March 2013
| Party<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/contests/6/ |archiveurl= |title=GameJolt Contest 10 |website=Game Jolt |date= |archivedate= |accessdate=2013-12-01 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/quantum-party-crasher/19263 Quantum Party Crasher]
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/super-clean-clean/19382 Super Clean Clean]
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/party-run/18994 Party Run]
|-
| 21–24 November 2014
| Fun to play and watch (Indies vs PewDiePie)<ref name="IndiesVSPewDiePie" />
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/lord-of-the-horde/39430 Lord of the Horde]
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/kid-vs-school/39267 Kid VS School]
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/dance-dance-pewdiepie/39573 DANCE!DANCE! PewDiePie]
|-
| 17–20 July 2015
| High scores (Indies VS Gamers)<ref name="IndiesVSGamers" />
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/racketboy/80383 Racket Boy]
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/sushido/79747 Sushido]
| [http://gamejolt.com/games/super-nanny-sleepytime-ultra-hd-alpha-omega/79991 Super Nanny Sleepytime Ultra HD Alpha Omega]
|}

=== Jams ===
Jams are hosted on the weekend. Unlike the contests there is no theme- just work on new games or [[Work in process|WIPs]]. Developers are encouraged to [[Streaming media|livestream]], post screenshots and tweet about whatever they're developing, with no winners are produced at the end.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-weekend-jam/294/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LXInOmMy |title=Game Jolt Weekend Jam |website=Game Jolt |date=2010-01-31 |archivedate=2013-11-30 |accessdate=2013-11-30 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-s-second-jam/613/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LXIqpr73 |title=Game Jolt's Second Jam! |website=Game Jolt |date=2010-07-26 |archivedate=2013-11-30 |accessdate=2013-11-30 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamejolt.com/community/forums/topics/game-jolt-weekend-jam-3/1356/ |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6LXIvVd4B |title=GameJolt Weekend Jam #3 |website=Game Jolt |date=2012-11-28 |archivedate=2013-11-30 |accessdate=2013-11-30 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|4}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://gamejolt.com}}

{{Software digital distribution platforms}}

[[Category:Video game websites]]

Olin-Palladium-Preis

2016-11-07T01:02:07Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Palladium Medal.jpg

{{Infobox award
| image =
| image_size = 300
| name = ECS Olin Palladium Award
| description = to recognize outstanding contributions to the fundamental understanding of all types of electrochemical and corrosion phenomena and processes.
| presenter = [[Electrochemical Society]]
| country =
| year = 1951
| website = [http://www.electrochem.org/awards/ecs/ecs_awards.htm#b ECS Olin Palladium Award]
}}The '''Olin Palladium Award''' (formerly the Palladium Medal Award) was established by [[The Electrochemical Society]] (ECS) in 1951 and is presented every 2 years to recognize outstanding contributions to the fundamental understanding of all types of electrochemical and corrosion phenomena and processes.

The award consists of a uniquely designed palladium medal bearing the medalist’s name. The design of the medal depicts Pallas Athene employing a shield, on which the seal of the Society is inscribed, to protect the metals represented by ancient symbols from the elements, earth, air, fire, and water. Recipients are also presented with a wall plaque, cash prize, Electrochemical Society Life membership, and a free meeting registration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trumbore |first1=Forrest |last2=Turner |first2=Dennis |title=The Electrochemical Society 1902-2002: A Centennial History |publisher=The Electrochemical Society |location=Pennington, New Jersey |isbn=1-56677-326-1}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.electrochem.org/awards/ecs/ecs_awards.htm#b Society Awards], electrochem.org website. Retrieved July 28, 2015.</ref>

== History ==
The Palladium Medal Award was initially funded by the royalties derived from the sales of the ''Corrosion Handbook'' and a gift of palladium metal from the [[International Nickel Company]]. The original purpose of the medal was to encourage research and achievement in the study of the corrosion of metals and its control, or in theoretical electrochemistry upon which the understanding of corrosion is based.

In 1971 the scope was modified, and in 1977 the name was changed to The Olin Palladium Award after a generous endowment from the [[Olin Corporation|Olin Company]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trumbore |first1=Forrest |last2=Turner |first2=Dennis |title=The Electrochemical Society 1902-2002: A Centennial History |publisher=The Electrochemical Society |location=Pennington, New Jersey |isbn=1-56677-326-1}}</ref>

== Notable recipients ==

As listed by ECS:<ref>[http://www.electrochem.org/awards/ecs/recipients/olin_palladium_recipients.htm Olin Palladium Award Recipients (list)], electrochem.org website. Retrieved July 28, 2015.</ref>

{{colbegin}}

* 1951 [[Carl Wagner]]
* 1959 [[Alexander Frumkin]]
* 1961 [[Herbert H. Uhlig]]
* 1965 [[Norman Hackerman]]
* 1971 [[Leo Brewer]]
* 1973 [[Veniamin Levich]]
* 1977 [[Heinz Gerischer]]
* 1981 [[Izaak Kolthoff]]
* 1983 [[Morris Cohen (scientist)|Morris Cohen]]
* 1985 [[Martin Fleischmann]]
* 1987 [[Allen J. Bard]]
* 1993 [[Jean-Michel Savéant]]
* 1999 [[John B. Goodenough]]
* 2013 Ralph E. White
* 2015 Digby MacDonald

{{colend}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.electrochem.org/awards/ecs/recipients/olin_palladium_recipients.htm Olin Palladium Award Recipients]

[[Category:Science and technology awards]]
[[Category:Academic awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1951]]

Asaf Epstein

2016-10-26T06:40:15Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Asaf-Epstein-900x450.jpg

{{Infobox person
| name = Asaf Epstein
| image = Asaf Epstein.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Asaf Epstein, 2015
| native_name = אסף אפשטיין
| native_name_lang = he
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|08|01}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Israeli]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Film director
| years_active = 2008-present
| known_for =
| notable_works = [[Schnitzel (film)|Schnitzel]]
| website = {{URL|asafepstein.com}}
}}

'''Asaf Epstein''' ({{lang-he-n|'''אסף אפשטיין'''}}; born August 1, 1978) is an [[Israeli]] film director, writer and producer.

==Biography==
Asaf Epstein was born in [[Israel]] on August 1, 1978 to Lea and Hanan Epstein. He is the older brother of Efrat and Roni Epstein.

When he was a young boy, the family relocated to [[Fort Worth, Texas]] where Epstein attended a private Jewish school. The family then relocated back to the town of [[Modiin]] in Israel there he attended junior high school.

In 1995, the family relocated back to the United States and settled in [[Dallas, Texas]] where Epstein attended [[J. J. Pearce High School]] in [[Richardson, Texas|Richardson]].

During his early twenties, Epstein left his family in the United States and relocated back to [[Israel]] on his own to enlist in the [[Israeli Defense Forces]] where he took on a desk job in the [[Israeli Air Force|Air Force]].

In the early 2000s, Epstein enrolled to study [[film]] at [[Tel Aviv University]].

==Career==
After completing his studies, Epstein produced independent corporate promotional clips making use of various computer animated elements.

In 2008, he took part in the production of 2 Israeli films; ''The Other War'', a drama set in Tel-Aviv during the [[Lebanon War of 2006|second Lebanon war]], and ''Jaffawiye'', a documentary about the multicultural hip-hop band ''System Ali''.

In 2010, Epstein produced ''Mother's Fading'', a short film drama about the complex relationship between a mother and her son.

In 2011, he began production on his award-winning [[sci-fi]], thriller comedy [[Short film|short]] entitled ''[[Schnitzel (film)|Schnitzel]]'' which he wrote, produced and directed. ''Schnitzel'' tells the tale of a young teenage boy and his encounter with an [[extra terrestrial]] being which has taken the form of a [[schnitzel]]. In a 2016 interview, Epstein remarked that ''Schnitzel'' was inspired by [[Steven Spielberg]]'s [[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|E.T.]], his experience of being an "awkward and goofy kid being uncomfortable in his own skin" and a school field trip during which he and his classmates were given schnitzels for lunch.<ref>{{Vimeo|167801045|Asaf Epstein VOD Indie Interview}}</ref>

In July 2014, he released ''Schnitzel'' which earned him numerous awards at festivals around the world including ''Best International Film'' at the South Carolina Cultural Film Festival, ''Best Science Fiction Film'' at the Hyart Film Festival<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lovellchronicle.com/2015/06/hyart-film-festival-this-weekend-in-lovell/|title=Hyart Film Festival this weekend in Lovell|first=KARLIE|last=VOSS|date=June 18, 2015|publisher=Lovell Chronicle ([[Wyoming]])|access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> and ''Best International Coming-of-Age'' at the [[Manhattan Film Festival]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manhattanff.com/|title=Manhattan Film Festival (2015 Award Winners)|access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> Later that year, he would go on to win ''Best Producer of a Foreign Language Film'' at the Madrid International Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madridinternationalfilmfestival.com/best-producer-of-a-foreign-language-film-2015/|title=Madrid International Film Festival (Best Producer of a Foreign Language Film 2015)|publisher=[[Madrid International Film Festival]]|accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| align="center"| 2008
! scope="row" | The Other War
| ''gaffer''
|-
| align="center"| 2008
! scope="row" | Jaffawiye
| ''camera operator''
|-
| align="center"| 2010
! scope="row" | Mother's Fading
| ''producer''
|-
| align="center"| 2014
! scope="row" | [[Schnitzel (film)|Schnitzel]]
| ''director, writer, producer''
|-
|}
 
 

==External links==
{{commons category|Asaf Epstein}}
*{{Official website|asafepstein.com}}
*{{IMDb name|nm3239296|Asaf Epstein}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.41nbc.com/2015/07/16/the-10th-annual-macon-film-festival-underway/|title=The 10th Annual Macon Film Festival underway|first=Elaine|last=Rackely|publisher=[[WMGT-TV]]|date=July 17, 2015|accessdate=22 October 2016}}
* [http://filmfestinternational.com/podcast-episode-003-asaf-epstein-milan-iff-2015/ Asaf Epstein] podcast from the ''Madrid International Film Festival''
* {{Vimeo|167801045|Asaf Epstein VOD Indie Interview}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Film|Israel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Epstein, Asaf}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tel Aviv]]
[[Category:Israeli film directors]]
[[Category:Israeli film producers]]
[[Category:Israeli filmmakers]]
[[Category:Israeli screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tel Aviv University alumni]]

Jehangir Karamat

2016-10-18T11:58:29Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Jehangir.jpg

{{EngvarB|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix = [[General officer|General]]
|name = Jehangir Karamat جہانگیر کرامت
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|honorific-suffix =
|image =
|imagesize =290px
|smallimage = 
|alt =
|caption =
|order =[[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
|office = 
|term_start = 9 November 1997
|term_end =7 October 1998
|alongside = 
|vicepresident = 
|viceprimeminister = 
|deputy = 
|lieutenant = 
|monarch = 
|president = 
|primeminister = 
|governor = 
|succeeding = 
|predecessor =[[Air chief marshal|ACM]] [[Farooq Feroze Khan]]
|successor =[[General|Gen]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]
|constituency = 
|majority = 
|office2 =[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]
|term_start2 = 12 January 1996
|term_end2 = 6 October 1998
|predecessor2 =[[General|Gen]] [[Abdul Waheed Kakar]]
|successor2 =[[General|Gen]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]
|order3 =[[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States]]
|office3 =
|term_start3 =17 November 2004
|term_end3 =3 June 2006
|alongside3 = 
|vicepresident3 =
|viceprimeminister3 =
|deputy3 =
|lieutenant3 =
|monarch3 =
|president3 =[[General officer|Gen]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]
|primeminister3 =[[Shaukat Aziz]]
|taoiseach3 =
|chancellor3 =
|governor3 =
|governor-general3 =
|governor_general3 =
|constituency3 =
|majority3 =
|succeeding3 = 
|predecessor3 =General [[Ashraf Jehangir Qazi|Jehangir Qazi]]
|successor3 =[[Major-General|Maj. Gen.]] [[Mahmud Ali Durrani]]
|prior_term =
|birth_date ={{birth date and age |1941|02|20|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sind Province (1936–1955)|Sind]], [[British India]] (now Karachi, [[Pakistan]])
|death_date = 
|death_place =
|restingplace =
|restingplacecoordinates =
|birthname =
|citizenship ={{PAK}}
|nationality =Pakistan
|party =
|otherparty = 
|spouse =
|partner = 
|relations =
|children =
|residence =
|alma_mater = [[Pakistan Military Academy]] [[Command and Staff College]] [[Command and General Staff College]] [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]]
|occupation =
|profession =
|cabinet =
|committees =
|portfolio =
|religion =[[Islam]]
|signature =
|signature_alt =
|website =
|footnotes =
|blank1 =Institutions
|data1 =[[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] (NDU) Armed Forces War College (afwc)
|blank2 =Field(s)
|data2 =[[Political science]]
|blank3 =Notable students
|data3 =[[Pervez Musharraf]] [[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak|Ali Kuli Khan]] [[Abdul Aziz Mirza|Aziz Mirza]] [[Fasih Bokhari]]
|blank4 =Notable work(s)
|data4 =Work in [[civil-military relations]] and [[Decentralization]]
|blank5 =
|data5 =

|nickname =Spearhead ''JK''
|allegiance =
|branch ={{Army|PAK}}
|serviceyears =1961–1998
|rank =[[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|35px]] General
|unit =[[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|13th Lancers, Army Armoured Corps]]
|commands =[[Directorate-General|DG]] for Military Operations [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Strike Corps]] [[Pakistan Army Rangers]] 6th Armored Brigade Group Pakistan Armed Forces, Middle East Contingent
|battles =[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
|awards =[[File:Order of Excellence Nishan-e-Imtiaz.png|29px]] [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]] (Military) [[File:Star of Good Conduct Sitara-e-Basalat.png|29px]][[Sitara-e-Basalat]] [[File:US Legion of Merit Chief Commander ribbon.png|29px]][[Legion of Merit]]
|military_blank1 =
|military_data1 =
|military_blank2 =
|military_data2 =
|military_blank3 =
|military_data3 =
|military_blank4 =
|military_data4 =
|military_blank5 =
|military_data5 =
}}

'''Jehangir Karamat''', ([[Urdu]]: جہانگیر کرامت; born 20 February 1941) {{small|[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|NI(M)]], [[Sitara-e-Basalat|SBt]]}}, is a retired [[four-star general|four-star]] rank [[Pakistan army|army]] [[general officer|general]], [[Military discipline|military academic]], and a former [[professor]] of [[political science]] at the [[National Defense University, Islamabad|National Defense University]] who held four-star assignments– the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] from 1997 to 1998, and as the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] of [[Pakistan Army]] from January 1996 to October 1998.<ref name="Free Press">{{cite book|last1=Musharraf|first1=Pervez|title=In the line of fire : a memoir|date=2006|publisher=Free Press|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=074-3283449|accessdate=}}</ref> After retiring from [[military service]], he continued as a professor of [[Political science]] at the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] (NDU) in Islamabad. In 2004, he was appointed as [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan Ambassador]] to the [[United States]] where he served from November 2004 until June 2006. He is also one of very few army generals in the military history of Pakistan to have [[Resignation of Jehangir Karamat|resigned over a disagreement with the civilian authorities]].<ref name="Macmillan [u.a.]" />

He attended and graduated from [[Pakistan Military Academy]] in 1961 and served well in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]] with [[India]]. After his long active service in the army in which he held numerous prestigious assignments, he came to national prominence in 1995 when along with [[Major-General]] [[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak|Ali Kuli Khan]] of [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] (MI) exposed the [[1995 Pakistani coup d'état attempt|attempted coup d'état]] against the [[Bainazir Bhuttoo Government|government]] of Prime minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] who conferred him with national award. In 1996, he was promoted to [[four-star rank]] and became Chief of Army Staff, and later became [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]] in 1997. He played a vital role in enhancing the democratic institutions in Pakistan, and staunchly backed [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s authorisation of [[List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|atomic-testing programme]] in 1998.<ref name="Stanford University Press" /> On 6 October 1998, Karamat was [[Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat|forced to relieved]] from his four-star commands by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif over a disagreement on [[national security]].<ref name="Harvard University Press" />

After his resignation, he became a diplomat and served as the military-civil adviser to the [[Islamabad Policy Research Institute]] (IPRI). Karamat has been credited for foresight prediction of the dangers of unbalanced [[Civil-Military Relations|civil-military]] relations and the rise of [[State-sponsored terrorism|foreign-supported]] [[Terrorism in Pakistan|homegrown terrorism]] in the country.<ref name="Harvard University Press"/> Many of his recommendations on [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|national security]] were eventually became part of counterterrorism policy by Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] in 2013.<ref name="Harvard University Press"/>

==Biography==

===Early and education===
Jehangir Karamat was born on 20 February 1941 in [[Karachi]], [[Sindh#British period)|Sindh]], [[British India]] to a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] family.<ref name="Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1996">{{cite journal|last1=Staff writer|title=General Karamat appointed new army chief|journal=Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1996|date=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qa25AAAAIAAJ&q=jehangir+karamat++February+1941&dq=jehangir+karamat++February+1941&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7W2sVKKVOMKzogTfu4HQBg&ved=0CCIQ6wEwAQ|accessdate=|publisher=Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Beaumont|first1=edited by Christophe Jaffrelot ; translated by Gillian|title=A history of Pakistan and its origins|date=2004|publisher=Anthem|location=London|isbn=1843311496|edition=New|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PA36&dq=jehangir+karamat++born+Karachi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=52ysVIfaIozboASIrIHIAQ&ved=0CCUQuwUwAQ#v=onepage&q=jehangir%20karamat%20%20born%20Karachi&f=true|accessdate=|chapter=§No National Integration Yet?}}</ref> His family hailed from [[Montgomery (Pakistan)|Montgomery]] (now [[Sahiwal]]), and his father was a [[Central Superior Services of Pakistan|civil officer]] in the [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistan government]].<ref name="Economist Publications, 1995">{{cite journal|last1=Staff writers and editors|title=Pakistan & Gulf Economist: Jehangir Karamat COAS|journal=Economist Publications, 1995|date=1995|volume=14|issue=40-52|publisher=Economist Publications, 1995}}</ref><ref name="The News International, 1996">{{cite news|last1=editorial|title=Jehangir Karamat, COAS|url=http://thenews.com.pk/|accessdate=|work=Biographical work published by the News International's editorial section in 1996|agency=The News International, 1996|publisher=The News International, 1996|date=1996}}</ref>

He attended a private and [[Christian missionary|Christian-operated]] [[St Patrick's High School, Karachi|Saint Patrick's High School]] and received his [[High school diploma|high-school diploma]].<ref name="St Patrick's High School">{{cite web|title=DIstinguished old Patricians|url=http://theoldpatricians.org/illustrious.htm|publisher=St Patrick's High School|accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> In 1957, Karamat passed the university entrance exam, and entered [[Pakistan Military Academy|PMA]], [[Kakul]] in the same year, and his mother also moved with him in Kakul to overlook his education.<ref name="Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1996"/> In 1961, Karamat gained his [[Bachelor of Science|BS]] in [[Military Science]] after submitting his senior thesis that contained the details of solving problems in [[civil-military relations]].<ref name="Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1996"/> Karamat is the class call of 24th PMA Long Course and stood as a top-ranking cadet at Kakul.<ref name="Pakistan Herald, 2015">{{cite news|last1=staff editor|title=A profile of a General|url=http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/general-retd-jehangir-karamat-610|accessdate=7 January 2015|agency=Pakistan Herald|publisher=Pakistan Herald, 2015}}</ref> On 14 August 1961, Karamat was commissioned as a [[Second Lieutenant|2nd Lieutenant]] in the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps#Regiments in the Corps|13th Lancers]], [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]].<ref name="Pakistan Army Museum">{{cite web|last1=Pakistan Army Museum|title=General Jehangir Karamat|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/general-jehangir-karamat-2/|publisher=Pakistan Army Museum|accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1969, Karamat attended the [[Command and Staff College]] at [[Quetta]] where he gained a diploma in joint services before switching back to his war assignments. After participating in 1971 war, Karamat was accepted at the [[National Defence University, Islamabad|National Defence University]]. The same year, Karamat went to attend the [[Command and General Staff College]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]].<ref>Constance Hale. [http://www.disam.dsca.mil/pubs/Indexes/v.23_1/hale.pdf "International Hallway Dedication Ceremony"] ''U.S. Army Command and General Staff College'', 14 September 2000</ref> In 1976, Karamat completed his MSc in [[International Relations]] from there; and following his return, Karamat completed his master's programme at the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]].<ref name=Spearhead>{{cite web|last1=Spearhead|title=Panel of Experts|url=http://spearheadresearch.org/SR_CMS/index.php/panel-of-experts|publisher=Spearhead|accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> In 1977, Karamat was awarded MSc in [[War studies]] where his master's thesis argued and enlightened on the failure of performance of armed forces in 1971 war.<ref name="Macmillan [u.a.]">{{cite book|last1=Rizvi|first1=Hasan-Askari|title=Military, state and society in Pakistan|date=2000|publisher=Macmillan [u.a.]|location=Basingstoke [u.a.]|isbn=0312231938}}</ref><ref name="Brooklyn Institute">{{cite web|last1=staff writer|title=Former Chairman of the Pakistani Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Jehangir Karamat, arrives at Brookings|url=http://www.brookings.edu/about/media-relations/news-releases/2000/20000505karamat|publisher=Brooklyn Institute|accessdate=7 January 2015|date=5 May 2000}}</ref><ref name="Partridge Pub">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Brigadier Samir|title=Nothing But!|date=2014|publisher=Partridge Pub|isbn=148281787X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GrAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA553&dq=jehangir+karamat+lancer&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YWasVPPOEdLmoATQ4YCADw&ved=0CDMQuwUwAg#v=onepage&q=jehangir%20karamat%20lancer&f=true|accessdate=}}</ref>

===During wars===
In 1963, Karamat was promoted as [[Lieutenant]], commanding an [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|aromoured]] tank in the army.<ref name="Army Education Publishing House, Army Education Directorate GHQ">{{cite book|last1=Husain|first1=war despatches of Major General Abrar|title=Men of steel : 6 Armoured Division in the 1965 war|date=2005|publisher=Army Education Publishing House, Army Education Directorate GHQ|location=Rawalpindi|isbn=9698125191|accessdate=}}</ref> Karamat served well in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|1965 war]] with [[India]] where he led a combined infantry [[platoon]] and an armoured unit in the Akhnur Sector in [[Indian-held Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book|last1=Ali|first1=Sartaj Aziz ; foreword by Syed Babar|title=Between dreams and realities : some milestones in Pakistan's history|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Karachi|isbn=0195477189|edition=1. publ.|accessdate=|chapter=Second War}}</ref> His company was the first unit that had penetrated 23 miles into enemy territory, which encouraged back-up companies to move forward into the enemy territory. Overall in this war, the 13 Lancers had suffered death of fourteen soldiers, including three officers, while twenty eight were wounded.<ref name="Oxford University Press"/> For this action, the 13th Lancers was awarded the battle honour, ''Dewa— Chumb and Jaurian of 1965'', and was also awarded the title of ''The Spearhead Regiment''.<ref name="Defence Journal, 1999">{{cite web|last1=Amin|first1=Agha H.|title=Battle of Barapind-Jarpal 16 Dec 1971|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/oct99/barapind.htm|publisher=Defence Journal, 1999|accessdate=6 January 2015|date=1999}}</ref>

He progressed well in the army, being promoted to [[Captain (Land)|Captain]] in 1966; and elevated as [[Major]] in 1971.<ref name="Oup Pakistan"/> During the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 war]] with [[India]]. Karammat commanded the unit of the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|aromoured]] tanks while trying to defend [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] against the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="Oup Pakistan">{{cite book|last1=Qureshi|first1=Hakeem Arshad|title=1971 indo-pak war : a soldier's narrative.|date=2013|publisher=Oup Pakistan|location=[S.l.] Pakistan|isbn=0199067147|accessdate=}}</ref> Major Karamat was the [[Commanding officer|CO]] of the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|15th Armoured Troop, 13 Lancers]], which, the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|13th Lancers]] was part of the 8th Armoured Brigade that fought in the [[Shakargarh]] area of [[Sialkot]] Sector, which is now known as [[Battle of Basantar|Battle of Barapind]].<ref name="Strategicus and Tacticus">{{cite book|last1=Amin|first1=Agha Humayun|title=India Pakistan Wars-1947 to 1971-A Strategic and Operational Analysis|date=2010|publisher=Strategicus and Tacticus|location=London|isbn=9780557519842|pages=723|accessdate=}}</ref> The regiment was awarded battle honour of ''Bara Pind 1971''.<ref name="Work published by then-Brigadier J. Karamat at the Inspector General Training and Evaluation Branch, General Headquarters">{{cite journal|last1=Karamat|first1=J.|title=The Tank that Failed|journal=Hilal Magazine|date=1984|volume=2|issue=8|pages=69|accessdate=|publisher=Work published by then-Brigadier J. Karamat at the Inspector General Training and Evaluation Branch, General Headquarters}}</ref> After the war, Karamat went on to attend premier military institutions for higher education where he specialised in administration and civil-military relations.<ref name="Brooklyn Institute"/> In 1977, Karamat was situated as [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] and he commanded his parent regiment, the 13 Lancers. Karamat was promoted as a [[Colonel]] in 1981.<ref name="Brooklyn Institute"/>

===Staff appointments===

After completing his advanced studies on military sciences, Karamat was sent to hold academic assignments rather than holding combat assignments.<ref name="Pakistan Army Museum" /> Karamat did not take part in [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] but was stationed in Lahore, Punjab Province.<ref name="Penguin Press">{{cite book|last1=Coll|first1=Steve|title=Ghost wars : the secret history of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet invasion to September 10, 2001|date=2004|publisher=Penguin Press|location=New York|isbn=1-59420-007-6|accessdate=}}</ref> Upon promoting as [[Brigadier]]– a [[1 star rank|1-star]] promotion—, Karamat was dispatched as [[Military advisor|military adviser]] to [[Royal Saudi Armed Forces|Saudi military]] and commanded the [[Pakistani military]] joint forces contingent's armoured group.<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{cite book|last1=Hassner|first1=edited by Ron E.|title=Religion in the military worldwide|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=1107037026|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtoaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98&dq=Karamat+saudi+troops&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1IOsVKD4ONCvogTiv4HACQ&ved=0CDEQuwUwAw#v=onepage&q=Karamat%20saudi%20troops&f=false|accessdate=}}</ref> He remained in [[Saudi Arabia]] until 1988 and returned to Pakistan after appointed to [[two-star rank|two-star]] assignment. While in Saudi Arabia, he also commanded his brigade and supervised [[military exercise]]s between two countries.<ref name="Cambridge University Press"/> From 1988–91, [[Major-General]] Karamat served as the [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|Director-General Military Operations]] (DGMO); he played a crucial role in advancing the fighting capabilities of the Pakistan Army while he planned numerous military exercises for Pakistan Army. In 1991, Karmat took the command of [[Pakistan Army Rangers|Army Rangers]] for a short time.<ref name="Strategicus and Tacticus" />

Prior to that, Karamat served as associate military professor at the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|Armed Forces War College]].<ref name="Brooklyn Institute" /> In 1992, Karamat was elevated to the [[3 star rank|three-star]] assignment, promoted as [[Lieutenant-General]].<ref name="Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies">{{cite web|title=A Profile on Educated General|url=http://www.ecssr.ac.ae/ECSSR/print/prf.jsp?lang=en&prfId=/Profile/Profiles_0856.xml|publisher=Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies|accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> From 1992–94, Karamat was the field commander of the [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]] stationed in [[Multan]].<ref name="Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies"/> Eventually, Karamat was posted at the staff assignment at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] and appointed as the [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] (CGS) by then-[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]] General [[Abdul Waheed Kakar]].<ref name="Tranquebar Press">{{cite book|last1=Mir|first1=Amir|title=The Bhutto murder trail : from Waziristan to G.H.Q.|date=2010|publisher=Tranquebar Press|location=Chennai|isbn=9380658613|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDEKrfufS28C&pg=PT87&dq=Karamat+chief+of+general+staff&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FZWsVNboLJD8oQTlhIK4BA&ved=0CCsQuwUwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Karamat%20chief%20of%20general%20staff&f=false|accessdate=}}</ref> From 1993–96, Karamat continued to serve as honorary [[Colonel Commandant]], and then [[Colonel-in-Chief]]– both ceremonial posts– of the [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Armoured Corps]] from 1996–98.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Staff|title=COLONEL IN CHIEF-ARMOURED CORPS-01|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/colonel-in-chief-armoured-corps-01/|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=COLONEL COMMANDANTS- ARMOURED CORPS|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/colonel-commandants-armoured-corps/|accessdate=9 January 2015}}</ref>

In 1995, [[Lieutenant-General]] Karamat rose to public prominence when he had the [[Military Intelligence (Pakistan)|Military Intelligence]] (MI) to infiltrate within the [[Pakistan Army|army]] to apprehend the rogue culprits for [[1995 Pakistani coup d'état attempt|attempting]] a [[Military coups in Pakistan|coup d'état]].<ref name="Tranquebar Press"/> Acting under orders from the General Karamat, [[Director-General|DG]][[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|MI]] [[Major-General]] [[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak|Ali Kuli Khan]] monitored the activities of [[Major-General]] [[Zaheerul Islam Abbasi]] who himself was posted at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]].<ref name="Tranquebar Press"/> The [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|MI]] tapped the conversations and tracked down the culprits behind the coup.<ref name="Tranquebar Press"/> Upon revelation, [[Lieutenant-General]] Karamat forwarded the case and facilitated the high-ranking joint [[Judge Advocate General Branch|JAG court]] hearings at the specified military courts, and convened many proceedings while the hearings were heard by the military judges led by a [[Vice-Admiral]].<ref name="Routledge. 2007">{{cite book|last1=Aziz|first1=Mazhar|title=Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State|date=2007|publisher=Routledge. 2007|isbn=1134074107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuPfooVvD48C&pg=PA81&dq=Karamat+military+control&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vJWsVN6XJtPVoATawYHoDg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Karamat%20military%20control&f=false|accessdate=}}</ref> His actions were widely perceived in the country, and for his efforts, General Karamat was conferred with national honours in public conventions and state gatherings.<ref name="Routledge. 2007"/>

==Chief of Army Staff==

After approving the retirement papers of General [[Abdul Waheed Kakar|Kakar]], [[Lieutenant-General]] Jehangir Karamat was appointed the Chief of Army Staff by the then-Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto|Benazir]] who approved the paperwork for this appointment on 18 December 1995.<ref name="A.P.H. Publ.">{{cite book|last1=Chengappa|first1=Bidanda M.|title=Pakistan, Islamisation, army and foreign policy|date=2004|publisher=A.P.H. Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8176485489|accessdate=}}</ref> Per [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]]'s approval, [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Farooq Ahmed Leghari|Farooq Leghari]] confirmed the promotion of Lieutenant-General Karamat to the [[four star rank|four-star]] rank and was appointed as the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] when General [[Abdul Waheed Kakar|Kakar]] was due to retire on 12 January 1996.<ref name="A.P.H. Publ."/>

At the time of his promotion, he was the senior most general at that time, and therefore at promotion to four-star general, he superseded no one.<ref>Ihtashamul Haque. [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1995/21Dc95.html#kara "Karamat named COAS"] ''Daily Dawn'', 12 December 1995</ref> At the time of his promotion, there were four senior generals in the race to replace Kakar as Chief of Army Staff: Lieutenant-General Jehangir Karamat, chief of general staff (CGS); Lieutenant-General Nasir Akhtar, [[quartermaster general]] (QMG); Lieutenant-General Muhammad Tariq, [[inspector-general]] training and evaluation (IGT&E) at the GHQ; and Lieutenant-General [[Javed Ashraf Qazi]], commander [[XXX Corps (Pakistan)|XXX Corps]] stationed in [[Gujranwala]].<ref>Shuja Nawaz. ''Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within'' (Oxford University Press, 2008)</ref> As Chief of Army Staff, General Karamat tried to work with the Prime minister and President at once, but soon came to understand that the misconducts of politicians and [[bureaucrats]] would eventually lead to the dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's final government.<ref name="Taylor and Francis-e-Library">{{cite book|last=Mazhar Aziz|title=Military control in Pakistan: the parallel state|year=2008|publisher=Taylor and Francis-e-Library|location=Milton Park, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK|isbn=978-0-415-43743-1|pages=80–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIwXnkZOyoMC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=dismissal+of+general++karamat&source=bl&ots=-Uzb9PkhEc&sig=zwt4KeYFNGEPqpdmNqT4C17HMxI&hl=en&ei=niLgTs62EJSOigKgnpSeDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dismissal%20of%20general%20%20karamat&f=false}}</ref>

General Karamat reached to then-[[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker]] of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] and "leaked" an intelligence information and tried convincing Benazir Bhutto and President Leghari to resolve their issues, and emphasised on focused on [[good governance]]. At one point, General Karamat wrote:

{{quote|text=In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a mirror image of the society from which it is drawn. |sign=General Jehangir Karamat commenting on Benazir's dismissal |source=<ref name="Taylor and Francis-e-Library"/>}}

==Chairman of Joint Chiefs==

In 1997, [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Farooq Feroze Khan]] was due retirement. On immediate basis, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] appeared in [[News channels in Pakistan|news channels]] to confirmed General Karamat as the new [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]].<ref name="Authorhouse">{{cite book|last1=Hasanie|first1=Ali Abbas|title=Democracy in pakistan : crises, conflicts and hope for a change.|date=2013|publisher=Authorhouse|location=[S.l.]|isbn=1481790684|accessdate=}}</ref> The appointment was met no resistance in the [[Pakistani military|military]], and General Karamat appointed as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]]; he supersedes no one.

General Karamat drove [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] to focus on more professional duties rather than playing politics.<ref name="Authorhouse"/> Karamat worked on integrating Pakistan's military on a common platform, and had his staff worked on inter-services coordination in the battlefield.<ref name="Kalpaz Publ.">{{cite book|last1=Mishra|first1=Keshav|title=Rapprochement across the Himalayas : emerging India-China relations in post Cold War period (1947-2003)|date=2004|publisher=Kalpaz Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=817835294X|accessdate=}}</ref> Karamat strengthened the joint work coordination and joint logistics of the military at the war time situations, resolving many issues that would hampered the performances of the inter-services in the war or peacetime situations.<ref name="Yale University Press"/><ref name="Brookings Inst. Press">{{cite book|last1=Talbott|first1=Strobe|title=Engaging India : diplomacy, democracy, and the bomb|date=2004|publisher=Brookings Inst. Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0815783000|edition=[Advance uncorrected manuscript].|accessdate=}}</ref>

As an aftermath of India's [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests]] in 1998, General Karamat acted as principle military adviser to the government, aiding the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] on military platform.<ref name="United States Institute of Peace">{{cite book|last1=Schaffer|first1=Howard B.|last2=Schaffer|first2=Teresita C.|title=How Pakistan negotiates with the United States : riding the roller coaster|date=2011|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=1601270755|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axT9i-FhO0UC&pg=PA103&dq=Jehangir+Karamat&hl=en&sa=X&ei=C7mrVP-3EY2xogTG3YHABw&ved=0CDgQuwUwBA#v=onepage&q=Jehangir%20Karamat&f=true|accessdate=|chapter=§Pakistan's politicians}}</ref> At the telephonic meeting with the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] offered lucrative aid to Pakistan for not testing its [[Nuclear device|devices]]; [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif]]'s response was inconclusive. [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] described the meeting with the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] to [[Strobe Talbott]]: "You can almost hear the guy [Sharif] wringing his hands and sweating."<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/>

With requests made by [[Strobe Talbott]] [[USCENTCOM|CENTCOM]] commander, General [[Anthony Zinni]] and US [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Chairman Joint chiefs]] General [[Henry Shelton]], met with General Karamat to withdraw the decision to conduct [[nuclear weapon|nuclear test]].<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/> Zinni'e meeting with Karamat was described by [[Strobe Talbott]] as less contentious. General Karamat and General Zinni were able to draw "soldier–to–soldier" bond.<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/> General Karamat made it clear that the final decision would be carried out by the civilian government.<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/> At the [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|NSC]] [[Cabinet Committee on National Security|cabinet meeting]], the Pakistani government, military, scientific, and civilian officials were participating in a debate, broadening, and complicating the decision-making process.<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/> Although, General Karamat debated towards presenting the [[Cabinet Committee on National Security|national security]] and military point of view, the final decision was left on [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s say.<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/>

After the decision was made, General Karamat was notified of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]]'s decision and asked the military to be stand-by orders. After providing the joint military logistics, the nuclear tests were eventually carried out on 28 May 1998, as [[Chagai-I]], and on 30 May 1998 as codename: [[Chagai-II]].<ref name="The Nation, 1998">{{cite news|last1=Azam|first1=Rai Muhammad Saleh|title=When Mountains Move – The Story of Chagai|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/june/chagai.htm|accessdate=7 January 2015|work=Article written by RMS Azam ives a detailed account of events and personalities leading to Pakistan first nuclear explosion|agency=The Nation, 1998|publisher=The Nation, 1998|date=2 June 2000}}</ref> As dawn broke over the Chagai mountains, Pakistan became the world's seventh nuclear power.<ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan eye of the storm|date=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Conn.|isbn=0300101473|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONZpltd6UZ8C&pg=PA193&dq=Karamat+Chagai&hl=en&sa=X&ei=y9OsVOqUKtjioASnsoG4Dw&ved=0CDcQ6wEwBA#v=onepage&q=Karamat%20Chagai&f=false|accessdate=}}</ref>

===Removal from Chairman joint chiefs===
{{Main|Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat}}

As the [[nuclear test]]s were conducted, there was a strong feelings in the military all together that any concession to India on Kashmir policy and other related issues would lead to a decline in the prestige and standing of the [[Pakistani military|armed forces]]. After the failure to pass the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|fifteenth amendment]] to the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]], there were concerns raised by [[Benazir Bhutto]] and the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] on [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] Nawaz Sharif's absolute control over the [[Politics in Pakistan|politics]], [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|national security]], and [[Foreign policy of Pakistan|foreign policy]].<ref name="Tribune India,1998">{{cite news|last1=Jaisingh|first1=Hari|title=Beleaguered Sharif wins first round|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct09/head5.htm|accessdate=7 January 2015|agency=Tribune India|publisher=Tribune India, 1998|date=9 October 1998}}</ref>

On 6 October 1998, General Karamat lectured at the [[Pakistan Naval War College|Naval War College]] in [[Karachi]] on the [[Civil military relations|civic-military relations]] and presented the idea on reestablishing the official [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|National Security Council]] (NSC) where [[Pakistani military|military]] could have representation in the country's politics.<ref name="Times Megazine, 1998">{{cite news|last1=McGrik|first1=TIm|title=The General Speaks Out|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2054276,00.html|accessdate=7 January 2015|agency=Times Magazine|publisher=Times Magazine, 1998|date=19 October 1998}}</ref> General Karamat openly spoke on the role of the [[Internal security|internal intelligences]], such as [[Federal Investigation Agency|FIA]] and [[Intelligence Bureau (Pakistan)|IB]], carrying out vendettas-like operations against political opponents and insecurity-driven and expedient policies while Pakistan capsized, at the behest of the politicians.<ref name="Times Megazine, 1998"/> Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif|Sharif]] and his cabinet members perceived this idea as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]]'s interference in [[Politics in Pakistan|national politics]], therefore Sharif forced to resign Karamat when he criticised Pakistan's political leadership and advocated a National Security Council that would give the military a constitutional role in running the country, similar to Turkey's.<ref name="Owen Bennett-Jones">.{{cite news|last1=Bennett-Jones|first1=Owen|title=Analysis:Resignation shifts balance of power|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/189233.stm |publisher=BBC News|date=8 October 1998|accessdate=19 February 2016}}</ref> In 1998, Prime Minister Sharif decided to relief General Karamat from the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|chairmanship]] of [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|joint chiefs]], eventually had him tendering his signature resignation at the [[Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)|Prime Minister's Secretariat]].

