Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Treasurer of the United States

2009-02-11T04:18:24Z

Huntthetroll: Reverted 1 edit by 165.123.199.17; Rvv. (TW)

The '''Treasurer of the United States''' (established September 6, 1777) is the only position within the [[United States Department of the Treasury]] older than the Department itself. It should not be confused with the far more powerful [[United States Cabinet|cabinet]] level position of [[Secretary of the Treasury]].

The Treasurer was originally charged with the receipt and custody of [[government of the United States|government]] funds, though many of these functions have been taken over by different bureaus of the Department of the Treasury. Responsibility for oversight of the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]], the [[United States Mint]], and the United States Savings Bonds Division (now the Savings Bond Marketing Office within the [[Bureau of the Public Debt]]) was assigned to the Treasurer in 1981. As of 2002 the Office of the Treasurer underwent a major reorganization. The Treasurer now advises the Director of the Mint, the Director of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, the Deputy Secretary and the Secretary of the Treasury on matters relating to coinage, currency and the production of other instruments by the United States.
The Treasurer's signature, as well as the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Treasury Secretary's]], must appear on [[Federal Reserve notes]] before they can become [[legal tender]].

Eager to appoint a woman to a prominent political position, President [[Harry S. Truman]] appointed [[Georgia Neese Clark]] Treasurer in 1949. Since then, every subsequent Treasurer has been a woman, and five of the past nine Treasurers have also been [[Hispanic]].

==List of Treasurers==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Term of Office
! [[President of the United States|President(s)]] served under
|-
| 1
| [[Michael Hillegas]]
| July 29, 1775 - September 11, 1789
| [[George Washington]]; Also served under [[Articles of Confederation|Confederation Congress]]
|-
| 2
| [[Samuel Meredith]]
| September 11, 1789 - December 1, 1801
| [[George Washington]], [[John Adams]], [[Thomas Jefferson]]
|-
| 3
| [[Thomas Tudor Tucker|Thomas T. Tucker]]
| December 1, 1801 - May 2, 1828
| [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[James Madison]], [[James Monroe]], [[John Quincy Adams]]
|-
| 4
| [[William Clark (congressman)|William Clark]]
| June 4, 1828 - May 31, 1829
| [[John Quincy Adams]], [[Andrew Jackson]]
|-
| 5
| [[John Campbell (U.S. Treasurer)|John Campbell]]
| May 26, 1829 - July 20, 1839
| [[Andrew Jackson]], [[Martin Van Buren]]
|-
| 6
| [[William Selden]]
| July 22, 1839 - November 23, 1850
| [[Martin Van Buren]], [[William Henry Harrison]], [[John Tyler]], [[James K. Polk]], [[Zachary Taylor]], [[Millard Fillmore]]
|-
| 7
| [[John Sloane]]
| November 27, 1850 - April 6, 1852
| [[Millard Fillmore]]
|-
| 8
| [[Samuel Casey (American politician)|Samuel Casey]]
| April 4, 1853 - December 22, 1859
| [[Franklin Pierce]], [[James Buchanan]]
|-
| 9
| [[William C. Price]]
| February 28, 1860 - March 21, 1861
| [[Franklin Pierce]], [[Abraham Lincoln]]
|-
|10
| [[Francis E. Spinner]]
| March 16, 1861 - July 30, 1875
| [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Ulysses S. Grant]]
|-
|11
| [[John C. New]]
| June 30, 1875 - July 1, 1876
| [[Ulysses S. Grant]]
|-
|12
| [[A.U. Wyman]]
| July 1, 1876 - June 30, 1877
| [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[Rutherford B. Hayes]]
|-
|13
| [[James Gilfillan]]
| July 1, 1877 - March 31, 1883
| [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[Chester A. Arthur]]
|-
|14
| [[A.U. Wyman]]
| April 1, 1883 - April 30, 1885
| [[Chester A. Arthur]], [[Grover Cleveland]]
|-
|15
| [[Conrad N. Jordan]]
| May 1, 1885 - March 23, 1887
| [[Grover Cleveland]]
|-
|16
| [[James W. Hyatt]]
| May 24, 1887 - May 10, 1889
| [[Grover Cleveland]], [[Benjamin Harrison]]
|-
|17
| [[J.N. Huston]]
| May 11, 1889 - April 24, 1891
| [[Benjamin Harrison]]
|-
|18
| [[Enos H. Nebecker]]
| April 25, 1891 - May 31, 1893
| [[Benjamin Harrison]], [[Grover Cleveland]]
|-
|19
| [[D.N. Morgan]]
| June 1, 1893 - June 30, 1897
| [[Grover Cleveland]], [[William McKinley]]
|-
|20
| [[Ellis H. Roberts]]
| July 1, 1897 - June 30, 1905
| [[William McKinley]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]]
|-
|21
| [[Charles H. Treat]]
| July 1, 1905 - October 30, 1909
| [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[William Howard Taft]]
|-
|22
| [[Lee McClung]]
| November 1, 1909 - November 21, 1912
| [[William Howard Taft]]
|-
|23
| [[Carmi A. Thompson]]
| November 22, 1912 - March 31, 1913
| [[William Howard Taft]], [[Woodrow Wilson]]
|-
|24
| [[John Burke]]
| April 1, 1913 - January 5, 1921
| [[Woodrow Wilson]]
|-
|25
| [[Frank White (Governor)|Frank White]]
| May 2, 1921 - May 1, 1928
| [[Warren G. Harding]], [[Calvin Coolidge]]
|-
|26
| [[Harold Theodore Tate]]
| May 31, 1928 - January 17, 1929
| [[Calvin Coolidge]]
|-
|27
| [[W.O. Woods]]
| January 18, 1929 - May 31, 1933
| [[Calvin Coolidge]], [[Herbert Hoover]], [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]
|-
|28
| [[William Alexander Julian]]
| June 1, 1933 - May 29, 1949
| [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Harry S. Truman]]
|-
|29
| [[Georgia Neese Clark]]
| June 21, 1949 - January 27, 1953
| [[Harry S. Truman]], [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
|-
|30
| [[Ivy Baker Priest]]
| January 28, 1953 - January 29, 1961
| [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[John F. Kennedy]]
|-
|31
| [[Elizabeth Rudel Smith]]
| January 30, 1961 - April 13, 1962
| [[John F. Kennedy]]
|-
|32
| [[Kathryn O'Hay Granahan]]
| January 3, 1963 - November 22, 1966
| [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
|-
|33
| [[Dorothy Andrews Elston Kabis]]
| May 8, 1969 - July 3, 1971
| [[Richard Nixon]]
|-
|34
| [[Romana Acosta Bañuelos]]
| December 17, 1971 - February 14, 1974
| [[Richard Nixon]]
|-
|35
| [[Francine Irving Neff]]
| June 21, 1974 - January 19, 1977
| [[Richard Nixon]], [[Gerald Ford]]
|-
|36
| [[Azie Taylor Morton]]
| September 12, 1977 - January 20, 1981
| [[Jimmy Carter]]
|-
|
| ''Acting Treasurer''
| January 20, 1981 - March 17, 1981
| [[Ronald Reagan]]
|-

