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Hackerangriff auf das PlayStation Network 2011

2011-06-04T02:41:38Z

Hello32020: /* Sony Online Entertainment outage */ add to article

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The '''PlayStation Network outage''' was the result of an "[[Hacker (computer security)|external intrusion]]" on Sony's [[PlayStation Network]] and [[Qriocity]] services, in which personal details from approximately 77 million accounts were stolen and prevented users of [[PlayStation 3]] and [[PlayStation Portable]] consoles from playing online through the service.<ref name="PSN News Update 260411">{{cite news|url=http://uk.playstation.com/psn/news/articles/detail/item369506/PSN-Qriocity-Service-Update/}}</ref><ref name="BBC 26042011">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13192359 |title=BBC News - Sony faces legal action over attack on PlayStation network |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph 26042011">{{cite web|last=Richmond |first=Shane |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8475728/Millions-of-internet-users-hit-by-massive-Sony-PlayStation-data-theft.html |title=Millions of internet users hit by massive Sony PlayStation data theft |publisher=Telegraph |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref><ref name="Australian 27042011">{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/australian-it/exec-tech/playstation-users-in-australia-urged-to-check-credit-card-activity/story-e6frgazf-1226045582897 |title=PlayStation users in Australia urged to check credit card activity |publisher=The Australian |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> The attack occurred between April 17, 2011 and April 19, 2011,<ref name="PSN News Update 260411" /> forcing Sony to turn off the PlayStation Network on April 20, 2011. On May 4, 2011, Sony confirmed that individual pieces of [[personally identifiable information]] from each of the 77 million accounts appeared to have been stolen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flickr.com/photos/playstationblog/sets/72157626521862165/ |title=Kazuo Hirai's Letter to the U.S. House of Representatives - a set on Flickr |publisher=Flickr.com |quote="Information appears to have been stolen from all PlayStation Network user accounts, although not every piece of information in those accounts appears to have been stolen","The criminal intruders stole personal information from all of the approximately 77 million PlayStation Network and Qriocity service accounts." |date= |accessdate=2011-05-05}}</ref> The outage lasted approximately 23 days.<ref>{{cite web|author=Owen Good |url=http://kotaku.com/5804318/ |title=Welcome Back PSN: The Winners |publisher=Kotaku.com |date=2011-05-20 |accessdate=2011-06-02}}</ref>

At the time of the outage, with a count of 77 million PlayStation Network registered accounts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.eu.playstation.com/2011/04/28/playstation-network-and-qriocity-outage-faq/ |title=PlayStation Network and Qriocity Outage FAQ – PlayStation.Blog.Europe |publisher=Blog.eu.playstation.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> [[data theft]] of personally identifiable information would make it one of the largest data security breaches in history.<ref>{{cite news|author=Posted: Apr 27, 2011 10:56 AM ET |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2011/04/27/technology-playstation-data-breach.html |title=PlayStation data breach deemed in 'top 5 ever' - Business - CBC News |publisher=Cbc.ca |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Technology/Video-Sony-PlayStation---Hacker-Breaks-Into-Network-And-Steals-Details-Of-Millions-Of-Gamers/Article/201104415979992?lpos=Technology_Carousel_Region_3&lid=ARTICLE_15979992_Video%3A_Sony_PlayStation_-_Hacker_Breaks_Into_Network_And_Steals_Details_Of_Millions_Of_Gamers |title=Video: Sony PlayStation - Hacker Breaks Into Network And Steals Details Of Millions Of Gamers | Technology | Sky News |publisher=News.sky.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> This would surpass the [[TJX Companies#Computer systems intrusion|TJX hack in 2007]] which affected 45 million customers.<ref>{{cite web|author=2:11PM BST 27 Apr 2011 Comments |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/sony/8476757/PlayStation-hack-top-five-data-thefts.html |title=PlayStation hack: top five data thefts |publisher=Telegraph |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> Government officials in [[PlayStation Network outage#Government reaction|various countries have voiced concern]] at failing to protect customers' personal details and Sony's belated warning that users details could have been obtained in the security breach—nearly a week after the initial external intrusion.

Sony turned off the PlayStation Network on April 20, 2011 following the intrusion a few days earlier. Sony stated on April 26 that they were attempting to get online services running again "within a week."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/299454/news/playstation-network-down-for-seventh-day-sony-hopes-to-restore-it-within-a-week/ |title=PlayStation Network down for seventh day |publisher=ComputerAndVideoGames.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rockstargaming.ucoz.com/news/playstation_network_hacked_your_personal_details_could_be_at_risk/2011-04-28-331 |title=PlayStation Network Hacked - Your Personal Details Could Be At Risk! - 28 April 2011 - Rockstar Gaming |publisher=Rockstargaming.ucoz.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> On May 14, 2011, Sony released PlayStation 3 firmware version 3.61 as a security patch. The firmware requires users to change their password upon signing into the PlayStation Network. At the time the firmware was released, the PlayStation Network was still offline and in preparation to be brought back online. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/05/14/ps3-system-software-update/ |title=PS3 System Software Update – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2010-12-20 |accessdate=2011-05-16}}</ref> Regional restoration was announced by Kazuo Hirai in a video from PlayStation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/05/14/kazuo-hirai-playstation-network-relaunch-announcement/ |title=Kazuo Hirai: PlayStation Network Restoration Announcement – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2010-12-20 |accessdate=2011-05-16}}</ref> A map of regional restoration and the network within the United States was shared as the service was being brought back online.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/05/14/play-on-%E2%80%93-psn-restoration-begins-now/ |title=Play On – PSN Restoration Begins Now – PlayStation Blog |first= Patrick|last=Seybold |work=blog.us.playstation.com |year=2011 [last update] |accessdate=16 May 2011}}</ref>

==Timeline of the outage==

On April 20, 2011, Sony acknowledged on the official PlayStation Blog that they were "aware certain functions of the PlayStation Network" were down. Upon attempting to sign in to the PlayStation Network via the [[PlayStation 3]], users would receive the message indicating that the PlayStation Network is "undergoing maintenance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/04/20/update-on-psn-service-outages-2/ |title=Update on PSN Service Outages – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2011-04-20 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hken.ibtimes.com/articles/145875/20110515/timeline-of-sony-s-playstation-network-outage.htm |title=Timeline of Sony's PlayStation Network outage |publisher=hken.ibtimes.com |date=2011-05-15 |accessdate=2011-05-15}}</ref> The following day, Sony asked its customers for patience while the cause of downtime was being investigated and stated that it may take "a full day or two" to get the service fully functional again.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/04/21/latest-update-on-psn-outage/ |title=Latest Update on PSN Outage – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2011-04-21 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref>

The company later explained that an "external intrusion" had affected the PlayStation Network and [[Qriocity]] services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/04/22/update-on-playstation-network-qriocity-services/ |title=Update On PlayStation Network/Qriocity Services – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2011-04-22 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> This intrusion had occurred between April 17 and April 19. On April 20, Sony had suspended all PlayStation Network and Qriocity services worldwide, causing the outage.<ref name="PlayStation FAQ">{{cite web|url=http://us.playstation.com/support/answer/index.htm?a_id=2356 |title=PlayStation® Knowledge Center | Support - PlayStation.com |publisher=Us.playstation.com |date=2011-01-10 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> Sony expressed their regrets for the downtime and called the task of re-building the system time consuming. This, however, would lead to a stronger network infrastructure and additional security.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/04/23/latest-update-for-psnqriocity-services/ |title=Latest Update for PSN/Qriocity Services – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2011-04-23 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> On April 25, Sony's Senior Director of Corporate Communications & [[Social Media]], Patrick Seybold, reiterated on the PlayStation Blog that fixing and enhancing the network was a "time intensive" process with no currently available ETA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/04/25/psn-update/ |title=PSN Update – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2011-04-25 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> However, the next day Sony stated that there was a "clear path to have PlayStation Network and Qriocity systems back online", with some services expected to be restored within a week. Furthermore, Sony stated that there had been a "compromise of personal information as a result of an illegal intrusion on our systems."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/04/26/update-on-playstation-network-and-qriocity/ |title=Update on PlayStation Network and Qriocity – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2011-04-19 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref>

On May 1, 2011, Sony announced a "Welcome Back" program for customers affected by the outage. The company also confirmed that some PSN and Qriocity services would be available during the first week of May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.eu.playstation.com/2011/05/01/some-playstation-network-and-qriocity-services-to-be-available-this-week/ |title=Some PlayStation Network And Qriocity Services To Be Available This Week – PlayStation.Blog.Europe |publisher=Blog.eu.playstation.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-01}}</ref><ref name=EG_Sony_May_1/> The list of services expected to become available included:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.eu.playstation.com/2011/05/01/some-playstation-network-and-qriocity-services-to-be-available-this-week/ |title=Some PlayStation Network And Qriocity Services To Be Available This Week – PlayStation.Blog.Europe |publisher=Blog.eu.playstation.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref>
{{Quotation|
*Restoration of Online game-play across the PlayStation 3 (PS3) and PSP (PlayStation Portable) systems
*This includes titles requiring online verification and downloaded games
*Access to Music Unlimited powered by Qriocity for PS3/PSP for existing subscribers
*Access to account management and password reset
*Access to download un-expired Movie Rentals on PS3, PSP and MediaGo
*PlayStation Home
*Friends List
*Chat Functionality
}}

On May 2, 2011, Sony issued a press release, according to which the [[Sony Online Entertainment]] services had been taken offline for maintenance due to potentially related activities during the initial criminal hack that caused the PlayStation Network outage. Over 12,000 credit card numbers from non-U.S. cardholders and additional information from 24.7 million SOE accounts may have been stolen.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.soe.com/securityupdate/pressrelease.vm |title=Service Under Maintenance |publisher=SOE |date=2010-03-31 |accessdate=2011-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2011/05/02/thousands-of-credit-cards-stolen-during-second-sony-hack.aspx |title= Sony Confirms Thousands Of Credit Cards Stolen During Hack - GameInformer News |publisher=gameinformer.com |date=2011-05-02 |accessdate=2011-05-02}}</ref>

During the week, Sony sent a written letter to the US House of Representatives, answering questions and concerns about the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/05/04/sonys-response-to-the-u-s-house-of-representatives/ |title=Sony’s Response to the U.S. House of Representatives – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2010-12-20 |accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref> In the letter Sony announced that they would be providing Identity Theft insurance polices in the amount of $1 million USD per user of the PlayStation Network and Qriocity services despite no reports of credit card fraud being indicated. This was later confirmed on the PlayStation Blog, where it was announced that the service, [[AllClear ID]] Plus powered by [[Debix]], would available to users in the United States free for 12 months, and is to include internet surveillance, complete identity repair in the event of theft and a $1 million ID theft insurance policy for each user. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/05/05/sony-offering-free-allclear-id-plus-identity-theft-protection-in-the-united-states-through-debix-inc/ |title=Sony Offering Free ‘AllClear ID Plus’ Identity Theft Protection in the United States through Debix, Inc. – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref><ref name="playstation1">{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/05/05/a-letter-from-howard-stringer/ |title=A Letter from Howard Stringer – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2010-12-20 |accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref>

On May 6, 2011, Sony stated they had begun "final stages of internal testing" for the PlayStation Network, which had been rebuilt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.eu.playstation.com/2011/05/06/important-step-for-service-restoration/ |title=Important Step for Service Restoration – PlayStation.Blog.Europe |publisher=Blog.eu.playstation.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref> However, the following day Sony reported that they would not be able to bring PSN services back online within the one-week timeframe given on May 1, because "the extent of the attack on Sony Online Entertainment servers" had not been known at the time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2011/05/06/psn-reactivation-delayed-for-further-testing-not-coming-back/ |title=PSN reactivation delayed for 'further testing,' likely not coming back this week |author=JC Fletcher |publisher=Joystiq |date=2011-05-06 |accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref> Sony Online Entertainment confirmed by means of their Twitter account that their games would not be available until some undisclosed time after the weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://twitter.com/#!/SonyOnline/status/66671981101199360 |title=Twitter / @Sony Online Ent.: We wanted to let you know ... |work=twitter.com |year=2011 [last update] |accessdate=16 May 2011}}</ref>

At the same time, reports from Reuters began reporting the event as the "the biggest Internet security break-in ever"<ref>{{cite web|last=Reynolds |first=Isabel |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/06/uk-sony-idUKLNE74505420110506?type=companyNews |title=Sony CEO apologises for data theft; shares fall 2 pct |publisher=Reuters |date= |accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref> with more direct answers from the Corporation in which a Sony spokesperson said:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/33978506/ns/today-entertainment/t/sony-says-has-removed-data-stolen-hackers-posted-online |title=Sony says has removed data stolen by hackers and posted online - Entertainment - The Arts - TODAY.com |publisher=Today.msnbc.msn.com |date=2011-05-03 |accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref>
*Sony had removed the personal details of 2,500 people stolen by hackers and posted on a website
*The data included names and some addresses, which were in a database created in 2001
*No date had been fixed for the restart

On May 15, 2011, various PlayStation Network services began being brought back online on a country-by-country basis, starting with North America.<ref name="PSNBackOnline"/> These services include: sign-in for PSN and Qriocity services (including password resetting), online game-play on PS3 and PSP, playback of rental video content, Music Unlimited service (PS3 and PC), access to third party services (such as Netflix, Hulu, Vudu and MLB.tv), friends list, chat functionality and PlayStation Home.<ref name="PSNBackOnline">{{cite web|url=http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/201105/11-0515E/index.html|title=Sony Global - News Releases - RESTORATION OF PLAYSTATION®NETWORK AND QRIOCITY SERVICES BEGINS|date={{Date|2011-05-15|mdy}}|accessdate={{Date|2011-05-15|mdy}}|publisher=[[Sony]]}}</ref> This accompanies a firmware update for the PS3, version 3.61.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/05/14/ps3-system-software-update/|title=PS3 System Software Update - PlayStation Blog|date={{Date|2011-05-14|mdy}}|accessdate={{Date|2011-05-15|mdy}}|publisher=[[PlayStation Blog]]}}</ref> However, as of May 15, 2011, reinstatement of the service in Japan and East Asia has not yet been approved.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mochizuki |first=Takashi |url=http://www.foxbusiness.com/industries/2011/05/15/japan-restart-sony-online-games-services-approved/ |title=Japan Restart of Sony Online Games Services Not Yet Approved |publisher=FoxBusiness.com |date=2010-04-07 |accessdate=2011-06-02}}</ref>

On May 18, 2011, SCE shut down the password reset page on their site following the discovery of an exploit in the system,<ref name="May18Website">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-05-18-sonys-psn-password-page-hacked|title=Sony's PSN password page exploit |date={{Date|2011-05-18|mdy}}|accessdate={{Date|2011-05-18|mdy}}|publisher=[[Eurogamer]]}}</ref> which allowed users to reset other users' passwords, as long as they knew the email address and date of birth of the user.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/5803050/|title=Report: Sony PlayStation Network Password Reset Page Exploited, Customer Accounts Potentially Compromised|date={{Date|2011-05-18|mdy}}|accessdate={{Date|2011-05-18|mdy}}|publisher=Kotaku}}</ref> Sign-in using PSN details to various other Sony websites was also disabled, but console sign-ins were not affected.<ref name="May18Website"/>

On May 23, 2011 Sony stated that the costs of the Playstation Network outage were $171 million.<ref name=post>{{cite news |title=PlayStation Hack to Cost Sony $171M; Quake Costs Far Higher |work=PC Magazine |date=May 23, 2011 |url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2385790,00.asp }}</ref>

==Sony response==
===US House of Representatives===
Sony reported on the May 4, 2011, to the PlayStation Blog<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/05/04/sonys-response-to-the-u-s-house-of-representatives/ |title=Sony’s Response to the U.S. House of Representatives – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date= |accessdate=2011-05-05}}</ref> that:
{{quotation|Kazuo Hirai, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Sony Computer Entertainment America, submitted written answers to questions posed by the United States House subcommittee about the large-scale, criminal cyber-attack we have experienced.}}
Sony relayed during the letters that:
{{quotation|In summary, we told the subcommittee that in dealing with this cyber attack we followed four key principles:
# Act with care and caution.
# Provide relevant information to the public when it has been verified.
# Take responsibility for our obligations to our customers.
# Work with law enforcement authorities.
<br>
We also informed the subcommittee of the following:
*Sony has been the victim of a very carefully planned, very professional, highly sophisticated criminal cyber attack.
*We discovered that the intruders had planted a file on one of our Sony Online Entertainment servers named “Anonymous” with the words “We are Legion.”
*By April 25, forensic teams were able to confirm the scope of the personal data they believed had been taken, and could not rule out whether credit card information had been accessed. On April 26, we notified customers of those facts.
*As of today, the major credit card companies have not reported any fraudulent transactions that they believe are the direct result of this cyber attack.
*Protecting individuals’ personal data is the highest priority and ensuring that the Internet can be made secure for commerce is also essential. Worldwide, countries and businesses will have to come together to ensure the safety of commerce over the Internet and find ways to combat cybercrime and cyber terrorism.
*We are taking a number of steps to prevent future breaches, including enhanced levels of data protection and encryption; enhanced ability to detect software intrusions, unauthorized access and unusual activity patterns; additional firewalls; establishment of a new data center in an undisclosed location with increased security; and the naming of a new Chief Information Security Officer.
}}

===Explanation of delays===
Sony's explained on the PlayStation Blog why Sony took so long to inform PSN users of the data theft:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/04/26/clarifying-a-few-psn-points/ |title=Clarifying a Few PSN Points – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2011-04-26 |accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref>

{{Quotation|There’s a difference in timing between when we identified there was an intrusion and when we learned of consumers’ data being compromised. We learned there was an intrusion April 19th and subsequently shut the services down. We then brought in outside experts to help us learn how the intrusion occurred and to conduct an investigation to determine the nature and scope of the incident. It was necessary to conduct several days of forensic analysis, and it took our experts until yesterday to understand the scope of the breach. We then shared that information with our consumers and announced it publicly this afternoon.}}

===Sony investigation===
Possible [[data theft]] meant Sony provided an update in regards to a criminal investigation in a blog posted on April 27, 2011: We are currently working with law enforcement on this matter as well as a recognized technology security firm to conduct a complete investigation. This malicious attack against our system and against our customers is a criminal act and we are proceeding aggressively to find those responsible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/04/27/qa-1-for-playstation-network-and-qriocity-services/ |title=Q&A #1 for PlayStation Network and Qriocity Services – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2010-12-20 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref>

On the 30 April 2011, Sony Computer Entertainment CEO [[Kaz Hirai]] reiterated this and said the "external intrusion" which had caused them to shutdown the PlayStation Network constituted a "criminal cyber attack".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sony: PlayStation Network Resumes This Week |last=Watt |first=Peggy |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/226795/sony_playstation_network_resumes_this_week.html |publisher=pcworld.com |date=30 April 2011 |accessdate=2 May 2011}}</ref> Hirai expanded further claiming that Sony systems had been under attack prior to the PlayStation Network outage "for the past month and half" suggesting a concerted attempt to target Sony.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PSN 'welcome back program' includes a free download, 30 days free PlayStation Plus, Qriocity |last=Fletcher |first=JC |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2011/05/01/psn-outage-plus-qriocity-free/ |publisher=joystiq.com |date=2011-05-01 |accessdate=2011-05-02}}</ref>

On May 4, 2011, Sony announced that it was adding another company to the investigation team. Data Forte will join Guidance Software and [[Protiviti]] in analysing the attacks. Legal aspects of the case will be handled by law firm Baker & McKenzie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vg247.com/2011/05/04/another-team-added-to-sonys-psn-investigation/ |title=Another team added to Sony’s PSN investigation |publisher=VG247 |date= |accessdate=2011-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bartz |first=Diane |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/04/us-sony-idUSTRE73R0Q320110504 |title=Sony blames Anonymous for stage-setting theft |publisher=Reuters |date=2011-04-26 |accessdate=2011-05-04}}</ref>

Upon learning that a breach had occurred to the PlayStation Network, Sony launched an internal investigation. Sony reported, in its letter to the United States Congress:
{{Quotation|One of our first calls was to the FBI, and this is an active, on-going investigation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Edwards |first=Cliff |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-04-26/sony-says-network-hackers-may-have-stolen-users-personal-data.html |title=PlayStation Hackers May Have Stolen Data on 75 Million Users, Sony Says |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2011-04-26 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref>}}
Additional details were provided as follows:
{{Quotation|'''Have you identified how the breach occurred?'''
<br><br>
Yes, we believe so. Sony Network Entertainment America is continuing its investigation into this criminal intrusion, and more detailed information could be discovered during this process. We are reluctant to make full details publicly available because the information is the subject of an on-going criminal investigation and also the information could be used to exploit vulnerabilities in systems other than Sony's that have similar architecture to the PlayStation Network.}}

===Inability to use PlayStation 3 content===
While remaining offline, the [[PlayStation 3]] was unable to play certain [[Capcom]] titles that were downloaded from the PlayStation Store.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/34240/Opinion_Sonys_Communication_Problem.php |title=News - Opinion: Sony's Communication Problem |publisher=Gamasutra |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> Streaming video providers throughout different regions such as [[Hulu]], [[Vudu]], [[Netflix]] and [[LoveFilm]] are noted to be inaccessible displaying the same maintenance message, although some users have claimed to have been able to still use [[Netflix]]'s streaming service.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gigaom.com/video/playstation-network-outage-bad-news-for-netflix-hulu/ |title=PlayStation Network Outage Bad News for Netflix and Hulu: Online Video News « |publisher=Gigaom.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref>

==Criticism of Sony's handling of the incident==
[[File:Ps3-fat-console.png|thumb|Original model of the Playstation 3.]]
===Delayed warning of possible data theft===
On April 26, 2011, nearly a week after the Network was temporarily disabled, Sony confirmed that it "cannot rule out the possibility"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13206004 |title=BBC News - Sony's PlayStation hack apology |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2011-04-19 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> that [[personally identifiable information]] such as PlayStation Network account username, password, home address, and email address had been compromised. Sony also mentioned the possibility of credit card data being obtained after claiming that encryption had been placed on the databases, which would partially satisfy [[PCI Compliance]] for storing credit card information on a server.

Subsequent to the announcement in both the official blog and by e-mail, PlayStation Network users were asked to safeguard credit card transactions by checking bank statements. This warning came nearly a week after the initial "[[Hacker (computer security)|external intrusion]]" and when the Network was turned off.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reynolds |first=Isabel |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/27/uk-sony-stolendata-idUKTRE73Q0F720110427 |title=Furore at Sony after Playstation user data stolen |publisher=Reuters |date=2009-02-09 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref>

Some disputed this explanation and queried that if Sony deemed the situation so severe that they had to turn off the PlayStation Network on April 20, 2011, Sony should have subsequently warned users of possible data theft rather than on April 26, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/security/367027/sony-defends-notification-delay-in-data-fiasco |title=Sony defends notification delay in data fiasco | Security | News |publisher=PC Pro |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> Concerns have been raised over both violations of [[PCI Compliance]] and failure to notify users immediately following breach of security involving financial information and credit card data. US Senator Richard Blumenthal wrote to Sony Computer Entertainment America CEO [[Jack Tretton]] questioning Sony why it took so long to inform users that personal details could have been obtained through unauthorized means.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gamehunters/post/2011/04/senator-lack-of-details-on-playstation-network-outage-troubling/1 |title=Senator: Lack of details on PlayStation Network outage 'troubling' - Game Hunters: In search of video games and interactive awesomeness - USATODAY.com |publisher=Content.usatoday.com |date=2011-01-04 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref>

Sony stated in their letter to the subcommittee:
{{Quotation|'''Your statement indicated you have no evidence at this time that credit card information was obtained, yet you cannot rule out this possibility. Please explain why you do not believe credit card information was obtained and why you cannot determine if the data was in fact taken.'''
<br><br>
As stated above, Sony Network Entertainment America has not been able to conclude with certainty through the forensic analysis done to date that credit card information was not transferred from the PlayStation Network system. We know that for other personal information contained in the account database, the hacker made queries to the database, and the external forensics teams have seen large amounts of data transferred in response to those queries. Our forensics teams have not seen the queries and corresponding data transfers of the credit card information.}}

===Unencrypted personal details===
Credit card data was encrypted, but Sony admitted that other user information was not encrypted at the time of the intrusion.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stuart |first=Keith |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/gamesblog/2011/apr/27/playstation-network-hack-sony |title=PlayStation Network hack: why it took Sony seven days to tell the world | Technology | guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref><ref name="bare_url">{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/04/27/qa-1-for-playstation-network-and-qriocity-services/ |title=Q&A #1 for PlayStation Network and Qriocity Services – PlayStation Blog |publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2010-12-20 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' reported that "If the provider stores passwords unencrypted, then it's very easy for somebody else – not just an external attacker, but members of staff or contractors working on Sony's site – to get access and discover those passwords, potentially using them for nefarious means."<ref>{{cite web|last=Williams |first=Christopher|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/sony/8478404/PlayStation-hack-Sony-users-urged-to-change-passwords.html |title=PlayStation hack: Sony users urged to change passwords |publisher=Telegraph |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref>
On May 2, Sony clarified the "unencrypted" status of users' passwords, stating that:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/05/02/playstation-network-security-update// |title=PlayStation Network Security Update – PlayStation Blog|publisher=Blog.us.playstation.com |date=2011-05-02 |accessdate=2011-05-07}}</ref>
{{quotation|While the passwords that were stored were not “encrypted,” they were transformed using a [[cryptographic hash function]]. There is a difference between these two types of security measures which is why we said the passwords had not been encrypted. But I want to be very clear that the passwords were not stored in our database in cleartext form.}}

==Sony Online Entertainment outage==
{{mergefrom|Sony Online Entertainment#Customer Data Breach|date=May 2011|discuss=Talk:PlayStation Network outage#Merge section from SOE page}}
On May 3, 2011, Sony stated in a press release that there may be a correlation between the same attack that had occurred on April 16, 2011, towards the PlayStation Network which resulted in the [[Sony Online Entertainment]] servers being compromised and taken offline on the previous day.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> This portion of the attack resulted in the theft of information on 24.6 million Sony Online Entertainment account holders. The database contained 12,700 credit card numbers, particularly those of non-U.S. cardholders, and had not been in use since 2007 as much of the data contained within applies to expired cards and accounts that have been deleted. Sony updated this information the following day by stating that only 900 cards on the database were still live.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2011-05-03-24-6-million-soe-accounts-potentially-compromised |title=24.6 million SOE accounts potentially compromised | News |publisher=Gamesindustry.biz |date=2011-03-21 |accessdate=2011-05-04}}</ref> The discovery of this attack resulted in the suspension of Sony Online Entertainment servers as well as SOE [[Facebook]] games. Sony Online Entertainment has already stated that they plan to grant 30 days of free time, plus a day for each day the server is down, to users of ''[[Clone Wars Adventures]]'', ''[[DC Universe Online]]'', ''[[EverQuest]]'', ''[[EverQuest II]]'', ''[[EverQuest Online Adventures]]'', ''[[Free Realms]]'', ''[[Pirates of the Burning Sea]]'', ''[[PlanetSide]]'', ''[[Poxnora]]'', ''[[Star Wars Galaxies]]'', and ''[[Vanguard: Saga of Heroes]]'', as well as other forms of compensation for all other Sony Online games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fippydarkpaw.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=1070 |title=EverQuest Down |publisher=Progression Server |date=2011-05-02 |accessdate=2011-05-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/news/hardware/Sony-Another-25M-users-info-hacked/articleshow/8149713.cms |title=Sony:Another 25M users' info hacked |publisher=Times of India |date=2011-05-02 |accessdate=2011-05-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soe.com/securityupdate/ |title=Security Update |publisher=Sony Online Entertainment |date=2011-05-02 |accessdate=2011-05-2}}</ref>

Security experts Eugene Lapidous of AnchorFree, Chester Wisniewski of [[Sophos|Sophos Canada]] and Avner Levin of [[Ryerson University]] criticized Sony, questioning its methods of securing and storing user data. Lapidous called the breach "difficult to excuse" and Wisniewski called it "an act of hubris or simply gross incompetence".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.industrygamers.com/news/sony-breach-difficult-to-excuse-say-security-experts/ |title=Sony Breach 'Difficult to Excuse' Say Security Experts |author=James Brightman |publisher=IndustryGamers |date=2011-05-03 |accessdate=2011-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2011/05/03/sony-data-breach-playstation.html |title=Sony data breach update reveals 'bad practices' |author=Emily Chung |publisher=[[CBC News]] |date=2011-05-03 |accessdate=2011-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/news/2240035422/Sony-attack-Sony-expands-scope-of-its-massive-data-security-breach |title=Sony attack: Sony expands scope of its massive data security breach |author=Robert Westervelt |publisher=SearchSecurity.com |date=2011-05-03 |accessdate=2011-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/attacks/229402656 |title=Sony Reports 24.5 Million More Accounts Hacked |author=Matthew J. Schwartz |publisher=[[InformationWeek]] |date=2011-05-03 |accessdate=2011-05-05}}</ref>

==Sony Pictures Entertainment website hacking==
The [[Sony]] website [[Sony Pictures Entertainment|SonyPictures.com]] was hacked on 2 June 2011, with [[Encryption|unencrypted]] passwords and [[personal information]] of Sony customers within the website's database being discovered by the hackers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13636704 |date=2011-06-02 |accessdate=2011-06-03}}</ref>

==Reaction==
===Sony Compensation to users for disruption===
Sony has stated that they will be hosting special events after the PlayStation Network is brought back online. Sony has also stated they have plans for PS3 versions of DC Universe Online and Free Realms to help alleviate some of their losses. Sony is currently evaluating ways to show their appreciation towards their users who do not play [[MMOG]]s for their patience with them during the outage.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sony Computer Entertainment America |url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/04/28/qa-2-for-playstation-network-and-qriocity-services/ |title=Q&A #2 for Playstation Network and Qriocity |publisher=playstation.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> In a press conference in Tokyo on May 1, Sony announced a "Welcome Back" program for users when the service is restored. As well as "selected PlayStation entertainment content" the program promises to include 30 days free membership of PlayStation Plus for all PSN members, existing PlayStation Plus members will receive an additional 30 days added to their subscription, Qriocity subscribers also receive 30 days. Sony also promised other content and services over the coming weeks.<ref name=EG_Sony_May_1>{{cite web|author=Wesley Yin-Poole |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-05-01-psn-sony-outlines-welcome-back-gifts |title=PSN: Sony outlines "Welcome Back" gifts News - PlayStation 3 - Page 1 |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date= |accessdate=2011-05-04}}</ref> Sony also offered one year free identity theft protection to all users with details forthcoming.

[[Hulu]] has also given notice that they will be compensating PlayStation 3 users for the inability to use their service during the outage. They are offering one week of service compensatory to all Hulu Plus members.<ref>{{cite web|author=Posted 2 days ago - By Leah Jackson |url=http://www.g4tv.com/thefeed/blog/post/712202/hulu-offering-free-credit-for-ps3-subscribers/ |title=Hulu Offering Free Credit For PS3 Subscribers |publisher=G4tv.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref>

On May 16, 2011, Sony announced that two PlayStation 3 games and two PSP games would be offered for free from lists of five and four{{Ref|JPPSPList|†}} (respectively) once the PlayStation Store has regained functionality.<ref name="USFreeGames">{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/05/16/details-for-playstation-network-and-qriocity-customer-appreciation-program-in-north-america/|title=Details for PlayStation Network and Qriocity Customer Appreciation Program in North America|date={{Date|2011-05-16|mdy}}|accessdate={{Date|2011-05-17|mdy}}|publisher=[[PlayStation Blog]]}}</ref><ref name="EUFreeGames">{{cite web|url=http://blog.eu.playstation.com/2011/05/16/details-of-the-welcome-back-programme-for-scee-users-2/|title=Details Of The Welcome Back Programme For SCEE Users|date={{Date|2011-05-16|mdy}}|accessdate={{Date|2011-05-17|mdy}}|publisher=[[PlayStation Blog]]}}</ref> The games available varies by region<ref name="USFreeGames"/><ref name="EUFreeGames"/> and are only available in countries which have access to the PlayStation Store.<ref name="EUFreeGames"/> On May 27, 2011, Sony announced the "welcome back" package for Japan<ref name="JPFreeGames">{{cite web|url=http://cdn.jp.playstation.com/msg/nr_20110527_psn_qriocity.html|title=PlayStation®Network・Qriocity™（キュリオシティ）の一部サービス日本およびアジアの国・地域でも再開|date={{Date|2011-05-27}}|accessdate={{Date|2011-05-28}}|publisher=[[SCEJ]]}}</ref> and the Asia region (Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia)<ref name="ASFreeGames">{{cite web|url=http://asia.playstation.com/id/en/news/latestNewsDetail/227416|title=Welcome Back Package for Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia|date={{Date|2011-05-27}}|accessdate={{Date|2011-05-28}}|publisher=PlayStation.com}}</ref> In the Asia region, a theme - ''Dokodemo Issyo Spring Theme'' - will be offered for free in addition to the games available in the "welcome back" package.<ref name="ASFreeGames"/>

<small>{{Note|JPPSPList|†}} 5 PSP games are offered in the Japanese market.<ref name="JPFreeGames"/></small>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ PS3 games available by region
! Game !! North America<ref name="USFreeGames"/> !! Europe (non-Germany)<ref name="EUFreeGames"/> !! Germany<ref name="EUFreeGames"/> !! Asia<ref name="ASFreeGames" /> !! Japan<ref name="JPFreeGames" />
|-
| [[Wipeout HD|Wipeout HD/Fury]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
| [[LittleBigPlanet]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
| [[Infamous (video game)|InFamous]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
| [[Dead Nation]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
| [[Super Stardust HD]] || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
| [[Ratchet & Clank: Quest for Booty]] || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
| [[Hustle Kings]] || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
| [[The Last Guy]] || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
| [[Trashbox]] || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| [[LocoRoco Cocoreccho|Come on, LocoRoco!! BuuBuu Cocoreccho]] || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
| [[Echochrome|Echochrome: Overture]] || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ PSP games available by region
! Game !! North America<ref name="USFreeGames"/> !! Europe (non-Germany)<ref name="EUFreeGames"/> !! Germany<ref name="EUFreeGames"/> !! Asia<ref name="ASFreeGames" /> !! Japan<ref name="JPFreeGames" />
|-
| [[LittleBigPlanet (PSP)|LittleBigPlanet PSP]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
| [[ModNation Racers|ModNation Racers PSP]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| [[Pursuit Force]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
| [[Killzone Liberation]]{{Ref|KZ|‡}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
| [[Everybody's Golf 2]] || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
| [[Buzz Junior Jungle Party]] || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
| [[Everybody's Golf#Everybody's Stress Buster|Everybody's Stress Buster]] || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
| [[LocoRoco|Locoroco Midnight Carnival]] || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
| [[Patapon 2]] || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}}
|-
| [[What Did I Do To Deserve This, My Lord?]] || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}}
|}
<small>{{Note|KZ|‡}} ''Killzone Liberation'' will not offer online gameplay functionality.<ref name="EUFreeGames"/></small>

===Government reaction===
The revealing of possible data theft concerned authorities around the world. Graham Cluley, senior technology consultant at [[Sophos]], said that the breach "certainly ranks as one of the biggest data losses ever to affect individuals".<ref>{{cite web|last=Richmond |first=Shane |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8475728/Millions-of-internet-users-hit-by-massive-Sony-PlayStation-data-theft.html |title=Millions of internet users hit by massive Sony PlayStation data theft |publisher=[[Daily Telegraph|Telegraph]] |date={{Date|2011-04-26|mdy}} |accessdate={{Date|2011-04-29|mdy}}}}</ref> The British [[Information Commissioner's Office]] stated that Sony will be questioned,<ref name="telegraph1">{{cite web|last=Williams |first=Christopher |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/sony/8476441/PlayStation-hack-Sony-faces-watchdogs-questions.html |title=PlayStation hack: Sony faces watchdog's questions |publisher=Telegraph |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> and that an investigation will take place to discover whether Sony had taken adequate precautions to protect customer details.<ref>{{cite web|author=Wesley Yin-Poole |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-04-27-ico-confirms-it-will-quiz-sony-over-psn |title=ICO confirms it will quiz Sony over PSN News - PlayStation 3 - Page 1 |publisher=Eurogamer.net |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> If found in breach of the UK's [[Data Protection Act 1998|Data Protection Act]], Sony could face fines of up to £500,000.<ref name="telegraph1"/> The [[Privacy Commissioner of Canada]], [[Jennifer Stoddart]] confirmed that the Canadian authorities would investigate the incident, and the Commissioner's office conveyed their concern as to why the authorities in Canada weren't informed of a security breach earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/life/Privacy+Commissioner+office+investigate+Sony+PlayStation+hack/4684627/story.html#ixzz1KlAZpsAq |title=Privacy Commissioner's office looking into Sony PlayStation hack |publisher=Canada.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> US Senator [[Richard Blumenthal]] of [[Connecticut]] demanded answers from Sony about the data breach<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blumenthal.senate.gov/press/release/index.cfm?id=82698973-255D-4B92-9E18-39E5937C9361|title=Blumenthal Demands Answers from Sony over Playstation Data Breach|publisher=Richard Blumenthal-US senator for Connecticut: Home |date= |accessdate=2011-04-26}}</ref> by emailing SECA CEO [[Jack Tretton]] arguing about the delay in informing its customers and insisting that Sony do more for its customers than just offer free credit reporting services. Senator Blumenthal later called for an investigation of the breach to be launched by the US Department of Justice to find the person or persons responsible for the breach and to determine if Sony may be liable for the way that it handled the situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blumenthal.senate.gov/press/release/index.cfm?id=7BEBFD12-FFDD-40C2-BA5F-C50C7C9D9E09|title=Blumenthal Calls for DOJ Investigation of Sony Playstation Data Breach|publisher=Richard Blumenthal-US senator for Connecticut: Home |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> Congresswoman [[Mary Bono Mack]] and Congressman [[G. K. Butterfield]] sent a letter to Sony, demanding information on when the breach was discovered and how the crisis will be handled.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc2news.com/dpp/news/national/us-lawmakers-press-sony-for-info-on-data-breach |title=US lawmakers press Sony for info on data breach |agency=Associated Press |date=2011-04-29 |accessdate=2011-04-30}}</ref> Sony had been asked to testify before a congressional hearing on security and to answer questions about the breach of security on May 2, 2011 but sent a letter response instead which answered the subcommittee's questions.