The relief of the famous and famed general by the popular politician led to a storm of public controversy.<ref name="Owen Bennett-Jones"/><ref name="Oxford University Press, 2009">Aziz, PhD (Economics), Sartaj (2009) [2009], Between dreams and realities: some milestones in Pakistan's history (Illustrated ed.), Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 408, ISBN 978-0-19-547718-4</ref> Many influential ministers and advisers in Prime Minister Sharif's circle saw this decision as "ill-considered" and "blunder" made by the Prime Minister.<ref name="Stanford University Press">{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroze|title=Eating Grass: the making of Pakistan's atomic bomb|date=2010|publisher=§Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, Calif. [u.s.]|isbn=0804784809|accessdate=|chapter=CIvil-military relations and problems}}</ref> At the military, Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari]] ([[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] at that time) criticized General Karamat for resigning but Karamat defended his actions as "right thing" to do as he lost th confidence of a constitutionally and [[Elections in Pakistan|popularly elected]] [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]].<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, 2004">{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen Philip|title=The idea of Pakistan|date=2004|publisher=Brookings Institution Press, 2004|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0815797613|edition=1st pbk.|accessdate=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-78yjVybQfkC&pg=PA150&dq=Jehangir+Karamat+National+Security+Council&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wNisVJSVG8rgoATkw4CYAw&ved=0CCYQuwUwAQ#v=onepage&q=Jehangir%20Karamat%20National%20Security%20Council&f=true}}</ref>

As General Karamat received a full [[guard of honour]] [[Honorable discharge|retirement]] in a colorful ceremony as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] and [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|chief of army staff]], Prime Minister Sharif's mandate plummeted and his popularity waned as the majority of the public disapproved of the decision to relieve Karamat.<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, 2004"/> Prime Minister Sharif's further suffered with wide public disapproval after appointing much-junior General [[Pervez Musharraf]] at the both capacity, overruling the Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari|Bokhari]]'s turn as the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]].<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, 2004"/> In 1999, Musharraf's unilateral initiation of the [[Kargil war]] against [[India]] nearly pushed Pakistan and India to the brink of an all-out war between the two [[Nuclear states]]. Eventually, in the same year, [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]] staged a successful [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|coup d'état]] and overthrew Prime Minister Sharif.<ref name="APH Pub. Corp.">{{cite book|last1=Dutt|first1=Sanjay|title=Inside Pakistan : 52 years outlook|date=2000|publisher=APH Pub. Corp.|location=New Delhi|isbn=8176481572|accessdate=}}</ref>

Upon winning the [[Pakistani general election, 2013|general elections]] in 2013, [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif|Sharif]] did exactly what General Karamat had called for; first reestablishing the [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|NSC]] with [[Pakistani military|military]] gaining representation in the country's politics; and further making more reforms in [[Pakistan Intelligence Community|intelligence community]].<ref name="Harvard University Press">{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Aqil|title=The Armed Forces and Democracy|date=2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Harvard, U.S|isbn=0674419774|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShihAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA285&dq=Jehangir+Karamat+National+Security+Council&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wNisVJSVG8rgoATkw4CYAw&ved=0CDIQuwUwAw#v=onepage&q=Jehangir%20Karamat%20National%20Security%20Council&f=false|accessdate=|chapter=Conclusion}}</ref>

==Academic career==

Before elevating to four-star assignments, General Karamat was the full [[Full Professor|tenured professor]] of the [[Political science]] at the [[National Defense University, Islamabad|National Defense University]] and held the chair of military science at the Armed Forces War College.<ref name=Spearhead /> Among his notable students included [[Pervez Musharraf]], [[Ali Kuli Khan Khattak|Ali Kuli Khan]], [[Fasih Bokhari]] and [[Abdul Aziz Mirza]] who studied under his guidance. Karamat had significance influence on [[Fasih Bokhari|Bokhari]] and [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf's]] [[philosophy]] and [[critical thinking]].<ref name="Free Press" />

In 2000, Karamat accepted the [[professorship]] of [[War studies]] at the [[Center for International Security and Cooperation|CISAC Institute]] of the [[Stanford University]] in [[Stanford, California|Stanford]], [[California]], [[United States]].<ref name="Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies" /> In addition, he was selected as a scholar and awarded research associateship on [[civil military relations]] at the [[Brookings Institution]] based in [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]].<ref name="Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies" /> In 2001, Karamat joined the [[United Nations]] (UN) and was a part of the [[Area studies|area study]] on [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="Daily Times, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Staff reporter|title=Jehangir Karamat next ambassador to the US|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/main/22-Aug-2004/jehangir-karamat-next-ambassador-to-the-us|accessdate=9 January 2015|agency=Daily Times, 2004|publisher=Daily Times, 2004|date=22 August 2004}}</ref> Thereafter, Karamat joined the influential [[Islamabad Policy Research Institute]] (IPRI) as the chairman of the [[board of governors]].<ref name="Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies" />

==Ambassador to the United States==

In 2004, Karamat was first mentioned and named for the appointment as the [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan Ambassador]] to the [[United States]]. His nomination came after the outgoing [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan Ambassador]], [[Ashraf Qazi|Ashraf Jehangir Qazi]], termed was due expired. On 23 September 2004, [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan Ambassador]] [[Ashraf Qazi|Qazi]] was appointed by then-[[United Nations Secretary-General|Secretary General of the United Nations]], [[Kofi Annan]], as [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General]] for the [[United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq]].<ref name="The Hindu, 2004">{{cite news|last1=Reddy|first1=B. Muralidhar|title=Jehangir Karamat is new Pakistan envoy to U.S.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/24/stories/2004092404551100.htm|accessdate=9 January 2015|agency=The Hindu, 2004|publisher=The Hindu, 2004|date=23 September 2004}}</ref> On 10 December 2004, Karamat presented his [[Diplomatic credentials|credentials]] to [[President of the United States|President]] [[President George W Bush|George W. Bush]].<ref name="Daily Times, Washington">{{cite news|last1=APP|title=Gen Karamat meets Bush|url=http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/10-Dec-2004/gen-karamat-meets-bush|accessdate=9 January 2015|agency=Daily Times, Washington|publisher=Daily Times, Washington|date=10 December 2004}}</ref>

On 23 March 2006, Pakistani [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]] reported that Ambassador Karamat was to be replaced by retired [[Major General]] [[Mahmud Ali Durrani]]. The reports further stated Ambassador Karamat, who took his post on a two-year contract, would be returning home after only a year and a half.<ref>Khalid Hasan. [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C03%5C23%5Cstory_23-3-2006_pg7_4 'Durrani in, Karamat out'] ''Daily Times'', 23 March 2006</ref> These speculations were confirmed by the [[Foreign Office of Pakistan|Foreign Office]] (FO) and noted that "Karamat will not be in the reception line at the [[Chaklala Airbase]] to welcome President George Bush.<ref name="Dawn News, 2006">{{cite news|last1=QA|title=Jehangir-Karamat-to-miss-bush-visit|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/181324/jehangir-karamat-to-miss-bush-visit|accessdate=9 January 2015|agency=Dawn News, 2006|publisher=Dawn News|date=3 March 2006}}</ref>

While his stint as [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States|Pakistan Ambassador]], Karamat made the [[pro-democracy]] statements at the different [[Pakistani American]] gatherings, while passing critics to [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]]'s style of running the [[Government of Pakistan|civilian government]].<ref name="Pakistan Weekly, 2006"/> In private, Karamat confided in Washington based U.S. journalist that "General [[Musharraf]] had made up [[Pervez Musharraf#Nuclear scandals|this story to create wedge]] between the then-[[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] and him to get him fired.<ref name="Pakistan Weekly, 2006">{{cite news|last1=Editorial|title=Why General Jehangir Karamat Falls From Grace?|url=http://www.pakistanweekly.com/Archive1/Ashraf45.htm|accessdate=9 January 2015|agency=Pakistan Weekly|publisher=Pakistan Weekly, 2006|date=24 October 2012}}</ref>

==Founding think tank==
After ambassadorship, General Jehangir Karamat founded a socio-political policy and analysis institute, ''Spearhead Research'', which focuses on social, economic, military and political issues concerning Pakistan and Afghanistan. General Jehangir Karamat is the director and contributor to the Spearhead Research Institute.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=154 Official profile at Pakistan Army website]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Farrakh Khan}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]]|years=1994–1996}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Iftikhar Ali Khan (general)|Iftikhar Ali Khan]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Waheed Kakar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]|years=1996–1998}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Pervez Musharraf]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Farooq Feroze Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]]|years=1997–1998}}
|-
{{s-dip}}
|-
{{succession box | before = [[Ashraf Jehangir Qazi]]| title = [[Pakistan Ambassador to the United States]] | years = 2004–2006 | after = [[Mahmud Ali Durrani]]}}
{{end}}

{{CJCSC Pakistan |state=expanded}}
{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karamat, Jehangir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:St Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University faculty]]
[[Category:Political theorists]]
[[Category:Pakistani academics]]
[[Category:Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College]]
[[Category:Pakistani political scientists]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Chairmen Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani generals]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to the United States]]
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan faculty]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Karachi]]
[[Category:Pakistani military personnel of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army Armored Corps officers]]

I. I. Chundrigar

2016-10-17T18:26:37Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Chundrigar1957.jpg

{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar ابراہیم اسماعیل چندریگر
|image =

|order1 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan|6th]]
|office1 = Prime Minister of Pakistan
|president1 = [[Iskander Mirza]]
|term_start1 = 17 October 1957
|term_end1 = 16 December 1957
|predecessor1 = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
|successor1 = [[Feroz Khan Noon]]
|order2 = 3rd
|office2 = Governor of West Punjab
|term_start2 = 24 November 1951
|term_end2 = 2 May 1953
|monarch2 = [[George VI]] [[Elizabeth II]]
|governor-general2 = [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]]
|predecessor2 = [[Abdur Rab Nishtar]]
|successor2 = [[Mian Aminuddin]]
|order3 = 4th [[Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Governor of North-West Frontier Province]]
|office3 =
|term_start3 = 21 February 1950
|term_end3 = 23 November 1951
|monarch3 = [[George VI]]
|governor-general3 = [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad]]
|predecessor3 = [[Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid]]
|successor3 = [[Khwaja Shahabuddin]]

|birth_date = {{birth date|1898|4|15|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Gujarat]], [[India]])
|death_date = {{death date and age|1960|9|26|1898|4|15|df=y}}
|death_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
|party = [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]]

}}

'''Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| ابراہیم اسماعیل چندریگر}}}}; commonly known as '''I. I. Chundrigar''') was the [[List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan|sixth]] [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] for approximately 2 months from October 17, 1957 to December 16, 1957.

==Early life==
I. I. Chundrigar belonged to the [[Muslim]] [[Chundrigar]] community, and was born in 1897 in [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, and educated at [[Bombay University]].

==Political career==
I. I. Chundrigar first came to prominence when the Muslim League was to give its response to the Government of India Act 1935. He shifted to Bombay at the request of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and became President of the Bombay Provincial Muslim League in 1937. He was re-elected every year up to October 1946. That was when [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], leader of the [[All-India Muslim League]], was asked to nominate members of the Muslim League for the Interim Government of India at the time of the transfer of power from British rule to independence. He was one of the five men nominated on behalf of the League, the other four being [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], [[Ghazanfar Ali Khan]], [[Abdur Rab Nishtar]], and [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]]. In the Interim Government, Chundrigar took the portfolio of Commerce.<ref>[http://pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/leader15.htm The Leader] at pakistan.gov.pk</ref>

Chundrigar was appointed Minister for Trade and Commerce in the first cabinet of independent [[Pakistan]] in 1947. He later served as ambassador to [[Afghanistan]], governor of the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]], governor of [[West Punjab]], and Minister for Law.

==Prime minister==
After merely a year, [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] resigned from his Premiership in October 1957. His resignation came as a result of the President's refusal to convene a meeting of the Parliament to seek a vote of confidence. President [[Iskander Mirza]] appointed I. I. Chundrigar as the interim [[Prime Minister]]. Being a nominated Prime Minister, Chundrigar held a weak position from the very beginning. He headed a coalition government including the [[Krishak Shramik Janata League|Krishak Sramik Party]], Nizam-i-Islam Party, the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] and the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]]. The Muslim League had agreed to form a coalition government with the Republican Party on the condition that by amending the Electoral Act, the principle of separate electorate would be implemented in the country.
After the formation of the Cabinet, Ministers from [[East Pakistan]] and the Republican Party started opposing the proposed amendments. The Republican Party opposed the amendment as it wanted to gain advantage over its political opponent, the Muslim League.

==Resignation==
[[Iskander Mirza]] exploited the differences between the parties and thus made Chundrigar an easy victim as he remained Prime Minister for only two months and therefore could not give any practical shape to his program.

==See also==
{{Portal|Pakistan}}
[[Karachi]]'s main business street, [[Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Road|I I Chundrigar Road]], has been named after him.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A063Profile: I. I. Chundrigar]
* [http://therepublicofrumi.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mohammad Ibrahim Khan Jhagra]] Acting}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]|years=1950–1951}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Khwaja Shahabuddin]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdur Rab Nishtar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Punjab, Pakistan|Governor of Punjab]]|years=1951–1953}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mian Aminuddin]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before= [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]|years=1957}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Feroz Khan Noon]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{PakistaniPMs}}
{{Jinnah}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chundrigar, Ismail Ibrahim}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to Afghanistan]]
[[Category:First Pakistani Cabinet]]
[[Category:Governors of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Governors of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Gujarati descent]]

Kerelaw House

2016-10-14T01:55:25Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Kerelaw House.jpg

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}

'''Kerelaw House''' was part of the former Kerelaw Estate situated on the west coast of [[Ayrshire]], Scotland, near the town of [[Stevenston]].

== History ==
[[File:Hamilton of grange.jpg|left|thumb|100px|Coat of Arms of the Hamiltons of Grange.<ref name ="Robertson">Robertson, Plate 6.</ref>]]
The house was built in the [[Palladian architecture|neo-Palladian]] style<ref name="Davis">Davis, p. 292.</ref> in 1787 by Lieut.-Col. Alexander Hamilton (a relative of one of the [[Alexander Hamilton| Founding Fathers of the United States]] of the same name).<ref name="kilm">''Kerelaw House'', from ''The Kilmarnock Standard'', 5 April 1924</ref><ref name="Clements">Chapter 7 - General Alexander Hamilton, ''First Treasurer, U.S.A.'' p. 54 - 56.</ref> Hamilton died in 1837 without issue and left considerable debts.<ref name="Paterson"/> Captain Logan Neely (Nephew of Hamiltion) inherited and was forced to sell the mansion house to Gavin Fullarton, Esq., a retired West Indies merchant, in 1838 along with the rest of the Kerelaw Estate including [[Kerelaw Castle]].<ref name="kilm"/> The Fullarton family were a cadet branch of the ancient family of the Fullartons of [[Kirkmichael]], in Arran, who held their charter from the days of [[Robert the Bruce]]. The family were hereditary Crowners (Coroners) in the [[Isle of Arran|island of Arran]]. Their family motto was ''Lux in tenebris.'', ''The light shineth in darkness.'' <ref name="Paterson">Paterson,</ref>
[[File:Kerelaw castle Livingston's Laburnum.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Kerelaw castle ruins in 1890 with the [[Laburnum]] tree reputed to have been sent by [[David Livingstone]] from Africa.<ref name="Clements"/>]]
In 1919 the house was bought by James Campbell, WS.<ref name="mcsherry">McSherry,</ref> Campbell and his family (including his son [[Kenneth Campbell (soldier)|Kenneth Campbell]] VC) were the last family to live at Kerelaw; in 1969 the house was bought by [[Glasgow Corporation Education Department]] and [[Kerelaw Residential School]] was opened in its grounds in 1970.<ref name="mcsherry"/> The house was intended to be used as offices for the school, but was instead demolished.<ref name="mcsherry"/>

== Description ==
Built in the [[Adam style]], Kerelaw House was a tall, three storey ashlar building of five bays with a wide, slightly projecting central bay; its Doric entrance porch has above it the typical Adam feature of a [[Palladian architecture#The Palladian window|Serlian window]] set within a lightly recessed blind arch.<ref name="kilm"/> A long driveway lead up to the house from the nearby road, and is still in existence having latterly been used as an entrance to Kerelaw Residential School. There is however no other trace of the house.

;Mayville House
Davis refers to this property as an ''exceptionally attractive and delightful little mansion'', built around 1720 for Robert Baillie, father of [[Lesley Baillie]], Burns's 'Bonnie Lesley'. The property became part of the Kerelaw Estate until sold by Mr James Campbell in 1914.<ref name="DavisM">Davis, p. 327, 287.</ref>

;Hullerhirst House
This small 18th century dwelling was probably a dower house for Kerelaw House.<ref name="DavisM"/>

==Footnotes==
<references/>

==References==
#{{cite book
| last = Clements
| first = James
| year = 1974
| title = Stevenston (Stivenstoune Stinstin). The Kernel of Cunninghame.
| publisher = Gilmour and Lawrence
| location = Glasgow
}}
#{{cite book
| last = Davis
| first = Michael
| year = 1991
| title = The Castles and Mansions of Ayrshire
| publisher = Ardrishaig, Argyll M.C. Davis, 1991
| location =
| oclc =
}}
#{{cite book
| last = McSherry
| first = R & M
| year = 1998
| title = Old Stevenston
| publisher = Stenlake Publishing
| location = Catrine
| oclc = 39876063
}}
#{{cite book
| last = Paterson
| first = James
| authorlink = James Paterson (journalist)
| date = 1863–66
| title = History of the counties of Ayr and Wigton, Vol. 3
| publisher = James Stillie
| location = Edinburgh
| oclc = 4352073
}}
#{{cite book
| last = Robertson
| first = George
| authorlink = George Robertson (writer)
| date = 1823–25
| title = A genealogical account of the principal families in Ayrshire ...
| publisher = Cunninghame P. sold by A. Constable, Edinburgh
| location = Irvine
| oclc = 181661431
}}
{{coord|55.6490|N|4.7543|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

==External links==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W53forp6Qx0&feature=youtu.be Kerelaw Glen, YouTube Video]
{{Portal|Scotland}}

[[Category:Country houses in North Ayrshire]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1787]]
[[Category:1787 establishments in Scotland]]

Kubernetes

2016-09-22T05:26:52Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Kubernetes architecture.png

{{Infobox software
| title = Kubernetes
| name = Kubernetes
| logo = [[File:Kubernetes (container engine).png|75px]]
| caption =
| developer =
| released = {{Start date|2014|06|06|df=yes}}<ref name="github first-commit">{{cite web|url=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/commit/2c4b3a562ce34cddc3f8218a2c4d11c7310e6d56 |title=First GitHub commit for Kubernetes |work=github.com | date=2014-06-07}}</ref>
| latest release version = 1.3.6<ref name="github releases">{{cite web|url=https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/releases |title=GitHub Releases page |work=github.com | date=2016-09-06}}</ref>
| latest release date = {{release date|2016|08|26}}
| status = Active
| programming language = [[Go (programming language)|Go]]
| operating system = [[Cross-platform]]
| genre = [[Computer cluster#Cluster management|Cluster management software]]
| license = [[Apache License]] 2.0
| website = {{URL|kubernetes.io}}
| posix compliant =
}}

'''Kubernetes''' (commonly referred to as "[[Numeronym|k8s]]") is an [[open source]] [[Container (virtualization)|container]] [[Computer cluster#Cluster management|cluster manager]] originally designed by [[Google]] and donated to the [[Cloud Native Computing Foundation]]. It aims to provide a "platform for automating deployment, scaling, and operations of application containers across clusters of hosts".<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Kubernetes|url=http://kubernetes.io/v1.0/docs/whatisk8s.html|website=Kubernetes|accessdate=28 August 2015}}</ref>

== History ==
Kubernetes (from κυβερνήτης: Greek for "helmsman" or "pilot") was founded by Joe Beda, Brendan Burns and Craig McLuckie<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/2015/06/google-kubernetes-says-future-cloud-computing/|title=Google Made Its Secret Blueprint Public to Boost Its Cloud|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-27}}</ref> and first announced by Google in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Google Open Sources Its Secret Weapon in Cloud Computing|url=http://www.wired.com/2014/06/google-kubernetes/|website=Wired|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> Its development and design are heavily influenced by [[Google Borg|Google's Borg system]],<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Abhishek Verma|author2=Luis Pedrosa|author3=Madhukar R. Korupolu|author4=David Oppenheimer|author5=Eric Tune|author6=John Wilkes|title=Large-scale cluster management at Google with Borg|journal=Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys)|date=April 21–24, 2015|url=https://research.google.com/pubs/pub43438.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=2898444|title=Borg, Omega, and Kubernetes - ACM Queue|website=queue.acm.org|access-date=2016-06-27}}</ref> and many of the top contributors to the project previously worked on Borg. Kubernetes v1.0 was released on July 21, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=As Kubernetes Hits 1.0, Google Donates Technology To Newly Formed Cloud Native Computing Foundation|url=http://techcrunch.com/2015/07/21/as-kubernetes-hits-1-0-google-donates-technology-to-newly-formed-cloud-native-computing-foundation-with-ibm-intel-twitter-and-others/|website=TechCrunch|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> Along with the Kubernetes v1.0 release, Google partnered with the [[Linux Foundation]] to form the [[Linux Foundation#Cloud Native Computing Foundation|Cloud Native Computing Foundation]] (CNCF)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cncf.io/|title=Cloud Native Computing Foundation}}</ref> and offered Kubernetes as a seed technology.

== Design ==
Kubernetes defines a set of building blocks ("primitives") which collectively provide mechanisms for deploying, maintaining, and scaling applications. The components which make up Kubernetes are designed to be [[Loose coupling|loosely coupled]] and extensible so that it can meet a wide variety of different workloads. The extensibility is provided in large part by the Kubernetes API, which is used by internal components as well as extensions and containers running on Kubernetes.<ref name="do-intro">{{cite web|title=An Introduction to Kubernetes|url=https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/an-introduction-to-kubernetes|website=DigitalOcean|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Pods ===
The basic scheduling unit in Kubernetes is a "pod". A pod consists of one or more containers that are guaranteed to be co-located on the host machine and can share resources.<ref name="do-intro" /> Each pod in Kubernetes is assigned a unique (within the cluster) [[IP address]], which allows applications to use ports without the risk of conflict.<ref name="kubernetes-101-networking">{{cite web |url=http://www.dasblinkenlichten.com/kubernetes-101-networking/ |title=Kubernetes 101 – Networking |last=Langemak |first=Jon |work=Das Blinken Lichten |date=2015-02-11 |accessdate=2015-11-02 }}</ref> A pod can define a volume, such as a local disk directory or a network disk, and expose it to the containers in the pod.<ref name="kubernetes-for-developers">{{cite web |last=Strachan |first=James |url=https://medium.com/fabric8-io/kubernetes-for-developers-2a9c7202fcd3#.b6u76jxar |title=Kubernetes for Developers |work=[[Medium (publishing platform)]] |date=2015-05-21 |accessdate=2015-11-02 }}</ref> Pods can be manually managed through the Kubernetes [[API]], or their management can be delegated to a controller.<ref name="do-intro" />

=== Labels and Selectors ===
Kubernetes allows clients (users or internal components) to attach key-value pairs called “labels” to any API object in the system, such as pods and nodes. Correspondingly, “label selectors” are queries against labels that resolve to matching objects.<ref name="do-intro" /> Labels and selectors are the primary grouping mechanism in Kubernetes, and are used to determine which components to apply an operation to.<ref name="containerizing-docker-on-Kubernetes">{{cite news |last=Surana |first=Ramit |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/containerizing-docker-kubernetes-ramit-surana |title=Containerizing Docker on Kubernetes |work=[[LinkedIn]] |date=2015-09-16 |accessdate=2015-11-02 }}</ref> For example, if the Pods of an application have labels for “tier” (front-end, back-end, etc.) and “release_track” ([[Feature toggle#Canary release|canary]], production, etc.), then an operation on all of the back-end canary nodes could use a selector <code>tier=back-end AND release_track=canary</code>.<ref name="redhat-docker-and-kubernetes-training-labels-examples">{{cite web |url=http://christianposta.com/slides/docker/generated/day2.html#/label-examples |title=Intro: Docker and Kubernetes training - Day 2 |publisher=[[Red Hat]] |date=2015-10-20 |accessdate=2015-11-02 }}</ref>

=== Controllers ===
A controller is a reconciliation loop that drives actual cluster state toward the desired cluster state.<ref name="coreos-replication-controller">{{cite web |url=https://coreos.com/kubernetes/docs/latest/replication-controller.html |title=Overview of a Replication Controller |work=Documentation |publisher=[[CoreOS]] |accessdate=2015-11-02 }}</ref> It does this by managing a set of pods. One kind of controller is a Replication Controller, which handles replication and scaling by running a specified number of copies of a pod across the cluster. It also handles creating replacement pods when the node a pod is running on fails.<ref name="coreos-replication-controller" /> Other controllers that are part of the core Kubernetes system include a “DaemonSet Controller” for running exactly one pod on every machine (or some subset of machines), and a “Job Controller” for running pods that run to completion, e.g. as part of a batch job.<ref name="exciting-experimental-features">{{cite web |url=http://www.livewyer.com/blog/2015/10/02/kubernetes-exciting-experimental-features |title=Kubernetes: Exciting Experimental Features |last=Sanders |first=Jake |work=Livewyer |date=2015-10-02 |accessdate=2015-11-02 }}</ref> The set of pods that a controller manages is determined by label selectors that are part of the controller’s definition.<ref name="redhat-docker-and-kubernetes-training-labels-examples"/>

=== Services ===
A Kubernetes service is a set of pods that work together, such as one tier of a [[Multitier architecture|multi-tier]] application. The set of pods that constitute a service are defined by a label selector.<ref name="do-intro" />
Kubernetes provides [[service discovery]] and request routing by assigning a stable IP address and [[DNS name]] to the service, and load balances traffic in a [[Round-robin DNS|round-robin]] manner to network connections of that IP address among the pods matching the selector (even as failures cause the pods to move from machine to machine).<ref name="kubernetes-101-networking" /> By default a service is exposed inside a cluster (e.g. [[Front and back ends|back end]] pods might be grouped into a service, with requests from the front-end pods load-balanced among them), but a service can also be exposed outside a cluster (e.g. for clients to reach frontend pods)<ref name="kubernetes-101-external-access">{{cite web |url=http://www.dasblinkenlichten.com/kubernetes-101-external-access-into-the-cluster/ |title=Kubernetes 101 – External Access Into The Cluster |last=Langemak |first=Jon |work=Das Blinken Lichten |date=2015-02-15 |accessdate=2015-11-02 }}</ref>

== Architecture ==
Kubernetes follows the [[Master/slave (technology)|master-slave architecture]].The components of Kubernetes<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.tothenew.com/blog/getting-started-with-kubernetes/|title = Getting started with Kubernetes|date = August 30, 2016|accessdate = September 2, 2016|website = |publisher = TO THE NEW|last = Mahajan|first = Rakesh}}</ref> can be divided into those that manage an individual [[Node (networking)|node]] and those that are part of the control plane.<ref name="do-intro" /><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Kubernetes Infrastructure|url=https://docs.openshift.org/latest/architecture/infrastructure_components/kubernetes_infrastructure.html|website=OpenShift Community Documentation|publisher=OpenShift|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> The diagram below depicts the architecture of these components.



=== Kubernetes control plane ===
The Kubernetes Master is the main controlling unit of the cluster that manages its workload and directs communication across the system. The Kubernetes control plane consists of various components, each its own process, that can run both on a single master node or on multiple masters supporting [[high-availability cluster]]s.<ref name=":0" /> The various components of Kubernetes control plane are as follows:

==== etcd ====
'''[https://github.com/coreos/etcd etcd]''' is a persistent lightweight, distributed key-value data store developed by [[CoreOS]] that reliably stores the configuration data of the cluster, representing the overall state of the cluster at any given point of time. Other components watch for changes to this store to bring themselves into the desired state.<ref name=":0" />

==== API Server ====
The API server is a key component and serves the kubernetes [[Application programming interface|API]] using [[JSON]] over [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]], which provides both the internal and external interface to Kubernetes.<ref name="do-intro" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://kamalmarhubi.com/blog/2015/09/06/kubernetes-from-the-ground-up-the-api-server/|title=Kubernetes from the ground up: API server|last=Marhubi|first=Kamal|date=2015-09-26|website=|publisher=kamalmarhubi.com|access-date=2015-11-02}}</ref> The API server processes and validates [[Representational state transfer|REST]] requests and updates state of the [[Application programming interface|API]] objects in [https://github.com/coreos/etcd etcd], thereby allowing clients to configure workloads and containers across Worker nodes.

==== Scheduler ====
The scheduler is the pluggable component that selects which node an unscheduled pod should run on based on resource availability. Scheduler tracks resource utilization on each node to ensure that workload is not scheduled in excess of the available resources. For this purpose, the scheduler must know the resource availability and their existing workloads assigned across servers.

==== Control Manager ====
The controller manager is the process that the core Kubernetes controllers like DaemonSet Controller, Replication Controller run in. The controllers communicate with the API server to create, update, and delete the resources they manage (pods, service endpoints, etc.)<ref name=":1" />

=== Kubernetes node ===
The Node also known as Worker or Minion is the single machine (or [[virtual machine]]) where containers(workloads) are deployed. Every node in the cluster must run the container [[Runtime system|runtime]] (such as [[Docker (software)|Docker]]), as well as the below mentioned components, for communication with master for network configuration of these containers.

==== kubelet ====
Kubelet is responsible for the running state of each node i.e all containers on the node are healthy. It takes care of starting, stopping, and maintaining application containers (organized into pods) as directed by the control plane.<ref name="do-intro" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kamalmarhubi.com/blog/2015/08/27/what-even-is-a-kubelet/|title=What [..] is a Kubelet?|last=Marhubi|first=Kamal|date=2015-08-27|website=|publisher=kamalmarhubi.com|access-date=2015-11-02}}</ref> It monitors state of the pod and if not in the desired state, re-deploys the pod on the same node. Also, it relays the node status every few seconds via heartbeat messages to the master. Once the master detects a node failure, the Replication Controller observes this state change and launches pods on other healthy nodes.

==== kube-proxy ====
The kube-proxy is an implementation of a [[Proxy server|network proxy]] and a [[Load balancing (computing)|load balancer]], and it supports the service abstraction along with other networking operation.<ref name="do-intro" /> It is responsible for routing traffic to the appropriate container based on IP and port number of the incoming request.

==== cAdvisor ====
cAdvisor is an agent that monitors and gathers resource usage and performance metrics such as CPU, memory, file and network usage of containers on each node.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://kubernetes.io/}}
* {{GitHub|https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes}}

{{Virtualization software}}

[[Category:Cloud infrastructure]]
[[Category:Free software for cloud computing]]
[[Category:Software using the Apache license]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in Go]]
[[Category:Virtualization-related software for Linux]]

Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016)

2016-09-18T08:55:22Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Samsung galaxy j5 (2016).png

{{Orphan|date=September 2016}}


{{Infobox mobile phone
| name = Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016)
| modelnumber = SM-J510FN / SM-J500M / SM-J5010F / SM-J510G / SM-J510M / SM-J510Y
| logo =
| logosize =
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016)
| manufacturer = [[Samsung Electronics]]
| series = Galaxy J
| networks = ([[GSM]]/[[High Speed Packet Access|HSPA]]/[[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]) 2G: GSM GSM850, GSM900, DCS1800, PCS1900 3G UMTS: B1(2100), B2(1900), B5(850), B8(900) 4G FDD LTE: B1(2100), B3(1800), B5(850), B7(2600),B8(900), B20(800) 4G TDD LTE: B40(2300)
| released = April 2016
| unitssold =
| unitsshipped =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| related = [[Samsung Galaxy J5]] [[Samsung Galaxy E5]]
| type = [[Slate phone|Touchscreen]] [[smartphone]]
| form = [[Slate phone|Slate]]
| size = 145.1 mm (5.74 in) H 72.3 mm (2.85 in) W 8.1 mm (0.32 in) D
| weight = 158 g (5.61 oz)
| os = [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[Android Marshmallow|6.0.1 Marshmallow]]
| root_access =
| Chipset = Snapdragon 410
| cpu = Quad-core 1.2 GHz [[ARM Cortex-A53|Cortex-A53]]
| gpu = [[Adreno|Adreno 306]]
[[Mobile DDR|LPDDR3 RAM]]
| storage = 16 GB
| memory_card = [[microSD]] up to 256 GB
| battery = 3100 [[Ampere-hour|mAh]] [[Lithium-ion battery|Li-ion]]
| display = {{convert|5.2|inch|mm|abbr=on}} 1280 x 720 pixels (294 [[Pixels per inch|ppi]]) [[Super AMOLED]]
| rear_camera = 13 MP, 4128 x 3096 pixels, autofocus, LED flash
| features = Geo-tagging, touch focus, face detection
| video = 1080p@30fps
| front_camera = 5 megapixels (1080p) [[High-definition video|HD]] video recording @ 30 fps back-illuminated sensor
| sound =
| connectivity = {{Collapsible list
|title=
|[[Wi-Fi]] :[[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] [[IEEE 802.11a-1999|a]]/[[IEEE 802.11b-1999|b]]/[[IEEE 802.11g-2003|g]]/[[IEEE 802.11n-2009|n]]/[[IEEE 802.11ac|ac]] (2.4/5 GHz)
|[[Wi-Fi Direct]]
|[[Wi-Fi hotspot]]
|[[Digital Living Network Alliance|DLNA]]
|[[GPS]]/[[GLONASS]]/[[BEIDOU]]
|[[Near Field Communication|NFC]]
|[[Bluetooth 4.1]] ||
|[[Universal Serial Bus|USB 2.0]] (Micro-B port, USB charging) [[USB On-The-Go|USB OTG]]
|{{convert|3.50|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[Phone connector (audio)|headphone jack]]
}}
| other =
| sar =
| hac =
| website = [http://www.samsung.com/in/consumer/mobile-devices/smartphones/galaxy-j/SM-J510FZDUINS Official Website]
}}

'''Samsung Galaxy J5 (2016)''' is an [[Android (operating system)|Android]] smartphone produced by [[Samsung Electronics]]. It was unveiled and released in April 2016.<ref name="gsmarena">{{cite web|url=http://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_j5-7184.php |title=Samsung Galaxy J5|publisher=www.gsmarena.com }}</ref>
It has 2 GB [[RAM]].

The Galaxy J5 has a 13 [[Megapixels|Megapixel]] rear camera with LED flash, f/1.9 aperture, auto-focus and a 5 [[Megapixels|Megapixel]] font facing camera f/1.9, also equipped with LED flash.

==Specifications==

===Hardware===
The phone is powered by [[Qualcomm]]'s [[Qualcomm Snapdragon|Snapdragon]] 410 chipset, a 1.2 GHz processor, [[Adreno 306]] [[GPU]] and 1.5 GB [[RAM]]<nowiki/> with 16 GB of internal storage and a 3100 [[mAh]] battery.The Samsung Galaxy J5(2016) is fitted with a 5.2-inch HD Super [[AMOLED]] display.

===Software===
This phone comes with Android 6.0.1.<ref name="samsung">{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/jp/consumer/mobilephone/smartphone/docomo/SGH-N075ZBEDCM-spec |title=Samsung Galaxy J Overview | Samsung |publisher=Samsung |date=2013-11-18 |accessdate=2013-11-18}}</ref> It supports 4G LTE with dual SIM enabled 4G. It also supports Samsung Knox.