|37
| [[Angela Marie Buchanan]]
| March 17, 1981 - July 5, 1983
| [[Ronald Reagan]]
|-
|
| ''Acting Treasurer''
| July 5, 1983 - September 22, 1983
| [[Ronald Reagan]]
|-
|38
| [[Katherine D. Ortega]]
| September 22, 1983 - July 1, 1989
| [[Ronald Reagan]], [[George H. W. Bush]]
|-
|
| ''Acting Treasurer''
| July 1, 1989 - November 20, 1989
| [[George H. W. Bush]]
|-
|39
| [[Catalina Vasquez Villalpando]]
| November 20, 1989 - January 20, 1993
| [[George H. W. Bush]]
|-
|
| ''Acting Treasurer''
| January 20, 1993 - March 1, 1994
| [[Bill Clinton]]
|-
|40
| [[Mary Ellen Withrow]]
| March 1, 1994 - January 20, 2001
| [[Bill Clinton]]
|-
|
| ''Acting Treasurer''
| January 20, 2001 - August 16, 2001
| [[George W. Bush]]
|-
|41
| [[Rosario Marin]]
| August 16, 2001 - June 30, 2003
| [[George W. Bush]]
|-
|
| ''Acting Treasurer''
| June 30, 2003 - December 13, 2004
| [[George W. Bush]]
|-
|42
| [[Anna Escobedo Cabral]]
| December 13, 2004 - January 20, 2009
| [[George W. Bush]]
|-
|
| ''Acting Treasurer''
| January 20, 2009 - present
| [[Barack Obama]]
|}

==External links==
*[http://www.treas.gov/education/history/treasurers/ Treasurers of the United States]

[[Category:United States Department of the Treasury]]
[[Category:Treasurers of the United States|*]]

[[ja:アメリカ合衆国財務官]]
[[vi:Thống đốc Ngân khố Hoa Kỳ]]