===Legal action against Sony===
A lawsuit was posted on April 27, 2011, by Kristopher Johns from [[Birmingham, Alabama]] on behalf of all PlayStation users alleging Sony "failed to encrypt data and establish adequate firewalls to handle a server intrusion contingency, failed to provide prompt and adequate warnings of security breaches, and unreasonably delayed in bringing the PSN service back online."<ref>{{cite web|last=Ogg |first=Erica |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-31021_3-20057921-260.html |title=Sony sued for PlayStation Network data breach | Circuit Breaker - CNET News |publisher=News.cnet.com |date=2011-03-24 |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dockets.justia.com/docket/california/candce/3:2011cv02063/240051/ |title=Johns v. Sony Computer Entertainment America LLC et al |publisher=Justia|date=2011-05-03 |accessdate=2011-05-03}}</ref> According to the complaint filed in the lawsuit, Sony has failed to notify members of a possible security breach and storing members' credit card information,<ref>{{cite web|last=Schwartz |first=Mathew J. |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/attacks/229402362 |title=Sony Sued Over PlayStation Network Hack |publisher=InformationWeek |date= |accessdate=2011-04-29}}</ref> a violation of [[PCI Compliance]]—the digital security standard for the Payment Card Industry.

Another lawsuit was filed in Canada by Natasha Maksimovic and claims damages up to [[Canadian dollar|C$]]1 billion which includes free credit monitoring and identity theft insurance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/34499/Canadian_Law_Firm_Files_1_Billion_Class_Action_Lawsuit_Against_Sony_Over_PSN_Data_Breach.php|title=Canadian Law Firm Files $1 Billion Lawsuit Against Sony Over PSN Data Breach|publisher=Gamastura|date=2011-05-04|accessdate=2011-05-04}}</ref> It was filed against Sony USA, Sony Canada and Sony Japan. The plaintiff in the case is quoted as saying: "If you can't trust a huge multi-national corporation like Sony to protect your private information, who can you trust? It appears to me that Sony focuses more on protecting its games than its PlayStation users".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474979289837|title=Sony PlayStation Network Down: PSN Hit with $1.04B Class Action Suit|publisher=Gather|date=2011-05-04 |accessdate=2011-05-04}}</ref>

===Credit card fraud===
As of May 2011, there have been no verifiable reports of credit card fraud related to the PlayStation Network outage. There have been reports from the Internet that some PlayStation users have experienced credit card fraud;<ref name="fraud_reports">{{cite web | url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/226775/playstation_network_users_reporting_credit_card_fraud.html | title=PlayStation users reporting credit card fraud | accessdate=April 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/04/28/3202046.htm | title=Hackers run up debt for PlayStation user | accessdate=April 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2011/apr/29/playstation-network-hackers-credit-cards | title=Hackers claim to have 2.2 million card details | accessdate=April 30, 2011}}</ref> however, these reported fraud cases have yet to be linked to the incident. Users who have registered a credit card for use only with Sony have also reported credit card fraud.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2011/04/ars-readers-report-credit-card-fraud-blame-sony.ars | title=Ars readers report credit card fraud | accessdate=April 30, 2011}}</ref> Sony has claimed that the CVS codes requested by their services were not stored,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://blog.us.playstation.com/2011/04/27/qa-1-for-playstation-network-and-qriocity-services/ |title=Q&A #1 for PlayStation Network and Qriocity Services – PlayStation Blog |work=blog.us.playstation.com |year=2011 [last update] |accessdate=16 May 2011}}</ref> but it has been suggested that the hackers may have been able to decrypt or record credit card details whilst inside Sony's network.<ref name="fraud_reports"></ref>

Sony stated in their letter to the subcommittee:
{{Quotation|'''How many PlayStation Network account holders provided credit card information to Sony Computer Entertainment?'''
<br><br>
Globally, approximately 12.3 million account holders had credit card information on file on the PlayStation Network system. In the United States, approximately 5.6 million account holders had credit card information on file on the system. These numbers include active and expired credit cards.}}
{{Quotation|As of today, the major credit card companies have not reported that they have seen any increase in the number of fraudulent credit card transactions as a result of the attack, and they have not reported to us any fraudulent transactions that they believe are a direct result of the intrusions described above.}}
On May 5, a letter from United States Sony Corporation of America CEO and President Sir Howard Stringer further emphasized that there had been no evidence of credit card fraud and that a $1 million dollar identity theft insurance policy would be available to PSN and Qriocity users:<ref name="playstation1"/>
{{Quotation|To date, there is no confirmed evidence any credit card or personal information has been misused, and we continue to monitor the situation closely. We are also moving ahead with plans to help protect our customers from identity theft around the world. A program for U.S. PlayStation Network and Qriocity customers that includes a $1 million identity theft insurance policy per user was launched earlier today and announcements for other regions will be coming soon.}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{PlayStation}}

[[Category:2011]]
[[Category:2011 crimes]]
[[Category:Cyberattacks]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3|Network]]
[[Category:PlayStation Portable|Network]]
[[Category:Sony Computer Entertainment]]

[[da:PSN's Nedbrud]]
[[fr:Piratage du PlayStation Network]]
[[ja:プレイステーションネットワーク個人情報流出事件]]
[[ru:Взлом и отключение PlayStation Network]]
[[fi:PlayStation Network -katkos]]

Benutzer:Hello32020

2010-08-05T05:24:42Z

Hello32020: deleting info from page

Brian Reynolds (Computerspielentwickler)

2009-08-27T20:26:57Z

Hello32020: fix

{{Infobox Person
| name = Brian Reynolds
| image = Brian Reynolds E3 2003.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Reynolds at [[Electronic Entertainment Expo|E3]] in [[2003 in video games|2003]]
| birth_date = {{birth-date|1967}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Chief Designer at <br>[[Zynga]]
| spouse = Jill Reynolds
}}

'''Brian Reynolds''' (born 1967) is a well known computer [[Strategy game|strategy]] [[game designer]], formerly of [[MicroProse]] and [[Firaxis Games]]. He works at chief designer at [[Zynga]] East and has been chairman of the [[International Game Developers Association]]. He has played a major part in designing a number of multi-million selling games including ''[[Civilization II]]'' and ''[[Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri]]''.

== Early life ==
Reynolds was a gamer in high school, and a [[SysOp]] on [[Randolph School]]'s ([[Huntsville, Alabama]]) [[PDP-11]] [[mainframe computer]]. A 1990 graduate of the [[Sewanee: The University of the South|University of the South]], Reynolds briefly pursued graduate studies in [[Philosophy]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. This influence is evident in the emphasis on philosophy encountered in one of his more famous computer games, ''Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri''.

==Career==
Reynolds initiated his game career with the now defunct [[MicroProse]] where he worked as lead programmer for a number of [[Adventure game|graphic adventure games]]. These included ''[[Rex Nebular and the Cosmic Gender Bender|Rex Nebular]]'' in [[1992 in video gaming|1992]] and ''[[Return of the Phantom]]'' and ''[[Dragonsphere]]'' in [[1993 in video gaming|1993]].

It was at Microprose where Reynolds first worked with [[Sid Meier]] and the two collaborated on a strategy title by the name of ''[[Colonization (computer game)|Sid Meier's Colonization]]'' which was released in [[1994 in video gaming|1994]]. Reynolds went on to become lead designer on his next title where he worked with [[Douglas Kaufman]] to create a sequel to ''[[Civilization (computer game)|Sid Meier's Civilization]]''. ''[[Civilization II]]'' was released in [[1996 in video gaming|1996]] and sold multi-million copies. This success gave Reynolds a great deal of credibility within the games industry and was the stepping stone to him becoming a founding partner in [[Firaxis Games]].

Reynolds' first task at Firaxis games was his contribution to ''[[Sid Meier's Gettysburg]]'' in [[1997 in video gaming|1997]], followed by the creation and design of ''[[Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri]]'' in [[1998 in video gaming|1998]]. ''Alpha Centauri'' was also popular, becoming his second multi-million selling title. In [[2000 in video gaming|2000]] Reynolds left Firaxis games and sold his share in the company to become [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[Big Huge Games]].

On June 30, 2009, [[Zynga]] announced that Brian Reynolds was leaving [[Big Huge Games]] to lead the formation of Zynga East, and serve the roll of Chief Designer.

== Contributions ==

{{Weasel|date=July 2009}}
Unknown to many, ''Civilization II'', ''Sid Meier's Colonization'' and ''Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri'' were primarily Brian Reynolds' designs, not Sid Meier's. These games, however, borrow from Sid's original ''Civilization''.

Brian Reynolds' first major break was the design of ''Sid Meier's Civilization II''. Meier had created ''Civilization'' but had moved on to other projects. MicroProse wanted to make a sequel and asked Reynolds to design it. MicroProse put Meier on retainer for consultational advice and for the use of his name, but Meier only had peripheral involvement in the design of this game. The sequel game, hence, was primarily designed by Reynolds and bore the subtitle "A Brian Reynolds Design" in the introductory graphics screen.

Reynolds' latest PC game is ''[[Rise of Nations: Rise of Legends|Rise of Legends]]'', a real-time strategy game, [[video game publisher|published]] by [[Microsoft]]. ''[[Rise of Nations]]'' is Reynolds' first game under Big Huge Games.

Reynolds and [[Klaus Teuber]] collaborated to develop the [[Xbox Live Arcade]] game ''[[Catan]]''.

==Personal life==
Reynolds met his wife, who at the time was an [[Primary education|elementary school]] teacher in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]], at a [[Live action role-playing game|live action role-playing]] event in [[Washington, D.C.]] The two were married in August 1994 and due to ''Colonization'' being released in less than a month, had only a week long [[honeymoon]]. They have two sons, Robert and Caleb.

[[Charles Kibler]], a [[game designer]] at [[BreakAway Games]], is Reynolds' uncle.

==Games==

* ''[[Age of Empires 3: The Asian Dynasties]]'' (2007) (creative director)
* ''[[Catan]]'' (2007) (project lead and AI)
* ''[[Rise of Nations: Rise of Legends]]'' (2006) (project lead and lead designer)
* ''[[Rise of Nations: Thrones & Patriots]]'' (2004) (lead designer)
* ''[[Rise of Nations]]'' (2003) (lead designer)
* ''[[Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri]]'' (1999) (lead designer)
* ''[[Sid Meier's Gettysburg!]]'' (1997) (contributions)
* ''[[Sid Meier's Civilization II]]'' (1996) (lead designer)
* ''[[Sid Meier's Colonization]]'' (1994) (designer)
* ''[[Dragonsphere]]'' (1992) (technical director)
* ''[[Return of the Phantom]]'' (1993) (lead programmer)
* ''[[Rex Nebular and the Cosmic Gender Bender]]'' (1992) (lead programmer)

==References==
{{reflist}}
<div class="references-small">
* [http://www.bighugegames.com/team_breynolds.shtml Brian Reynolds' profile] at [[Big Huge Games]]
* [http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/075/075111p1.html Interview with Brian Reynolds] at [[IGN]]
* [http://games.ign.com/top-100-game-creators/33.html Top 100 Game Creators of All Time] at [[IGN]]
* 49 Greatest Developers, PC Gamer magazine, April 2009
* [http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/permalink/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20090630005379&newsLang=en Legendary Game Designer Brian Reynolds Joins Zynga as Chief Designer] on Press Release
</div>

==External links==
*{{moby developer |id=1 |name=''Brian Reynolds'' profile}}

[[Category:American video game designers]]
[[Category:People from Huntsville, Alabama]]
{{Lifetime|1967|LIVING|Reynolds, Brian}}

[[es:Brian Reynolds]]
[[fr:Brian Reynolds]]
[[lv:Braiens Reinoldss]]
[[pt:Brian Reynolds]]

Brian Reynolds (Computerspielentwickler)

2009-08-27T00:13:08Z

Hello32020: add image

{{Infobox Person
| name = Brian Reynolds
| image = Brian Reynolds E3 2003.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Reynolds at [[E3]] in [[2003 in video games|2003]]
| birth_date = {{birth-date|1967}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Chief Designer at <br>[[Zynga]]
| spouse = Jill Reynolds
}}

'''Brian Reynolds''' (born 1967) is a well known computer [[Strategy game|strategy]] [[game designer]], formerly of [[MicroProse]] and [[Firaxis Games]]. He works at chief designer at [[Zynga]] East and has been chairman of the [[International Game Developers Association]]. He has played a major part in designing a number of multi-million selling games including ''[[Civilization II]]'' and ''[[Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri]]''.

== Early life ==
Reynolds was a gamer in high school, and a [[SysOp]] on [[Randolph School]]'s ([[Huntsville, Alabama]]) [[PDP-11]] [[mainframe computer]]. A 1990 graduate of the [[Sewanee: The University of the South|University of the South]], Reynolds briefly pursued graduate studies in [[Philosophy]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. This influence is evident in the emphasis on philosophy encountered in one of his more famous computer games, ''Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri''.

==Career==
Reynolds initiated his game career with the now defunct [[MicroProse]] where he worked as lead programmer for a number of [[Adventure game|graphic adventure games]]. These included ''[[Rex Nebular and the Cosmic Gender Bender|Rex Nebular]]'' in [[1992 in video gaming|1992]] and ''[[Return of the Phantom]]'' and ''[[Dragonsphere]]'' in [[1993 in video gaming|1993]].

It was at Microprose where Reynolds first worked with [[Sid Meier]] and the two collaborated on a strategy title by the name of ''[[Colonization (computer game)|Sid Meier's Colonization]]'' which was released in [[1994 in video gaming|1994]]. Reynolds went on to become lead designer on his next title where he worked with [[Douglas Kaufman]] to create a sequel to ''[[Civilization (computer game)|Sid Meier's Civilization]]''. ''[[Civilization II]]'' was released in [[1996 in video gaming|1996]] and sold multi-million copies. This success gave Reynolds a great deal of credibility within the games industry and was the stepping stone to him becoming a founding partner in [[Firaxis Games]].

Reynolds' first task at Firaxis games was his contribution to ''[[Sid Meier's Gettysburg]]'' in [[1997 in video gaming|1997]], followed by the creation and design of ''[[Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri]]'' in [[1998 in video gaming|1998]]. ''Alpha Centauri'' was also popular, becoming his second multi-million selling title. In [[2000 in video gaming|2000]] Reynolds left Firaxis games and sold his share in the company to become [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] of [[Big Huge Games]].

On June 30, 2009, [[Zynga]] announced that Brian Reynolds was leaving [[Big Huge Games]] to lead the formation of Zynga East, and serve the roll of Chief Designer.

== Contributions ==

{{Weasel|date=July 2009}}
Unknown to many, ''Civilization II'', ''Sid Meier's Colonization'' and ''Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri'' were primarily Brian Reynolds' designs, not Sid Meier's. These games, however, borrow from Sid's original ''Civilization''.

Brian Reynolds' first major break was the design of ''Sid Meier's Civilization II''. Meier had created ''Civilization'' but had moved on to other projects. MicroProse wanted to make a sequel and asked Reynolds to design it. MicroProse put Meier on retainer for consultational advice and for the use of his name, but Meier only had peripheral involvement in the design of this game. The sequel game, hence, was primarily designed by Reynolds and bore the subtitle "A Brian Reynolds Design" in the introductory graphics screen.

Reynolds' latest PC game is ''[[Rise of Nations: Rise of Legends|Rise of Legends]]'', a real-time strategy game, [[video game publisher|published]] by [[Microsoft]]. ''[[Rise of Nations]]'' is Reynolds' first game under Big Huge Games.

Reynolds and [[Klaus Teuber]] collaborated to develop the [[Xbox Live Arcade]] game ''[[Catan]]''.

==Personal life==
Reynolds met his wife, who at the time was an [[Primary education|elementary school]] teacher in [[Greenwich, Connecticut]], at a [[Live action role-playing game|live action role-playing]] event in [[Washington, D.C.]] The two were married in August 1994 and due to ''Colonization'' being released in less than a month, had only a week long [[honeymoon]]. They have two sons, Robert and Caleb.

[[Charles Kibler]], a [[game designer]] at [[BreakAway Games]], is Reynolds' uncle.

==Games==

* ''[[Age of Empires 3: The Asian Dynasties]]'' (2007) (creative director)
* ''[[Catan]]'' (2007) (project lead and AI)
* ''[[Rise of Nations: Rise of Legends]]'' (2006) (project lead and lead designer)
* ''[[Rise of Nations: Thrones & Patriots]]'' (2004) (lead designer)
* ''[[Rise of Nations]]'' (2003) (lead designer)
* ''[[Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri]]'' (1999) (lead designer)
* ''[[Sid Meier's Gettysburg!]]'' (1997) (contributions)
* ''[[Sid Meier's Civilization II]]'' (1996) (lead designer)
* ''[[Sid Meier's Colonization]]'' (1994) (designer)
* ''[[Dragonsphere]]'' (1992) (technical director)
* ''[[Return of the Phantom]]'' (1993) (lead programmer)
* ''[[Rex Nebular and the Cosmic Gender Bender]]'' (1992) (lead programmer)

==References==
{{reflist}}
<div class="references-small">
* [http://www.bighugegames.com/team_breynolds.shtml Brian Reynolds' profile] at [[Big Huge Games]]
* [http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/075/075111p1.html Interview with Brian Reynolds] at [[IGN]]
* [http://games.ign.com/top-100-game-creators/33.html Top 100 Game Creators of All Time] at [[IGN]]
* 49 Greatest Developers, PC Gamer magazine, April 2009
* [http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/permalink/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20090630005379&newsLang=en Legendary Game Designer Brian Reynolds Joins Zynga as Chief Designer] on Press Release
</div>

==External links==
*{{moby developer |id=1 |name=''Brian Reynolds'' profile}}

[[Category:American video game designers]]
[[Category:People from Huntsville, Alabama]]
{{Lifetime|1967|LIVING|Reynolds, Brian}}

[[es:Brian Reynolds]]
[[fr:Brian Reynolds]]
[[lv:Braiens Reinoldss]]
[[pt:Brian Reynolds]]

Chris Wallace (Journalist)

2008-08-05T22:14:37Z

Hello32020: add chris wallace image

{{Infobox_Celebrity
| image = Chris Wallace while doing an interview on Fox News Sunday.jpg
| image_size = 150px |
| name = Chris Wallace
| imagesize =
| caption = Interviewing a guest on ''[[Fox News Sunday]]''
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|10|12}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Host of ''[[Fox News Sunday]]'' ([[Fox News Channel#Fox Network programming|Fox]])
| salary =
| networth =
| website = [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,104584,00.html Biography on FOXNews.com]
}}
'''Chris Wallace''' (born [[October 12]], [[1947]]) is an [[United States|American]] journalist, currently the host of ''[[Fox News Sunday]]''. During his career he has interviewed numerous news makers including [[President of the United States|U.S. Presidents]] [[George H. W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]] and [[George W. Bush]], former Spanish Prime Minister [[José María Aznar]], former Mexican President [[Vicente Fox]], Vice President [[Dick Cheney]], Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]], Senator [[Hillary Clinton]], Senator [[Barack Obama]], [[Minnesota]] Governor [[Tim Pawlenty]], [[Virginia]] Governor [[Tim Kaine]] and former Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]]. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,104584,00.html FOX News]</ref> Wallace has won three [[Emmy Awards]], the Dupont-Columbia Silver Baton Award, and a [[Peabody Award]]. Wallace has been with [[Fox News]] since 2003. As a previous moderator of ''[[Meet the Press]]'', Wallace is the only person to date to have served as host/moderator of more than one of the major Sunday political talk shows.

==Early career==
Wallace was born in [[Chicago, Illinois]]. He is the son of [[Mike Wallace (journalist)|Mike Wallace]], the longtime reporter for ''[[60 Minutes]]'' on [[CBS]], and Norma Kaphan. His parents divorced when he was one year old, and he grew up with his stepfather [[Bill Leonard (journalist)|Bill Leonard]], eventually [[CBS News]] President. He only developed a relationship with his biological father when he reached the age of 14. Leonard gave him early exposure to [[political journalism]], hiring him as an assistant to [[Walter Cronkite]] at the [[1964 Republican National Convention]].

Wallace attended [[Harvard University]] at the same time as [[Al Gore]] and [[Tommy Lee Jones]]. He first reported news on air for [[WHRB]], the student radio station at [[Harvard College]]. He memorably covered the 1969 occupation of University Hall by students and was detained by [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] police, signing off a report from Cambridge City Jail.

Although accepted at [[Harvard Law School]], Wallace instead took a job with the ''[[Boston Globe]]''. He says he realized he wanted to move to television when he noticed all the reporters at the 1972 [[political convention]]s were watching the proceedings on TV, instead of in person.

Wallace began his network journalism career with [[NBC]] in 1975, where he stayed for 14 years, as a reporter with [[WNBC-TV]] in [[New York City]]. Wallace then transferred to NBC's Washington bureau as a political correspondent, and later served as Washington co-anchor for the ''[[Today]]'' show in 1982. He also served as chief [[White House]] correspondent (1982-89), moderator of ''[[Meet the Press]]'' (1987-88), and anchor of the Sunday edition of ''[[NBC Nightly News]]''. Wallace's confrontational style was evident during President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s news conference in March 1987, when Reagan admitted to dealing arms for hostages. During his questioning, Wallace challenged the President by citing previous occasions on which the President denied trading arms for hostages, "when you knew that wasn't true. Why did you say that?" An obviously flustered Reagan responded by fairly growling "Chris ..." through his teeth.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Wallace left NBC in 1989 for [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]. At ABC, Wallace was the senior correspondent for ''[[Primetime (TV series)|Primetime Thursday]]'' and occasionally hosted ''[[Nightline]]''. During the first [[Gulf War]] in 1991, he reported from [[Tel Aviv]] on the Iraqi [[Scud]] missiles attacks. At the time, the Israeli Government did not want to advertise where the Scuds landed, in order to prevent the Iraqis from making adjustments to their launchers. On one episode of ''Nightline'', Wallace started describing the location in Tel Aviv where a Scud missile landed. ''Nightline'''s host [[Ted Koppel]] cut him off, respecting Israeli national security needs.

After another 14 years at ABC Wallace left in 2003 to join Fox. He has remarked in the past that his work at Fox opened his eyes to the bias of the so called mainstream press. Wallace has stated, ''"Fox News wouldn't exist if it weren't for this kind of stuff going on in the mainstream media. That's why people are fed up with that and want the antidote to it because they get it and they've gotten it for years - the so-called bias in the objective press."''<ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2005/10/16/80900.shtml NewMax]</ref> However, he has stated that he is non partisan. He currently hosts ''[[Fox News Sunday]] with Chris Wallace'', and is an occasional guest on the [[Howie Carr]] show on [[Boston]]'s WRKO.

==Relationship with father==
Despite Wallace's blood relationship with his father [[Mike Wallace (journalist)|Mike]], both men recognize that his stepfather, Bill Leonard, had far more of an impact on his life than his biological father. Chris Wallace first developed a relationship with his father in his teens, after his older brother Peter died climbing a mountain in [[Greece]]. After the 1994 death of Leonard, the father and son moved even closer together. Mike Wallace remarks that they talk at least once a week.<ref>[http://www.guidelive.com/sharedcontent/dws/ent/television/stories/DN-wallace_1105gl.State.Edition1.6652d3a.html Dallas Morning News]</ref>
According to an article from 12/11/2005 on [[Newsmax.com]] titled "Chris Wallace: Mike Wallace Has 'Lost It", the relationship has soured <ref>[http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2005/12/11/100751.shtml Chris Wallace: Mike Wallace Has 'Lost It']</ref>

==Particular broadcasts==
=== News-making interview/widespread criticism ===
{{POV-section|date=December 2007}}

Wallace received considerable attention and criticism for an interview that he conducted with former [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] that aired on [[September 24]], [[2006]] on ''Fox News Sunday''. Clinton and Fox News had agreed in advance that half the time would be devoted to the [[Clinton Global Initiative]] and half to any other subjects that Wallace wanted to raise. <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,215397,00.html FOX News]</ref>

Wallace asked Clinton, "Why didn't you do more to put [[Osama bin Laden|Osama]] and [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]] out of business when you were president?" Clinton responded by detailing what he called his administration's "comprehensive [[Counter-terrorism|anti-terror]] operation" and saying "at least I tried". He then accused Wallace and Fox News of bias:

<blockquote>So you did Fox's bidding on this show. You did your nice little [[American conservatism|conservative]] hit job on me.... It was a perfectly legitimate question, but I want to know how many people in the Bush administration you asked this question of. I want to know how many people in the Bush administration you asked, "Why didn't you do anything about the [bombing of the USS] [[USS Cole bombing|''Cole'']]?" I want to know how many you asked, "Why did you fire [anti-terrorism expert] [[Richard A. Clarke|Dick Clarke]]?"</blockquote>

In response to Clinton's questions, Wallace said that ''Fox News Sunday'' had asked Bush administration officials "plenty of questions", and he added, "With [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]], there's plenty of stuff to ask." <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,215397,00.html FOX News]</ref>

[[Media Matters for America]], a liberal media watchdog organization that reports and criticizes what it describes as "conservative misinformation in the U.S. media",
<ref>[http://mediamatters.org/about_us/ Media Matters]</ref>, disputed Wallace's statement. <ref>[http://mediamatters.org/items/200609240002 Media Matters]</ref> It reviewed "dozens of interviews ... with senior Bush aides" and found only one (a 2004 interview with [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]]) in which Wallace raised the "basic charge that, pre-[[September 11, 2001 attacks|9-11]] ... this government, the Bush administration, largely ignored the threat from Al Qaeda," adding, "Mr. Secretary, it sure sounds like fighting terrorism was not a top priority." <ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,115436,00.html FOX News]</ref> The organization found no interviews in which Wallace or his predecessor, [[Tony Snow]], had asked a Bush administration official about the treatment of Clarke or about the lack of response to the ''Cole'' bombing.

A response by Brit Hume of FOX News noted:
<blockquote>
Chris Wallace's "FOX News Sunday" interview with Bill Clinton was one of six TV appearances the former president made last week... no one other than Wallace asked him about the aggressiveness of his pursuit of Osama bin Laden. As for Mr. Clinton's assertion that Wallace did not challenge the Bush administration's pre-9/11 record on terrorism? In 2004, Wallace asked Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld to answer the charge that "the Bush Administration largely ignored the threat from Al Qaeda," before 9/11,adding, "Mr. Secretary, it sure sounds like fighting terrorism was not a top priority."<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,215821,00.html Special Report w/Brit Hume, "Republican Sen. George Allen Dogged by Racism Accusations", Septembe 26, 2006]</ref>
</blockquote>

On [[October 15]], Wallace interviewed the Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice. Because he had told Clinton that his questions were prompted in part by emailed requests, some [[Modern American liberalism|liberals]] organized campaigns to email Wallace a request that he ask Rice about the Bush administration's lack of response to the ''Cole'' bombing. One organization, the [[Center for American Progress]], said that 20,000 such emails had been sent. <ref>[http://thinkprogress.org/2006/10/15/wallace-ignores-emailshttp://thinkprogress.org/2006/10/15/wallace-ignores-emails "Think Progress", October 15, 2006]</ref> Nevertheless, Wallace did not ask Rice about the ''Cole'' bombing.<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,220948,00.html "Transcript: Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice on 'FNS'"]</ref>

===Republican candidates' debate===

On [[September 5]], 2007 the announced candidates for the Republican Presidential nomination participated in a televised debate at the [[University of New Hampshire]] in [[Durham, New Hampshire]]. Hume was the moderator and Wallace was one of the questioners.<ref>{{cite news | last =Quaid | first =Libby | title =Republicans, Paul clash over Iraq war| publisher =''[[The Boston Globe]]''| date= 2007-09-05| url =http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2007/09/05/republicans_welcome_thompsons_entry_in_race_at_fifth_debate/| accessdate = 2007-09-07}}</ref> A notable exchange occurred when Wallace asked [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Ron Paul]], who called for withdrawal of U.S. forces from the [[Arabian Peninsula]], "Congressman Paul, ... you're basically saying that we should take our marching orders from [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaida]]?" To which Paul instantly countered, "No! We should take our marching orders from our Constitution!" <ref>{{cite web| title =Transcript: Republican Presidential Primary Debate| publisher =[[Fox News Channel]]| date= 2007-09-05| url =http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,295886,00.html | accessdate =2007-09-07 }}</ref>

==Registered Democrat==

On [[October 11]], [[2006]] The ''[[Washington Post]]'' revealed that Wallace had been a registered Democrat for more than two decades. Wallace explained his party affiliation in terms of pragmatism, insisting that being a Democrat is the only feasible means of participating in the political process in heavily Democratic Washington, D.C. He maintained he had voted for candidates from both major parties in the past. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/10/AR2006101001509.html] Despite this, [[FOX News]] has come under widespread criticism for maintaining a heavy Republican slant and Wallace has subsequently come under this same criticism by his critics.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,104584,00.html FOX News biography]
*[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,215397,00.html Transcript of Clinton interview]
*[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,216964,00.html Transcript of Follow-up on Clinton interview]
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/24/AR2006092401108.html Chris Wallace, Caught Off Balance?]
*[http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2006/74014.htm Transcript of Rice interview]
*[http://www.hillnews.com/thehill/export/TheHill/Features/CapitalLiving/071405_60minutes.html Son of '60 Minutes' icon makes his own mark at Fox News]
*[http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2004-05-06-nightline-wallace_x.htm Wallace: 'Nightline' tribute had an agenda]
*[http://www.jessejacksonjr.org/issues/i07269968.html The Confederate Flag: "A Controversial Symbol"] Transcript of a Nightline program hosted by Chris Wallace.
*[http://www.nndb.com/people/534/000052378/ NNDB Profile]
*[http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/ic/2005/12/11/100751.shtml] Article "Chris Wallace: Mike Wallace Has 'Lost It'"

after=[[incumbent]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Tony Snow]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=''[[Fox News Sunday]]'' Anchor|years=[[2003]] – present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Marvin Kalb]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Meet the Press|''Meet the Press'' Moderator]]|years=[[1987]] – [[1988]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Garrick Utley]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wallace, Chris}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:American political pundits]]
[[Category:American television news anchors]]
[[Category:American television journalists]]
[[Category:Illinois Democrats]]
[[Category:Fox News Channel]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Chicago, Illinois]]

Hurrikan Lili (2002)

2008-05-04T13:04:28Z

Hello32020: /* Impact */ sp

{{dablink|This article is about the Atlantic hurricane in 2002. For other storms of the same name, see [[Hurricane Lili (disambiguation)]]}}
{{Infobox Hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Lili
| Type=hurricane
| Year=2002
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Hurricane Lili 02 oct 2002 1645Z.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane Lili at peak intensity
| Formed=[[September 21]], [[2002]]
| Dissipated=[[October 6]], [[2002]]
| 1-min winds=125
| Pressure=938
| Damages=882
| Inflated=2
| Fatalities=14 direct, 2 indirect
| Areas=[[Windward Islands]], [[Cuba]], [[Jamaica]], [[Haiti]], [[Louisiana]]
| Hurricane season=[[2002 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}

'''Hurricane Lili''' was the twelfth named storm, fourth [[hurricane]], and second major hurricane of the [[2002 Atlantic hurricane season]]. The storm developed from a tropical disturbance in the open Atlantic on [[September 21]]. It continued westward, affecting the [[Lesser Antilles]] as a tropical storm, then entered the [[Caribbean Sea]]. As it moved west, the storm dissipated and then regenerated while being impacted by [[wind shear]] south of [[Cuba]]. It turned to the northwest and strengthened up to [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category Two]] strength on [[October 1]]. Lili made two [[landfall]]s in Western Cuba later that day, and then entered the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The hurricane rapidly strengthened on [[October 2]], reaching Category Four strength that afternoon. It weakened rapidly thereafter, and hit [[Louisiana]] as a Category One hurricane on [[October 3]]. It moved inland and dissipated on [[October 6]].<ref name="TCR"/>

Lili caused extensive damage through the Caribbean, particularly to crops and poorly built homes.<ref name="Jamaicaobserver">{{Cite web|author=AP|title=Lil leaves trail of destruction in Eastern Caribbean|publisher=Jamaica Observer|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-23|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20020925T200000-0500_32586_OBS_LILI_LEAVES_TRAIL_OF_DESTRUCTION_IN_EASTERN_CARIBBEAN.asp}}</ref> Mudslides were common on the more mountainous islands.<ref name="USAtoday1">{{Cite web|author=AP|title=Lili killed 4 in Haiti;deaths unreported for a week|publisher=USA Today|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-23|url=http://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2002/2002-10-05-lili-haiti.htm}}</ref> In the [[United States]], the storm cut off production of oil in the Gulf of Mexico, and caused severe damage in parts of Louisiana. was also responsible for severe damage to the barrier islands and marshes in the southern portion of the state. Total damage amounted to $860 million (2002 USD; $1.1 billion 2007 USD), and the storm killed 16 people during its lifetime.<ref name="TCR"/>

==Storm History==
{{storm path|Lili 2002 track.png}}

The hurricane originated with a [[tropical cyclone|tropical wave]] that moved off the west coast of [[Africa]] on [[September 16]]. A low level center of circulation developed in the disturbance midway between the African coast and the [[Caribbean Sea]] on [[September 20]]. The next day, the system gained sufficient organization to become a [[Tropical Cyclone|tropical depression]].<ref name="TCR">{{Cite web|author=Lawrence|title=NHC Tropical Cyclone Report|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002lili.shtml}}</ref><ref name="nhcadv#1">{{Cite web|author=Avila/Blake|title=NHC Public Advisory #1|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.001.html}}</ref> The depression moved westward in excess of {{convert|20|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, and reached [[tropical cyclone|tropical storm]] strength as it passed through the [[Windward Islands]].<ref name="nhcadv#2">{{Cite web|author=Stewart|title=NHC Public Advisory #9A|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public_a.009.html}}</ref> The cyclone continued to intensify as it moved west through the Caribbean Sea, reaching a peak strength of {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on the morning of [[September 24]].<ref name="nhcadv#13">{{Cite web|author=Stewart|title=NHC Public Advisory #13|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.013.html}}</ref> This was immediately followed by an abrupt weakening, and the storm's maximum sustained winds dropped to {{convert|40|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in just 12 hours.<ref name="nhcadv#15">{{Cite web|author=Jarvinen/Molleda|title=NHC Public Advisory #15|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.015.html}}</ref> The sudden weakening was attributed to strong southerly [[wind shear|shear]].<ref name="nhcdis#15">{{Cite web|author=Jarvinen/Molleda|title=NHC Forecast Discussion #15|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/al132002.discus.015.html}}</ref> The system degenerated in to an open wave the next morning, and remained in that state for nearly two days.

