Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Yossi Klein Halevi

2013-11-24T23:41:57Z

Igorp lj: /* External links */ Of Utopian Dreamers and the Israeli Spirit

[[File:Yossi Headshot.jpg|thumb|Yossi Klein Halevi, 2012]]
'''Yossi Klein Halevi''' (born 1953) is an [[Israelis|Israeli]] [[author]] and [[journalist]].

==Biography==
Halevi was born and raised in [[Borough Park, Brooklyn]] in [[New York]] in a [[Jewish]] family. His father was a Hungarian-born Holocaust survivor. He completed a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[Jewish Studies]] in [[Brooklyn College]] in 1978, and completed his [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|MA]] in Journalism at [[Northwestern University]]. In 1982, he moved to Israel with his wife Sarah (née Lynn Rintoul).<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/opinion/08iht-edhalevi.1.20013320.html No choice but to fight, [[New York Times]]]</ref>

==Journalistic and literary career==
He worked as a senior writer for the bi-weekly magazine ''[[The Jerusalem Report]]'' from its founding until 2002. Halevi wrote a column for ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', and wrote regularly on Israeli issues for the op-ed page of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', and occasionally for the ''[[New York Times]]'' and ''[[Washington Post]]''. His first book, ''Memoirs of a Jewish Extremist'', was published in 1995. In it, he tells of his youthful attraction to, and subsequent break with, the militant Rabbi [[Meir Kahane]].

In 2001 he published ''At the Entrance to the Garden of Eden: A Jew's Search for God with Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land''. The book tells of his spiritual journey as a religious Jew into the worlds of Christianity and Islam in Israel. Halevi joined the prayers and meditations in mosques and [[monastery|monasteries]], in an attempt to experience the devotional lives of his non-Jewish neighbors and to create a religious language of reconciliation among the three [[monotheism|monotheistic]] faiths.

Halevi is a Fellow at the [[Shalom Hartman Institute]], a Jerusalem-based research institute and educational center. He is Israel correspondent and contributing editor of ''[[The New Republic]]''.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/02/opinion/02Halevi.html?_r=1 Israel, Alone Again? New York Times]</ref> He is a lecturer on American and Canadian campuses, focusing on politics and culture in Israel. In the fall of 2013, he began teaching at the [[Jewish Theological Seminary]] in New York.<ref name="haaretz">[http://www.haaretz.com/mobile/.premium-1.553443 Yossi Klein Halevi: I am looking for the vanished Israel] haaretz.com</ref>

Halevi's book ''Like Dreamers: The Story of the Israeli Paratroopers who Reunited Jerusalem and Divided A Nation '' was released by [[HarperCollins]] in October 2013.<ref name="haaretz"/>

==Political activism==
Halevi has been active in Middle East reconciliation efforts, and serves as chairman of Open House, an Arab-Jewish educational project in the working class town of [[Ramle]]. He was a founder and board member of the now-defunct Israeli-Palestinian Media Forum, which brought together Israeli and Palestinian journalists.

==Religious Identity==
Halevi and his wife Sarah broke with the [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] community because of Orthodoxy's attitudes towards women. They decided that they would not raise their daughter "as a second-class Jew" and instead began frequenting the [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] synagogue in their neighborhood.<ref>http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/iengage/point-counter-point-yossi-klein-halevi-5</ref>

==Film==
In 1985, the documentary film ''Kaddish'', produced by Steve Brand, which focuses on his relationship with his father, a [[Holocaust]] survivor, was released. The ''[[Village Voice]]'' called it one of the best ten films of the year.

==Published works==
* ''Memoirs of a Jewish Extremist'', New York-Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1995. ISBN 978-0-316-49860-9
* {{cite book| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BQoLcpu5BHAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Yossi+Klein+Halevi&hl=en&ei=50AGTo-qKIrx0gHsh6nkCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false| title=At the Entrance to the Garden of Eden: A Jew's Search for God with Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land| publisher= Morrow| place= New York| year= 2001| isbn=}}; HarperCollins, 2002, ISBN 978-0-06-050582-0
* ''Am Eingang zum Garten Eden: Suche nach Hoffnung mit den Religionen im Heiligen Land'', ISBN 978-3-8306-7371-2, EOS-Verlag, St. Ottilien, 2009.
* ''בפתח גן העדן'', ISBN 965-07-1539-8, Shalom Hartman Institute, Keter, Jerusalem, Israel, 2007.
*''Like Dreamers: The Story of the Israeli Paratroopers who Reunited Jerusalem and Divided a Nation'', HarperCollins, 2013

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.lukeford.net/profiles/profiles/yossi_halevi.htm About Halevi]
* Yossi Klein Halevi, [http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0704/halevi_palestinian_rejectionism.php3 The pattern of Palestinian rejectionism], Jewish World Review, 12/7/2004
* Yossi Klein Halevi, [http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0404/kabbalah_centre.php3 Kabbalah goes Hollywood], Jewish World Review, 30/4/2004
̇̽* {{cite web|url=http://www.thetower.org/article/utopian-dreamers-and-the-israeli-spirit/|title=Of Utopian Dreamers and the Israeli Spirit|last=David Hazony|year=2013|publisher=The Tower Magazine|accessdate=24 November 2013}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Halevi, Yossi Klein
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1953
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Halevi, Yossi Klein}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American emigrants to Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli journalists]]
[[Category:Israeli memoirists]]
[[Category:Israeli novelists]]
[[Category:Jewish novelists]]

Yossi Klein Halevi

2013-11-24T23:37:36Z

Igorp lj: <ref name="haaretz">

[[File:Yossi Headshot.jpg|thumb|Yossi Klein Halevi, 2012]]
'''Yossi Klein Halevi''' (born 1953) is an [[Israelis|Israeli]] [[author]] and [[journalist]].

==Biography==
Halevi was born and raised in [[Borough Park, Brooklyn]] in [[New York]] in a [[Jewish]] family. His father was a Hungarian-born Holocaust survivor. He completed a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in [[Jewish Studies]] in [[Brooklyn College]] in 1978, and completed his [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|MA]] in Journalism at [[Northwestern University]]. In 1982, he moved to Israel with his wife Sarah (née Lynn Rintoul).<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/08/opinion/08iht-edhalevi.1.20013320.html No choice but to fight, [[New York Times]]]</ref>

==Journalistic and literary career==
He worked as a senior writer for the bi-weekly magazine ''[[The Jerusalem Report]]'' from its founding until 2002. Halevi wrote a column for ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', and wrote regularly on Israeli issues for the op-ed page of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', and occasionally for the ''[[New York Times]]'' and ''[[Washington Post]]''. His first book, ''Memoirs of a Jewish Extremist'', was published in 1995. In it, he tells of his youthful attraction to, and subsequent break with, the militant Rabbi [[Meir Kahane]].

In 2001 he published ''At the Entrance to the Garden of Eden: A Jew's Search for God with Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land''. The book tells of his spiritual journey as a religious Jew into the worlds of Christianity and Islam in Israel. Halevi joined the prayers and meditations in mosques and [[monastery|monasteries]], in an attempt to experience the devotional lives of his non-Jewish neighbors and to create a religious language of reconciliation among the three [[monotheism|monotheistic]] faiths.

Halevi is a Fellow at the [[Shalom Hartman Institute]], a Jerusalem-based research institute and educational center. He is Israel correspondent and contributing editor of ''[[The New Republic]]''.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/02/opinion/02Halevi.html?_r=1 Israel, Alone Again? New York Times]</ref> He is a lecturer on American and Canadian campuses, focusing on politics and culture in Israel. In the fall of 2013, he began teaching at the [[Jewish Theological Seminary]] in New York.<ref name="haaretz">[http://www.haaretz.com/mobile/.premium-1.553443 Yossi Klein Halevi: I am looking for the vanished Israel] haaretz.com</ref>

Halevi's book ''Like Dreamers: The Story of the Israeli Paratroopers who Reunited Jerusalem and Divided A Nation '' was released by [[HarperCollins]] in October 2013.<ref name="haaretz"/>

==Political activism==
Halevi has been active in Middle East reconciliation efforts, and serves as chairman of Open House, an Arab-Jewish educational project in the working class town of [[Ramle]]. He was a founder and board member of the now-defunct Israeli-Palestinian Media Forum, which brought together Israeli and Palestinian journalists.

==Religious Identity==
Halevi and his wife Sarah broke with the [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] community because of Orthodoxy's attitudes towards women. They decided that they would not raise their daughter "as a second-class Jew" and instead began frequenting the [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] synagogue in their neighborhood.<ref>http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/iengage/point-counter-point-yossi-klein-halevi-5</ref>

==Film==
In 1985, the documentary film ''Kaddish'', produced by Steve Brand, which focuses on his relationship with his father, a [[Holocaust]] survivor, was released. The ''[[Village Voice]]'' called it one of the best ten films of the year.

==Published works==
* ''Memoirs of a Jewish Extremist'', New York-Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1995. ISBN 978-0-316-49860-9
* {{cite book| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BQoLcpu5BHAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Yossi+Klein+Halevi&hl=en&ei=50AGTo-qKIrx0gHsh6nkCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false| title=At the Entrance to the Garden of Eden: A Jew's Search for God with Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land| publisher= Morrow| place= New York| year= 2001| isbn=}}; HarperCollins, 2002, ISBN 978-0-06-050582-0
* ''Am Eingang zum Garten Eden: Suche nach Hoffnung mit den Religionen im Heiligen Land'', ISBN 978-3-8306-7371-2, EOS-Verlag, St. Ottilien, 2009.
* ''בפתח גן העדן'', ISBN 965-07-1539-8, Shalom Hartman Institute, Keter, Jerusalem, Israel, 2007.
*''Like Dreamers: The Story of the Israeli Paratroopers who Reunited Jerusalem and Divided a Nation'', HarperCollins, 2013

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.lukeford.net/profiles/profiles/yossi_halevi.htm About Halevi]
* Yossi Klein Halevi, [http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0704/halevi_palestinian_rejectionism.php3 The pattern of Palestinian rejectionism], Jewish World Review, 12/7/2004
* Yossi Klein Halevi, [http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0404/kabbalah_centre.php3 Kabbalah goes Hollywood], Jewish World Review, 30/4/2004

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Halevi, Yossi Klein
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1953
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Halevi, Yossi Klein}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American emigrants to Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli journalists]]
[[Category:Israeli memoirists]]
[[Category:Israeli novelists]]
[[Category:Jewish novelists]]

Ja’ir Schamir

2013-01-04T21:29:30Z

Igorp lj: /* Private sector career */ i

[[File:Yair Shamir.jpg|thumb|250px|Yair Shamir]]

'''Yair Shamir''' ({{lang-he|יאיר שמיר}}; born 18 August 1945) is an Israeli politician, leading businessman and former military officer. He is a member of the [[Yisrael Beiteinu]] party and he is the son of former Israeli Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Shamir]].