Jesus of Suburbia

2009-02-11T03:28:15Z

Huntthetroll: Reverted 1 edit by 97.96.86.226; Green Day is a pop punk band.. (TW)

{{distinguish|The Buddha of Suburbia (song)}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Jesus of Suburbia
| Cover = Jesus_of_Suburbia_single.jpg
| Artist = [[Green Day]]
| from Album = [[American Idiot (album)|American Idiot]]
| Released = October 25, 2005
| Format = [[Digital download]], [[CD single]], [[Gramophone record|10" vinyl]]
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Pop punk]], [[alternative rock]], [[punk rock]]
| Length = 9:08 (Album version) 6:30 (Radio edit)
| Label = [[Reprise Records|Reprise]]
| Writer = Green Day, [[Billie Joe Armstrong]]
| Producer = Green Day, [[Rob Cavallo]]
| Last single = "[[Wake Me Up When September Ends]]" (2005)
| This single = "'''Jesus of Suburbia'''" (2005)
| Next single = "[[The Saints are Coming#U2 and Green Day cover|The Saints are Coming]]" (With [[U2]]) (2006)
}}

"'''Jesus of Suburbia'''" is the fifth and final [[Single (music)|single]] to be released from [[Green Day]]'s seventh studio album, ''[[American Idiot (album)|American Idiot]]''. The song starts with a riff borrowed from the David Bowie song, [[Moonage Daydream]] and also bears likeness to Bowie's on song, [[The Buddha of Suburbia (song)|The Buddha of Suburbia]], possibly a reference to Bowie. The single was released on [[October 25]], [[2005]]. The original song ran just over 9 minutes, which was considered to be unfriendly for radio appeal, so it was cut down to around 6½ minutes for the radio edit. The long version was still played on many [[Album-oriented rock|album rock]] and [[alternative rock]] radio stations.

It also holds the record for the longest ever entry in the Australian Radio station [[Triple J]]'s [[Triple J Hottest 100, 2005|Hottest 100]].

==Track listings==
'''Australian single:'''
#"Jesus of Suburbia" - 9:09
#"Are We the Waiting" (Live from ''[[VH1 Storytellers]]'') - 2:57
#"St. Jimmy" (Live from ''VH1 Storytellers'') - 3:07

'''10" vinyl:''' 
Side A
#"Jesus of Suburbia" - 9:09

Side B
#"St. Jimmy" (Live from ''VH1 Storytellers'') - 3:07

==Song information==
The song was co-written by [[Green Day]] (with [[Billie Joe Armstrong]] writing the lyrics), and was co-produced by [[Rob Cavallo]]. Parts I, II and III of the song are in the key of C sharp major. Part III transitions out by playing a C#5/G#5 chord progression, and ends on the G#5 chord, which changes the key to G sharp major and introduces part IV, "Dearly Beloved". In part V, "Tales of Another Broken Home", the key is changed to G#7 for most of the movement, save for the bridge near the end of the track, which is once again in G sharp major. Following the bridge, part V reverts back to its original tempo and key for the song's outro.

In this song, Green Day detail the life and times of a so-called Jesus of Suburbia, the fictional [[protagonist]] of ''[[American Idiot (album)|American Idiot]]''. His real name is Jimmy, which is revealed in the extended music video when a girl calls him that and in the cut version of the video when he writes "Saint Jimmy" on a bathroom stall (later on in the ''American Idiot'' album, he officially changed his name in the song "St. Jimmy", although still calls himself Jesus of Suburbia, and is called that by Whatsername in "Letterbomb"). The name "Jesus of Suburbia" may just mean he is the savior of the [[rebel]]s in suburbia. He is a resident of Jingletown, [[USA]], and the son of a divorced mother. His younger years were spent on a "steady diet of [[soda pop]] and [[Ritalin]]", watching television, [[Recreational drug use|using drugs]], and loitering in front of convenience stores. Although everything seems alright at first, Jimmy feels trapped and bored in Jingletown and longs for escape, as he narrates in "[[City]] of the Damned".

In a coming of age move, Jimmy leaves Jingletown by the end of the song to explore The City. His exploits in The City are not described in this song, but are described in greater detail in the rest of the album, especially in "[[Holiday (Green Day song)|Holiday]]" and "[[Boulevard of Broken Dreams (Green Day song)|Boulevard of Broken Dreams]]". Nevertheless, to describe the essence of the personality of Jimmy, Green Day proclaims, "I'm the son of [[rage]] and [[love]]. The Jesus of Suburbia, from the [[bible]] of none of the above, on a steady diet of [[soda]] pop and [[ritalin]]..."