==See also==
{{commons category}}
* [[Samsung Galaxy J]]
* [[Samsung Galaxy]]
* [[Samsung]]
* [[Android (operating system)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*

[[Category:Samsung mobile phones|Galaxy Core]]
[[Category:Samsung Galaxy|Galaxy Core]]
[[Category:Smartphones]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) devices]]
[[Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2015]]

{{mobile-stub}}

Agent Side Grinder

2016-09-11T01:55:45Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Agent Side Grinder at Antwerp train station.jpg

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Agent Side Grinder
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption = Agent Side Grinder at Antwerp train station: Henrik, Kristoffer, Peter, Johan, Thobias
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]
| genre = [[Electronica]], [[post-punk]], [[industrial music|industrial]]
| years_active = 2005 - present
| label = Enfant Terrible, Hästen & Korset, Klangarkivet, Energy Rekords, Complete Control Productions, Progress Productions, Oráculo Records, Kollaps Records
| associated_acts = Skriet, [[Henric de la Cour]], Dirk Ivens, Eric Alm
| website = {{URL|http://www.agentsidegrinder.com}}
| current_members = Kristoffer Grip Johan Lange Henrik Sunbring Peter Fristedt Thobias Eidevald
| past_members = Aleksander Blomqvist
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
}}

'''Agent Side Grinder''' is a cold wave band from [[Bromma]], [[Stockholm]] , which was formed in 2005.<ref name="fb">[https://www.facebook.com/agentsidegrinder Agent Side Grinder on facebook]</ref> The band has made four albums and toured extensively throughout Europe.

Their first two albums, ''Agent Side Grinder''<ref name="ET10">[http://www.enfant-terrible.nl/enfant10.htm Release info Enfant Terrible: Agent Side Grinder album]</ref> (2008) and ''Irish Recording Tape''<ref name="ET15">[http://www.enfant-terrible.nl/enfant15.html Release info Enfant Terrible: Irish Recording Tape album]</ref> (2009) were rooted in post-punk, industrial and dark electro. The band quickly gained an underground following throughout Europe.

Their third album ''Hardware'' (2012) showed a bigger and more textured sound and was met with universal acclaim. It was named "album of the month" in Vice Magazine,<ref name="vice">[http://www.vice.com/de/read/reviews-0000165-v8n3 Vice Magazine Album of the Month April 2012: Agent Side Grinder Hardware]</ref> topped several annual "best of-lists" including Dagens Nyheter,<ref name="hardware">[http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/skivrecensioner/agent-side-grinder-hardware Dagens Nyheter: Agent Side Grinder: "Hardware"]</ref> Metro and Time Out Paris and won the Manifest-award<ref name="manifest 2013">[http://manifestgalan.se/om-manifest/arkiv/manifestgalan-2013/manifestgalan-i-stockholm/vinnare-manifestgalan-2013/ Manifest award 2013: best synth album]</ref> (Swedish indie-grammy) for best synth album in 2013. On the album also other Swedish musicians Skriet and [[Henric de la Cour]]<ref>[http://www.elektroskull.com/2012/03/liverapport-agent-side-grinder-henric-de-la-cour-skriet-stockholm/ Elektroskull: Liverapport: Agent Side Grinder (+Henric de la Cour, Skriet), Stockholm]</ref> are involved.

In 2015 they released their magnum opus ''Alkimia'',<ref name="alkemia">[http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/skivrecensioner/agent-side-grinder-alkimia/ Dagens Nyheter: Agent Side Grinder: "Alkemia"]</ref> a dramatic and melodic album that exceeded the success of "Hardware" (another Manifest win<ref name="manifest 2016">[http://manifestgalan.se/vinnare-manifestgalan-2016/ Manifestgalan: Manifest award 2016: best synth album]</ref><ref name="manifest 2016 2">[https://blogg.sydsvenskan.se/dygnetrunt/2016/02/05/skanska-segrar-pa-manifestgalan/ Sydsvenskan: Manifest award 2016: best synth album]</ref>) and cemented Agent Side Grinder’s position as one of Europe’s leading synth-wave bands. The album contains a guest appearance by Nicole Sabouné.

Agent Side Grinder has a reputation of being a powerful and mighty live band. They have done seven European tours and played festivals such as [[M'era Luna Festival]], Wave-Gotik Treffen,<ref name="WGT">[http://www.post-punk.com/best-event-of-2015-24th-annual-wave-gotik-treffen/ Wave Gotik Treffen 2015]</ref> The Great Escape, Eurosonic, Les Transmusicales de Rennes, Entremurahlas,<ref name="entremurahlas">[http://imagemdosom.pt/agent-side-grinder-da-suecia-para-o-entremuralhas/ Entremurahlas 2015]</ref> Bimfest,<ref name="bimfest">[http://www.peek-a-boo-magazine.be/en/interviews/agent-side-grinder-395/ Bimfest 2014]</ref> Drop Dead Festival and Arvikafestivalen. They have opened for bands such as Suicide and Laibach and collaborated with artists like Dirk Ivens, Kite and Henric de la Cour.

== Members ==
'''Current members'''<ref name="fb" />
* Kristoffer Grip – [[vocals]]
* Johan Lange – [[synthesizer]]
* Henrik Sunbring – synthesizer (2007–present)
* Peter Fristedt – modular synthesizer, [[Sampling (music)|tape loops]]
* Thobias Eidevald – [[bass guitar]] (2011–present)

;Former members
*Alexander Blomqvist – bass guitar (2007–2011)

== Discography<ref name="discogs">[https://www.discogs.com/artist/830309-Agent-Side-Grinder Agent Side Grinder releases on Discogs]</ref> ==
;Studio Albums
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Title
!Format
!Year
!Label
|-
| rowspan="3" |Agent Side Grinder
|LP
|2008
|Enfant Terrible
|-
|CD
|2010
|Kill Shaman
|-
|LP reissue
|2011
|Energy Rekords
|-
| rowspan="2" |The Transatlantic Tape Project
|Tape
|2009
|Hästen & Korset
|-
|LP
|2009
|Enfant Terrible
|-
| rowspan="3" |Irish Recording Tape
|LP
|2009
|Enfant Terrible
|-
|CD
|2010
|Klangarkivet
|-
|LP reissue
|2016
|Progress Productions
|-
| rowspan="3" |Hardware
|CD
|2012
|Klangarkivet
|-
|Tape
|2012
|Klangarkivet
|-
|LP
|2012
|Energy Rekords
|-
|Hardware (SFTWR included)
|2xCD
|2013
|Artoffact Records
|-
|SFTWR (Remixes)
|CD
|2013
|Klangarkivet
|-
| rowspan="2" |Alkimia
|CD
|2015
|Progress Productions
|-
|LP
|2015
|Progress Productions
|}

;Live Albums

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Title
!Format
!Live Date
!Year
!Label
|-
|Live at TMPL
|Tape
|09-06-2007
|2007
|Self Released
|-
|Live at Delicious Goldfish Records
|Tape
|10-06-2007
|2007
|Self Released
|-
|Two Nights With ASG
|Tape
|24-10-2008 & 25-10-2008
|2008
|Self Released
|-
|Live In Paris 2009-10-02
|Tape
|02-10-2009
|2010
|Self Released
|-
| rowspan="2" |Industrial Beauty
|Tape
|Spring 2010
|2010
|Self Released
|-
|CD
|Spring 2010
|2011
|Manic Depression
|-
|Live In Switzerland
(with [[Suicide (band)|Suicide]])
|Tape
|04-09-2010
|2010
|Klangarkivet
|-
|Live Targets
|Tape
|March 2012
|2012
|Klangarkivet
|-
|Hardware Comes Alive
|CD
|17-05-2012
|2012
|Complete Control Productions
|-
|Live In Brussels 2012-12-08
(with [https://itsyourunhappybirthday.bandcamp.com/ unhappybirthday])
|Tape
|08-12-2012
|2013
|Self Released
|}

;Singles

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Title
!Format
!Year
!Label
|-
|Untitled
|7"
|2007
|Enfant Terrible
|-
|Wolf Hour
|CD Promo
|2011
|Klangarkivet
|-
|Go (Bring It) Back
(with Dirk Ivens)
|12"
|2014
|Kollaps Records
|-
|This Is Us
|12"
|2014
|Progress Productions
|-
|Rip Me
|12"
|2015
|Oráculo Records
|}

;Compilation Album

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Title
!Format
!Year
!Label
|-
|Industrial Beauty
|CD
|2011
|Manic Depression
|}

;Compilation Album Various

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Title
!Format
!Song
!Year
!Label
|-
|Hoera! Een Hex Voor Thuis!
|LP
|In Line With Me (Compressed Version)
|2007
|Hex Grammofoonplaten
|-
|Festival Der Genialen Dissidenten
|LP + 7"
|There Is A Sound That Always Goes Out
|2008
|Enfant Terrible
|-
|Darkness Before Dawn Volume 3
|CD
|Die To Live (Darkness Before Dawn Edit)
|2011
|UpScene
|-
|Dödgrävardisko - En Samling Svensk Elektronik 1980-2012
|Tape
|Billy
|2012
|Dödsdans Rekords
|-
|Inside The Volcano Volume One
|CD
|Life In Advance (Crash Course In Science Remix)
|2013
|Complete Control Productions
|}

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.agentsidegrinder.com Official website]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/830309-Agent-Side-Grinder discogs.com ]

[[Category:Swedish rock groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2005]]

Mohammad Hafeez

2016-08-25T00:31:37Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Mohammad Hafeez.jpg

{{otheruses}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Mohammad Hafeez
| image =
| country = Pakistani
| fullname = Mohammad Hafeez
| father's name = Obaid Waheed Abbasi
| nickname = Professor<ref>http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/636133.html</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|10|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sargodha]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]

| batting = Right hand bat
| bowling = Right arm [[off spin|off break]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]
| international = true
| testdebutdate = 20 August
| testdebutyear = 2003
| testdebutagainst = Bangladesh
| testcap = 173
| lasttestdate = 3-7 July
| lasttestyear = 2016
| lasttestagainst = England
| odidebutdate = 3 April
| odidebutyear = 2003
| odidebutagainst = Zimbabwe
| odicap = 144
| lastodidate = 20 November
| lastodiyear = 2015
| lastodiagainst = England
| odishirt = 8
| T20Idebutdate = 28 August
| T20Idebutyear = 2006
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| T20Icap = 5
| lastT20Idate = 30 November
| lastT20Iyear = 2015
| lastT20Iagainst = England
| club1 = [[Peshawar Zalmi]]
| year1 = 2016-present
| club2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year2 = 2008
| club3 = [[Faisalabad Wolves]]
| year3 = 2005-2012
| club4 = [[Lahore Lions]]
|year4 = 2012-2015
| columns = 5
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 50
| runs1 = 3,452
| bat avg1 = 39.22
| strike rate1 = 56.33
| 100s/50s1 = 9/12
| top score1 = 224
| deliveries1 = 3,953
| wickets1 = 52
| bowl avg1 = 33.90
| economy1 = 2.67
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/16
| catches/stumpings1 = 38/-
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 170
| runs2 = 5,156
| bat avg2 = 38.22
| 100s/50s2 = 11/27
| top score2 = 140[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 6,578
| wickets2 = 129
| bowl avg2 = 34.87
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/41
| catches/stumpings2 = 58/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches3 = 65
| runs3 = 1,399
| bat avg3 = 23.31
| 100s/50s3 = 0/7
| top score3 = 86
| deliveries3 = 1,004
| wickets3 = 46
| bowl avg3 = 24.34
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 4/10
| catches/stumpings3 = 18/-
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 264
| runs4 = 8,714
| bat avg4 = 34.85
| 100s/50s4 = 15/54
| top score4 = 140[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 11,242
| wickets4 = 227
| bowl avg4 = 33.73
| fivefor4 = n/a
| tenfor4 = n/a
| best bowling4 = 4/23
| catches/stumpings4 = 92/–
| column5 = [[First Class cricket|FC]]
| matches5 = 180
| runs5 = 10,849
| bat avg5 = 36.52
| 100s/50s5 = 24/50
| top score5 = 224
| deliveries5 = 14,045
| wickets5 = 229
| bowl avg5 = 27.68
| fivefor5 = 6
| tenfor5 = 2
| best bowling5 = 8/57
| catches/stumpings5 = 143/–
| column6 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| matches6 = 170
| runs6 = 3,704
| bat avg6 = 25.02
| 100s/50s6 = 2/22
| top score6 = 102[[not out|*]]
| deliveries6 = 2,939
| wickets6 = 135
| bowl avg6 = 22.63
| fivefor6 = 0
| tenfor6 = 0
| best bowling6 = 4/10
| catches/stumpings6 = 48/–
| date = 11 November
| year = 2015
| source = http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/41434.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Mohammad Hafeez''' ({{lang-ur|{{nastaliq|محمد حفیظ}}}}; born 17 October 1980 in Sargodha, Punjab) is a [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistani cricket player]] and the former captain of [[Pakistan national cricket team]] in the T20 format. He is a right-handed opening batsman and a right-arm offspin bowler. Hafeez usually opens the batting and forms part of the bowling attack. In 2012–2013, he was ranked as the top all-rounder by the [[ICC Player Rankings]] in T20 format. He is known for his intelligent batting but also for aggressive shot plays when needed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/41434.html |title=Player Profile: Mohammad Hafeez |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |accessdate=2010-08-12}}</ref> He was involved in record opening partnership of 224 runs with [[Nasir Jamshed]]. As a player, Hafeez gives the team plenty of options: he usually bats aggressively at the top of the order, but his organised technique also means he can switch to defensive mode if required.

He was the fourth international player signed to the [[Caribbean Premier League]] and the first Pakistani player to be named to the new [[Twenty20]] tournament. He is widely regarded as The Professor.<ref>http://cplt20.com/news/pakistan-t20i-captain-mohammad-hafeez-signs-cpl</ref> The major teams for which he played are Pakistan,Lahore,Lahore Lions, Guyana Amazon Warriors, Kolkata Knight Riders, Sargodha, Sui Gas Corporation of Pakistan. He can be a player that was trusted over the years and Shahid Afridi has given the trust as he does with the many other captains over the years.Hafeez scored his test career best of 224 runs against Bangladesh in 2015 at Khulna during the Dan Cake Series.

==Early international career: 2003–2006==
Mohammad Hafeez also known as professor and he played in bhera and was one of several young all-rounders whom the [[Pakistani cricket team]] turned to in order to revitalize their side after their poor display in 2003 World Cup where Pakistan was out from first round. His form with both bat and ball was inconsistent and in late 2003 he was dropped from the Test squad and subsequently from the ODI side. Following strong domestic performances, as well as display of good form for the Pakistan A side, he remained on the fringes of a recall in 2004.
Hafeez returned to the ODI side in 2005 and despite poor form with the bat, his bowling performances were impressive. In the 2006 series held in [[Australia]], Hafeez smashed his first century for Pakistan. With Pakistan struggling to find a solid opening pair for the Test side, he was recalled for the tour of [[England]]. His return to Test cricket was made at [[The Oval]] where he scored a fluent 95. Subsequently, Hafeez retained his place in the Test squad for Pakistan's home series against the [[West Indies]] in November of that year. After getting out early despite good starts in the first two Tests, he went on to score his second Test century in the third Test in [[Karachi]]. However his form remained inconsistent and he was unable to command a regular place in either the Test or ODI side over the next 5 years.

== International recall: 2010 ==
In 2010 he was recalled for the third [[ICC World Twenty20]] squad. His form was poor scoring only 39 runs and taking only 2 wickets in 6 matches. However he was subsequently selected for the [[T20I]]s and the [[One Day International|ODIs]] on Pakistan's 2010 tour of England. He was the second highest Pakistani run scorer in the ODI series producing some solid opening partnerships with [[Kamran Akmal]]. Following this good form he was included in the squad that was selected to play South Africa in the [[UAE]] and he replaced disgraced skipper [[Salman Butt]] as an opening batsman in both Tests, achieving a batting average 32.50. He played in all 5 ODI matches ending up as the top run scorer and he also topped the bowling averages for the series. At the end of 2010 he was also selected for the party that would tour New Zealand and the [[West Indies]] and this resulted in him establishing himself as a regular in the Test, ODI and T20 teams. In 2011 he won an amazing 10 Man-of-the-Match awards in all forms of international cricket and became only the third player (after [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] and [[Jacques Kallis]]) to score 1000 runs and take 30 wickets in ODI matches within a calendar year.

Against India on 18 March 2012 in Bangladesh at Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur at the [[2012 Asia Cup]], he scored 105 off 113 balls and was involved in a 224 run partnership with [[Nasir Jamshed]], which is the best opening partnership for Pakistan against India in one day internationals. They eclipsed [[Aamer Sohail]] and [[Saeed Anwar]]'s record of 144 runs which was made in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|last=Purohit|first=Abhishek|title= Hafeez demolished India in record partnership|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2012/content/current/story/557744.html|accessdate=18 March 2012}}</ref> He made his 4th ODI century in March 2012 against Bangladesh at Dhaka. He also made his highest test score of 196 against Sri Lanka in the second Test at Colombo in June 2012. He is currently (2012) ranked number two in the ICC ODI rankings for both bowlers and all-rounders.

In December 2012, during the tour of [[Pakistani cricket team in India in 2012–13]], he came across as a very different and aggressive batsman and scored so brilliantly and briskely and helped Pakistan to win the first T20I and 2nd ODI with his heroics of brilliant batting and nearly chasing a mountain high target of 191 in the second T20I. His scores were 61 and 55 in first and second T20I respectively and scored 76 runs in the 2nd ODI and sharing an opening stand of 141 with [[Nasir Jamshed]] and also bowled brilliantly as always economically to help Pakistan win their first ODI series in India since 7 years. He is now considered to be the main allrounder of Pakistan Cricket team. He had a great series against Sri Lanka in Dec 2013, where he scored 122 in the first match, 140* in the third and 113* in the fourth match. Thus he became, the second batsman after [[Zaheer Abbas]] to score 3 centuries in an ODI series. Hafeez was initially selected in the Pakistan squad for the 2015 World Cup but was ruled out 6 days before the World Cup due to a calf injury. He was replaced by Nasir Jamshed.

==Personal records and achievements==
{{see also|Player of the Match awards (cricket)}}

# Has most number of wins in T20Is as Pakistan captain.
# First players to score 1,000 T20 runs and take 40 plus wickets.
# Leading run scorer for Pakistan in T20Is and eighth overall in T20Is.
# The first captain of Pakistan to score three fifties in a row in T20Is.
# The third most economical bowler in the history of Pakistan's ODIs (who have taken 100 plus wickets) after the legendary [[Imran Khan]] and [[Wasim Akram]].
# Record holder of most fifties by a Pakistani batsman in T20Is.
# Along with Taufeeq Umar he opened the innings more consecutively in Test matches than any other pair in Pakistan cricket history.
# PCB "Player-of-the-Year" award in 2012.
# Nominated by the ICC for the "Spirit-of-Cricket" award for not claiming a false catch in a Test match vs England in UAE in 2012.
# 10 Man of the Match awards in 2011.
# 2nd Pakistani player to score an ODI hundred and take a 4-wicket haul in the same match.

==T20 captaincy==
He was appointed captain of the Pakistan T20 team in May 2012 and vice captain, under [[Misbah-ul-Haq]], of the ODI and Test teams.

During the T20 World Championship in [[Sri Lanka]] in September 2012, Pakistan reached the semi-finals where they lost to the home side. After the tournament, there was some controversy with veteran all-rounder [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]] who was critical of his non-selection for a number of matches. Hafeez also came into some conflict with the [[Pakistan Cricket Board|PCB]] over their view that he adopted a rather unilateral and non-consultative approach while making selection decisions. However, he was supported by the coach [[Dav Whatmore]] and both of them emphasised the poor fitness levels of many players. The PCB committee decided that they would subsequently closely monitor Hafeez's performance in this context during the coming tours to India and South Africa.<ref>http://sports.ndtv.com/icc-world-twenty20/news/item/198178-pcb-not-happy-with-mohammad-hafeezs-unilateral-approach</ref>
As a captain,he led Pakistan to victories over South Africa,west indies,thet20 champions and Zimbabwe .He equalled the records of most wins as a Pakistani captain in t20 and most number of away series wins as a Pakistani captain
Under his leadership,Pakistan managed to move up to the second position in the rankings.
He also became the first Pakistani captain to hit three fifties in a row and became Pakistan's leading run scorer in t20s. after Pakistan's exit from the T20 World Championship Hafeez apologized on behalf of his team and stepped down as captain. [[Imran Khan]], Pakistan's former captain criticised this decision and advised Hafeez to stay as captain. His resignation was a rare incident in Pakistan cricket.

==Bowling action==
Hafeez had been reported for a suspect action after the [[Abu Dhabi]] Test against [[New Zealand]] in November 2014, and in December his action was found to be illegal following tests at an [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] accredited centre in [[Loughborough]], [[England]]. He was found to have an elbow extension up to 31 degrees, far above the permitted limit of 15 degrees. He underwent remedial work at a biomechanics lab in [[Chennai]], but failed an unofficial test on his action on January 3. Later that month the [[Pakistan Cricket Board|PCB]] requested the ICC to retest Hafeez's action in February in [[Brisbane]], so that he could bowl at the World Cup if cleared, but he was ruled out of the tournament with a calf injury. Hafeez was finally cleared to bowl again in international cricket on April 21, after more tests on his action in [[Chennai]]. Mohammad Hafeez has once again been reported for a suspect action, following the conclusion of the Galle Test on 21 June 2015.,<ref>http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-pakistan-2015/content/story/890021.html</ref> and he was dropped from third test. However, he was again selected for the ODI series against Sri Lanka. He proved the value of his comeback by taking 4 for 41 runs and scored a magnificent century earned him the man of the match award.<ref>http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-pakistan-2015/content/story/897181.html</ref>
Hafeez has been banned from bowling in international cricket for 12 months following an independent assessment of his action, which took place at the Sri Ramachandra University in Chennai on 6 July.

The 34-year-old was assessed after the legality of his bowling action came under question by the match officials during Pakistan’s first Test victory over Sri Lanka in Galle (17–21 June).

Following the match, Hafeez was reported by the match officials pursuant to the ICC Regulations for the Review of Bowlers Reported with Suspected Illegal Bowling Actions (the "Regulations") and subsequently underwent the independent assessment in Chennai in accordance with the regulations. The assessment revealed that Hafeez’s elbow extension exceeded 15 degrees while bowling and, thus, he employed an illegal bowling action.

Hafeez was originally suspended from bowling in November 2014. Following remedial work on his bowling action, he was reassessed and permitted to resume bowling in April 2015.

As this report has constituted the player’s second report within a two-year period, the first of which led to a suspension, he is now automatically suspended from bowling in international cricket for a 12-month period.

Hafeez is entitled to appeal any procedural aspect of an independent assessment that has led to this automatic suspension. However, only after the expiry of this one-year period will he be entitled to approach the ICC for a re-assessment of his bowling action.

== International career (2016 - present) ==
In March 2016, Pakistan's exit from the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 after losing 3 matches caused great controversy in Pakistan, with blame shifting between Waqar Younis as well as many of the players on the team. Hafeez was accused, by Younis, of lying about his knee injury before the T20. He said it could have affected the teams poor performance.

==International centuries==

===Test centuries===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" width:"100%"
|-
!colspan=8|Mohammad Hafeez's Test centuries
|-
! style="width:40px;"| # !! style="width:50px;"|Runs !! style="width:50px;"|Match !! style="width:125px;"|Against !! style="width:350px;"|City/Country !! style="width:300px;"|Venue !! style="width:50px;"|Year !! style="width:50px;"|Result
|-
| '''1''' || 102* || 2 || {{cr|BAN}} || {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]] || [[Arbab Niaz Stadium]] || [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Pakistan in 2003#Test series|2003]] || Won
|-
| '''2''' || 104 || 7 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] || [[National Stadium]] || [[West Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 2006–07#Test series|2006]] || Won
|-
| '''3''' || 119 || 18 || {{cr|ZIM}} || {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Bulawayo]], [[Zimbabwe]] || [[Queens Sports Club]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2011#Test series|2011]] || Won
|-
| '''4''' || 143 || 22 || {{cr|BAN}} || {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Chittagong]], [[Bangladesh]] || [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Bangladesh in 2011–12#Test series|2011]] || Won
|-
| '''5''' || 196 || 27 || {{cr|SL}} || {{flagicon|SL}} [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] || [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2012#Test series|2012]] || Drawn
|-
| '''6''' || 101* || 39 || {{cr|NZ}} || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Stadium]] || [[New Zealand cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2014–15#Test series|2014]] || Won
|-
| '''7''' || 197 || 40 || {{cr|NZ}} || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] || [[New Zealand cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2014–15#Test series|2014]] || Lost
|-
| '''8''' || 224 || 41 || {{cr|BAN}} || {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Khulna]], [[Bangladesh]] || [[Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Bangladesh in 2014–15#Test series|2015]] || Drawn
|-
| '''9''' || 151 || 47 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] || [[English cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2015–16#Test series|2015]] || Won

|}

===One Day International centuries===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" width:"100%"
|-
!colspan=8|Mohammad Hafeez's One Day International centuries
|-
! style="width:40px;"| # !! style="width:50px;"|Runs !! style="width:50px;"|Match !! style="width:125px;"|Against !! style="width:350px;"|City/Country !! style="width:300px;"|Venue !! style="width:50px;"|Year !! style="width:50px;"|Result
|-
| '''1''' || 115 || 61 || {{cr|NZ}} || {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Christchurch]], [[New Zealand]] || [[Lancaster Park|AMI Stadium]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in New Zealand in 2010–11#ODI series|2011]] || Won
|-
| '''2''' || 121 || 76 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{flagicon|BAR}} [[Bridgetown]], [[Barbados]] || [[Kensington Oval]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2011#ODI series|2011]] || Lost
|-
| '''3''' || 139* || 81 || {{cr|ZIM}} || {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]] || [[Harare Sports Club]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2011#ODI series|2011]] || Won
|-
| '''4''' || 105 || 98 || {{cr|IND}} || {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]] || [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]] || [[2012 Asia Cup|2012]] || Lost
|-
| '''5''' || 122* || 117 || {{cr|IRE}} || {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] || [[Clontarf Cricket Club Ground]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Ireland in 2013#ODI series|2013]] || Tied
|-
| '''6''' || 136* || 123 || {{cr|ZIM}} || {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Harare, Zimbabwe]]|| [[Harare Sports Club]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2013#ODI series|2013]] || Won
|-
| '''7''' || 122 || 137 || {{cr|SL}} || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] || [[Sri Lankan cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2013–14#ODI series|2013]] || Won
|-
| '''8''' || 140* || 139 || {{cr|SL}} || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] || [[Sri Lankan cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2013–14#ODI series|2013]] || Won
|-
| '''9''' || 113* || 140 || {{cr|SL}} || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]] || [[Sri Lankan cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2013–14#ODI series|2013]] || Won
|-
| '''10''' || 103 || 162 || {{cr|SL}} || {{flagicon|SL}} [[Dambulla]], [[Sri Lanka]] || [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2015#ODI series|2015]] || Won
|-
| '''11''' || 102* || 170 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]] || [[English cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2015–16#ODI series|2015]] || Won
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%; margin-left:15px"
|-
|+ Number of centuries & highest scores against opponent nations
! scope="col" | Opposition
! scope="col" | Test centuries
! scope="col" | ODI centuries
! scope="col" | Test H.S.
! scope="col" | ODI H.S.
! scope="col" | T20I H.S.
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=Sri Lanka}}
| 1 || 4 || 196 || 140* || 42
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=New Zealand}}
| 2 || 1 || 197 || 115 || 46
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=West Indies}}
| 1 || 1 || 104 || 121 || 19
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=England}}
| 1 || 1 || 151 || 102* || 46
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=India}}
| – || 1 || – || 105 || 61
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=South Africa}}
| 0 || 0 || 60 || 68 || 86
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=Australia}}
| 0 || 0 || 45 || 78 || 45
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=Bangladesh}}
| 3 || 0 || 224 || 89 || 45
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=Zimbabwe}}
| 1 || 2 || 119 || 139* || 71
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=Ireland}}
| N/A || 1 || N/A || 122* || –
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | '''<center>Total</center>'''
| '''9''' || '''11''' || '''224''' || '''140*''' || '''86'''
|-
|}

==International Awards==

===Test Cricket===

====Man of the series awards====

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|#
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Series
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Season
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Match Performance
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Result

|- style="background:white;"
| 1
| [[New Zealand cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2014–15|Pakistan vs New Zealand in UAE]] Test Series
| 2014/15
| 418 runs with 2 hundreds and 1 fifty. Avg. 139.33 ; 4 wickets. (2 Matches)
| Drawn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/428731.html|title=Pakistan v New Zealand Test Series, 2014/15|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
|}

====Man of the Match awards====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:95%; margin-left:10px"
|-
! style="background:#03530f; color:white;"|S No
! style="background:#03530f; color:white;"|Series
! style="background:#03530f; color:white;"|Season
! style="background:#03530f; color:white;"|Match Performance
! style="background:#03530f; color:white;"|Result
|- style="background:white;"
| 1
| 1st Test – [[Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2011–12|Pakistan in Zimbabwe]] Test Series
| 2011/12
| 1st Innings: 9-1-30-0 ; 119 (177 balls, 19×4, 1x6); 2 Catches 2nd Innings: 15-4-31-4 ; 38 (44 balls, 6×4, 1x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 7 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/523731.html |title= Pakistan in Zimbabwe Test Match, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| 3rd Test - [[English cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2015–16|England in UAE]] Test Series
| 2015/16
| 1st Innings: 27 (57 balls, 2×4) 2nd Innings: 151 (266 balls, 15×4, 3x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 127 runs <ref>{{cite web |url=http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/902639.html |title= Pakistan v England Test Series, 2015/16 - 3rd Test}}</ref>
|}

===One-Day International Cricket===

====Man of the series awards====
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|#
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Series
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Season
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Match Performance
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Result

|- style="background:white;"
| 1
| [[Pakistani cricket team in West Indies in 2010-11|Pakistan in West Indies]]
| 2010/11
| 267 runs with avg. of 53.40 (5 Matches)
| {{cr|PAK}} Won the series 3-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/489204.html|title=Pakistan in West Indies ODI Series, 2010/11|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 2
| [[Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2013|Pakistan in West Indies]]
| 2013
| 260 runs with avg. of 65.00 ; 6 wickets for 141 runs. (5 Matches)
| {{cr|PAK}} Won the series 3-1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/645627.html|title=Pakistan tour of West Indies, 2013/14|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 3
| [[Sri Lankan cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2013–14|Sri Lanka vs Pakistan in UAE]]
| 2013/14
| 448 runs with avg. of 149.33 ; 2 ct. ; 4 wickets for 208 runs. (5 Matches)
| {{cr|PAK}} Won the series 3-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/657623.html|title=Pakistan v Sri Lanka ODI Series, 2013/14|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 4
| [[Pakistani cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2015|Pakistan in Sri Lanka]]
| 2015
| 273 runs with avg. of 54.60 ; 2 ct. ; 6 wickets for 106 runs. (5 Matches)
| {{cr|PAK}} Won the series 3-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/860093.html|title=Pakistan in Sri Lanka ODI Series, 2015|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
|}

====Man of the Match awards====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin-left:10px"
|-
! style="background:#03530f; color:White;" |S No
! style="background:#03530f; color:White;" |Opponent
! style="background:#03530f; color:White;" |Venue
! style="background:#03530f; color:White;" |Date
! style="background:#03530f; color:White;" |Match Performance
! style="background:#03530f; color:White;" |Result
|- style="background:White;"
| 1
| [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]
| [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium|Rangiri Dambulla Stadium]], [[Dambulla]]
| 10 May 2003
| 53 (114 balls, 2×4); 3-1-5-1 ; 1 ct.
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 79 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66357.html |title= Bank Alfalah Cup, 2003 - 1st match}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 2
| [[England national cricket team|England]]
| [[Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]
| 17 June 2003
| 10-0-41-1 ; 69 (112 balls, 8x4)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 2 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65029.html |title= NatWest Challenge, 2003 - 1st match}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 3
| [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]]
| [[Lancaster Park|AMI Stadium]], [[Christchurch]]
| 29 January 2011
| 115 (144 balls, 12x4, 2x6); 5-0-21-1 ; 1 ct.
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 43 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/473925.html |title= Pakistan in New Zealand ODI Series, 2011 - 3rd ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 4
| [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]]
| [[Shere Bangla National Stadium|Shere Bangla Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| 23 March 2011
| 10-3-16-2 ; 61* (64 balls, 10x4)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 10 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/433600.html |title= ICC Cricket World Cup, 2011 - 1st quarter final}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 5
| [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]]
| [[Beausejour Cricket Ground|Beausejour Ground]], [[Gros Islet]]
| 23 April 2011
| 10-2-36-2 ; 54 (45 balls, 7x4, 1x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 8 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/489213.html |title= Pakistan in West Indies ODI Series, 2011 - 1st ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 6
| [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]]
| [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]
| 2 May 2011
| 121 (138 balls, 7x4, 3x6) ; 6-0-26-1
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 1 run (D/L).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/489216.html |title= Pakistan in West Indies ODI Series, 2011 - 4th ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:White;"
| 7
| [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]]
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| 11 September 2011
| 10-0-43-0 ; 139 (147 balls, 13×4, 1×6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 10 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/523733.html |title= Pakistan in Zimbabwe ODI Series, 2011 - 2nd ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 8
| [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]]
| [[Shere Bangla National Stadium|Shere Bangla Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| 11 March 2012
| 89 (126 balls, 7x4) ; 10-1-40-2
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 21 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/535794.html |title= Asia Cup, 2012 - 1st match}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 9
| [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]]
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| 29 August 2013
| 136* (130 balls, 9x4, 5x6); 6-0-35-0
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 90 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/659551.html |title= Pakistan in Zimbabwe ODI Series, 2013 - 2nd ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 10
| [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| 18 December 2013
| 122 (129 balls, 7x4, 4x6) ; 10-0-52-1 ; 1 ct.
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 11 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/657637.html |title= Pakistan v Sri Lanka ODI Series, 2013 - 1st ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 11
| [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| 22 December 2013
| 140* (136 balls, 11x4, 3x6) ; 5-0-32-2
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 113 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/657641.html |title= Pakistan v Sri Lanka ODI Series, 2013 - 3rd ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 12
| [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]
| [[Sheikh Zayed Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| 25 December 2013
| 9-0-46-0 ; 113* (119 balls, 12x4, 2x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 8 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/657643.html |title= Pakistan v Sri Lanka ODI Series, 2013 - 4th ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:White;"
| 13
| [[India national cricket team|India]]
| [[Shere Bangla National Stadium|Shere Bangla Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| 1 March 2014
| 9-0-38-2 ; 2 ct. ; 75 (117 balls, 3x4, 2x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 1 wicket.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/710301.html |title= Asia Cup, 2014 - 6th match}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 14
| [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]
| [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium|Rangiri Dambulla Stadium]], [[Dambulla]]
| 11 July 2015
| 10-1-41-4 ; 1 ct. ; 103 (95 balls, 10x4, 4x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 6 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/860269.html |title= Pakistan in Sri Lanka ODI Series, 2015 - 1st ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 15
| [[England cricket team|England]]
| [[Sheikh Zayed Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| 11 November 2015
| DNB ; 102* (130 balls, 10x4, 1x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 6 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan-v-england-2015-16/engine/match/902641.html |title= England against Pakistan in UAE ODI Series, 2015 - 1st ODI}}</ref>
|}

===Twenty20 International Cricket===

====Player of the Series Awards====
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|#
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Series
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Season
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Match Performance
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Result

|-
|- bgcolor="white"
| 1
| [[Pakistani cricket team in India in 2012–13|Pakistan vs India]] in [[India]]
| 2012/13
| Runs: 116 (70 balls: 12×4, 5x6), Ave – 58.00, SR – 165.71 Field: 0/23
| Drawn.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - Pakistan in India T20I Series, 2012/13">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/589303.html|title= Pakistan in India T20I Series, 2012/13|date=11 September 2013|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
|- bgcolor="white"
| 2
| [[Pakistani cricket team in South Africa in 2013–14|Pakistan vs South Africa]] in [[South Africa]]
| 2013/14
| Runs: 76 (56 balls: 6×4, 3x6), Ave – 76.00, SR – 135.71 Field: 2/51 ; 2 ct.
| Drawn.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - Pakistan in South Africa T20I Series, 2013/14">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/685723.html|title= Pakistan in South Africa T20I Series, 2013/14|date=11 September 2012|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|}