Named after [[Avraham Stern|Avraham "Yair" Stern]], founder of [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] (a Jewish underground movement that functioned in the years before the founding of the modern State of Israel), Yair Shamir was born in [[Ramat Gan]] and raised in [[Tel Aviv]]. When he was a year old, his father Yitzhak was captured by the British and exiled to Eritrea. When Yair was two years old, his mother was arrested as a Lehi activist. The family was not reunited until the end of 1948.

Yair Shamir lives in [[Savyon]] and is married to Ella, with whom he has three children and seven grandchildren.

==Military career==
Yair Shamir served in the [[Israeli Air Force]] from 1963 to 1988 as a pilot, engineer and commander. In 1974, while in the army, Shamir completed a degree in electrical engineering at the [[Technion]]. In 1988, Shamir was honorably discharged with the rank of colonel.<ref name="shalem">{{cite web|title=Yair Shamir|url=http://www.shalem.org.il/Biography/Yair-Shamir.html|publisher=Shalem Center|accessdate=7 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="calcalist-maatz" /><ref name="jpost-shamir" />

==Private sector career==

Shamir served as the General Manager of [[Scitex]] Israel and as Corporate Vice President of Scitex (1988–1994), CEO of Elite Food Industries (1994–1995), Vice President of the Challenge Fund, an Israeli venture capital fund (1995–1997), President and CEO of VCON Telecommunications (1997–2002) and as Chairman (2002–2006), Chairman and Managing Partner of Catalyst, a venture capital fund (since 1999), Chair of Shamir Optical Industry Ltd. (2005–2007) and as a member of the boards of high-tech companies such as Mercury Orckit, Mirabilis, Comfy, Longitudinal, DSP Group and Poalim Capital Markets. Between 2004 and 2005, Shamir served as chair of the board of directors of [[El Al]], the flag-carrier of Israel.<ref name="ibt" /><ref name="jpost-elite-highbeam" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Executive Profile: Yair Shamir|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=656944&privcapId=1415893&previousCapId=13103451&previousTitle=Rubner%20Technology%20Ventures%20Ltd|publisher=Businessweek|accessdate=7 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="bizportal" /><ref name="jpost-shamir" /><ref name="israelhayom" />

===Israel Aerospace Industries===

Between 2005 and 2011, Shamir served as the chairman of [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI), where he worked without pay.<ref name="israelhayom" /><ref name="calcalist-appointment" /> After the end of his first tenure, the Finance Minister [[Roni Bar-On]] made its renewal conditional on Shamir's signing a document barring him from engaging in political activity. Despite Shamir's reluctance, his tenure was renewed.

Between 2005 and 2011, Chairman Shamir oversaw the company's phenomenal recovery. During his first year, Shamir replaced 13 of the company's 19 top managers. After he took office, the company’s net profit grew from $2 million in 2005 to $130 million in 2006. The revenues grew from $2.341 billion to $3.148 billion by 2010 with a net profit of $94 million. Under Shamir's leadership, Israel Aerospace Industries issued NIS 1.4 billion in tradable bonds. During this period the company entered the Russian market, established a leading position in the drone industry and launched four satellites into space.<ref>{{cite news|title=IAI takes wing|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18281744|accessdate=7 September 2012|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 May 2011}}</ref>

Controversially, in 2011, Defense Minister [[Ehud Barak]] appointed Dov Bahrav of [[Amdocs]] as chairman. Shamir is thought to have been the key person behind IAI's [[initial public offering]].<ref name="calcalist-appointment" /> In 2011, after six years at the IAI, Shamir became the director of the [[National Roads Company of Israel]].<ref name="walla" /> According to Shamir, when he voluntarily left the army to go into business, his father would not talk to him for several months because he had held service to the country higher than material gain. However, Shamir states that he moved to the business world to promote Israel's industry and not out of material considerations.<ref name="israelhayom" />

The [[Israel National Roads Company|National Roads Company]] is Israel's leading company in roads and railways infrastructures design and construction.<ref>{{cite web|title=BRIEF BIOGRAPHY: Yair Shamir|url=http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/officerProfile?symbol=DSPG.O&officerId=49405|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=7 September 2012}}</ref>

===Private board memberships===

Shamir currently serves on the Board of Directors of several private companies as well as on several [[NASDAQ]] traded companies including: [[Commtouch]] (CTCH), [[DSP Group]] (DSPG), Cyalume (CYLU) and Selway (OTCBB:SWCAU).<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyalume (CYLU) insider: Yair Shamir|url=http://www.macroaxis.com/invest/manager/CYLU--Yair_Shamir|publisher=Macroaxis|accessdate=9 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Directors Named to Commtouch Board|url=http://www.commtouch.com/press-releases/new-directors-named-commtouch-board|publisher=Commtouch|accessdate=9 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Corporate Governance - Biography: Yair Shamir- Director|url=http://ir.dspg.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=101665&p=irol-govBio&ID=109237|publisher=DSP Group|accessdate=9 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Tsipori|first=Tali|title=Yair Shamir's Selway Capital raises $20m on Wall Street|newspaper=Globes: Israel's Business Arena|date=3 November 2011}}</ref>

== Public service==

Shamir also has several public roles and sits on the Board of Governors of the [[Technion]] and on the Board of Trustees of [[Ben Gurion University]]. He also serves as chairman of the board of directors of the [[Shalem Center]].<ref name="jpost-shamir" /><ref name="shalem" /><ref name="israelhayom" />

Shamir is the chairman and co-founder of Gvahim, a non-profit organization that helps highly qualified [[Aliyah|new immigrants]] accomplish their professional goals in Israel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gvahim: Members of the Board|url=https://gvahim.org.il/Default.aspx?KPages=33|publisher=Gvahim On-Line|accessdate=9 September 2012}}</ref>

==Political career and views==

In May 2012, [[Israeli Foreign Minister]] and [[Yisrael Beytenu]] Chairman [[Avigdor Liberman]] appointed Shamir the second ranking member of [[Yisrael Beytenu]], the third largest party in the Israeli [[Knesset]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Brot|first=Tzvika|title=Lieberman names Yair Shamir Yisrael Beiteinu deputy|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4225975,00.html|accessdate=7 September 2012|newspaper=ynetnews|date=7 May 2012}}</ref>

In an interview given to ''[[The Jewish Press]]'' in 2004, Shamir said that he did not believe in surrendering Israeli-controlled land to the Arabs, but that he would compromise if this was necessary. He also said that then-US President [[George W. Bush]] was better for Israel than then-Israeli Prime Minister [[Ariel Sharon]]. He also criticized [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] for caving in to pressure too easily, and believed that Israel should do what it thinks is right without regard to global opinion. Shamir was also opposed to the [[Elhanan Tannenbaum|Tannenbaum prisoner exchange]] with [[Hezbollah]].<ref name="jewishpress" />

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="bizportal">{{cite news|url=http://www1.bizportal.co.il/article/76668|title=Yair Shamir Appointed Director of El Al|author=Raz, Yael|work=[[Bizportal]]|date=May 25, 2004|accessdate=September 15, 2012}} {{he icon}}</ref>
<ref name="calcalist-appointment">{{cite web|url=http://www.calcalist.co.il/local/articles/0,7340,L-3517660,00.html|title=Exclusive to Calcalist: Barak Refuses to Appoint Yair Shamir to Third Term as IAI Director|author=Sikoler, Naama|work=[[Calcalist]]|date=May 16, 2012|accessdate=September 15, 2012}} {{he icon}}</ref>
<ref name="calcalist-maatz">{{cite news|url=http://www.calcalist.co.il/local/articles/0,7340,L-3554216,00.html|title=Yair Shamir Appointed as Director of the National Roads Company|work=[[Calcalist]]|date=December 5, 2011|accessdate=September 15, 2012}} {{he icon}}</ref>
<ref name="ibt">{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14700783.html|title=Yair Shamir. (named Elite Ltd. managing director) (Executive Appointments) {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|work=[[Israel Business Today]]|date=November 19, 2003|accessdate=September 16, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="israelhayom">{{cite web|url=http://www.israelhayom.co.il/site/newsletter_article.php?id=6215|title=On the Path|author=Shalev, Hemi; Lapidot, Aharon|work=[[Israel HaYom]]|date=April 16, 2010|accessdate=September 15, 2012}} {{he icon}}</ref>
<ref name="jewishpress">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpressclassifieds.com/printArticle.cfm?contentid=16095|title=Exclusive Interview: Bush Good for Israel, but Sharon Is Ruining Him|author=Levin, Avraham Shmuel|work=[[The Jewish Press]]|date=March 31, 2004|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="jpost-elite-highbeam">{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-5991225.html|title=Elite General Manager Yair Shamir Resigns {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|author=Lipkis Beck, Galit|publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]||date=July 4, 1995|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="jpost-shamir">{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=285157|title=Yair Shamir enters politics, joins Yisrael Beytenu|author=Harkov, Lahav|publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=September 15, 2012|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="walla">{{cite news|url=http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/9/2530774|title=Elections Coming: Yair Shamir To Be #2 in Yisrael Beiteinu?|publisher=[[Walla!]]|author=Wolf, Pinhas|date=May 6, 2012|accessdate=September 15, 2012}} {{he icon}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==

* {{Citation | url = http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=295375 | title = Why I became a politician | author-link = Yair Shamir | first = Yair | last = Shamir | journal = [[Jerusalem Post (newspaper)|Jerusalem Post]] | month = December 10 | year = 2012}}.