"Jesus of Suburbia" has five [[Movement (music)|movements]]:
* I. "Jesus of Suburbia"
* II. "City of the Damned"
* III. "I Don't Care"
* IV. "Dearly Beloved"
* V. "Tales of Another Broken Home"

The song was also featured on their live album, ''[[Bullet in a Bible]]''.

==Music video==
The music video of "Jesus of Suburbia" was directed by [[Samuel Bayer]], who also directed the music videos for the first four singles released from the ''[[American Idiot (album)|American Idiot]]'' album, and had high hopes for the music video. The official music video premiered on [[October 14]], [[2005]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and on [[October 25]], [[2005]] on the [[MTV]] network for viewers residing in the [[United States|U.S.]] Two official versions exist: One is a twelve-minute edit, complete with dialogue while the other is a six and a half-minute director's cut, inclusive solely of the music itself and devoid of additives. The six-minute version is censored, whereas the twelve-minute version is not. The video starred [[Lou Taylor Pucci]] as the main character. Jimmy's love interest was played by [[Kelli Garner]]. Jimmy's mother was portrayed by Canadian actress [[Deborah Kara Unger]]. Although Billie Joe was originally tipped to provide the acting role of the main character, this was altered during pre-filming.

The plot of the video essentially follows that of the song.

==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=June 2008}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2008}}

* "Jesus of Suburbia" was featured on [[MuchMusic]]'s 100 Greatest Music Videos Countdown at #8.{{Fact|date=December 2008}}
* Director [[Samuel Bayer]] said this was going to be his "swan song" video. But he went on to direct Green Day's "[[Working Class Hero#Green Day cover|Working Class Hero]]" music video.{{Fact|date=December 2008}}
* The video for "Jesus of Suburbia" has footage from their live album ''[[Bullet in a Bible]]'' where they played at Milton Keynes in 2005. The music in "Jesus of Suburbia" is an edited version of the live one they sang at Milton Keynes.

==External links==
*[http://www.virgin.net/music/musicvideos/greenday_jesusofsuburbia_hi.html "Jesus of Suburbia" video (6:29 minute edit)]
*[http://www.ifilm.com/ifilmdetail/2682403 Full-length version video of "Jesus of Suburbia"]

==References==
*NME.com, [http://web.archive.org/web/20060411075808/http://www.nme.com/news/113309.htm Green Day plan ambitious video for next single] ([[Waybacked]])
*VH1.com, [http://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1508693/08312005/green_poo.jhtml Think Green Day's 'September' Clip Is Epic? Just Wait For 'Jesus Of Suburbia']
*[http://netmusicdatabase.com/component/option,com_lyricsselected/Itemid,55/id,71/opt,lyrics/artist,Green_Day/album,American_Idiot/lyrid,2/track,Jesus_of_Suburbia/ Jesus of Suburbia at The Internet Music Database]

{{Green Day}}

[[Category:2005 singles]]
[[Category:Green Day songs]]
[[Category:Rock operas]]
[[Category:Alternative rock songs]]

[[es:Jesus Of Suburbia]]
[[it:Jesus of Suburbia]]
[[pl:Jesus of Suburbia]]
[[pt:Jesus of Suburbia]]
[[simple:Jesus of Suburbia]]

Carter G. Woodson

2009-02-09T17:53:28Z

Huntthetroll: Reverted 1 edit by 147.72.97.69 identified as vandalism to last revision by 72.147.214.193. (TW)

[[Image:Carter Woodson.jpg|right|thumb|Carter G. Woodson]]

'''Carter Godwin Woodson''' ([[December 19]] [[1875]] - [[April 3]] [[1950]])<ref> ''Current Biography 1944'', pp741-44; Herbert Aptheker, ed., ''The Correspondence of W.E.B. DuBois'', (U. of Massachusetts Press, 1997) p182 </ref> was an [[African-American|African]]-[[United States|American]] [[historian]], [[author]], [[journalist]] and the founder of the [[Association for the Study of African American Life and History]]. He is considered one of the first to conduct a scholarly effort to popularize the value of [[African American history|Black History]]. He recognized and acted upon the importance of a people having an awareness and knowledge of their contributions to humanity and left behind an impressive legacy. Woodson was one of the founders of ''[[The Journal of Negro History|Journal of Negro History]]''. Dr. Woodson is known as the [[List of people known as the father or mother of something|Father of Black History]]. <ref>[http://www.buckinghamcountyva.org/history/historyofbuckingham.html "History of Buckingham County"], Buckingham County Website</ref>

He was a member of the first black fraternity [[Sigma Pi Phi]] and also a member of [[Omega Psi Phi]].<ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_11_59/ai_n6158341 1904-2004: the Boule at 100: Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity holds centennial celebration | Ebony | Find Articles at BNET.com]</ref>.