Lili regenerated near [[Jamaica]] on the evening of [[September 26]] and gradually turned more to the west-northwest while strengthening.<ref name="TCR"/> The system became a hurricane on [[September 30]], just after passing through the [[Cayman Islands]].<ref name="nhcadv#36">{{Cite web|author=Franklin|title=NHC Public Advisory #36|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.036.html}}</ref> The storm continued on its course, still intensifying, and made [[landfall]] twice the next day, on the [[Isle of Youth]] and near [[Pinar Del Rio]], as a Category 2 hurricane.<ref name="nhcadv#40A">{{Cite web|author=Beven|title=NHC Public Advisory #40A|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public_a.040.html}}</ref> Lili emerged over the Gulf of Mexico later that day, having lost little strength during its overland passage.<ref name="nhcadv#41">{{Cite web|author=Beven|title=NHC Public Advisory #41|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.041.html}}</ref><ref name="TCR"/>

The system turned to the northwest and sped up, becoming a major hurricane on [[October 2]] while {{convert|365|mi|km}} south-southeast of [[New Orleans]].<ref name="nhcadv#44">{{Cite web|author=Beven|title=NHC Public Advisory #44|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.044.html}}</ref> This intensification continued, aided by warm [[Sea Surface Temperature|sea surface temperatures]] in the Gulf of Mexico and good outflow.<ref name="nhcdisc#44">{{Cite web|author=Beven|title=NHC Forecast Discussion #44|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/dis/al132002.discus.044.html}}</ref> The system reached its peak strength of Category Four intensity, with winds of {{convert|145|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, during the afternoon later that day.<ref name="nhcadv#45">{{Cite web|author=Beven|title=NHC Public Advisory #45|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.045.html}}</ref>

This strength was not maintained for long. The storm began weakening quickly in the early morning hours of [[October 3]],<ref name="nhcadv#48">{{Cite web|author=Pasch|title=NHC Public Advisory #48|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.048.html}}</ref> and this rapid weakening continued until the hurricane's final landfall near [[Intracoastal City, Louisiana]]. By this time maximum sustained winds had dropped to {{convert|90|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="nhcadv#49">{{Cite web|author=Avila|title=NHC Public Advisory #49|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-22|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public.049.html}}</ref>. The weakening was accompanied by, and possibly a result of, a collapse of the inner [[eye]]wall before landfall.<ref name="TCR"/> The system continued inland, curving to the northeast, and dissipated when absorbed by an [[extratropical low]] near the [[Arkansas]]/[[Tennessee]] border on [[October 6]].<ref name="TCR"/>

==Preparations==

Tropical storm watches were issued in parts of the Lesser Antilles on September 22. These were upgraded to warnings the next afternoon, and all advisories were dropped later that night once the storm had passed.<ref name="TCR"/> Over the next week, the islands of [[Hispaniola]], Jamaica, Cuba, the Caymans, and the [[Yucatan Peninsula]] were all under advisories of some kind at different times.<ref name="TCR"/> Hurricane and tropical storm watches were issued for the Gulf Coast on October 1, and were upgraded to warnings the next morning.<ref name="TCR"/> They were discontinued after the storm moved past the following day.<ref name="nhcadv#49B">{{Cite web|author=Avila|title=NHC Public Advisory #49B|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/pub/al132002.public_b.049.html}}</ref>

Because the cyclone affected the islands as a weak tropical storm, preparations were lax. 200 people evacuated their homes in advance of the storm on the islands of St. Vincent and Grenadine.<ref name="caribmud"/>In Jamaica, all schools and universities were closed in advance of the storm, and 17 public shelters were opened on the island.<ref name="jamaicamon">{{Cite web|author=Horace Helps|title=News: Caribbean: Tropical Storm Lili - Sep 2002, Hurricane Lili belts Caymans, 4 dead in Jamaica|publisher=Relief Web|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-06|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64BEV8?OpenDocument&query=hurricane%20lili}}</ref>

Preparations were extensive in Cuba. Military officials at [[Guantanamo Bay, Cuba]] prepared for the possibility of evacuating their [[Al Qaida]] and [[Taliban]] prisoners.<ref name="guantanamo">{{Cite web|author=Reuters|title=US to move Cuba base detainees if storm nears|publisher=The Guardian|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/sep/25/1}}</ref> 130,000 Cuban citizens, mainly in western portions of the island, evacuated their homes prior to the storm.<ref name="cubaevac">{{Cite web|author=AP|title=Gulf Coast under Lili watch|publisher=The St. Petersburg Times|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/10/02/Weather/Gulf_Coast_under_Lili.shtml}}</ref>

Significant action was taken along the Gulf Coast as the threat the storm posed became clearer. Over a half million people evacuated their homes in [[Texas]] and Louisiana, including everyone in [[Iberia Parish]].<ref name="latxevac">{{Cite web|Jeffrey Gettleman|title=Thousands Seek Safety as Hurricane Nears Gulf Coast|publisher=The New York Times|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01EFDA1E38F930A35753C1A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1}}</ref> 200,000 people evacuated in Louisiana, significantly less than those actually advised to do so.<ref name="cnn">{{Cite web|author=CNN|title=Red Cross shelters thousands from the storm|publisher=CNN|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WEATHER/10/03/lili.states/index.html}}</ref><ref name="latxevac"/> 2,000 volunteers staffed 115 Red Cross shelters in Louisiana, Texas, [[Mississippi]], and [[Alabama]].<ref name="redcross2000">{{Cite web|author=Bonnie Gillespie|title=Team Louisiana Weathers Hurricane Lili|year=2002|publisher=The Red Cross|accessdate=2008-04-03|url=http://www.redcross.org/news/ds/hurricanes/021008lili.html}}</ref> More than 20,000 people stayed in those shelters.<ref name="cnn"/> The Red Cross also sent over 160,000 meals to the area.<ref name="redcross2000"/> 3,000 prison inmates in Texas were evacuated to safer inland locations.<ref name="latxevac"/> The launch of [[Space Shuttle Atlantis]] was delayed for 5 days when the [[Kennedy Space Center]] was threatened by the storm, the first time a launch in [[Florida]] had been delayed because of weather in [[Houston, Texas]].<ref name="atlantis">{{Cite web|author=Jim Banke|title=Mission Atlantis:Hurricane Lili Delays Launch to Monday|publisher=SPACE|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-28|url=http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/sts112_delay_021002.html}}</ref> Stores across the area were very busy in advance of the storm. In [[New Iberia, Louisiana]], hardware stores ran out of stock,<ref name="hardwareIb">{{Cite web|author=KXAS|title=Hurricane Lili Makes Landfall Into Louisiana Coast|publisher=NBC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-28|url=http://www.nbc5i.com/news/1698445/detail.html}}</ref> and businesses in [[Lafayette, Louisiana]] reported similar shortages.<ref name="lafprep">{{Cite web|author=Mike Brassfield|title=Hurricane Lili runs out of steam|publisher=The St. Petersburg Times|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-28|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/10/04/Worldandnation/Hurricane_Lili_runs_o.shtml}}</ref>

Collegiate activities were also affected by the storm. [[Southern University]] cancelled four days of classes because of Lili,<ref name="SU">{{Cite web|author=Gabrielle Maple|title=Back to Back|publisher=The Southern Digest|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://media.www.southerndigest.com/media/storage/paper950/news/2002/10/08/News/Back-To.Back-2233030.shtml}}</ref> and 20 [[Texas A&M University]] [[Galveston, Texas]] students evacuated to the school's [[College Station]] location.<ref name="A@M">{{Cite web|author=Jeremy Osborne|title=Texas Task Force Sent to Galveston|publisher=The Batt|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2002/10/03/FrontPage/Texas.Task.Force.Sent.To.Galveston-515455.shtml}}</ref> The [[University of South Alabama]] cancelled two athletic events in advance of the storm.<ref name="USA">{{Cite web|author=Jeff Roper|title=Hurricane Lili cancels two games|publisher=The Vanguard|year=2002|accessdate=2008-03-27|url=http://media.www.usavanguard.com/media/storage/paper973/news/2002/10/07/Sports/Hurricane.Lili.Cancels.Two.Games-2618639.shtml}}</ref>

==Impact==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
|+ '''Death toll by area'''
|-
! State/country
! Deaths
|-
| [[St. Vincent]]
| 4
|-
| [[Jamaica]]
| 4
|-
| [[Haiti]]
| 4
|-
| [[Cuba]]
| 1
|-
| [[United States]]
| 2
|-
! Total
! 15
|}

Hurricane Lili was easily both the deadliest and most devastating hurricane of the season.<Ref name="nhcyearly">{{Cite web|author=AVILA/BEVEN/FRANKLIN/LAWRENCE/PASCH/STEWART
|title=Summary of Tropical Cyclone Activity of 2002|publisher=NHC|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-02|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2002/tws/MIATWSAT_nov.html}}</ref> 13 people died in the Caribbean Islands, and 2 more were killed in the United States.<ref name="TCR"/> Severe damage to crops and livestock occurred through the Lesser Antilles, and damage to buildings and other infrastructure was reported in other Caribbean nations and the United States.<ref name="TCR"/>

===Lesser Antilles===

Lili affected the islands as a budding tropical storm. Winds in the area were generally below hurricane force, although some gusts exceeded {{convert|74|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="TCR"/> Rainfall of up to {{convert|4|in|mm}} caused deadly mudslides.<ref name="caribmud">{{Cite web|author=AP|title=Lili leaves trail of destruction in Eastern Caribbean|publisher=Jamaica Observer|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-02|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/html/20020925T200000-0500_32586_OBS_LILI_LEAVES_TRAIL_OF_DESTRUCTION_IN_EASTERN_CARIBBEAN.asp}}</ref> The winds, exacerbated by shoddy construction, ripped the roofs off many homes and buildings, but the majority of the damage was dealt to crops, particularly bananas.<ref name="relief1"/>

[[St. Lucia]] lost at least 75% of its banana crop, and hundreds of homes were damaged by the strong winds.<ref name="caribmud"/> Near total loss of electricity, water, and telephone services occurred, and utility systems were heavily damaged.<ref name="relief1"/> Four people were killed on the island, and total damage was estimated at $20 million (2002 USD, $23.5 million 2007 USD)<ref name="relief1"/><ref name="TCR"/>

Over 400 homes were damaged in [[Barbados]], and nearly 50 trees were knocked down in the wind. As in St. Lucia, there was significant damage to the island nation's banana crop.<ref name="relief1">{{Cite web|author=CEDRA|title=Situation Reports:Caribbean:Tropical Storm Lili|publisher=Relief Web|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-04|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64CU4B?OpenDocument&query=hurricane%20lili%20caribbean}}</ref> Extensive loss of electricity and telephone service also occurred. Damage totaled at nearly $200,000 (2002 USD, $235,000 2007 USD)

[[Grenada]] also experienced moderate damage. 14 homes' roofs
were damaged, and one was completely destroyed. The island's Medical Centre's roof was also damaged, and 12 landslides were reported.<ref name="relief1"/> There was also mild damage to infrastructure, particularly in [[St. Patrick's Parish]]. Three bridges were damaged or destroyed, along with seven utility poles and a water main. All of the island was without power at some point, but it was quickly restored in the southern part of the island, where damage to the poles themselves was less significant.<ref name="relief1"/>

[[St. Vincent]] and the [[Grenadines]] were heavily impacted, especially compared other islands in the area. Several hundred homes and two schools were damaged, and the Rose Hall Police Station's roof was lost.<ref name="relief1"/> Still, the majority of damage was dealt to the agricultural industry. The banana crop was decimated, although some plantations suffered worse than others.<ref name="relief1"/> Combined, damage to the islands totaled $40 million (2002 USD, $47 million 2007 USD).<ref name="relief1"/>

===Haiti===

Lili passed offshore of [[Haiti]] as a dissipating tropical storm.<ref name="TCR"/> As such, the storm's major impact was extremely heavy rainfall, in excess of {{convert|16|in|mm}} near the town of [[Camp-Perrin, Haiti]].<ref name="camp-perrin">{{Cite web|author=ORE|title=Hurricane Lili Was Accompanied by Torrential Rains As it Passed Over Haiti|publisher=ORE|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-05|url=http://www.oreworld.org/flood/flood.htm}}</ref> This caused the Ravine du Sud River to overflow, and submerge buildings in the town. Two people died in the mudslides these rains triggered, and two more drowned in the flooding around Camp-Perrin.<ref name="USAToday3">{{Cite web|author=AP|title=Lili killed 4 in Haiti; deaths unreported for a week|publisher=USA Today|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-05|url=http://www.usatoday.com/weather/news/2002/2002-10-05-lili-haiti.htm}}</ref> The floods also seriously damaged crops and infrastructure; over 1700 homes were damaged and 240 were destroyed.<ref name="USAToday3"/>

===Jamaica===

Lili affected Jamaica as a strengthening tropical storm. Wind gusts in excess of {{convert|70|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and rainfall over {{convert|2|ft|m}} resulted in damage to homes, crops, and utility systems.<ref name="TCR"/><ref name="jamaicamon"/>

Extremely heavy rainfall inundated the island. Cedar Valley recorded the most rainfall, {{convert|23.1|in|mm}}. This led to prolific flooding that triggered mudslides across the island and killed four people. These floods decimated the island's sugar cane crop, one of the island's principal exports.<ref name="jamaicamon"/> The prolific rainfall caused widespread problems with the infrastructure of the island. All of the island's hospitals had flood damage, and three were also dealt structural damage by the strong winds.<ref name="jamaica2">{{Cite web|author=POH|title=Hurricane Lili in the Caribbean
|publisher=WHO|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-06|url=http://www.paho.org/English/DD/PED/lili-hur.htm}}</ref> The flooding caused latrines and other sewage sources to overflow into the intake sources for the water supply, leading to fear of disease.<ref name="jamaica2"/>

===Cuba===

Lili made landfall as a Category Two hurricane twice in Cuba, on the [[Isle of Youth]] and in the [[Pinar Del Rio Province]], on October 1. Wind gusts up to {{convert|112|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and rainfall amounts reaching {{convert|6|in|mm}} in some places caused damage to homes, businesses and crops. One person was killed.<ref name="TCR"/><ref name="Cuba1">{{Cite web|author=IFRC|title=Press Releases: Caribbean: Tropical Storm Isidore - Sep 2002, Cuban community left reeling by Isidore and Lili|publisher=Relief Web|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-06|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64D86L?OpenDocument&query=hurricane%20lili}}</ref>

Damage to buildings and other infrastructure was particularly bad. By far the most severely impacted provinces were Pinar Del Rio and La Habana. 48,000 homes were damaged, 16,000 of them lost their roofs. The province Sancti Spiritus was not affected nearly as bad, only 945 homes were damaged, and 500 lost their roofs. The provinces in Eastern Cuba, including Guantanamo, suffered similar damage.<ref name="Cuba2">{{Cite web|author=IFRC|title=Situation Reports: Caribbean: Tropical Storm Isidore - Sep 2002, Caribbean: Hurricane Lili Information Bulletin No. 03/02|publisher=Relief Web|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-06|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64C2L6?OpenDocument&query=hurricane%20lili}}</ref> Electricity outages for whole towns lasted weeks in parts of the western provinces. This also led to loss of running water due to unpowered pumps, and deliveries of fresh water had to be made to remote villages.<ref name="Cuba1"/> The tobacco and rice crops were badly depleted, but it was difficult to differentiate which damage was caused by Lili and which had been caused by Isidore just a week earlier.<ref name="Cuba1"/><ref name="Cuba4">{{Cite web|author=OCHA|title=Caribbean - Tropical Storm Lili OCHA Situation Report No. 8|publsher=Relief Web|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-06|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64C9GJ?OpenDocument&query=hurricane%20lili}}</ref>

===Louisiana===

Lili made landfall on the morning of October 3 near Intracoastal City, as a weakening Category One hurricane.<ref name="TCR"/> Wind gusts reaching {{convert|120|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, coupled with over {{convert|6|in|mm}} of rainfall and a storm surge of {{convert|12|ft|m}} caused over $860 million (2002 USD; $1 billion 2007 USD) in damage. 237,000 people lost power, and oil rigs offshore were shut down for up to a week.<ref name="Lili2"/> Crops were badly affected, particularly the sugar cane, damage totaled nearly $175 million (2002 USD; $205 million 2007 USD). No direct deaths were reported; early warnings and the compact nature of the storm were credited with circumventing major loss of life.<ref name="Lili02">{{Cite web|author=Kent Kuyper, Marty Mayeaux, Montra Lockwood, Donovan Landreneau, Joe Rua, Lance Escud and Roger Erickson|title=Lili '02|publisher=NWS WFO Lake Charles, Louisiana|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-08|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20021226160502/www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/tropical/lili/lili_rpt.htm}}</ref>

[[Vermillion Parish, Louisiana|Vermillion Parish]], the landfall point, was hardest hit. Wind gusts in excess of {{convert|120|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, along with a storm surge of {{convert|12|ft|m}} dealt major damage to nearly 4000 homes.<ref name="Lili2"/> The worst storm surge flooding occurred in Intracoastal City, destroying 20 buildings owned by a helicopter company. One person died after the storm, and 20 were hospitalized for carbon monoxide poisoning.<ref name="Lili2"/>

[[Acadia Parish, Louisiana|Acadia Parish]] was also hard hit, recording wind gusts exceeding {{convert|110|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, and 5 tornadoes touched down in the parish.<ref name="Lili2">{{Cite web|author=NWS Lake Charles|title=LILI|publisher=NWS|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-08|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030417141302/www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/tropical/lili/lili_psh.htm}}</ref> Thousands of homes were damaged, over 2,500 severely. Power across the parish was knocked out, 2 people were injured and one was killed after the storm. Schools in the parish also sustained $1.6 million (2002 USD; $1.9 million 2007 USD) in damage.<ref name="Lili2"/>

===Mississippi===

Lili's outer rainbands dumped large amounts of rain and brought tropical storm force wind gusts to Mississippi.<ref name="LAlilisummary">{{Cite web|author=NWS New Orleans|title=POST TROPICAL CYCLONE REPORT...HURRICANE LILI|publisher=NWS New Orleans|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-12|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20021016193841/www.srh.noaa.gov/data/NEW/PSH/newpshnew.1.txt}}</ref> [[Pascagoula, Mississippi]] recorded wind gusts of {{convert|41|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, and [[Picayune, Mississippi]] received {{convert|4.14|in|mm}} of rainfall.<ref name="TCR"/>. Minor power outages occurred, mainly in southern Mississippi, and combined with the flooding of roads and buildings, this caused $30 million (2002 USD; $35 million 2007 USD) in damage.<ref name="TCR"/> No deaths occurred in Mississippi.

===Other Areas In The United States===

Hurricane Lili's remnants brought heavy rainfall, peaking at four inches in [[Arkansas]], to the Southeast, before dissipating near the Arkansas-Tennessee border. No major damage was reported.<ref name="TCR"/>

==Aftermath==

President Bush declared Louisiana a federal disaster area after the storm, making it eligible for assistance.<ref name="disdeclaration">{{Cite web|author=Mike Brassfield|title=Hurricane Lili Runs Out of Steam|publisher=St. Petersburg Times|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-09|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/10/04/Worldandnation/Hurricane_Lili_runs_o.shtml}}</ref> FEMA set up three locations to apply in Mississippi and Louisiana. Applications began pouring in, 153,000 by the time of the deadline.<ref name="153k">{{Cite web|author=FEMA|title=Louisiana Aid Deadline Looms, 153,000 Have Applied|publisher=FEMA|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-10|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=2751}}</ref><ref name="fema35k">{{Cite web|author=The New Orleans Channel|title=FEMA Fans Out After Storms|publisher=WDSU|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-08|url=http://www.wdsu.com/news/1706286/detail.html}}</ref> Over $311 million in aid was granted to Louisiana.<ref name="311mil">{{Cite web|author=FEMA|title=Lili Recovery at More Than a Quater Billion Dollars|publisher=FEMA|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-10|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=2762}}</ref> $50 million of that money was in the form of low interest loans, and not actual grants.

Over 1,000 power workers from eight different states went to the worst hit areas to help restore power.<ref name="power3">{{Cite web|author=WTVY|title=Hurricane Lili Aid|publisher=WTVY|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-09|url=http://www.wtvynews4.com/home/headlines/110161.html}}</ref><ref name="arkpower">{{Cite web|author=Melissa Simas|title=Utility Workers on Ready for Storm Damage|publisher=KAIT|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-08|url=http://www.kait8.com/Global/story.asp?S=959699&nav=0jshBbXu}}</ref> Seven states sent tree trimmers to help clear debris from power lines and roads to speed the process.<ref name="cleco">{{Cite web|author=Cleco|title=Cleco Power|publisher=Cleco|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-10|url=http://www.cmsgis.com/main/services/featuredclients.htm}}</ref> In addition, FEMA gave SLEMCO, the state's power company, an $8.6 million grant, which paid for 75% of the damage to the electrical grid there.<ref name="power'sback">{{Cite web|author=FEMA|title=SWLA Electric Corp To Receive $8.6 million FEMA Public Assistance Grant|publisher=FEMA|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-10|url=http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=2765}}</ref> It took up to four weeks to restore power to all costumers.<ref name="powerbackon">{{Cite web|author=Storm Work|title=Helping Costumers and Communities|publisher=Storm Work|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-10|url=http://www.asplundh.com/treemagpdfs/Holiday%202002%20PDF%20Files/Holiday%20Issue%202002%20Storm%20Work%20Pgs%202-3.pdf}}</ref>

Hurricane Lili caused great environmental damage to the marshes and barrier islands in Louisiana. Huge fish kills were observed in marshes near the landfall point, and in the [[Atchafalaya Swamp]]. The barrier islands to the east of the landfall point, those subjected to the highest surge, were severely eroded. Sand was also deposited behind them into the brackish marshes, burying vegetation. The freshwater marshes were severely damaged by the wind and surge, some of them completely destroyed. The severe erosion created new waterways connecting inland bodies of water with the Gulf of Mexico, which eventually led to further erosion of inland lagoons.<ref name="greennowbrown">{{Cite web|author=Gaye Farris|title=USGS scientists monitor coastal damage from Hurricane Lili|publisher=USGS|year=2002|accessdate=2008-04-10|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-10/usgs-usm101102.php}}</ref>

===Retirement===
{{seealso|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}}
The name Lili was retired in the spring of 2003 and will never again be used in the [[Atlantic basin]]. It was replaced with Laura for the [[2008 Atlantic hurricane season|2008 season]].<ref name="wmo1">{{cite web|author=World Meteorological Organization|year=2004|title=Final Report of the 2003 Hurricane Season|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/Reports/HC26-English.pdf}}</ref> The names Lucy and Lisette were also suggested as possible replacement names for Lili.<ref name="wmo2">{{cite web|author=World Meteorological Organization|year=2004|title=Replacement Names for 2003 Atlantic Hurricanes (Fabian, Isabel, and Juan) and 2002 Hurricane Lili|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/Meetings/HC-26/doc06add1.doc|format=DOC}}</ref>

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
*[[List of retired Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Retired Atlantic hurricanes}}
{{2002 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:2002 Atlantic hurricane season|Lili]]
[[Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes|Lili (2002)]]
[[Category:Retired Atlantic hurricanes|Lili]]
[[Category:Acadiana]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Lili]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Barbados|Lili]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Haiti|Lili]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Jamaica|Lili]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Cuba|Lili]]
[[Category:Louisiana hurricanes|Lili]]
[[Category:Arkansas hurricanes|Lili]]
[[Category:Mississippi hurricanes|Lili]]

[[pt:Furacão Lili]]

Mythic Entertainment

2008-04-17T21:12:16Z

Hello32020: add

{{Infobox Company |
company_name = Electronic Arts Mythic|
company_logo = [[Image:Ealogo.svg|250px|Electronic Arts logo]]|
company_type = [[Public company|Public]] ({{nasdaq|ERTS}})|
foundation = [[1995]] |
location = [[Fairfax, Virginia]] |
industry =[[Computer and video game industry]]<br>[[Entertainment industry]]|
key_people = [[Mark Jacobs]], General Manager<br/>[[Rob Denton]], Chief Operations Officer<br/>
[[Matt Shaw]], Chief Technical Officer|
homepage = [http://www.mythicentertainment.com www.mythicentertainment.com] |
}}

'''EA Mythic''' (formerly '''[[Mythic Entertainment]], Inc.''' and '''Interworld Productions''') is a [[video game developer|computer game developer]] in [[Fairfax, Virginia]] which is most widely recognized for developing the 2001 [[massively multiplayer online role-playing game]] ''[[Dark Age of Camelot]]''. Mythic has been a prolific creator of [[multiplayer]] online games since its formation in the mid 1990s.

[[Electronic Arts]] [[List of acquisitions by Electronic Arts|purchased]] Mythic Entertainment and renamed the company EA Mythic on [[June 20]], [[2006]]. [http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/060620/20060620006061.html?.v=1]

== History ==
Mythic Entertainment (after August 2006, EA Mythic) is one of the pioneers in online game development. It is best known for its 2001 #1 world bestselling MMORPG, [[Dark Age of Camelot]], although it has developed many other smaller titles as well. EA Mythic is currently working on the MMO [[Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning]], which is slated for release in Autumn 2008.

Mythic originally evolved from two early Washington, DC (USA) area online game development companies. The first was '''Adventures Unlimited Software Inc.''' (AUSI), was founded in 1984 By Mark Jacobs when it launched ''Aradath'', a commercial online [[computer role-playing game|RPG]] which charged US$40 per month. AUSI later developed games for [[GEnie]], creating an online version of ''[[Diplomacy (game)|Diplomacy]]'' with [[Eric Raymond]] in 1990, and ''[[Dragon's Gate]]'' in 1985, originally inspired by ''Aradath''. [[Mark Jacobs (video game designer)|Mark Jacobs]] was the president of AUSI and other developers there would later work for Mythic. [http://www.legendmud.org/raph/gaming/index.html]

The other half of Mythic Entertanment was '''Interesting Systems, Inc.''', founded by [[Rob Denton]], [[Matt Firor]], Don Cambpell, and Roger Shropshire in Fairfax, VA, in 1990. Prior to the founding of Mythic Entertainment, ISI had developed one multi-user BBS text-based roleplaying game called "Tempest", which was later renamed [[Darkness_Falls_(computer_game)|Darkness Falls]]. Darkness Falls would later provide the codebase for [[Dark Age of Camelot]], Mythic's hugely successful MMORPG released in 2001.

Mythic Entertainment was officially formed in 1995 when AUSI (Mark Jacobs) and ISI ([[Rob Denton]]) joined together. Its original name was '''Interworld Productions''', but due to a conflict with another "Interworld" (a web development company), in November 1997 the name was changed to Mythic Entertainment.

Mythic made numerous online games in the mid and late 1990s, ranging from online action [[first-person shooter]]s to online RPGs. Some titles include ''[[Silent Death Online]]'', ''[[Magestorm|Magestorm Millennium]]'', ''[[Darkness Falls: The Crusade]]'', ''[[ID4 Online]]'', ''[[Spellbinder: The Nexus Conflict]]'', and ''[[Splatterball]]''. The original AUSI game ''Dragon's Gate'' was transferred from GEnie to [[America Online]] in 1996.

In March 2001, ''Silent Death: Online'' was transferred from AOL to the EA.com Platinum game service, where it resided for 8 months, before EA's "sunset announcement" in November 2001, announced the shutting down of the game on [[December 6]]. For several years, the game has retained a large fanbase, and many still hope for the resurrection of the game some day.

== Dark Age of Camelot ==
Mythic started ''[[Dark Age of Camelot]]'' development in late 1999. The company invested $3.2 million developing the game, a significant budgetary leap for the company considering this amount was more than double the sum used for all its previous games. ''[[Dark Age of Camelot]]'' was also the company's first massively multiplayer online role-playing game.

''[[Dark Age of Camelot]]'' development was led by [[Rob Denton]], as lead programmer, and by [[Matt Firor]] as Producer. The original concept for the game was conceived by [[Mark Jacobs]]. Design for the game was accomplished by a team of Mythic employees, including Denton, Firor, and Jacobs, as well as programmer Brian Axelson, who designed the game's innovative (for its time) combat system.

''[[Dark Age of Camelot]]'' was published by [[Vivendi Universal]] and launched smoothly in October 2001, earning respect and commercial success in the market. The game continues its success and has spawned several expansions.

''Dark Age of Camelot'' support and development continues, in parallel with other EA Mythic projects, such as the 2005-announced ''[[Warhammer Online]]''.

== Mythic / Microsoft Lawsuit ==
Mythic sued [[Microsoft]] in December 2003 for trademark infringement and unfair competition regarding the name of Microsoft's ''[[Mythica]]'' MMORPG, which was in development at that time. On [[May 25]], [[2004]], three months after the game was cancelled, Mythic announced that the case was settled and that Microsoft agreed to not use the ''Mythica'' name on new online computer games and to not register it as a trademark. Also as part of the deal, Microsoft gave all ''Mythica''-related trademarks and domain names to Mythic. [http://www.mythicentertainment.com/press/pr_mythica.html]

== Corporate Honors ==
Mythic Entertainment is one of the fastest growing private technology companies. It has been listed on the [[Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu|Deloitte Technology 500]] list of fastest growing (by revenue) technology companies in North America since 2002. In 2004 it ranked 106th with a 2,226% increase in revenue over the past five years. It also ranked 36th on ''[[Inc.]]'' magazine's 500 fastest growing private companies in America in 2003. Mythic also received the largest investment given to an independent game developer when TA Associates invested $32 million in March 2003. Mythic is also notable for sharing earnings with its employees, which they credit as contributing to strong employee retention. [http://www.gamesindustry.biz/press_release.php?aid=5075]

== Imperator ==
In 2002, Mythic announced it was working on a new title, a science-fiction themed MMO called [[Imperator Online]]. This MMORPG based on an [[Alternate history (fiction)|alternate history]] where the [[Roman Republic]] never fell, and advanced to be a space-travelling multi-planet Empire. ''Imperator'' was originally slated to be launched in winter [[2005]], but on [[July 17]] [[2005]] Mythic announced that it was being postponed indefinitely, with no new release date announced.

== List of Games ==
* [[Dragon's Gate]] ([[1985_in_video_gaming|1985]])
* [[Tempest (ISI)|Tempest]] ([[1991_in_video_gaming|1991]])
* [[Castles II Online]] ([[1996_in video_gaming|1996]])
* [[Rolemaster: Magestorm]] (1996)
* [[Splatterball]] (1996)
* [[Invasion Earth]] ([[1997_in_video_gaming|1997]])
* [[Darkness Falls]] (1997)
* [[Rolemaster: Bladelands]] (1997)
* [[Aliens Online]] ([[1998_in_video_gaming|1998]])
* [[Starship Troopers: Battlespace]] (1998)
* [[Godzilla Online]] (1998)
* [[Silent Death Online|Silent Death: Online]] ([[1999_in_video_gaming|1999]])
* [[Darkness Falls: The Crusade]] (1999)
* [[Darkstorm: The Well of Souls]] (1999)
* [[Spellbinder: The Nexus Conflict]] (1999)
* [[ID4 Online|Independence Day Online]] ([[2000_in_video_gaming|2000]])
* [[Dark Age of Camelot]] ([[2001_in_video_gaming|2001]])
* [[Imperator Online]] (Canceled 2005)
* [[Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning]] (projected for [[2008_in_video_gaming|2008]])
* [[AO Game]] ([[coming soon]])

== Electronic Arts ==
Mythic was purchased by Electronic Arts in the summer of 2006. Mark Jacobs continues as General Manager of EA Mythic, which is now an Electronic Arts studio. As part of the acquisition, EA Mythic now controls not only [[Dark Age of Camelot]] and [[Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning]], but also the older EA MMORPG, [[Ultima Online]].

== Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning ==
During the E3 trade show, on [[May 18]] [[2005]], Mythic announced that it had licensed the [[Warhammer]] IP and was starting to work on a new MMO, ''[[Warhammer Online]]''. This title is scheduled for release in the third Quarter of 2008.

==External links==
* [http://www.mythicentertainment.com/ Mythic Entertainment, Inc.], official website
* [http://www.mythic-realms.com/ Mythic Realms], information archive of Mythic's older games
* [http://www.electric-ent.com/games/index.html Centropolis Games], information archive of Mythic's older games
* [http://www.inc.com/inc500/profiles/2003/leisure.html ''Inc.'' 500 (2003)], profile for Mythic Entertainment

[[Category:United States video game companies]]
[[Category:Video game developers]]
[[Category:Entertainment Software Association]]

[[fr:EA Mythic]]

EA Salt Lake

2008-04-15T01:14:28Z

Hello32020: add

'''EA Salt Lake''' is a [[video game developer]] located in [[Bountiful, Utah|Bountiful]], [[Utah]], [[United States]]. It is owned by [[video game publisher]] [[Electronic Arts]] (EA).