====Man of the Match Awards====
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|#
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Series
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Season
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Match Performance
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Result

|- bgcolor="white"
| 1
| [[Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2011–12|Pakistan vs Zimbabwe]] in [[Zimbabwe]]
| 2011/12
| 71 (48 balls: 6x4, 3x6) ; 2.2-0-10-4
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 85 runs.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 16 November 2011 - Pakistan in Zimbabwe T20I Series - 1st T20I – Zimbabwe v Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/523735.html|title= Pakistan in Zimbabwe T20I Series - 1st T20I – Zimbabwe v Pakistan Scorecard|date=25 February 2012|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="white"
| 2
| [[Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2011–12|Pakistan vs Zimbabwe]] in [[Zimbabwe]]
| 2011/12
| 51 (38 balls: 5x4, 1x6) ; 3-0-11-3
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 5 runs.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 18 November 2011 - Pakistan in Zimbabwe T20I Series - 2nd T20I – Zimbabwe v Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/523736.html|title= Pakistan in Zimbabwe T20I Series - 2nd T20I – Zimbabwe v Pakistan Scorecard|date=25 February 2012|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="white"
| 3
| [[Pakistani cricket team in Bangladesh in 2011–12|Pakistan vs Bangladesh]] in [[Bangladesh]]
| 2011/12
| 25 (31 balls: 2x4, 1x6) ; 4-0-11-2
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 7 wickets.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 29 November 2011 - Pakistan in Bangladesh T20I Match, 2011/12 – Bangladesh v Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/538068.html|title= Pakistan in Bangladesh T20I Match, 2011/12 – Bangladesh v Pakistan Scorecard|date=25 February 2012|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="white"
| 4
| [[Australian cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2012|Pakistan vs Australia]] in [[Australia]]
| 2012
| 4-0-24-2 ; 1 ct. ; 17 (15 balls: 2x4)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 7 wickets.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 5 September 2012 - Pakistan v Australia T20I Series, 2012 - 1st T20I – Pakistan v Australia">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/571148.html|title= Pakistan v Australia T20I Series, 2012 - 1st T20I – Pakistan v Australia Scorecard|date=27 February 2013|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="white"
| 5
| [[Pakistani cricket team in India in 2012–13|Pakistan vs India]] in [[India]]
| 2012/13
| 2-0-12-0 ; 61 (44 balls: 6x4, 2x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 5 wickets.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 25 December 2012 - Pakistan in India T20I Series - 1st T20I – India v Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/589306.html|title= Pakistan in India T20I Series - 1st T20I – India v Pakistan Scorecard|date=25 February 2013|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="white"
| 6
| [[Pakistani cricket team in South Africa in 2012–13|Pakistan vs South Africa]] in [[South Africa]]
| 2012/13
| 86 (51 balls: 9x4, 4x6) ; 3-0-25-3
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 95 runs.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 3 March 2013 - India in New Zealand T20I Series, 2008/09 – South Africa v Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzvind2009/engine/match/366622.html|title= India in New Zealand T20I Series, 2008/09 – South Africa v Pakistan Scorecard|date=27 February 2013|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="white"
| 7
| [[Pakistani cricket team in South Africa in 2013–14|Pakistan vs South Africa]] in [[South Africa]]
| 2013/14
| 63 (41 balls: 5x4, 3x6) ; 3-0-26-0 ; 1 ct.
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 6 runs.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 22 November 2013 -Pakistan in South Africa T20I Series, 2013 - 2nd T20I – South Africa v Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/685729.html|title= Pakistan in South Africa T20I Series, 2013 - 2nd T20I – South Africa v Pakistan Scorecard|date=27 February 2013|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="white"
| 8
| [[Sri Lankan cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2013–14|Pakistan vs Afghanistan]] in [[UAE]]
| 2013/14
| 4-0-13-0 ; 42[[not out|*]] (37 balls: 2x4, 1x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 6 wickets.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 8 December 2013 - Afghanistan v Pakistan T20I Match, 2013 – Afghanistan v Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/657631.html|title= Afghanistan v Pakistan T20I Match, 2013 – Afghanistan v Pakistan Scorecard|date=27 February 2014|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|
before= [[Misbah-ul-Haq]]|
title= [[Pakistani national cricket captains|Pakistani national cricket captain]] (T20I)|
years= 2012–2014|
after= [[Shahid Afridi]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wisdenindia.com/player/Pakistan/Mohammad-Hafeez/2958.html Mohammad Hafeez]'s profile page on Wisden
* [https://twitter.com/MHafeez22 Mohammad Hafeez on Twitter]
* [https://www.facebook.com/MohammadHafeez08 Mohammad Hafeez on Facebook]

{{Pakistan T20I Cricket Captains}}
{{Navboxes colour
|title= Pakistan squads
|bg= #03530f
|fg= white
|bordercolor=#9ACD32
|list1=
{{Pakistan Squad 2007 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2007 ICC World Twenty20}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2010 ICC World Twenty20}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2011 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2012 Asia Cup}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2012 ICC World Twenty20}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2013 ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2014 ICC World Twenty20}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2016 ICC World Twenty20}}
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohammad Hafeez}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistan Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:Pakistan One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Pakistan Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Sargodha cricketers]]
[[Category:Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited cricketers]]
[[Category:Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Sargodha District]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Pakistani cricketers]]
[[Category:Faisalabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Faisalabad Wolves cricketers]]
[[Category:Baluchistan Bears cricketers]]
[[Category:Khulna Royal Bengals cricketers]]
[[Category:Wayamba United cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab (Pakistan) cricketers]]
[[Category:Melbourne Stars cricketers]]
[[Category:Guyana Amazon Warriors cricketers]]
[[Category:Peshawar Zalmi cricketers]]
[[Category:Dhaka Dynamites cricketers]]

Royal College of Port-Louis

2016-08-18T05:25:59Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Rcpllogo.gif

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Royal College Port Louis
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| logo =
| motto = Vitae Non Scholae Discendum (Learn for life, not for School)
| established = 1799
| closed =
| type = State High School, National College, Star College, Form Six College
| status =
| category_label =
| category =
| gender_label = Gender
| gender = Male
| affiliation =
| affiliations =
| administrator =
| assst_admin =
| president =
| chairman_label =
| chairman =
| rector = Mr.Balmicksing Rambaruth
| principal =
| asst principal =
| campus_director =
| headmaster =
| head_name = Second Master
| head =
| head_name2 = Assistant Headmaster
| head2 =
| dean =
| founder =
| chaplain =
| officer_in_charge =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff =
| enrollment =
| grades_label =
| grades =
| streetaddress = Cassis
| city = Port Louis
| state =
| province =
| country = Mauritius
| coordinates = {{Coord|-20.16445|57.48571|region:MU_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| latitude =
| longitude =
| district = Port-Louis
| oversight =
| accreditation =
| campus =
| colors =
| colours = White & Navy blue {{color box|#fff}}{{color box|#0A0A85}}
| athletics =
| houses =
| student_union =
| nickname = La School(royal)
| mascot =
| free_label = [[Emblem]]
| free_text =
| rival =
| yearbook =
| newspaper =
| free_label_1 =
| free_1 =
| free_label_2 =
| free_2 =
| free_label_3 =
| free_3 =
| test_name =
| test_average =
| national_ranking =
| website =
| footnotes =
| picture = Royal foto.jpg
| picture_caption = Royal College Port Louis
| picture2 = RcplSalon.jpg
| picture_caption2 = Royal College Port Louis
}}

The '''Royal College of Port Louis''' is a state owned boys high school located at Cassis, [[Mauritius]]. It is commonly referred to as '''RCPL'''. The first stone of the school's building at Cassis was laid by [[Princess Margaret]] during her first visit to [[Mauritius]] in 1956.<ref>Uteem Cassam. [http://lexpress.mu/services/epaper-42050-b-retrospective-royal-college-port-louis-my-alma-mater-b.html "Retrospective Royal College, Port- Louis – my alma mater"], ''L'express'', Mauritius, 25 July 2009. </ref>

It admits only those having achieved the highest levels at the end of their Primary Education. RCPL has a tradition of [[Advanced Level (UK)|Higher School Certificate]] laureates who compete for state scholarships providing access to foreign [[tertiary education]].

==History==
The creation of the college dates back to 1799 during the French colonisation period by Charles Isidor De Caen. The institution was then called "Lycée des Iles de [[France]] et de la [[Réunion]]", providing a primary and secondary education with a maximum capacity of 300 students.<ref>Kandasamy Pather. [http://edu.gov.mu/rcpl/history/RCPL%20HISTORY.doc "Royal College (Port- Louis) – The history"], ''Government of Mauritius'', Mauritius, July 2009. </ref>

In 1810, the island became an English colony. The institution’s name was thus changed to "Lycée Colonial". As the English took full possession of the island, it became important for them to have an English name for the institution. Thus, in 1817, the college was renamed ‘’’Royal College Port Louis’’’ following a decree from His Majesty the King of England.

In 1824, the college’s building was destroyed by a [[cyclone]]. Scholarships were briefly interrupted between 1827 and 1839. After that period, scholarships were reinstated and regularly given to student of each year. Until 1865, the exam boards were all run on the island itself.

In 1866, a [[malaria]] epidemic broke out in the capital [[Port Louis|Port-Louis]] and the college was converted into a hospital. The college was thus relocated to a different area of Port-Louis which was later deemed not reputable by officers who also had children in studies at the college. The increasing number of students was also a problem for the new college as space was limited. So, on 1 May 1899, the Legislative Council moved the ‘’’Royal College Port Louis’’’ to [[Curepipe]].

On 1 October 1912, the first stone was laid and the construction was finished by 1914. The new establishment was named '''Royal College School''' or simply '''La School'''. Due to the sheer number of pupils, the new branch also faced accommodation problems, leading to extension work.

As the number of students seeking admission at the (original) building in Port-Louis was still very high, it was decided to completely rebuild the college at a new location still in the capital. Thus, in 1956, during her visit to the island [[Princess Margaret]] laid the first stone for the new and ultimate building of '''Royal College Port Louis'.<ref>Le Mauricien. [http://www.lemauricien.com/article/histoire-s%C3%A9jour-la-princesse-margaret-en-1956 "HISTOIRE: Le séjour de la princesse Margaret en 1956"], ''Le Mauricien'', Mauritius, September 2011. </ref>

In 1970, the [[Royal College Port Louis]] swooped on all the 4 State Scholarships at stake on the boys' side (Also, that year, The Loreto College of Curepipe secured 1 scholarship and the other one was obtained by the [[Queen Elizabeth College]].) In 1973, the [[Royal College Port Louis]] was honorably chosen to host the OCAMM Summit ('Organisation Commune Africaine, Malgache et Mauricienne'). 1979 marked the history of [[Royal College Port Louis]] as the school's 50th Anniversary was celebrated with great pomp, with some of the highest dignitaries of the island, including the then Prime Minister. In December 1999, in the context of its 70th anniversary,the [[Royal College Port Louis]] was honoured with 'The Medal of the City of Port-Louis'. A grand ceremony took place at the Municipality to mark the occasion.

Later, in 2001, the school had the visit of the Manchester United Academy team. Two years later, [[Royal College Port Louis]] became a 'Form Six School' with no students admitted in Form 1. Yet, in 2005, the school underwent a change - Form 1 classes were reintroduced in [[Royal College Port Louis]] (and other 'star schools' such as [[Royal College Curepipe]], [[Queen Elizabeth College]], [[John Kennedy College]]). Thus, the school became a 'national college' and it was then in January 2007 that the first batch of Form 1 students after the reform were admitted.

==Present day==
Both Royal Colleges, Royal College of Port-Louis and [[Royal College of Curepipe]] share a common origin and students of the two elite institutions tend to consider each other with a twist of rivalry - similar to the [[Oxford–Cambridge rivalry]] in the United Kingdom. Both colleges students are customarily called Royalists. Scholarships are attributed to the 14 best pupils (boy’s side) of the island for their High School Certificate performances and the two institutions normally share most of the scholarships annually.

==Alumni==
The Royal College of Port Louis has an active alumni association the Royal College of Port-Louis Alumni Association, commonly called the Old Royals or RCPL Old Boys.

==Notes==
<references />

== See also ==
* [[List of secondary schools in Mauritius]]
* [[Education in Mauritius]]

[[Category:Schools in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1914]]
[[Category:Secondary schools in Mauritius]]

Groton Long Point

2016-07-26T04:26:17Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:GrotonLongPointBeach.jpg

'''Groton Long Point''' (GLP) is a political subdivision of the [[Groton (town), Connecticut|town of Groton]], on [[Long Island Sound]] in [[New London County, Connecticut|New London County]], [[Connecticut]], [[United States]]. The population was 667 at the 2000 census. Used mostly by families as a summer resort, life in Groton Long Point is very different depending on the season.

The area is administered by the '''Groton Long Point Association''' (GLPA), which was established by an act of the Connecticut Legislature in 1921.<ref name= "OLRCGA-Rappa-2006-12-15">Rappa, John. [http://www.cga.ct.gov/2006/rpt/2006-R-0789.htm Groton Long Point Association] Office of Legislative Research, Connecticut General Assembly. December 15, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2007.</ref> The act enabled seasonal residents to tax and issue bonds to provide services independent of the town of Groton; typically such municipal corporations provided services that the larger township could not or would not provide.<ref name= "OLRCGA-Rappa-2006-12-15"/> The corporation was not described as borough in the law forming it, but it has the same governmental powers as a borough.<ref name= "OLRCGA-Rappa-2006-12-15"/> Today such a special taxing district can be formed by Connecticut residents on their own without special acts of the Legislature. <ref name= "OLRCGA-Rappa-2006-12-15"/> The area is treated by the U.S. Census Bureau as a [[borough (Connecticut)|borough]] although it is not formally incorporated as such.

==Summer life==
Summer in Groton Long Point runs roughly from mid-June to early September. The actual living population of the town is dramatically larger during the summer months as nearly every property is either occupied by its owners or rented to summer tenants. The [[Groton Long Point Yacht Club]], a cross between a traditional yacht club and a summer camp, runs many classes for children. These include swimming, sailing, sports, and tennis lessons. The Yacht Club also organizes evening events such as dances, movies and scavenger hunts for children; events are also organized for adults and families, including concerts (at nearby [[Esker Point]]), dances, and fireworks.

Just as the number of people in GLP increases dramatically during the summer months compared to the winter months, the number of people around during summer weekends increases dramatically compared to summer weekdays.

==Winter life==
Being a summer community, Groton Long Point experiences something of an exodus in early September as many of the summer families and the renters exit, leaving only a small number of full-time residents in the fall, winter and spring months. Children remaining often attend nearby [[Fitch Senior High School]], in [[Groton (town), Connecticut|Groton]].

==Groton Long Point Volunteer Fire Department==
The Point is Protected by the [[Groton Long Point Volunteer Fire Department]], year round. Established in 1951, its purpose: "the preservation of lives and property, the extinguishment of fires, the provision of emergency medical services and social assembly". The Fire Department host events year around, from the [[Independence Day (United States)|4th of July]] parade to a Halloween party.

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the borough has a total area of {{convert|0.4|sqmi|km2}}, of which, {{convert|0.4|sqmi|km2}} of it is land and {{convert|0.04|sqmi|km2}} of it (4.44%) is water and is adjacent to [[Mumford Cove]].

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|2000= 667
|2010= 518
|estyear=2015
|estimate=513
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015|accessdate=July 2, 2016}}</ref>
|footnote=Population 2000 - 2008<ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=ChangeGeoContext&geo_id=16000US0934460&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US09%7C16000US0953260&_street=&_county=groton&_cityTown=groton&_state=04000US09&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&_submenuId=population_0&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= U.S. Census Bureau]
Accessed October 20, 2009.</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref> of 2000, there were 667 people, 306 households, and 205 families residing in Groton Long Point. The [[population density]] was 1,529.6 people per square mile (585.3/km2). There were 589 housing units at an average density of 1,350.8 per square mile (516.9/km2). The racial makeup was 95.65% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.15% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.45% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.90% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.45% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.40% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 3.45% of the population.

There were 306 households out of which 20.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.70.

The population was spread out with 18.9% under the age of 18, 3.3% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 33.3% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.

The median household income was $87,027, and the median income for a family was $101,217. Males had a median income of $62,426 versus $40,313 for females. The [[per capita income]] was $51,066. None of the families and 0.3% of the population were living below the [[poverty line]], including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

==References==
{{Portal|Connecticut}}
<references/>

{{Connecticut}}
{{New London County, Connecticut}}

{{Coord|41|18|52|N|72|00|28|W|type:city_region:US-CT|display=title}}

[[Category:Groton, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Populated places in New London County, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Villages in Connecticut]]

Groton Long Point

2016-07-26T04:26:02Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:GrotonLongPoint3.jpg

[[Image:GrotonLongPointBeach.jpg|thumb|A view of Main Beach]]


'''Groton Long Point''' (GLP) is a political subdivision of the [[Groton (town), Connecticut|town of Groton]], on [[Long Island Sound]] in [[New London County, Connecticut|New London County]], [[Connecticut]], [[United States]]. The population was 667 at the 2000 census. Used mostly by families as a summer resort, life in Groton Long Point is very different depending on the season.

The area is administered by the '''Groton Long Point Association''' (GLPA), which was established by an act of the Connecticut Legislature in 1921.<ref name= "OLRCGA-Rappa-2006-12-15">Rappa, John. [http://www.cga.ct.gov/2006/rpt/2006-R-0789.htm Groton Long Point Association] Office of Legislative Research, Connecticut General Assembly. December 15, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2007.</ref> The act enabled seasonal residents to tax and issue bonds to provide services independent of the town of Groton; typically such municipal corporations provided services that the larger township could not or would not provide.<ref name= "OLRCGA-Rappa-2006-12-15"/> The corporation was not described as borough in the law forming it, but it has the same governmental powers as a borough.<ref name= "OLRCGA-Rappa-2006-12-15"/> Today such a special taxing district can be formed by Connecticut residents on their own without special acts of the Legislature. <ref name= "OLRCGA-Rappa-2006-12-15"/> The area is treated by the U.S. Census Bureau as a [[borough (Connecticut)|borough]] although it is not formally incorporated as such.

==Summer life==
Summer in Groton Long Point runs roughly from mid-June to early September. The actual living population of the town is dramatically larger during the summer months as nearly every property is either occupied by its owners or rented to summer tenants. The [[Groton Long Point Yacht Club]], a cross between a traditional yacht club and a summer camp, runs many classes for children. These include swimming, sailing, sports, and tennis lessons. The Yacht Club also organizes evening events such as dances, movies and scavenger hunts for children; events are also organized for adults and families, including concerts (at nearby [[Esker Point]]), dances, and fireworks.

Just as the number of people in GLP increases dramatically during the summer months compared to the winter months, the number of people around during summer weekends increases dramatically compared to summer weekdays.

==Winter life==
Being a summer community, Groton Long Point experiences something of an exodus in early September as many of the summer families and the renters exit, leaving only a small number of full-time residents in the fall, winter and spring months. Children remaining often attend nearby [[Fitch Senior High School]], in [[Groton (town), Connecticut|Groton]].

==Groton Long Point Volunteer Fire Department==
The Point is Protected by the [[Groton Long Point Volunteer Fire Department]], year round. Established in 1951, its purpose: "the preservation of lives and property, the extinguishment of fires, the provision of emergency medical services and social assembly". The Fire Department host events year around, from the [[Independence Day (United States)|4th of July]] parade to a Halloween party.

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the borough has a total area of {{convert|0.4|sqmi|km2}}, of which, {{convert|0.4|sqmi|km2}} of it is land and {{convert|0.04|sqmi|km2}} of it (4.44%) is water and is adjacent to [[Mumford Cove]].

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|2000= 667
|2010= 518
|estyear=2015
|estimate=513
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015|accessdate=July 2, 2016}}</ref>
|footnote=Population 2000 - 2008<ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation?_event=ChangeGeoContext&geo_id=16000US0934460&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US09%7C16000US0953260&_street=&_county=groton&_cityTown=groton&_state=04000US09&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&_submenuId=population_0&ds_name=null&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= U.S. Census Bureau]
Accessed October 20, 2009.</ref>
}}
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}</ref> of 2000, there were 667 people, 306 households, and 205 families residing in Groton Long Point. The [[population density]] was 1,529.6 people per square mile (585.3/km2). There were 589 housing units at an average density of 1,350.8 per square mile (516.9/km2). The racial makeup was 95.65% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.15% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.45% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.90% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.45% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.40% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 3.45% of the population.

There were 306 households out of which 20.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.70.

The population was spread out with 18.9% under the age of 18, 3.3% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 33.3% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.

The median household income was $87,027, and the median income for a family was $101,217. Males had a median income of $62,426 versus $40,313 for females. The [[per capita income]] was $51,066. None of the families and 0.3% of the population were living below the [[poverty line]], including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

==References==
{{Portal|Connecticut}}
<references/>

{{Connecticut}}
{{New London County, Connecticut}}

{{Coord|41|18|52|N|72|00|28|W|type:city_region:US-CT|display=title}}

[[Category:Groton, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Populated places in New London County, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Villages in Connecticut]]

Museum of International Folk Art

2016-07-06T00:26:41Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Intl folk museum inside.jpg

{{Infobox Museum
|name = Museum of International Folk Art
|native_name = MOIFA
|native_name_lang =
|image = Museum of International Folk Art, Santa Fe NM.jpg
|imagesize = 250
|caption = Museum of International Folk Art
|alt =
|map_type =
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|latitude = 35.66406
|longitude = -105.92618
|established = 1953
|dissolved =
|location = Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America, North America, Earth, The Solar System, Milky Way Galaxy, The Universe
|type = [[Folk art]]
|collection = >135,000 artifacts
|visitors =
|director = Marsha C. Bol, Ph.D.
|president =
|curator =
|publictransit = Santa Fe Trails (bus)
|network =
|website = http://www.internationalfolkart.org/
}}

The '''Museum of International Folk Art''' is a state-run institution in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]], [[USA]]. It is one of many cultural institutions operated by the [[New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs]].<ref>New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs Web Site. [http://www.newmexicoculture.org] 10/16/2006</ref>

== History ==
The museum was founded by [[Florence Dibell Bartlett]] and opened to the public in 1953 and has gained national and international recognition as the home to the world’s largest collection of international [[folk art]]. The collection of more than 135,000 artifacts forms the basis for exhibitions in four distinct wings: Bartlett, Girard, Hispanic Heritage, and Neutrogena.<ref>Museum of International Folk Art website. [http://www.internationalfolkart.org] 10/16/2006</ref> The original building, a gift to the state from Bartlett, was designed by famed New Mexico architect [[John Gaw Meem]].<ref name=Seth>{{cite book
| last = Seth
| first = Laurell
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Ree Mobley, editors
| title = Folk Art Journey: Florence D. Bartlett & the Museum of International Folk Art
| publisher = Museum of New Mexico Press
| year = 2003
| location = Santa Fe
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = 978-0-89013-442-9}}</ref>

The [http://www.internationalfolkart.org/about/girard.html Girard Wing], with its popular exhibition,'' Multiple Visions: A Common Bond'', showcases folk art, popular art, toys and textiles from more than 100 nations. The exhibition is unique in that it was designed by the donor, [[Alexander Girard]], a leading architect and designer. The collection includes toys and dolls, costumes, masks, textiles of all kinds, religious folk art, paintings, beadwork, and more. More than a million visitors have passed through the doors into the special world of Girard since the exhibition opened in 1982. Popular with children and the young at heart, the exhibit attracts visitors back into the museum to find an old favorite, or discover a new treasure in the gallery. ''Multiple Visions: A Common Bond'' displays approximately 10% of the collection, the exhibit and collection serve as an inspiration and resource for scholars, artists and educators from around the world, from preschool to college level.

The Museum’s [[Neutrogena]] Collection — donated by former Neutrogena CEO [[Lloyd Cotsen]] in 1995 — comprises more than 2,500 textiles, ceramics and carvings from all over the world. The Hispanic Heritage Wing opened in 1988 and, at that time, was the only designated space for Spanish/Hispanic art in the state. This wing underwent renovation and reopened in the fall of 2009, continuing its spotlight on Hispanic folk art from New Mexico and beyond.

The Bartlett Wing, named in honor of museum founder Florence Dibell Bartlett, offers rotating exhibitions based on the museum collections and on field studies of specific cultures or art forms. Exhibition in this wing have ranged from Turkish, Tibetan and Swedish traditions to [http://www.internationalfolkart.org/wpasinnombre/index.html New Deal era art] in New Mexico,[http://www.internationalfolkart.org/exhibitions/past/recycledreseen/rrindex.html recycled objects], [http://www.internationalfolkart.org/mayolica/index.html mayólica], [http://www.carnavalexhibit.org/ ¡CARNAVAL!] and Dancing Shadows, Epic Tales: Wayang Kulit of Indonesia [http://online.internationalfolkart.org/dancingshadows] and Macedonian Embroidered Dress [http://online.internationalfolkart.org/macedonia]

The museum is on Museum Hill in Santa Fe, and is home to the International Folk Art Market| Santa Fe [http://www.folkartmarket.org] every July. The Museum of International Folk Art shares [[Milner Plaza]] with another state-run institution, the [[Museum of Indian Arts and Culture]]/Laboratory of Anthropology. Adjacent to both of these are the private [[Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian]] and [http://www.spanishcolonial.org Museum of Spanish Colonial Art] and the Santa Fe Botanical Garden [http://www.santafebotanicalgarden.org/visit-us/museum-hill-garden/]

==See also==
* [[Mingei International Museum of World Folk Art]], California

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.internationalfolkart.org Museum of International Folk Art] - official site

[[Category:Museums in Santa Fe, New Mexico]]
[[Category:Art museums established in 1953]]
[[Category:Folk art museums in the United States]]
[[Category:Art museums in New Mexico]]
[[Category:Pueblo Revival architecture]]
[[Category:1953 establishments in New Mexico]]

Ramal Talca-Constitución

2016-06-20T18:25:23Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Talca retake.png

[[File:Narrow gauge... (8495474839).jpg|thumb|A train on the Ramal Talca-Constitución line]]
The '''Ramal Talca-Constitución''' also known as the "'''Ramal de Maule'''" is the last remaining [[Narrow-gauge railway|narrow gauge]] ramal train in Chile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museodetalca.cl/637/w3-article-23655.html|title=Evolución del transporte en Talca - Museo O'Higginiano y de Bellas Artes de Talca|website=www.museodetalca.cl|access-date=2016-06-20}}</ref> Lying in the depths of Chile, the 88km long journey borders the north bank of the [[Maule River]] covering the [[Communes of Chile|communes]] of [[Talca]], [[Maule, Chile|Maule]], [[Pencahue]] and [[Constitución, Chile|Constitución]] with [[Constitución, Chile|Constitución]] being the last station on the line.<ref name="the last ramal">{{cite web|url=http://www.lan.com/onlyinsouthamerica/tag/ramal/|website=LAN|title=LAN}}</ref> The journey offers scenic views of the [[Andes|Andean foothills]] as well as those of the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="the last ramal" /> The line is built strong enough to support a train running at a speed of 50 miles per hour (80km p.h). The railway once the best method of transportation is now facing a major threat of closure due to inactivity and increased preferences of private transport.<ref name="Chile is yours">{{cite web|title=Chile es tuyo|url=http://www.chileestuyo.cl/regiones/region-del-maule/valle-del-maule/lugar/ramal-talca-constitucion.html}}</ref>.

The line has several features that make it special: It is the last meter gauge dedicated to passenger travel (in Chile) and runs through an area not served by any other means of ground transportation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.amigosdeltren.cl/trenes-del-mundo/recorridos/ramal-talca-constitucion|title=Recorrido por el Ramal Talca - Constitución|last=Tren|first=Amigos del|website=www.amigosdeltren.cl|access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref> Not only that, the bridge of the railway over the [[Maule River]] - The Banco de Arena Railway Bridge was designed by architect [[Gustave Eiffel]] and was built between 1908 and 1915 by Schneider and Co.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.trencentral.cl/link.cgi/servicios/buscarrileng/stations-bridges-and-tunnels.act|title=Buscarril English - STATIONS, BRIDGES AND TUNNELS OF THE RAMAL|website=tmsa.cl|access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref> On May 25, 2007 the line was declared a [[National Monuments of Chile| National Monument]], which meant that it was a valued asset to the country and can not be destroyed.''<ref>http://www.monumentos.cl/consejo/606/articles-36471_documento.pdf</ref><ref name=":7">http://www.todopatrimonio.com/pdf/cicop2012/01-actas_cicop2012.pdf</ref>

==History==
[[File:Puente Banco Arena.JPG|thumb|320px|Banco Arena Bridge designed by Gustave Eiffel]]

Railway lines first came to the [[Maule Region]] when the North and South American Companies began construction in 1889.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trencentral.cl/link.cgi/servicios/buscarrileng/history.act|title=Buscarril English - History of Ramal|website=tmsa.cl|access-date=2016-06-20}}</ref> The line opened on August 13, 1892 and the first train ran between [[Talca]] and Curtiduría (another [[Communes of Chile|commune]] in Chile).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.trencentral.cl/link.cgi/servicios/buscarrileng/history.act|title=Buscarril English - History of Ramal|website=tmsa.cl|access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref> The next part of the proposed line was completed on November 1, 1894 and furthered the line from Curtiduria to Pichamán(yet another commune).<ref name=":1" /> In 1902 construction progressed towards the northern bank of the [[Maule River]], opposite Constitución where on a sand bank the first station of Constitución was established<ref name="Buscarril">{{cite web|title=Buscarril|url=http://www.tmsa.cl/link.cgi/servicios/buscarril/historia.act|website=Chilean Train operator}}</ref>. However this station was not easy to reach: people had to cross the river in boats to reach the other side, from where another convoy took them to the Constitución station.<ref name=":1" /> This station functioned for 13 years until 1915 when the current Constitución station was opened.<ref name=Buscarril>{{cite web|title=Buscarril|url=http://www.tmsa.cl/link.cgi/servicios/buscarril/historia.act|website=Chilean Train operator}}</ref>

=== Old route ===
Originally the train followed the coast in Constitución to the so-called "Sea Baths" (abandoned now), which was a popular tourist resort where people since Victorian times had come to enjoy. Later another stop was added, just before to the station for the [[Celulosa Arauco y Constitucion|Celco]] pulp mill. However quite intriguingly in order to get to the Celco plant, trains had to travel through the streets of Constitución. This created a lot of problems and was banned by the Municipality in the early 1970s, though trains continued to function even in the 1990s against municipality orders.

==Technical details of the train==
* Name - Ramal Talca-Constitución or Ramal de Maule
* Home Station - [[Talca|Talca Station]]
* Last station - [[Constitución, Chile|Constitución Station]]
* Location - [[Talca Province]], [[Maule Region]]
* Route Distance - 88km
* Opening Date - {{Start date | 13 | 8 | 1892 | age}}
* Status - Operating
* Type - Passenger
* Operator - [[Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado]]
* Gauge - Narrow (1000 mm)
* Fuel Type - Diesel (Previously Steam)
* Rail car - Models of German made Ferrobús/Buscarril rail car, such as the ADM 253 , ADM 255 and ADM 256.
* Maximum speed - 60km/h
* Specifications - Weight - 30.3 tons, Length - 25.5 meters.

== Dependent communities ==


A vast majority of villages which are connected by the Ramal Talca-Constitución line, are not well connected to the main cities/communes via roads (on an average they are separated by 35 kilometers from main cities like [[Talca]] and [[Curepto]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trencentral.cl/link.cgi/servicios/buscarril/|title=Buscarril|website=tmsa.cl|access-date=2016-06-20}}</ref>. As a result the [[Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications|Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications of Chile]] requested [[Request for tender|tenders]] for a transportation systems that could connect remote locations like villages in Chile. [[Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado]] (the company that now manages the Raml-Talca Constitución line) won the tender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mtt.gob.cl/archivos/11852|title=En Región del Maule Ministro de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones inspecciona avances en diversos proyectos de movilidad y conectividad {{!}} Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones|last=Telecomunicaciones|first=Ministerio de Transportes y|website=mtt.gob.cl|access-date=2016-06-20}}</ref>. As a result Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado got the railway line constructed that reached out to thousands of local inhabitants, therefore locals have an explicit priority on the line over tourists or other users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mtt.gob.cl/archivos/11852|title=En Región del Maule Ministro de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones inspecciona avances en diversos proyectos de movilidad y conectividad {{!}} Ministerio de Transportes y Telecomunicaciones|last=Telecomunicaciones|first=Ministerio de Transportes y|website=mtt.gob.cl|access-date=2016-06-20}}</ref>

==Journey==
[[File:Journey Photo.png|thumb|840px|The railway line and its stations]]
===Route===

# '''Talca''': It is the home station of the train where every day the trains start at 7:30 and 16:45 (Chilean time). <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.trencentral.cl/link.cgi/servicios/buscarrileng/stations-bridges-and-tunnels.act|title=Buscarril English - STATIONS, BRIDGES AND TUNNELS OF THE RAMAL|website=tmsa.cl|access-date=2016-06-20}}</ref>*
# '''Colín''': Located at 12km from Talca station it's name was derived from the bird - "Colines" that once abounded here.
# '''Rauquén''': Today works only as whereabouts, located ahead of the bridge that crosses the [[Rio Claro]].
# '''Corinto''': Formerly called 'Pocoa' it is located at 27km from Talca and is named after a Greek businessman. A church is in this area is a significant landmark here and Dec 8 each year has a great pomp and show due to the celebration of the [[Immaculate Conception]].
# '''El Morro''': It got its name from [[Morro de Arica]] which is located in a very similar area. It lies near the mouth of the River Light and River Loncomilla.
# '''Curtiduría''': The train briefly stops here. The first ever train on this line ran between this station and Talca.
# '''Los Llocos''': This station lies at a distance of 36km from Talca and lies inside a village of the same name.
# '''Tricahue''': Lies at a distance of 38km from Talca, in what once was a Monastery.
# '''El Peumo''': This station lying ahead of Tricahue is 41km away from Talca.
# '''González Bastías''': This is the station located at 44km from both Talca and Constitution. In simple language it is the mid-point. It was previously known as Infiernillo.
# '''Toconey''': Located at 48km from Talca it was previously called San Antonio and then Tanhuao. It is one of the busiest stations on the Ramal. *<ref name=":8" />
# '''Pichamán Oriente''': Lying at 50.5km from Talca.
# '''Pichamán''': The name literally means "little condor." It located at 52km from Talca.
# '''Los Romeros''': It is one of the busiest station and lies at 55km from Talca.
# '''Los Maquis''': At 57.5km from Talca it lies approximately 3km ahead of Los Romeros.
# '''Forel''': Located at 62km from Talca it owes its current name to Swiss biologist [[François-Alphonse Forel]] who lived here for several years.
# '''Huinganes''': Located at 68km from Talca it is one of the best preserved stations. The station was named after the shrub Huingan that abounds here.
# '''Los Digüeñes''': This station being the 5th from last, lies after the Huinganes station.
# '''Maquehua''': It is located at 74km from Talca and is the 4th last station.
# '''Astillero''': It is located at 78km from Talca and is the 3rd last station.
# '''Banco de Arena''': Lying at 83km from Talca it was the the terminus of the branch line until 1912.
# '''Constitución''': It is currently the terminus of Ramal Talca-Constitución linestation of the section. Trains depart from here at the same time as from Talca

=== González Bastías Station ===
[[File:Primera parada formal.JPG|thumb|180px|Gonzalo Bastias Station]]
González Bastías is a small town which marks the halfway point at 44km, and an obligatory stop for the trains in both directions, as there is only one track, and this is where they change directions<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lan.com/onlyinsouthamerica/nostalgic-train-ride-talca-constitucion/|title=Nostalgic Train Ride: From Talca to Constitución {{!}} Only in South America|date=2014-01-17|website=Only in South America|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://chile.travel/en/where-to-go/santiago-wine-country-and-the-central-valley/highlights-of-the-central-valley/talca-constitucion-railway-branch-line-chile/|title=Talca Railway, Discover the best things to do in Talca|date=2014-06-30|website=Sitio oficial de Turismo de Chile|language=en-US|access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>. During a stop-over here people usually buy ''rescoldo''- a hearty bread with pork sausage and hard boiled eggs.<ref name=":3" /> This place is also a storehouse for abandoned rail cars here.<ref name=":3" />.
González Bastías was originally called Infiernillo (little hell) for the suffocating summer heat and the dismal winter isolation.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://cachandochile.wordpress.com/2011/06/20/riding-the-ramal/|title=Riding the Ramal|last=Margaret|date=2011-06-20|website=Cachando Chile: Reflections on Chilean Culture|access-date=2016-06-03}}</ref>. The town was later renamed in honor of a local poet, which is why the station is also known as Estación Poeta<ref name=":5" />

== Political history ==
The construction of this line took almost 25 years and was therefore constructed under 7 governments, namely the following:<ref name=":7" />
# [[Jose Manuel Balmaceda]] (1886- 1891).
# [[Jorge Montt Alvarez]] (1891- 1896).
# [[Federico Errazuriz Echaurren]] (1896-1901).
# [[Germán Riesco]] (1901-1906).
# [[Pedro Montt Montt]] (1906-1910).
# [[Emiliano Figueroa]] (Sep 1910 - Dec 1910).
# [[Ramon Barros Luco]] (1910- 1915).
# [[Juan Luis Sanfuentes]] (Line Opened on Dec 19, 1915)

==Timetable==
These are the official departure times of trains on the Ramal Talca-Constitution line:

'''Morning:'''
# Talca - Constitution: 7:30 ([[Time in Chile|Chilean Time]] -4 [[UTC]])<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://www.trencentral.cl/link.cgi/servicios/buscarrileng/|title=Buscarril English|website=tmsa.cl|access-date=2016-06-20}}</ref>
# Constitution - Talca: 7:30 ([[Time in Chile|Chilean Time]] -4 [[UTC]])<ref name=":9" />

'''Evening:'''
# Talca - Constitution: 16:45 ([[Time in Chile|Chilean Time]] -4 [[UTC]])<ref name=":9" />
# Constitution - Talca: 16:45 ([[Time in Chile|Chilean Time]] -4 [[UTC]])<ref name=":9" />

==Extra information==
# Since November 2002 the entire area covered by the line has electricity.
# The area covered by the line lacks a number of services like banks, gas stations, pharmacies, newsstands etc. Signal strength for cell phones is very poor along most of the route especially between the stations of Corinth and Banca de Arena.
# The line experienced a small tourism boom following a documentary "The Last Ramal" that was aired by several channels around the world and when the [[National Television of Chile|Televisión Nacional de Chile]] aired a report on December 2005 titled "Fruit of the Country".