== Early life ==
{{African American topics sidebar|right}}
Dr.Carter G Woodson was born in 1875 in [[New Canton, Virginia]], the son of former slaves James and Elizae Riddle Woodson. His gerher had helped the Union soldiers during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. He moved his family to [[West Virginia]] when he heard that [[Huntington, West Virginia|Huntington]] was building a high school for blacks. Coming from a large, poor family, the son Carter Woodson could not regularly attend school. Through self-instruction, Woodson was able to master the fundamentals of common school subjects by the time he was 17.

Ambitious for more education, Woodson went to [[Fayette County, West Virginia|Fayette County]] to earn a living as a miner in the coal fields. He was able to devote only a few months each year to his schooling. In 1895 at the age of twenty, Woodson entered Douglass High School where he received his diploma in less than two years. From 1897 to 1900, Woodson taught in Fayette County. In 1900 he was selected as the principal of Douglass High School. Woodson earned his Bachelor of Literature degree from [[Berea College]] in [[Kentucky]].

From 1903 to 1907 Woodson was a school supervisor in the [[Philippines]]. He then attended the [[University of Chicago]], where he was awarded his M.A. in 1908. From there he became affiliated with [[Harvard University]] to complete his Ph.D. in history, which he did in 1912. His doctoral dissertation,''The Disruption of Virginia'', was based on research he did at the [[Library of Congress]] while he taught high school in Washington, D.C. After earning his PhD, he started working as a professor at [[Howard University]].

Convinced that the role of his own people in American history and in the history of other cultures was being either ignored or misrepresented among scholars, Woodson realized the need for research directed into the neglected past of the Negro. As a result, he and Jesse E. Moorland founded the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, [[September 9]], [[1915]], in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]].<ref>[http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/1141/Jesse_Moorland_civic_leader_and_much_more African American Registry - Your Source for African American History]</ref> That was also the year Woodson published ''The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861''. Other books followed: ''A Century of Negro Migration]'' (1918), ''The History of the Negro Church'' (1927). His work ''The Negro in Our History'' has been reprinted in numerous editions and revised by [[Charles H. Wesley]] after Woodson's death in 1950.

In January 1916 Woodson began the publication of the scholarly ''[[The Journal of Negro History|Journal of Negro History]]''. It has never missed an issue, despite the [[Great Depression]], loss of support from foundations and two World Wars. In 2002 it was renamed the ''Journal of African American History''. It is still published by the [[Association for the Study of African American Life and History]] (ASALH).

== The NAACP ==
Woodson became affiliated with the recently organized [[Washington, D.C.]] branch of the [[NAACP]], and its Chairman [[Archibald Grimké]]. On [[January 28]], [[1915]], he wrote a letter to Grimke expressing his dissatisfaction with the way things were going. Woodson made two proposals in this letter:
#That the branch secure an office for a center to which persons may report whatever concerns the Negro race may have, and from which the Association may extend its operations into every part of the city; and
#That a canvasser be appointed to enlist members and obtain subscriptions for ''[[The Crisis]]'', the NAACP magazine edited by [[W.E.B. DuBois]].

ufgiapifu 9s8hfaf added the daring proposal of "diverting patronage from business establishments which do not treat races alike." He wrote that he would cooperate as one of the twenty-five effective canvassers, adding that he would pay the rent for the office for one month. The NAACP did not welcome Dr. Woodson's ideas.

In a letter to Grimke dated [[March 18]], [[1915]], responding to comments about his proposals, Woodson wrote,
:"I am not afraid of being sued by white businessmen. In fact, I should welcome such a law suit. It would do the cause much good. Let us banish fear. We have been in this mental state for three centuries. I am a radical. I am ready to act, if I can find brave men to help me."{{Fact|Apr 2008|date=April 2008}}
This difference of opinion with Grimke contributed to Woodson's ending his affiliation with the NAACP.