{{Persondata
| NAME = Shamir, Yair
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Israeli politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = May 18, 1945
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shamir, Yair}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Israeli businesspeople]]
[[Category:Israeli colonels]]
[[Category:Yisrael Beiteinu politicians]]

[[he:יאיר שמיר]]
[[ru:Шамир, Яир]]

Eyâlet

2012-01-31T17:57:46Z

Igorp lj: en:Eyalet

Das '''Eyâlet''' ({{OtaS|ايالت}}) war die Großprovinz des [[Osmanisches Reich|Osmanischen Reiches]] bis zur [[Tanzimat|Tanzimatzeit]]. Es wurde ab 1867 durch das [[Vilâyet]] abgelöst. An der Spitze der auf dem [[Lehnswesen]] gegründeten Verwaltung des Eyalets stand der [[Beylerbey]], der den Rang eines [[Pascha (Titel)|Pascha]] von zwei [[Rossschweif]]en (Tugh), in der Spätzeit auch oft [[Wesir]]srang (drei Rossschweife) hatte.

Ein Eyâlet bestand aus zwei oder mehr [[Sandschak (Osmanisches Reich)|Sandschaks]], die unter der Leitung von [[Bey (Titel)|Beys]] standen. Die meisten Sandschaks umfassten mehrere hundert bis tausend [[Lehen]] (je nach Größe aufsteigend [[Timar]], ''Zeamet/Ziamet'' oder ''Hass'' genannt), aus denen die Angehörigen der Lehensreiterei ([[Sipahi]]s) ihren Lebensunterhalt bestritten; allein die Eyalets Ägypten, Bagdad, Abessinien und al-Hasa waren nicht weiter in Sandschaks und Timars untergliedert.

Das erste Eyâlet war Rumeli ([[Rumelien]]); es wurde von [[Murad I.]] (1360–89) gebildet und umfasste anfangs alle europäischen Besitzungen. Kurz darauf wurde das Eyalet Anadolu ([[Anatolien]]) geschaffen, das die asiatischen Besitzungen umfasste. Die Ränge der Beylerbeys von Rumeli und Anadolu blieben die höchsten der Feudalhierarchie und wurden in der Spätzeit auch als Ehrentitel verliehen.

== Territoriale Typologie der osmanischen Herrschaft im 16. Jahrhundert<ref>[http://www.cdsee.org/pdf/WorkBook1.pdf Halil Berktay und Bogdan Murgescu (Hrsg.): ''Workbook I: The Ottoman Empire''. Thessaloniki 2005. S. 69.]</ref> ==

[[Vasall]]en wurden im Laufe der Jahrhunderte durchaus zu Provinzen und andersherum.

=== Osmanische Kernprovinzen (Eyâlet/[[Vilâyet]]) ===

* regiert durch vom Sultan bestimmten [[Gouverneur|Großgouverneur]]
* unterteilt in Sandschaks, regiert durch Gouverneure
* das meiste Land war in Pfründe/Lehen aufgeteilt ([[Timar]]).
* Beispiele: [[Anatolien]], [[Buda]], [[Zypern]], [[Rumelien]], etc.
* Sonderstellungen: Kleinere Gemeinden und Regionen erhielten spezielle Privilegien und lokale Autonomien; Beispiele: Klöster von [[Athos]] und [[Katharinenkloster (Sinai)|Sinai]], einige Inseln und Bergregionen in [[Griechenland]], etc.

=== Osmanische Provinzen (Sâliyâne-Eyâlet/Sâliyâne-Vilâyet) ===

* regiert durch vom Sultan bestimmten Großgouverneur
* unterteilt in Sandschaks, regiert durch Gouverneure
* Land nur teilweise oder wenig durch Pfründe verteilt. Unter Beibehaltung der vorosmanischen sozioökonomischen und Verwaltungsstrukturen wird an den osmanischen Fiskus ein jährlicher [[Tribut]] entrichtet
* Beispiele: [[Ägypten]], [[Jemen]], [[Tunesien]], [[Bagdad]], [[Basra]], etc.
* Sonderstellungen: Selten auf der Ebene von Eyâlets, eher auf Sandschak-Ebene findet man einige Provinzen regiert von Gouverneuren, die ihr Amt vererben durften; Beispiele: [[Adana]] unter den [[Ramazan Oğulları]], einige kurdische Sandschaks, [[Widin]] unter der [[Mihaloğlu]]-Familie, etc.

=== Muslimische Vasallen ===

* Staaten, die die Oberherrschaft der Osmanen akzeptieren, aber ihre traditionelle Organisationsstruktur beibehalten dürfen. Trotzdem behält sich der Sultan das Recht vor, den Machthaber des Vasallengebietes selber zu nominieren. Müssen ihre Politik allgemein an der osmanischen Politik ausrichten, können aber auch eigenverantwortlich agieren, sogar lokale kriegerische Handlungen durchführen.
* hat im Allgemeinen eine starke politische, militärische und/oder symbolische Bedeutung für das [[Osmanisches Reich|Osmanische Reich]], und erhält daher verschiedene Formen der finanziellen Unterstützung
* Beispiele: [[Khanat der Krim]]tataren, [[Haschimiten|Scherifen von Mekka]], etc.
* Sonderstellung: [[Safawiden|Iran]] zahlte zwar zwischen 1590 - 1603 Tribut, war aber politisch unabhängig.

=== Christliche Vasallen ===

* Staaten, die die Oberherrschaft der Osmanen akzeptieren, sie bezahlen eine jährliche Gesamtsumme als Tribut an den Sultan, müssen ihre Außenpolitik an der osmanischen Politik ausrichten, behalten dafür aber größtenteils ihre Autonomie und traditionelle christliche Institutionen (kein islamisches oder osmanisches Recht im Gebiet des Vasallen). Trotzdem behält sich der Sultan das Recht vor, den Machthaber des Vasallengebietes selber zu nominieren, sollte sich die Politik nicht an die Vorgaben halten.
* Beispiele: [[Republik Ragusa|Ragusa]], [[Georgien]], [[Siebenbürgen]], [[Fürstentum Moldau|Moldau]], [[Fürstentum Walachei|Walachei]], etc.
* Sonderstellungen: einige christlichen Reiche zahlten zwar Tribut, entweder für Teile ihres Territoriums (z.B. zahlte [[Venedig]] für Zypern bis zur osmanischen Eroberung zwischen 1517-1571; die [[Habsburger]] zahlten Tribut für Nordungarn 1533-1593) oder als „Schutzgebühr“ um nicht angegriffen zu werden oder durch Beutezüge heimgesucht zu werden (z.B. [[Polen-Litauen]] an das Khanat der Krim und gelegentlich auch an die Osmanen), behielten aber ihre politische Unabhängigkeit.

== Liste der Eyâlet ==

Ab 1609 bestanden die folgenden Eyâlets (Name der Hauptstadt in Klammern, falls nicht identisch mit dem des Vilâyets):

{| class=wikitable
!width="10%"|Name
!width="15%"|[[Osmanische Sprache|Osmanischer]] Name and ''Transliteration'' ([[Türkische Sprache|Türkisch]]) 
!width="5%"|Gegründet
!width="15%"|Gegenwärtige Lage
!width="55%"|Anmerkungen
|-
|[[Abessinien]]
|[[Hebeşe]]
|ca. 1554
|[[Saudi-Arabien]], [[Sudan]], [[Eritrea]], [[Somalia]]
|Umfasste beide Küsten des Roten Meeres. Wurde auch Mekka und Medina genannt.
|-
|[[Adana]]
|{{ar|آضنه|w=Ażana}} (Adana)
|ca. 1608
|[[Türkei]]
|
|-
|[[Ägäische Inseln]]
|Cezayir
|Mitte 1500
|[[Griechenland]]
|
|-
|[[Aleppo]]
|{{ar|حلب|w=Ḥaleb}} (Halep)
|ca.1516–1521
|[[Syrien]], [[Türkei]]
|
|-
|[[Algerien]]
|{{ar|جزاير غرب|w=Cezâyîr-i Ġarb}} (Cezayir Garp)
|1519
|[[Algerien]]
|
|-
|[[Anatolien]]
|Anadolu
|ca. 1365
|[[Türkei]]
|
|-
|[[Bagdad]]
|{{ar|بغداد|w=Baġdâd}} (Bağdat)
|1535
|[[Irak]]
|
|-
|[[Basra]]
|{{ar|بصره|w=Baṣra}} (Basra)
|ca. 1552
|[[Irak]], [[Kuwait]]
|
|-
|[[Bosnien]]
|Bosna
|ca. 1520s
|[[Bosnien-Herzegowina]], [[Kroatien]], [[Serbien]], [[Montenegro]]
|
|-
|[[Buda]]
|Budin
|1541
|[[Ungarn]], [[Kroatien]], [[Serbien]]
|
|-
|[[Zypern]]
|{{ar|قبرص|w=Ḳıbrıṣ}} (Kıbrıs)
|1571
|[[Zypern]], [[Türkei]]
|Von ca. 1660–1703 and 1784 Teil der Eyalets der ägäischen Inseln
|-
|[[Diyarbekir]]
|{{ar|دياربكر|w=Diyârbekir}} (Diyarbakır)
|1515
|[[Türkei]], [[Irak]]
|
|-
|[[Eger (Ungarn)|Eger]]
|{{ar|اكر|w=Egir}} (Eğri)
|1596
|[[Ungarn]]
|
|-
|[[Ägypten]]
|{{ar|مصر|w=Mıṣır}} (Mısır)
|1517
|[[Ägypten]], [[Israel]], [[Jordanien]], [[Saudi-Arabien]]
|
|-
|[[Erzurum]]
|Erzurum
|ca. 1514–1534
|[[Türkei]]
|
|-
|[[al-Hasa]]
|Lahsa
|ca. 1579
|[[Saudi-Arabien]]
|
|-
|[[Kefe]]
|Kefe
|ca. 1581
|[[Ukraine]], [[Russland]]
|
|-
|[[Nagykanizsa|Kanizsa]]
|Kanije
|1600
|[[Ungarn]], [[Kroatien]]
|
|-
|[[Karaman (Türkei)|Karaman]]
|Karaman
|ca. 1470
|[[Türkei]]
|
|-
|[[Kars]]
|Kars
|1579
|[[Türkei]], [[Georgien]]
|1604 zusammengefasst mit Samtskhe. Dann 1845 an Erzurum angebunden.
|-
|[[Maraş]]
|Maraş, Dulkadır
|ca. 1522
|[[Türkei]]
|
|-
|[[Mosul]]
|Musul
|ca. spätes 15. Jh.
|[[Irak]]
|
|-
|[[ar-Raqqa]]
|Rakka
|1586–1683
|[[Syrien]], [[Türkei]], [[Irak]]
|Auch Urfa genannt
|-
|[[Rumelien]]
|Rumeli
|ca. 1365
|[[Bulgarien]], [[Griechenland]], [[Mazedonien]], [[Albanien]], [[Serbien]], [[Montenegro]], [[Türkei]]
|
|-
|[[Samtskhe]]
|Çıldır
|ca. 1579
|[[Georgien]], [[Türkei]]
|Auch Meskheti genannt. Der Großteil der Eyalets ging 1829 an Russland verloren. Der Rest wurde an Erzurum angegliedert.
|-
|[[Schahrazor]]
|Şehrizor
|Mitte 1500
|[[Irak]], [[Iran]]
|Auch Shahrizor, Sheherizul oder [[Kirkuk]] genannt. Wurde 1830 als Sandschak an Mosul angebunden.
|-
|[[Vilayet Silistra|Silistrien]]
|Silistre
|ca. 1599
|[[Bulgarien]], [[Rumänien]], [[Moldawien]], [[Ukraine]]
|Später auch Ochakiv/Özi genannt.
|-
|[[Sivas]]
|Sivas
|Anfang 1500
|[[Türkei]]
|
|-
|[[Syrien]]
|Şam
|1516–17
|[[Syrien]], [[Libanon]], [[Israel]], [[Palästina (Region)|Palästina]], [[Jordanien]], [[Türkei]] und [[Irak]].
|
|-
|[[Timișoara]]
|Tımışvar
|1552
|[[Rumänien]], [[Serbien]], [[Ungarn]]
|Auch Temesvar genannt
|-
|[[Trabzon]]
|Trabzon
|Späte 1500er
|[[Türkei]], [[Georgien]]
|
|-
|[[Tripoli (Libanon) |Tripoli]]
|Trablus-ı Şam (Trablusşam)
|ca. 1570er
|[[Libanon]], [[Syrien]]
|
|-
|[[Tripolitanien]]
|Trablus-ı Garb (Trablusgarp)
|1551
|[[Libyen]]
|
|-
|[[Tunis]]
|Tunus
|1574
|[[Tunesien]]
|
|-
|[[Van (Türkei)|Van]]
|Van
|1548
|[[Türkei]]
|
|-
|[[Jemen]]
|Yemen
|1517–18, 1539
|[[Jemen]], [[Saudi-Arabien]]
|
|}