EA Salt Lake was founded by the studio's president, [[Vance Cook]]<ref name="studiomoby">[http://www.mobygames.com/company/headgate-studios-inc Headgate Studios profile] at [[MobyGames]]</ref>, as '''Headgate Studios''' in [[1992 in video gaming|1992]]. As a veteran [[game programmer|programmer]] for years at [[Access Software]], the onetime premier developer of golf simulations, Cook had the experience and knowledge of how to create a rewarding golfing experience.<ref>{{moby developer|id=1288|name=Vance Cook}}</ref> Headgate's first product was PentaCalc, a scientific calculator for Windows.<ref>[http://headgatestudios.com/projects.html Headgate's website list of projects]</ref>

From 1996 to 1999, Headgate solely developed golf games published by [[Sierra Entertainment]] under Sierra's Front Page Sports brand<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/pc/sports/frontpagesportsgolf/index.html Front Page Golf review @ gamespot.com]</ref>. In [[April 1996]] the studio was purchased by Sierra. The golf product was later branded as [[PGA Championship Golf]]. On [[22 February]] [[1999]] Sierra announced a major restructuring of their company, and sold the rights of the original studio back to Cook as a new corporate entity.<ref>[http://headgatestudios.com/company.html Headgate company history]</ref>

In [[2000]], Headgate began publishing games through [[Electronic Arts]]. Headgate began developing [[Tiger Woods PGA Tour]] for the PC based on their existing golf engine. They were assigned by EA to develop the title on PC, PS2, Wii and Xbox for the [[2007]] title<ref>[http://www.mobygames.com/game/tiger-woods-pga-tour-07 Gamespot details of Tiger Woods PGA Tour 07]</ref>, and the PC, PS2, and Wii for the [[2008]] title<ref>[http://www.mobygames.com/game/tiger-woods-pga-tour-08 Gamespot details of Tiger Woods PGA Tour 08]</ref><ref>[http://headgatestudios.com/company.html Headgate company history]</ref>, with the Xbox line getting cut by EA.

Headgate developed every [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] version of the [[EA Sports]] [[Tiger Woods]] [[golf]] franchise from [[2001 in video gaming|2001]] to [[2007 in video gaming|2007]]. Headgate's golf games consistently got high praise from industry reviewers and have won numerous industry awards.<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/pc/sports/pgachampionshipgolf2000/index.html?q=PGA%20Championship%20Golf%202000 ''PGA Championship Golf 2000'' review] from [[GameSpot]]</ref><ref>[http://www.sgn.cc/golf/tiger_woods_2001/review.shtml ''Tiger Woods 2001 PGA Tour'' review] from Sports Gaming Network</ref><ref>[http://pc.ign.com/articles/354/354044p1.html ''Tiger Woods 2002'' Review] from [[IGN]]</ref><ref>[http://www.gamerankings.com/itemrankings/launchreview.asp?reviewid=111367 ''Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003'' review] from [[GameSpy]]</ref><ref>[http://pc.ign.com/articles/451/451107p1.html ''Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2004''] from IGN</ref><ref>[http://www.gamerankings.com/itemrankings/launchreview.asp?reviewid=438951 ''Tiger Woods PGA TOUR 2005'' review] from [[Game Rankings]]</ref><ref>[http://www.gamerankings.com/itemrankings/launchreview.asp?reviewid=428275 ''Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2005''] from Game Rankings</ref>

On [[1 December]] [[2006]], Headgate Studios was [[List of acquisitions by Electronic Arts|acquired]] by Electronic Arts. Headgate was redubbed EA Salt Lake. The studios' focus was redirected to developing games for [[Nintendo]]'s new console, the [[Wii]].<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/news/6162544.html "EA forms Wii-centric studio"] from [[GameSpot]]</ref>

==Products==
* [[PentaCalc Pro]]
* ''[[Front Page Sports: Golf]]''
* ''[[The Laptop Collection]]''
* ''[[PGA Championship Golf 2000]]''
* ''[[PGA Championship Golf 2000: Titanium Edition]]''
* ''[[Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2001]]'' ([[2000 in video gaming|2000]])
* ''[[Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2002]]'' ([[2001 in video gaming|2001]])
* ''[[Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2003]]'' ([[2002 in video gaming|2002]])
* ''[[Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2004]]'' ([[2003 in video gaming|2003]])
* ''[[Tiger Woods PGA Tour 2005]]'' ([[2004 in video gaming|2004]])
* ''[[Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06]]'' ([[2005 in video gaming|2005]])
* ''[[The Godfather: The Game]] Blackhand Edition'' ([[2006 in video gaming|2006]])<ref>[http://www.mobygames.com/game/windows/godfather-the-game/credits ''The Godfather: The Game'' credits] from MobyGames</ref>
* ''[[Tiger Woods PGA Tour 07]]'' on PlayStation 2, Wii, Xbox, and Windows ([[2006 in video gaming|2006]])
* ''[[Madden NFL 07]]'' for Windows

As '''EA Salt Lake''':

* ''[[The Sims 2 Pets]]'' on Wii ([[2007 in video gaming|2007]])
* ''[[Tiger Woods PGA Tour 08]]'' on PlayStation 2, Wii, and Windows ([[2007 in video gaming|2007]])
* ''[[Madden NFL 08]]'' on Windows ([[2007 in video gaming|2007]])

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.headgatestudios.com/ Headgate Studios official website]

[[Category:United States video game companies]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1992]]
[[Category:Video game developers]]

Mythic Entertainment

2008-04-15T01:13:28Z

Hello32020: add

{{Infobox Company |
company_name = Electronic Arts Mythic|
company_logo = [[Image:Ealogo.svg|250px|Electronic Arts logo]]|
company_type = [[Public company|Public]] ({{nasdaq|ERTS}})|
foundation = [[1995]] |
location = [[Fairfax, Virginia]] |
industry =[[Computer and video game industry]]<br>[[Entertainment industry]]|
key_people = [[Mark Jacobs]], General Manager<br/>[[Rob Denton]], Chief Operations Officer<br/>
[[Matt Shaw]], Chief Technical Officer|
homepage = [http://www.mythicentertainment.com www.mythicentertainment.com] |
}}

'''Mythic Entertainment, Inc.''' (formerly '''Interworld Productions''') is a [[video game developer|computer game developer]] in [[Fairfax, Virginia]] which is most widely recognized for developing the 2001 [[massively multiplayer online role-playing game]] ''[[Dark Age of Camelot]]''. Mythic has been a prolific creator of [[multiplayer]] online games since its formation in the mid 1990s.

[[Electronic Arts]] [[List of acquisitions by Electronic Arts|purchased]] Mythic Entertainment on [[June 20]], [[2006]]. [http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/060620/20060620006061.html?.v=1]

== History ==
Mythic Entertainment (after August 2006, EA Mythic) is one of the pioneers in online game development. It is best known for its 2001 #1 world bestselling MMORPG, [[Dark Age of Camelot]], although it has developed many other smaller titles as well. EA Mythic is currently working on the MMO [[Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning]], which is slated for release in Autumn 2008.

Mythic originally evolved from two early Washington, DC (USA) area online game development companies. The first was '''Adventures Unlimited Software Inc.''' (AUSI), was founded in 1984 By Mark Jacobs when it launched ''Aradath'', a commercial online [[computer role-playing game|RPG]] which charged US$40 per month. AUSI later developed games for [[GEnie]], creating an online version of ''[[Diplomacy (game)|Diplomacy]]'' with [[Eric Raymond]] in 1990, and ''[[Dragon's Gate]]'' in 1985, originally inspired by ''Aradath''. [[Mark Jacobs (video game designer)|Mark Jacobs]] was the president of AUSI and other developers there would later work for Mythic. [http://www.legendmud.org/raph/gaming/index.html]

The other half of Mythic Entertanment was '''Interesting Systems, Inc.''', founded by [[Rob Denton]], [[Matt Firor]], Don Cambpell, and Roger Shropshire in Fairfax, VA, in 1990. Prior to the founding of Mythic Entertainment, ISI had developed one multi-user BBS text-based roleplaying game called "Tempest", which was later renamed [[Darkness_Falls_(computer_game)|Darkness Falls]]. Darkness Falls would later provide the codebase for [[Dark Age of Camelot]], Mythic's hugely successful MMORPG released in 2001.

Mythic Entertainment was officially formed in 1995 when AUSI (Mark Jacobs) and ISI ([[Rob Denton]]) joined together. Its original name was '''Interworld Productions''', but due to a conflict with another "Interworld" (a web development company), in November 1997 the name was changed to Mythic Entertainment.

Mythic made numerous online games in the mid and late 1990s, ranging from online action [[first-person shooter]]s to online RPGs. Some titles include ''[[Silent Death Online]]'', ''[[Magestorm|Magestorm Millennium]]'', ''[[Darkness Falls: The Crusade]]'', ''[[ID4 Online]]'', ''[[Spellbinder: The Nexus Conflict]]'', and ''[[Splatterball]]''. The original AUSI game ''Dragon's Gate'' was transferred from GEnie to [[America Online]] in 1996.

In March 2001, ''Silent Death: Online'' was transferred from AOL to the EA.com Platinum game service, where it resided for 8 months, before EA's "sunset announcement" in November 2001, announced the shutting down of the game on [[December 6]]. For several years, the game has retained a large fanbase, and many still hope for the resurrection of the game some day.

== Dark Age of Camelot ==
Mythic started ''[[Dark Age of Camelot]]'' development in late 1999. The company invested $3.2 million developing the game, a significant budgetary leap for the company considering this amount was more than double the sum used for all its previous games. ''[[Dark Age of Camelot]]'' was also the company's first massively multiplayer online role-playing game.

''[[Dark Age of Camelot]]'' development was led by [[Rob Denton]], as lead programmer, and by [[Matt Firor]] as Producer. The original concept for the game was conceived by [[Mark Jacobs]]. Design for the game was accomplished by a team of Mythic employees, including Denton, Firor, and Jacobs, as well as programmer Brian Axelson, who designed the game's innovative (for its time) combat system.

''[[Dark Age of Camelot]]'' was published by [[Vivendi Universal]] and launched smoothly in October 2001, earning respect and commercial success in the market. The game continues its success and has spawned several expansions.

''Dark Age of Camelot'' support and development continues, in parallel with other EA Mythic projects, such as the 2005-announced ''[[Warhammer Online]]''.

== Mythic / Microsoft Lawsuit ==
Mythic sued [[Microsoft]] in December 2003 for trademark infringement and unfair competition regarding the name of Microsoft's ''[[Mythica]]'' MMORPG, which was in development at that time. On [[May 25]], [[2004]], three months after the game was cancelled, Mythic announced that the case was settled and that Microsoft agreed to not use the ''Mythica'' name on new online computer games and to not register it as a trademark. Also as part of the deal, Microsoft gave all ''Mythica''-related trademarks and domain names to Mythic. [http://www.mythicentertainment.com/press/pr_mythica.html]

== Corporate Honors ==
Mythic Entertainment is one of the fastest growing private technology companies. It has been listed on the [[Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu|Deloitte Technology 500]] list of fastest growing (by revenue) technology companies in North America since 2002. In 2004 it ranked 106th with a 2,226% increase in revenue over the past five years. It also ranked 36th on ''[[Inc.]]'' magazine's 500 fastest growing private companies in America in 2003. Mythic also received the largest investment given to an independent game developer when TA Associates invested $32 million in March 2003. Mythic is also notable for sharing earnings with its employees, which they credit as contributing to strong employee retention. [http://www.gamesindustry.biz/press_release.php?aid=5075]

== Imperator ==
In 2002, Mythic announced it was working on a new title, a science-fiction themed MMO called [[Imperator Online]]. This MMORPG based on an [[Alternate history (fiction)|alternate history]] where the [[Roman Republic]] never fell, and advanced to be a space-travelling multi-planet Empire. ''Imperator'' was originally slated to be launched in winter [[2005]], but on [[July 17]] [[2005]] Mythic announced that it was being postponed indefinitely, with no new release date announced.

== List of Games ==
* [[Dragon's Gate]] ([[1985_in_video_gaming|1985]])
* [[Tempest (ISI)|Tempest]] ([[1991_in_video_gaming|1991]])
* [[Castles II Online]] ([[1996_in video_gaming|1996]])
* [[Rolemaster: Magestorm]] (1996)
* [[Splatterball]] (1996)
* [[Invasion Earth]] ([[1997_in_video_gaming|1997]])
* [[Darkness Falls]] (1997)
* [[Rolemaster: Bladelands]] (1997)
* [[Aliens Online]] ([[1998_in_video_gaming|1998]])
* [[Starship Troopers: Battlespace]] (1998)
* [[Godzilla Online]] (1998)
* [[Silent Death Online|Silent Death: Online]] ([[1999_in_video_gaming|1999]])
* [[Darkness Falls: The Crusade]] (1999)
* [[Darkstorm: The Well of Souls]] (1999)
* [[Spellbinder: The Nexus Conflict]] (1999)
* [[ID4 Online|Independence Day Online]] ([[2000_in_video_gaming|2000]])
* [[Dark Age of Camelot]] ([[2001_in_video_gaming|2001]])
* [[Imperator Online]] (2005)
* [[Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning]] (projected for [[2008_in_video_gaming|2008]])
* [[AO Game]] ([[coming soon]])

== Electronic Arts ==
Mythic was purchased by Electronic Arts in the summer of 2006. Mark Jacobs continues as General Manager of EA Mythic, which is now an Electronic Arts studio. As part of the acquisition, EA Mythic now controls not only [[Dark Age of Camelot]] and [[Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning]], but also the older EA MMORPG, [[Ultima Online]].

== Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning ==
During the E3 trade show, on [[May 18]] [[2005]], Mythic announced that it had licensed the [[Warhammer]] IP and was starting to work on a new MMO, ''[[Warhammer Online]]''. This title is scheduled for release in the third Quarter of 2008.

==External links==
* [http://www.mythicentertainment.com/ Mythic Entertainment, Inc.], official website
* [http://www.mythic-realms.com/ Mythic Realms], information archive of Mythic's older games
* [http://www.electric-ent.com/games/index.html Centropolis Games], information archive of Mythic's older games
* [http://www.inc.com/inc500/profiles/2003/leisure.html ''Inc.'' 500 (2003)], profile for Mythic Entertainment

[[Category:United States video game companies]]
[[Category:Video game developers]]
[[Category:Entertainment Software Association]]

[[fr:EA Mythic]]

EA Tiburon

2008-04-15T01:09:44Z

Hello32020: add

[[Image:Tiburon.png|thumb|250px|Outside view of EA Tiburon building, from [[Florida State Road 414|SR 414]]|right]]
'''EA Tiburon''' is an [[Electronic Arts]] video game development studio located in [[Maitland, Florida]] just north of the [[Orlando, Florida]] downtown area. It was formerly known as Tiburon Entertainment, which was [[List of acquisitions by Electronic Arts|acquired by EA]] in 1998. The studio is most famous for developing the [[Madden NFL]] series of games. In addition to the usual titles developed by the studio which include Madden, NCAA Football, NFL Street, NASCAR and NFL Head Coach, in late 2006 Tiburon released the [[Superman Returns (video game)|Superman Returns]] game based on the movie of the same name. EA Tiburon has taken over the [[Tiger Woods PGA Tour]] series as of the 2008 edition of the game.

==Games developed by Tiburon==
* [[Madden NFL]] Series (1994-present)
* [[NCAA Football series]] (1998-present)
* [[NASCAR series]] (2005-present)
* [[Tiger Woods PGA Tour]] (2008)
* [[EA Sports GameShow]] (2008)

* [[NFL Street]] Series (2004-2005)
* [[NFL Tour]]
* [[NFL Head Coach]]
* [[NASCAR Thunder]] Series (2002-2004)
* [[NASCAR SimRacing]]
* [[Nuclear Strike]]
* [[MechWarrior 3050]]
* [[Arena Football]] Series (2006-2007)
* [[Superman Returns_(video_game)]]
* [[Superman Returns: Fortress of Solitude]]
* [[GoldenEye: Rogue Agent]] (DS version only)

==External links==
*[http://www.tiburon.com/ EA Tiburon's official website]
*[http://www.eagameshow.com/ EA SPORTS GameShow official website]
[[Category:Electronic Arts]]
[[Category:United States video game companies]]
[[Category:Video game developers]]

{{videogame-company-stub}}

Benutzer:Hello32020

2008-03-27T01:10:32Z

Hello32020: clarify

{{Babel|en|es-1|de-0}}
Mein Name ist [[Scott]] und ich lebe im nordwestlichen [[Vororte]] von [[Philadelphia]], innen [[Chester County (Pennsylvania)|Chester County]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Vereinigte Staaten]]. Ich z.Z. morgens a [[Neuling]] innen [[High School]]. Meine Liebhabereien schließen [[Computerspiel|computerspiel]] und spüren [[Tropischer Wirbelsturm|tropischer wirbelsturm]], gegenwärtige Fälle, [[Kriege]] auf, [[Geschichte]], und [[Wirtschaft]]. Ich auch benutze und produziere Inhalt auf [[Internet]] (z.B. [[Wikipedia]]).
==Andere Projekte==
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| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="#CAD2ff" | '''[[Wikimedia:Home|Wikimedia Foundation]]'''
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|}
[[en:User:Hello32020]]
[[es:Usuario:Hello32020]]

Purvis Eureka

2008-03-22T13:57:24Z

Hello32020: Reverted edits by 144.138.116.61 (talk) to last revision (200061548) by DavidMarsh using m:WikiMonitor

The '''Purvis Eureka''' was a [[sports car]] produced in [[Australia]] from [[1974]] to [[1991]]. First exhibited at the 1974 [[Melbourne Auto Show]], the car was based on the British [[Nova (kit car)|Nova]] design of 1971. The Eureka, which was manufactured by Purvis Cars at Dandenong in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], utilised a [[Volkswagen Beetle]] chassis, a fibreglass body and, most commonly, an air-cooled Volkswagen engine. Examples using 1.6 Litre Ford 4 cylinder engines and others with Mazda rotary powerplants were also produced. The Eureka was offered both as a [[kit car]], to be assembled by the buyer and as a fully assembled vehicle. The coupe body had no doors, entry being made by manually raising a one piece canopy, although a power operated canopy was offered as an option. A [[Targa top]] version was also available from the early 1980s.

Models produced, with approximate years of production, were
*The Sports, from 1974 to 1975
*The PL30, from 1975 to 1976
*The F4, from 1976 to 1991

683 examples of the Eureka had been produced by Purvis Cars when production ended in 1991.

== External links ==

* [http://groups.msn.com/PurvisEureka/ Purvis Eureka MSN Group]

== References ==
*Aussie Cars, © 1987
*http://www.eurekacarclub.com.au
*http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au

[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of Australia]]
[[Category:Kit car manufacturers]]
[[Category:Australian cars]]

Atlantische Hurrikansaison 1983

2008-03-01T14:29:24Z

Hello32020: typo?

{{Infobox hurricane season
| Basin=Atl
| Year=1983
| Track=1983 Atlantic hurricane season summary.jpg
| First storm formed=[[July 29]], [[1983]]
| Last storm dissipated=[[September 30]], [[1983]]
| Strongest storm name=[[Hurricane Alicia|Alicia]]
| Strongest storm pressure=963
| Strongest storm winds=100
| Total depressions=7
| Total storms=4
| Total hurricanes=3
| Total intense=1
| Fatalities=22
| Damages=2000
| Inflated=2
| five seasons=[[1981 Atlantic hurricane season|1981]], [[1982 Atlantic hurricane season|1982]], '''1983''', [[1984 Atlantic hurricane season|1984]], [[1985 Atlantic hurricane season|1985]]
}}
The '''1983 Atlantic hurricane season''' was the least active [[Atlantic hurricane]] season in 53 years, with only four [[tropical cyclone]]s forming.<ref name="53 years">
{{citation
| author=John Arnold
| year=[[1983-11-30]]
| title=Hurricane season ends weakly
| newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer
| accessdate=2007-12-16
| url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB296B86DF4D337&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM
}}</ref> The season officially began on [[June 1]], [[1983]], and lasted until [[November 30]], [[1983]]. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most storms form in the [[Atlantic basin]]. The season had very little activity, with only seven tropical depressions, four of which reached tropical storm strength or higher. This led to the lowest [[Accumulated Cyclone Energy]] count since 1950, but not since 1900.

The season began later than normal, as the first tropical depression formed on [[July 29]].<ref name="MWR"/> However, neither tropical depression, strengthened, with the first dying out on [[July 30]]. The second one dissipated on [[August 3]]. [[Hurricane Alicia]] formed as Tropical Depression Three on [[August 15]], quickly intensified into a hurricane on [[August 16]] and made landfall in [[Texas]] on [[August 18]]. Alicia caused over $3 billion in damage in Texas. [[Hurricane Barry (1983)|Hurricane Barry]] formed on [[August 25]], crossed over [[Florida]] and strengthened into a hurricane. Barry made landfall near [[Brownsville, Texas]] and dissipated over land on [[August 30]].

Hurricane Chantal, the third of three hurricanes in 1983, formed on [[September 10]]. It strengthened into a hurricane, but stayed out to sea, being absorbed by a front on [[September 15]]. Tropical Depression Six formed on [[September 19]], peaked at 35 mph (55 km/h) and caused heavy rains in the [[Caribbean]] before degenerating into a wave on [[September 21]]. Tropical Storm Dean was the final storm of the season, forming on [[September 26]]. It originally went to the north, peaking at {{convert|55|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} winds (85 km/h), and making landfall in the [[Delmarva Peninsula]] on [[September 29]]. It dissipated on [[September 30]], over the coast of [[Virginia]].

__TOC__
{{-}}
==Seasonal forecasts and activity==
{| class="toccolours" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 style="float:right; margin-left:1em; text-align:right;"
|+'''Predictions of tropical activity in the 1983 season'''
|- style="background:#ccccff"
|align="center"|'''Source'''
|align="center"|'''Date'''
|align="center"|'''<font style="font-size: 80%;">Named<br/>storms</font>'''
|align="center"|'''<font style="font-size: 80%;">Hurricanes</font>'''
|align="center"|'''<font style="font-size: 80%;">Major<br/>hurricanes</font>'''
|-
|align="left"|[[Colorado State University|CSU]]<ref name="CSU">{{
citation
| author=Mary Vorobril
| date=[[July 23]], [[1983]]
| title=FIVE-HURRICANE SEASON PREDICTED NEW--THOUGH FALLIBLE--TECHNIQUE ALSO FORECASTS A BUSY 1984 PERIOD
| newspaper=The Miami Herald
| page=3A
| accessdate=2007-12-26
| url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB35D1B44B0916F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM
}}</ref>
|[[July 23]]
|8
|5
|Unknown
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|''Record high activity''
|[[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|28]]
|[[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|15]]
|[[1950 Atlantic hurricane season|8]]
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|''Record low activity''
|[[1914 Atlantic hurricane season|1]]
|[[1914 Atlantic hurricane season|0]] ([[1907 Atlantic hurricane season|tie]])
|0
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|'''Actual activity'''
| 4
| 3
| 1
|-
|}
Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts like Dr. [[William M. Gray]], and his associates at [[Colorado State University]]. A normal season, as defined by NOAA, has six to fourteen named storms, with four to eight of those reaching hurricane strength, and one to three major hurricanes. The [[July 23]], [[1983]] forecast predicted that after the slow start to the season, that a total of eight storms would form, and five of the storms would reach hurricane status. The forecast did not specify how many of the hurricanes would reach major hurricane status.<ref name="CSU"/> However, the predictions proved to be too high, with only four named storms forming by the end of the season and three of those reaching hurricane status.<ref name="MWR"/>

The season, which began on [[June 1]] and ended on [[November 30]], was very inactive because of strong upper-level wind shear.<ref name="MWR"/> The wind shear was unusually strong throughout the Caribbean and open Atlantic, and disrupted convection in areas of disturbed weather so they could not develop. Over sixty African systems had formed and made it westward, but when they reached the [[Lesser Antilles]], they were dissolved easily. The only area where the shear was minimal - a region encompassing the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic north of the Bahamas and east of Florida - was where the four named storms developed. This makes the 1983 season the least active season since the [[1930 Atlantic hurricane season]] which had only two storms.<ref name="MWR"/> 1983 and the [[1982 Atlantic hurricane season|prior season]] became first example of two consecutive years to have no storms form in the [[Caribbean Sea]] since 1871.<ref name="MWR"/> 1983 also proved to be the first season since 1871 that a storm did form south of 25°N lattitude.<ref name="MWR"/>

1983 was the first season for which the [[National Hurricane Center (NOAA)|National Hurricane Center]] issued numeric landfall probabilities. Probabilities had been calculated for prior storms for use in the issuing of hurricane watches and warnings, but this was the first time the raw numeric probabilities were released to the public.<ref name="MWR"/> The probabilities issued were accurate during Alicia, indicating that Galveston and surrounding portions of the upper Texas coast were the most likely area to be struck.<ref name="AliciaTCR3">{{
cite web
| author=National Hurricane Center
| year=1983
| title=Hurricane Alicia Preliminary Report Page 3
| publisher=National Hurricane Center
| accessdate=2007-02-02
| url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1983-prelim/alicia/prelim03.gif
}}</ref>

==Storms==
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:150
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:30 right:20 left:20
AlignBars = early

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/05/1983 till:01/12/1983
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/05/1983

Colors =
id:canvas value:gray(0.88)
id:GP value:red
id:TD value:rgb(0.38,0.73,1)
id:TS value:rgb(0,0.98,0.96)
id:C1 value:rgb(1,1,0.80)
id:C2 value:rgb(1,0.91,0.46)
id:C3 value:rgb(1,0.76,0.25)
id:C4 value:rgb(1,0.56,0.13)
id:C5 value:rgb(1,0.38,0.38)

Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas

BarData =
barset:Hurricane
bar:Month

PlotData=

barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till
from:29/07/1983 till:30/07/1983 color:TD text:"One"
from:29/07/1983 till:04/08/1983 color:TD text:"Two"
barset:break
from:15/08/1983 till:21/08/1983 color:C3 text:"Alicia"
from:24/08/1983 till:29/08/1983 color:C1 text:"Barry"
from:10/09/1983 till:14/09/1983 color:C1 text:"Chantal"
barset:break
from:19/09/1983 till:21/09/1983 color:TD text:"Six"
from:26/09/1983 till:30/09/1983 color:TS text:"Dean"
barset:skip

bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas
from:01/05/1983 till:01/06/1983 text:May
from:01/06/1983 till:01/07/1983 text:June
from:01/07/1983 till:01/08/1983 text:July
from:01/08/1983 till:01/09/1983 text:August
from:01/09/1983 till:01/10/1983 text:September
from:01/10/1983 till:01/11/1983 text:October
from:01/11/1983 till:01/12/1983 text:November
</timeline>
<div style='text-align: center;'>
'''Timeline of tropical activity in 1983 Atlantic hurricane season'''
</div>

=== Hurricane Alicia ===
{{hurricane main|Hurricane Alicia}}
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Hurricane Alicia
| category=cat3
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Alicia 1983.jpg
| track=Alicia 1983 track.png
| formed=[[August 15]], [[1983]]
| dissipated=[[August 21]], [[1983]]
| highest winds=115 [[miles per hour|mph]] (185 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=962 [[mbar]]
| total damages=$5.1 billion (2005 USD)
| total fatalities=21 reported
| areas affected=[[Texas]]
| hurricane season=1983 Atlantic hurricane season}}

The system that would become Hurricane Alicia originated from the western end of a frontal trough that stretched form [[New England]] to the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref name="AliciaTCR1">{{
cite web
| author=National Hurricane Center
| year=1983
| title=Hurricane Alicia Preliminary Report Page 1
| publisher=National Hurricane Center
| accessdate=2007-02-02
| url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1983-prelim/alicia/prelim01.gif
}}</ref> Satellite pictures showed a meso-scale low pressure area that had moved off the [[Alabama]] and [[Mississippi]] coasts near the trough and was possibly the precursor system to Alicia. Pressures in the Gulf of Mexico were high and stayed high during the early development stages. On [[August 15]], a ship recorded a minimal pressure of 1015 [[Bar (unit)|millibars]] (29.99 inHg), when the system was upgraded into Tropical Storm Alicia. With high environmental pressures around it, Alicia remained a small system.<ref name="AliciaTCR1"/>

Steering currents above Alicia remained weak during the storm's lifetime.<ref name="AliciaTCR1"/> However, a ridge was well formed to the north of the developing storms. With fluctuations in the pressures, Alicia began to drift to west on [[August 16]]. This was short-lived, as Alicia turned to the northwest towards [[Texas]]. During the period of [[August 16]] to [[August 18]], an anticyclone had formed over Alicia and along with slow movement over warm waters, caused Alicia to intensify rapidly. The pressure in Alicia decreased one millibar an hour in the 40 hours before landfall. Alicia peaked at 115 mph (185 km/h) in winds and 962 millibars (28.39 inHg) in pressure on [[August 18]]. Alicia made landfall near [[Galveston, Texas]] on [[August 18]] as a Category 3 hurricane. Alicia weakened quickly over land and accelerated over the Midwest, before dissipating over [[Nebraska]] on [[August 21]].<ref name="AliciaTCR1"/>

As Alicia moved northward, the remnants caused moderate to heavy rainfall in several states.<ref name="AliciaRain"/> Houston suffered heavy damage, including thousands of shattered glass panes from downtown skyscrapers. In the end, Alicia killed 22 people and caused $2 billion (1983 [[US dollars|USD]]) in damage ($4.1 billion, 2007 USD).<ref name="AliciaRain">{{
cite web
| author=David Roth
| year=2007
| title=Tropical Cyclone Rainfall: Hurricane Alicia
| publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
| accessdate=2007-02-02
| url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/alicia1983.html
}}</ref>
<ref name="News8">
{{citation
| author=Daily Herald
| year=[[1983-08-19]]
| title=Alicia mauls Texas; 6 die
| newspaper=The Daily Herald
| accessdate=2007-02-05
| url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=23291506&firstvisit=true&currentResult=0&currentPage=10
}}</ref><ref name="News10">
{{citation
| author=Bruce Nichols
| year=[[1983-08-19]]
| title=Alicia's death toll low, damage high
| newspaper=The Syracuse Herald-Journal
| accessdate=2007-02-05
| url=http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=39208093&firstvisit=true&currentResult=5&currentPage=20
}}</ref>

=== Hurricane Barry ===
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Hurricane Barry
| category=cat1
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Barry (1983).JPG
| track=Barry 1983 track.png
| formed=[[August 24]], [[1983]]
| dissipated=[[August 29]], [[1983]]
| highest winds=80 [[miles per hour|mph]] (125 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=986 [[mbar]] (29.12 inHg)
| total damages=Minimal
| total fatalities=0 reported
| areas affected=[[Florida]], [[Mexico]]
| hurricane season=1983 Atlantic hurricane season}}
{{hurricane main|Hurricane Barry (1983)}}
Hurricane Barry originated from a tropical disturbance that left the Northwestern [[Africa]]n coast on [[August 13]].<ref name="BarryTCR1"/> Most of the season, the northwestern tropical [[Atlantic Ocean]] had upper-level wind shear, which had inhibited development of systems. Due to these conditions, the disturbance was unable to strengthen until [[August 22]] as it was approaching the [[Bahamas]]. A weak trough moved the disturbance into an area of low wind shear, and the disturbance intensified into Tropical Depression Four on the evening of [[August 23]]. The depression was just to the northeast of the northern Bahamian Islands where it strengthened into Tropical Storm Barry on the morning of [[August 24]].<ref name="BarryTCR1"/>

Tropical Storm Barry turned to the west and with returning wind shear, weakened into a tropical depression.<ref name="BarryTCR1"/> The depression made landfall near [[Melbourne, Florida]] on the morning of [[August 25]]. After Tropical Depression Barry emerged from central Florida, it was still under pressure from high-level winds. The depression entered the central [[Gulf of Mexico]] and returned to tropical storm strength. Barry rapidly intensified, becoming a hurricane on [[August 28]], making landfall near [[Brownsville, Texas]] that afternoon. before landfall, Barry peaked at 80 mph (130 km/h) in winds with 986 [[Bar (unit)|millibars]] (29.11 [[inHg]]) in pressure. The remnants dissipated over the northern [[Mexico|Mexican]] mountains on [[August 29]].<ref name="BarryTCR1">{{
cite web
| author=National Hurricane Center
| year=1983
| title=Hurricane Barry Preliminary Report
| publisher=National Hurricane Center
| accessdate=2007-12-23
| url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1983-prelim/barry/prelim01.gif
}}</ref>
<div style="clear: both"></div>

=== Hurricane Chantal ===
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Hurricane Chantal
| category=cat1
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Chantal (1983).JPG
| track=Chantal 1983 track.png
| formed=[[September 10]], [[1983]]
| dissipated=[[September 14]], [[1983]]
| highest winds=75 [[miles per hour|mph]] (120 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=992 [[mbar]]
| total damages=None
| total fatalities=None reported
| areas affected=None
| hurricane season=1983 Atlantic hurricane season}}

The area of disturbed weather that would soon become Chantal began in a large envelope of low pressure on the morning of [[September 10]].<ref name="ChantalTCR"/> The disturbed weather, nested off the coast of [[Bermuda]], was one of the remnants of an old frontal trough that had extended from [[Hispaniola]] to the central north [[Atlantic Ocean]]. This particular area of disturbed weather become part of the northeast portion of a low-pressure system. On [[September 10]], a [[reconnaissance aircraft]] found sustained winds of 30 mph (50 km/h) and a 1010 [[Bar (unit)|millibar]] (29.83 in[[Hg]]) pressure reading. This reading upgraded the low-pressure system into the fifth tropical depression of the 1983 season.<ref name="ChantalTCR"/>

The depression moved to within 100 miles (160 kilometers) of [[Bermuda]] and slowly intensified.<ref name="ChantalTCR"/> Late that afternoon, Tropical Depression Five had intensified into a 40 mph (60 km/h) storm and was named Chantal. Chantal intensified rapidly, reaching 65 mph (105 km/h) by the morning of [[September 11]]. Chantal turned to the east and gained a weak outflow with cirrus clouds. Chantal was upgraded into a hurricane on the morning of [[September 12]], but post-analysis reported that it may have reached hurricane status the night before. The hurricane changed little over the next 24 hours, until becoming disorganized on the night of the 12th. Chantal was downgraded to a tropical storm around the same time.<ref name="ChantalTCR"/>

Overnight, all convection in Chantal dissipated, and its forward speed to decrease as it headed to the north.<ref name="ChantalTCR"/> A weak wave caused Chantal to speed up and the system was lost in a frontal system by the night of [[September 14]]. Effects on Bermuda were minimal, with the island getting winds of up to 20 mph (25 km/h) and few thundershowers.<ref name="ChantalTCR">{{
cite web
| author=National Hurricane Center
| year=1983
| title=Hurricane Chantal Preliminary Report
| publisher=National Hurricane Center
| accessdate=2007-02-02
| url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1983-prelim/chantal/prelim01.gif
}}</ref> Chantal generated swells of 30–40 ft (9–12 m) along the [[East Coast of the United States]].<ref name="News7">
{{citation
| author=Philadelphia Inquirer
| year=[[1983-09-12]]
| title=HURRICANE CHANTAL BYPASSES BERMUDA
| newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer
| accessdate=2007-02-03
| url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB29623E2E5C990&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM
}}</ref>
<div style="clear: both"></div>

=== Tropical Storm Dean ===
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Tropical Storm Dean
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=Tropical Storm Dean (1983).JPG
| track=Dean 1983 track.png
| formed=[[September 26]], [[1983]]
| dissipated=[[September 30]], [[1983]]
| highest winds=55 [[miles per hour|mph]] (85 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=999 [[mbar]]
| total damages=Minimal
| total fatalities=0 reported
| areas affected=[[Virginia]]
| hurricane season=[[1995 Atlantic hurricane season]]}}