[[Image:CGWoodson roadside marker.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Roadside historical marker biography of Woodson]]

== Black History Month ==
After leaving Howard University because of differences with its president, Dr. Woodson devoted the rest of his life to historical research. He also worked to preserve the history of African Americans and accumulated a collection of thousands of artifacts and publications. He noted their contributions "were overlooked, ignored, and even suppressed by the writers of history textbooks and the teachers who use them." <ref> ''Current Biography 1944'', p.742 </ref>. Race prejudice, he concluded, "is merely the logical result of tradition, the inevitable outcome of thorough instruction to the effect that the Negro has never contributed anything to the progress of mankind." <ref> Ibid.</ref>
In 1926, Woodson single-handedly pioneered the celebration of "Negro History Week", for the second week in February, to coincide with marking [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Frederick Douglass]]'s birthdays.<ref> Delilah L. Beasley, "Activities Among Negroes, ''Oakland Tribune'', Feb. 14, 1926, pX-5 </ref>. The week was later extended to the entire month and renamed [[Black History Month]].

== Colleagues ==
Woodson believed in self-reliance and racial respect. It is only natural that the paths of Dr. Woodson and the Hon. Marcus Garvey would cross; their views were quite similar. Woodson became a regular columnist for Garvey's weekly ''Negro World''.

Dr. Woodson's political activism placed him at the center of a circle of many black intellectuals and activists from the 1920s to the 1940s. He corresponded with individuals such as [[W.E.B. DuBois]], [[John Edward Bruce|John E. Bruce]], [[Arturo Alfonso Schomburg]], [[Hubert Harrison|Hubert H. Harrison]], and [[Timothy Thomas Fortune|T. Thomas Fortune]] among others. Even with the extended duties of the Association, Woodson made time to write academic works such as ''The History of the Negro Church'' (1922), ''[[The Mis-Education of the Negro]]'' (1933), and others which continue to have wide readership in himself.

He was never one to shy away from a controversial subject, and used the pages of ''Negro World'' to contribute to various debates. One issue related to West Indian-African American relations. Woodson summarized that "the West Indian Negro is free." He felt that West Indian societies had been more successful at properly dedicating the necessary amounts of time and resources needed to educate and genuinely emancipate people. These opinions were the result of observing and approving of the efforts of the West Indians to include materials related to Black history and culture into their school curricula.

Woodson was ostracized by some contemporary African-American educators and intellectuals because of his insistence on defining a category of history related to ethnic culture and paying attention to one's race. At the time, these educators felt that it was wrong to teach or understand African-American history as separate from a general American history. According to these educators, "Negroes" were simply Americans, darker skinned, but with no history apart from that of any other. Thus Woodson's efforts to get Black culture and history into the curricula of institutions, even historically Black colleges, were often unsuccessful.

== Woodson's legacy ==
[[Image:CGWoodson statue.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Statue of Woodson in Huntington, West Virginia]]
That schools have set aside a time each year, to focus upon African American history, is Dr. Woodson's most visible legacy. His determination to further the recognition of the Negro in American and world history, however, inspired countless other scholars. Woodson remained focused on his work throughout his life. Many see him as a man of vision and understanding. Although Dr. Woodson was among the ranks of the educated few, he did not feel particularly sentimental about elite educational institutions.{{Fact|Apr 2008|date=April 2008}} The Association and journal which he started in 1915 continue, and both have earned intellectual respect.

Woodson's other far-reaching activities included the founding in 1920 of the Associated Publishers, the oldest African-American publishing company in the United States. This enabled publication of books concerning blacks which may not have been supported in the rest of the market. He founded Negro History Week in 1926 (now known as Black History Month). He created the ''Negro History Bulletin'', developed for teachers in elementary and high school grades, and published continuously since 1937. Woodson also influenced the Association's direction and subsidizing of research in African-American history. He wrote numerous articles, monographs and books on Blacks. ''The Negro in Our History'' reached its eleventh edition in 1966, when it had sold more than 90,000 copies.

[[Dorothy Porter Wesley]] stated that "Woodson would wrap up his publications, take them to the post office and have dinner at the YMCA." He would teasingly decline her dinner invitations saying, "No, you are trying to marry me off. I am married to my work". Dr. Woodson's most cherished ambition, a six-volume ''Encyclopedia Africana'', lay incomplete at his death on [[April 3]] [[1950]] at the age of 74. He is buried at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in [[Suitland-Silver Hill, Maryland]].

==Legacy and honors==
In 1992, the [[Library of Congress]] held an exhibition entitled "Moving Back Barriers: The Legacy of Carter G. Woodson". Woodson had donated his collection of 5,000 items from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries to the Library.

His [[Washington, D.C.]] home has been preserved and designated the [[Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site]].