Quellen: 

*Colin Imber. The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The structure of Power. (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.)
*Halil Inalcik. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600. Trans. Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imber. (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1973.)
*Donald Edgar Pitcher. ''An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire'' (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J.Brill,1972.) 

== Literatur ==

* Encyclopaedia of Islam, s. v. EYÂLET.
* [[Andreas Birken]]: ''Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches'', Beihefte zum [[Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients]], Reihe B Nr. 13, Wiesbaden 1976.

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eyalet}}
[[Kategorie:Verwaltungsgliederung (Osmanisches Reich)]]

[[bg:Административно деление на Османската империя]]
[[en:Eyalet]]
[[en:Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[hr:Ajalet]]
[[lv:Osmaņu impērijas administratīvais iedalījums]]
[[ru:Эялет]]
[[sr:Подела Османског царства]]
[[tr:Eyalet]]

Lynchmord von Ramallah

2010-08-31T21:40:04Z

Igorp lj: /* Arrests of lynching suspects */ accessdate=2010-09-01

[[Image:Ramallah-lynch01.jpg|250px|thumb|right| Aziz Salha, one of the lynchers, waving his blood-stained hands from the police station window. Salha was later arrested by Israel and sentenced to life imprisonment.]]

The '''2000 Ramallah lynching''' was a violent incident in October 2000 at the beginning of the [[Second Intifada]] in which a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[Crowd|mob]] lynched two [[Israel Defense Forces]] [[reservist]]s, Vadim Nurzhitz (sometimes spelled as Norzhich) and Yossi Avrahami (or Yosef Avrahami),<ref>Vadim Nurzhitz, {{lang-ru|Вадим Нуржиц}}, {{lang-he|ואדים נורז'יץ}}; Yossi Avrahami, {{lang-he|יוסי אברהמי}}</ref> who had accidentally entered the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]]-controlled city of [[Ramallah]] in the [[West Bank]]. The brutality of the event, captured in a photo of a Palestinian rioter proudly waving his blood-stained hands to the crowd below, sparked international outrage and further intensified the ongoing conflict between [[Israel]]i and Palestinian forces.

==Incident==
On October 12, 2000, two non-combatant Israeli reservists (serving as drivers), Vadim Nurzhitz and Yossi Avrahami, mistakenly passed an Israeli checkpoint and entered Ramallah. Reaching a Palestinian Authority roadblock, where previously Israeli soldiers were turned back, the reservists were detained by PA policeman and taken to the local police station. Hearing rumors that undercover Israeli agents (like from the elite [[Duvdevan Unit]]) were in the building, a crowd of more than 1,000 Palestinians gathered at the station, calling for the death of the Israelis. Soon after, Palestinian rioters stormed the building, beating and stabbing the soldiers to death. At this point, a Palestinian (later identified as Aziz Salha), appeared at the police station window, displaying his blood-stained hands to the crowd, which erupted into cheers. One of the soldier's bodies was then [[defenestration|thrown out the window]] and stamped and beaten by the enraged mob. Soon after, the mob dragged the two mutilated bodies to Al-Manara Square in the city center as the crowd began an impromptu victory celebration.<ref name="revenge">{{cite news |title=A day of rage, revenge and bloodshed |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1370229/A-day-of-rage%2C-revenge-and-bloodshed.html |date=2000-10-13 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher= |accessdate=02-07-09 | location=London | first=Alan | last=Philps}}</ref><ref name="Italy">{{cite web |title=Coverage of Oct 12 Lynch in Ramallah by Italian TV Station RAI |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/10/Coverage%20of%20Oct%2012%20Lynch%20in%20Ramallah%20by%20Italian%20TV |date=2000-10-17 |work=[[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |publisher= |accessdate=02-07-09}}</ref><ref name="brutal">{{cite web |title= Lynch mob's brutal attack| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/969778.stm |date= 2000-10-13| work=[[BBC News]]| accessdate= 2006-09-03}}</ref><ref name=voice>{{cite news |title=A strange voice said: I just killed your husband| url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/a-strange-voice-said-i-just-killed-your-husband-635341.html |date= 2000-10-14| work=[[The Independent]]| accessdate= 2009-10-16 | location=London | first=Raymond | last=Whitaker}}</ref>

==Reactions and military response==
The brutality of the killings shocked the Israeli public,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Feldman |first=Shai |year=2000 |month=November |title=The October Violence: An Interim Assessment |journal=Strategic Assessment |volume=3 |issue=3|url=http://www.inss.org.il/publications.php?cat=21&incat=&read=647 |accessdate=2009-07-03 |quote=''The [Israeli] public was shocked by lynching in Ramallah, it was enraged at the enticements to violence continuously aired on Palestinian television and it was astonished at the reaction of the Israeli Arabs (see below) to the Palestinian-Israeli clashes''}}</ref> intensifying Israeli distrust of Palestinian Authority Chairman [[Yasser Arafat]]. Notably, the event also deeply damaged the Israeli left-wing's faith in the [[Peace process in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|peace process]]. Amoz Oz, the internationally acclaimed Israeli author and "authoritative voice of Israel's peace camp," stated, "Without any doubt, I blame the Palestinian leadership. They clearly did not want to sign an agreement at Camp David. Maybe Arafat prefers to be [[Che Guevara]] than [[Fidel Castro]]. If he becomes the president of Palestine, he'll be the leader of a rough, Third World country and have to deal with sewage in Hebron, drugs in Gaza, and the corruption in his own government."<ref>{{cite news |title=WHOSE HOLY LAND?: THE ISRAELIS; As Dreams of Peace Take Flight, Many Angry Fingers Point Toward Arafat |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/13/world/whose-holy-land-israelis-dreams-peace-take-flight-many-angry-fingers-point.html?scp=4&sq=ramallah%20lynching&st=cse |date=2000-10-13 |work=[[New York Times]] |publisher= |accessdate=16-10-09 | first=Joel | last=Greenberg}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Left-wing have their faith in peace blown away|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/leftwing-have-their-faith-in-peace-blown-away-635262.html |date=2000-10-13 |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher= |accessdate=16-10-09 | location=London | first=Eric | last=Silver}}</ref>

In response, the Israeli military launched a series of retaliatory air strikes against Palestinian Authority targets in the West Bank and the [[Gaza Strip]]. Israeli forces sealed off Palestinian cities as Israeli helicopters fired rockets at two police stations in Ramallah (the police station where the lynching took place was destroyed); the [[Beit Lahia]] headquarters of [[Tanzim]], the armed wing of [[Yasser Arafat]]'s [[Fatah]] faction; and buildings near Arafat's headquarters in [[Gaza City]]. Later in the day, Israeli helicopters destroyed the ''Voice of Palestine'' radio station in Ramallah.<ref name="revenge" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli copters retaliate for soldiers' deaths |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/mideast.htm#readmore |date= 2000-11-08|work=[[USA Today]] |publisher= |accessdate=03-07-09}}</ref>

==Media coverage==
An Italian film crew, later learned to be employees of [[Mediaset]], Italy's largest private television station, captured footage of the lynching.<ref name="betrayal">{{cite news |title= TV row over mob footage 'betrayal'| url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/oct/20/israel2 |date= 2000-10-20| work=[[The Guardian]]| accessdate= 05-07-09 | location=London | first=Rory | last=Carroll}}</ref> The [[:Image:Ramallah-lynch01.jpg|picture]] of one of the [[lynching|lynchers]] waving his blood-stained hands from the window shocked and outraged many around the world, and became another iconic image of the conflict.