== Gallery ==
{{cot|Images of the Ramal Talca- Constitution line (Click the show button to expand)}}
<gallery mode="traditional" widths="px" heights="px">
File:Ramal talca constitución 03.jpg|
File:Ramal talca constitución 06.jpg|
File:Ramal talca constitución 02.jpg|
File:Andenes estación Constitución.JPG|
File:Ramal talca constitución 04.jpg|
File:Interior estación Constitución.JPG|
File:Estación de trenes de Constitución.JPG|
File:Viejos galpones estación Constitución.JPG|
File:Ramal de Constitución a Talca.jpg|
File:Vía de salida estación Constitución.JPG|
File:Estación "Poeta González Bastías" - Ramal Ferroviario Talca-Constitución.JPG|
File:MH Ramal Talca Constitución Niño Ventana.JPG|
File:Vía férrea del ramal ferroviario Talca-Constitución.JPG|
File:Buscarril del Ramal Ferroviario Talca-Constitución.JPG|
File:Presidente de Chile (11841540683).jpg|
File:Insignia del Ramal.JPG|
File:Andenes Talca II.jpg|
File:Terminal de Constitución.JPG|
File:Coche Motor Ferrostaal 02.jpg|
File:Ramalsalidaconsti.JPG|
File:Ramalencamino.JPG|
File:Ramalgonzalezbastias.JPG|
File:Puente del rio.JPG|
File:Lluvia en el terminal.JPG|
File:Retrovisor y el rio.JPG|
File:Letrero de la estación "Poeta González Bastías".JPG|
File:Encuento de Ramales.jpg|
File:Letrero del paradero "Tricahue".JPG|
File:Anden de maicillo.JPG|
</gallery>
{{cob}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External Photos ==
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/xtrapoamz_51/albums
* http://www.patrimonioferroviariochileno.cl/ZVIImaule.html

[[Category: Railway lines in Chile]]

[[Category:Railway lines in Chile]]

Carbon Engineering

2016-06-14T04:42:32Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Carbon Engineering Pilot Plant March 2016.jpg

{{Infobox company
| image = [[File:Carbon Engineering Logo.png|thumb|center]]
| name = Carbon Engineering
|type = [[Private company| Private]]
| location = [[Calgary, Alberta, Canada]]
|key_people = Adrian Corless, MASc, Chief Executive Officer David Keith, PhD, Executive Chairman
|industry = Carbon Capture
| homepage = [http://www.carbonengineering.com/ www.carbonengineering.com]
}}

{{Expand section|date=December 2015}}

'''Carbon Engineering''' is a Calgary, Alberta-based company commercializing technology to capture [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) directly from the atmosphere.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=Adele|title=These Enormous Fans Suck CO2 Out Of The Air And Turn It Into Fuel|url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3051240/these-enormous-fans-suck-co2-out-of-the-air-and-turn-it-into-fuel|website=Fastcoexist.com|publisher=Fast Company|accessdate=9 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Harris|first1=Richard|title=This Machine Can Suck Carbon Out Of The Air|url=http://www.npr.org/2011/09/19/140513014/this-machine-can-suck-carbon-out-of-the-air|website=NPR|accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref> The company was founded in 2009 by [[David Keith]], now a professor of public policy and applied physics at [[Harvard University]].<ref name="gemmaCBC">{{cite web|last1=Karstens-Smith|first1=Gemma|title=Carbon Engineering unveils groundbreaking carbon capture project in Squamish, B.C.|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/carbon-capture-squamish-1.3263855|website=CBC News|accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref> It is based on his research conducted at the [[University of Calgary]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cressey|first1=Daniel|title=Commercial boost for firms that suck carbon from air|url=http://www.nature.com/news/commercial-boost-for-firms-that-suck-carbon-from-air-1.18551|website=Nature|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref> Carbon Engineering is funded by several government and sustainability-focused agencies as well as by private investors, including [[Microsoft]] founder [[Bill Gates]] and oil sands financier [[N. Murray Edwards]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hamilton|first1=Tyler|title=Snatching CO2 back from the air|url=http://www.thestar.com/business/2015/10/08/snatching-co2-back-from-the-air.html|website=TheStar.com|publisher=Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd.|accessdate=6 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Eisenberg|first1=Anne|title=Pulling Carbon Dioxide Out of Thin Air|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/06/business/pilot-plant-in-the-works-for-carbon-dioxide-cleansing.html?_r=1&|website=New York Times|accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref><ref name=guntherguardian>{{cite web|last1=Gunther|first1=Marc|title=The business of cooling the planet|url=http://fortune.com/2011/10/07/the-business-of-cooling-the-planet/|website=FORTUNE|publisher=Time Inc.}}</ref>

== Technology ==

Carbon Engineering’s Direct Air Capture (DAC) system integrates two main cycles. The first cycle is the absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere in a device called an “air contactor” using an alkaline hydroxide solution.<ref name="gemmaCBC" /><ref name=IvanGlobe /> The second cycle regenerates the capture liquid used in the air contactor, and delivers pure CO2 as an end product.<ref>{{cite web|title=1 Climate Change Technology Company That Could Lead to a Green Future, and It's Not Solar|url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/08/08/1-climate-change-technology-company-that-could-lea.aspx|website=The Motley Fool|accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=IvanGlobe>{{cite web|last1=SEMENIUK|first1=Ivan|title=Could this plant hold the key to generating fuel from CO2 emissions?|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/a-canadian-companys-attempt-to-get-a-grip-on-the-carbon-emissionsproblem/article27970800/|website=The Globe and Mail|accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wenz|first1=John|title=This Giant Wind Wall Sucks Carbon Dioxide Out of the Air|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a16564/this-giant-wind-wall-sucks-carbon-dioxide-out-of-the-air/|website=Popular Mechanics|publisher=Hearst|accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref> These cycles operate in tandem continuously, producing a concentrated stream of CO2 gas as an output, and requiring only energy, water, and small material make up streams as inputs. Energy is used in such a way that no new CO2 emissions are incurred, and thus do not counteract what was captured from the air.<ref name=ICISbaker>{{cite web|last1=Baker|first1=John|title=Market outlook: Out of thin air|url=http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2015/08/10/9911665/market-outlook-out-of-thin-air/|website=ICIS Chemical Business|accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref> The captured atmospheric CO2 can be stored underground, used for enhanced oil recovery, or turned into low-carbon synthetic fuels.<ref name=guntherguardian /><ref name=ICISbaker />

==Pilot Plant Demonstration==
In 2015, Carbon Engineering started operations of its full end-to-end pilot plant, located in Squamish, B.C. The facility is designed to capture roughly 500 tons of atmospheric CO2 per year.<ref name=guntherguardian />

Based on the data obtained from the pilot plant, Carbon Engineering intends to scale up its technology to build commercial plants, which eventually would each have the capacity to capture 1,000,000 tons of CO2 per year.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Nicola|title=Can Pulling Carbon from Air Make a Difference on Climate?|url=http://e360.yale.edu/feature/can_pulling_carbon_from_air_make_a_difference_on_climate/2938/|website=Yale Environment 360|publisher=Yale University|accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref> At that scale, one Carbon Engineering air capture plant could negate the emissions from ~250,000 cars – either by sequestering the CO2 or by using the recycled carbon dioxide as a feedstock to produce synthetic fuel.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=David|title=CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY: CLEANING UP OUR SKIES|url=http://www.wearesalt.org/carbon-capture-technology-cleaning-up-our-skies/|website=WeAreSalt.org|publisher=Disqus|accessdate=12 February 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Companies based in Calgary]]

Monboddo House

2016-06-07T02:26:28Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Monboddohousegarden.jpg

[[File:Monboddo House - geograph.org.uk - 537121.jpg|thumb|220px|Monboddo House as restored in the year 2006]]

'''Monboddo House''' ({{coord|56.89|N|02.42|W|region:GB}}) is a historically famous mansion in [[Kincardineshire|The Mearns]], Scotland. The structure was generally associated with the [[Burnett of Leys]] family. The property itself was owned by the [[Clan Barclay|Barclay]] family from the 13th century, at which time a [[tower house]] structure was erected. In 1593, the [[Laird]] was James Strachan, and thence it passed into the [[Clan Irvine|Irvine]] family and thereafter the Burnetts of Leys. There is a notable [[datestone]] adornment on the structure with the [[coat of arms|arms]] of Irvine [[Impalement (heraldry)|impaling]] the arms of [[Clan Douglas|Douglas]] with initials R.E. and I.E. and dated 1635, representing the 17th century couple who reconstructed the house, Robert Ervine ([[:wikt:sic|''sic'']]) and Ilizabeth Ervine ([[:wikt:sic|''sic'']]). Monboddo House, with its [[crow-step]]ped gable design, is situated in the Howe of Mearns near the village of [[Auchenblae]] approximately nine miles (14 km) from the [[North Sea]]. The original landholding of the Monboddo Estate was approximately 200 km².

In 1714 the well known judge and philosopher [[James Burnett, Lord Monboddo]] was born in Monboddo House. Lord Monboddo is renowned for his service as a member of the [[Court of Session]], an author of several works during the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] and a precursive contributor to the theory of [[evolution]]. When he was appointed to the Court of Sessions, James Burnett took the title of his father's estate, Monboddo House. In 1773 the author [[Samuel Johnson]], accompanied by [[James Boswell]], visited Monboddo House to call upon James Burnett. It is a [[listed building#Scotland|category B listed building]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=9643 |title=Monboddo House: Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland |accessdate=8 January 2012}}</ref>

== Interior detail ==

[[File:Monboddoinkwellrazorback.JPG|thumb|200px|left|Lord Monboddo's original inkwell circa 1760 preserved intact to present day]]

Monboddo House fell into a state of disrepair as of the 1960s; nevertheless, a number of notable features remain. Due to repairs during the latter part of the 20th century and the good maintenance of the owner as of 2006, the structure is in excellent condition. A well proportioned Hall is on the first floor (second floor in American vernacular), which has relics of early panelling. The Hall is provided with two [[garderobe]]s. While the basement has no vaulting, the westernmost basement [[room|chamber]] is the old kitchen, containing a very large [[fireplace]] arch.

An interior stone spiral [[staircase]] is found in an ascending clockwise manner characteristic of defensive designs of towerhouses of the 14th century. Two eight centimeter diameter [[embrasure|gun loop]]s are found within the 80 centimeter thick [[Old Red Sandstone]] exterior walls (Hogan, 2006).

The front porch is extant, known for the location where Lord Monboddo would take his early morning cold water bath in the open air in the mid-18th century.

Other nearby famous noble homes in northeast Scotland built by the Burnetts of Leys are [[Crathes Castle]] and [[Muchalls Castle]]. There is extant considerable genealogical data concerning the Burnett of Leys family (see particularly G. Burnett, 1901 and Bailey et al., 2005).

== Setting details ==



The surrounding countryside is fertile agricultural land producing grains and providing grazing for [[cattle]]. Topographically the region is composed of very gently rolling terrain quite suitable for [[agriculture]]. In the 18th century the estate would have amounted to approximately 190 square kilometres. While there were numerous smaller residences on the estate from the 18th century on, in the 19th and 20th century more development has taken place closer to Monboddo House in the form of several single family residences. The estate has a peaceful setting being several kilometers from the nearest [[dual carriageway]], the A90. Sound levels were measured at the estate to be in the range of 48 to 53 [[A-weighting|dBA]].

== Twentieth century ==

In 1930 a postcard of Monboddo House was created by [[G. Arthur Dixon]]. After Burnett ownership ceased in the early 1960s the estate fell into disrepair, a situation that has been reversed. As of 2006 the home is in a good state of conservation and repair. The present 2006 owner reports that there is considerable current interest in the house from people around the world with an interest in Lord Monboddo; particular interest derives not only from researchers in the United Kingdom but also [[Japan]] and the [[USA]]. Monboddo House is less frequently referred to as Monboddo Castle. James Malcolm Burnett, the last lord of Monboddo, had no children of his own, but had one stepson, who now lives in Canada.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.burnett.uk.com Official Burnett Website]
* Bailey, Eileen A. FSA, James C.A. Burnett, Charles J. Burnett and Christopher Croly, The Holly and the Horn, Leys Publishing, Banchory (2005) ISBN 0-9538640-2-2 [http://www.burnett.uk.com/acatalog/Books_and_Publications.html ]
* Burnett, George,''The family of Burnett of Leys'', edited by J. Allardyce, New Spalding Club, Aberdeen (1901)
* Hogan, C.M., ''Monboddo House'', Lumina Technologies, Aberdeen Library Archives, July, 2006
* [[Tranter, Nigel]], ''[[The Fortified House in Scotland]]'', Volume IV, (1962 to 1971)

{{Kincardine and Mearns, Aberdeenshire places|state = collapsed}}

[[Category:Country houses in Aberdeenshire]]
[[Category:Category B listed buildings in Aberdeenshire]]
[[Category:Castles in Aberdeenshire]]

Case Mountain

2016-06-01T01:30:06Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Case mountain trail.jpg

{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Case Mountain
| map =
| location = [[Manchester, Connecticut|Manchester]] and [[Glastonbury, Connecticut|Glastonbury]], CT
| nearest_city = [[Hartford, Connecticut]]
| area = {{convert|640|acre|km2}} within town of Manchester
| governing_body = Town of Manchester
}}

Located in the southeastern section of [[Manchester, Connecticut]], the '''Case Mountain''' Recreational Area encompasses {{convert|640|acre|km2}} of combined open space and watershed land<ref name="recreation.ci.manchester.ct.us">http://recreation.ci.manchester.ct.us/CaseMountain.cfm Town of Manchester Recreation</ref> stretching from the [[Glastonbury, Connecticut|Glastonbury]] border north to Case Pond. Some trails lead south across the Glastonbury border to a larger area of land owned by the Town of Manchester to maintain the Buckingham Reservoir and provide drinking water to Manchester. The land around the reservoir is open to recreation. While there is a hill named Case Mountain in this area, locals refer to this entire trail system and forest in Manchester and Glastonbury simply as “Case Mountain.”

==History==
The Case family were prominent industrialists in Manchester where they operated a paper mill and water bottling facility. In 1861 Alfred Wells Case and his twin brother Albert Willard Case opened the Case Brothers Inc. paper mill in Highland Park where they produced washed cotton supplied to the Union Army during the Civil War.<ref name="fundinguniverse.com">http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/FiberMark-Inc-Company-History.html</ref> At the end of the war, the Case brothers began a specialized papermaking operation and soon became a leader in the manufacturing of pressboard, a strong paper product used as album board, shoe board, and binder board.<ref>http://www.google.com/patents?id=o7lHAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> They were true Connecticut Yankees that ran an efficient, innovative, highly skilled operation, and the company continued to flourish as the New England paper industry reached its peak. In 1878 the company won first prize for its pressed paper at the International Paris Exposition, competing with many European paper manufacturers, and achieved further success at the Melbourne Exhibition of 1880. Case Brothers Inc. remained a family business and continued success into the 1960s when it was acquired by Boise Cascade Corporation.<ref name="fundinguniverse.com"/>
The Case family owned a large amount of land in the southeastern section Manchester that is now the Case Mountain Recreational Area.<ref>http://www.ctmuseumquest.com/?page_id=1348 CT MuseumQuest</ref> They built a stone bridge across the west end of Case Pond, many stone walls, a chestnut log cabin, and a carriage path that loops from Spring Street to the top of Lookout Mountain and down to Case Pond.

==Trails==
Case Mountain has a vast trail network for hiking and mountain biking, maintained by Manchester Conservation Commission and the [[Connecticut Forest and Park Association]].<ref name="recreation.ci.manchester.ct.us"/> The terrain is very rocky and hilly, making for somewhat difficult hiking and challenging mountain biking. Bring a trail map and good footwear.

The carriage path, a wide smooth gravel trail with white markings, leads visitors from the Spring Street parking area to the summit of Lookout Mountain (elev. 744 ft) and loops around to Case Pond. Visitors often mistake Lookout Mountain for Case Mountain (elev. 735). The summit of Lookout Mountain has benches and a kiosk and gives visitors a great view of Downtown Manchester, Downtown Hartford, and the hills off to the west.

The [[Shenipsit Trail]] is a [[Blue-Blazed Trails|blue-blazed]] trail running north-south through the area. Starting in [[East Hampton, Connecticut|East Hampton]] and going north to [[Somers, Connecticut|Somers]], the Shenipsit trail covers over {{convert|40|mi|km}}, about 5 of those miles are within the Case Mountain area. In the Glastonbury section of the Shenipsit Trail is a stretch of the trail known by local mountain bikers as “Slick Rock”. There are two vistas on this section of trail providing views of Hartford, but not nearly as panoramic as the views from the top of Lookout Mountain.

===Mountain biking===
[[Mountain biking]] is a very popular activity at Case Mountain. Case Mountain was voted the Best Ride in Connecticut in ''Mountain Bike Magazine'' by readers.<ref>http://www.bicycling.com/tourdefrance/article/0,6802,ss1-2-13-12959-1,00.html</ref> Bikers tend to stick to single-track trails, such as the locally famous "Metavomit" trail. The terrain on these trails is rocky with many steep climbs and descents. Rocks, logs, boulders, and man-made ladder-bridges are often intentionally incorporated into these mountain biking trails. Trail-braiding, when short trails are created that go around an obstacle or technical section or short-cut a sharp corner, is a large problem on mountain-bike trails at Case Mountain, the result of beginners riding on advanced trails.

==Geology and ecology==
The forest in which the Case Mountain trail system is located is mostly [[Secondary forest|second-growth]] deciduous forest. The forest floor is littered with [[boulder]]s and rock gardens deposited from [[glaciers]] during the last [[ice age]]. Along the Shenipsit Trail one can find clusters of chestnut oak, a very distinguishable tree that grows in rocky mountainous terrain in the Eastern US, and is prominent on ridgetops. In Glastonbury land owned by the Town of Manchester around the Buckingham Reservoir are large [[eastern white pine|white pine]] trees. The Roaring Brook flows through the area creating marshy habitat just upstream of the reservoir and is a wide, fast moving stream further upstream and downstream. There are several [[vernal pool]]s around Lookout and Case Mountains. These pools like small ponds in the winter and spring when they fill up with snowmelt. When wet, they teem with life, with frogs, toads, salamanders, fairy shrimp, and fingernail clams inhabiting them. By the summer they have usually dried up and appear to simply be small clearings in the woods. There have been [[American black bear|black bear]] sightings at Case Mountain along with other wildlife typical of southern New England.

==Getting there==
There are four parking areas in Manchester providing access to the trail network. All parking areas have an information kiosk with trail maps.
*Spring Street
*Line Street Trailhead
*Shenipsit Trailhead (Birch Mountain Road)
*Case Pond Trailhead (Birch Mountain Road)
There are also unofficial parking areas in Glastonbury providing access to trails that lead into Manchester.
*Mountain Road (cul-de-sac at the end of street)
*Old Hebron Road (access to the Buckingham Reservoir)
*Birch Mountain Road (underneath the power lines)

==References==
<references/>

* [http://www.ctmuseumquest.com/?page_id=1348 CT MuseumQuest]
* [http://www.bicycling.com/tourdefrance/article/0,6802,ss1-2-13-12959-1,00.html Mountain Bike Magazine]

==External links==
* [http://www.bikerag.com/mountain%20bike%20trail%20reviews.htm Trail Map of Case Mountain]
* [http://www.google.com/patents?id=o7lHAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 1906 Alfred Wells Case Patent: Machine for Making Pulpboard]

{{ConnecticutTrailSystem}} {{Protected Areas of Connecticut}}

[[Category:Protected areas of Hartford County, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Manchester, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Hiking trails in Connecticut]]

Melissa Disney

2016-05-05T07:27:16Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Melissa Disney.jpg

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Melissa Disney
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Melissa Femling
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| relatives = See [[Disney family]]
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = Voice actress, actress, singer-songwriter, writer, producer
| years_active = 1995–present
| known_for =
| spouse = {{marriage|Ryan Paul James|2010}}
| website = {{URL|melissadisney.com}}
}}

'''Melissa Disney''' is a voice actress, actress, singer-songwriter, writer, and film producer.

== Biography ==
Disney is the daughter of actress Louise Gallagher and writer Carl Femling, the granddaughter of silent actress Tara Gallagher, and is a distant relative of [[Walt Disney]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2016}}

== Career ==
Disney is one of a small number of women who do [[voice-over]] work for movie trailers. The trailer for ''[[Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)|Gone in 60 Seconds]]'', which she did in 2000, was one of the first by a [[major film studio]] to use a female voice.<ref name=HR-Bell-2013>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=C. Molly|title=Lake Bell's New Movie Asks Why More Women Aren't Used to Narrate Movie Trailers|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lake-bells-a-world-asks-602872|accessdate=February 11, 2014|newspaper=[[Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 9, 2013}}</ref>

She voices the title character Ginger Foutley in the animated cartoon ''[[As Told by Ginger]]''. She is also known for her role as Elora the Faun in ''[[Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage]]'' and as Courtney Gears (a parody of [[Britney Spears]]) in ''[[Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal]]''.

She appeared in actress [[Lake Bell]]'s directorial debut,<ref name=NYT-IAW-review-2013>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=A.O.|title=All Those Voices: Can You Hear Her Now?|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/09/movies/lake-bell-stars-in-her-directing-debut-in-a-world.html|accessdate=February 11, 2014|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=August 8, 2013}}</ref> ''[[In a World...]],'' a movie that is about the world of voice artists.<ref name=HuffPo-LakeBell-2013>{{cite news|last=Jacobs|first=Matthew|title=Lake Bell Talks 'In A World,' Mastering Accents, Voice-Over Sexism And William Shatner's Uniqueness|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/07/lake-bell-in-a-world_n_3719882.html|accessdate=February 11, 2014|newspaper=[[Huffington Post]]|date=August 7, 2013}}</ref> Disney appears in the film as the character, Melinda Chisney.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Film
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Whisper of the Heart]]''
|
| English version, voice
|-
| 1998
| ''Reasons of the Heart''
| Crystal
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Rusty: A Dog's Tale]]''
| Boo the Cat
| Voice
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Batman Beyond: The Movie]]''
| Blade
| TV Movie
|-
| 1999
| ''[[My Neighbors the Yamadas]]''
|
| English version, voice
|-
| 2000
| ''[[The Life & Adventures of Santa Claus (2000 film)|The Life & Adventures of Santa Claus]]''
| Gardenia / Village Girl
| Voice
|-
| 2000
| ''{{sortname|The|Christmas Lamb|nolink}}''
| Jacob / Talia / LIttle Boy (voice)
| TV Movie
|-
| 2000
| ''{{sortname|The|Trumpet of the Swan|The Trumpet of the Swan (film)}}''
| Billie
| Voice
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Hermie and Friends|Hermie: A Common Caterpillar]]''
| LadyBug
| TV Movie
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Hermie and Friends|Hermie & Friends: Flo the Lyin' Fly]]''
| Lucy Ladybug
| VIdeo short, voice
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Hermie and Friends|Hermie & Friends: Webster the Scaredy Spider]]''
| Lucy Ladybug
| Video short, voice
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Hermie and Friends|Hermie & Friends: Buzby, the Misbehaving Bee]]''
| Lucy Ladybug
| Video short, voice
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Hermie and Friends|Hermie & Friends: A Fruitcake Christmas]]''
| Lucy Ladybug
| Video
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Hermie and Friends|Hermie & Friends: To Share or Nut to Share]]''
| Lucy Ladybug
| Video short
|-
| 2006
| ''35th Annual Key Art Awards''
| Announcer
| TV Movie
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Hermie and Friends|Hermie & Friends: Milo the Mantis Who Wouldn't Pray]]''
| Lucy / Hailey / Bailey
| Video short
|-
| 2007
| ''Snare''
| Annie
| [[Film short|Short]]
|-
| 2008
| ''Lucid''
| Secretary
| Short
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Hermie and Friends|Hermie and Friends: Hermie and the High Seas]]''
| Hailey
| Video short
|-
| 2008
| ''Stained''
| Simone
| Short
|-
| 2008
| ''[[iCarly: iGo to Japan]]''
|
| TV Movie
|-
| 2008
| ''Reunion''
| Brandon's Girlfriend
| Short
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Hermie and Friends|Skeeter and the Mystery of the Lost Mosquito Treasure]]''
| Hailey
| Video short
|-
| 2009
| ''Liv''
| Police Officer
| Short
|-
| 2009
| ''Up in the Air''
| Geri
| Short
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Hermie and Friends|Hermie & Friends: The Flo Show Creates a Buzz]]''
| Hailey
| Video short
|-
| 2009
| ''{{sortname|The|Butterfly Circus}}''
| Shanty Town Mother
| Short
|-
| 2009
| ''Behold Your God, Israel''
| Narrator (voice)
| Video short
|-
| 2010
| ''Curly Johnson''
| Sandee
| Short
|-
| 2010
| ''Sudden Death!''
| Model
| Short
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Top Cat: The Movie]]''
| Trixie
| English version, voice
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Foodfight!]]''
| Additional Voices
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[In a World...]]''
| Melinda Chisney
|
|-
|}

=== Video games ===
* ''[[102 Dalmatians: Puppies to the Rescue]]''
* ''[[Animorphs: Know the Secret]]'' as Rachel
* The ''[[Baldur's Gate]]'' series as [[Imoen]]
* ''[[Bee Movie Game]]'' as Vanessa Bloome
* ''[[Deadpool (video game)|Deadpool]]'' as [[Rogue (comics)|Rogue]], [[Psylocke]], Spirit
* ''[[Disney Princess: Enchanted Journey]]'' as The Narrator/Zara
* ''[[EverQuest II]]''
* ''[[Interstate '82]]'' as ''[[Skye Champion]]''
* ''[[Jade Empire]]''
* ''[[Kingdom Hearts II]]'' as ''[[Vivi Ornitier]]''
* ''[[Prototype 2]]'' as Sabrina Galloway
* ''[[Ratchet & Clank (video game)|Ratchet & Clank]]'' as Hoverboard Girl
* ''[[Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal]]'' as Courtney Gears & Soap Actress
* ''[[Ratchet: Deadlocked]]'' (In Europe known as ''Ratchet: Gladiator'') as Courtney Gears
* ''[[Sacrifice (video game)|Sacrifice]]''
* ''[[Secret Agent Clank]]'' as Courtney Gears
* ''[[Shark Tale (video game)|Shark Tale]]'' as Angie
* ''[[Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage]]'' as Elora the Faun

===Movies / cartoons /TV shows===
* ''[[84th Academy Awards]]'' as the announcer
* ''[[As Told by Ginger]]'' as Ginger
* ''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]''
* ''[[The Care Bears (TV series)|The Care Bears]]''
* ''[[Cow and Chicken]]''
* ''[[Extreme Ghostbusters]]''
* ''[[I Am Weasel]]''
* ''[[What's With Andy?]]''
* ''[[iCarly]]''
* ''[[Batman Beyond]]'' as Blade and Curaré
* ''[[Static Shock]]''
* ''[[Dot Comedy]]''
* ''[[Detention (TV series)|Detention]]''
* ''[[ChalkZone]]''
* ''[[Clifford the Big Red Dog (TV series)|Clifford the Big Red Dog]]''
* ''[[Superman: The Animated Series]]''
* ''[[Mickey Mouse Clubhouse]]''
* ''[[Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks]]''
* ''[[Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego?]]''
* ''[[Zoboomafoo]]''
* ''[[Foodfight!]]''
* ''[[The Garfield Show]]''
* ''[[Top Cat: The Movie]]'' as Trixie

== Awards ==
Disney won a [[Key Art Awards|Key Art Award]] for voicing the ''[[Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)|Gone in 60 Seconds]]'' movie trailer.

== Personal life ==
Disney is married to actor/writer Ryan Paul James. They were married on October 15, 2010, in San Diego, CA.

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0228396}}
* [http://www.melissadisney.com Official site]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Disney, Melissa}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American voice actresses]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:American women writers]]
[[Category:American film producers]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]

Beaufort Castle

2016-04-28T02:55:22Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Beaufort Castle-far view.jpg

[[File:Beaufort Castle construction.jpg|upright=1.14|thumb|Beaufort Castle under construction in the late 1870s - the [[Simon Fraser, 13th Lord Lovat|13th Lord Lovat]] is shown at right]]

'''Beaufort Castle''' ({{lang-gd|Caisteal Duuaidh}}) is located near [[Beauly]] in [[Inverness-shire]], northern [[Scotland]]. It is {{convert|1|mi}} north of [[Kiltarlity]], and {{convert|12|mi}} west of [[Inverness]]. The present castle is a [[Scots Baronial|Baronial style]] mansion built in 1880, but incorporates older building work. There has been a castle on the site since the 12th century. Beaufort is the traditional seat of the [[Lord Lovat|Lords Lovat]].

==History==
The earliest mention of the site, as Downie or Dounie Castle, occurs in the reign of [[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander I]] (1106–1124), when a siege took place.<ref name=gardenhist>{{cite web |url=http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2400:15:0::::GARDEN:GDL00052#history |title=Beaufort Castle: Site History |work=Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland |accessdate=30 October 2013|publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref> The original castle was built by the [[Clan Bissett|Byset family]]. The castle came into the hands of the Frasers in the late 13th century. English forces besieged the castle in 1303.

[[File:Beaufort Castle - geograph.org.uk - 853030.jpg|thumb|upright|The main tower of Beaufort Castle]]
In the 1650s Dounie was attacked and burned by the forces of [[Oliver Cromwell]] during their [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|invasion of Scotland]].<ref name=rcahms>{{Canmore |num=12746 |desc=Beaufort Castle |access-date=30 October 2013}}</ref>

The Fraser estates were inherited by [[Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat]] (c.1667–1747), in 1699. Known as 'The Fox', Lovat became deeply involved in the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] cause, which aimed to restore the deposed [[House of Stuart]] to the thrones of Scotland and England. Exiled to France, Lovat joined [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Stuart, the Old Pretender]], and converted to [[Roman Catholic Church in Scotland|Catholicism]]. He attempted to recruit Scottish nobles to the cause, carrying messages to Scotland, but his dealings led to ten years imprisonment in France. Returning in 1714, he apparently renounced the Jacobite cause in return for possession of his estates. In the 1740s he commissioned [[William Adam (architect)|William Adam]] to design a new house at Dounie. Adam's last work, the project only progressed to the supply of stonework to the site: construction never started since the [[Jacobite Rising of 1745]] intervened.<ref>Fleming, John (1962) ''Robert Adam and His Circle'', John Murray. pp.63–64</ref> Lovat, changing allegiance again, supported the Jacobites, but was captured and executed after the [[Battle of Culloden]]. Dounie Castle was razed by the [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland|Duke of Cumberland]], and the estate was declared [[Asset forfeiture|forfeit]].<ref name=gardenhist/>

From 1746 the estate was run by the Forfeited Estates Commissioners, appointed by Parliament to dispose of confiscated estates, and a small house was built on the site of the demolished castle to house the [[Property manager|factor]] (estate manager). In 1774 the estate was returned to Lovat's son, [[Simon Fraser of Lovat]] (1726–1782), who had raised and commanded the [[78th Fraser Highlanders]] for the British Army.<ref name=gardenhist/> Proposals for a new house on the site were put forward in 1777 but not executed. In 1815 the estate was inherited by [[Thomas Fraser, 12th Lord Lovat|Thomas Fraser of Strichen]] (1802–1875), who was reinstated to the [[Lord Lovat|Lordship of Lovat]] in 1854. In 1839 he commissioned [[William Burn]] to extend the house, and also improved the grounds and estate. His son [[Simon Fraser, 13th Lord Lovat]] (1828–1887), built the present Beaufort Castle, to designs by [[James Maitland Wardrop]], incorporating part of the 18th-century house.<ref name=listed/>

The castle was sold in 1994 to [[Stagecoach Group|Stagecoach]] director [[Ann Gloag]] by the [[Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat|15th Lord Lovat]], to meet inheritance taxes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/lord-lovat-died-knowing-that-the-ancestral-home-would-have-to-go-debts-force-sale-of-beaufort-castle-1.677850 |title=Lord Lovat died knowing that the ancestral home would have to go. Debts force sale of Beaufort Castle |work=The Herald |date=1 June 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/scotgaz/features/featurefirst5122.html |title=Beaufort Castle |work=Gazetteer for Scotland |accessdate=30 October 2013}}</ref>

==Description==


The Baronial mansion incorporates a private Roman Catholic chapel.<ref name=listed/> The remains of Dounie Castle stand beside the house, and comprise a single wall, {{convert|11|m}} long and {{convert|1.5|m}} high, with a plaque stating that it is "the ruin of Castle Downie, the ancient stronghold of the Frasers of Lovat, built c. 1400, and destroyed by Cumberland after the battle of Culloden".<ref name=rcahms/>

The house is a [[listed building#Scotland|category A listed building]].<ref name=listed>{{cite web |url=http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING,HL:8068,Beaufort%20Castle |title=Beaufort Castle |publisher=Historic Scotland |accessdate=30 October 2013}}</ref> The grounds are included in the [[Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]], the national listing of significant gardens in Scotland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2400:15:0::::GARDEN:GDL00052 |title=Beaufort Castle |work=Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland |accessdate=30 October 2013|publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Castles in Great Britain and Ireland]]
*[[List of castles in Scotland]]

==External links==
*{{commonscatinline|Beaufort Castle, Scotland|Beafuort Castle}}

{{coord|57|27|11|N|4|29|24|W|region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Highland (council area)]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Highland (council area)]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Clan Fraser]]
[[Category:Clan Bissett]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]

Andreas Schmidt (Künstler)

2016-04-16T14:09:57Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:InGalleryViewAndreasTheCity.png

{{Infobox artist
| name = Andreas Schmidt
| image =
| caption = The City by Andreas Schmidt (artist)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|7|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Schweinfurt]], Germany
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = German
| field = [[Conceptual art]], [[appropriation art]], [[contemporary art]], photography and video
| works =
| patrons =
| influenced by =
| influenced =
| website = [http://www.galerieandreasschmidt.de Online Galerie]
}}'''Andreas Schmidt''' is a [[Berlin]] based photographic artist.<ref>International Exhibitions [http://www.photography-now.com/artist/andreas-schmidt Overview]</ref>

== Biography ==
Schmidt received a first class [[Bachelor of Arts]] (Photography) degree from [[Nottingham Trent University]], School of Art and Design in 1992, after having moved to England from Germany in 1989.<ref>Career [https://www.linkedin.com/in/andreas-schmidt-394561a Public Profile]</ref><ref>London Artist Guide [https://books.google.com/books?id=HVVWi0xIhB0C&pg=PA209 Print Media]</ref>

Schmidt's early work consisted mainly of straight analogue photography with a later shift in his art practice from 2008 onward towards appropriation, performance, print-on-demand artist's books and video.<ref>Print on demand books [http://www.blurb.com/user/store/auschmidt Overview of Art books]</ref><ref>Video´s by Andreas Schmidt [https://www.youtube.com/user/auschmidt Overview of Art in Motion by Andreas Schmidt]</ref>

== Work ==
In 2005 German fine art and photography book publisher [[:de:Hatje Cantz Verlag]], published his first hard-back monograph ''Las Vegas''<ref>Press Article Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung [http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/reise/licht-des-lasters-1235582.html Las Vegas]</ref><ref>Publisher [http://www.hatjecantz.de/andreas-schmidt-1550-1.html Las Vegas]</ref> to international critical acclaim.<ref>Eyestorm article [http://www.eyestorm.com/Pages/Product.aspx/Andreas_Schmidt/Untitled/4580686 Las Vegas]</ref>
In the accompanying essay, Christoph Ribbat states about Schmidt's photography: "His work hints at the soberness of the [[New Topographics]], the humor of New Color, the clever objectivity of newer German photo art." Described by [[J.G. Ballard]] as "the poet of the hotel corridor",<ref>A Postcard from J.G. Ballard [http://www.andreasschmidt.co.uk/ Postcard]</ref> Schmidt's second book, ''The City''<ref>Hatje Cantz [http://www.hatjecantz.de/andreas-schmidt-2371-1.html The City - Monograph]</ref> was published by [http://www.hatjecantz.de/andreas-schmidt-2371-1.html Hatje Cantz] in 2009 and presents dystopian interior and exterior photographs of London's financial district.

Schmidt was a founding member of [[ABC Artists' Books Cooperative]] in early 2009 and left the group in 2014.
His work was shown at the From Here On group show<ref>Official Website Les Recontres De La Photographie [http://www.rencontres-arles.com/C.aspx?VP3=CMS3&VF=ARL_3_VForm&FRM=Frame:ARL_7&LANGSWI=1&LANG=English Exhibition - From Here On]</ref> at Les Rencontres d'Arles, Arles in 2011, [[Fotomuseum Antwerp]], Antwerp in 2012 and Arts Santa Monica, Barcelona in 2013 curated by [[Martin Parr]], [[Joachim Schmid]], [[Joan Fontcuberta]] , Erik Kessels and Clément Chéroux, showcasing art works by 36 artists ([[Mishka Henner]], [[Penelope Umbrico]], [[Doug Rickard]], Corinne Vionnet, Thomas Mailaender, Willem Popelier, [[Constant Dullaart]], [[Jon Rafman]], etc.)
The exhibition, included a large panel triptych by Schmidt called "RGB".<ref>Cataloge - From Here On [http://www.artbook.com/9788415118459.html RGB]</ref>
In 2011, Schmidt's artist book ''Four Seasons''<ref>Official Website Photoeye [http://www.photoeye.com/magazine_admin/index.cfm/bestbooks.2011.list/author_id/76/ Book Four Seasons]</ref> featured in Photo-Eye's books of the year 2011 list and Schmidt's artist book ''The Cost of Photobooks: A History Volume II''<ref>[http://deslivresetdesphotos.blog.lemonde.fr/2011/10/14/andreas-schmidt-the-cost-of-photobooks-a-history-volume-ii/ Official Webpage Le Monde]</ref> was listed by [[Le Monde]] as one of the 10 best photo books of 2011.

On November 14, 2013 Schmidt launched ''GESAMTBUCHKUNSTWERKSKULPTUR'',<ref>Press Article Schweinfurter Tagblatt [http://www.mainpost.de/regional/schweinfurt/Fotografien-Fotografinnen-und-Fotografen-Google-Pornographie-Skype;art17957,8054419 77 artist's books]</ref><ref>The making of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Drg9SdM5BpQ GesamtBuchKunstWerkSkulptur]</ref> a custom-made shelving unit containing 77 artist's books at Offprint Paris.<ref>Official Website [http://offprintparis.com/ Offprint Paris]</ref><ref>Eyecurious Blog Entry Marc Feustel [http://eyecurious.tumblr.com/post/67745191499/paris-photo-has-come-to-an-end-offprint-has?og=1&fb_action_ids=10152024886632394&fb_action_types=tumblr-feed:post&fb_source=other_multiline&action_object_map=&soc_src=mail&soc_trk=ma Blog Entry]</ref>

His artist book ''The Time Machine''<ref>Official Website Victoria and Albert Museum [http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/galleries/level-3/room-100-photographs-gallery/ Series and Sequences]</ref><ref>Arts Libris Seminar 2014 Seminar Collecting Artists' Books. Reviewed by Elizabeth James, V&A Museum [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCGcJ9Fz8lA&index=59&list=FLP4v_R5eA4DDgk7W9-AnpYg The Time Machine (forward to 15:10)]</ref> was included in the group exhibition ''A History of Photography: Series and Sequences'' at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in London in 2015 which also featured work by [[Nicholas Nixon]], [[August Sander]], [[Eadweard Muybridge]] and [[Lewis Baltz]] among others.