In [[2002]], scholar [[Molefi Kete Asante]] named Carter G. Woodson on his list of [[100 Greatest African Americans]].<ref>Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). ''100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia''. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8. </ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
[[Image:History of the Negro Church.jpg|right|thumb|Second edition of ''The History of the Negro Church'' (1921)]]
* ''The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861'' (1915)
* ''A Century of Negro Migration'' (1918)
* ''The History of the Negro Church'' (1921)
* ''The Negro in Our History'' (1922)
* ''Free Negro Owners of Slaves in the United States in 1830, Together With Absentee Ownership of Slaves in the United States in 1830'' (1924)
* ''Free Negro Heads of Families in the United States in 1830, Together With a Brief Treatment of the Free Negro'' (1925)
* ''Negro Orators and Their Orations'' (1925)
* ''The Mind of the Negro as Reflected in Letters Written During the Crisis, 1800-1860'' (1927)
* ''Negro Makers of History'' (1928)
* ''African Myths, Together With Proverbs'' (1928)
* ''The Rural Negro'' (1930)
* ''The Negro Wage Earner'' (1930)
* ''The Mis-Education of the Negro'' (1933)
* ''The Negro Professional Man and the Community, With Special Emphasis on the Physician and the Lawyer'' (1934)
* ''The Story of the Negro Retold'' (1935)
* ''The African Background Outlined: Or, Handbook for the Study of the Negro'' (1936)
* ''African Heroes and Heroines'' (1939)
* ''The Works of Francis J. Grimké'' (1942)

== Places named after Woodson ==
[[Image:carter woodson.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Carter Woodson biographical cartoon by [[Charles Alston]], 1943]]

* The Carter G. Woodson Institute for African-American and African Studies at the [[University of Virginia]], [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]], [[Virginia|VA]] [http://artsandsciences.virginia.edu/woodson/]
* [[Woodson K-8 School]] in [[Houston]], [[Texas]]
* Woodson Regional Library in [[Chicago]] [http://www.chipublib.org/002branches/woodson/woodson.html]
* Carter G. Woodson Middle School in [[Chicago]]
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary, [[Crisfield, MD]] [http://www.somerset.k12.md.us/WES/]
* Dr. Carter G. Woodson Elementary, [[Baltimore, MD]] [http://www.bcps.k12.md.us/]
* Carter G. Woodson Middle School in [[New Orleans]]
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary School in [[Los Angeles]].
* Woodson Institute for Student Excellence [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota|MN]].
* Carter G. Woodson Middle School in [[Hopewell, Virginia|Hopewell]], [[Virginia|VA]]
* C.G. Woodson Road in his home town of [[New Canton, Virginia]]
* Friendship Collegiate Academy in [[Washington, DC]] is located on the Carter G. Woodson Campus
* Carter G. Woodson Park, in [[Oakland Park, Florida]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oaklandparkfl.org/index.asp?Type=B_EV&SEC={5BD110B8-7DD4-4AE1-A07C-043D46927297}&DE={4225AAD7-7EF2-4FD3-BF09-F068949400E4} |title=Dr. Carter G. Wilson Festival |publisher=The City of Oakland Park |accessdate=2008-12-15}}</ref>
* Carter G. Woodson Elementary School was a former school located in [[Oakland Park, Florida]]. It was closed in 1965 when the [[Broward County Public Schools]] system was desegregated.

== Citations ==

{{Reflist}}
carter g woodson elementry jacksonville forida

== External links ==
* [http://www.asalh.org The Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)]
* [http://www.themiseducationofthenegro.com The Audiobook version of "The Mis-Education of the Negro"]
=== Woodson's writings ===
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/misedne.html The Mis-Education of the Negro by Carter Godwin Woodson (full text)]
* {{gutenberg author|id=Carter+Godwin+Woodson |name=Carter G. Woodson}}
* {{cite book|title=The History of the Negro Church |isbn=0-87498-000-3}}
* {{cite book|title=Mis-Education of the Negro |isbn=0-86543-171-X}}

=== Other information about Woodson ===
* [http://www.unia-acl.org/archive/Dr.htm Dr. Carter G. Woodson]
* [http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/woodson.html "Dr. Carter Godwin Woodson & the Observance of African History"]
* [http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/1993/93-083.html Library of Congress Initiates Traveling Exhibits Program]
* [http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/1993/93-123.html Library of Congress Traveling Exhibit re Dr. C.G. Woodson]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?faid/faid:@field(DOCID+ms000014) The Carter G. Woodson Collection of Negro Papers and Related Documents]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Woodson, Carter G.}}
[[Category:American historians]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:African American history]]
[[Category:African American writers]]
[[Category:Negro World contributors]]
[[Category:People from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:People from Huntington, West Virginia]]
[[Category:People from Fayette County, West Virginia]]
[[Category:People from Virginia]]
[[Category:Writers from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Writers from West Virginia]]
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]