Tropical Storm Dean originated from inside a frontal cloud band, which had moved off the Eastern Coast of the United States on [[September 22]].<ref name="DeanTCR"/> During the next few days, the band became stationary from [[The Bahamas]] to beyond [[Bermuda]]. During this period, a 1035 [[Bar (unit)|millibar]] (30.56 inHg) high pressure cell had become settled over the northeastern [[United States]]. This resulted in a strong pressure gradient and winds near gale force along the eastern coast.<ref name="DeanTCR"/>

A low-level circulation formed from the frontal cloud band on [[September 26]] about 460 
miles (740 km) east of central [[Florida]].<ref name="DeanTCR"/> Dean was first indentified on the afternoon of [[September 26]] as a [[Subtropical cyclone|subtropical storm]]. An [[Air Force]] [[reconnaissance]] flight was sent to Dean on [[September 27]] and only reported winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) at 23 miles (37 kilometres) from the center. A pressure of 999 millibars (29.50 inHg) indicated that Dean was strengthening as it headed northward. Additionally, satellite pictures showed that the subtropical cyclone was emerging from the cloud. This data also showed that the storm was gaining tropical characteristics and was given the name Dean on the afternoon of [[September 27]].<ref name="DeanTCR"/>

Dean's winds peaked at 50 mph (80 km/h) on [[September 28]] as it headed northward.<ref name="DeanTCR"/> Dean's circulation turned to the northwest on [[September 29]] and made landfall in the [[Delmarva Peninsula]], only the second storm in recorded history to do so. (Tropical Storm Bret in 1981 accomplished the same.) Dean dissipated over land on [[September 30]].<ref name="DeanTCR"/>

Gale warnings were issued in associated with Dean that spread from [[North Carolina]] to [[Rhode Island]].<ref name="DeanTCR2">{{
cite web
| author=Miles B. Lawrence
| year=[[1983-10-14]]
| title=Tropical Storm Dean Preliminary Report - Page 2
| publisher=National Hurricane Center
| accessdate=2007-12-21
| url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1983-prelim/dean/prelim02.gif
}}</ref> Dean produced rainfall spreading from the [[North Carolina]]/[[Virginia]] border all the way to [[New England]]. Virginia reported rains of 1 inch (25.4 mm) with 3 inches (76.2 mm) at the border.<ref name="DeanRain">{{
cite web
| author=David Roth
| year=2007
| title=Tropical Cyclone Rainfall: Tropical Storm Dean
| publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
| accessdate=2007-02-02
| url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/dean1983.html
}}</ref> Rains peaked at 4.62 inches (117 mm) at Cockaponset Ranger Station in [[Connecticut]].<ref name="DeanRain"/> Damage was limited to minor beach erosion and flooding along the portion of Mid-Atlantic coast states.<ref name="DeanTCR">{{
cite web
| author=Miles B. Lawrence
| year=[[1983-10-14]]
| title=Tropical Storm Dean Preliminary Report
| publisher=National Hurricane Center
| accessdate=2007-02-02
| url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1983-prelim/dean/prelim01.gif
}}</ref>
<div style="clear: both"></div>

=== Tropical depressions ===
Three tropical depressions also existed during the 1983 season.
[[Image:Tropical Depression 1 (1983).jpg|right|thumb|119px|Tropical Depression 1]]
Tropical Depression One formed from a tropical disturbance near the [[Lesser Antilles]] on [[July 29]].<ref name="News11">{{citation| author=Liz Balmaseda | year=[[1983-07-29]] | title=2 DAYS OF RAIN CAUSE A DIP IN TEMPERATURES | newspaper=The Miami Herald | accessdate=2007-02-07 | url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB35D12E7EFDC2B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM
}}</ref> The [[National Hurricane Center]] indicated the possibility of the depression strengthening into a tropical storm in media reports but upper-level wind shear inhibited any development.<ref name="MWR">{{cite web | author=Robert Case and Harold Gerrish | year=1984 | title=1983 Monthly Weather Review | publisher=American Meteorological Society | accessdate=2007-02-02 | url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1983.pdf}}</ref><ref name="News12">{{citation| author=Associated Press | year=[[1983-07-29]] | title=Forecast: 90s, humid, but rest of U.S. will be hotter | newspaper=The Hurricane Archive| accessdate=2007-02-07 | url=http://thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=26996913_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=0&currentPage=0
}}</ref> The depression dissipated the next day.<ref name="MWR"/>

An area of disturbed weather in the central Atlantic managed to gain enough organization to be designated Tropical Depression Two on [[July 31]]. The depression moved across the Atlantic without strengthening due to high upper-level wind shear, and dissipated near the Lesser Antilles on [[August 3]].<ref name="News1">{{citation
| author=Liz Balmaseda
| year=1983
| title=DEPRESSION HAS GOOD CHANCE OF BEING FIRST TROPICAL STORM
| newspaper=The Miami Herald
| accessdate=2007-02-02
| url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB35D16C9847E86&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM
}}</ref><ref name="News2">{{citation
| author=Miami Herald
| year=1983
| title=2ND TROPICAL DEPRESSION WITHERS
| newspaper=The Miami Herald
| accessdate=2007-02-02
| url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB35D2CA31500D8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM
}}</ref>
Tropical Depression Six formed on [[September 19]]. The depression caused heavy rainfall in the [[Lesser Antilles]]<ref name="News3">{{citation
| author=Miami Herald
| year=1983
| title=NEW TROPICAL DEPRESSION FORMS AIMS TOWARD WINDWARDS
| newspaper=The Miami Herald
| accessdate=2007-02-02
| url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB35D96023CFC55&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM
}}</ref> before degenerating into a tropical wave on [[September 21]] near the [[Dominican Republic]].<ref name="News4">
{{citation
| author=Miami Herald
| year=1983
| title=CARIBBEAN STORM DOWNGRADED
| newspaper=The Miami Herald
| accessdate=2007-02-02
| url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB35D97E7ED98FE&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM
}}</ref> During post-season analysis, Tropical Depression Six was dropped and not included in the 1983 [[Monthly Weather Review]].<ref name="MWR"/>
<div style="clear: both"></div>

==Season impact==
{{TC stats table start|year=1983|basin=Atlantic hurricane}}
{{TC stats cyclone|cat=depression|name=One|dates=29 - 30 July|
max-winds=35<ref name="News12"/> |min-press=Unknown|ace= 0<ref name="AHD"/>}}
{{TC stats no landfall}}
{{TC stats impact|damage=0 |deaths=0 }}
{{TC stats cyclone|cat=depression|name=Two|dates=29 July - 3 August|
max-winds=30<ref name="News2"/> |min-press=Unknown|ace= 0<ref name="AHD"/>}}
{{TC stats no landfall}}
{{TC stats impact|damage=0 |deaths=0 }}
{{TC stats cyclone|cat=cat3|name=[[Hurricane Alicia|Alicia]]|dates=15 - 21 August|
max-winds=115 |min-press=962|ace= 6.38<ref name="AHD"/>}}
{{TC stats first landfall|where=[[Galveston, Texas]]|date=[[August 17]]|winds=115|cat=cat3}}
{{TC stats impact|damage=4100<ref name="AliciaTCR1"/> |deaths=21<ref name="AliciaTCR1"/> }}
{{TC stats cyclone|cat=cat1|name=[[Hurricane Barry (1983)|Barry]]|dates=24 - 29 August|
max-winds=80 |min-press=986|ace= 3.14<ref name="AHD"/>|mult-landfalls=2}}
{{TC stats first landfall|where=[[Melbourne, Florida]]|date=[[August 25]]|winds=35|cat=depression}}
{{TC stats impact|damage=0 |deaths=0 }}
{{TC stats next landfall|where=[[Brownsville, Texas]]|date=[[August 28]]|winds=75|cat=cat1}}
{{TC stats impact|damage=Minor |deaths=0 }}
{{TC stats cyclone|cat=cat1|name=Chantal|dates=10 - 15 September|
max-winds=75 |min-press=992|ace= 4.27<ref name="AHD"/>}}
{{TC stats no landfall}}
{{TC stats impact|damage=0 |deaths=0 }}
{{TC stats cyclone|cat=depression|name=Six<sup>1</sup>|dates=19 - 21 September|
max-winds=35<ref name="News3"/> |min-press=Unknown|ace= 0<ref name="AHD"/>}}
{{TC stats no landfall}}
{{TC stats impact|damage=Minor |deaths=0 }}
{{TC stats cyclone|cat=storm|name=Dean|dates=26 - 30 September|
max-winds=55 |min-press=999|ace= 3.07<ref name="AHD"/>}}
{{TC stats first landfall|where=[[Eastern Shore of Virginia]]|date=[[September 29]]|winds=50|cat=storm}}
{{TC stats impact|damage=Minor |deaths=0 }}
{{TC stats table end|num-cyclones-text='''7 cyclones<b>|dates=[[July 29]] <br>-[[September 30|Sept. 30]]|max-winds=115|min-press=<b>962'''|tot-ace='''16.86'''|num-landfalls=4|tot-damage='''4100'''|tot-deaths=21}}

#Tropical Depression Six was monitored operationally,<ref name="News3"/> but was later downgraded during post-season analysis and not included in the Monthly Weather Review.<ref name="MWR"/>

== Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Rating ==
{|class="wikitable" align=right style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|-
!colspan=12|ACE (10<sup>4</sup>kt<sup>2</sup>) – Storm: <ref name="AHD">{{
cite web
| author=NOAA
| year=2007
| title=Atlantic Hurricane Database
| publisher=NOAA
| accessdate=2007-02-02
| url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Data_Storm.html
}}</ref>
|-
! 1
| 6.38 || [[Hurricane Alicia|Alicia]]
! 2
| 4.27 || Chantal
|-
! 3
| 3.14 || [[Hurricane Barry (1983)|Barry]]
! 4
| 3.07 || Dean
|-
!colspan=12|Total = 16.86 (17)
|}

The table on the right shows the [[Accumulated Cyclone Energy|ACE]] for each storm in the season. ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 35 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. The 1983 season had a cumulative ACE of 16.86 (17), which is well below normal and currently the least active season on record since [[1914 Atlantic hurricane season|1914]], which had an ACE rating of 2.53.<ref name="AHD"/>

<div style="clear: both"></div>

==Storm names==
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 1983. The names not retired from this list were used again in the [[1989 Atlantic hurricane season|1989 season]]. It was the first time these names had been used since the post-1978 change in the [[National Hurricane Center]]'s naming policy.

{| width="90%"
|
* [[Hurricane Alicia|Alicia]]
* [[Hurricane Barry (1983)|Barry]]
* Chantal
* Dean
* {{tcname unused|Erin}}
* {{tcname unused|Felix}}
* {{tcname unused|Gabrielle}}
|
* {{tcname unused|Hugo}}
* {{tcname unused|Iris}}
* {{tcname unused|Jerry}}
* {{tcname unused|Karen}}
* {{tcname unused|Luis}}
* {{tcname unused|Marilyn}}
* {{tcname unused|Noel}}
|
* {{tcname unused|Opal}}
* {{tcname unused|Pablo}}
* {{tcname unused|Roxanne}}
* {{tcname unused|Sebastien}}
* {{tcname unused|Tanya}}
* {{tcname unused|Van}}
* {{tcname unused|Wendy}}
|}

===Retirement===
{{seealso|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}}
The [[World Meteorological Organization]] retired one name in the spring of 1984: Alicia. It was replaced in the [[1989 Atlantic hurricane season|1989 season]] by [[Tropical Storm Allison (1989)|Allison]].

== See also ==
{{tcportal}}
*[[List of Atlantic hurricanes]]
*[[List of Atlantic hurricane seasons]]
*[[1983 Pacific hurricane season]]
*[[1983 Pacific typhoon season]]

== Further reading ==
*Henry F. Diaz, Vera Markgraf (2000), ''El Niño and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale Variability and Global'', [[ISBN]]# 0521621380
*David R. Godschalk, David J. Brower, Timothy Beatley (1989) ''Catastrophic Coastal Storms: Hazard Mitigation and Development'', [[ISBN]]# 082230855X

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1983-prelim/ Detailed information on all storms from 1983 from NHC]
* [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/1983.html U.S. Rainfall information for storms from 1983 from HPC]

{{1983 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}
{{1980-1989 Atlantic hurricane seasons}}

[[Category:Atlantic hurricane seasons|1983]]
[[Category:1983 Atlantic hurricane season| ]]

[[es:Temporada de huracanes en el Atlántico de 1983]]
[[nl:Atlantisch orkaanseizoen 1983]]
[[simple:1983 Atlantic hurricane season]]
{{featured article}}

Benutzer:Hello32020

2008-01-05T03:47:58Z

Hello32020: rmv latin from my userboxes

{{Babel|en|es-1|de-0}}
Mein Name ist [[Scott]] und ich lebe im nordwestlichen [[Vororte]] von [[Philadelphia]], innen [[Chester County (Pennsylvania)|Chester County]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Ich z.Z. morgens a [[Neuling]] innen [[High School]]. Meine Liebhabereien schließen [[Computerspiel|computerspiel]] und spüren [[Tropischer Wirbelsturm|tropischer wirbelsturm]], gegenwärtige Fälle, [[Kriege]] auf, [[Geschichte]], und [[Wirtschaft]]. Ich auch benutze und produziere Inhalt auf [[Internet]] (z.B. [[Wikipedia]]).
==Andere Projekte==
{| style="background-color:#FFFFFF; align="center" cellpadding="3px"
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="#CAD2ff" | '''[[Wikimedia:Home|Wikimedia Foundation]]'''
|- align="center"
| [[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|30px]]
| [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|30px]]
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|- bgcolor="#CAD2ff" align="center" font-size:small;
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| [[Commons:User:Hello32020|Commons]]
| [[Meta:User:Hello32020|Meta]]
|}
[[en:User:Hello32020]]
[[es:Usuario:Hello32020]]

Benutzer:Hello32020

2007-09-22T19:50:28Z

Hello32020: add de-0

{{Babel|en|la-1|es-1|de-0}}
Mein Name ist [[Scott]] und ich lebe im nordwestlichen [[Vororte]] von [[Philadelphia]], innen [[Chester County (Pennsylvania)|Chester County]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Ich z.Z. morgens a [[Neuling]] innen [[High School]]. Meine Liebhabereien schließen [[Computerspiel|computerspiel]] und spüren [[Tropischer Wirbelsturm|tropischer wirbelsturm]], gegenwärtige Fälle, [[Kriege]] auf, [[Geschichte]], und [[Wirtschaft]]. Ich auch benutze und produziere Inhalt auf [[Internet]] (z.B. [[Wikipedia]]).
==Andere Projekte==
{| style="background-color:#FFFFFF; align="center" cellpadding="3px"
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="#CAD2ff" | '''[[Wikimedia:Home|Wikimedia Foundation]]'''
|- align="center"
| [[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|30px]]
| [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|30px]]
| [[Image:Metawiki.png|30px]]
|- bgcolor="#CAD2ff" align="center" font-size:small;
| [[Wiktionary:User:Hello32020|Wiktionary]]
| [[Commons:User:Hello32020|Commons]]
| [[Meta:User:Hello32020|Meta]]
|}
[[en:User:Hello32020]]
[[es:Usuario:Hello32020]]

Benutzer:Hello32020

2007-09-22T19:46:36Z

Hello32020: add

{{Babel|en|la-1|es-1}}
Mein Name ist [[Scott]] und ich lebe im nordwestlichen [[Vororte]] von [[Philadelphia]], innen [[Chester County (Pennsylvania)|Chester County]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Ich z.Z. morgens a [[Neuling]] innen [[High School]]. Meine Liebhabereien schließen [[Computerspiel|computerspiel]] und spüren [[Tropischer Wirbelsturm|tropischer wirbelsturm]], gegenwärtige Fälle, [[Kriege]] auf, [[Geschichte]], und [[Wirtschaft]]. Ich auch benutze und produziere Inhalt auf [[Internet]] (z.B. [[Wikipedia]]).
==Andere Projekte==
{| style="background-color:#FFFFFF; align="center" cellpadding="3px"
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="#CAD2ff" | '''[[Wikimedia:Home|Wikimedia Foundation]]'''
|- align="center"
| [[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|30px]]
| [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|30px]]
| [[Image:Metawiki.png|30px]]
|- bgcolor="#CAD2ff" align="center" font-size:small;
| [[Wiktionary:User:Hello32020|Wiktionary]]
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| [[Meta:User:Hello32020|Meta]]
|}
[[en:User:Hello32020]]
[[es:Usuario:Hello32020]]

Benutzer:Hello32020

2007-09-22T18:26:52Z

Hello32020: add

Mein Name ist [[Scott]] und ich lebe im nordwestlichen [[Vororte]] von [[Philadelphia]], innen [[Chester County (Pennsylvania)|Chester County]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Ich z.Z. morgens a [[Neuling]] innen [[High School]]. Meine Liebhabereien schließen [[Computerspiel|computerspiel]] und spüren [[Tropischer Wirbelsturm|tropischer wirbelsturm]], gegenwärtige Fälle, [[Kriege]] auf, [[Geschichte]], und [[Wirtschaft]]. Ich auch benutze und produziere Inhalt auf [[Internet]] (z.B. [[Wikipedia]]).
==Andere Projekte==
{| style="background-color:#FFFFFF; align="center" cellpadding="3px"
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" bgcolor="#CAD2ff" | '''[[Wikimedia:Home|Wikimedia Foundation]]'''
|- align="center"
| [[Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png|30px]]
| [[Image:Commons-logo.svg|30px]]
| [[Image:Metawiki.png|30px]]
|- bgcolor="#CAD2ff" align="center" font-size:small;
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|}
[[en:User:Hello32020]]
[[es:Usuario:Hello32020]]

Hurrikan Humberto (2007)

2007-09-13T20:27:38Z

Hello32020: /* Impact */ add what cost is for

{{Ongoing weather|date=September 2007}}
{{HurricaneWarning|Tropical Storm Humberto}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Hurricane Humberto
|time=10:00 a.m. [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] (1500 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) [[September 13]]
|category=storm
|type=tropical storm
|image=Humberto 12 sept 2007 1946Z.jpg
|track=2007_09L_5-day_track.gif
|location=[[latitude|30.6°N]] [[longitude|93.2°W]] ± 15 nm<br />About 75 mi (125 km) [[west-northwest|WNW]] of [[Lafayette, Louisiana]]
|1sustained=55 [[Knot (speed)|knots]] {{!}} 65 [[mph]] {{!}} 100 [[km/h]]
|gusts=70 knots {{!}} 80 mph {{!}} 130 km/h
|pressure=990 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]]) {{!}} 29.23 [[inHg]]
|movement=[[northeast|NE]] at 10 kt {{!}} 12 mph {{!}} 19 km/h
}}


'''Hurricane Humberto''' formed and intensified faster than any other [[tropical cyclone]] on [[List of Atlantic hurricane seasons|record]] within 18 hours of [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]]; developing on [[September 12]], [[2007]] in the northwestern [[Gulf of Mexico]], the cyclone rapidly strengthened and struck [[High Island, Texas]] with winds of over 85 mph (135 km/h) early on [[September 13]]. Humberto was the eighth named storm and third hurricane of the [[2007 Atlantic hurricane season]], and became the first hurricane to strike the [[United States]] since [[Hurricane Wilma]] of [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005]]. The cyclone is currently located over [[Louisiana]].

==Storm history==
The combination of a weak surface [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] and an [[Earth's atmosphere|upper-level]] low produced disorganized showers and thunderstorms between western [[Cuba]] and the eastern [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Beven|year=2007|title=September 8 Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-12|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2007090821.ABNT20}}</ref> Tracking slowly west-northwestward, unfavorable [[wind shear]] initially prevented development.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rhome|year=2007|title=September 10 Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-12|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2007091009.ABNT20}}</ref> By late on [[September 11]], environmental conditions became more favorable,<ref>{{cite web|author=Pasch & Landsea|year=2007|title=September 11 Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-12|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2007091202.ABNT20}}</ref> and the following morning [[convection]] increased over the [[low pressure area]].<ref name="912two">{{cite web|author=Mainelli|year=2007|title=September 12 Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-12|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2007091209.ABNT20}}</ref> Tracking around the western periphery of a mid-level [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]], the system turned to a slow northwest drift and quickly organized. Radar imagery reported loose [[tropical cyclone#structure|banding features]], and buoy data indicated the presence of a surface circulation; based on the observations, the [[National Hurricane Center]] classified the system as Tropical Depression Nine about 60 miles (100 km) southeast of [[Matagorda, Texas]].<ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2007|title=Tropical Depression Nine Discussion One|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref>

[[Image:HumbertoRadar.jpg|thumb|right|Radar image of Tropical Storm Humberto approaching Texas.]]
Upon first becoming a tropical cyclone, the depression was forecasted to slowly strengthen to reach peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h).<ref name="disc1"/> Within three hours of forming, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Humberto.<ref>{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Humberto Public Advisory One-A|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.public_a.001.shtml}}</ref> A small cyclone, the storm continued to quickly organize as it turned north-northeastward, with Radar imagery suggesting the formation of an [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] by early on [[September 13]].<ref name="disc3">{{cite web|author=Pasch|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Humberto Discussion Three|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.discus.003.shtml?}}</ref> Based on reports from [[Hurricane Hunters]], Humberto was upgraded to hurricane status at 0515 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on [[September 13]] while located about 15 miles (20 km) off the coast of [[Texas]].<ref name="disc4">{{cite web|author=Mainelli & Avila|year=2007|title=Hurricane Humberto Special Discussion Four|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> The hurricane made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] near [[High Island, Texas|High Island]] at around 0700 UTC. Maintaining a well-defined eye with strong convection around it, Hurricane Hunters reported sustained winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) about two hours after landfall.<ref name="disc5">{{cite web|author=Mainelli & Avila|year=2007|title=Hurricane Humberto Discussion Five|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.discus.005.shtml?}}</ref> Based on operational estimates of a wind speed increase of 50 mph (85 km/h), the National Hurricane Center reported that "no tropical cyclone in the historic record has ever reached this intensity at a faster rate near landfall", as well as that "It would be nice to know, someday, why this happened." By eight hours after landfall, Humberto weakened to a tropical storm as it crossed into southwestern [[Louisiana]].<ref name="disc6">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Humberto Discussion Six|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref>

==Current storm information==
As of 10:00 a.m. [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] (1500 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) [[September 13]], Tropical Storm Humberto is located near [[latitude|30.6°N]] [[longitude|93.2°W]], about 75 miles (125 km) west-northwest of [[Lafayette, Louisiana]]. Maximum sustained winds are 55 knots (65 mph, 100 km/h), with stronger gusts. Minimum central pressure is 990 [[mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 29.23 [[InHg]]), and the system is moving northeast at 10 kt (12 mph, 19 km/h).

Total rainfall amounts of 4 to 8 inches (100 to 200 mm) are expected along Humberto's track in Louisiana and Mississippi, with isolated amounts to 12 inches (300 mm) possible.

For latest official information see:
*The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT4+shtml/ latest public advisory on Tropical Storm Humberto].
*The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMAT4+shtml/ latest forecast/advisory on Tropical Storm Humberto].

<div style="clear: both"></div>

==Preparations==
Upon first becoming a tropical cyclone, a [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical storm warning]] was issued from [[Port O'Connor, Texas]] to [[Cameron, Louisiana]], with a tropical storm watch from Cameron to [[Intracoastal City, Louisiana]];<ref name="pa1">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2007|title=Tropical Depression Nine Public Advisory One|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.public.001.shtml?}}</ref> after Humberto was upgraded to a tropical storm, the watch was upgraded to a warning.<ref name="pa2">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Humberto Public Advisory Two|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.public.002.shtml?}}</ref> Upon reaching hurricane status, the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane warning from [[High Island, Texas]] to Cameron, Louisiana.<ref name="pa4">{{cite web|author=Mainelli & Avila|year=2007|title=Hurricane Humberto Public Advisory Four|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.public.004.shtml?}}</ref> An inland tropical storm warning was issued for several parishes in southwestern Louisiana.<ref name="hurloc">{{cite web|author=Erickson|year=2007|title=Hurricane Humberto Local Area Statement|publisher=Lake Charles National Weather Service|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5RpIxcj3U}}</ref> The Lake Charles [[National Weather Service]] issued a tornado watch for southwestern coastal parishes. All coastal watches and warnings were canceled as Humberto weakened to a tropical storm.<ref name="disc6"/> Prior to moving ashore, officials in [[Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana]] advised residents in low-lying or flood-prone areas to consider leaving for a safer location. A shelter was prepared in [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]].<ref name="hurloc"/>

==Impact==
[[Image:Hurricane Humberto 2007 tree damage.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Fallen trees have caused many of the power losses in Southeast Texas]]
By a few hours prior to its development, outer rainbands from the depression began moving over portions of the [[Texas]] coast.<ref name="912two"/> The rainbands continued to move along the coast even as Humberto strengthened.

After strengthening to a hurricane and making landfall, widespread tree and power line damage was reported in and around the [[Beaumont, Texas|Beaumont]]-[[Port Arthur, Texas|Port Arthur]] area. Power was cut to over 112,000 customers in the area as transmission poles were toppled. [[Flood]]ing was also reported, although few details have been disclosed. On [[High Island, Texas|High Island]], some structural damage has been reported to several buildings, possibly from a [[tornado]] that touched down.<ref name='Enterprise - Hurricane Humberto hammers SE Texas'>{{cite news | first = Beth | last = Gallaspy | coauthors= | title = Hurricane Humberto hammers SE Texas, kills Bridge City man | date = [[2007-09-13]] | publisher = Beaumont Enterprise| url = http://www.beaumontenterprise.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=18812791&BRD=2287&PAG=461&dept_id=512588&rfi=6 | work = The Beaumont Enterprise | accessdate = 2007-09-13 | language = English}}</ref>

[[Petroleum|Oil]] production was slowed as a result of Humberto, as at least four refineries - the [[Valero]] plant in Port Arthur and the [[ExxonMobil]], [[Total SA]] and [[Motiva Enterprises LLC]] plants in Beaumont - were halted due to the loss of power. Oil prices rose above $80 a barrel in intraday trading on September 12 as a result, ending the next day at a record high of $80.09 a barrel.<ref>http://markets.usatoday.com/custom/usatoday-com/html-story.asp?markets=COMMODITIES&guid=%7B345BD322%2DD12B%2D478C%2DB0D7%2DFBFE17BC8866%7D</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Robinson|title=Oil hits record over $80|date=[[2007-09-13]]| publisher=Reuters|url=http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=businessNews&storyID=2007-09-13T195154Z_01_SP57154_RTRUKOC_0_US-MARKETS-OIL.xml&WTmodLoc=NewsArt-L3-Business+NewsNews-3| date=2007-09-13}}</ref><ref>[http://markets.usatoday.com/custom/usatoday-com/html-story.asp?markets=COMMODITIES&guid=%7B345BD322%2DD12B%2D478C%2DB0D7%2DFBFE17BC8866%7D Saefong, Myra P. "Oil futures mark first-ever close above $80 a barrel," [[USA Today]], September 13, 2007. Retrieved 09-13-2007]</ref> However, energy analysts did not expect there to be any major damage to the refineries, and anticipated that facilities where activity was halted to resume production shortly. Natural gas futures rose 8 percent on September 12 ahead of the storm, but gave up most of those gains the next day.<ref>[http://markets.usatoday.com/custom/usatoday-com/html-story.asp?markets=COMMODITIES&guid=%7B345BD322%2DD12B%2D478C%2DB0D7%2DFBFE17BC8866%7D ibid.]</ref>

One person is reported dead so far, a Bridge City man killed when his carport crashed on him outside his house.<ref name="Enterprise - Hurricane Humberto hammers SE Texas"/>

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
* [[List of notable Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2007 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}
[[Category:2007 Atlantic hurricane season|Humberto]]
[[Category:Category 1 tropical cyclones|Humberto (2007)]]
[[Category:Atlantic hurricanes|Humberto (2007)]]
[[Category:Texas hurricanes|Humberto (2007)]]
[[Category:Louisiana hurricanes|Humberto (2007)]]

Hurrikan Humberto (2007)

2007-09-13T20:22:19Z

Hello32020: /* Impact */ add oil prices on thursday

{{Ongoing weather|date=September 2007}}
{{HurricaneWarning|Tropical Storm Humberto}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Hurricane Humberto
|time=10:00 a.m. [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] (1500 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) [[September 13]]
|category=storm
|type=tropical storm
|image=Humberto 12 sept 2007 1946Z.jpg
|track=2007_09L_5-day_track.gif
|location=[[latitude|30.6°N]] [[longitude|93.2°W]] ± 15 nm<br />About 75 mi (125 km) [[west-northwest|WNW]] of [[Lafayette, Louisiana]]
|1sustained=55 [[Knot (speed)|knots]] {{!}} 65 [[mph]] {{!}} 100 [[km/h]]
|gusts=70 knots {{!}} 80 mph {{!}} 130 km/h
|pressure=990 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]]) {{!}} 29.23 [[inHg]]
|movement=[[northeast|NE]] at 10 kt {{!}} 12 mph {{!}} 19 km/h
}}


'''Hurricane Humberto''' formed and intensified faster than any other [[tropical cyclone]] on [[List of Atlantic hurricane seasons|record]] within 18 hours of [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]]; developing on [[September 12]], [[2007]] in the northwestern [[Gulf of Mexico]], the cyclone rapidly strengthened and struck [[High Island, Texas]] with winds of over 85 mph (135 km/h) early on [[September 13]]. Humberto was the eighth named storm and third hurricane of the [[2007 Atlantic hurricane season]], and became the first hurricane to strike the [[United States]] since [[Hurricane Wilma]] of [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005]]. The cyclone is currently located over [[Louisiana]].

==Storm history==
The combination of a weak surface [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] and an [[Earth's atmosphere|upper-level]] low produced disorganized showers and thunderstorms between western [[Cuba]] and the eastern [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Beven|year=2007|title=September 8 Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-12|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2007090821.ABNT20}}</ref> Tracking slowly west-northwestward, unfavorable [[wind shear]] initially prevented development.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rhome|year=2007|title=September 10 Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-12|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2007091009.ABNT20}}</ref> By late on [[September 11]], environmental conditions became more favorable,<ref>{{cite web|author=Pasch & Landsea|year=2007|title=September 11 Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-12|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2007091202.ABNT20}}</ref> and the following morning [[convection]] increased over the [[low pressure area]].<ref name="912two">{{cite web|author=Mainelli|year=2007|title=September 12 Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-12|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-A/2007091209.ABNT20}}</ref> Tracking around the western periphery of a mid-level [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]], the system turned to a slow northwest drift and quickly organized. Radar imagery reported loose [[tropical cyclone#structure|banding features]], and buoy data indicated the presence of a surface circulation; based on the observations, the [[National Hurricane Center]] classified the system as Tropical Depression Nine about 60 miles (100 km) southeast of [[Matagorda, Texas]].<ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2007|title=Tropical Depression Nine Discussion One|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref>

[[Image:HumbertoRadar.jpg|thumb|right|Radar image of Tropical Storm Humberto approaching Texas.]]
Upon first becoming a tropical cyclone, the depression was forecasted to slowly strengthen to reach peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h).<ref name="disc1"/> Within three hours of forming, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Humberto.<ref>{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Humberto Public Advisory One-A|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.public_a.001.shtml}}</ref> A small cyclone, the storm continued to quickly organize as it turned north-northeastward, with Radar imagery suggesting the formation of an [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] by early on [[September 13]].<ref name="disc3">{{cite web|author=Pasch|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Humberto Discussion Three|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.discus.003.shtml?}}</ref> Based on reports from [[Hurricane Hunters]], Humberto was upgraded to hurricane status at 0515 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on [[September 13]] while located about 15 miles (20 km) off the coast of [[Texas]].<ref name="disc4">{{cite web|author=Mainelli & Avila|year=2007|title=Hurricane Humberto Special Discussion Four|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> The hurricane made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] near [[High Island, Texas|High Island]] at around 0700 UTC. Maintaining a well-defined eye with strong convection around it, Hurricane Hunters reported sustained winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) about two hours after landfall.<ref name="disc5">{{cite web|author=Mainelli & Avila|year=2007|title=Hurricane Humberto Discussion Five|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.discus.005.shtml?}}</ref> Based on operational estimates of a wind speed increase of 50 mph (85 km/h), the National Hurricane Center reported that "no tropical cyclone in the historic record has ever reached this intensity at a faster rate near landfall", as well as that "It would be nice to know, someday, why this happened." By eight hours after landfall, Humberto weakened to a tropical storm as it crossed into southwestern [[Louisiana]].<ref name="disc6">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Humberto Discussion Six|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref>

==Current storm information==
As of 10:00 a.m. [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] (1500 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) [[September 13]], Tropical Storm Humberto is located near [[latitude|30.6°N]] [[longitude|93.2°W]], about 75 miles (125 km) west-northwest of [[Lafayette, Louisiana]]. Maximum sustained winds are 55 knots (65 mph, 100 km/h), with stronger gusts. Minimum central pressure is 990 [[mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 29.23 [[InHg]]), and the system is moving northeast at 10 kt (12 mph, 19 km/h).

Total rainfall amounts of 4 to 8 inches (100 to 200 mm) are expected along Humberto's track in Louisiana and Mississippi, with isolated amounts to 12 inches (300 mm) possible.

For latest official information see:
*The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT4+shtml/ latest public advisory on Tropical Storm Humberto].
*The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMAT4+shtml/ latest forecast/advisory on Tropical Storm Humberto].

<div style="clear: both"></div>

==Preparations==
Upon first becoming a tropical cyclone, a [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical storm warning]] was issued from [[Port O'Connor, Texas]] to [[Cameron, Louisiana]], with a tropical storm watch from Cameron to [[Intracoastal City, Louisiana]];<ref name="pa1">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2007|title=Tropical Depression Nine Public Advisory One|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.public.001.shtml?}}</ref> after Humberto was upgraded to a tropical storm, the watch was upgraded to a warning.<ref name="pa2">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Humberto Public Advisory Two|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.public.002.shtml?}}</ref> Upon reaching hurricane status, the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane warning from [[High Island, Texas]] to Cameron, Louisiana.<ref name="pa4">{{cite web|author=Mainelli & Avila|year=2007|title=Hurricane Humberto Public Advisory Four|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al09/al092007.public.004.shtml?}}</ref> An inland tropical storm warning was issued for several parishes in southwestern Louisiana.<ref name="hurloc">{{cite web|author=Erickson|year=2007|title=Hurricane Humberto Local Area Statement|publisher=Lake Charles National Weather Service|accessdate=2007-09-13|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5RpIxcj3U}}</ref> The Lake Charles [[National Weather Service]] issued a tornado watch for southwestern coastal parishes. All coastal watches and warnings were canceled as Humberto weakened to a tropical storm.<ref name="disc6"/> Prior to moving ashore, officials in [[Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana]] advised residents in low-lying or flood-prone areas to consider leaving for a safer location. A shelter was prepared in [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]].<ref name="hurloc"/>

==Impact==
[[Image:Hurricane Humberto 2007 tree damage.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Fallen trees have caused many of the power losses in Southeast Texas]]
By a few hours prior to its development, outer rainbands from the depression began moving over portions of the [[Texas]] coast.<ref name="912two"/> The rainbands continued to move along the coast even as Humberto strengthened.