Schmidt's work is held in a number of private and public collections including the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]], London, UK, {{ill|fr|FRAC Centre}}, Orléans, France, [[:fr:CDLA|Centre Des Livres Artistes]], Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche, France, [[Minnesota Center for Book Arts]], Minneapolis, USA. After having lived in London for 22 years, Schmidt moved to Berlin in 2014 and opened [http://www.galerieandreasschmidt.de/ Galerie Andreas Schmidt]<ref>Official Website Galerie Andreas Schmidt [http://www.galerieandreasschmidt.de/manifest Manifest]</ref> specializing in photography and contemporary art in 2016.

==Publications==
*Camera Austria 45,<ref>Official Website Camera Austria [http://camera-austria.at/zeitschrift/45-1993/ Camera Austria 45]</ref> Vienna, Austria, 1993
*Surface – Contemporary Photographic Survey, [http://www.booth-clibborn.com/ Booth-Clibborn Editions], United Kingdom, 1996
*Eyemazing ‘Built’, Issue 2, Spring 2004
*''Las Vegas'', (monograph), Hatje Cantz,<ref>Official Website [http://www.hatjecantz.de/andreas-schmidt-1550-1.html Las Vegas - Monograph]</ref> Germany, 2005
*''The City'',<ref>Press Article Boerse am Sonntag 2010 [http://www.boerse-am-sonntag.de/leben/coffeetable-favourites/artikel/andreas-schmidt-und-the-city.html The City - Book Review]</ref> (monograph), Hatje Cantz, Germany, 2009
*Various Small Books Referencing Various Small Books by [[Ed Ruscha]],<ref>Official Website MIT Press [https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/various-small-books Art Book]</ref> MIT press, USA, 2013
*From Here On, PostPhotography in the an Age of Internet and the Mobile Phone, RM/Arts Santa Monica, Spain, 2013
*Post-Photography: The Artist with a Camera, [[Laurence King Publishing|Laurence King]], United Kingdom, 2014
*Ego-Update,<ref>Official Website Artbook [http://www.artbook.com/9783863358310.html Cataloge]</ref> Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther Koenig, Germany, 2016.

==Exhibitions==
*2015 Ego Update,<ref>WDR Television [http://www1.wdr.de/fernsehen/kultur/west-art-magazin/sendungen/ego-update-nrw-forum-duesseldorf100.html Interview]</ref> NRW Duesseldorf, Germany (Group)
*2014 [[Brighton Photo Biennial]], Brighton (Group)
*2013 [[Minnesota Center for Book Arts]],<ref>Official Website Artslant Worldwide [http://www.artslant.com/ew/events/show/278225-directed-the-intersection-of-bookart-and-film] Exhibition</ref> Directed:<ref>Andreas Schmidt [http://www.artslant.com/global/artists/show/269786-andreas-schmidt Recent Exhibits]</ref> The Intersection of Bookart and Film, Minnesota, USA
*2013 [[:fr:CDLA|Centre Des Livres Artistes]], Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche, France images / images of images / no images (Group)
*2013 [[Gagosian Gallery]], NYC, USA ‘Ed Ruscha Books & Co.’ (Group)
*2012 Photographers’ Gallery,<ref>Official Website Photographers’ Gallery [http://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/the-wall-2 Exhibition]</ref> London, UK ‘The Animated Gif’ (Group)
*2012 [[The Cleveland Museum of Art]], Ohio, USA ‘Photographers & Books’ (Group)
*2011 [http://www.rencontres-arles.com/C.aspx?VP3=CMS3&VF=ARL_3_VForm&FRM=Frame:ARL_7&SrvRsp=1 Les Rencontres d'Arles], France ‘From Here On’ (Group)
*2011 [http://www.kunsthalle-schweinfurt.de/de/index.html Kunsthalle Schweinfurt], Germany, ‘Parallel Natur’<ref>Presse Article [http://www.nuus.de/nachrichten/detail/artikel/kunsthalle-schweinfurt-zeigt-bilder-von-herbert-mehler-und-andreas-schmidt/ Andreas Schmidt Exhibition Kunsthalle Schweinfurt]</ref>- (Solo with Herbert Mehler)
*2008 [[Goethe Institut]],<ref>Official Website Goethe Institut [https://www.goethe.de/ins/cn/de/sta/pek/ver.cfm?fuseaction=events.detail&event_id=2832294 Atopia Exhibition]</ref> London, UK (Solo)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uncategorized|date=March 2016}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schmidt, Andreas}}

Priyanka Bose

2016-04-08T13:25:55Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:PriyankaBose-Mark-1.jpg

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Priyanka Bose
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 20 February
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| known_for =
| yearsactive = 2007 - present
}}
'''Priyanka Bose''' is a 34 year old actress and producer. With a repertoire of powerful performances in theatre and film, Bose is often lauded for her portrayal of strong female characters. she was bestowed with the Best Actress award at the New Jersey Independent South Asian Film Festival for her role as a tribal woman in the film [[Gangor (film)|Gangor]] by Italo Spinelli.

In a career spanning ten years, Bose has dabbled in commercial cinema as well as independently produced films; [[Gangor (film)|Gangor]], [[Shunyo Awnko]], Oaas and [[Gulaab Gang]] and the Hollywood production, Sold to name a few. She is currently scheduled to appear in Hollywood production, Lion, directed by Garth Davis, co-starting [[Nicole Kidman]] and [[Dev Patel]]. In 2013, in a commercial for the jewellery brand [[Tanishq]], she played the role of a single mother who remarries, commenting on a serious and sensitive issue in India. The commercial was considered "path-breaking" and went on to win various accolades, many of them for Bose and her subtle but powerful performance.

More recently, she has been touring the world, with the award-winning play Nirbhaya, by internationally acclaimed playwright [[Yael Farber]]. The play is based on the [[2012 Delhi gang rape|2012 Delhi rape]] and attempts to recreate a merciless, searing evocation of the night and the effect it had thereafter. Her performance along with that of the ensemble cast has received only the highest of praise, the world over.

Currently she has ventured into production which creates short films and music videos for independent musicians and bands. The idea is to support and create work she personally believes in.

You will also find her as the face of various independent, eco-conscious design labels like Anavila, Nor Black Nor White and Myoho among others.

Over the years, Bose has carved a niche for herself as an actress who stands for intelligent cinema and author-backed female roles. She intends to create her own space as a producer and actress by collaborating and working on interesting projects with like-minded people.

==Work==
In 2013 she appeared in the advertisement for [[Tanishq]], a jewellery retail brand, as a girl who has a daughter and remarries that drew much attention to her.<ref name=verve>{{cite web|url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/priyanka-bose|title=Actions Speak Louder Than Words |publisher=Verve Magazine|date=24 May 2014 |accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/priyanka-bose-tanishq-ad-gauri-shinde-english-vinglish-twitter/1/321301.html|title=Tanishq ad star Priyanka Bose on cloud nine|date=1 November 2013|publisher=India Today|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref> The ad that was hailed as "path-breaking", "courageous" and "unique" became a talking point on [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]] and had more than three lakh hits on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131031/jsp/t2/story_17514154.jsp#.VbHx8M8VjmI|title=The New Tanishq bride|date=31 October 2013|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref>

She toured the world for the shows of the play ''Nirbhaya'', written and directed by the South African playwright Yael Farber based on the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]]. The much acclaimed play won the Scotsman Fringe First Award and Herald Angel Award at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe and the Amnesty International Freedom of Expression Award.<ref name=verve/><ref name=dna>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-cant-play-dumb-priyanka-bose-1917924|title=I can't play dumb: Priyanka Bose|date=12 November 2013|publisher=DNA|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/art-theatre/Each-Delhi-girl-can-narrate-incidents-of-being-molested-Priyanka-Bose/articleshow/25047049.cms|title=Each Delhi girl can narrate incidents of being molested: Priyanka Bose|date=1 November 2013|publisher=Mumbai Mirror|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref>

Priyanka has also played the lead with [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] in the Bengali film, ''[[Shunyo Awnko]]'', directed by [[Goutam Ghose]]. ''[[Gulaab Gang]]'' is another of her film where she appeared along with [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Juhi Chawla]]. Her performance has been noted in films currently making rounds of film festivals including ''[[Sold (2014 film)|Sold]]'', by director Jeffery D Brown, ''[[Oass]]'', directed by Abhinav Tiwari and ''[[Oonga]]'' by Devashish Makhija.<ref name=dna/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://openbeast.com/5521|title=Gangor – Priyanka Bose|publisher=Open Beast|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref>

Priyanka co-stars [[Nicole Kidman]] along with [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] and [[Dev Patel]] in ''Lion'' directed by [[Garth Davis]], currently under production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/nicole-kidman-dev-patel-to-roar-in-india-set-survival-tale-lion-1201405538/|title=Nicole Kidman, Dev Patel to Roar in India-set Survival Tale ‘Lion’|publisher=Variety|date=14 January 2015|accessdate=24 July 2015}}</ref>

Priyanka has also started a production company, ''PaapiPet Pictures'' which has created short format films and music videos including ''Dark and delicious'' for ''Hipnotribe'', and ''Bartender'' with Mikey Mcleary besides one for ''Kailasa'' of [[Kailash Kher]].<ref name=dna/>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]'' || Ola-Ola main dancer || Hindi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Sorry Bhai!]]'' || Shruti || Hindi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Love Sex aur Dhokha]]'' || || Hindi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Gangor (film)|Gangor]]'' || Gangor || Bengali ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'' || Singer at the bar || Hindi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Padduram]]'' || Mrs Menon || Hindi ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Oass]]'' || Madam || Hindi ||
|-
| 2012 || '' Uproot'' || Sharmi || English, Hindi, Bengali || (short)
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Shunyo Awnko]]'' || Jhilik Bose || Bengali||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Oonga (film)|Oonga]]'' || Oongamma || Hindi ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Glass Bottom Boat]]'' || || English || (short)
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Gulaab Gang]]'' || Sandhya || Hindi ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Sold (2014 film)|Sold]]'' || Monica || English ||
|-
|2016
|Half Ticket
|
|Marathi
|''Production''
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Lion (2016 film)|Lion]]'' || || English || ''Post Production''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3140757}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Bose, Priyanka
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Indian actor
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH = India
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Priyanka}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Omer Adam

2016-03-23T02:57:08Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Omer Adam, Israeli Singer.jpg

{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Omer Adam '''(עומר אדם)'''
| Img =
| Img capt = Omer Adam performing
|background = solo_singer
|birth_name =
|alias =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|10|22}}
|birth_place = [[United States]]
|origin = [[Mishmar HaShiva]], Israel
|instrument = [[Vocals]]
|genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], Eastern (Oriental) music, [[Mizrahi]]
|occupation = [[Singer]]
|years_active = 2009{{spaced ndash}}present
|label =
|associated_acts =
|website =
}}
'''Omer Adam''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: עומר אדם; born October 22, 1993) is an Israeli singer. His music fuses elements of eastern "Mizrahi" (Oriental- Middle eastern) and western pop instrumentation. In 2009, he participated in the [[Kokhav Nolad 7|seventh season]] of ''[[Kokhav Nolad]]'' (in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] כוכב נולד), a popular ''[[Idol series|Idol]]'' series show in Israel, but disqualified because of controversy about his true age at time of application. Despite this, Omer Adam has continued to enjoy great popularity releasing his debut album in 2010 with a number of successful singles as well.

==In ''Kokhav Nolad''==
In season 7 of the ''Kokhav Nolad'' show, Omer Adam sang the following songs:
*Audition: "Aba" (Father) from [[Shlomi Shabat]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtDUd20ovoA Omer Adam audition performance singing "Aba" from Shlomi Shabat]</ref>
*Week 1 (29 June 2009): "Isha ne'emana" (A loyal woman) from [[Yishai Levi]]
*Week 2 (5 July 2009): "Tza'ir lanetsakh" (Forever young) from Rami Kleinstein
*Week 3 (12–13 June 2009): "Niguna shel hashkhuna" (The neighborhood's song) from [[Izhar Cohen]] (as a duo with Moran Mazuz)
*Week 4 (19 July 2009): "Ma hu ose la" (What does he do to her) from [[HaGashash HaHiver]] (as a trio with Re'em Cohen and Hovi Sekulets)
*Week 4 (20 July 2009): "Marlene" from [[Zohar Argov]] (originally by [[Enrico Macias]])
*Week 5 (26 July 2009): "Yak'had" (Together) from [[Kobi Peretz]] & [[Ishtar (singer)|Ishtar)]] (as a duo with Vladi Blayberg)
*Week 5 (27 July 2009): "Mima'amkim" (From the depths) from [[Idan Raichel's Project]]
*Week 6 (2 August 2009): "Aba" (Father) from [[Shlomi Shabat]]
*Week 6 (3 August 2009): "At Vaani" (You and I) from [[Shlomo Artzi]]
As a result of the performances in week 6, initially the judges classified him as 3rd of 9 for his "Aba" performance and 4th of 8 for his "At Vaani" performance.

However controversy broke, when a blogger Omri Hayon and Ynet online news service revealed that Omer was just 15 years and 7 months when he applied.<ref>[http://www.nrg.co.il/online/47/ART1/926/176.html nrg.co.il: עומר אדם התפוטר מ כוכב נולד] (in Hebrew)</ref><ref name="xnet">[http://www.xnet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3083155,00.html Interview by Avi Shoshan on Xnet: עומר אדם עושה היסטוריה] (in Hebrew)</ref> The minimum age for applying for the show is 16 years. Omer Adam admitted that the allegation was correct and withdrew from the competition mid-way through the season. [[Zvika Hadar]], host of the show responded by saying: "The important thing is that Omer realized his mistake, apologized and took the right decision. Our role is to provide equal admission to all contestant we cannot compromise on this case. Many candidates who came for auditions were rejected because of their age."<ref>[http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3757648,00.html Ynet: עומר אדם פרש מ כוכב נולד] (in Hebrew)</ref> Omer Adam's disqualification was announced officially on August 5, 2009, despite him being one of the favorites to reach the final.

==Career==
Omer Adam enjoyed great popularity and sympathy from the public despite his elimination from ''Kokhav Nolad'' particularly as he engaged in a tour all around Israel giving more than 150 performances in less than a year. In late 2009 he released his debut single called "להיאבד ברוח" (Lost spirit). He followed it up in July 2010 "חוזה בנשמה" that became the theme song for the television show "חתונת השנה" (in English "Wedding of the Year") on Israeli Channel 2 station.

The greatly awaited album came in December 2010 entitled ''נמס ממך'' ("Melting because of you") including the already released singles in addition to new songs including "נעתי בתוך מעגל" ("I moved in a circle"), "בלילה קר" ("cold night") and "לא תדעי דמעה" ("know a tear"). He also included some remixed versions of his songs.

In 2011, he released his second album "מאושרת" ("Happy"). In March 2011 the first hit from the new album was released entitled ""בניתי עלייך" followed by "קסם" ("Magic") as a duet with Itzik Kalla (in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] איציק קלה). In May 2011 came his hit "מליון נשיקות" ("Million kisses") with immense online success, followed by "קרוב אלייך" ("Close to you").

On 15 June 2011 he appeared in a live show attended by thousands of people in [[Caesarea Maritima]], a venue on the Israeli coast becoming the youngest artist to be featured as a main artist.<ref name="xnet"/><ref>[http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4082938,00.html Ynet: האדם העליון: עומר אדם כבש את קיסריה] (in Hebrew)</ref><ref>[http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/202/1832486 Walla: להיות אדם: עומר אדם בא מוכן להופעת הבכורה בקיסריה] (in Hebrew)</ref>

On 29 January 2012, he released his second album ילד טוב ילד רע (meaning Good boy, bad boy). The first single from the album was "אל תחפשי" followed by "Meusheret" ("מאושרת") and "Baniti Alayich" ("בניתי עלייך"). He also appeared on a reality television show הסוכנים on the HOT Israeli Entertainment channel (in Hebrew הוט בידור ישראלי).

In August 2015 he released his fourth album "I thank" מודה אני which became very popular very soon after its release.

==Discography==

===Albums===
*2010: '''''[[Melting because of you]]''''' (in Hebrew '''''נמס ממך''''')
*2012: (in Hebrew '''''ילד טוב ילד רע''''')
*2013: '''''[[Music and Silence]]''''' (in Hebrew '''''מוזיקה ושקט''''')
*2015 מודה אני

===Singles===
{{Expand section|more singles|date=March 2012}}
*2010: "להיאבד ברוח"
*Meusheret
*Milion Neshikot
*Met Lehabek Otah
*2010: "חוזה בנשמה"
*2014: Mapecha Shel Simcha

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shiron.net/artist?prfid=10755&lang=1 Page on Shiron.net]

{{Kokhav Nolad}}

{{Persondata
| NAME =Adam, Omer
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singer
| DATE OF BIRTH =October 22, 1993
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Israel]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Adam, Omer}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Israeli male singers]]
[[Category:Kokhav Nolad contestants]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:Sephardi Jews]]
[[Category:Israeli people of Mountain Jewish descent]]

Brood XIII

2016-03-10T04:56:31Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Freshly molting.jpg

[[Image:Brood XIII adult.JPG|thumb|Brood XIII ''Magicicada'']]
[[Image:Cicada emerging.jpg|thumb|Brood XIII ''Magicicada'' shedding its skin.]]
'''Brood XIII''' (also known as '''Brood 13''' or '''Northern Illinois Brood''') is one of 15 separate broods of [[periodical cicada]]s that appear regularly throughout the midwestern [[United States]]. Every 17 years, Brood XIII tunnels ''en masse'' to the surface of the ground, lays [[egg (biology)|eggs]], and then dies off in several weeks.

Although entomologist [[Charles Lester Marlatt|C. L. Marlatt]] published an account in 1907 in which he argued for the existence of 30 broods, over the years a number have been consolidated and only 15 are recognized today as being distinct.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/highlights/periodicalCicada.html |title=More Information about the Periodical Cicada |publisher=Inhs.uiuc.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-06-28}}</ref> Brood XIII is among the 12 different broods with 17-year cycles.

Its most recent appearance was in the spring and early summer of 2007, throughout an area roughly enclosed by northern [[Illinois]], eastern [[Iowa]], southern [[Wisconsin]], and a narrow strip of [[Indiana]] bordering [[Lake Michigan]] and [[Michigan]]. It will emerge again in 2024 and 2041.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/magicicada/Periodical/BroodXIII.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070315183725/http://www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/magicicada/Periodical/BroodXIII.html |archivedate=March 15, 2007 |title=Brood XIII (17-year) |work=Periodical Cicada Page |author=David Marshall & John Cooley |date=March 20, 2006 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://buzz.ifas.ufl.edu/g900a.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081210102911/http://buzz.ifas.ufl.edu/g900a.htm |archivedate=December 10, 2008 |title=Genus ''Magicidada'': periodical cicadas |accessdate=October 26, 2011 |author=Thomas E. Moore |work=Singing Insects of North America |publisher=[[University of Florida]]}}</ref>

The 4-centimeter long black bugs do not sting or bite. Once they emerge, they spend their short two-week lives climbing trees, shedding their [[Exoskeleton|exoskeletons]] and reproducing. They can number up to a million per hectare.

==Ravinia==
In the northern [[Chicago]] suburb of [[Highland Park, Illinois|Highland Park]], there was a concern about how the cicadas might drown out the music at the [[Ravinia Park|Ravinia Festival]] during May and June, the peak months of cicada activity. According to the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', Ravinia adjusted the schedule so that [[Chicago Symphony Orchestra]] (CSO) concerts took place in July, after the outbreak in 2007. Other concerts before this time could have been moved indoors if the noise of the cicadas would have detracted from the music. However, the dates of all concerts, except those for the CSO, took place as scheduled.<ref name="chicagotribune1">{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-070313cicadas,1,5278420.story |title=Topic Galleries |publisher=chicagotribune.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-28}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Cicadas climbing.jpg|Brood XIII ''Magicicada'' in various stages of skin shedding
Image:Premolt Brood XIII.JPG|Brood XIII [[instar]]

Image:Newly molted Brood XIII.JPG|Newly molted Brood XIII
Image:Cicada bush0001.JPG| A group of Brood XIII ''Magiciada'' on a bush
Image:Cicada_BroodXIII_1200x800.jpg| Brood XIII in Westchester, Ill. on June 21, 2007
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Magicicada]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu/projects/cicada/magicicada_central/about/brood_pages/broodXIII.php Brood XIII map]

{{Cicada Broods}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brood 13}}
[[Category:Cicadas]]

Mumtaz Qadri

2016-03-02T11:55:20Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Mumtaz qadri.jpg

{{pp-blp|expiry=10:18, 16 March 2016|small=yes}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Mumtaz Qadri
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Malik Mumtaz Hussain Qadri
| birth_date = 1985
| birth_place = [[Rawalpindi|Rawalpindi, Pakistan]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|2|29|1985}}
| death_place = [[Adiala Jail]], [[Rawalpindi|Rawalpindi, Pakistan]]
| death_cause = [[Hanging]]
| resting_place = [[Islamabad|Bara Kahu, Islamabad]]
| residence =
| nationality = [[Pakistani]]
| other_names =
| occupation = [[policeman]]
| known_for = killing of [[Salman Taseer]]
| height =
| weight =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| criminal_charge =
| penalty = Death
| conviction_status =
| spouse = 
| children = 
| parents = 
| allegiance =
| motive = Sunni Islamic fundamentalism
| conviction = [[murder]]
| reward_amount =
| capture_status =
| wanted_by =
| partners =
| wanted_since =
| time_at_large =
| escaped =
| escape_end =
| comments =
| victims = 1
| date = 4 January 2011
| time =
| beginyear =
| endyear =
| country = [[Pakistan]]
| states = [[Punjab]]
| locations = [[Islamabad|Kohsar Market, Islamabad]]
| targets = [[Salman Taseer]]
| fatalities =
| injuries =
| weapons = Gun
| apprehended =
| imprisoned = [[Adiala Jail]] (2011–2016)
| footnotes =
}}
'''Malik Mumtaz Hussain Qadri''' (1985 – February 29, 2016), better known as '''Mumtaz Qadri''', was a [[Pakistan]]i [[policeman]] and commando of [[Elite Police]] who was convicted of the assassination of [[Salman Taseer]]. He murdered Taseer for speaking in favour of [[Asia Bibi]].<ref name="Biography">{{cite web|author=Khalid|title=Mumtaz Qadri Biography|url=http://www.allpakistaninews.com/mumtaz-qadri-biography.html|website=All Pakistani News|accessdate=29 February 2016|date=5 January 2011}}</ref> In 2014 a Sunni [[mosque]] was built in [[Islamabad]] named after Mumtaz Qadri.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jon Boone|title=Pakistan mosque built to honour politician's killer to double in size|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/30/pakistan-mosque-killer-mumtaz-qadri-salaman-taseer|website=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=29 February 2016|date=30 April 2014}}</ref>
==Life and career==
Malik Mumtaz Hussain Qadri was born in [[Rawalpindi|Rawalpindi, Pakistan]]. He joined [[Punjab Police]] in 2002 and because of exceptional performance became member of [[Elite Police]] in 2007. In 2010, he joined the squad for the security of former Governor of Punjab, [[Salman Taseer]].<ref name="Biography" />

==Murder==
On 4 January 2011, he opened fire and killed former [[Governor|Governor of Punjab]] Salman Taseer at Kohsar Market in [[Islamabad]] after he spoke in favor of [[Asia Bibi blasphemy case|Asia Bibi]] who was charged with blasphemy according to the [[Blasphemy Law in Pakistan]]. Qadri killed Taseer with 25 bullets when serving as his bodyguard. Immediately after the killing, Mumtaz Qadari surrendered.

===Arrest and execution===
On 6 January 2011 Qadri was arrested and held in custody on a five-day remand. He appeared in court on 9 January 2011 and confessed that he killed Salman Taseer because of the latter's criticism of the blasphemy law. During his appearance in court over 300 [[lawyer]]s offered to do his case for free.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tanveer|first1=Rana|title=Expert opinions: Legal minds weigh in on Qadri’s options|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/103015/expert-opinions-legal-minds-weigh-in-on-qadris-options/|website=[[The Express Tribune]]|accessdate=29 February 2016|date=13 January 2011}}</ref> On 10 January 2011, he was sent to [[Adiala Jail]] on 14 day judicial remand. Due to security issues his case was held in [[Adiala Jail]] on 14 January 2011. He was charged with the murder of the [[Governor|Governor of Punjab]]. On 10 October 2011, court issued [[death warrant]] of Mumtaz Qadri. He filed an appeal against his death warrant in [[Islamabad|Islamabad High Court]] on 6 October 2011 and the appeal was admitted on 11 October 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Timeline: Salman Taseer Killing to Mumtaz Qadri Hanging|url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2016/02/29/timeline-salman-taseer-killing-to-mumtaz-qadri-hanging/|website=The News Tribe|accessdate=29 February 2016|date=29 February 2016}}</ref>
Justice Dost Mohammad rhetorically queried whether the accused, a uniformed officer, was entitled to take the law into his own hands and murder the victim (who was under Qadri's protection).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Iqbal|first1=Nasir|title=SC maintains Mumtaz Qadri's death penalty, says he is a terrorist|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1211506|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN]]|accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref> The appeal filed by Mumtaz Qadri was rejected in December 2015,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Malik|first1=Hasnaat|title=SC rejects Mumtaz Qadri’s review petition against death sentence|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1009681/sc-rejects-mumtaz-qadris-review-petition-against-death-penalty/|website=[[The Express Tribune]]|accessdate=29 February 2016|date=14 December 2014}}</ref> and he was hanged on 29 February 2016 at 4:30 AM at [[Adiala Jail]] in [[Rawalpindi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Taseer's killer Mumtaz Qadri hanged|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1242637|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN]]|accessdate=29 February 2016|date=29 February 2016}}</ref> His funeral was held on 1 March 2016 at [[Liaquat Bagh]] in [[Rawalpindi]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Yasin|first1=Aamir|title=Religious figures attend Qadri’s funeral|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1242995/religious-figures-attend-qadris-funeral|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)]]|accessdate=2 March 2016|date=2 March 2016}}</ref> According to an estimate, the funeral was attended by over 100,000 people including [[Hamid Saeed Kazmi]]. Qadri was laid to rest in a village Bara Kahu in [[Islamabad]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Boone|first1=Jon|title=Thousands at funeral of Pakistani executed for murdering governor|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/01/funeral-pakistani-mumtaz-qadri-executed-salmaan-taseer|website=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2 March 2016|date=1 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Salman Taseer murder: Thousands mourn at Mumtaz Qadri funeral|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35693767|website=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref>
==Reaction to the execution==
Protests began immediately by the Sunni Islamist fundamentalist organisations all over the country against the execution. Activists protested in major cities of Pakistan, including [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]] and [[Peshawar]]. Lawyers in [[Islamabad]] called one day strike against the decision. [[Sunni Tehreek]] announced protests all over the country. [[Metrobus Rawalpindi-Islamabad]] was also suspended due to the protests in the city. Markets and business centres were closed and disturbance in traffic was reported in different locations of [[Lahore]], [[Karachi]] and [[Islamabad]].<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jon Boone|title=Pakistan on alert as liberal governor's killer is hanged|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/29/pakistan-hangs-mumtaz-qadri-who-killed-blasphemy-law-governor|website=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=29 February 2016|date=29 February 2016}}</ref>
However a lot of people also supported the decision as well. [[Council of Islamic Ideology]] chairman [[Maulana Muhammad Khan Sherani|Maulana Mohammad Khan Sherani]] said that Mumtaz Qadri’s act — though driven by religious sentiments — was illegal because he had taken the law into his own hands and he faced punishment because “no one is above the law”.<ref>{{cite web|title=Qadri punished for taking law into his own hands, says CII head|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1242720/qadri-punished-for-taking-law-into-his-own-hands-says-cii-head|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN]]|accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qadri, Mumtaz}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Rawalpindi]]
[[Category:Assassins of heads of government]]
[[Category:Pakistani people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani police officers]]
[[Category:Police officers executed for murder]]
[[Category:Pakistani people executed by hanging]]
[[Category:People executed by Pakistan by hanging]]

Blackstar (Album)

2016-02-23T04:56:08Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Bowie-Blackstar-vinylcover.jpg

{{use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox album 
| Name = Blackstar
| Type = studio
| Artist = [[David Bowie]]
| Cover = Blackstar (Front Cover).png
| Border = yes
| Released = 8 January 2016
| Recorded = 2014–15
| Studio = {{unbulleted list|The Magic Shop|{{small|([[New York City]])}}|Human Worldwide Studios|{{small|(New York City)}}}}
| Genre = {{hlist||[[Art rock]]|[[jazz]]|[[experimental rock]]}} 
| Length = 41:13
| Label = {{hlist|ISO|[[RCA Records|RCA]]|[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]|[[Sony Music|Sony]]}}
| Producer = {{hlist|David Bowie|[[Tony Visconti]]}}
| Last album = ''[[Five Years (1969–1973)]]'' (2015)
| This album = '''''Blackstar''''' (2016)
{{Extra album cover
| Upper caption = Vinyl cover
| Type = studio
| Cover =
}}
| Misc = {{Singles
| Name = Blackstar
| Type = Studio album
| Single 1 = [[Blackstar (David Bowie song)|Blackstar]]
| Single 1 date = 19 November 2015
| Single 2 = [[Lazarus (David Bowie song)|Lazarus]]
| Single 2 date = 17 December 2015
}}
}}
'''''Blackstar''''' (stylised as ★) is the twenty-fifth and final [[studio album]] by English singer [[David Bowie]]. It was released worldwide through Bowie's ISO Records label<ref name="pitchfork">{{Cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/61774-david-bowie-confirms-new-album-blackstar-coming-in-january/ |title=David Bowie Confirms New Album Blackstar Coming in January |accessdate=26 October 2015 |work=Pitchfork}}</ref><ref name="NME">{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/david-bowie/89248 |title=Details of David Bowie's 25th album 'Blackstar' revealed |accessdate=26 October 2015 |work=NME}}</ref> on 8 January 2016, Bowie's 69th birthday.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-34638413 |title=David Bowie announces new album Blackstar for January release |accessdate=26 October 2015 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/oct/26/david-bowie-25th-album-released-january-2016 |title=David Bowie confirms 25th album will be released in January 2016 |accessdate=26 October 2015 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Blackstar>{{cite web|url=http://www.davidbowie.com/news/watch-video-teaser-online-now-55121|title=Watch ★ video teaser online now|publisher=Davidbowie.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113154049/http://www.davidbowie.com/news/watch-video-teaser-online-now-55121|archivedate=13 November 2015|deadurl=no|accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref> Bowie would die two days after its release. Co-producer [[Tony Visconti]] described the album as Bowie's intended [[swan song]] and a "parting gift" for his fans before his death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/12092542/Bowies-last-album-was-parting-gift-for-fans-in-carefully-planned-finale.html|title=David Bowie's last release, Lazarus, was 'parting gift' for fans in carefully planned finale|date=11 January 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>

''Blackstar'' was met with critical acclaim and commercial success, reaching the number one spot in a number of countries in the wake of Bowie's death and becoming Bowie's first and only album to reach number one on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] album chart in the U.S.<ref>"[http://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/18/david-bowie-finally-tops-us-billboard-charts-with-blackstar David Bowie finally tops US Billboard charts with Blackstar]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 18 January 2016. Retrieved on 18 January 2016.</ref> The album remained at the no. 1 position in the [[UK Albums Chart|UK charts]] for three weeks before being replaced by one of Bowie's [[compilation albums]], ''[[Best of Bowie]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/david-bowie-sees-off-sia-to-replace-himself-at-number-1__13758/|title=David Bowie sees off Sia to replace himself at Number 1|work=Official Charts|accessdate=10 February 2016}}</ref>

==Background and recording==
Bowie recorded the album in the midst of an ongoing battle with cancer. His illness was only known by those very close to him and that remained so until the news of his death became public, two days after the album's release. It became apparent immediately after that many lyrics seem to come from a man who knows death is near.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/12092542/Bowies-last-album-was-parting-gift-for-fans-in-carefully-planned-finale.html|title=David Bowie's last release, Lazarus, was 'parting gift' for fans in carefully planned finale|date=11 January 2016|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> Like ''[[The Next Day]]'', recording of this album took place in secret at The Magic Shop<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hollandude.com/producer-tony-visconti-talks-david-bowie-and-blackstar/ | title=Producer Tony Visconti Talks David Bowie and Blackstar | journal=Hollandude | date=6 January 2016 | accessdate=12 January 2016 | first=Eric|last=Holland}}</ref> and Human Worldwide Studios in [[New York City]].<ref name="album notes"/> Bowie began writing and making demos for songs that appear on ''Blackstar'' as soon as sessions for ''[[The Next Day]]'' concluded. The two songs that appear on ''Blackstar'' that were previously released, "[[Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)]]" and "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore", were re-recorded for ''Blackstar'', including new saxophone parts played on the latter song by [[Donny McCaslin]] (replacing parts Bowie played on the original release).<ref name="wsj2016">{{cite web | url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/blackstar-review-ziggy-stardust-plays-jazz-1452030425 | title='Blackstar' Review: Ziggy Stardust Plays Jazz | date=5 January 2016 | accessdate=6 January 2016 | publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | first=Jim | last=Fusilli}}</ref> The title of the latter derives from the title ''[['Tis Pity She's a Whore]]'', a play by [[John Ford (dramatist)|John Ford]], an English dramatist of the 17th century.<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/the-inside-story-of-david-bowies-stunning-new-album-blackstar-20151123 ''The Inside Story of David Bowie's Stunning New Album, 'Blackstar'], rollingstone.com, 23 November 2015</ref> McCaslin and the rest of the jazz group recorded their parts in the studio over a period of about one week a month from January to March 2015, and were unaware of Bowie's declining health.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/12/arts/music/david-bowie-allowed-his-art-to-deliver-a-final-message.html?smid=fb-nytimes&smtyp=cur | title=David Bowie Allowed His Art to Deliver a Final Message | journal=The New York Times | date=11 January 2016 | accessdate=12 January 2016 | first1=Joe | last1=Coscarelli | first2=Michael | last2=Paulson}}</ref> The song "Lazarus" was included in Bowie's [[Off-Broadway]] musical [[Lazarus (musical)|of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/off-broadway/article/David-Bowies-New-Album-BLACKSTAR-Featuring-Lazarus-Track-Out-Today-20160108 | title=David Bowie's New Album BLACKSTAR, Featuring 'Lazarus' Track, Out Today | date=8 January 2016 | accessdate=18 January 2016 | journal=Broadway World}}</ref>

==Composition==
The music on ''Blackstar'' has been characterized as incorporating [[art rock]],<ref name="CBC music">{{cite web | url=http://music.cbc.ca/#!/blogs/2016/1/David-Bowie-gains-immortality-with-Lazarus-the-boldest-character-of-his-career | title=David Bowie gains immortality with Lazarus, the boldest character of his career | publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Company]] | date=11 January 2016 | accessdate=19 January 2016 | author=Kinos-Goodin, Jesse}}</ref><ref name="Q review"/> [[jazz]],<ref>The following references cite the album as jazz:
* {{cite web | url=http://music.cbc.ca/#!/blogs/2016/1/David-Bowie-gains-immortality-with-Lazarus-the-boldest-character-of-his-career | title=David Bowie gains immortality with Lazarus, the boldest character of his career | publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Company]] | date=11 January 2016 | accessdate=19 January 2016 | author=Kinos-Goodin, Jesse}}
* {{cite journal |title=David Bowie: ★ |journal=[[Q (magazine)|Q]] |issue=354 |date=January 2016 |last=Doyle |first=Tom}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.teamrock.com/reviews/2015-11-27/david-bowie-blackstar | title=David Bowie: Blackstar | publisher=''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]'' | date=27 November 2015 | accessdate=7 January 2016 | author=Dalton, Stephen}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a779532/david-bowies-new-album-blackstar-was-his-perfect-goodbye/ | title=David Bowie's new album Blackstar was his perfect goodbye message to fans | publisher=''[[Digital Spy]]'' | date=11 January 2016 | accessdate=19 January 2016 | author=Corner, Lewis}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/david-bowie-blackstar-first-listen-extraordinary/|title=David Bowie, Blackstar, review: 'extraordinary'|author=Neil McCormick,|date=8 January 2016|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> and [[experimental rock]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2016/01/08/david-bowie-aims-high-with-blackstar-review.html | title=David Bowie’s Blackstar a nearly perfect goodbye: review | work=[[Toronto Sun]] | date=8 January 2016 | accessdate=15 January 2016 | author=Rayner, Ben}}</ref> According to producer [[Tony Visconti]], they deliberately attempted "to avoid rock’n’roll"<ref name="guardian2015">{{cite web | url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/nov/24/david-bowie-blackstar-inspired-by-kendrick-lamar-features-lcd-james-murphy| title=New David Bowie album, inspired by Kendrick Lamar, features LCD's James Murphy | date=24 November 2015 | accessdate=11 January 2016 | publisher=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> while making the album, and he and Bowie had been listening to rapper [[Kendrick Lamar]]'s 2015 album ''[[To Pimp a Butterfly]]'' during the recording sessions and cited it as an influence. Electronic duo [[Boards of Canada]] and experimental hip-hop trio [[Death Grips]] have also been cited as influences.<ref name="guardian2015" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/david-bowie/89960|title=David Bowie's new album 'Blackstar' inspired by rap group Death Grips|author=NME.COM|work=NME.COM}}</ref> Saxophone was the first instrument Bowie learned, and he was a keen listener to jazz in his youth.<ref>{{cite web|title=David Bowie: Verbatim|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06z5pts|website=BBC Radio 4}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/jan/11/was-david-bowie-saying-goodbye-on-blackstar?CMP=fb_gu|title=Was David Bowie saying goodbye on Blackstar?|author=Tim Jonze|work=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/how-david-bowie-told-us-he-was-dying-in-the-lazarus-video|title=How David Bowie told us he was dying in the 'Lazarus' video|author=NME.COM|work=NME.COM}}</ref> Both [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] and [[CNN]] noted that Bowie's lyrics seem to revolve around his impending death,<ref name=CNNdeath>{{cite web|last1=Griggs|first1=Brandon|title=David Bowie's haunting final album hints at death|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/11/entertainment/david-bowie-blackstar-lazarus-death-meaning-feat/|website=CNN|accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=Billboarddeath>{{cite web|last1=Payne|first1=Chris|title=David Bowie's Final Album 'Blackstar' & 'Lazarus' Video Were Goodbye Notes|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/6836563/david-bowie-blackstar-goodbye-note-death-lazarus-2016|website=Billboard|accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref> with CNN noting that the album "reveals a man who appears to be grappling with his own mortality".<ref name=CNNdeath/>