British photographer Mark Seager attempted to photograph the event but the mob physically assaulted him and destroyed his camera. After the event, he stated, "It [the lynching] was the most horrible thing that I have ever seen and I have reported from Congo, [[Kosovo]], many bad places.... I know they [Palestinians] are not all like this and I'm a very forgiving person but I'll never forget this. It was murder of the most barbaric kind. When I think about it, I see that man's head, all smashed. I know that I'll have nightmares for the rest of my life."<ref name="seager">{{cite web |title= I'll have nightmares for the rest of my life| url= http://rotter.net/israel/mark.htm |date= 2000-10-15| work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]| accessdate= 03-07-09}}</ref>

An [[ABC News]] team also attempted to record the incident but the mob also prevented them from doing so. ABCNews producer Nasser Atta said that when the crew began filming the lynching, "youths came to us and they stopped us with some knives, with some beating."<ref name="ABC">{{cite web |title= Barak Calls for Emergency Government| url= http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=82403 |date= 12-10-00| work=[[ABC News]]| accessdate= 03-07-09}}</ref>

===RAI Scandal===
Following the lynching on October 16, 2000, Riccardo Cristiano, the deputy head of the Jerusalem bureau of Italy's state television channel [[RAI]], published a letter ([http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/10/Coverage%20of%20Oct%2012%20Lynch%20in%20Ramallah%20by%20Italian%20TV#letter see text]) in ''[[Al-Hayat al-Jadida]]'', the official daily newspaper of the Palestinian Authority (PA). In the letter (entitled "Special Clarification by the Italian Representative of RAI, the Official Italian Television Station"), Cristiano denies that RAI had any involvement with the filming of the incident and that one of the station's Italian competitors was responsible for the footage. He wrote, "We [RAI] emphasize to all of you that the events did not happen this way, because we always respect (will continue to respect) the journalistic procedures with the Palestinian Authority for (journalistic) work in Palestine and we are credible in our precise work." The Italian correspondent also praised the PA, declaring, "We congratulate you [the PA] and think that it is our duty to put you in the picture (of the events) of what happened on October 12 in Ramallah.... We thank you for your trust, and you can be sure that this is not our way of acting. We do not (will not) do such a thing."<ref name="Italy" />

As a result of the letter, the Israeli Government Press Office suspended Cristiano's press card. The [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] stated, "His letter implies that he will never again film events which are liable to cast a negative light on the PA, such as the recent lynching of IDF reservists in Ramallah.... The State of Israel, as a democratic society, welcomes the foreign journalists working here and invests considerable effort in both assuring freedom of the press and assisting journalists in their work. All that we ask from foreign journalists is that they abide by the rules of press ethics as is accepted in democratic societies.<ref name="Italy" />

Cristiano's letter, which effectively identified Mediaset as being responsible for the footage, necessitated Mediaset to withdraw its staff out of fear of Palestinian revenge attacks. In response, Italian politician [[Silvio Berlusconi]] and owner of Mediaset, said, "The letter is indicative of an anti-semitic attitude in elements of the Italian left." The Italian newspaper ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' declared it a shameful day for Italian journalism.<ref name="betrayal" />

For its part, RAI disowned the letter and recalled Cristiano, stating, "He will no longer work from Jerusalem. Rai had no knowledge of the letter and its content." Regarding Cristiano's motives for the letter, RAI asserted that the journalist had recently been injured while covering other Palestinian riots and he wished to dispel rumors that RAI was responsible for the footage.<ref name="betrayal" />

===Claims of Palestinian censorship===
In relation to [[media coverage]] of the event, the [[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] accused Palestinian broadcasting stations of making "every effort to hide the horrible pictures which were shown around the world." The ministry further asserted that "according to reporters' evidence on the scene," the Palestinian police attempted to prevent foreign journalists from entering the area in order to obstruct reporting of the incident.<ref name="Italy" />

Regarding the RAI scandal, CAMERA, a [[Israel lobby in the United States|pro-Israel lobby group]], stated that "Mr. Cristiano’s letter brings into rare public focus the very successful campaign by Palestinians to control western media coverage, whether by cajoling or by overt threats and assaults. The day of the lynching in Ramallah, for example, journalists had their cameras ripped away and smashed on the pavement, their film confiscated or ruined, lest they record the bestiality underway."<ref>{{cite web |author= Alex Safian |authorlink= Alex Safian |title=In the Palestinians’ Pocket: Journalists Doing PR For the PA |url=http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=3&x_outlet=13&x_article=193 |date=2000-10-19 |work=[[CAMERA]] |publisher= |accessdate=7 July 2009}}</ref>

==Arrests of lynching suspects==
Israel also began to individually pursue the Ramallah lynchers:

*Aziz Salha was arrested in 2001. He admitted to being one of those who broke in to the police station and choking one of the soldiers while others beat him bloody. When he saw that his hands were covered with the soldier's blood, he went to the window and proudly displayed his blood-stained hands to the mob below.<ref name="Arrest">{{cite web |title=Arrest of Fatah Tanzim Terrorists from Ramallah |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Communiques/2002/Arrest%20of%20Fatah%20Tanzim%20Terrorists%20from%20Ramallah%20- |date=2002-04-22 |work=[[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |publisher= |accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lynch mob suspects held by Israelis |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1310307/Lynch-mob-suspects-held-by-Israelis.html |date=2001-06-26 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher= |accessdate=2010-09-01 | location=London | first=Alan | last=Philps}}</ref> In 2004, an Israel court convicted him for the murder of Corporal Vadim Nurzhitz and sentenced him to life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Man jailed over Ramallah lynching |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4033901.stm |date=2004-11-22 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher= |accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Palestinian man gets life sentence for killing Israeli soldier |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2004/11/23/1249432.htm |date=2004-11-23 |work=[[ABC News]] |publisher= |accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref>

*Muhammad Howara, a Tanzim activist, was arrested in 2001. He admitted breaking into the police station and stabbing one of the soldiers.<ref name="Arrest" />

*Ziad Hamdada, a Fatah Tanzim operative who set fire to the body of one of the Israeli reservists, was arrested in 2002. He had also participated in and planned other terrorist attacks.<ref name="Arrest"/>

*In 2005 the Israeli Shin Bet announced that it arrested Mohamed Abu Ida, a former member of the Palestinian police force in Ramallah. During his investigation, he admitted to having had led the two Israeli soldiers to the Ramallah police station after which he joined the other rioters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramallah lynch suspect arrested |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3055674,00.html |date=03-08-05 |work=[[Ynetnews]] |publisher= |accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref>

*On September 26, 2007, Israel captured the last member of the Ramallah lynching, Haiman Zaban. The Tanzim operative was also preparing further terrorist attacks against Israel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Last member of Ramallah lynch caught |url=http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=76502 |date=2007-09-26 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |publisher= | first=Yaakov | last=Katz |accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Palestinian political violence]]

==Footnotes and references==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2000 Ramallah Lynching}}
[[Category:2000 riots|Ramallah lynching]]
[[Category:2000 in Israel|Ramallah lynching]]
[[Category:Lynchings]]
[[Category:Al-Aqsa Intifada|Lynch]]
[[Category:Riots in Israel and Palestine|Lynch]]
[[Category:Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]

[[cs:Lynčování v Ramalláhu]]
[[es:Linchamiento en Ramala]]
[[fr:Lynchage de réservistes israéliens à Ramallah]]
[[he:הלינץ' ברמאללה]]
[[ru:Линчевание в Рамалле]]

Lynchmord von Ramallah

2010-08-31T21:21:08Z

Igorp lj: /* Arrests of lynching suspects */ link

[[Image:Ramallah-lynch01.jpg|250px|thumb|right| Aziz Salha, one of the lynchers, waving his blood-stained hands from the police station window. Salha was later arrested by Israel and sentenced to life imprisonment.]]

The '''2000 Ramallah lynching''' was a violent incident in October 2000 at the beginning of the [[Second Intifada]] in which a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[Crowd|mob]] lynched two [[Israel Defense Forces]] [[reservist]]s, Vadim Nurzhitz (sometimes spelled as Norzhich) and Yossi Avrahami (or Yosef Avrahami),<ref>Vadim Nurzhitz, {{lang-ru|Вадим Нуржиц}}, {{lang-he|ואדים נורז'יץ}}; Yossi Avrahami, {{lang-he|יוסי אברהמי}}</ref> who had accidentally entered the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]]-controlled city of [[Ramallah]] in the [[West Bank]]. The brutality of the event, captured in a photo of a Palestinian rioter proudly waving his blood-stained hands to the crowd below, sparked international outrage and further intensified the ongoing conflict between [[Israel]]i and Palestinian forces.