After strengthening to a hurricane and making landfall, widespread tree and power line damage was reported in and around the [[Beaumont, Texas|Beaumont]]-[[Port Arthur, Texas|Port Arthur]] area. Power was cut to over 112,000 customers in the area as transmission poles were toppled. [[Flood]]ing was also reported, although few details have been disclosed. On [[High Island, Texas|High Island]], some structural damage has been reported to several buildings, possibly from a [[tornado]] that touched down.<ref name='Enterprise - Hurricane Humberto hammers SE Texas'>{{cite news | first = Beth | last = Gallaspy | coauthors= | title = Hurricane Humberto hammers SE Texas, kills Bridge City man | date = [[2007-09-13]] | publisher = Beaumont Enterprise| url = http://www.beaumontenterprise.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=18812791&BRD=2287&PAG=461&dept_id=512588&rfi=6 | work = The Beaumont Enterprise | accessdate = 2007-09-13 | language = English}}</ref>

[[Petroleum|Oil]] production was slowed as a result of Humberto, as at least four refineries - the [[Valero]] plant in Port Arthur and the [[ExxonMobil]], [[Total SA]] and [[Motiva Enterprises LLC]] plants in Beaumont - were halted due to the loss of power. Oil prices rose above $80 a barrel in intraday trading on September 12 as a result, ending the next day at a record high of $80.09.<ref>http://markets.usatoday.com/custom/usatoday-com/html-story.asp?markets=COMMODITIES&guid=%7B345BD322%2DD12B%2D478C%2DB0D7%2DFBFE17BC8866%7D</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Robinson|title=Oil hits record over $80|date=[[2007-09-13]]| publisher=Reuters|url=http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=businessNews&storyID=2007-09-13T195154Z_01_SP57154_RTRUKOC_0_US-MARKETS-OIL.xml&WTmodLoc=NewsArt-L3-Business+NewsNews-3| date=2007-09-13}}</ref><ref>[http://markets.usatoday.com/custom/usatoday-com/html-story.asp?markets=COMMODITIES&guid=%7B345BD322%2DD12B%2D478C%2DB0D7%2DFBFE17BC8866%7D Saefong, Myra P. "Oil futures mark first-ever close above $80 a barrel," [[USA Today]], September 13, 2007. Retrieved 09-13-2007]</ref> However, energy analysts did not expect there to be any major damage to the refineries, and anticipated that facilities where activity was halted to resume production shortly. Natural gas futures rose 8 percent on September 12 ahead of the storm, but gave up most of those gains the next day.<ref>[http://markets.usatoday.com/custom/usatoday-com/html-story.asp?markets=COMMODITIES&guid=%7B345BD322%2DD12B%2D478C%2DB0D7%2DFBFE17BC8866%7D ibid.]</ref>

One person is reported dead so far, a Bridge City man killed when his carport crashed on him outside his house.<ref name="Enterprise - Hurricane Humberto hammers SE Texas"/>

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
* [[List of notable Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2007 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}
[[Category:2007 Atlantic hurricane season|Humberto]]
[[Category:Category 1 tropical cyclones|Humberto (2007)]]
[[Category:Atlantic hurricanes|Humberto (2007)]]
[[Category:Texas hurricanes|Humberto (2007)]]
[[Category:Louisiana hurricanes|Humberto (2007)]]

Atlantische Hurrikansaison 2007

2007-09-02T01:37:05Z

Hello32020: /* Tropischer Sturm Felix */ fix title

{| class="prettytable float-right"
|+ Sturm- und Hurrikansaison Atlantik 2007
|-
| Erster gebildeter Sturm:
| 9. Mai 2007 (Andrea)
|-
| Aktive Systeme:
| [[#Tropischer Sturm Felix|Felix]]
|-
| Stürme insgesamt:
| 6
|-
| Hurrikane insgesamt:
| 1
|-
| Starke Hurrikane (Kategorie 3+):
| 1
|-
| Stärkster Sturm:
| Dean 906 [[Pascal (Einheit)|hPa]], 269 [[Kilometer pro Stunde|km/h]]
|-
| Anzahl von Stürmen, die das Festland erreichten:
| 3
|-
| Schadenssumme:
| k. A.
|-
| Todesfälle:
| 45 direkt, 19 indirekt
|}

Die '''Atlantische Hurrikansaison 2007''' begann offiziell am 1. Juni und endet am 30. November. Innerhalb dieser Periode bilden sich die meisten [[Hurrikan|Tropischen Stürme]], da nur zu dieser Zeit geeignete Bedingungen, wie etwa ein warmer [[Ozean]], feuchte Luft und wenig [[Windscherung]], existieren, um die Bildung von [[Tropischer Wirbelsturm|Tropischen Wirbelstürmen]] zu ermöglichen. Dennoch formte sich bereits am 9. Mai das erste benannte System, das der Saison zu einem frühen Start verhalf.

''Stürme im [[Pazifischer Ozean|Pazifischen Ozean]] sind im Artikel [[Pazifische Hurrikansaison 2007]] gelistet.''

== Stürme ==
=== Subtropischer Sturm Andrea ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name=Subtropischer Sturm Andrea
| category=storm
| type=subtropical storm
| image=Subtropical Storm Andrea 2007.jpg
| track=Andrea 2007 track.png
| formed= [[9. Mai]]
| dissipated= [[11. Mai]] [[2007]]
| highest winds= 85 km/h
| lowest pressure=1.001hPa
}}

Ein zunächst extratropisches [[Tiefdruckgebiet]] begann am 9. Mai auf den warmen Gewässern des [[Golfstrom]]s langsam geordnete [[Konvektion]] aufzubauen. Später fand ein [[Aufklärungsflugzeug]] einige tropische Merkmale im Zyklon vor und das System wurde Subtropischer Sturm Andrea benannt. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt lag der Sturm etwa 225 km südöstlich von [[Savannah (Georgia)|Savannah]], [[Georgia]]. Als das System am nächsten Tag den warmen [[Golfstrom]] verließ, verminderte sich, auch bedingt durch starke [[Windscherung]], die konvektive Aktivität des Systems schlagartig und Andrea wurde in ein subtropisches Tiefdruckgebiet abgestuft. Am selben Tag degenerierte es sich in ein Resttief. Am 11. Mai begann sich wieder [[Konvektion]] über dem Zentrum aufzubauen und am 12. Mai erklärte das [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]], dass ein geringfügiger Anstieg der [[Gewitter]]tätigkeit ausreichen würde, um das System zu einem tropischen Tiefdruckgebiet aufzustufen. Dies geschah aber nicht und das System wurde am 14. Mai in eine [[Kaltfront]] absorbiert.

Das System verursachte hohe [[Wellen]] auf den [[Küste]]n von [[Florida]] bis [[North Carolina]], durch welche auch ein [[Wellenreiten|Surfer]] ums Leben kam. Starke Winde durch Andrea ließen [[Buschfeuer]] in Florida und [[Georgia]] neu entfachen und verschlimmerten die Lage weiter. Der Sturm war der erste benannte Maisturm seit Arlene 1981. Das extratropische Vorgängertief tötete außerdem fünf weitere Menschen.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== Tropischer Sturm Barry ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name=Tropischer Sturm Barry
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=Barry 01 jun 2007 1905Z.jpg
| track=Barry 2007 track.png
| formed= [[1. Juni]]
| dissipated= [[2. Juni]] [[2007]]
| highest winds=95 km/h
| lowest pressure=997 hPa
}}

Am 30. Mai bildete sich im [[Golf von Honduras]] ein breites [[Tiefdruckgebiet]] aus. Nach [[Norden]] ziehend konnte sich das System leicht verstärken und wurde dann nach einem [[Aufklärungsflugzeug|Aufklärungsflug]] als tropischer Sturm Barry klassifiziert. Bemerkenswerterweise konnte das System diese Intensität trotz heftiger vertikaler [[Windscherung]] aufrechterhalten und [[Sturmwarnung]]en wurden für den Westen [[Florida]]s herausgegeben. Das System ging schließlich am 2. Juni, als minimaler tropischer Sturm, nahe [[Tampa Bay]] an Land, richtete aber kaum Schäden an. Im Gegenteil brachte das System wichtigen [[Niederschlag]] für das [[Dürre|dürregeplagten]] Florida mit sich. Als das System an Land ging, degenerierte es schnell in ein extratropisches Tiefdruckgebiet, das schließlich noch über weite Teile der [[Ostküste]] Regenfälle verursachte.

Durch Barry ertrank ein Surfer vor der Küste Floridas, außerdem ist der Sturm indirekt für zwei [[Verkehrstote]] verantwortlich.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== Tropischer Sturm Chantal ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name=Tropischer Sturm Chantal
|category=storm
|type=tropical storm
|image=TS Chantal 2007 1545Z July31.jpg
| track=Chantal 2007 track.png
| formed= [[31. Juli]]
| dissipated= [[1. August]] [[2007]]
| highest winds= 85 km/h
| lowest pressure= 994 hPa
}}

Chantal war das dritte System der Saison. Es entwickelte sich am 28. Juli 2007 aus einem Tiefdruckgebiet und wurde am 30. Juli 2007 als Tropisches [[Tiefdruckgebiet]] in der Nähe von [[Bermuda]] klassifiziert, als es organisierte [[Konvektion]] nahe dem Zentrum aufrechterhalten konnte.<ref> [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al03/al032007.public.001.shtml? National Hurricane Center – TD THREE Public Advisory 1]</ref> Das System wurde am 31. Juli zum Tropischen Sturm aufgestuft, dem ersten nach über zwei Monaten. Der Sturm zog dann weiter nach [[Neuschottland]] und wurde am 1. August nach 18 Stunden auf seinem Weg nach [[Neufundland]] außertropisch.<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al03/al032007.fstadv.005.shtml? National Hurricane Center – TS CHANTAL Forecast/Advisory 5]</ref>

Überflutungen durch starke Regenfälle wurden am 1. August in [[Placentia (Kanada)|Placentia]] und aus der Provinzhauptstadt [[St. John’s (Neufundland)|St. John’s]] gemeldet, wo etwa 100 mm Niederschlag fielen. Bis zu 150 mm Regen verzeichnete die Umgebung von [[Whitbourne (Kanada)|Whitbourne]].<ref>[[Toronto Star]]: [http://www.thestar.com/News/article/242061 ''Storm pummels Newfoundland''], 1. August 2007</ref> Im Süden der [[Avalon (Halbinsel)|Halbinsel Avalon]] wurden Dutzende Straßen weggespült, Keller liefen voll und mehrere Ortschaften waren von der Außenwelt abgeschnitten.<ref>canada.com: [http://www.canada.com/cityguides/halifax/info/story.html?id=b3f93a19-1a81-4558-b1c8-3a585572d909&k=72967 ''Chantal leaves 'havoc' behind in Newfoundland''], 2. August 2007</ref> Die Fährverbindungen zwischen [[Argentia]], [[Neufundland und Labrador]] und [[North Sydney (Nova Scotia)|North Sydney]], [[Nova Scotia]] mussten eingestellt werden.

Für die Gebiete um [[Placentia Bay]] und [[Conception Bay]] wurde der Notstand ausgerufen. Die Schäden gingen in die Millionen und erreichten alleine in Placentia über 4 Millionen Dollar.<ref>[[Canadian Press]]: [http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=cp_n080270A.xml&show_article=1 ''Repairs to storm-damaged areas too slow: N.L. residents''], 2. August 2007</ref>
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== Hurrikan Dean ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name= Hurrikan Dean
| category= cat5
| type= hurricane
| image=Dean_August_16_1400_UTC.JPG
| track=Dean 2007 track.png
| formed=[[13. August]]
| dissipated=[[23. August]] [[2007]]
| highest winds=269 km/h
| lowest pressure=906 hPa
}}

Dieses System entstand am 13. August aus einer starken [[tropische Welle|tropischen Welle]] west-südwestlich der [[Kap Verde|kapverdischen Inseln]].<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT4+shtml/131454.shtml National Hurricane Center – TD FOUR Public Advisory # 1]</ref> Es wurde am 14. August zum Tropischen Sturm hochgestuft<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al04/al042007.public.005.shtml? National Hurricane Center – TS DEAN Public Advisory 5 (14. August 11:00 UTC)]</ref> und erhielt den Namen ''Dean''.

Am 16. August erreichte der Sturm die [[Kleine Antillen|Kleinen Antillen]] und passierte sie am 17. August in westlicher Richtung zwischen [[St. Lucia]] und [[Martinique]]. Er hinterließ schwere Schäden und zerstörte große Teile der Zuckerrohr- und Bananenplantagen, mindestens vier Menschen fanden den Tod<ref>SF Tagesschau: [http://tagesschau.sf.tv/nachrichten/archiv/2007/08/17/international/hurrikan_dean_fordert_mindestens_vier_tote Hurrikan «Dean» fordert mindestens vier Tote] vom 17. August 2007</ref>, davon zwei durch einen Erdrutsch auf [[Dominica]].<ref>http://www.thedominican.net/newsdesk9.htm</ref>

Aufgrund der Messungen eines Erkundungsflugzeuges der [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] und ungewöhnlich hoher Wassertemperaturen (um 30 °C) wurde Dean am 18. August in die Kategorie 4 der [[Saffir-Simpson-Skala]] aufgestuft. In der Nacht vom 19. August auf den 20. August hat der Hurrikan [[Jamaika]] erreicht und schwere Schäden verursacht.<ref>SF Tagesschau: [http://www.tagesschau.de/aktuell/meldungen/0,,OID7308574_,00.html Hurrikan „Dean“ bricht über Jamaika herein]vom 20. August 2007</ref> Bereits am Wochenende waren auf [[Haiti]] und in der [[Dominikanische Republik|Dominikanischen Republik]] acht Menschen durch den Wirbelsturm ums Leben gekommen.<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/0,1518,500777,00.html</ref>

Am Abend des 20. August wurde Dean zum Hurrikan der höchsten Kategorie 5 aufgestuft<ref>National Hurricane Center: [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCUAT4+shtml/210034.shtm Hurricane DEAN Update] 20. August 8:35pm AST</ref> und erreichte in dieser Stärke die Halbinsel [[Yucatán (Halbinsel)|Yucatán]] in der Nähe des Touristenorts [[Costa Maya]], wo er aber nach aktuellem Stand (22. August 2007) keine schweren Schäden anrichtete. ''Dean'' hat sich über Yucatán zu einem Hurrikan der Kategorie 1 abgeschwächt<ref name="nhc34">National Hurrican Center: [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT4+shtml/211443.shtml? Hurricane DEAN Public Advisory #34], 21. August 2007</ref>. Nachdem er Yucatán in Richtung der [[Bahía de Campeche|Bucht von Campeche]] verlassen hatte, wo er wieder an Kraft gewann, erreichte ''Dean'' um 11:30 Uhr Ortszeit (CDT) bei [[Toculutla]], südlich von [[Tuxpan (Veracruz)|Tuxpan]] im Bundesstaat [[Veracruz (Bundesstaat)|Veracruz]], als Kategorie-2-Hurrikan erneut das Festland.<ref name="nhc37Update">National Hurrican Center: [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCUAT4+shtml/221646.shtml? Hurricane DEAN Public Advisory #37 Update], 22. August 2007</ref>
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== Tropischer Sturm Erin ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name= Tropischer Sturm Erin
| category= storm
| type= tropical storm
| image=Erin 15 aug 2007 1939Z.jpg
| track=Erin 2007 track.png
| formed=[[15. August]]
| dissipated=[[19. August]] [[2007]]
| highest winds= 75 km/h
| lowest pressure= 1.004 hPa
}}

Ein bereits sich seit mehreren Tagen entwickelndes Tief wurde am 15. August um 03:00 Uhr [[Koordinierte Weltzeit|UTC]] von [[National Hurricane Center]] etwa 685 km südöstlich von [[Brownsville (Texas)|Brownsville]], [[Texas]] als Tropisches Tiefdruckgebiet 5 definiert und aufgrund von Wetterdaten eines [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]-Erkundungsflugzeuges am selben Tag zum Tropischen Sturm Erin aufgestuft.<ref name="td05update01">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Erin Tropical Cyclone Update|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=15. August 2007|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al05/al052007.update.08151515.shtml?}}</ref> Kurz nach dem er nahe [[Lamar (Texas)|Lamar]], [[Texas]], das Festland erreichte, schwächte sich der Sturm am 16. August zu einem tropischen Tiefdruckgebiet ab und das NHC gab seine letzte Warnung zu dem System ab. Danach driftete das System durch Texas und bildete weiterhin eine ausgeprägte Konvektion. Die Winde gingen am 18. August auf 30 km/h zurück und erreichten nur in Böen eine größere Stärke.<ref name="hpcpa13">{{cite web|author=Kocin|year=2007|title=Tropical Depression Erin Public Advisory Thirteen|accessdate=19. August 2007|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/ERIN/ERIN_13.html}}</ref> Das System zog in nordwestlicher Richtung, von teils heftigen [[Gewitter]]n begleitet, die um das Zentrum von Erin rotierten.<ref name="hpcpa14">{{cite web|author=Kocin|year=2007|title=Tropical Depression Erin Public Advisory Fourteen|accessdate=19. August 2007|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/ERIN/ERIN_14.html}}</ref> Am 19. August 2007 begann sich Erin plötzlich wieder zu verstärken und erreichte zunächst Winde von 55 km/h, etwas westlich von [[Oklahoma City]] <ref name="hpc20">{{cite web|author=Otto|year=2007|title=Tropical Depression Erin Public Advisory Twenty|publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|accessdate=19. August 2007|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/ERIN/ERIN_20.html}}</ref> und das System bildete erneut eine Struktur, die einem Hurrikanauge ähnlich war. Erin konnte noch einmal Spitzenböen von mehr als 130 km/h erreichen.<ref name="unusual">{{cite web|author=Norman, Oklahoma National Weather Service|year=2007|title=An Unusual Tropical System...|accessdate=19. August 2007|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/enhancedwx/fxc_Unusual_Event.jpg}}</ref> Einige Stunden später schwächte sich Erin endgültig ab und löste sich dann über dem Südwesten von [[Kansas]] auf. <div style="clear: both;"></div>

===Hurrikan Felix===

{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name= Hurrikan Felix
| category=cat1
| type=hurricane
| image=Temporary_cyclone_north.svg
| track=Temporary_cyclone_north.svg
| formed=[[31. August]]
| dissipated=
| highest winds= 120 km/h
| lowest pressure= 993 hPa
}}

Dieses System bildete sich am 31. August östlich der [[Inseln über dem Winde (Antillen)|Windward Islands]] als Tropisches Tiefdruckgebiet Sechs<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT1+shtml/312046.shtml National Hurricane Center – TD SIX Public Advisory # 1]</ref> und entwickelte sich am nächsten Tag zum Tropischen Sturm Felix. Felix hat einen sehr ähnlichen Zugweg eingeschlagen wie Hurrikan Dean.<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/refresh/graphics_at1+shtml/144539.shtml?5day#contents National Hurricane Center - Coastal Watches/Warnings and 5-Day Track Forecast Cone]</ref>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Accumulated Cyclone energy (ACE) ==
{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|-
! colspan="7" |ACE (10<sup>4</sup>kt<sup>2</sup>) –
|-
! 1
| 33,8 || Dean
! 4
| 0,368 || Erin
|-
! 2
| 0,773 || Barry
! 5
| 0,123 || Felix
|-
! 3
| 0,608 || Chantal
|-
! colspan="7" | Gesamt: 35,6 
|}

Die nebenstehende Tabelle zeigt die [[Accumulated Cyclone Energy|ACE]] für jeden Sturm dieses Jahres. Die ACE beschreibt die [[Energie]] eines [[tropischer Wirbelsturm|tropischen Sturms]], indem die Stärke eines Sturms mit der Dauer multipliziert wird, das heißt lange andauernde Stürme, sowie starke Stürme haben einen hohen ACE Wert. Traditionell werden von der NOAA lediglich Stürme mit Windgeschwindigkeiten von über 34 Knoten (63 km/h) erfasst.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Zeitverlauf der Saison ==

<timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:20
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:30 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = early

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/05/2007 till:31/12/2007
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# ScaleMinor = grid:blue unit:day increment:7 start:01/05/2007

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id:PA value:blue
id:GP value:red
id:TD value:rgb(0.38,0.73,1)
id:TS value:rgb(0,0.98,0.96)
id:C1 value:rgb(1,1,0.80)
id:C2 value:rgb(1,0.91,0.46)
id:C3 value:rgb(1,0.76,0.25)
id:C4 value:rgb(1,0.56,0.13)
id:C5 value:rgb(1,0.38,0.38)

Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas

BarData =
barset:Hurrikane
bar:Monat

PlotData=

barset:Hurrikane width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
from:09/05/2007 till:11/05/2007 color:TS text:"Andrea"
from:01/06/2007 till:02/06/2007 color:TS text:"Barry"
from:31/07/2007 till:01/08/2007 color:TS text:"Chantal"
from:13/08/2007 till:22/08/2007 color:C5 text:"Dean"
from:15/08/2007 till:19/08/2007 color:TS text:"Erin"
from:31/08/2007 till:01/09/2007 color:GP text:"Felix"

bar:Monat width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas
from:01/05/2007 till:01/06/2007 text:Mai
from:01/06/2007 till:01/07/2007 text:Juni
from:01/07/2007 till:01/08/2007 text:Juli
from:01/08/2007 till:01/09/2007 text:August
from:01/09/2007 till:01/10/2007 text:September
from:01/10/2007 till:01/11/2007 text:Oktober
from:01/11/2007 till:01/12/2007 text:November
from:01/12/2007 till:31/12/2007 text:Dezember
</timeline>

== Sturmnamen ==
In der Atlantischen Hurrikansaison 2007 werden die folgenden Namen verwendet. Diese Liste wird im Jahre 2013 wieder verwendet, vorbehaltlich der Namen, die durch die [[World Meteorological Organization]] im Frühjahr 2008 möglicherweise ersetzt werden. Diese Liste ist identisch mit der Liste für die [[Atlantische Hurrikansaison 2001]], mit Ausnahme der Namen Andrea, Ingrid und Melissa, welche [[Tropischer Sturm Allison|Allison]], [[Hurrikan Iris|Iris]] und [[Hurrikan Michelle|Michelle]] ersetzt haben.

{| width="90%"
|
* Andrea
* Barry
* Chantal
* Dean
* Erin
* '''Felix'''
* <div style="color: #888;">Gabrielle (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
|
* <div style="color: #888;">Humberto (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Ingrid (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Jerry (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Karen (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Lorenzo (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Melissa (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Noel (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
|
* <div style="color: #888;">Olga (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Pablo (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Rebekah (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Sebastien (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Tanya (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Van (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Wendy (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
|}

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov National Hurricane Center] Aktive Systeme. (Englisch)
{{Commons|Category:2007 Atlantic hurricane season|2007 Atlantic hurricane season}}

== Quellen ==
<references />

{{Navigationsleiste Atlantische Hurrikansaison}}
[[Kategorie:Hurrikansaison|#2007]]
[[Kategorie:2007]]

[[en:2007 Atlantic hurricane season]]
[[es:Temporada de huracanes en el Atlántico, 2007]]
[[fr:Saison cyclonique 2007 (Atlantique nord)]]
[[nl:Atlantisch orkaanseizoen 2007]]
[[simple:2007 Atlantic hurricane season]]
[[sv:Atlantiska orkansäsongen 2007]]
[[zh:2007年大西洋颶風季]]

Atlantische Hurrikansaison 2007

2007-09-02T01:35:50Z

Hello32020: /* Tropischer Sturm Felix */ update

{| class="prettytable float-right"
|+ Sturm- und Hurrikansaison Atlantik 2007
|-
| Erster gebildeter Sturm:
| 9. Mai 2007 (Andrea)
|-
| Aktive Systeme:
| [[#Tropischer Sturm Felix|Felix]]
|-
| Stürme insgesamt:
| 6
|-
| Hurrikane insgesamt:
| 1
|-
| Starke Hurrikane (Kategorie 3+):
| 1
|-
| Stärkster Sturm:
| Dean 906 [[Pascal (Einheit)|hPa]], 269 [[Kilometer pro Stunde|km/h]]
|-
| Anzahl von Stürmen, die das Festland erreichten:
| 3
|-
| Schadenssumme:
| k. A.
|-
| Todesfälle:
| 45 direkt, 19 indirekt
|}

Die '''Atlantische Hurrikansaison 2007''' begann offiziell am 1. Juni und endet am 30. November. Innerhalb dieser Periode bilden sich die meisten [[Hurrikan|Tropischen Stürme]], da nur zu dieser Zeit geeignete Bedingungen, wie etwa ein warmer [[Ozean]], feuchte Luft und wenig [[Windscherung]], existieren, um die Bildung von [[Tropischer Wirbelsturm|Tropischen Wirbelstürmen]] zu ermöglichen. Dennoch formte sich bereits am 9. Mai das erste benannte System, das der Saison zu einem frühen Start verhalf.

''Stürme im [[Pazifischer Ozean|Pazifischen Ozean]] sind im Artikel [[Pazifische Hurrikansaison 2007]] gelistet.''

== Stürme ==
=== Subtropischer Sturm Andrea ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name=Subtropischer Sturm Andrea
| category=storm
| type=subtropical storm
| image=Subtropical Storm Andrea 2007.jpg
| track=Andrea 2007 track.png
| formed= [[9. Mai]]
| dissipated= [[11. Mai]] [[2007]]
| highest winds= 85 km/h
| lowest pressure=1.001hPa
}}

Ein zunächst extratropisches [[Tiefdruckgebiet]] begann am 9. Mai auf den warmen Gewässern des [[Golfstrom]]s langsam geordnete [[Konvektion]] aufzubauen. Später fand ein [[Aufklärungsflugzeug]] einige tropische Merkmale im Zyklon vor und das System wurde Subtropischer Sturm Andrea benannt. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt lag der Sturm etwa 225 km südöstlich von [[Savannah (Georgia)|Savannah]], [[Georgia]]. Als das System am nächsten Tag den warmen [[Golfstrom]] verließ, verminderte sich, auch bedingt durch starke [[Windscherung]], die konvektive Aktivität des Systems schlagartig und Andrea wurde in ein subtropisches Tiefdruckgebiet abgestuft. Am selben Tag degenerierte es sich in ein Resttief. Am 11. Mai begann sich wieder [[Konvektion]] über dem Zentrum aufzubauen und am 12. Mai erklärte das [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]], dass ein geringfügiger Anstieg der [[Gewitter]]tätigkeit ausreichen würde, um das System zu einem tropischen Tiefdruckgebiet aufzustufen. Dies geschah aber nicht und das System wurde am 14. Mai in eine [[Kaltfront]] absorbiert.

Das System verursachte hohe [[Wellen]] auf den [[Küste]]n von [[Florida]] bis [[North Carolina]], durch welche auch ein [[Wellenreiten|Surfer]] ums Leben kam. Starke Winde durch Andrea ließen [[Buschfeuer]] in Florida und [[Georgia]] neu entfachen und verschlimmerten die Lage weiter. Der Sturm war der erste benannte Maisturm seit Arlene 1981. Das extratropische Vorgängertief tötete außerdem fünf weitere Menschen.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== Tropischer Sturm Barry ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name=Tropischer Sturm Barry
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=Barry 01 jun 2007 1905Z.jpg
| track=Barry 2007 track.png
| formed= [[1. Juni]]
| dissipated= [[2. Juni]] [[2007]]
| highest winds=95 km/h
| lowest pressure=997 hPa
}}

Am 30. Mai bildete sich im [[Golf von Honduras]] ein breites [[Tiefdruckgebiet]] aus. Nach [[Norden]] ziehend konnte sich das System leicht verstärken und wurde dann nach einem [[Aufklärungsflugzeug|Aufklärungsflug]] als tropischer Sturm Barry klassifiziert. Bemerkenswerterweise konnte das System diese Intensität trotz heftiger vertikaler [[Windscherung]] aufrechterhalten und [[Sturmwarnung]]en wurden für den Westen [[Florida]]s herausgegeben. Das System ging schließlich am 2. Juni, als minimaler tropischer Sturm, nahe [[Tampa Bay]] an Land, richtete aber kaum Schäden an. Im Gegenteil brachte das System wichtigen [[Niederschlag]] für das [[Dürre|dürregeplagten]] Florida mit sich. Als das System an Land ging, degenerierte es schnell in ein extratropisches Tiefdruckgebiet, das schließlich noch über weite Teile der [[Ostküste]] Regenfälle verursachte.

Durch Barry ertrank ein Surfer vor der Küste Floridas, außerdem ist der Sturm indirekt für zwei [[Verkehrstote]] verantwortlich.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== Tropischer Sturm Chantal ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name=Tropischer Sturm Chantal
|category=storm
|type=tropical storm
|image=TS Chantal 2007 1545Z July31.jpg
| track=Chantal 2007 track.png
| formed= [[31. Juli]]
| dissipated= [[1. August]] [[2007]]
| highest winds= 85 km/h
| lowest pressure= 994 hPa
}}

Chantal war das dritte System der Saison. Es entwickelte sich am 28. Juli 2007 aus einem Tiefdruckgebiet und wurde am 30. Juli 2007 als Tropisches [[Tiefdruckgebiet]] in der Nähe von [[Bermuda]] klassifiziert, als es organisierte [[Konvektion]] nahe dem Zentrum aufrechterhalten konnte.<ref> [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al03/al032007.public.001.shtml? National Hurricane Center – TD THREE Public Advisory 1]</ref> Das System wurde am 31. Juli zum Tropischen Sturm aufgestuft, dem ersten nach über zwei Monaten. Der Sturm zog dann weiter nach [[Neuschottland]] und wurde am 1. August nach 18 Stunden auf seinem Weg nach [[Neufundland]] außertropisch.<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al03/al032007.fstadv.005.shtml? National Hurricane Center – TS CHANTAL Forecast/Advisory 5]</ref>

Überflutungen durch starke Regenfälle wurden am 1. August in [[Placentia (Kanada)|Placentia]] und aus der Provinzhauptstadt [[St. John’s (Neufundland)|St. John’s]] gemeldet, wo etwa 100 mm Niederschlag fielen. Bis zu 150 mm Regen verzeichnete die Umgebung von [[Whitbourne (Kanada)|Whitbourne]].<ref>[[Toronto Star]]: [http://www.thestar.com/News/article/242061 ''Storm pummels Newfoundland''], 1. August 2007</ref> Im Süden der [[Avalon (Halbinsel)|Halbinsel Avalon]] wurden Dutzende Straßen weggespült, Keller liefen voll und mehrere Ortschaften waren von der Außenwelt abgeschnitten.<ref>canada.com: [http://www.canada.com/cityguides/halifax/info/story.html?id=b3f93a19-1a81-4558-b1c8-3a585572d909&k=72967 ''Chantal leaves 'havoc' behind in Newfoundland''], 2. August 2007</ref> Die Fährverbindungen zwischen [[Argentia]], [[Neufundland und Labrador]] und [[North Sydney (Nova Scotia)|North Sydney]], [[Nova Scotia]] mussten eingestellt werden.

Für die Gebiete um [[Placentia Bay]] und [[Conception Bay]] wurde der Notstand ausgerufen. Die Schäden gingen in die Millionen und erreichten alleine in Placentia über 4 Millionen Dollar.<ref>[[Canadian Press]]: [http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=cp_n080270A.xml&show_article=1 ''Repairs to storm-damaged areas too slow: N.L. residents''], 2. August 2007</ref>
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== Hurrikan Dean ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name= Hurrikan Dean
| category= cat5
| type= hurricane
| image=Dean_August_16_1400_UTC.JPG
| track=Dean 2007 track.png
| formed=[[13. August]]
| dissipated=[[23. August]] [[2007]]
| highest winds=269 km/h
| lowest pressure=906 hPa
}}

Dieses System entstand am 13. August aus einer starken [[tropische Welle|tropischen Welle]] west-südwestlich der [[Kap Verde|kapverdischen Inseln]].<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT4+shtml/131454.shtml National Hurricane Center – TD FOUR Public Advisory # 1]</ref> Es wurde am 14. August zum Tropischen Sturm hochgestuft<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al04/al042007.public.005.shtml? National Hurricane Center – TS DEAN Public Advisory 5 (14. August 11:00 UTC)]</ref> und erhielt den Namen ''Dean''.