==Release and packaging==
The [[Blackstar (David Bowie song)|title track]] was released as a first single on 19 November 2015<ref name="US Blackstar Single release">{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0184MM29W/|title=Amazon.com: Blackstar: David Bowie: MP3 Downloads|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2016}}</ref> and was used as the opening music for the television series ''[[The Last Panthers]]''.<ref name="Panthers">{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/david-bowie-7-things-we-already-know-about-his-2016-album-blackstar |title=David Bowie: 7 Things We Already Know About His 2016 Album 'Blackstar' |accessdate=26 October 2015 |work=NME}}</ref> "[[Lazarus (David Bowie song)|Lazarus]]" was released on 17 December 2015 as a [[music download|digital download]], and received its world premiere on [[BBC Radio 6 Music]]'s ''[[Steve Lamacq|Steve Lamacq Show]]'' the same day.<ref>{{cite web|title=David Bowie launches trailer of new single Lazarus|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/dec/14/david-bowie-new-single-lazarus-black-star?CMP=twt_a-music_b-gdnmusic|website=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=18 December 2015|date=14 December 2015}}</ref>

The artwork for ''Blackstar'' was designed by [[Jonathan Barnbrook]], who had designed the artwork for Bowie's ''[[Heathen (David Bowie album)|Heathen]]'', ''[[Reality (David Bowie album)|Reality]]'', and ''[[The Next Day]]''. The CD cover is adorned with a large black star on a plain white background, with the six star segments below the main star forming the word 'B O W I E' in stylized letters.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.creativereview.co.uk/cr-blog/2015/november/bowie-barnbrook-and-blackstar/| title=Bowie, Barnbrook and the ★ artwork | date=26 November 2015 | accessdate=11 January 2016 | publisher=Creative Review}}</ref> The vinyl cover, in black, features the star as a cutout section, revealing the vinyl (with an all-black picture label) beneath it. It was observed that the [[Unicode]] for a black star symbol (★) is U+2605, 26 May being the birthday of Bowie's former guitarist [[Mick Ronson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/21/final-mysteries-david-bowie-blackstar-elvis-crowley-villa-of-ormen?CMP=fb_gu|title=The final mysteries of David Bowie’s Blackstar – Elvis, Crowley and 'the villa of Ormen'|author=Jude Rogers|work=the Guardian}}</ref> It was also observed that a "black star [[lesion]]," usually found inside a breast, suggests to medical practitioners evidence of certain types of cancer.<ref>{{cite web| last = Britton| first = Luke Morgan| title = Did David Bowie name 'Blackstar' album after his own cancer lesion?| work = [[NME]]| publisher = [[Time Inc. UK]]| date = 13 January 2016| url = http://www.nme.com/news/david-bowie/90741| accessdate = 24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Vincent| first = Alice| title = Was David Bowie's Blackstar named after a cancer lesion?| work = [[The Daily Telegraph]]| publisher = [[Telegraph Media Group]]| date = 12 January 2016| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/news/was-david-bowies-blackstar-named-after-a-cancer-lesion/| accessdate = 24 January 2016}}</ref>

''Blackstar'' sold 146,000 copies in its first week on sale in the United Kingdom<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/david-bowie-matches-elvis-presleys-official-albums-chart-record__13677/|title=David Bowie matches Elvis Presley's Official Albums Chart record|last=Myers|first=Justin|date=29 January 2016|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=11 February 2016}}</ref> (a week which saw four other Bowie albums in the top 10 and a further seven in the top 40, the latter equalling [[Elvis Presley]]'s chart record).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/how-the-loss-of-david-bowie-impacted-the-uk-charts-this-week__13564/|title=How the loss of David Bowie impacted the UK charts this week|last=Copsey|first=Rob|date=15 January 2016|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=15 January 2016}}</ref> and more than 181,000 in the United States.<ref name="BB200"/> Within days of the album's release, online retailer [[Amazon.com]] temporarily sold out of both the CD and LP editions of the album.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuse.tv/2016/01/bowie-amazon-albums-sold-out-prices|title=Amazon Is Sold Out of Every David Bowie Album (And Accused of Price-Jacking)|work=Fuse|accessdate=15 January 2016}}</ref> In the week 11–17 January, Blackstar was the number 1 most downloaded album in 25 [[iTunes]] national charts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicweek.com/businessanalysis/read/international-charts-analysis-bowie-s-blackstar-dominates-charts-worldwide/063914|title=International Charts Analysis: Bowie's Blackstar dominates charts worldwide|work=Music Week}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
{{Album ratings
| MC = 87/100<ref name="MC">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/blackstar/david-bowie |title=Reviews for Blackstar by David Bowie |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=27 December 2015}}</ref>
| rev1= ''[[The A.V. Club]]''
| rev1score= A–<ref name="AV Club review">{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/review/david-bowie-goes-noir-intoxicating-blackstar-230272 |title=David Bowie goes noir with the intoxicating Blackstar |work=[[The A.V. Club]] |date=8 January 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2016 |last=Vishnevetsky |first=Ignatiy}}</ref>
| rev2= [[AllMusic]]
| rev2score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/blackstar-mw0002894417 |title=Blackstar – David Bowie |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |accessdate=11 January 2016 |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |authorlink=Stephen Thomas Erlewine}}</ref>
| rev3 = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''
| rev3score = A–<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/01/08/david-bowie-blackstar-ew-review |title=David Bowie's Blackstar: EW review |work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=8 January 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2016 |last=Greenblatt |first=Leah}}</ref>
| rev4 = ''[[The Guardian]]''
| rev4score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/07/david-bowie-blackstar-review-a-spellbinding-break-with-his-past |title=David Bowie: Blackstar review – a spellbinding break with his past |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 January 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2016 |last=Petridis |first=Alexis |authorlink=Alexis Petridis}}</ref>
| rev5 = ''[[The Independent]]''
| rev5score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="independent-review">{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/david-bowies-blackstar-exclusive-first-review-a-bowie-desperate-to-break-with-the-past-a6783456.html |title=David Bowie's Blackstar – exclusive first review: A Bowie desperate to break with the past |work=[[The Independent]] |date=22 December 2015 |accessdate=28 December 2015 |last=Gill |first=Andy}}</ref>
| rev6 = [[Pitchfork Media]]
| rev6score = 8.5/10<ref name="Pitchfork Review">{{cite web |url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21332-blackstar/ |title=David Bowie: Blackstar |publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]] |date=7 January 2016 |accessdate=7 January 2016 |last=Dombal |first=Ryan}}</ref>
| rev7 = [[PopMatters]]
| rev7score = 9/10<ref name="PopMattersReview">{{cite journal |url=http://www.popmatters.com/review/david-bowie-blackstar/ |title=David Bowie –'Blackstar' Review |work=[[NME]] |date=8 January 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2016 |last=Gerard |first=Chris}}</ref>
| rev8 = ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]''
| rev8score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="Q review">{{cite journal |title=David Bowie: ★ |journal=[[Q (magazine)|Q]] |issue=354 |date=January 2016 |last=Doyle |first=Tom}}</ref>
| rev9 = ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| rev9score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="rollingstone">{{cite journal |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/david-bowie-blackstar-20151223 |title=Blackstar |work=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=23 December 2015 |accessdate=28 December 2015 |last=Fricke |first=David |authorlink=David Fricke}}</ref>
| rev10 = ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''
| rev10score = 7/10<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.spin.com/2016/01/review-david-bowie-blackstar/ |title=Review: David Bowie Remains the Original Starman on '★' |work=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] |date=6 January 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2016 |last=Soto |first=Alfred}}</ref>
}}

''Blackstar'' received widespread acclaim from music critics. At [[Metacritic]], the album received an average score of 87, which indicates "universal acclaim", based on 41 reviews.<ref name="MC"/> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' critic [[David Fricke]] described the album as "a ricochet of textural eccentricity and pictorial-shrapnel writing".<ref name="rollingstone"/> Andy Gill of ''[[The Independent]]'' regarded the record as "the most extreme album of [Bowie's] entire career", stating that "''Blackstar'' is as far as he's strayed from pop."<ref name="independent-review"/> Reviewing for ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]'' magazine, Tom Doyle wrote, "''Blackstar'' is a more concise statement than ''The Next Day'' and a far, far more intriguing one."<ref name="Q review"/> In a favourable review for ''[[Exclaim!]]'', Michael Rancic wrote that ''Blackstar'' is "a defining statement from someone who isn't interested in living in the past, but rather, for the first time in a while, waiting for everyone else to catch up".<ref name="exclaim">{{cite journal |url=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/david_bowie-_blackstar |title=David Bowie – Blackstar |work=[[Exclaim!]] |date=7 January 2016 |accessdate=7 January 2016 |last=Rancic |first=Michael}}</ref>

''[[The New York Times]]'' described the album as "at once emotive and cryptic, structured and spontaneous and, above all, willful, refusing to cater to the expectations of radio stations or fans".<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/07/arts/music/review-blackstar-david-bowies-emotive-and-cryptic-new-album.html?_r=0 |title=Review: 'Blackstar,' David Bowie's Emotive and Cryptic New Album |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 January 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2016 |last=Pareles |first=Jon}}</ref> [[Pitchfork Media]]'s review of ''Blackstar'' was written on the day of the album's release, two days before Bowie's death, and concluded with the line "This tortured immortality is no gimmick: Bowie will live on long after the man has died. For now, though, he’s making the most of his latest reawakening, adding to the myth while the myth is his to hold."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21332-blackstar/#|title=David Bowie|work=Pitchfork}}</ref>

==Track listing==
* All songs, words & music David Bowie, except where noted.

{{track listing
| headline = ''Blackstar'' — {{nobold|[[Compact disc|CD]] – [[Gramophone record|vinyl]] – [[Music download|digital download]]}}
| title1 = [[Blackstar (David Bowie song)|Blackstar]] 
| length1 = 9:57
| title2 = [['Tis a Pity She Was a Whore]]
| length2 = 4:52
| title3 = [[Lazarus (David Bowie song)|Lazarus]]
| length3 = 6:22
| title4 = [[Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)]]
| note4 = Bowie, Maria Schneider, Paul Bateman & Bob Bharma
| length4 = 4:40
| title5 = [[Girl Loves Me]]
| length5 = 4:51
| title6 = [[Dollar Days]]
| length6 = 4:44
| title7 = [[I Can't Give Everything Away]]
| length7 = 5:47
|total_length = 41:13
}}
{{tracklist
| collapsed = no
| headline = Digital download bonus track
| title8 = Blackstar
| note8 = [[Music video|Video]]
| length8 = 9:59
|total_length = 51:12
}}

==Personnel==
Personnel adapted from ''Blackstar'' liner notes.<ref name="album notes">{{cite AV media notes|title=Blackstar|others=[[David Bowie]]|year=2016|type=album liner notes|publisher=ISO Records}}</ref>

{{Div col||30em}}
* [[David Bowie]] – [[Singing|vocals]], [[acoustic guitar]], [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]], [[Record producer|production]], [[String section|string]] [[arrangement]]s, "Fender Guitar" (3), [[harmonica]] (7)
* [[Donny McCaslin]] – [[flute]], [[saxophone]], [[Woodwind instrument|woodwinds]]
* [[Ben Monder]] – [[guitar]]
* [[Jason Lindner]] – [[piano]], [[Organ (music)|organ]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]
* [[Tim Lefebvre]] – [[Bass guitar|bass]]
* [[Mark Guiliana]] – [[Drum kit|drums]], [[Percussion instrument|percussion]]
* [[Kevin Killen]] – [[Record engineer|engineering]]
* Erin Tonkon – assistant engineer, [[Backing vocalist|backing vocals]] (2)
* Joe Visciano – mixing assistant
* Kabir Hermon – assistant engineer
* [[Joe LaPorta]] – [[Remaster|mastering]] engineer
* [[Tom Elmhirst]] – mixing engineer
* [[Tony Visconti]] – production, strings, engineering, mixing engineer
* [[James Murphy (electronic musician)|James Murphy]] – percussion (4 and 5)
{{Div col end}}

==Charts and certifications==
{{col begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2016)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| Argentine Albums ([[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers|CAPIF]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diariodecultura.com.ar/rankings/los-discos-mas-vendidos-18/ |title=Los discos más vendidos |work=Diario de Cultura |publisher=ILHSA Grupo |accessdate=19 January 2016}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Australian Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Austrian Albums ([[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Ö3 Austria]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Belgian Albums ([[Ultratop]] Flanders)<ref name="Hung Medien">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/album/4735f/David-Bowie-&9733|title=ultratop.be – David Bowie – ★ [Blackstar]|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Belgian Albums ([[Ultratop]] Wallonia)<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
{{albumchart|BillboardCanada|1|artist=David Bowie|rowheader=true|accessdate=20 January 2016}}
|-
{{albumchart|Croatia|1|artist=David Bowie|rowheader=true|week=6|year=2016|id=1607|accessdate=20 January 2016}}
|-
!scope="row"|Czech Albums ([[IFPI|IFPI Czech Republic]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparada/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=14&titul=154400&sec=8a12a4c860b13813eeb0179187090137 |title=TOP50 Prodejní: BOWIE DAVID – Blackstar |language=Czech |publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI Czech Republic]] |accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref>
|1
|-
! scope="row"| Danish Albums ([[Tracklisten|Hitlisten]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Dutch Albums ([[MegaCharts]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
{{albumchart|Finland|1|artist=David Bowie|album=Black Star|rowheader=true|accessdate=17 January 2016}}
|-
! scope="row"| French Albums ([[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| German Albums ([[GfK Entertainment Charts|Offizielle Top 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-291679|title=Offizielle Deutsche Charts – Offizielle Deutsche Charts|publisher=}}</ref>
| 1
|-
!scope="row"| Greek Albums ([[Greek Albums Chart|IFPI Greece]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.gr/charts_en.html|archiveurl=http://www.ifpi.gr/charts_en.html|archivedate=1 February 2016|title=Top-75 Albums Sales Chart Week: 3/2016|publisher=[[IFPI Greece]]|accessdate=3 February 2016}}</ref>
| 3
|-
{{albumchart|Hungary|4|year=2016|week=1|rowheader=true|accessdate=15 January 2016}}
|-
{{albumchart|Ireland|1|year=2016|week=2|rowheader=true|accessdate=16 January 2016}}
|-
! scope="row"| Italian Albums ([[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|FIMI]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche#/category:album/id:2177 |title=FIMI Classifiche |accessdate=15 January 2016}}</ref>
| 1
|-
{{albumchart|Oricon|5|date=2016-01-25|rowheader=true|accessdate=27 January 2016}}
|-
!scope="row"|Mexican Albums ([[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas|AMPROFON]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/top-album.php|title=Top Album - Semanal ( del 15 de Enero al 21 de Enero )|publisher=Amprofon|accessdate=9 February 2016|archivedate=9 February 2016|language=Spanish}}</ref>
| 2
|-
! scope="row"| New Zealand Albums ([[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4190|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart – The Official New Zealand Music Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|accessdate=15 January 2016|}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Norwegian Albums ([[VG-lista]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lista.vg.no/artist/david-bowie/album/blackstar/13713|title=VG-lista - David Bowie / Blackstar|publisher=}}</ref>
| 1
|-
{{albumchart|Poland|1|id=1000|rowheader=true|accessdate=21 January 2016}}
|-
! scope="row"| Portuguese Albums ([[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|AFP]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
{{albumchart|Scotland|1|artist=David Bowie|date=2016-01-15|rowheader=true|accessdate=15 January 2016}}
|-
! scope="row"| South Korean Albums ([[Gaon Album Chart|Gaon]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?termGbn=week&hitYear=2016&targetTime=03&nationGbn=T |title=2015년 03주차 Album Chart |language=Korean |publisher=[[Gaon Music Chart]] |accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref>
| 29
|-
! scope="row"| South Korean Albums International ([[Gaon Album Chart|Gaon]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?termGbn=week&hitYear=2015&targetTime=50&nationGbn=E |title=2016년 03주차 Album Chart |language=Korean |publisher=[[Gaon Music Chart]] |accessdate=17 December 2015}}</ref>
| 2
|-
! scope="row"| Spanish Albums ([[Productores de Música de España|PROMUSICAE]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Swedish Albums ([[Sverigetopplistan]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Swiss Albums ([[Swiss Hitparade|Schweizer Hitparade]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
!scope="row"|Taiwanese Albums (Five Music)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.5music.com.tw/CDTop.asp?top=6|title=Weekly Top 20 – Five Music Chart 2016/1/29 – 2016/2/4|language=Chinese |publisher= Five Music |format=Select Week 6, Year 2016 from the bottom of the list |accessdate=February 16, 2016}}</ref>
|2
|-
{{albumchart|UK2|1|date=2016-01-15|rowheader=true|accessdate=16 January 2016}}
|-
!scope="row"|US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="BB200">{{cite web | url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6844036/david-bowie-blackstar-album-debuts-no-1-on-billboard-200-charts | title=David Bowie's 'Blackstar' Album Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart | publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' | date=17 January 2016 | accessdate=17 January 2016 | author=Caulfield, Keith}}</ref>
| 1
|-
{{albumchart|BillboardAlternative|1|artist=David Bowie|rowheader=true|accessdate=30 January 2016}}
|-
{{albumchart|BillboardDigital|1|artist=David Bowie|rowheader=true|accessdate=30 January 2016}}
|-
{{albumchart|BillboardRock|1|artist=David Bowie|rowheader=true|accessdate=30 January 2016}}
|-
{{albumchart|BillboardTastemaker|1|artist=David Bowie|rowheader=true|accessdate=30 January 2016}}
|-
|}
{{col-2}}

===Certifications===
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|relyear=2016|certyear=2016|award=Gold|type=album|autocat=yes|certref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/albums|title=ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|date=25 January 2016|accessdate=23 January 2016}}</ref>}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Austria|relyear=2016|certyear=2016|artist=David Bowie|award=Gold|type=album|accessdate=18 January 2016}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Belgium|relyear=2016|certyear=2016|artist=David Bowie|award=Platinum|type=album|accessdate=18 January 2016}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Canada|relyear=2016|certyear=2016|artist=David Bowie|award=Gold|type=album|salesamount=40,000|accessdate=11 February 2016}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Denmark|relyear=2016|salesamount=10,000|certyear=2016|artist=David Bowie|award=Gold|type=album|accessdate=18 January 2016}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Germany|relyear=2016|certyear=2016|artist=David Bowie|award=Gold|type=album|accessdate=18 January 2016}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Italy|relyear=2016|certyear=2016|artist=David Bowie|title=Blackstar|award=Platinum|type=album|autocat=yes|date=22 February 2016|accessdate=25 January 2016}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|relyear=2016|certyear=2016|artist=David Bowie|award=Gold|type=album|recent=website|id=4193|accessdate=29 January 2016}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Spain|relyear=2016|certyear=2016|artist=David Bowie|award=Gold|type=album|accessdate=3 February 2016}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|relyear=2016|certyear=2016|artist=David Bowie|award=Platinum|type=album|accessdate=15 January 2016}}
|-
!scope="row"|United States ([[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]])
|{{N/A}}
|316,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6875126/grease-live-movie-soundtracks-billboard-200-chart-moves|title=‘Grease Live’ & ‘Grease’ Movie Soundtracks 'Go Together' Up the Chart: Billboard 200 Chart Moves - Billboard|work=Billboard|accessdate=17 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
{{Certification Table Bottom}}
{{col end}}

==Release history==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Region
! scope="col"| Date
! scope="col"| Format(s)
! scope="col"| Label
! scope="col"| Ref.
|-
! scope="row" | Europe
| rowspan="3" | 8 January 2016
| rowspan="3" | {{hlist|[[Compact disc|CD]]|[[Music download|digital download]]|[[Gramophone record|vinyl]]}}
| {{hlist|ISO|[[Sony Music|Sony]]}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.discogs.com/David-Bowie-/master/939598 | title=David Bowie – ★ | publisher=[[Discogs]] | accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | United Kingdom
| {{hlist|ISO|[[RCA Records|RCA]]}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Blackstar-David-Bowie/dp/B017VORJK6/ | title=Blackstar by David Bowie | publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.co.uk]] | accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/blackstar/id1059043043 | title=Blackstar by David Bowie | publisher=[[iTunes|iTunes Great Britain]] | accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Blackstar-VINYL-David-Bowie/dp/B017VORJLA/ | title=Blackstar [VINYL] by David Bowie | publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.co.uk]] | accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | United States
| {{hlist|ISO|[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]}}
|<ref name="iTunes US">{{cite web | url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/blackstar/id1059043043 | title=Blackstar by David Bowie | publisher=[[iTunes]] | accessdate=21 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.amazon.com/Blackstar-David-Bowie/dp/B017VORJK6/ | title=David Bowie – Blackstar | publisher=[[Amazon.com]] | accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.amazon.com/Blackstar-Vinyl-David-Bowie/dp/B017VORJLA/ | title=David Bowie – Blackstar (Vinyl) | publisher=[[Amazon.com]] | accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://davidbowie.com/blackstar/}}
* {{Discogs master|master=939598|name=Blackstar|type=album}}

{{David Bowie |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2016 albums]]
[[Category:David Bowie albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Tony Visconti]]
[[Category:Columbia Records albums]]
[[Category:RCA Records albums]]
[[Category:Avant-garde jazz albums]]
[[Category:Jazz albums by English artists]]
[[Category:English-language albums]]

Blackstar (Album)

2016-02-23T04:56:08Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Bowie-Blackstar-vinylcover.jpg

French Quarter (New Orleans)

2016-01-31T02:26:36Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:French quarter-cbd.png

{{About|the French Quarter in New Orleans|other cities with "French Quarter" areas}}
{{Redirect|Vieux Carré|the play|Vieux Carré (play)}}
{{Geobox
| Settlement

| name = French Quarter
| native_name =
| other_name = Vieux Carré
| other_name1 =
| category = [[New Orleans neighborhoods|New Orleans Neighborhood]]

| image = ChrisLitherlandFrenchQuarter2011.jpg
| image_caption = The French Quarter, looking north with Mississippi River to the right

| flag =
| flag_size =
| symbol =
| symbol_size =

| etymology_type =
| etymology =
| nickname =
| motto =

| country = United States
| state = Louisiana
| region_type = City
| region = [[New Orleans]]
| district_type = Planning District
| district = District 1, French Quarter/CBD

| area_imperial = 0.66
| area_land_imperial = 0.49
| area_water_imperial = 0.17
| area_water_percentage = auto
| area_percentage_round = 2
| area_round = 1
| location =
| lat_d = 29
| lat_m = 57
| lat_s = 31
| lat_NS = N
| long_d = 90
| long_m = 03
| long_s = 54
| long_EW = W
| elevation_imperial = 3
| elevation_round = 1

| population_as_of = 2010
| population = 3888
| population_density_imperial = 7935

| established_type = Mayor-Council<ref>[http://www.cityofno.com/pg-1-9.aspx City Of New Orleans : City Charter]</ref>
| established =
| mayor = [[Mitch Landrieu]]

| timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|CST]]
| utc_offset = -6
| timezone_DST = [[North American Central Time Zone|CDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = -5
| postal_code = 70116 - 70130
| postal_code_type = ZIP Codes
| area_code = [[Area code 504|504]]
| area_code_type =
| code2_type =
| code2 =

| free_type =
| free =
| free1_type =
| free1 =

| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption = Location of the French Quarter and [[New Orleans Central Business District|Central Business District]] in New Orleans
| map_locator =
| map_locator_x =
| map_locator_y =

| website =
}}

The '''French Quarter''', also known as the '''Vieux Carré''', is the oldest [[New Orleans neighborhoods|neighborhood]] in the city of [[New Orleans]]. After New Orleans (''La Nouvelle-Orléans'' in French) was founded in 1718 by [[Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville]], the city developed around the ''Vieux Carré'' ("Old Square" in English), a central square. The district is more commonly called the French Quarter today, or simply "The Quarter," related to changes in the city with American immigration after the Louisiana Purchase.<ref>[http://www.inetours.com/New_Orleans/French_Quarter_History.html New Orleans French Quarter History, Architecture and Pictures]</ref> Most of the extant historic buildings were constructed either in the late 18th century, during the city's period of Spanish rule, or were built during the first half of the 19th century, after U.S. annexation and statehood.

The district as a whole has been designated as a [[National Historic Landmark]], with numerous contributing buildings that are separately deemed significant. It is a prime tourist destination in the city, as well as attracting local residents. Because of its distance from areas where the levee was breached during [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005 as well as the strength and height of the nearest Mississippi River Levees in contrast to other levees along the canals and lakefront,<ref>http://www.nola.com/katrina/graphics/flashflood.swf</ref> it suffered relatively light damage from floodwater as compared to other areas of the city and the greater region.

==Geography==
The French Quarter is located at {{Coord|29|57|31|N|90|03|54|W|type:city}}<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> and has an elevation of {{convert|1|ft|1}}.<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=2007-10-25}}</ref> According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the district has a total area of {{convert|0.66|sqmi|1}}. {{convert|0.49|sqmi|1}} of which is land and {{convert|0.17|sqmi|1}} (25.76%) of which is water.

===Boundaries===
The most common definition of the French Quarter includes all the land stretching along the [[Mississippi River]] from [[Canal Street, New Orleans|Canal Street]] to [[Esplanade Avenue, New Orleans|Esplanade Avenue]] (13 blocks) and inland to [[Rampart Street|North Rampart Street]] (seven to nine blocks). It equals an area of 78 square blocks. Some definitions, such as city zoning laws, exclude the properties facing Canal Street, which had already been redeveloped by the time architectural preservation was considered, and the section between Decatur Street and the river, much of which had long served industrial and warehousing functions.

Any alteration to structures in the remaining blocks is subject to review by the Vieux Carré Commission, which determines whether the proposal is appropriate for the historic character of the district. Its boundaries as defined by the City Planning Commission are: Esplanade Avenue to the north, the [[Mississippi River]] to the east, Canal Street, [[Decatur Street (New Orleans)|Decatur Street]] and Iberville Street to the south and the [[Basin Street]], St. Louis Street and North Rampart Street to the west.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gnocdc.org/orleans/1/48/index.html|title=French Quarter Neighborhood|author=Greater New Orleans Community Data Center|accessdate=2008-06-21}}</ref>

The National Historic Landmark district is stated to be 85 square blocks.<ref name="nhlsum"/><ref name="nrhpinv2"/> The Quarter is subdistrict of the French Quarter/CBD Area.

===Adjacent neighborhoods===
{{Further2|[[Neighborhoods in New Orleans]]}}
* [[Faubourg Marigny]] (east)
* [[Mississippi River]] (south)
* [[New Orleans Central Business District|Central Business District]] (west)
* [[Iberville Projects|Iberville]] (north)
* [[Tremé]] (north)

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]] of 2000, there were 4,176 people, 2,908 households, and 509 families residing in the neighborhood.<ref name="French Quarter Neighborhood">{{cite web|title=French Quarter Neighborhood|url=http://gnocdc.org/NeighborhoodData/1/FrenchQuarter/index.html|publisher=Greater New Orleans Community Data Center|accessdate=5 January 2012}}</ref> The [[population density]] was 8,523 /mi² (3,212 /km²).

As of the [[census]] of 2010, there were 3,813 people, 2,635 households, and 549 families residing in the neighborhood.<ref name="French Quarter Neighborhood"/>

==History==
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Vieux Carre Historic District
| nrhp_type = nhld
| image = UpperChartersNOLA.jpg
| caption = French Quarter: Upper Chartres street looking towards [[Jackson Square, New Orleans, Louisiana|Jackson Square]] and the spires of [[St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans|St. Louis Cathedral]].
| location = [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]
| locmapin = Louisiana
| area =
| built = 1734
| architect = Multiple
| architecture = No Style Listed
| designated_nrhp_type = December 21, 1965<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web | url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=258&ResourceType=District | title=Vieux Carre Historic District | accessdate=2008-01-31 | work=National Historic Landmark summary listing | publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
| added = October 15, 1966<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| governing_body = Local
| refnum = 66000377
| nocat = yes
}}
Many of the buildings date from before 1803, when New Orleans was acquired by the [[United States]] in the Louisiana Purchase, although some 19th-century and early 20th-century buildings were added to the area. Since the 1920s, the historic buildings have been protected by law and cannot be demolished; and any renovations or new construction in the neighborhood must be carried out in accordance with city regulations, preserving the historic architectural style.

Most of the French Quarter's architecture was built during the late 18th century and the period of [[Louisiana (New Spain)|Spanish rule]] over the city, which is reflected in the architecture of the neighborhood. The [[Great New Orleans Fire (1788)]] and another great fire in 1794 destroyed most of the Quarter's old French colonial architecture, leaving the colony's new Spanish overlords to rebuild it according to more modern tastes. Their strict new fire codes mandated that all structures be physically adjacent and close to the curb to create a firewall. The exception to that rule, [http://www.thecornstalkhotel.com The Cornstalk Hotel], also listed on the National Historical Register, still stands today at 915 Royal Street and is considered the finest Boutique Hotel in New Orleans.{{By whom|date=July 2015}} The old French peaked roofs were replaced with flat tiled ones, and wooden siding was banned in favor of fire-resistant [[stucco]], painted in the pastel hues fashionable at the time. As a result, colorful walls and roofs and elaborately decorated ironwork balconies and galleries, from the late 18th and the early 19th centuries, abound. (In southeast Louisiana, a distinction is made between "balconies", which are self-supporting and attached to the side of the building, and "galleries," which are supported from the ground by poles or columns.)

When [[English language|Anglophone]] Americans began to move in after the [[Louisiana Purchase]], they mostly built on available land upriver, across modern-day [[Canal Street, New Orleans|Canal Street]]. This thoroughfare became the meeting place of two cultures, one [[Francophone]] [[Louisiana Creole people|Creole]] and the other Anglophone American. (Local landowners had retained architect and surveyor [[Barthelemy Lafon]] to subdivide their property to create an American suburb). The [[Central reservation|median]] of the wide boulevard became a place where the two contentious cultures could meet and do business in both French and English. As such, it became known as the "neutral ground", and this name is used for medians in the New Orleans area.

Even before the Civil War, French Creoles had become a minority in the French Quarter.<ref name="ellis1">{{cite book | last=Ellis | first=Scott S. | title=Madame Vieux Carré: the French Quarter in the Twentieth Century | publisher=University of Mississippi | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-60473-358-7 | page=7}}</ref> In the late 19th century the Quarter became a less fashionable part of town, and many immigrants from southern [[Italy]] and [[Ireland]] settled there. In 1905, the Italian consul estimated that one-third to one-half of the Quarter’s population were Italian-born or second generation Italian-Americans. Irish immigrants also settled heavily in the Esplanade area, which was called the "Irish Channel".<ref name="ellis2">''Madame Vieux Carré'', p. 11</ref>
[[File:New-orleans10.jpg|275px|thumb|left|Elaborate ironwork galleries on the corner of Royal and St. Peter streets]]

[[File:French Quarter-874.JPG|thumb|right|300px|The balconies and windows are an example of late 18th-century [[Spanish architecture#Spanish Colonial architecture|Spanish architecture]] built after the Great Fires of [[Great New Orleans Fire (1788)|1788]] and [[Great New Orleans Fire (1794)|1794]].]]
In 1917, the closure of [[Storyville, New Orleans|Storyville]] sent much of the vice formerly concentrated therein back into the French Quarter, which "for most of the remaining French Creole families . . was the last straw, and they began to move uptown."<ref name="ellis3">''Madame Vieux Carré'', p. 20-21</ref> This, combined with the loss of the [[French Opera House]] two years later, provided a bookend to the era of French Creole culture in the Quarter.<ref name="ellis4">''Madame Vieux Carré'', p. 21</ref> Many of the remaining French Creoles moved to the University area.<ref>''New Orleans 1900 to 1920'' by Mary Lou Widmer. Pelican Publishing: 2007. ISBN 1-58980-401-5 pg 23</ref>

In the early 20th century, the Quarter's cheap rents and air of decay attracted a [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] artistic community, a trend which became pronounced in the 1920s. Many of these new inhabitants were active in the first preservation efforts in the Quarter, which began around that time.<ref name="ellis5">''Madame Vieux Carré'', p. 24</ref> As a result, the Vieux Carré Commission (VCC) was established in 1925. Although initially only an advisory body, a 1936 referendum to amend the Louisiana constitution afforded it a measure of regulatory power. It began to exercise more power in the 1940s to preserve and protect the district.<ref name="ellis6">''Madame Vieux Carré'', p. 43</ref>

Meanwhile, [[World War II]] brought thousands of servicemen and war workers to New Orleans as well as to the surrounding region's military bases and shipyards. Many of these sojourners paid visits to the Vieux Carré. Although nightlife and vice had already begun to coalesce on [[Bourbon Street]] in the two decades following the closure of Storyville, the war produced a larger, more permanent presence of exotic, risqué, and often raucous entertainment on what became the city's most famous strip. Years of repeated crackdowns on vice in Bourbon Street clubs, which took on new urgency under Mayor [[deLesseps Story Morrison]], reached a crescendo with District Attorney [[Jim Garrison]]'s raids in 1962, but Bourbon Street's clubs were soon back in business.<ref>Souther, J. Mark. "New Orleans on Parade: Tourism and the Transformation of the Crescent City." Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013. pp. 41-50.</ref>

The plan to construct an elevated Riverfront Expressway between the [[Mississippi River]] levee and the French Quarter consumed the attention of Vieux Carré preservationists through much of the 1960s. On December 21, 1965, the "Vieux Carre Historic District" was designated a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref name="nhlsum"/><ref name="nrhpinv2">{{Cite journal | url=http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/66000377.pdf | title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Vieux Carré Historic District | date=February 1975 | author=Patricia Heintzelman | publisher=National Park Service | postscript=}}</ref> After waging a decade-long battle against the [[Vieux Carré Riverfront Expressway]] that utilized the newly passed [[National Historic Preservation Act of 1966]], preservationists and their allies forced the issue into federal court, eventually producing the cancellation of the freeway plan in 1969.<ref>Souther, "New Orleans on Parade," pp. 66-71</ref>

The victory was important for the preservation of the French Quarter, but it was hardly the only challenge. Throughout the 1960s, new hotels opened regularly, often replacing large sections of the French Quarter. The VCC approved these structures as long as their designers adhered to prevailing exterior styles. Detractors, fearing that the Vieux Carré's charm might be compromised by the introduction of too many new inns, lobbied successfully for passage in 1969 of a municipal ordinance that forbade new hotels within the district's boundaries. However, the ordinance failed to stop the proliferation of [[timeshare]] condominiums and clandestine [[bed and breakfast]] inns throughout the French Quarter or high-rise hotels just outside its boundaries.<ref>Souther, "New Orleans on Parade," pp. 54-63, 203</ref> In the 1980s, many long-term residents were driven away by rising rents, as property values rose dramatically with expectations of windfalls from the planned [[1984 World's Fair]] site nearby.

More of the neighborhood was developed to support [[tourism]], which is important to the city's economy. But, the French Quarter still combines residential, hotels, guest houses, bars, restaurants and tourist-oriented commercial properties.

===Effect of Hurricane Katrina===
{{main|Effects of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans}}
As with other parts of the city developed before the late 19th century, and on higher land predating New Orleans' levee systems, the French Quarter remained substantially dry following Hurricane Katrina. Its elevation is five feet (1.5 m) above sea level.<ref>{{Wayback |date=20050911082124 |url=http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2005-08-31T161230Z_01_ROB586049_RTRUKOC_0_UK-WEATHER-KATRINA.xml |title=Officials rescue Katrina's survivors amid 'chaos'}} By Rick Wilking, Wed Aug 31, 2005, retrieved on 2009-11-27.</ref> Some streets had minor flooding, and several buildings suffered significant wind damage. Most of the major landmarks suffered only minor damage.<ref>[http://www.frenchquarter.com/index.php FrenchQuarter.com: The Essential Guide to New Orleans' Oldest Neighborhood]</ref> In addition, the Quarter largely escaped the looting and violence that occurred after the storm; nearly all of the antique shops and art galleries in the French Quarter, for example, were untouched.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-rumors27sep27,0,5492806,full.story?coll=la-home-headlines | work=Los Angeles Times | first1=Susannah | last1=Rosenblatt | first2=James | last2=Rainey | title=Katrina Takes a Toll on Truth, News Accuracy – Los Angeles Times | date=September 27, 2005}}</ref>

Mayor [[Ray Nagin]] officially reopened the French Quarter on September 26, 2005 (almost a month after the storm), for business owners to inspect their property and clean up. Within a few weeks, a large selection of French Quarter businesses had reopened. The [[Historic New Orleans Collection]]'s Williams Research Center Annex was the first new construction completed in the French Quarter after Hurricane Katrina.<ref>[http://www.hnoc.org/visit/buildings_williams_add.html THNOC - WRC Addition]</ref>

==Landmarks and attractions==

===Jackson Square===
{{Main|Jackson Square (New Orleans)}}
[[File:Jackson Square New Orleans.JPG|thumb|right|300px|[[Andrew Jackson|Jackson]] [[equestrian statue]] and [[St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans)|St. Louis Cathedral]] – flanked by [[the Cabildo]] and [[the Presbytere]]]]
'''Jackson Square''' (formerly ''Place d'Armes'' or ''Plaza de Armas'', in French and Spanish, respectively), originally designed by architect and landscaper Louis H. Pilié (officially credited only with the iron fence), is a public, gated park the size of a city block, located at the front of the French Quarter (GPS {{Coord|29.95748|-90.06310|display=inline}}). In the mid-19th century, the square was named after President (formerly General, of [[Battle of New Orleans]] acclaim) [[Andrew Jackson]].