==Incident==
On October 12, 2000, two non-combatant Israeli reservists (serving as drivers), Vadim Nurzhitz and Yossi Avrahami, mistakenly passed an Israeli checkpoint and entered Ramallah. Reaching a Palestinian Authority roadblock, where previously Israeli soldiers were turned back, the reservists were detained by PA policeman and taken to the local police station. Hearing rumors that undercover Israeli agents (like from the elite [[Duvdevan Unit]]) were in the building, a crowd of more than 1,000 Palestinians gathered at the station, calling for the death of the Israelis. Soon after, Palestinian rioters stormed the building, beating and stabbing the soldiers to death. At this point, a Palestinian (later identified as Aziz Salha), appeared at the police station window, displaying his blood-stained hands to the crowd, which erupted into cheers. One of the soldier's bodies was then [[defenestration|thrown out the window]] and stamped and beaten by the enraged mob. Soon after, the mob dragged the two mutilated bodies to Al-Manara Square in the city center as the crowd began an impromptu victory celebration.<ref name="revenge">{{cite news |title=A day of rage, revenge and bloodshed |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1370229/A-day-of-rage%2C-revenge-and-bloodshed.html |date=2000-10-13 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher= |accessdate=02-07-09 | location=London | first=Alan | last=Philps}}</ref><ref name="Italy">{{cite web |title=Coverage of Oct 12 Lynch in Ramallah by Italian TV Station RAI |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/10/Coverage%20of%20Oct%2012%20Lynch%20in%20Ramallah%20by%20Italian%20TV |date=2000-10-17 |work=[[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |publisher= |accessdate=02-07-09}}</ref><ref name="brutal">{{cite web |title= Lynch mob's brutal attack| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/969778.stm |date= 2000-10-13| work=[[BBC News]]| accessdate= 2006-09-03}}</ref><ref name=voice>{{cite news |title=A strange voice said: I just killed your husband| url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/a-strange-voice-said-i-just-killed-your-husband-635341.html |date= 2000-10-14| work=[[The Independent]]| accessdate= 2009-10-16 | location=London | first=Raymond | last=Whitaker}}</ref>

==Reactions and military response==
The brutality of the killings shocked the Israeli public,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Feldman |first=Shai |year=2000 |month=November |title=The October Violence: An Interim Assessment |journal=Strategic Assessment |volume=3 |issue=3|url=http://www.inss.org.il/publications.php?cat=21&incat=&read=647 |accessdate=2009-07-03 |quote=''The [Israeli] public was shocked by lynching in Ramallah, it was enraged at the enticements to violence continuously aired on Palestinian television and it was astonished at the reaction of the Israeli Arabs (see below) to the Palestinian-Israeli clashes''}}</ref> intensifying Israeli distrust of Palestinian Authority Chairman [[Yasser Arafat]]. Notably, the event also deeply damaged the Israeli left-wing's faith in the [[Peace process in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|peace process]]. Amoz Oz, the internationally acclaimed Israeli author and "authoritative voice of Israel's peace camp," stated, "Without any doubt, I blame the Palestinian leadership. They clearly did not want to sign an agreement at Camp David. Maybe Arafat prefers to be [[Che Guevara]] than [[Fidel Castro]]. If he becomes the president of Palestine, he'll be the leader of a rough, Third World country and have to deal with sewage in Hebron, drugs in Gaza, and the corruption in his own government."<ref>{{cite news |title=WHOSE HOLY LAND?: THE ISRAELIS; As Dreams of Peace Take Flight, Many Angry Fingers Point Toward Arafat |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/13/world/whose-holy-land-israelis-dreams-peace-take-flight-many-angry-fingers-point.html?scp=4&sq=ramallah%20lynching&st=cse |date=2000-10-13 |work=[[New York Times]] |publisher= |accessdate=16-10-09 | first=Joel | last=Greenberg}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Left-wing have their faith in peace blown away|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/leftwing-have-their-faith-in-peace-blown-away-635262.html |date=2000-10-13 |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher= |accessdate=16-10-09 | location=London | first=Eric | last=Silver}}</ref>

In response, the Israeli military launched a series of retaliatory air strikes against Palestinian Authority targets in the West Bank and the [[Gaza Strip]]. Israeli forces sealed off Palestinian cities as Israeli helicopters fired rockets at two police stations in Ramallah (the police station where the lynching took place was destroyed); the [[Beit Lahia]] headquarters of [[Tanzim]], the armed wing of [[Yasser Arafat]]'s [[Fatah]] faction; and buildings near Arafat's headquarters in [[Gaza City]]. Later in the day, Israeli helicopters destroyed the ''Voice of Palestine'' radio station in Ramallah.<ref name="revenge" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli copters retaliate for soldiers' deaths |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/mideast.htm#readmore |date= 2000-11-08|work=[[USA Today]] |publisher= |accessdate=03-07-09}}</ref>

==Media coverage==
An Italian film crew, later learned to be employees of [[Mediaset]], Italy's largest private television station, captured footage of the lynching.<ref name="betrayal">{{cite news |title= TV row over mob footage 'betrayal'| url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/oct/20/israel2 |date= 2000-10-20| work=[[The Guardian]]| accessdate= 05-07-09 | location=London | first=Rory | last=Carroll}}</ref> The [[:Image:Ramallah-lynch01.jpg|picture]] of one of the [[lynching|lynchers]] waving his blood-stained hands from the window shocked and outraged many around the world, and became another iconic image of the conflict.

British photographer Mark Seager attempted to photograph the event but the mob physically assaulted him and destroyed his camera. After the event, he stated, "It [the lynching] was the most horrible thing that I have ever seen and I have reported from Congo, [[Kosovo]], many bad places.... I know they [Palestinians] are not all like this and I'm a very forgiving person but I'll never forget this. It was murder of the most barbaric kind. When I think about it, I see that man's head, all smashed. I know that I'll have nightmares for the rest of my life."<ref name="seager">{{cite web |title= I'll have nightmares for the rest of my life| url= http://rotter.net/israel/mark.htm |date= 2000-10-15| work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]| accessdate= 03-07-09}}</ref>

An [[ABC News]] team also attempted to record the incident but the mob also prevented them from doing so. ABCNews producer Nasser Atta said that when the crew began filming the lynching, "youths came to us and they stopped us with some knives, with some beating."<ref name="ABC">{{cite web |title= Barak Calls for Emergency Government| url= http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=82403 |date= 12-10-00| work=[[ABC News]]| accessdate= 03-07-09}}</ref>

===RAI Scandal===
Following the lynching on October 16, 2000, Riccardo Cristiano, the deputy head of the Jerusalem bureau of Italy's state television channel [[RAI]], published a letter ([http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/10/Coverage%20of%20Oct%2012%20Lynch%20in%20Ramallah%20by%20Italian%20TV#letter see text]) in ''[[Al-Hayat al-Jadida]]'', the official daily newspaper of the Palestinian Authority (PA). In the letter (entitled "Special Clarification by the Italian Representative of RAI, the Official Italian Television Station"), Cristiano denies that RAI had any involvement with the filming of the incident and that one of the station's Italian competitors was responsible for the footage. He wrote, "We [RAI] emphasize to all of you that the events did not happen this way, because we always respect (will continue to respect) the journalistic procedures with the Palestinian Authority for (journalistic) work in Palestine and we are credible in our precise work." The Italian correspondent also praised the PA, declaring, "We congratulate you [the PA] and think that it is our duty to put you in the picture (of the events) of what happened on October 12 in Ramallah.... We thank you for your trust, and you can be sure that this is not our way of acting. We do not (will not) do such a thing."<ref name="Italy" />

As a result of the letter, the Israeli Government Press Office suspended Cristiano's press card. The [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] stated, "His letter implies that he will never again film events which are liable to cast a negative light on the PA, such as the recent lynching of IDF reservists in Ramallah.... The State of Israel, as a democratic society, welcomes the foreign journalists working here and invests considerable effort in both assuring freedom of the press and assisting journalists in their work. All that we ask from foreign journalists is that they abide by the rules of press ethics as is accepted in democratic societies.<ref name="Italy" />

Cristiano's letter, which effectively identified Mediaset as being responsible for the footage, necessitated Mediaset to withdraw its staff out of fear of Palestinian revenge attacks. In response, Italian politician [[Silvio Berlusconi]] and owner of Mediaset, said, "The letter is indicative of an anti-semitic attitude in elements of the Italian left." The Italian newspaper ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' declared it a shameful day for Italian journalism.<ref name="betrayal" />

For its part, RAI disowned the letter and recalled Cristiano, stating, "He will no longer work from Jerusalem. Rai had no knowledge of the letter and its content." Regarding Cristiano's motives for the letter, RAI asserted that the journalist had recently been injured while covering other Palestinian riots and he wished to dispel rumors that RAI was responsible for the footage.<ref name="betrayal" />

===Claims of Palestinian censorship===
In relation to [[media coverage]] of the event, the [[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] accused Palestinian broadcasting stations of making "every effort to hide the horrible pictures which were shown around the world." The ministry further asserted that "according to reporters' evidence on the scene," the Palestinian police attempted to prevent foreign journalists from entering the area in order to obstruct reporting of the incident.<ref name="Italy" />

Regarding the RAI scandal, CAMERA, a [[Israel lobby in the United States|pro-Israel lobby group]], stated that "Mr. Cristiano’s letter brings into rare public focus the very successful campaign by Palestinians to control western media coverage, whether by cajoling or by overt threats and assaults. The day of the lynching in Ramallah, for example, journalists had their cameras ripped away and smashed on the pavement, their film confiscated or ruined, lest they record the bestiality underway."<ref>{{cite web |author= Alex Safian |authorlink= Alex Safian |title=In the Palestinians’ Pocket: Journalists Doing PR For the PA |url=http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=3&x_outlet=13&x_article=193 |date=2000-10-19 |work=[[CAMERA]] |publisher= |accessdate=7 July 2009}}</ref>

==Arrests of lynching suspects==
Israel also began to individually pursue the Ramallah lynchers:

*Aziz Salha was arrested in 2001. He admitted to being one of those who broke in to the police station and choking one of the soldiers while others beat him bloody. When he saw that his hands were covered with the soldier's blood, he went to the window and proudly displayed his blood-stained hands to the mob below.<ref name="Arrest">{{cite web |title=Arrest of Fatah Tanzim Terrorists from Ramallah |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Communiques/2002/Arrest%20of%20Fatah%20Tanzim%20Terrorists%20from%20Ramallah%20- |date=2002-04-22 |work=[[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |publisher= |accessdate=01-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lynch mob suspects held by Israelis |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1310307/Lynch-mob-suspects-held-by-Israelis.html |date=2001-06-26 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher= |accessdate=02-07-09 | location=London | first=Alan | last=Philps}}</ref> In 2004, an Israel court convicted him for the murder of Corporal Vadim Nurzhitz and sentenced him to life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Man jailed over Ramallah lynching |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4033901.stm |date=2004-11-22 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher= |accessdate=02-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Palestinian man gets life sentence for killing Israeli soldier |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2004/11/23/1249432.htm |date=2004-11-23 |work=[[ABC News]] |publisher= |accessdate=02-07-09}}</ref>

*Muhammad Howara, a Tanzim activist, was arrested in 2001. He admitted breaking into the police station and stabbing one of the soldiers.<ref name="Arrest" />

*Ziad Hamdada, a Fatah Tanzim operative who set fire to the body of one of the Israeli reservists, was arrested in 2002. He had also participated in and planned other terrorist attacks.<ref name="Arrest"/>