Am 16. August erreichte der Sturm die [[Kleine Antillen|Kleinen Antillen]] und passierte sie am 17. August in westlicher Richtung zwischen [[St. Lucia]] und [[Martinique]]. Er hinterließ schwere Schäden und zerstörte große Teile der Zuckerrohr- und Bananenplantagen, mindestens vier Menschen fanden den Tod<ref>SF Tagesschau: [http://tagesschau.sf.tv/nachrichten/archiv/2007/08/17/international/hurrikan_dean_fordert_mindestens_vier_tote Hurrikan «Dean» fordert mindestens vier Tote] vom 17. August 2007</ref>, davon zwei durch einen Erdrutsch auf [[Dominica]].<ref>http://www.thedominican.net/newsdesk9.htm</ref>

Aufgrund der Messungen eines Erkundungsflugzeuges der [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] und ungewöhnlich hoher Wassertemperaturen (um 30 °C) wurde Dean am 18. August in die Kategorie 4 der [[Saffir-Simpson-Skala]] aufgestuft. In der Nacht vom 19. August auf den 20. August hat der Hurrikan [[Jamaika]] erreicht und schwere Schäden verursacht.<ref>SF Tagesschau: [http://www.tagesschau.de/aktuell/meldungen/0,,OID7308574_,00.html Hurrikan „Dean“ bricht über Jamaika herein]vom 20. August 2007</ref> Bereits am Wochenende waren auf [[Haiti]] und in der [[Dominikanische Republik|Dominikanischen Republik]] acht Menschen durch den Wirbelsturm ums Leben gekommen.<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/0,1518,500777,00.html</ref>

Am Abend des 20. August wurde Dean zum Hurrikan der höchsten Kategorie 5 aufgestuft<ref>National Hurricane Center: [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCUAT4+shtml/210034.shtm Hurricane DEAN Update] 20. August 8:35pm AST</ref> und erreichte in dieser Stärke die Halbinsel [[Yucatán (Halbinsel)|Yucatán]] in der Nähe des Touristenorts [[Costa Maya]], wo er aber nach aktuellem Stand (22. August 2007) keine schweren Schäden anrichtete. ''Dean'' hat sich über Yucatán zu einem Hurrikan der Kategorie 1 abgeschwächt<ref name="nhc34">National Hurrican Center: [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT4+shtml/211443.shtml? Hurricane DEAN Public Advisory #34], 21. August 2007</ref>. Nachdem er Yucatán in Richtung der [[Bahía de Campeche|Bucht von Campeche]] verlassen hatte, wo er wieder an Kraft gewann, erreichte ''Dean'' um 11:30 Uhr Ortszeit (CDT) bei [[Toculutla]], südlich von [[Tuxpan (Veracruz)|Tuxpan]] im Bundesstaat [[Veracruz (Bundesstaat)|Veracruz]], als Kategorie-2-Hurrikan erneut das Festland.<ref name="nhc37Update">National Hurrican Center: [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCUAT4+shtml/221646.shtml? Hurricane DEAN Public Advisory #37 Update], 22. August 2007</ref>
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== Tropischer Sturm Erin ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name= Tropischer Sturm Erin
| category= storm
| type= tropical storm
| image=Erin 15 aug 2007 1939Z.jpg
| track=Erin 2007 track.png
| formed=[[15. August]]
| dissipated=[[19. August]] [[2007]]
| highest winds= 75 km/h
| lowest pressure= 1.004 hPa
}}

Ein bereits sich seit mehreren Tagen entwickelndes Tief wurde am 15. August um 03:00 Uhr [[Koordinierte Weltzeit|UTC]] von [[National Hurricane Center]] etwa 685 km südöstlich von [[Brownsville (Texas)|Brownsville]], [[Texas]] als Tropisches Tiefdruckgebiet 5 definiert und aufgrund von Wetterdaten eines [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]-Erkundungsflugzeuges am selben Tag zum Tropischen Sturm Erin aufgestuft.<ref name="td05update01">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Erin Tropical Cyclone Update|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=15. August 2007|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al05/al052007.update.08151515.shtml?}}</ref> Kurz nach dem er nahe [[Lamar (Texas)|Lamar]], [[Texas]], das Festland erreichte, schwächte sich der Sturm am 16. August zu einem tropischen Tiefdruckgebiet ab und das NHC gab seine letzte Warnung zu dem System ab. Danach driftete das System durch Texas und bildete weiterhin eine ausgeprägte Konvektion. Die Winde gingen am 18. August auf 30 km/h zurück und erreichten nur in Böen eine größere Stärke.<ref name="hpcpa13">{{cite web|author=Kocin|year=2007|title=Tropical Depression Erin Public Advisory Thirteen|accessdate=19. August 2007|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/ERIN/ERIN_13.html}}</ref> Das System zog in nordwestlicher Richtung, von teils heftigen [[Gewitter]]n begleitet, die um das Zentrum von Erin rotierten.<ref name="hpcpa14">{{cite web|author=Kocin|year=2007|title=Tropical Depression Erin Public Advisory Fourteen|accessdate=19. August 2007|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/ERIN/ERIN_14.html}}</ref> Am 19. August 2007 begann sich Erin plötzlich wieder zu verstärken und erreichte zunächst Winde von 55 km/h, etwas westlich von [[Oklahoma City]] <ref name="hpc20">{{cite web|author=Otto|year=2007|title=Tropical Depression Erin Public Advisory Twenty|publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|accessdate=19. August 2007|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/ERIN/ERIN_20.html}}</ref> und das System bildete erneut eine Struktur, die einem Hurrikanauge ähnlich war. Erin konnte noch einmal Spitzenböen von mehr als 130 km/h erreichen.<ref name="unusual">{{cite web|author=Norman, Oklahoma National Weather Service|year=2007|title=An Unusual Tropical System...|accessdate=19. August 2007|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/enhancedwx/fxc_Unusual_Event.jpg}}</ref> Einige Stunden später schwächte sich Erin endgültig ab und löste sich dann über dem Südwesten von [[Kansas]] auf. <div style="clear: both;"></div>

===Tropischer Sturm Felix===

{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name= Hurrikan Felix
| category=cat1
| type=hurricane
| image=Temporary_cyclone_north.svg
| track=Temporary_cyclone_north.svg
| formed=[[31. August]]
| dissipated=
| highest winds= 120 km/h
| lowest pressure= 993 hPa
}}

Dieses System bildete sich am 31. August östlich der [[Inseln über dem Winde (Antillen)|Windward Islands]] als Tropisches Tiefdruckgebiet Sechs<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT1+shtml/312046.shtml National Hurricane Center – TD SIX Public Advisory # 1]</ref> und entwickelte sich am nächsten Tag zum Tropischen Sturm Felix. Felix hat einen sehr ähnlichen Zugweg eingeschlagen wie Hurrikan Dean.<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/refresh/graphics_at1+shtml/144539.shtml?5day#contents National Hurricane Center - Coastal Watches/Warnings and 5-Day Track Forecast Cone]</ref>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Accumulated Cyclone energy (ACE) ==
{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|-
! colspan="7" |ACE (10<sup>4</sup>kt<sup>2</sup>) –
|-
! 1
| 33,8 || Dean
! 4
| 0,368 || Erin
|-
! 2
| 0,773 || Barry
! 5
| 0,123 || Felix
|-
! 3
| 0,608 || Chantal
|-
! colspan="7" | Gesamt: 35,6 
|}

Die nebenstehende Tabelle zeigt die [[Accumulated Cyclone Energy|ACE]] für jeden Sturm dieses Jahres. Die ACE beschreibt die [[Energie]] eines [[tropischer Wirbelsturm|tropischen Sturms]], indem die Stärke eines Sturms mit der Dauer multipliziert wird, das heißt lange andauernde Stürme, sowie starke Stürme haben einen hohen ACE Wert. Traditionell werden von der NOAA lediglich Stürme mit Windgeschwindigkeiten von über 34 Knoten (63 km/h) erfasst.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Zeitverlauf der Saison ==

<timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:20
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:30 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = early

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/05/2007 till:31/12/2007
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/05/2007
# ScaleMinor = grid:blue unit:day increment:7 start:01/05/2007

Colors =
id:canvas value:rgb(0.97,0.97,0.97)
id:PA value:blue
id:GP value:red
id:TD value:rgb(0.38,0.73,1)
id:TS value:rgb(0,0.98,0.96)
id:C1 value:rgb(1,1,0.80)
id:C2 value:rgb(1,0.91,0.46)
id:C3 value:rgb(1,0.76,0.25)
id:C4 value:rgb(1,0.56,0.13)
id:C5 value:rgb(1,0.38,0.38)

Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas

BarData =
barset:Hurrikane
bar:Monat

PlotData=

barset:Hurrikane width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
from:09/05/2007 till:11/05/2007 color:TS text:"Andrea"
from:01/06/2007 till:02/06/2007 color:TS text:"Barry"
from:31/07/2007 till:01/08/2007 color:TS text:"Chantal"
from:13/08/2007 till:22/08/2007 color:C5 text:"Dean"
from:15/08/2007 till:19/08/2007 color:TS text:"Erin"
from:31/08/2007 till:01/09/2007 color:GP text:"Felix"

bar:Monat width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas
from:01/05/2007 till:01/06/2007 text:Mai
from:01/06/2007 till:01/07/2007 text:Juni
from:01/07/2007 till:01/08/2007 text:Juli
from:01/08/2007 till:01/09/2007 text:August
from:01/09/2007 till:01/10/2007 text:September
from:01/10/2007 till:01/11/2007 text:Oktober
from:01/11/2007 till:01/12/2007 text:November
from:01/12/2007 till:31/12/2007 text:Dezember
</timeline>

== Sturmnamen ==
In der Atlantischen Hurrikansaison 2007 werden die folgenden Namen verwendet. Diese Liste wird im Jahre 2013 wieder verwendet, vorbehaltlich der Namen, die durch die [[World Meteorological Organization]] im Frühjahr 2008 möglicherweise ersetzt werden. Diese Liste ist identisch mit der Liste für die [[Atlantische Hurrikansaison 2001]], mit Ausnahme der Namen Andrea, Ingrid und Melissa, welche [[Tropischer Sturm Allison|Allison]], [[Hurrikan Iris|Iris]] und [[Hurrikan Michelle|Michelle]] ersetzt haben.

{| width="90%"
|
* Andrea
* Barry
* Chantal
* Dean
* Erin
* '''Felix'''
* <div style="color: #888;">Gabrielle (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
|
* <div style="color: #888;">Humberto (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Ingrid (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Jerry (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Karen (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Lorenzo (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Melissa (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Noel (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
|
* <div style="color: #888;">Olga (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Pablo (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Rebekah (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Sebastien (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Tanya (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Van (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Wendy (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
|}

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov National Hurricane Center] Aktive Systeme. (Englisch)
{{Commons|Category:2007 Atlantic hurricane season|2007 Atlantic hurricane season}}

== Quellen ==
<references />

{{Navigationsleiste Atlantische Hurrikansaison}}
[[Kategorie:Hurrikansaison|#2007]]
[[Kategorie:2007]]

[[en:2007 Atlantic hurricane season]]
[[es:Temporada de huracanes en el Atlántico, 2007]]
[[fr:Saison cyclonique 2007 (Atlantique nord)]]
[[nl:Atlantisch orkaanseizoen 2007]]
[[simple:2007 Atlantic hurricane season]]
[[sv:Atlantiska orkansäsongen 2007]]
[[zh:2007年大西洋颶風季]]

Atlantische Hurrikansaison 2007

2007-09-02T01:35:16Z

Hello32020: /* Tropischer Sturm Felix */ update

{| class="prettytable float-right"
|+ Sturm- und Hurrikansaison Atlantik 2007
|-
| Erster gebildeter Sturm:
| 9. Mai 2007 (Andrea)
|-
| Aktive Systeme:
| [[#Tropischer Sturm Felix|Felix]]
|-
| Stürme insgesamt:
| 6
|-
| Hurrikane insgesamt:
| 1
|-
| Starke Hurrikane (Kategorie 3+):
| 1
|-
| Stärkster Sturm:
| Dean 906 [[Pascal (Einheit)|hPa]], 269 [[Kilometer pro Stunde|km/h]]
|-
| Anzahl von Stürmen, die das Festland erreichten:
| 3
|-
| Schadenssumme:
| k. A.
|-
| Todesfälle:
| 45 direkt, 19 indirekt
|}

Die '''Atlantische Hurrikansaison 2007''' begann offiziell am 1. Juni und endet am 30. November. Innerhalb dieser Periode bilden sich die meisten [[Hurrikan|Tropischen Stürme]], da nur zu dieser Zeit geeignete Bedingungen, wie etwa ein warmer [[Ozean]], feuchte Luft und wenig [[Windscherung]], existieren, um die Bildung von [[Tropischer Wirbelsturm|Tropischen Wirbelstürmen]] zu ermöglichen. Dennoch formte sich bereits am 9. Mai das erste benannte System, das der Saison zu einem frühen Start verhalf.

''Stürme im [[Pazifischer Ozean|Pazifischen Ozean]] sind im Artikel [[Pazifische Hurrikansaison 2007]] gelistet.''

== Stürme ==
=== Subtropischer Sturm Andrea ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name=Subtropischer Sturm Andrea
| category=storm
| type=subtropical storm
| image=Subtropical Storm Andrea 2007.jpg
| track=Andrea 2007 track.png
| formed= [[9. Mai]]
| dissipated= [[11. Mai]] [[2007]]
| highest winds= 85 km/h
| lowest pressure=1.001hPa
}}

Ein zunächst extratropisches [[Tiefdruckgebiet]] begann am 9. Mai auf den warmen Gewässern des [[Golfstrom]]s langsam geordnete [[Konvektion]] aufzubauen. Später fand ein [[Aufklärungsflugzeug]] einige tropische Merkmale im Zyklon vor und das System wurde Subtropischer Sturm Andrea benannt. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt lag der Sturm etwa 225 km südöstlich von [[Savannah (Georgia)|Savannah]], [[Georgia]]. Als das System am nächsten Tag den warmen [[Golfstrom]] verließ, verminderte sich, auch bedingt durch starke [[Windscherung]], die konvektive Aktivität des Systems schlagartig und Andrea wurde in ein subtropisches Tiefdruckgebiet abgestuft. Am selben Tag degenerierte es sich in ein Resttief. Am 11. Mai begann sich wieder [[Konvektion]] über dem Zentrum aufzubauen und am 12. Mai erklärte das [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]], dass ein geringfügiger Anstieg der [[Gewitter]]tätigkeit ausreichen würde, um das System zu einem tropischen Tiefdruckgebiet aufzustufen. Dies geschah aber nicht und das System wurde am 14. Mai in eine [[Kaltfront]] absorbiert.

Das System verursachte hohe [[Wellen]] auf den [[Küste]]n von [[Florida]] bis [[North Carolina]], durch welche auch ein [[Wellenreiten|Surfer]] ums Leben kam. Starke Winde durch Andrea ließen [[Buschfeuer]] in Florida und [[Georgia]] neu entfachen und verschlimmerten die Lage weiter. Der Sturm war der erste benannte Maisturm seit Arlene 1981. Das extratropische Vorgängertief tötete außerdem fünf weitere Menschen.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== Tropischer Sturm Barry ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name=Tropischer Sturm Barry
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=Barry 01 jun 2007 1905Z.jpg
| track=Barry 2007 track.png
| formed= [[1. Juni]]
| dissipated= [[2. Juni]] [[2007]]
| highest winds=95 km/h
| lowest pressure=997 hPa
}}

Am 30. Mai bildete sich im [[Golf von Honduras]] ein breites [[Tiefdruckgebiet]] aus. Nach [[Norden]] ziehend konnte sich das System leicht verstärken und wurde dann nach einem [[Aufklärungsflugzeug|Aufklärungsflug]] als tropischer Sturm Barry klassifiziert. Bemerkenswerterweise konnte das System diese Intensität trotz heftiger vertikaler [[Windscherung]] aufrechterhalten und [[Sturmwarnung]]en wurden für den Westen [[Florida]]s herausgegeben. Das System ging schließlich am 2. Juni, als minimaler tropischer Sturm, nahe [[Tampa Bay]] an Land, richtete aber kaum Schäden an. Im Gegenteil brachte das System wichtigen [[Niederschlag]] für das [[Dürre|dürregeplagten]] Florida mit sich. Als das System an Land ging, degenerierte es schnell in ein extratropisches Tiefdruckgebiet, das schließlich noch über weite Teile der [[Ostküste]] Regenfälle verursachte.

Durch Barry ertrank ein Surfer vor der Küste Floridas, außerdem ist der Sturm indirekt für zwei [[Verkehrstote]] verantwortlich.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== Tropischer Sturm Chantal ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name=Tropischer Sturm Chantal
|category=storm
|type=tropical storm
|image=TS Chantal 2007 1545Z July31.jpg
| track=Chantal 2007 track.png
| formed= [[31. Juli]]
| dissipated= [[1. August]] [[2007]]
| highest winds= 85 km/h
| lowest pressure= 994 hPa
}}

Chantal war das dritte System der Saison. Es entwickelte sich am 28. Juli 2007 aus einem Tiefdruckgebiet und wurde am 30. Juli 2007 als Tropisches [[Tiefdruckgebiet]] in der Nähe von [[Bermuda]] klassifiziert, als es organisierte [[Konvektion]] nahe dem Zentrum aufrechterhalten konnte.<ref> [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al03/al032007.public.001.shtml? National Hurricane Center – TD THREE Public Advisory 1]</ref> Das System wurde am 31. Juli zum Tropischen Sturm aufgestuft, dem ersten nach über zwei Monaten. Der Sturm zog dann weiter nach [[Neuschottland]] und wurde am 1. August nach 18 Stunden auf seinem Weg nach [[Neufundland]] außertropisch.<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al03/al032007.fstadv.005.shtml? National Hurricane Center – TS CHANTAL Forecast/Advisory 5]</ref>

Überflutungen durch starke Regenfälle wurden am 1. August in [[Placentia (Kanada)|Placentia]] und aus der Provinzhauptstadt [[St. John’s (Neufundland)|St. John’s]] gemeldet, wo etwa 100 mm Niederschlag fielen. Bis zu 150 mm Regen verzeichnete die Umgebung von [[Whitbourne (Kanada)|Whitbourne]].<ref>[[Toronto Star]]: [http://www.thestar.com/News/article/242061 ''Storm pummels Newfoundland''], 1. August 2007</ref> Im Süden der [[Avalon (Halbinsel)|Halbinsel Avalon]] wurden Dutzende Straßen weggespült, Keller liefen voll und mehrere Ortschaften waren von der Außenwelt abgeschnitten.<ref>canada.com: [http://www.canada.com/cityguides/halifax/info/story.html?id=b3f93a19-1a81-4558-b1c8-3a585572d909&k=72967 ''Chantal leaves 'havoc' behind in Newfoundland''], 2. August 2007</ref> Die Fährverbindungen zwischen [[Argentia]], [[Neufundland und Labrador]] und [[North Sydney (Nova Scotia)|North Sydney]], [[Nova Scotia]] mussten eingestellt werden.

Für die Gebiete um [[Placentia Bay]] und [[Conception Bay]] wurde der Notstand ausgerufen. Die Schäden gingen in die Millionen und erreichten alleine in Placentia über 4 Millionen Dollar.<ref>[[Canadian Press]]: [http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=cp_n080270A.xml&show_article=1 ''Repairs to storm-damaged areas too slow: N.L. residents''], 2. August 2007</ref>
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== Hurrikan Dean ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name= Hurrikan Dean
| category= cat5
| type= hurricane
| image=Dean_August_16_1400_UTC.JPG
| track=Dean 2007 track.png
| formed=[[13. August]]
| dissipated=[[23. August]] [[2007]]
| highest winds=269 km/h
| lowest pressure=906 hPa
}}

Dieses System entstand am 13. August aus einer starken [[tropische Welle|tropischen Welle]] west-südwestlich der [[Kap Verde|kapverdischen Inseln]].<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT4+shtml/131454.shtml National Hurricane Center – TD FOUR Public Advisory # 1]</ref> Es wurde am 14. August zum Tropischen Sturm hochgestuft<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al04/al042007.public.005.shtml? National Hurricane Center – TS DEAN Public Advisory 5 (14. August 11:00 UTC)]</ref> und erhielt den Namen ''Dean''.

Am 16. August erreichte der Sturm die [[Kleine Antillen|Kleinen Antillen]] und passierte sie am 17. August in westlicher Richtung zwischen [[St. Lucia]] und [[Martinique]]. Er hinterließ schwere Schäden und zerstörte große Teile der Zuckerrohr- und Bananenplantagen, mindestens vier Menschen fanden den Tod<ref>SF Tagesschau: [http://tagesschau.sf.tv/nachrichten/archiv/2007/08/17/international/hurrikan_dean_fordert_mindestens_vier_tote Hurrikan «Dean» fordert mindestens vier Tote] vom 17. August 2007</ref>, davon zwei durch einen Erdrutsch auf [[Dominica]].<ref>http://www.thedominican.net/newsdesk9.htm</ref>

Aufgrund der Messungen eines Erkundungsflugzeuges der [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] und ungewöhnlich hoher Wassertemperaturen (um 30 °C) wurde Dean am 18. August in die Kategorie 4 der [[Saffir-Simpson-Skala]] aufgestuft. In der Nacht vom 19. August auf den 20. August hat der Hurrikan [[Jamaika]] erreicht und schwere Schäden verursacht.<ref>SF Tagesschau: [http://www.tagesschau.de/aktuell/meldungen/0,,OID7308574_,00.html Hurrikan „Dean“ bricht über Jamaika herein]vom 20. August 2007</ref> Bereits am Wochenende waren auf [[Haiti]] und in der [[Dominikanische Republik|Dominikanischen Republik]] acht Menschen durch den Wirbelsturm ums Leben gekommen.<ref>http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/0,1518,500777,00.html</ref>

Am Abend des 20. August wurde Dean zum Hurrikan der höchsten Kategorie 5 aufgestuft<ref>National Hurricane Center: [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCUAT4+shtml/210034.shtm Hurricane DEAN Update] 20. August 8:35pm AST</ref> und erreichte in dieser Stärke die Halbinsel [[Yucatán (Halbinsel)|Yucatán]] in der Nähe des Touristenorts [[Costa Maya]], wo er aber nach aktuellem Stand (22. August 2007) keine schweren Schäden anrichtete. ''Dean'' hat sich über Yucatán zu einem Hurrikan der Kategorie 1 abgeschwächt<ref name="nhc34">National Hurrican Center: [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT4+shtml/211443.shtml? Hurricane DEAN Public Advisory #34], 21. August 2007</ref>. Nachdem er Yucatán in Richtung der [[Bahía de Campeche|Bucht von Campeche]] verlassen hatte, wo er wieder an Kraft gewann, erreichte ''Dean'' um 11:30 Uhr Ortszeit (CDT) bei [[Toculutla]], südlich von [[Tuxpan (Veracruz)|Tuxpan]] im Bundesstaat [[Veracruz (Bundesstaat)|Veracruz]], als Kategorie-2-Hurrikan erneut das Festland.<ref name="nhc37Update">National Hurrican Center: [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCUAT4+shtml/221646.shtml? Hurricane DEAN Public Advisory #37 Update], 22. August 2007</ref>
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

=== Tropischer Sturm Erin ===
{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name= Tropischer Sturm Erin
| category= storm
| type= tropical storm
| image=Erin 15 aug 2007 1939Z.jpg
| track=Erin 2007 track.png
| formed=[[15. August]]
| dissipated=[[19. August]] [[2007]]
| highest winds= 75 km/h
| lowest pressure= 1.004 hPa
}}

Ein bereits sich seit mehreren Tagen entwickelndes Tief wurde am 15. August um 03:00 Uhr [[Koordinierte Weltzeit|UTC]] von [[National Hurricane Center]] etwa 685 km südöstlich von [[Brownsville (Texas)|Brownsville]], [[Texas]] als Tropisches Tiefdruckgebiet 5 definiert und aufgrund von Wetterdaten eines [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]-Erkundungsflugzeuges am selben Tag zum Tropischen Sturm Erin aufgestuft.<ref name="td05update01">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Erin Tropical Cyclone Update|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=15. August 2007|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al05/al052007.update.08151515.shtml?}}</ref> Kurz nach dem er nahe [[Lamar (Texas)|Lamar]], [[Texas]], das Festland erreichte, schwächte sich der Sturm am 16. August zu einem tropischen Tiefdruckgebiet ab und das NHC gab seine letzte Warnung zu dem System ab. Danach driftete das System durch Texas und bildete weiterhin eine ausgeprägte Konvektion. Die Winde gingen am 18. August auf 30 km/h zurück und erreichten nur in Böen eine größere Stärke.<ref name="hpcpa13">{{cite web|author=Kocin|year=2007|title=Tropical Depression Erin Public Advisory Thirteen|accessdate=19. August 2007|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/ERIN/ERIN_13.html}}</ref> Das System zog in nordwestlicher Richtung, von teils heftigen [[Gewitter]]n begleitet, die um das Zentrum von Erin rotierten.<ref name="hpcpa14">{{cite web|author=Kocin|year=2007|title=Tropical Depression Erin Public Advisory Fourteen|accessdate=19. August 2007|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/ERIN/ERIN_14.html}}</ref> Am 19. August 2007 begann sich Erin plötzlich wieder zu verstärken und erreichte zunächst Winde von 55 km/h, etwas westlich von [[Oklahoma City]] <ref name="hpc20">{{cite web|author=Otto|year=2007|title=Tropical Depression Erin Public Advisory Twenty|publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|accessdate=19. August 2007|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/ERIN/ERIN_20.html}}</ref> und das System bildete erneut eine Struktur, die einem Hurrikanauge ähnlich war. Erin konnte noch einmal Spitzenböen von mehr als 130 km/h erreichen.<ref name="unusual">{{cite web|author=Norman, Oklahoma National Weather Service|year=2007|title=An Unusual Tropical System...|accessdate=19. August 2007|url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/enhancedwx/fxc_Unusual_Event.jpg}}</ref> Einige Stunden später schwächte sich Erin endgültig ab und löste sich dann über dem Südwesten von [[Kansas]] auf. <div style="clear: both;"></div>

===Tropischer Sturm Felix===

{{Infobox Hurrikan klein
| name= Tropischer Sturm Felix
| category= storm
| type= tropical storm
| image=Temporary_cyclone_north.svg
| track=Temporary_cyclone_north.svg
| formed=[[31. August]]
| dissipated=
| highest winds= 120 km/h
| lowest pressure= 993 hPa
}}

Dieses System bildete sich am 31. August östlich der [[Inseln über dem Winde (Antillen)|Windward Islands]] als Tropisches Tiefdruckgebiet Sechs<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT1+shtml/312046.shtml National Hurricane Center – TD SIX Public Advisory # 1]</ref> und entwickelte sich am nächsten Tag zum Tropischen Sturm Felix. Felix hat einen sehr ähnlichen Zugweg eingeschlagen wie Hurrikan Dean.<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/refresh/graphics_at1+shtml/144539.shtml?5day#contents National Hurricane Center - Coastal Watches/Warnings and 5-Day Track Forecast Cone]</ref>

<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Accumulated Cyclone energy (ACE) ==
{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|-
! colspan="7" |ACE (10<sup>4</sup>kt<sup>2</sup>) –
|-
! 1
| 33,8 || Dean
! 4
| 0,368 || Erin
|-
! 2
| 0,773 || Barry
! 5
| 0,123 || Felix
|-
! 3
| 0,608 || Chantal
|-
! colspan="7" | Gesamt: 35,6 
|}

Die nebenstehende Tabelle zeigt die [[Accumulated Cyclone Energy|ACE]] für jeden Sturm dieses Jahres. Die ACE beschreibt die [[Energie]] eines [[tropischer Wirbelsturm|tropischen Sturms]], indem die Stärke eines Sturms mit der Dauer multipliziert wird, das heißt lange andauernde Stürme, sowie starke Stürme haben einen hohen ACE Wert. Traditionell werden von der NOAA lediglich Stürme mit Windgeschwindigkeiten von über 34 Knoten (63 km/h) erfasst.
<div style="clear: both;"></div>

== Zeitverlauf der Saison ==

<timeline>
ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:20
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:30 right:130 left:20
AlignBars = early

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/05/2007 till:31/12/2007
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/05/2007
# ScaleMinor = grid:blue unit:day increment:7 start:01/05/2007

Colors =
id:canvas value:rgb(0.97,0.97,0.97)
id:PA value:blue
id:GP value:red
id:TD value:rgb(0.38,0.73,1)
id:TS value:rgb(0,0.98,0.96)
id:C1 value:rgb(1,1,0.80)
id:C2 value:rgb(1,0.91,0.46)
id:C3 value:rgb(1,0.76,0.25)
id:C4 value:rgb(1,0.56,0.13)
id:C5 value:rgb(1,0.38,0.38)

Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas

BarData =
barset:Hurrikane
bar:Monat

PlotData=

barset:Hurrikane width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
from:09/05/2007 till:11/05/2007 color:TS text:"Andrea"
from:01/06/2007 till:02/06/2007 color:TS text:"Barry"
from:31/07/2007 till:01/08/2007 color:TS text:"Chantal"
from:13/08/2007 till:22/08/2007 color:C5 text:"Dean"
from:15/08/2007 till:19/08/2007 color:TS text:"Erin"
from:31/08/2007 till:01/09/2007 color:GP text:"Felix"

bar:Monat width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas
from:01/05/2007 till:01/06/2007 text:Mai
from:01/06/2007 till:01/07/2007 text:Juni
from:01/07/2007 till:01/08/2007 text:Juli
from:01/08/2007 till:01/09/2007 text:August
from:01/09/2007 till:01/10/2007 text:September
from:01/10/2007 till:01/11/2007 text:Oktober
from:01/11/2007 till:01/12/2007 text:November
from:01/12/2007 till:31/12/2007 text:Dezember
</timeline>

== Sturmnamen ==
In der Atlantischen Hurrikansaison 2007 werden die folgenden Namen verwendet. Diese Liste wird im Jahre 2013 wieder verwendet, vorbehaltlich der Namen, die durch die [[World Meteorological Organization]] im Frühjahr 2008 möglicherweise ersetzt werden. Diese Liste ist identisch mit der Liste für die [[Atlantische Hurrikansaison 2001]], mit Ausnahme der Namen Andrea, Ingrid und Melissa, welche [[Tropischer Sturm Allison|Allison]], [[Hurrikan Iris|Iris]] und [[Hurrikan Michelle|Michelle]] ersetzt haben.

{| width="90%"
|
* Andrea
* Barry
* Chantal
* Dean
* Erin
* '''Felix'''
* <div style="color: #888;">Gabrielle (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
|
* <div style="color: #888;">Humberto (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Ingrid (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Jerry (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Karen (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Lorenzo (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Melissa (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Noel (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
|
* <div style="color: #888;">Olga (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Pablo (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Rebekah (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Sebastien (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Tanya (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Van (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Wendy (noch nicht verwendet)</div>
|}

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov National Hurricane Center] Aktive Systeme. (Englisch)
{{Commons|Category:2007 Atlantic hurricane season|2007 Atlantic hurricane season}}

== Quellen ==
<references />

{{Navigationsleiste Atlantische Hurrikansaison}}
[[Kategorie:Hurrikansaison|#2007]]
[[Kategorie:2007]]

[[en:2007 Atlantic hurricane season]]
[[es:Temporada de huracanes en el Atlántico, 2007]]
[[fr:Saison cyclonique 2007 (Atlantique nord)]]
[[nl:Atlantisch orkaanseizoen 2007]]
[[simple:2007 Atlantic hurricane season]]
[[sv:Atlantiska orkansäsongen 2007]]
[[zh:2007年大西洋颶風季]]

Benutzer:Hello32020

2007-09-02T01:34:24Z

Hello32020: link to english wp account

[[w:User:Hello32020]]

Atlantische Hurrikansaison 1998

2006-11-17T21:25:20Z

Hello32020: /* Hurricane Lisa */ add info

{{Infobox hurricane season
| first storm formed=[[July 27]], [[1998]]
| last storm dissipated=[[December 1]], [[1998]]
| strongest storm =[[Hurricane Mitch|Mitch]] - 905 [[mbar]] (26.72 [[inHg]]), 180 mph (285 [[km/h]])
| total storms=14
| major storms=3
| total damages=$12.2 billion (1998 [[USD]])<br>$14.2 billion (2005 USD)
| total fatalities=18,907
| basin=Atlantic hurricane
| five seasons=[[1996 Atlantic hurricane season|1996]], [[1997 Atlantic hurricane season|1997]], '''1998''', [[1999 Atlantic hurricane season|1999]], [[2000 Atlantic hurricane season|2000]]
}}
The '''1998 Atlantic hurricane season''' officially began on [[June 1]], [[1998]], and lasted until [[November 30]], [[1998]]. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most [[tropical cyclone]]s form in the [[Atlantic basin]]; however, the season extended through [[December 1]] as [[Hurricane Nicole (1998)|Hurricane Nicole]] remained active. The most notable storms of the season were [[Hurricane Georges]] and [[Hurricane Mitch]]; the former caused heavy damages across the [[Caribbean Sea]] and on the [[United States]]' [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] as well as 603 deaths, and the latter killed as many as 18,000 people, mostly in [[Honduras]] and [[Nicaragua]], making it the deadliest hurricane of modern times.

== Season summary ==
[[Image:Four_Atlantic_Hurricanes_September_26.gif|right|thumb|Four simultaneous hurricanes]]
The 1998 Atlantic hurricane season was the second deadliest season on record. One of the notable storms of the 1998 season was Hurricane Georges, which killed an estimated 602 people, mostly in the [[Dominican Republic]] and [[Haiti]], and at the time was the 19th deadliest [[20th century]] Atlantic hurricane. Although Georges was a record-setting storm, it was a distant second to Hurricane Mitch. Mitch was responsible for up to 18,000 deaths, mostly in [[Honduras]] and [[Nicaragua]]. Mitch is the second deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record, behind only the [[Great Hurricane of 1780]].

[[Image:Ob981230 lg3.jpg|left|thumb|Hurricane Earl and Hurricane Danielle.]]
The season began in late July, and after a quiet beginning to August, the tropics remained active through early October. With 5 storms reaching hurricane status in September, the month was among the most active on record. 7 storms also occurred in the month. In addition, two storms existed in the month of November, one of which became a hurricane. In all, seven storms made landfall around the Atlantic Ocean, of which four were hurricanes. The Gulf of Mexico experienced six tropical cyclones, a relatively high amount.

An extremely unusual feature of the season was the presence of four simultaneous hurricanes; Georges, Ivan, Karl, and Jeanne on [[September 26]]. Such an event has never been recorded since the [[1893 Atlantic hurricane season]]. Three simultaneous hurricanes is extremely rare on its own, and has happened only 7 times from 1950 through 2005. <div style="clear: both"></div>

== Storms ==
=== Tropical Storm Alex ===
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Tropical Storm Alex
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=Tropical Storm Alex (1998).jpg
| track=Alex 1998 track.png
| formed=[[July 27]]
| dissipated=[[August 2]]
| highest winds=50 [[miles per hour|mph]] (80 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=1002 [[mbar]]}}

On [[July 26]], a tropical wave moved westward off the coast of Africa. The wave, already well organized, soon encountered favorable elements for development. On the 27th, Tropical Depression One formed while 300 n mi south-southwest of [[Cape Verde]]. After nearly 24 hours of dormancy where the storm showed poor organization and minimal convection, satellite imagery showed deep convection near the center of the now strengthening depression. At approximately midnight on the 29th, the storm was upgraded to tropical storm status. The storm stayed on its west-northwest track, but struggled to survive as wind shear and a mid- to upper-level trough nearly tore the storm apart. Early on the 31st, it was estimated that Alex reached its peak of 50 [[mph]] and 1002 [[mbar]]. Wind shear increased, making conditions near-impossible for further strengthening. The wind shear took its toll as it tore the storm apart, and the storm dissipated quickly as it turned to the northwest on [[August 2]]. Alex was the last storm to form in July, starting a three year gap in which no tropical storms or hurricanes formed in July until 2002, when Tropical Storm Arthur formed on [[July 15]]. <div style="clear: both"></div>

=== Hurricane Bonnie ===
{{hurricane main|Hurricane Bonnie (1998)}}
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Hurricane Bonnie
| category=cat3
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurr-bonnie 1998.JPG
| track=Bonnie 1998 track.png
| formed=[[August 19]]
| dissipated=[[August 30]]
| highest winds=115 [[miles per hour|mph]] (185 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=954 [[mbar]]
}}

Bonnie formed out of a poorly organized tropical depression east of the Leeward Islands on [[August 19]]. The new tropical storm moved west-northwest, passing north of the [[Antilles]], and reached hurricane strength north of [[Puerto Rico]] on [[August 22]]. At this point, Hurricane Bonnie turned to the northwest, away from the Bahamas and Florida, and toward the Carolinas. Bonnie strengthened into a 115 mph (185 km/h) [[Category 3]] hurricane, and retained this strength until just before landfall on [[August 27]] near [[Wilmington, North Carolina]]. As it moved over land, it continued an eastward turn started just before landfall, and returned to the Atlantic as a tropical storm. Bonnie restrengthened to a minimal hurricane, but weakened as it headed rapidly to the northeast. Bonnie became extratropical on [[August 30]] while about 240 n mi south-southeast of [[Newfoundland]].

Bonnie produced a maximum of 14.61" (37.11cm.) of rain at a cooperative observing station located seven miles north of Wilmington, North Carolinas. Hurricane Bonnie is blamed for three deaths, and $720 million in damage, most of it in [[Hampton Roads, Virginia]]. Bonnie was the 3rd hurricane to directly hit North Carolina in three years.

=== Tropical Storm Charley ===
{{hurricane main|Tropical Storm Charley (1998)}}
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Tropical Storm Charley
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=Tropical Storm Charley (1998).JPG
| track=Charley 1998 track.png
| formed=[[August 21]]
| dissipated=[[August 24]]
| highest winds=70 [[miles per hour|mph]] (110 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=1000 [[mbar]]
}}

Charley formed in the western Gulf of Mexico on [[August 21]] from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of [[Africa]] on the 9th. It headed west, and strengthened to a peak of 70 mph just as it was making landfall near [[Port Aransas, Texas]] on [[August 22]]. Charley continued inland before dissipating near [[Del Rio, Texas|Del Rio]] on [[August 25]].