In 1856, city leaders purchased an [[Equestrian sculpture|equestrian statue]] of Jackson from the sculptor Clark Mills. The statue was placed at the center of the square, which was converted to a park from its previous use as a [[military parade]] ground and execution site. (Convicted criminals were sometimes hanged in the square. After the [[1811 German Coast Uprising|slave insurrection of 1811]] during the [[Territory of Orleans|U.S. territorial period]], some of the insurgents were sentenced to death here in [[Orleans Parish]] under a justice system which had not yet been converted to American ideals, and their severed heads were displayed here.)

The square originally overlooked the [[Mississippi River]] across Decatur Street; however, the view was blocked in the 19th century when larger levees were built along the river. The riverfront was long devoted to shipping-related activities at the heart of the [[port]]. The administration of Mayor [[Moon Landrieu]] put in a scenic boardwalk across from Jackson Square; it is known as the "Moon Walk" in his honor. At the end of the 1980s, old wharves and warehouses were demolished to create [[Woldenberg Park]], extending the riverfront promenade up to [[Canal Street, New Orleans|Canal Street]].

On the opposite side of the square from the River are three 18th‑century historic buildings, which were the city's heart in the colonial era. The center of the three is [[St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans)|St. Louis Cathedral]]. The [[cathedral]] was designated a [[minor basilica]] by [[Pope Paul VI]]. To its left is [[the Cabildo]], the old city hall, now a museum, where the final transfer papers for the [[Louisiana Purchase]] were signed. To the Cathedral's right is [[the Presbytère]], built to match the Cabildo. The Presbytère, originally planned to house the city's [[Roman Catholic]] priests and authorities, was adapted as a courthouse at the start of the 19th century after the Louisiana Purchase, when civilian government was elevated over church authority. In the 20th century it was adapted as a museum.

On each side of the square are the [[Pontalba Buildings]], matching red-brick, one-block-long, four‑story buildings constructed between 1849 and 1851. The ground floors house shops and restaurants; the upper floors are apartments. The buildings were planned as row townhouses; they were not converted to rental apartments until the 1930s (during the [[Great Depression]]).

The buildings were designed and constructed by [[Baroness Micaela Almonester Pontalba]], daughter of Don [[Andres Almonaster y Rojas]], a prominent Spanish philanthropist in [[Louisiana Creole people|Creole]] New Orleans. Micaela Almonaster was born in Louisiana in 1795. Her father died three years later, and she became sole heiress to his fortune and his New Orleans land holdings.

Directly across from Jackson Square is the [[Jax Brewery]] building, the original home of a local [[beer]]. After the company ceased to operate independently, the building was converted for use by retail businesses, including restaurants and specialty shops. In recent years, some retail space has been converted into riverfront [[condominium]]s. Behind the Jax Brewery lies the [[Toulouse Street]] Wharf, the regular pier for the excursion steamboat, ''[[Natchez (boat)#Current Natchez|Natchez]]''.

From the 1920s through the 1980s, Jackson Square became known for attracting [[Painting|painter]]s, young art students, and [[caricaturist]]s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} In the 1990s, the artists were joined by [[tarot card readers]], [[mime artist|mime]]s, fortune tellers, and other street performers.

Live music has been a regular feature of the entire Quarter, including the Square, for more than a century. Formal concerts are also held, although more rarely. Street musicians play for tips.

Diagonally across the square from the Cabildo is [[Café du Monde]], open 24 hours a day except for [[Christmas Day]] and during [[hurricane]]s. The historic cafe is famous for the [[café au lait]] (literally coffee served with milk) -- coffee blended with [[chicory]]—and [[beignet]]s, made and served there continuously since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] period (1862). It is a custom for anyone visiting for the first time to blow the [[powdered sugar]] off a beignet and make a wish.
<gallery>
File:French Quarter01 New Orleans.JPG|Carriage in French Quarter
File:BourbonStreet.jpg|The ''Rue Bourbon'', or [[Bourbon Street]], was named for the former ruling dynasty of France.
File:French Quarter02 New Orleans.JPG|French Quarter
File:French Quarter03 New Orleans.JPG|French Quarter
Musicians Performing.jpg|Musicians performing in the French Quarter
Flea Market.jpg|New Orleans Flea Market
File:4 story in French Quarter.JPG|Four-storied building with balconies
File:20150307-LouisianaSupremeCourt.jpg|The [[Louisiana Supreme Court]] Building
</gallery>

===Bourbon Street===
{{Main|Bourbon Street}}
The most well known of the French Quarter streets, Bourbon Street, or Rue Bourbon, is known for its drinking establishments. Most of the bars frequented by tourists are new but the Quarter also has a number of notable bars with interesting histories. The [[Old Absinthe House]] has kept its name even though [[absinthe]] has been illegal for a century in the U.S., because of its toxic qualities.

[[Pat O'Brien's Bar]] is well known both for inventing the red cocktail, [[Hurricane (cocktail)|Hurricane]], as well as having the first [[Dueling pianos|dueling piano bar]]. Pat O'Brien's is located at 718 St. Peter Street.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Lind
| first = Angus
| url = http://blog.nola.com/anguslind/2008/11/pat_os_turns_75_this_week.html
| title = Home of the 'Hurricane' Pat O'Brien's turns 75 this week
| publisher = nola.com
| accessdate = 2009-06-19
}}</ref>

[[Lafitte's Blacksmith Shop]] is a tavern located on the corner of Bourbon and St. Philip streets. Built sometime before 1772, it is one of the older surviving structures in New Orleans. According to legend, the structure was once a business owned by the [[Jean Lafitte|Lafitte brothers]], perhaps as a "front" for their smuggling operations at [[Barataria Bay]] .

The [[Napoleon House]] bar and restaurant is in the former home of mayor [[Nicholas Girod]]. It was named for an unrealized plot to rescue [[Napoleon]] from his exile in [[St. Helena]] and bring him to New Orleans.

The original [[Johnny White's]] bar is a favorite of [[motorcycle|motorcycle biker]]s. In 2005 an offshoot called Johnny White's Hole in the Wall, along with [[Molly's at the Market]], drew national media attention as the only businesses in the city to stay open throughout Hurricane Katrina and the weeks after the storm.

[http://Spiritsonbourbon.com Spirits on Bourbon] was featured on the season three of ''Bar Rescue.'' It has become a staple of Bourbon Street, with its light-up skull cup and Resurrection drink.

The [[Bourbon Pub]] and Oz, both located at the intersection of Bourbon and St. Ann streets, are the two largest [[homosexual|gay]] clubs in New Orleans. [[Café Lafitte in Exile]], located at the intersection of Bourbon and Dumaine, is the oldest continuously running [[gay bar]] in the [[United States]]. These and other gay establishments sponsor the raucous [[Southern Decadence]] Festival during [[Labor Day]] weekend. This festival is often referred to as New Orleans' Gay Mardi Gras. St. Ann Street is often called "the Lavender Line" or "the Velvet Line" in reference to its being on the edge of the French Quarter's predominately gay district. While gay residents live throughout the French Quarter, that portion northeast of St. Ann Street is generally considered to be the gay district.

New Orleans and its French Quarter are one of a few places in the [[United States]] where possession and consumption of [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] in [[United States open container laws|open containers]] is allowed on the street.<ref>[http://secure.cityofno.com/SystemModules/PrintPage.aspx?portal=2&load=~/PortalModules/ViewPressRelease.ascx&itemid=509 City of New Orleans memo]</ref>

===Restaurants===
The neighborhood contains many restaurants, ranging from formal to casual, patronized by both visitors and locals. Some are well-known landmarks, such as [[Antoine's]] and [[Tujague's]], which have been in business since the 19th century. [[Arnaud's]], [[Galatoire's]], [[Broussard's]], and [[Brennan's]] are also venerable.

Less historic—but also well-known—French Quarter restaurants include those run by chefs [[Paul Prudhomme]] ("K-Paul's"), [[Emeril Lagasse]] ("NOLA"), and [[John Besh]]. Port of Call on [[Esplanade Avenue, New Orleans|Esplanade Avenue]] has been in business for more than 30 years, and is recognized for its popular "Monsoon" drink (their answer to the "Hurricane" at [[Pat O'Brien's Bar]]) as well as for its food.

The Gumbo Shop is another traditional eatery in the Quarter and where casual dress is acceptable. For a take-out lunch, [[Central Grocery]] on [[Decatur Street (New Orleans)|Decatur Street]] is the home of the original [[muffaletta]] [[Italians in New Orleans|Italian]] [[sandwich]].

===Hotels===
{{see also|Canal Street, New Orleans#Hotels}}
Accommodations in the French Quarter range from large international chain hotels, to [[bed and breakfasts]], to time-share condominiums and small guest houses with only one or two rooms.

The Audubon Cottages are a collection of seven luxuriously-appointed [[Creole cottage]]s, two of which were utilized by [[John James Audubon]] in the early 19th century when he worked in New Orleans for a short time.
The [[Hotel St. Pierre]] is a small hotel also consisting of historic French Quarter houses, with a courtyard patio.

The French Quarter is well known for its traditional-style hotels, such as the Bourbon Orleans, [[Hotel Monteleone]] (family-owned), Royal Sonesta, the Astor, and the [[Omni Royal Orleans]]. These hotels offer prime locations, beautiful views, and/or historic atmosphere.

==See also==
{{Portal|New Orleans}}
* [[Buildings and architecture of New Orleans]]
* [[French Market]]
* [[French Quarter Festival]], early April
* [[Jackson Square (New Orleans)|Jackson Square]]
* [[Louisiana Creole cuisine]]
* [[Satchmo SummerFest]], early August
* [[List of National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans Parish, Louisiana]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|French Quarter}}
{{Wikivoyage|New_Orleans/French_Quarter|French Quarter}}
* {{Wayback |date=* |url=http://www.new-orleans.la.us/cnoweb/VCC/index.html |title=Vieux Carré Commission }} (VCC) (Archive) - City of New Orleans
*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Louisiana/New_Orleans/_Texts/Iron_Lace*.html Harriet Joor: ''The City of Iron Lace'']
*[http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=258&ResourceType=District National Historic Landmarks Program: Vieux Carré Historic District]
*[http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/20vieux/20vieux.htm ''Vieux Carré:A Creole Neighborhood in New Orleans,'' a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan]
*[http://btr360.com/2015/05/28/a-kora-african-bass-harp-plays-in-jackson-square-new-olreans/ A Travel Description: At Jackson Square in the French Quarter]

{{New Orleans District 1}}
{{Registered Historic Places}}
{{New Orleans}}
{{Ethnic enclaves}}

[[Category:French Quarter| ]]
[[Category:Downtown New Orleans]]
[[Category:Neighborhoods in New Orleans, Louisiana]]
[[Category:Louisiana populated places on the Mississippi River]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Busking venues]]
[[Category:Villages in Louisiana]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in New Orleans, Louisiana]]
[[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana]]

Blackstar (Album)

2016-01-25T01:28:36Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Bowie-Blackstar-vinylcover.jpg

{{use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox album 
| Name = Blackstar 
| Type = studio
| Artist = [[David Bowie]]
| Cover = Blackstar album cover.jpg
| Border =
| Released = 8 January 2016
| Recorded = 2014–15
| Studio = {{unbulleted list|The Magic Shop|{{small|([[New York City]])}}|Human Worldwide Studios|{{small|(New York City)}}}}
| Genre = {{hlist||[[Art rock]]|[[experimental rock]]|[[jazz]]}} 
| Length = 41:13
| Label = {{hlist|ISO|[[RCA Records|RCA]]|[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]|[[Sony Music|Sony]]}}
| Producer = {{hlist|David Bowie|[[Tony Visconti]]}}
| Last album = ''[[Five Years (1969–1973)]]'' (2015)
| This album = '''''Blackstar''''' (2016)
| Next album =
{{Extra album cover
| Upper caption = Vinyl cover
| Type = studio
| Cover =
}}
| Misc = {{Singles
| Name = Blackstar
| Type = Studio album
| Single 1 = [[Blackstar (David Bowie song)|Blackstar]]
| Single 1 date = 19 November 2015
| Single 2 = [[Lazarus (David Bowie song)|Lazarus]]
| Single 2 date = 17 December 2015
}}
}}

'''''Blackstar''''' (stylised as '''★''')  is the twenty-fifth and final [[studio album]] by English musician [[David Bowie]]. It was released worldwide through Bowie's ISO Records label<ref name="pitchfork">{{Cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/news/61774-david-bowie-confirms-new-album-blackstar-coming-in-january/ |title=David Bowie Confirms New Album Blackstar Coming in January |accessdate=26 October 2015 |work=Pitchfork}}</ref><ref name="NME">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/david-bowie/89248 |title=Details of David Bowie's 25th album 'Blackstar' revealed |accessdate=26 October 2015 |work=NME}}</ref> on 8 January 2016, Bowie's 69th birthday and two days before his death.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-34638413 |title=David Bowie announces new album Blackstar for January release |accessdate=26 October 2015 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/oct/26/david-bowie-25th-album-released-january-2016 |title=David Bowie confirms 25th album will be released in January 2016 |accessdate=26 October 2015 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Blackstar>{{cite web|url=http://www.davidbowie.com/news/watch-video-teaser-online-now-55121|title=Watch ★ video teaser online now|publisher=Davidbowie.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113154049/http://www.davidbowie.com/news/watch-video-teaser-online-now-55121|archivedate=13 November 2015|deadurl=no|accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref>

The [[Blackstar (David Bowie song)|title track]] was released as a first single on 19 November 2015<ref name="US Blackstar Single release">{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0184MM29W/|title=Amazon.com: Blackstar: David Bowie: MP3 Downloads|publisher=|accessdate=15 January 2016}}</ref> and was used as the opening music for the television series ''[[The Last Panthers]]''.<ref name="Panthers">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/david-bowie-7-things-we-already-know-about-his-2016-album-blackstar |title=David Bowie: 7 Things We Already Know About His 2016 Album 'Blackstar' |accessdate=26 October 2015 |work=NME}}</ref> "[[Lazarus (David Bowie song)|Lazarus]]" was released on 17 December 2015 as a [[Music download|digital download]] and received its world premiere on [[BBC Radio 6 Music]]'s [[Steve Lamacq|Steve Lamacq Show]], on the same day.<ref>{{cite web|title=David Bowie launches trailer of new single Lazarus|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/dec/14/david-bowie-new-single-lazarus-black-star?CMP=twt_a-music_b-gdnmusic|website=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=18 December 2015|date=14 December 2015}}</ref> The album was met with critical acclaim and commercial success, reaching the number one spot in a number of countries in the wake of Bowie's death and becoming his first album to reach number one on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] album chart in the U.S.<ref>"[http://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/18/david-bowie-finally-tops-us-billboard-charts-with-blackstar David Bowie finally tops US Billboard charts with Blackstar]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. 18 January 2016. Retrieved on 18 January 2016.</ref>

==Background and recording==
Like ''[[The Next Day]]'', recording of this album took place in secret at The Magic Shop<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hollandude.com/producer-tony-visconti-talks-david-bowie-and-blackstar/ | title=Producer Tony Visconti Talks David Bowie and Blackstar | journal=Hollandude | date=6 January 2016 | accessdate=12 January 2016 | first=Eric|last=Holland}}</ref> and Human Worldwide Studios in [[New York City]].<ref name="album notes"/> Bowie began writing and making demos for songs that appear on ''Blackstar'' as soon as sessions for ''[[The Next Day]]'' concluded. The two songs that appear on ''Blackstar'' that were previously released, "[[Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)]]" and "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore", were re-recorded for ''Blackstar'', including new saxophone parts played on the latter song by [[Donny McCaslin]] (replacing parts Bowie played on the original release).<ref name="wsj2016">{{cite web | url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/blackstar-review-ziggy-stardust-plays-jazz-1452030425 | title='Blackstar' Review: Ziggy Stardust Plays Jazz | date=5 January 2016 | accessdate=6 January 2016 | publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | first=Jim | last=Fusilli}}</ref> The title of the latter derives from the title ''[['Tis Pity She's a Whore]]'', a play by [[John Ford (dramatist)|John Ford]], an English dramatist of the 17th century.<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/the-inside-story-of-david-bowies-stunning-new-album-blackstar-20151123 ''The Inside Story of David Bowie's Stunning New Album, 'Blackstar'], rollingstone.com, 23 November 2015</ref> McCaslin and the rest of the jazz group recorded their parts in the studio over a period of about one week a month from January to March 2015, and until later in recording were unaware of Bowie's declining health.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/12/arts/music/david-bowie-allowed-his-art-to-deliver-a-final-message.html?smid=fb-nytimes&smtyp=cur | title=David Bowie Allowed His Art to Deliver a Final Message | journal=The New York Times | date=11 January 2016 | accessdate=12 January 2016 | first1=Joe | last1=Coscarelli | first2=Michael | last2=Paulson}}</ref> The song "Lazarus" was included in Bowie's [[Off-Broadway]] musical [[Lazarus (musical)|of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/off-broadway/article/David-Bowies-New-Album-BLACKSTAR-Featuring-Lazarus-Track-Out-Today-20160108 | title=David Bowie's New Album BLACKSTAR, Featuring 'Lazarus' Track, Out Today | date=8 January 2016 | accessdate=18 January 2016 | journal=Broadway World}}</ref>

==Composition==
''Blackstar'' features styles of [[art rock]],<ref name="CBC music"/><ref name="Q review"/> [[experimental rock]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/music/2016/01/08/david-bowie-aims-high-with-blackstar-review.html | title=David Bowie’s Blackstar a nearly perfect goodbye: review | work=[[Toronto Sun]] | date=8 January 2016 | accessdate=15 January 2016 | author=Rayner, Ben}}</ref> and [[jazz|jazz music]].<ref name="CBC music">{{cite web | url=http://music.cbc.ca/#!/blogs/2016/1/David-Bowie-gains-immortality-with-Lazarus-the-boldest-character-of-his-career | title=David Bowie gains immortality with Lazarus, the boldest character of his career | publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Company]] | date=11 January 2016 | accessdate=19 January 2016 | author=Kinos-Goodin, Jesse}}</ref><ref name="Q review"/><ref name="Classic Rock review">{{cite web | url=http://www.teamrock.com/reviews/2015-11-27/david-bowie-blackstar | title=David Bowie: Blackstar | publisher=''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]'' | date=27 November 2015 | accessdate=7 January 2016 | author=Dalton, Stephen}}</ref><ref name="Digital Spy">{{cite web | url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a779532/david-bowies-new-album-blackstar-was-his-perfect-goodbye/ | title=David Bowie's new album Blackstar was his perfect goodbye message to fans | publisher=''[[Digital Spy]]'' | date=11 January 2016 | accessdate=19 January 2016 | author=Corner, Lewis}}</ref><ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/david-bowie-blackstar-first-listen-extraordinary/</ref> According to producer [[Tony Visconti]], it was inspired by rapper [[Kendrick Lamar]] with his 2015 album ''[[To Pimp a Butterfly]]'', with electronic duo [[Boards of Canada]] and experimental hip-hop trio [[Death Grips]] also being cited as influences.<ref name="guardian2015">{{cite web | url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/nov/24/david-bowie-blackstar-inspired-by-kendrick-lamar-features-lcd-james-murphy| title=New David Bowie album, inspired by Kendrick Lamar, features LCD's James Murphy | date=24 November 2015 | accessdate=11 January 2016 | publisher=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/david-bowie/89960|title=David Bowie's new album 'Blackstar' inspired by rap group Death Grips|author=NME.COM|work=NME.COM}}</ref> Visconti also said that Bowie had planned for it to be his [[swan song]] or "parting gift" for his fans before his death, which took place two days after the album's release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/12092542/Bowies-last-album-was-parting-gift-for-fans-in-carefully-planned-finale.html|title=David Bowie's last release, Lazarus, was 'parting gift' for fans in carefully planned finale|date=11 January 2016|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/jan/11/was-david-bowie-saying-goodbye-on-blackstar?CMP=fb_gu|title=Was David Bowie saying goodbye on Blackstar?|author=Tim Jonze|work=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/how-david-bowie-told-us-he-was-dying-in-the-lazarus-video|title=How David Bowie told us he was dying in the 'Lazarus' video|author=NME.COM|work=NME.COM}}</ref> As such both [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] and [[CNN]] noted that Bowie's lyrics seem to revolve around his impending death,<ref name=CNNdeath>{{cite web|last1=Griggs|first1=Brandon|title=David Bowie's haunting final album hints at death|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/11/entertainment/david-bowie-blackstar-lazarus-death-meaning-feat/|website=CNN|accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=Billboarddeath>{{cite web|last1=Payne|first1=Chris|title=David Bowie's Final Album 'Blackstar' & 'Lazarus' Video Were Goodbye Notes|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/6836563/david-bowie-blackstar-goodbye-note-death-lazarus-2016|website=Billboard|accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref> with CNN noting that the album "reveals a man who appears to be grappling with his own mortality".<ref name=CNNdeath/>

==Packaging==
The artwork for ''Blackstar'' was designed by [[Jonathan Barnbrook]], who had designed the artwork for Bowie's ''[[Heathen (David Bowie album)|Heathen]]'', ''[[Reality (David Bowie album)|Reality]]'', and ''[[The Next Day]]''. The CD cover is adorned with a large black star on a plain white background, with the six star segments below the main star forming the word 'B O W I E' in stylized letters.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.creativereview.co.uk/cr-blog/2015/november/bowie-barnbrook-and-blackstar/| title=Bowie, Barnbrook and the ★ artwork | date=26 November 2015 | accessdate=11 January 2016 | publisher=Creative Review}}</ref> The vinyl cover, in black, features the star as a cutout section, revealing the vinyl (with an all-black picture label) beneath it. It was observed that the [[Unicode]] for a black star symbol (★) is U+2605, 26 May being the birthday of Bowie's former guitarist [[Mick Ronson]].<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/21/final-mysteries-david-bowie-blackstar-elvis-crowley-villa-of-ormen?CMP=fb_gu</ref> It was also observed that a "black star [[lesion]]," usually found inside a breast, suggests to medical practitioners evidence of certain types of cancer.<ref>{{cite web| last = Britton| first = Luke Morgan| title = Did David Bowie name 'Blackstar' album after his own cancer lesion?| work = [[NME]]| publisher = [[Time Inc. UK]]| date = 13 January 2016| url = http://www.nme.com/news/david-bowie/90741| accessdate = 24 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Vincent| first = Alice| title = Was David Bowie's Blackstar named after a cancer lesion?| work = [[The Daily Telegraph]]| publisher = [[Telegraph Media Group]]| date = 12 January 2016| url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/news/was-david-bowies-blackstar-named-after-a-cancer-lesion/| accessdate = 24 January 2016}}</ref>

This is one of only three Bowie album covers that do not feature his image, the others being the original US pressing of ''[[The Man Who Sold the World (album)|The Man Who Sold the World]]'' and the UK release of ''[[The Buddha of Suburbia (soundtrack)|The Buddha of Suburbia]]''.

==Critical reception==
{{Album ratings
| MC = 86/100<ref name="MC">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/blackstar/david-bowie |title=Reviews for Blackstar by David Bowie |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=27 December 2015}}</ref>
| rev1= ''[[The A.V. Club]]''
| rev1score= A–<ref name="AV Club review">{{cite web |url=http://www.avclub.com/review/david-bowie-goes-noir-intoxicating-blackstar-230272 |title=David Bowie goes noir with the intoxicating Blackstar |work=[[The A.V. Club]] |date=8 January 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2016 |last=Vishnevetsky |first=Ignatiy}}</ref>
| rev2= [[AllMusic]]
| rev2score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/blackstar-mw0002894417 |title=Blackstar – David Bowie |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |accessdate=11 January 2016 |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |authorlink=Stephen Thomas Erlewine}}</ref>
| rev3 = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''
| rev3score = A–<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/01/08/david-bowie-blackstar-ew-review |title=David Bowie's Blackstar: EW review |work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=8 January 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2016 |last=Greenblatt |first=Leah}}</ref>
| rev4 = ''[[The Guardian]]''
| rev4score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jan/07/david-bowie-blackstar-review-a-spellbinding-break-with-his-past |title=David Bowie: Blackstar review – a spellbinding break with his past |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=7 January 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2016 |last=Petridis |first=Alexis |authorlink=Alexis Petridis}}</ref>
| rev5 = ''[[The Independent]]''
| rev5score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="independent-review">{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/david-bowies-blackstar-exclusive-first-review-a-bowie-desperate-to-break-with-the-past-a6783456.html |title=David Bowie's Blackstar – exclusive first review: A Bowie desperate to break with the past |work=[[The Independent]] |date=22 December 2015 |accessdate=28 December 2015 |last=Gill |first=Andy}}</ref>
| rev6 = [[Pitchfork Media]]
| rev6score = 8.5/10<ref name="Pitchfork Review">{{cite web |url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21332-blackstar/ |title=David Bowie: Blackstar |publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]] |date=7 January 2016 |accessdate=7 January 2016 |last=Dombal |first=Ryan}}</ref>
| rev7 = [[PopMatters]]
| rev7score = 9/10<ref name="PopMattersReview">{{cite journal |url=http://www.popmatters.com/review/david-bowie-blackstar/ |title=David Bowie –'Blackstar' Review |work=[[NME]] |date=8 January 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2016 |last=Gerard |first=Chris}}</ref>
| rev8 = ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]''
| rev8score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="Q review">{{cite journal |title=David Bowie: ★ |journal=[[Q (magazine)|Q]] |issue=354 |date=January 2016 |last=Doyle |first=Tom}}</ref>
| rev9 = ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| rev9score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="rollingstone">{{cite journal |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/david-bowie-blackstar-20151223 |title=Blackstar |work=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=23 December 2015 |accessdate=28 December 2015 |last=Fricke |first=David |authorlink=David Fricke}}</ref>
| rev10 = ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''
| rev10score = 7/10<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.spin.com/2016/01/review-david-bowie-blackstar/ |title=Review: David Bowie Remains the Original Starman on '★' |work=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] |date=6 January 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2016 |last=Soto |first=Alfred}}</ref>
}}

''Blackstar'' received widespread acclaim from music critics. At [[Metacritic]], the album received an average score of 86, which indicates "universal acclaim", based on 39 reviews.<ref name="MC"/> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' critic [[David Fricke]] described the album as "a ricochet of textural eccentricity and pictorial-shrapnel writing".<ref name="rollingstone"/> Andy Gill of ''[[The Independent]]'' regarded the record as "the most extreme album of his [Bowie's] entire career", stating that "''Blackstar'' is as far as he's strayed from [[Pop music|pop]]."<ref name="independent-review"/> Reviewing for ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]'' magazine, Tom Doyle wrote "''Blackstar'' is a more concise statement than ''The Next Day'' and a far, far more intriguing one."<ref name="Q review"/> In a favourable review for ''[[Exclaim!]]'', Michael Rancic wrote that ''Blackstar'' is "a defining statement from someone who isn't interested in living in the past, but rather, for the first time in a while, waiting for everyone else to catch up".<ref name="exclaim">{{cite journal |url=http://exclaim.ca/music/article/david_bowie-_blackstar |title=David Bowie – Blackstar |work=[[Exclaim!]] |date=7 January 2016 |accessdate=7 January 2016 |last=Rancic |first=Michael}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described the album as "at once emotive and cryptic, structured and spontaneous and, above all, willful, refusing to cater to the expectations of radio stations or fans".<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/07/arts/music/review-blackstar-david-bowies-emotive-and-cryptic-new-album.html?_r=0 |title=Review: 'Blackstar,' David Bowie's Emotive and Cryptic New Album |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 January 2016 |accessdate=11 January 2016 |last=Pareles |first=Jon}}</ref> [[Pitchfork Media|Pitchfork]]'s review of ''Blackstar'' was written on the day of the album's release, two days before Bowie's death, and concluded with the line "This tortured immortality is no gimmick: Bowie will live on long after the man has died. For now, though, he’s making the most of his latest reawakening, adding to the myth while the myth is his to hold."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/21332-blackstar/#|title=David Bowie|work=Pitchfork}}</ref>

==Track listing==
{{track listing
| headline = ''Blackstar'' — {{nobold|[[Compact disc|CD]] – [[Gramophone record|vinyl]] – [[Music download|digital download]]}}
| title1 = [[Blackstar (David Bowie song)|Blackstar]] 
| length1 = 9:57
| title2 = [['Tis a Pity She Was a Whore]]
| length2 = 4:52
| title3 = [[Lazarus (David Bowie song)|Lazarus]]
| length3 = 6:22
| title4 = [[Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)]]
| length4 = 4:40
| title5 = Girl Loves Me
| length5 = 4:51
| title6 = Dollar Days
| length6 = 4:44
| title7 = I Can't Give Everything Away
| length7 = 5:47
|total_length = 41:13
}}
{{tracklist
| collapsed = no
| headline = Digital download bonus track
| title8 = Blackstar
| note8 = [[Music video|Video]]
| length8 = 9:59
|total_length = 51:12
}}

==Personnel==
Personnel adapted from ''Blackstar'' liner notes.<ref name="album notes">{{cite AV media notes|title=Blackstar|others=[[David Bowie]]|year=2016|type=album liner notes|publisher=ISO Records}}</ref>

{{Div col||30em}}
* [[David Bowie]] – [[Singing|vocals]], [[acoustic guitar]], [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]], [[Record producer|production]], [[String section|string]] [[arrangement]]s, "Fender Guitar" on "Lazarus", [[harmonica]] on "I Can't Give Everything Away"
* [[Donny McCaslin]] – [[flute]], [[saxophone]], [[Woodwind instrument|woodwinds]]
* [[Ben Monder]] – [[guitar]]
* [[Jason Lindner]] – [[piano]], [[Organ (music)|organ]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]]
* [[Tim Lefebvre]] – [[Bass guitar|bass]]
* [[Mark Guiliana]] – [[Drum kit|drums]], [[Percussion instrument|percussion]]
* [[Kevin Killen]] – [[Record engineer|engineering]]
* Erin Tonkon – assistant engineer, [[Backing vocalist|backing vocals]] on "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore"
* Joe Visciano – mixing assistant
* Kabir Hermon – assistant engineer
* [[Joe LaPorta]] – [[Remaster|mastering]] engineer
* [[Tom Elmhirst]] – mixing engineer
* [[Tony Visconti]] – production, strings, engineering, mixing engineer
* [[James Murphy (electronic musician)|James Murphy]] – percussion on "Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)" and "Girl Loves Me"
{{Div col end}}

==Charts and certifications==

===Commercial performance===
''Blackstar'' sold 146,000 copies in its first week of sales in the United Kingdom<ref name="UK sales"/> and more than 181,000 in the United States.<ref name="BB200"/> Within days of the album's release, online retailer [[Amazon.com]] temporarily sold out of both the CD and LP editions of the album.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuse.tv/2016/01/bowie-amazon-albums-sold-out-prices|title=Amazon Is Sold Out of Every David Bowie Album (And Accused of Price-Jacking)|work=Fuse|accessdate=15 January 2016}}</ref> In the week 11th January-17th January, Blackstar was the number 1 most downloaded album in 25 iTunes national charts. <ref>http://www.musicweek.com/businessanalysis/read/international-charts-analysis-bowie-s-blackstar-dominates-charts-worldwide/063914</ref>
{{col begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (2016)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| Argentine Albums ([[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers|CAPIF]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diariodecultura.com.ar/rankings/los-discos-mas-vendidos-18/ |title=Los discos más vendidos |work=Diario de Cultura |publisher=ILHSA Grupo |accessdate=19 January 2016}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Australian Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Austrian Albums ([[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Ö3 Austria]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 2
|-
! scope="row"| Belgian Albums ([[Ultratop]] Flanders)<ref name="Hung Medien">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/album/4735f/David-Bowie-&9733|title=ultratop.be – David Bowie – ★ [Blackstar]|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Belgian Albums ([[Ultratop]] Wallonia)<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
{{albumchart|BillboardCanada|1|artist=David Bowie|rowheader=true|accessdate=20 January 2016}}
|-
! scope="row"| Danish Albums ([[Tracklisten|Hitlisten]])<ref>http://hitlisten.nu/</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Dutch Albums ([[MegaCharts]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
{{albumchart|Finland|1|artist=David Bowie|album=Black Star|rowheader=true|accessdate=17 January 2016}}
|-
! scope="row"| French Albums ([[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| German Albums ([[GfK Entertainment Charts|Offizielle Top 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-291679|title=Offizielle Deutsche Charts – Offizielle Deutsche Charts|publisher=}}</ref>
| 1
|-
{{albumchart|Hungary|4|year=2016|week=1|rowheader=true|accessdate=15 January 2016}}
|-
{{albumchart|Ireland|1|year=2016|week=2|rowheader=true|accessdate=16 January 2016}}
|-
! scope="row"| Italian Albums ([[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|FIMI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/classifiche#/category:album|title=FIMI Classifiche|accessdate=15 January 2016}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| New Zealand Albums ([[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4190|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart – The Official New Zealand Music Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|accessdate=15 January 2016|}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Norwegian Albums ([[VG-lista]])<ref>http://lista.vg.no/artist/david-bowie/album/blackstar/13713</ref>
| 1
|-
{{albumchart|Poland|1|id=1000|rowheader=true|accessdate=21 January 2016}}
|-
! scope="row"| Portuguese Albums ([[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|AFP]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
{{albumchart|Scotland|1|artist=David Bowie|date=2016-01-15|rowheader=true|accessdate=15 January 2016}}
|-
! scope="row"| Spanish Albums ([[Productores de Música de España|PROMUSICAE]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promusicae.es/|title=Official Spanish Chart|publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]]|accessdate=20 January 2016|}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Swedish Albums ([[Sverigetopplistan]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| Swiss Albums ([[Swiss Hitparade|Schweizer Hitparade]])<ref name="Hung Medien"/>
| 1
|-
{{albumchart|UK2|1|date=2016-01-15|rowheader=true|accessdate=16 January 2016}}
|-
!scope="row"|US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="BB200">{{cite web | url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6844036/david-bowie-blackstar-album-debuts-no-1-on-billboard-200-charts | title=David Bowie's 'Blackstar' Album Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart | publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' | date=17 January 2016 | accessdate=17 January 2016 | author=Caulfield, Keith}}</ref>
| 1
|-
|}
{{col-2}}

===Certifications===
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|relyear=2016|certyear=2016|award=Gold|type=album|autocat=yes|certref=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/chart/albums|title=ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association|date=25 January 2016|accessdate=23 January 2016}}</ref>}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Austria|relyear=2016|certyear=2016|artist=David Bowie|award=Gold|type=album|accessdate=18 January 2016}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|relyear=2016|certyear=2016|artist=David Bowie|award=Gold|type=album|salesamount=227,571|salesref=<ref name="UK sales">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/how-the-loss-of-david-bowie-impacted-the-uk-charts-this-week__13564/|title=How the loss of David Bowie impacted the UK charts this week|last=Copsey|first=Rob|date=15 January 2016|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=15 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.musicweek.com/businessanalysis/read/official-charts-analysis-david-bowie-still-no-1-album/063911|title=Official Charts Analysis: David Bowie still No.1 album|last=Jones|first=Alan|date=22 January 2016|work=[[Music Week]]|publisher=Intent Media|accessdate=22 January 2016}}</ref>|accessdate=15 January 2016}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|noshipments=true}}
{{col end}}

==Release history==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Region
! scope="col"| Date
! scope="col"| Format(s)
! scope="col"| Label
! scope="col"| Ref.
|-
! scope="row" | Europe
| rowspan="3" | 8 January 2016
| rowspan="3" | {{hlist|[[Compact disc|CD]]|[[Music download|digital download]]|[[Gramophone record|vinyl]]}}
| {{hlist|ISO|[[Sony Music|Sony]]}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.discogs.com/David-Bowie-/master/939598 | title=David Bowie – ★ | publisher=[[Discogs]] | accessdate=16 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | United Kingdom
| {{hlist|ISO|[[RCA Records|RCA]]}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Blackstar-David-Bowie/dp/B017VORJK6/ | title=Blackstar by David Bowie | publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.co.uk]] | accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/blackstar/id1059043043 | title=Blackstar by David Bowie | publisher=[[iTunes|iTunes Great Britain]] | accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Blackstar-VINYL-David-Bowie/dp/B017VORJLA/ | title=Blackstar [VINYL] by David Bowie | publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon.co.uk]] | accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | United States
| {{hlist|ISO|[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]}}
|<ref name="iTunes US">{{cite web | url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/blackstar/id1059043043 | title=Blackstar by David Bowie | publisher=[[iTunes]] | accessdate=21 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.amazon.com/Blackstar-David-Bowie/dp/B017VORJK6/ | title=David Bowie – Blackstar | publisher=[[Amazon.com]] | accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.amazon.com/Blackstar-Vinyl-David-Bowie/dp/B017VORJLA/ | title=David Bowie – Blackstar (Vinyl) | publisher=[[Amazon.com]] | accessdate=3 December 2015}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://davidbowie.com/blackstar/}}
* {{Discogs master|master=939598|name=Blackstar|type=album}}

{{David Bowie |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:2016 albums]]
[[Category:David Bowie albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Tony Visconti]]
[[Category:Columbia Records albums]]
[[Category:RCA Records albums]]
[[Category:Avant-garde jazz albums]]
[[Category:Jazz albums by English artists]]
[[Category:English-language albums]]

Blackstar (Album)

2016-01-25T01:28:36Z

ImageRemovalBot: Removing links to deleted file :File:Bowie-Blackstar-vinylcover.jpg