[[tl:Carter G. Woodson]]

Leslie Griffiths, Baron Griffiths of Burry Port

2009-02-09T06:56:08Z

Huntthetroll: Reverted 1 edit by 134.48.162.36 identified as vandalism to last revision by Timrollpickering. (TW)

[[Image:LeslieGriffiths2.jpg|right|thumb|The Rev'd Dr. Leslie Griffiths, The Lord Griffiths of Burry Port.]]

'''Leslie John Griffiths, Baron Griffiths of Burry Port''', (born [[15 February]] [[1942]]) is a [[Methodism|Methodist]] minister and [[life peer]] in the [[House of Lords]], where he sits with the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].

Griffiths became a [[Methodist local preacher|local preacher]] in the [[Methodist Church of Great Britain]] in 1963. He completed a [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|Master of Arts]] in [[Theology]] at [[Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]] in 1969. He spent most of the 1970s serving the Methodist Church of [[Haiti]], where he was ordained, before returning to Britain to serve in ministries in [[Essex]] and [[Golders Green]]. In 1987 Griffiths completed a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], [[University of London]]. He served as [[Methodist Church of Great Britain#Organisation|President of the Methodist Conference]] from 1994 to 1995.

Since 1996 he has been Superintendent Minister at [[Wesley's Chapel]], London. He was created '''Baron Griffiths of Burry Port''', of [[Pembrey]] and [[Burry Port]] in the County of [[Dyfed]] in 2004.

==References==
*House of Lords Biography [http://www.dodonline.co.uk/engine.asp?lev1=4&lev2=38&menu=81&biog=y&id=32319]
*Wesley's Chapel [http://www.wesleyschapel.org.uk/]
*"Peerage for Revd Dr Leslie Griffiths" from The Methodist Church News Service [http://www.methodist.org.uk/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.content&cmid=783]
*"What Can We Learn from the Methodist Church of Haiti" [http://hometown.aol.com/mit2haiti/Griffiths90.htm]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Griffiths, Leslie}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Life peers|Griffiths of Burry Port]]
[[Category:People from Llanelli]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Methodist Conference]]
[[Category:Welsh Methodist clergy]]
[[Category:Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the School of Oriental and African Studies]]

Randa Abdel-Fattah

2008-01-06T03:07:11Z

Huntthetroll: fixed grammar

[[Image:Replace this image1.svg|thumb|right|200px]]
'''Randa Abdel-Fattah''' (born 1980) is an [[Australia]]n-born writer of [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] and [[Egypt]]ian parentage.<ref name=ABC>{{cite web
| last =Steve Austin & Julie Thomson
| title =Lawyer Randa Abdel-Fattah
| work =ABC Queensland
| publisher =Australian Broadcasting Corporation
| date =2005-08-18
| url =http://www.abc.net.au/queensland/stories/s1437645.htm
| accessdate =2006-12-16 }}</ref>

She was born in Australia, to Palestinian and Egyptian parents. She has written two novels for young adults, [[Does My Head Look Big In This?]] and [[Ten Things I Hate About Me]].<ref name=SH>{{cite news
| last =Chandab
| first =Taghred
| title =Lifting the veil on the Islam experience
| publisher =The Sydney Sun-Herald
| date =2006-11-05 }}</ref> Her first book, Does My Head Look Big In This?, is the story of a of Amal, a 16-year-old Muslim girl who decides to wear the hajib (headscarf) full time. The book deals with the issues of growing up as a headscarf-wearing Muslim-Australian in post-September 11 Australia. It also covers the usual teenage issues of smoking, alcohol, a desire to fit in, and of course boys. It aims to show that wearing a hajib can be empowering rather than oppressing, and helps to foster religious
understanding.

Randa is a lawyer, and lives in [[Sydney]] with her husband and baby daughter.<ref name="ABC"/><ref name="SH"/> She is extremely active in the inter-faith community, giving talks at high schools and has been involved in Palestinian human rights campaigns.<ref name="SH"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}



{{Persondata
|NAME=Abdel-Fattah, Randa
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Contemporary [[Australia]]n writer of novels for young adults
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[1980]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Australia]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdel-Fattah, Randa}}
{{Australia-writer-stub}}

[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Australian lawyers]]
[[Category:Australian children's writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Muslim writers]]