*In 2005 the Israeli Shin Bet announced that it arrested Mohamed Abu Ida, a former member of the Palestinian police force in Ramallah. During his investigation, he admitted to having had led the two Israeli soldiers to the Ramallah police station after which he joined the other rioters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramallah lynch suspect arrested |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3055674,00.html |date=03-08-05 |work=[[Ynetnews]] |publisher= |accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref>

*On September 26, 2007, Israel captured the last member of the Ramallah lynching, Haiman Zaban. The Tanzim operative was also preparing further terrorist attacks against Israel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Last member of Ramallah lynch caught |url=http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=76502 |date=2007-09-26 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |publisher= | first=Yaakov | last=Katz |accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Palestinian political violence]]

==Footnotes and references==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2000 Ramallah Lynching}}
[[Category:2000 riots|Ramallah lynching]]
[[Category:2000 in Israel|Ramallah lynching]]
[[Category:Lynchings]]
[[Category:Al-Aqsa Intifada|Lynch]]
[[Category:Riots in Israel and Palestine|Lynch]]
[[Category:Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]

[[cs:Lynčování v Ramalláhu]]
[[es:Linchamiento en Ramala]]
[[fr:Lynchage de réservistes israéliens à Ramallah]]
[[he:הלינץ' ברמאללה]]
[[ru:Линчевание в Рамалле]]

Lynchmord von Ramallah

2010-08-31T21:18:36Z

Igorp lj: /* Arrests of lynching suspects */ new link, author, accessdate

[[Image:Ramallah-lynch01.jpg|250px|thumb|right| Aziz Salha, one of the lynchers, waving his blood-stained hands from the police station window. Salha was later arrested by Israel and sentenced to life imprisonment.]]

The '''2000 Ramallah lynching''' was a violent incident in October 2000 at the beginning of the [[Second Intifada]] in which a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[Crowd|mob]] lynched two [[Israel Defense Forces]] [[reservist]]s, Vadim Nurzhitz (sometimes spelled as Norzhich) and Yossi Avrahami (or Yosef Avrahami),<ref>Vadim Nurzhitz, {{lang-ru|Вадим Нуржиц}}, {{lang-he|ואדים נורז'יץ}}; Yossi Avrahami, {{lang-he|יוסי אברהמי}}</ref> who had accidentally entered the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]]-controlled city of [[Ramallah]] in the [[West Bank]]. The brutality of the event, captured in a photo of a Palestinian rioter proudly waving his blood-stained hands to the crowd below, sparked international outrage and further intensified the ongoing conflict between [[Israel]]i and Palestinian forces.

==Incident==
On October 12, 2000, two non-combatant Israeli reservists (serving as drivers), Vadim Nurzhitz and Yossi Avrahami, mistakenly passed an Israeli checkpoint and entered Ramallah. Reaching a Palestinian Authority roadblock, where previously Israeli soldiers were turned back, the reservists were detained by PA policeman and taken to the local police station. Hearing rumors that undercover Israeli agents (like from the elite [[Duvdevan Unit]]) were in the building, a crowd of more than 1,000 Palestinians gathered at the station, calling for the death of the Israelis. Soon after, Palestinian rioters stormed the building, beating and stabbing the soldiers to death. At this point, a Palestinian (later identified as Aziz Salha), appeared at the police station window, displaying his blood-stained hands to the crowd, which erupted into cheers. One of the soldier's bodies was then [[defenestration|thrown out the window]] and stamped and beaten by the enraged mob. Soon after, the mob dragged the two mutilated bodies to Al-Manara Square in the city center as the crowd began an impromptu victory celebration.<ref name="revenge">{{cite news |title=A day of rage, revenge and bloodshed |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1370229/A-day-of-rage%2C-revenge-and-bloodshed.html |date=2000-10-13 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher= |accessdate=02-07-09 | location=London | first=Alan | last=Philps}}</ref><ref name="Italy">{{cite web |title=Coverage of Oct 12 Lynch in Ramallah by Italian TV Station RAI |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/10/Coverage%20of%20Oct%2012%20Lynch%20in%20Ramallah%20by%20Italian%20TV |date=2000-10-17 |work=[[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |publisher= |accessdate=02-07-09}}</ref><ref name="brutal">{{cite web |title= Lynch mob's brutal attack| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/969778.stm |date= 2000-10-13| work=[[BBC News]]| accessdate= 2006-09-03}}</ref><ref name=voice>{{cite news |title=A strange voice said: I just killed your husband| url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/a-strange-voice-said-i-just-killed-your-husband-635341.html |date= 2000-10-14| work=[[The Independent]]| accessdate= 2009-10-16 | location=London | first=Raymond | last=Whitaker}}</ref>

==Reactions and military response==
The brutality of the killings shocked the Israeli public,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Feldman |first=Shai |year=2000 |month=November |title=The October Violence: An Interim Assessment |journal=Strategic Assessment |volume=3 |issue=3|url=http://www.inss.org.il/publications.php?cat=21&incat=&read=647 |accessdate=2009-07-03 |quote=''The [Israeli] public was shocked by lynching in Ramallah, it was enraged at the enticements to violence continuously aired on Palestinian television and it was astonished at the reaction of the Israeli Arabs (see below) to the Palestinian-Israeli clashes''}}</ref> intensifying Israeli distrust of Palestinian Authority Chairman [[Yasser Arafat]]. Notably, the event also deeply damaged the Israeli left-wing's faith in the [[Peace process in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|peace process]]. Amoz Oz, the internationally acclaimed Israeli author and "authoritative voice of Israel's peace camp," stated, "Without any doubt, I blame the Palestinian leadership. They clearly did not want to sign an agreement at Camp David. Maybe Arafat prefers to be [[Che Guevara]] than [[Fidel Castro]]. If he becomes the president of Palestine, he'll be the leader of a rough, Third World country and have to deal with sewage in Hebron, drugs in Gaza, and the corruption in his own government."<ref>{{cite news |title=WHOSE HOLY LAND?: THE ISRAELIS; As Dreams of Peace Take Flight, Many Angry Fingers Point Toward Arafat |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/13/world/whose-holy-land-israelis-dreams-peace-take-flight-many-angry-fingers-point.html?scp=4&sq=ramallah%20lynching&st=cse |date=2000-10-13 |work=[[New York Times]] |publisher= |accessdate=16-10-09 | first=Joel | last=Greenberg}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Left-wing have their faith in peace blown away|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/leftwing-have-their-faith-in-peace-blown-away-635262.html |date=2000-10-13 |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher= |accessdate=16-10-09 | location=London | first=Eric | last=Silver}}</ref>

In response, the Israeli military launched a series of retaliatory air strikes against Palestinian Authority targets in the West Bank and the [[Gaza Strip]]. Israeli forces sealed off Palestinian cities as Israeli helicopters fired rockets at two police stations in Ramallah (the police station where the lynching took place was destroyed); the [[Beit Lahia]] headquarters of [[Tanzim]], the armed wing of [[Yasser Arafat]]'s [[Fatah]] faction; and buildings near Arafat's headquarters in [[Gaza City]]. Later in the day, Israeli helicopters destroyed the ''Voice of Palestine'' radio station in Ramallah.<ref name="revenge" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Israeli copters retaliate for soldiers' deaths |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/mideast.htm#readmore |date= 2000-11-08|work=[[USA Today]] |publisher= |accessdate=03-07-09}}</ref>

==Media coverage==
An Italian film crew, later learned to be employees of [[Mediaset]], Italy's largest private television station, captured footage of the lynching.<ref name="betrayal">{{cite news |title= TV row over mob footage 'betrayal'| url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/oct/20/israel2 |date= 2000-10-20| work=[[The Guardian]]| accessdate= 05-07-09 | location=London | first=Rory | last=Carroll}}</ref> The [[:Image:Ramallah-lynch01.jpg|picture]] of one of the [[lynching|lynchers]] waving his blood-stained hands from the window shocked and outraged many around the world, and became another iconic image of the conflict.

British photographer Mark Seager attempted to photograph the event but the mob physically assaulted him and destroyed his camera. After the event, he stated, "It [the lynching] was the most horrible thing that I have ever seen and I have reported from Congo, [[Kosovo]], many bad places.... I know they [Palestinians] are not all like this and I'm a very forgiving person but I'll never forget this. It was murder of the most barbaric kind. When I think about it, I see that man's head, all smashed. I know that I'll have nightmares for the rest of my life."<ref name="seager">{{cite web |title= I'll have nightmares for the rest of my life| url= http://rotter.net/israel/mark.htm |date= 2000-10-15| work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]| accessdate= 03-07-09}}</ref>

An [[ABC News]] team also attempted to record the incident but the mob also prevented them from doing so. ABCNews producer Nasser Atta said that when the crew began filming the lynching, "youths came to us and they stopped us with some knives, with some beating."<ref name="ABC">{{cite web |title= Barak Calls for Emergency Government| url= http://abcnews.go.com/print?id=82403 |date= 12-10-00| work=[[ABC News]]| accessdate= 03-07-09}}</ref>

===RAI Scandal===
Following the lynching on October 16, 2000, Riccardo Cristiano, the deputy head of the Jerusalem bureau of Italy's state television channel [[RAI]], published a letter ([http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2000/10/Coverage%20of%20Oct%2012%20Lynch%20in%20Ramallah%20by%20Italian%20TV#letter see text]) in ''[[Al-Hayat al-Jadida]]'', the official daily newspaper of the Palestinian Authority (PA). In the letter (entitled "Special Clarification by the Italian Representative of RAI, the Official Italian Television Station"), Cristiano denies that RAI had any involvement with the filming of the incident and that one of the station's Italian competitors was responsible for the footage. He wrote, "We [RAI] emphasize to all of you that the events did not happen this way, because we always respect (will continue to respect) the journalistic procedures with the Palestinian Authority for (journalistic) work in Palestine and we are credible in our precise work." The Italian correspondent also praised the PA, declaring, "We congratulate you [the PA] and think that it is our duty to put you in the picture (of the events) of what happened on October 12 in Ramallah.... We thank you for your trust, and you can be sure that this is not our way of acting. We do not (will not) do such a thing."<ref name="Italy" />

As a result of the letter, the Israeli Government Press Office suspended Cristiano's press card. The [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] stated, "His letter implies that he will never again film events which are liable to cast a negative light on the PA, such as the recent lynching of IDF reservists in Ramallah.... The State of Israel, as a democratic society, welcomes the foreign journalists working here and invests considerable effort in both assuring freedom of the press and assisting journalists in their work. All that we ask from foreign journalists is that they abide by the rules of press ethics as is accepted in democratic societies.<ref name="Italy" />

Cristiano's letter, which effectively identified Mediaset as being responsible for the footage, necessitated Mediaset to withdraw its staff out of fear of Palestinian revenge attacks. In response, Italian politician [[Silvio Berlusconi]] and owner of Mediaset, said, "The letter is indicative of an anti-semitic attitude in elements of the Italian left." The Italian newspaper ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' declared it a shameful day for Italian journalism.<ref name="betrayal" />

For its part, RAI disowned the letter and recalled Cristiano, stating, "He will no longer work from Jerusalem. Rai had no knowledge of the letter and its content." Regarding Cristiano's motives for the letter, RAI asserted that the journalist had recently been injured while covering other Palestinian riots and he wished to dispel rumors that RAI was responsible for the footage.<ref name="betrayal" />

===Claims of Palestinian censorship===
In relation to [[media coverage]] of the event, the [[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] accused Palestinian broadcasting stations of making "every effort to hide the horrible pictures which were shown around the world." The ministry further asserted that "according to reporters' evidence on the scene," the Palestinian police attempted to prevent foreign journalists from entering the area in order to obstruct reporting of the incident.<ref name="Italy" />

Regarding the RAI scandal, CAMERA, a [[Israel lobby in the United States|pro-Israel lobby group]], stated that "Mr. Cristiano’s letter brings into rare public focus the very successful campaign by Palestinians to control western media coverage, whether by cajoling or by overt threats and assaults. The day of the lynching in Ramallah, for example, journalists had their cameras ripped away and smashed on the pavement, their film confiscated or ruined, lest they record the bestiality underway."<ref>{{cite web |author= Alex Safian |authorlink= Alex Safian |title=In the Palestinians’ Pocket: Journalists Doing PR For the PA |url=http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=3&x_outlet=13&x_article=193 |date=2000-10-19 |work=[[CAMERA]] |publisher= |accessdate=7 July 2009}}</ref>

==Arrests of lynching suspects==
Israel also began to individually pursue the Ramallah lynchers:

*Aziz Salha was arrested in 2001. He admitted to being one of those who broke in to the police station and choking one of the soldiers while others beat him bloody. When he saw that his hands were covered with the soldier's blood, he went to the window and proudly displayed his blood-stained hands to the mob below.<ref name="Arrest">{{cite web |title=Arrest of Fatah Tanzim Terrorists from Ramallah |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Communiques/2002/Arrest%20of%20Fatah%20Tanzim%20Terrorists%20from%20Ramallah%20- |date=2002-04-22 |work=[[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |publisher= |accessdate=01-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lynch mob suspects held by Israelis |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1310307/Lynch-mob-suspects-held-by-Israelis.html |date=2001-06-26 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |publisher= |accessdate=02-07-09 | location=London | first=Alan | last=Philps}}</ref> In 2004, an Israel court convicted him for the murder of Corporal Vadim Nurzhitz and sentenced him to life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |title=Man jailed over Ramallah lynching |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4033901.stm |date=2004-11-22 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher= |accessdate=02-07-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Palestinian man gets life sentence for killing Israeli soldier |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2004/11/23/1249432.htm |date=2004-11-23 |work=[[ABC News]] |publisher= |accessdate=02-07-09}}</ref>

*Muhammad Howara, a Tanzim activist, was arrested in 2001. He admitted breaking into the police station and stabbing one of the soldiers.<ref name="Arrest" />

*Ziad Hamdada, a Fatah Tanzim operative who set fire to the body of one of the Israeli reservists, was arrested in 2002. He had also participated in and planned other terrorist attacks.<ref name="Arrest"/>

*In 2005 the Israeli Shin Bet announced that it arrested Mohamed Abu Ida, a former member of the Palestinian police force in Ramallah. During his investigation, he admitted to having had led the two Israeli soldiers to the Ramallah police station after which he joined the other rioters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramallah lynch suspect arrested |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3055674,00.html |date=03-08-05 |work=[[Ynetnews]] |publisher= |accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref>

*On September 26, 2007, Israel captured the last member of the Ramallah lynching, Haiman Zaban. The Tanzim operative was also preparing further terrorist attacks against Israel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Last member of Ramallah lynch caught |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1189411491542&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=2007-09-26 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |publisher= | first=Yaakov | last=Katz |accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Palestinian political violence]]

==Footnotes and references==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2000 Ramallah Lynching}}
[[Category:2000 riots|Ramallah lynching]]
[[Category:2000 in Israel|Ramallah lynching]]
[[Category:Lynchings]]
[[Category:Al-Aqsa Intifada|Lynch]]
[[Category:Riots in Israel and Palestine|Lynch]]
[[Category:Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]

[[cs:Lynčování v Ramalláhu]]
[[es:Linchamiento en Ramala]]
[[fr:Lynchage de réservistes israéliens à Ramallah]]
[[he:הלינץ' ברמאללה]]
[[ru:Линчевание в Рамалле]]

Ausschreitungen in Palästina 1929

2009-08-09T20:53:48Z

Igorp lj: /* External links */ Category:Terrorism in the British Mandate of Palestine

{{Campaignbox 1929 Palestine riots}}
The '''1929 Safed massacre''' took place on [[29 August]] during the [[1929 Palestine riots]]. Eighteen [[Jew]]s were killed (some sources say twenty) and eighty wounded.<ref>Kaplan, Neil (1983) ''Early Arab-Zionist Negotiation Attempts, 1913-1931''. London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-3214-7, p. 82.</ref> The main Jewish street was looted and burned.<ref>'Arab Attack At Safed', ''The Times'', Saturday, [[August 31]], [[1929]]; pg. 10; Issue 45296; col D.</ref><ref>'The Safed Disorders', ''The Times'', Monday, [[September 2]], [[1929]]; pg. 12; Issue 45297; col D.</ref>

[[Image:1929massacre-safed.jpg|thumb|Sign directing to the section in Safed's cemetery where the Jews killed in 1929 are buried]]
The members of the [[Shaw Report|Commission of Inquiry]] visited the town on [[1 November]].<ref>'Palestine Inquiry Commissioners To Visit Safed', ''The Times'', Saturday, [[November 2]], [[1929]]; pg. 11; Issue 45350; col E.</ref>

==References==
<references />

==See also==
*[[Timeline of Zionism]]
*[[Timeline of Jewish History]]
*[[Riots in Palestine of May, 1921]]

==External links==
*[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/5f21f8a1ca578a57052566120067f658?OpenDocument Minutes of the Seventeenth (Extraordinary)Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission]
*[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/59a92104ed00dc468525625b00527fea!OpenDocument Report of the Commission appointed by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with the approval of the Council of the League of Nations, to determine the rights and claims of Moslems and Jews in connection with the Western or Wailing Wall at Jerusalem]

{{Arab-Israeli Conflict}}

[[Category:1929 Palestine Riots|Safed massacre]]
[[Category:Arab-Israeli conflict]]
[[Category:History of Israel]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Terrorism in the British Mandate of Palestine]]
[[Category:Massacres in Palestine|Safed]]
[[Category:Riots in Israel and Palestine]]
[[Category:Safed]]
[[Category:Anti-Jewish pogroms by Muslims]]

{{Jewish-hist-stub}}
{{Palestine-stub}}

[[ar:مذبحة صفد]]
[[es:Masacre de Safed]]
[[ru:Еврейский погром в Цфате (1929)]]

Ausschreitungen in Palästina 1929

2009-08-08T19:58:45Z

Igorp lj: Category:Anti-Jewish pogroms by Muslims

{{Campaignbox 1929 Palestine riots}}
The '''1929 Safed massacre''' took place on [[29 August]] during the [[1929 Palestine riots]]. Eighteen [[Jew]]s were killed (some sources say twenty) and eighty wounded.<ref>Kaplan, Neil (1983) ''Early Arab-Zionist Negotiation Attempts, 1913-1931''. London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-3214-7, p. 82.</ref> The main Jewish street was looted and burned.<ref>'Arab Attack At Safed', ''The Times'', Saturday, [[August 31]], [[1929]]; pg. 10; Issue 45296; col D.</ref><ref>'The Safed Disorders', ''The Times'', Monday, [[September 2]], [[1929]]; pg. 12; Issue 45297; col D.</ref>

[[Image:1929massacre-safed.jpg|thumb|Sign directing to the section in Safed's cemetery where the Jews killed in 1929 are buried]]
The members of the [[Shaw Report|Commission of Inquiry]] visited the town on [[1 November]].<ref>'Palestine Inquiry Commissioners To Visit Safed', ''The Times'', Saturday, [[November 2]], [[1929]]; pg. 11; Issue 45350; col E.</ref>

==References==
<references />

==See also==
*[[Timeline of Zionism]]
*[[Timeline of Jewish History]]
*[[Riots in Palestine of May, 1921]]

==External links==
*[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/5f21f8a1ca578a57052566120067f658?OpenDocument Minutes of the Seventeenth (Extraordinary)Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission]
*[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/59a92104ed00dc468525625b00527fea!OpenDocument Report of the Commission appointed by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with the approval of the Council of the League of Nations, to determine the rights and claims of Moslems and Jews in connection with the Western or Wailing Wall at Jerusalem]

{{Arab-Israeli Conflict}}

[[Category:1929 Palestine Riots|Safed massacre]]
[[Category:Arab-Israeli conflict]]
[[Category:History of Israel]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Massacres in Palestine|Safed]]
[[Category:Riots in Israel and Palestine]]
[[Category:Safed]]
[[Category:Anti-Jewish pogroms by Muslims]]

{{Jewish-hist-stub}}
{{Palestine-stub}}

[[ar:مذبحة صفد]]
[[es:Masacre de Safed]]
[[ru:Еврейский погром в Цфате (1929)]]