Charley was responsible for serious inland flooding in and around [[Val Verde County, Texas]]. Thirteen people died in [[Texas]], and seven deaths were reported across the border in [[Ciudad Acuña]], [[Coahuila]]. In addition, 300-1,500 homes, businesses, mobile homes and apartments were either damaged or destroyed by the floods, amounting to a damage total of $50 million (1998 USD, $58 million 2005 USD). Del Rio recorded 17 inches (43cm) of rain in 24 hours from the storm, a record for the city and the most rainfall from a tropical cyclone in Texas since [[Tropical Storm Claudette (1979)|Tropical Storm Claudette]] in 1979. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998charley.html]

=== Hurricane Danielle ===
{{hurricane main|Hurricane Danielle (1998)}}
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Hurricane Danielle
| category=cat2
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane_Danielle (1998).png
| track=Danielle 1998 track.png
| formed=[[August 24]]
| dissipated=[[September 3]]
| highest winds=105 [[miles per hour|mph]] (170 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=960 [[mbar]]
}}

Danielle was named on [[August 24]] while roughly 600 n mi (965 km) west-southwest of Cape Verde. The storm headed west-northwest and strengthened into a hurricane. Hurricane Danielle followed a nearly straight track for almost six days with its strength oscillating between a strong Category 2 storm and a weak Category 1. As it began to approach the [[United States]] on [[August 31]], Danielle turned, first to the north, then the northeast. Bonnie had finally moved off to the northeast after making landfall on the Carolina coast on [[August 28]]. Now all eyes were on Danielle, which by now was a Category 2 hurricane on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]] with sustained winds of 100 mph (161 km/h).

Danielle continued quickly northwest. A trough in the jet stream on the east coast prevented Danielle from making landfall in [[Bermuda]]. As Danielle headed over colder water, it began losing its tropical characteristics. It was declared extratropical while south of [[Cape Race, Newfoundland]] on [[September 4]]. Danielle still had hurricane force winds when it became extratropical, and remained organized as it continued to the east. The extratropical storm was tracked until it merged with another system north of [[Ireland]] on [[September 8]].

No deaths were reported from Danielle as a tropical system. Danielle dissipated and became extratropical on [[September 3]]. The [[British Isles]] took quite a lashing from the remnants of Danielle on [[September 6]]. Some people had to be rescued from treacherous sea conditions. Danielle was responsible for coastal damage in western [[Great Britain]], causing beach evacuations in [[Cornwall]].

=== Hurricane Earl ===
{{hurricane main|Hurricane Earl (1998)}}
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Hurricane Earl
| category=cat2
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Earl (1998).gif
| track=Earl 1998 track.png
| formed=[[August 31]]
| dissipated=[[September 8]],<br />(extratropical after [[September 3]])
| highest winds=100 [[miles per hour|mph]] (160 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=988 [[mbar]]
}}

Earl became a named system in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on [[August 31]]. It headed generally northeast, and although it retained a subtropical-type structure with a comma head pattern and a large dry slot, it reached hurricane strength on [[September 2]] while 125 n mi south-southeast of [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]. It made landfall at [[Category 1]] on [[September 3]] near [[Panama City, Florida]]. After travelling inland, Earl became extratropical over [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and then moved back out to sea and was tracked into the North Atlantic until it was absorbed by the extratropical remnants of Hurricane Danielle on [[September 8]].

Hurricane Earl was responsible for three deaths, and its eight foot [[storm surge]] was largely responsible for an estimated $79 million in property damage. Prodigious rainfall fell during its transit of northern Florida, with 16.36" falling five miles northeast of Panama City, Florida.{{clear}}

=== Tropical Storm Frances ===
{{hurricane main|Tropical Storm Frances (1998)}}
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Tropical Storm Frances
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=Tropical Storm Frances (1998).jpg
| track=Frances 1998 track.png
| formed=[[September 8]]
| dissipated=[[September 13]]
| highest winds=65 [[miles per hour|mph]] (100 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=990 [[mbar]]
}}

Frances formed in the western Gulf of Mexico on [[September 8]]. It briefly drifted south, but then turned north and then northwest. It made landfall north of [[Corpus Christi, Texas]] on [[September 11]] as a moderately strong tropical storm. It weakened to a tropical depression as it travelled north, and dissipated north of [[Dallas, Texas]].

The storm was relatively large, with tropical storm force winds extending 300 n mi (485 km) from the center of circulation. A storm surge of up to eight feet was reported along the Texas coastline, and rainfall totals for many areas exceeded ten inches.

Tropical Storm Frances was responsible for one direct death in [[Lafourche Parish, Louisiana]] caused by a tornado. Heavy rainfall caused large amounts of flood damage in southeast Texas and southwest [[Louisiana]], with an estimated total of $500 million in property damage.

=== Hurricane Georges ===
{{hurricane main|Hurricane Georges}}
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Hurricane Georges
| category=cat4
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurr-georges-19980928-g8ir.gif
| track=Georges 1998 track.png
| formed=[[September 15]]
| dissipated=[[October 1]]
| highest winds=155 [[miles per hour|mph]] (250 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=937 [[mbar]]
}}

A tropical wave that emerged from the coast of [[Africa]] in mid September organized into a tropical depression on [[September 15]] while 300 n mi south-southwest of Cape Verde. It continued to develop, and reached tropical storm force on the [[September 16|16th]], while centered 620 n mi west-southwest of Cape Verde. Georges took a typical track for a [[Cape Verde-type hurricane]], with a nearly straight west-northwest track. Georges continued to strengthen, and nearly reached Category 5 classification on [[September 20]], while 285 n mi east of [[Guadeloupe]]. Georges weakened from this point on, but was on a track to travel up all of the [[Leeward Islands]] and the [[Greater Antilles]].

On the [[September 21|21st]], Georges began its seven landfalls in the Lesser Antilles, starting with [[Antigua and Barbuda|Antigua]]. After passing through the smaller islands, it made landfall in Puerto Rico. It strengthened slightly as it left the island, but its passage over the mountainous terrain of [[Hispaniola]] left it a minimal hurricane. Georges continued on, and travelled up the northern coast of [[Cuba]]. By [[September 25]], it made landfall at [[Key West, Florida]] at Category 2 strength. As it entered the Gulf of Mexico, Georges began a turn to the north, and made landfall near [[Biloxi, Mississippi]] on [[September 28]]. Georges meandered over southern [[Mississippi]], then slowly travelled east before dissipating over northern Florida on [[October 1]].

The damage caused by Georges was immense. There were 602 deaths directly associated with Georges, nearly all in the [[Dominican Republic]] and [[Haiti]]. Property damage to the [[United States]] and its possessions is estimated at $5.9 billion. Monetary estimates of damage in other areas affected are not available. However, 185,000 were left homeless in the Dominican Republic, another 167,000 in Haiti, and 3,500 homes were destroyed in Cuba. Hurricane Georges was a very damaging storm, the 19th deadliest of the [[20th century]].

=== Tropical Storm Hermine ===
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Tropical Storm Hermine
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=Tropical Storm Hermine (1998).jpg
| track=Hermine 1998 track.png
| formed=[[September 17]]
| dissipated=[[September 20]]
| highest winds=45 [[miles per hour|mph]] (70 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=999 [[mbar]]
}}

Hermine formed as a tropical depression several hundred miles south of [[Louisiana]] on [[September 17]]. The depression looped around offshore, then headed north. On [[September 19]], it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Hermine. It made landfall the next day near [[Cocodrie, Louisiana]]. There were no reports of damage. <div style="clear: both"></div>

=== Hurricane Ivan ===
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Hurricane Ivan
| category=cat1
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Ivan (1998).jpg
| track=Ivan 1998 track.png
| formed=[[September 19]]
| dissipated=[[September 27]]
| highest winds=90 [[miles per hour|mph]] (145 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=975 [[mbar]]
}}

A tropical wave just off Cape Verde organized into a tropical depression on [[September 19]], and then travelled west-northwest before strengthening into Tropical Storm Ivan. Ivan began heading north and strengthened to a hurricane. It then gradually turned to the east, passing just north of the Azores on [[September 26]]. Hurricane Ivan became extratropical the next day. Ivan caused no reported damage, and there were no land-based reports of tropical storm force winds. <div style="clear: both"></div>

=== Hurricane Jeanne ===
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Hurricane Jeanne
| category=cat2
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Jeanne (1998).jpg
| track=Jeanne 1998 track.png
| formed=[[September 21]]
| dissipated=[[October 4]],<br />(extratropical after [[October 1]])
| highest winds=105 [[miles per hour|mph]] (170 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=969 [[mbar]]
}}

Jeanne formed as a tropical depression on [[September 21]] while 140 n mi of [[Guinea-Bissau]]. Jeanne formed farther east than any storm on record except for [[1973 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Storm Christine|Tropical Storm Christine]] in [[1973]]. It moved west-northwest and was named Tropical Storm Jeanne later on the 21st. The storm continued strengthening, and became a Category 2 hurricane. On [[September 25]], Hurricane Jeanne began a slow turn to the right. By [[September 27]], it was heading north, and on [[October 1]], it crossed the Azores heading east as a weakening tropical storm. As it left the Azores, it became extratropical. The extratropical storm brought gale force winds to [[Portugal]] on [[October 4]], and became unidentifiable over [[Spain]] later that day. No damage was reported.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

=== Hurricane Karl ===
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Hurricane Karl
| category=cat2
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Karl (1998).JPG
| track=Karl 1998 track.png
| formed=[[September 23]]
| dissipated=[[September 28]]
| highest winds=105 [[miles per hour|mph]] (170 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=970 [[mbar]]
}}

Karl formed from a non-tropical low that travelled eastward just to the north of Bermuda on [[September 23]]. After a southerly dip, The storm began a dip to the south, and strengthened to hurricane intensity on [[September 25]]. It shared the Atlantic basin with Hurricanes Georges, Ivan, and Jeanne, the first time since [[1893 Atlantic hurricane season|1893]] that four hurricanes existed in the Atlantic simultaneously.

Hurricane Karl travelled generally northeast, and weakened to a tropical storm as it passed the Azores. On [[September 28]], it became extratropical and was tracked until it was south of [[Ireland]] the next day.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

=== Hurricane Lisa ===
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Hurricane Lisa
| category=cat1
| type=hurricane
| image=Lisa vis.gif
| track=Lisa 1998 track.png
| formed=[[October 5]]
| dissipated=[[October 9]]
| highest winds=75 [[miles per hour|mph]] (120 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=995 [[mbar]]
}}

Lisa formed midway between Africa and the Lesser Antilles on [[October 5]], as a 45 mph tropical storm.[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/pub/PAL1298.001]It headed generally north, and on [[October 9]], began accelerating. That afternoon its forward speed was greater than 50 knots, unusually fast for a tropical system. It briefly reached minimal hurricane strength, but merged with a front over the far northern Atlantic. By the next day it was unidentifiable as a storm. Hurricane Lisa never affected land and no damage was reported at sea. <div style="clear: both"></div>

=== Hurricane Mitch ===
{{hurricane main|Hurricane Mitch}}
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Hurricane Mitch
| category=cat5
| type=hurricane
| image=TRCmitch299H_G8.jpg
| track=Mitch 1998 track.png
| formed=[[October 22]]
| dissipated=[[November 5]]
| highest winds=180 [[miles per hour|mph]] (290 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=905 [[mbar]]
}}

Hurricane Mitch was one of the most powerful Atlantic hurricanes ever observed, with maximum sustained winds of 180 [[mph]] (290 [[km/h]]). Mitch battered [[Central America]] from [[October 22]], [[1998]] to [[November 5]], [[1998]], killing at least 9,086 people and leaving over 9,000 missing. It was the deadliest hurricane in over 200 years and the second deadliest in Atlantic hurricane history.

Deaths were mostly from [[flooding]], when the slow-moving hurricane and then [[tropical storm]] dropped nearly three [[Foot (unit of length)|feet]] (900 [[millimeter|mm]]) of rain. Tens of thousands of homes were damaged or destroyed, leaving over 3 million homeless. Damage is estimated at over $5 billion (1998 USD). [http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/mitch/mitch.html]

As a much weaker storm, Mitch later travelled over [[Yucatán]] and then across Florida. It continued out into the north Atlantic and was tracked north of [[Great Britain]].{{clear}}

=== Hurricane Nicole ===
{{infobox hurricane small
|name=Hurricane Nicole
| category=cat1
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Nicole (1998).gif
| track=Nicole 1998 track.png
| formed=[[November 24]]
| dissipated=[[December 1]]
| highest winds=85 [[miles per hour|mph]] (135 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=979 [[mbar]]
}}
{{hurricane main|Hurricane Nicole (1998)}}
Nicole was a late season hurricane that formed from a non-tropical system in the eastern Atlantic. It was named on [[November 24]] while well west of the [[Canary Islands]]. The storm moved west-southwest for several days, and wind shear caused it to weaken to a tropical depression on [[November 26]]. The system was so weak that storm advisories were discontinued. However, it strengthened again and was again classified as a tropical storm on [[November 27]].

However, Nicole unexpectedly began a slow turn, and by [[November 30]], Nicole was heading northeast toward the [[Azores]] as a minimal hurricane. The storm then turned back to the north and was classified as extratropical on [[December 1]]. Hurricane Nicole never directly affected land and no damage was reported in association with it.

==Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Rating==
{|class="wikitable" align=right style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|-
!colspan=6|ACE (10<sup>4</sup>kt<sup>2</sup>) – Storm: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Accumulated_Cyclone_Energy/Atlantic_by_year Source]
|-
! 1
| 39.4 || [[Hurricane Georges|Georges]]
! 8
| 7.45 || Karl
|-
! 2
| 35.9 || [[Hurricane Mitch|Mitch]]
! 9
| 5.00 || Lisa
|-
! 3
| 24.8 || [[Hurricane Bonnie (1998)|Bonnie]]
! 10
| 3.90 || [[Hurricane Earl (1998)|Earl]]
|-
! 4
| 23.1 || [[Hurricane Danielle (1998)|Danielle]]
! 11
| 2.83 || Alex
|-
!5
| 18.8 || Jeanne
! 12
| 1.63 || [[Tropical Storm Frances (1998)|Frances]]
|-
! 6
| 9.92 || Ivan
! 13
| .845 || [[Tropical Storm Charley (1998)|Charley]]
|-
! 7
| 7.63 || [[Hurricane Nicole (1998)|Nicole]]
! 14
| .565 || Hermine
|-
!colspan=6| Total= 181.77 (182)
|}
The table on the right shows the [[Accumulated Cyclone Energy|ACE]] for each storm in the season. The ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed for, so hurricanes that lasted a long time have higher ACEs.
{{clear}}

== Storm names ==
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1998. The names not retired from this list were used again in the [[2004 Atlantic hurricane season|2004 season]]. This is the same list used for the [[1992 Atlantic hurricane season|1992 season]] except for Alex, which replaced [[Hurricane Andrew|Andrew]]. Storms were named Alex, Lisa, Mitch, and Nicole for the first time in 1998. Names that were not assigned are marked in {{tcname unused}}.

{| width="90%"
|
* Alex
* [[Hurricane Bonnie (1998)|Bonnie]]
* [[Tropical Storm Charley (1998)|Charley]]
* [[Hurricane Danielle (1998)|Danielle]]
* [[Hurricane Earl (1998)|Earl]]
* [[Tropical Storm Frances (1998)|Frances]]
* [[Hurricane Georges|Georges]]
|
* Hermine
* Ivan
* Jeanne
* Karl
* Lisa
* [[Hurricane Mitch|Mitch]]
* [[Hurricane Nicole (1998)|Nicole]]
|
* {{tcname unused|Otto}}
* {{tcname unused|Paula}}
* {{tcname unused|Richard}}
* {{tcname unused|Shary}}
* {{tcname unused|Tomas}}
* {{tcname unused|Virginie}}
* {{tcname unused|Walter}}
|}

=== Retirement ===
{{seealso|List of retired Atlantic hurricanes}}
The [[World Meteorological Organization]] retired two names in the spring of 1999: Georges and Mitch. They were replaced in the [[2004 Atlantic hurricane season|2004 season]] by Gaston and Matthew.

== See also ==
{{tcportal}}
*[[List of notable tropical cyclones]]
*[[List of Atlantic hurricane seasons]]

==External links==
* [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/1998.pdf Monthly Weather Review]
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998.html National Hurricane Center 1998 Atlantic hurricane season summary]

{{1998 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Atlantic hurricane seasons|1998]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]]

[[nl:Atlantisch orkaanseizoen 1998]]

Race (United States Census)

2006-11-16T20:50:57Z

Hello32020: Reverted 1 edit by 209.7.46.122 (talk) to last revision (88101864) by 87.203.160.89 using VP

'''Race''', as defined by the [[United States Census Bureau]] and the Federal Office of Management and Budget, is a self-identification data item in which residents choose the race or races with which they most closely identify.[http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_r.html] The categories represent a social-political construct designed for the race or races they considered themselves to be and "''generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country''".<ref>Ikeda, Dave. IM Diversity. What's an Asian American Now Anyway? 2006. October 26, 2006. [http://www.imdiversity.com/Villages/Asian/dialogue_opinion_letters/archives/ikeda_apa_definition.asp]</ref> The racial terms used on the 2000 US Census reflect the most preferred terms used for the group of people they include by majority consensus<ref>Tucker, Clyde and Kojetin, Bryan and Harrison Rodderick. A Statistical Analysis of the CPS Supplement on Race and Ethnic Origin. 1995. August 14, 2006.<http://www.census.gov/prod/2/gen/96arc/ivatuck.pdf>.</ref> Race and ethnicity were considered separate and distinct identities, with Hispanic origin asked as a separate question.

==Racial and ethnic categories==
The racial classifications used by the Census Bureau adhere to the October 30, 1997, Federal Register Notice entitled "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity" issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).

#American Indian and Alaska Native. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment.
#White. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe. It includes people who indicate their race as "White" or report entries such as Irish, German, Italian, British, Greek, or Polish.
#Arab. A person having origins from the countries and tribes of the Midle East as well as the Arabian Peninsula. Such people may originate from countries such as: Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iraq or Yemmen and Omman.
#Black or African American. A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro," or provide written entries such as African American, Afro American, Angolan, Negro, West Indian, Afro-Caribbean, Nigerian, or Haitian, Gullah, Creole, Isleno, West African, Afro-Latin, Afro-Brazillian, Congolese, Americo-Liberian, Bantu, Guinean, Moor, Pygmy and Liberian.
#Asian. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, Greater China (incl. Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau), India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. It includes "Asian Indian," "Chinese," "Filipino," "Korean," "Japanese," "Vietnamese," and "Other Asian."
#Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. It includes people who indicate their race as "Native Hawaiian," "Guamanian or Chamorro," "Samoan," and "Other Pacific Islander."
#Hispanic. People from Spanish-speaking countries, or the descendants of people from Spanish speaking countries. People who are identified as Black or Amerindian in their country of origin are often reclassified as Hispanic in the United States.
#Other. Includes all other responses not included in the "White", "Black or African American", "American Indian and Alaska Native", "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander" race categories described above. Respondents providing write-in entries such as multiracial, mixed, interracial, Wesort, or a Hispanic/Latino group (for example, Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Cuban) in the "Some other race" category are included here.
#Two or more races. People may have chosen to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes, by providing multiple write-in responses, or by some combination of check boxes and write-in responses.

==The Census 2000==
Race was asked differently in the Census 2000 in several ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate their racial identities. Data shows that nearly seven million Americans identified themselves as members of two or more races. Because of these changes, the Census 2000 data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier censuses. Caution must be used when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the U.S. population over time.
{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="250" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
|<center>'''Snapshot: Race in the [[U.S. Census]]'''</center>
|-
|The 7th federal census, in [[1850]], asked for '''Color'''[http://c.ancestry.com/pdf/trees/charts/1850.pdf] and gave the choices:
*white
*black
*[[mulatto]]
|-
|The 10th federal census, in [[1880]], asked for '''Color'''[http://c.ancestry.com/pdf/trees/charts/1880.pdf] and gave the choices:
*white
*black
*[[mulatto]]
*Chinese
*Indian
|-
|The 22nd federal census, in [[United States 2000 Census|2000]], had a "short form"[http://www.census.gov/dmd/www/pdf/d61a.pdf] that asked two race/ancestry questions:

1. Is the person Spanish/Hispanic/Latino?
*No, not Spanish/Hispanic/Latino
*Yes, Mexican, Mexican American, [[Chicano]]
*Yes, [[Puerto Rican]]
*Yes, [[Cuban]]
*Yes, other Spanish/[[Hispanic]]/Latino (write in group)

2. What is the person's race?
*White
*Black or African American
*American Indian or Alaska Native (write in tribe)
*Asian Indian
*Chinese
*Filipino
*Japanese
*Korean
*Vietnamese
*Native Hawaiian
*[[Guamanian]] or [[Chamorro]]
*[[Samoan]]
*Other Pacific Islander (write in race)
*Other race (write in race)

This census acknowledged that "race categories include both racial and national-origin groups."
|}
The following definitions apply to the 2000 census only.
{{Template:2000 Race US Census map|float=left}}

*"The term '''[[White American|White]]''' refers to people having origins in any of the original peoples of [[European American|Europe]], the [[Middle Eastern American|Middle East]], or [[North African American|North Africa]]." It includes people who indicate their race as "White" or report entries such as [[Irish people|Irish]], [[Ethnic German|German]], [[Italian American|Italian]], [[Lebanese American|Lebanese]], Near Easterner, [[Arab American|Arab]], or [[Polish American|Polish]].<ref name=cen>U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census of Population, Public Law 94-171 Redistricting Data File.[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_68178.htm Race] Retrieved September 18, 2006</ref>
{{See also|White (people)|White American}}
*"The term '''Black or [[African American]]''' refers to people having origins in any of the Black racial groups of [[Africa]]." It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro," or provide written entries such as African American, Afro American, Kenyan, Jamaican, Caribbean-American, [[Nigerian]], or [[Haitian]].<ref name=cen />
*"'''[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American Indian]] and [[Alaska Native]]''' (AIAN) refer to people having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including [[Central America]]), and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment."<ref name=cen />
*"'''[[Asian American|Asian]]''' refers to people having origins in any of the original peoples of the [[Far East]], [[Southeast Asia]], or the [[South Asian American|Indian subcontinent]] including, for example, [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]], [[Malaysia]], [[Pakistan]], the [[Philippines]], [[Thailand]], and [[Vietnam]]. It includes "[[Indian American|Asian Indian]]," "[[Chinese American|Chinese]]", "[[Filipino American|Filipino]]", "[[Korean American|Korean]]", "[[Japanese American|Japanese]]", "[[Vietnamese American|Vietnamese]]", and "Other Asian".<ref name=cen />
*"The term [[Pacific Islander American|'''Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander''' (NHPI)]] refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of [[Hawaii]], [[Guam]], [[Samoa]], or other [[Pacific Islands]]. It includes people who indicate their race as "[[Native Hawaiian]]", "[[Guam]]anian or [[Chamorros|Chamorro]]", "[[Samoan American|Samoan]]", and "Other Pacific Islander."<ref name=cen />
{{See also|Pacific Islander}}
*'''Some other races''' includes all other responses not included in the "White", "Black or African American", "American Indian and Alaska Native", "Asian" and "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander" race categories described above. Respondents providing write-in entries such as multiracial, mixed, interracial, Wesort, or a [['''Hispanic'''/'''Latino''']] group (for example, [[Mexican]], [[Puerto Rican]], or [[Cuban]]) in the "Some other race" category are included here.<ref name=cen />
*'''Two or more races''' refers to [[multiracial]] people. People may have chosen to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes, by providing multiple write-in responses, or by some combination of check boxes and write-in responses.<ref name=cen />

==Comparability==
The Census Bureau warns that data on race in Census 2000 are not directly comparable to those collected in previous censuses.<ref name=cen /> Regulations requiring the new language were published by the [[Office of Management and Budget]] in the [[Federal Register]]<ref>OMB Directive 15[http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg/ombdir15.html Federal Register Notice October 30, 1997] Retrieved on September 18, 2006</ref> in 1997. In 2001, the National Institute of Health in 2001 adopted the new language to comply with Directive 15.<ref>National Institute of Health [http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-001.html AMENDMENT: NIH POLICY AND GUIDELINES ON THE INCLUSION OF WOMEN AND MINORITIES AS SUBJECTS IN CLINICAL RESEARCH - OCTOBER, 2001] Retrieved on September 18, 2006</ref>

Also, people from Mexico are not classified as American Indian in the United States, even though 90% of all Mexicans have Amerindian origins.

'''Mexico by race'''
:'''Population:''' 103,400,165 (July 2002 est.)
:'''Mestizo''' (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%
:'''Amerindian''' (American Indian/Native American) 30%
:'''white''' 9%
:'''other''' 1%

Mexicans do not generally maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment. This could be a major reason they are not classified as American Indian in the United States. It is the only race category on the US Census where a person must maintain their tribal affiliation or community attachment to be classified by the race they are.

==See also==
* [[Ethnicity (United States Census)]]
* [[Ancestry (United States Census)]]
* [[Language (United States Census)]]
* [[United States Census, 2000]]
* [[Race]]
* [[Social construction]]
* [[white people]]
* [[Racial demographics of the United States]]
{{Demographics of the United States}}

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Demographics of the United States]]
[[Category:Race]]

[[es:Raza (censo de los Estados Unidos)]]

Pazifische Hurrikansaison 2005

2006-11-16T03:06:36Z

Hello32020: /* Hurricane Hilary */ expand

{{update}}
[[Image:2005 Pacific hurricane season three active storms.jpg|thumb|300px|right|This unusual mosiac of storms shows, from left to right, Hurricane Jova, Hurricane Kenneth, and Tropical Storm Max. Also shown on the far right is an intensifying tropical disturbance which later developed into Tropical Storm Norma.]]

The '''2005 Pacific hurricane season''' officially began on [[May 15]], [[2005]] in the eastern Pacific and on [[June 1]] [[2005]] in the central Pacific, and lasted until [[November 30]], [[2005]]. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most [[tropical cyclones]] form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The season got off to a quick start, with the tropical depression that would become [[Hurricane Adrian (2005)|Hurricane Adrian]] forming just two days into the season on [[May 17]]. It took a very rare track skirting [[El Salvador]] as a Category 1 hurricane then striking [[Honduras]] as a [[tropical depression]]. Between June and September, Dora was the only storm that posed a significant threat to land as it skirted the [[Mexico|Mexican coast]], and Kenneth came close to [[Hawaii]] as a dissipating tropical depression. Hurricane Otis appeared to be heading for an encounter with the [[Baja California peninsula]], but turned north-northwest, paralleling the coast, before dissipating.

{{infobox hurricane season |basin=Pacific hurricane
|first storm formed=[[May 17]] [[2005]] ([[#Hurricane Adrian|Adrian]])
|last storm dissipated= [[October 20]] [[2005]] ([[#Tropical Depression Sixteen-E|16E]])
|total storms=15
|strongest storm=[[#Hurricane Kenneth|Kenneth]] - 947 [[mbar]], 115 [[knots (speed)|knots]] (215 [[km/h]])
|major storms=2
|total damages=no information
|total fatalities=4+
|five seasons=[[2003 Pacific hurricane season|2003]], [[2004 Pacific hurricane season|2004]], [[2005 Pacific hurricane season|2005]], [[2006 Pacific hurricane season|2006]], [[2007 Pacific hurricane season|2007]]}}
{{wikinewscat|Hurricane season, 2005}}

==Pre-season forecasts==
<div style="clear: both"></div>
{| class="toccolours" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 style="float:right; margin-left:1em; text-align:right;"
|+'''Predictions of tropical activity in the 2005 season'''
|- style="background:#ccccff"
|align="center"|'''Source'''
|align="center"|'''Date'''
|align="center"|'''<font style="font-size: 80%;">Named<br/>storms</font>'''
|align="center"|'''<font style="font-size: 80%;">Hurricanes</font>'''
|align="center"|'''<font style="font-size: 80%;">Major<br/>hurricanes</font>'''
|-
|align="left"|[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
|align="left"|''Average''<ref name="noaa-EPac avg">{{cite web| author=Climate Prediction Center, [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] | year=[[2006-05-22]]| title=Background Information: East Pacific Hurricane Season | publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate=2006-08-18| url= http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/background_information.html}}</ref>
|15.3
|8.8
|4.2
|-
|align="left"|NOAA
|align="left"|[[16 May]] [[2005]]
|11–15
|6–8
|2–4
|-
|align="left"| 
|align="left"|'''Actual activity'''
|15
|7
|2
|}
The [[United States|U.S.]] [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] predicted a slow year, with only a 10% chance of above-average storm activity in the eastern North Pacific and a 70% chance of below-normal activity. The pre-season forecast predicted 11 to 15 tropical storms, 6 to 8 hurricanes, and 2 to 4 major hurricanes (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale).<ref name="NOAA EP May">{{cite web| author=Climate Prediction Center, [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]| year=[[2005-05-16]]| title= NOAA Releases East Pacific Hurricane Season Outlook: Below Normal Seasonal Activity Expected in 2005| publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate=2006-08-18|url=http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2005/may05/noaa05-061.html}}</ref>

The forecast for the central North Pacific was for a below-average season, with only two or three storms impacting the region, below the normal four to five.<ref name="NOAA CP May">{{cite web| author=Climate Prediction Center, [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]| year=[[2005-05-16]]| title= NOAA Expects Below Average Central Pacific Hurricane Season: Hawaii Observes Hurricane Preparedness Week May 15-21| publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate=2006-08-18|url=http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2005/may05/noaa05-058.html}}</ref>

==Storms==
===Hurricane Adrian===
{{Infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Adrian
| category=cat1
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Adrian May 19 915.jpg
| track=Adrian 2005 track.png
| formed=[[May 17]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[May 21]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=80 [[miles per hour|mph]] (130 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=982 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
{{hurricane main|Hurricane Adrian (2005)}}
An early storm, Adrian formed on [[May 17]], only two days after the season began. It strengthened from a tropical depression about 440 miles (710 km) southwest of [[Guatemala]] and [[El Salvador]] and began tracking northeast towards [[San Salvador]], and reached hurricane strength on the morning of [[May 19]]. It turned east and made landfall in [[Honduras]] in the [[Gulf of Fonseca]] late on [[May 19]], after weakening offshore to tropical depression strength. It weakened rapidly once onshore, dissipating over the mountains of Honduras. Three indirect deaths are linked to the storm, but according to the NHC's May Summary, released [[June 1]], no direct deaths had been reported. Damage figures are not yet available.<ref>http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/tws/MIATWSEP_may.shtml</ref>

The north-easterly track of this storm was extremely unusual. Only four tropical systems had been recorded to have made landfall in Guatemala or El Salvador since [[1966]]. The only named system ever to do so was Tropical Storm Andres on [[June 7]], [[1997]], near [[San Salvador]] as a tropical depression. The storm was also somewhat rare in how early it was; hurricanes form in May only once about every four years.

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/ADRIAN.shtml archive on Hurricane Adrian].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP012005_Adrian.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Adrian].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Storm Beatriz===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Storm Beatriz
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=TS Beatriz 2005.jpg
| track=Beatriz 2005 track.png
| formed=[[June 21]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[June 24]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=50 [[miles per hour|mph]] (85 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=1000 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
The first tropical storm to form in the Eastern Pacific in June since Carlos in 2003, Beatriz formed 240 nautical miles (445 km or 280 statute miles) south of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] port of [[Zihuatanejo]], [[Guerrero]], on [[June 21]], reaching tropical storm strength the next day, with windspeeds peaking at around 50 mph (80 km/h) on [[June 23]]. It slowly moved west and dissipated into a remnant low on the morning of [[June 24]] about 290 miles (470 km) from [[Cabo San Lucas]] on the southern tip of the [[Baja California Peninsula]], having never threatened land.

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/BEATRIZ.shtml archive on Tropical Storm Beatriz].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP022005_Beatriz.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Beatriz].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Storm Calvin===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Storm Calvin
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=TS Calvin 2005.jpg
| track=Calvin 2005 track.png
| formed=[[June 26]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[June 29]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=50 [[miles per hour|mph]] (85 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=1000 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Tropical Depression Three-E formed just south of [[Mexico]] early on [[June 26]], and reached tropical storm strength and was named Calvin late that day. [[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches|Tropical storm watches]] were issued for the southern coast of Mexico around [[Acapulco]] as Calvin slowly moved westward, with windspeeds peaking at 50 mph (80 km/h) on [[June 27]], but all watches were cancelled on the morning of [[June 28]] as it moved away from the coast. Calvin weakened to a tropical depression later that day, and lost tropical characteristics that night.

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/CALVIN.shtml archive on Tropical Storm Calvin].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP032005_Calvin.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Calvin].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Storm Dora===
{{Infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Storm Dora
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=TS Dora 2005.jpg
| track=Dora 2005 track.png
| formed=[[July 4]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[July 6]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=45 [[miles per hour|mph]] (75 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=1003 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
An active early season continued with Tropical Depression Four-E forming on [[July 3]] from a tropical wave south of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] port of [[Acapulco]], [[Guerrero]]. Watches and warnings were issued as it neared the Mexican coast. On the afternoon of [[July 4]], the depression strengthened into a tropical storm while located about 45 miles (75 km) west-southwest of Acapulco. It came within miles of the coast, moving somewhat parallel to it on [[July 4]], dropping heavy rainfall on the region. As it moved away from the coast, all watches were cancelled as it dropped to a tropical depression midday on [[July 5]], finally dissipating early on [[July 6]].

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/DORA.shtml archive on Tropical Storm Dora].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP042005_Dora.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Dora].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Storm Eugene===
{{Infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Storm Eugene
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=Tropical Storm Eugene 1750 UTC July 19 2005.jpg
| track=Eugene 2005 track.png
| formed=[[July 18]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[July 20]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=70 [[miles per hour|mph]] (110 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=989 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Eugene formed from a tropical disturbance off the central Mexican coast on [[July 18]] and headed northwest, one of the few cyclones to reach tropical storm-strength without being designated as a tropical depression. Initially, as with most Eastern Pacific storms, no public advisories or warnings were issued, since it was heading out to sea. However, on [[July 19]] it came within range of the southern tip of the [[Baja California peninsula]]. [[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches|Tropical storm watches]] were issued for the area around [[Cabo San Lucas]] for most of the day, but the storm moved away without affecting land.

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/EUGENE.shtml archive on Tropical Storm Eugene].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP052005_Eugene.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Eugene].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Depression One-C===
{{Infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Depression One-C
| category=depression
| image=Tropical Depression 1C 2005.jpg
| track=1-C 2005 track.png
| type=tropical depression
| formed=[[August 3]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[August 4]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=30 [[miles per hour|mph]] (45 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=1008 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
The first tropical system in the central Pacific formed east-southeast of [[Hawaii]] on [[August 3]], a month later than the first (and only) central system to develop in 2004. It began a track due west, which could have put it within range of the island of [[Oahu, Hawaii]], a few days later. It was initially forecast to strengthen into a tropical storm (one had not formed in the central Pacific since Huko in the [[2002 Pacific hurricane season|2002 season]]). However, the next day's models changed to indicate no further increase in strength. Shortly after that, convection bursts ceased and the system lost its closed circulation while still 725 miles (1200 km) from [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]].

*The [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center|CPHC]]'s [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/2005.php#td01c summary of Tropical Depression One-C].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Fernanda===
{{Infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Fernanda
| category=cat1
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Fernanda 2005.jpg
| track=Fernanda 2005 track.png
| formed=[[August 9]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[August 16]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=85 [[miles per hour|mph]] (140 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=978 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Tropical Depression Six-E formed from an area of disturbed weather some 690 miles (1100 km) south-southwest of [[Cabo San Lucas]] in the [[Mexican state]] of [[Baja California Sur]] on [[August 9]]. It was upgraded to Tropical Storm Fernanda late that day, and to Hurricane Fernanda on [[August 11]], as it headed generally west-northwest into the open [[Pacific]]. On [[August 14]] it dropped to tropical storm strength over cooler waters and on [[August 15]] weakened to a tropical depression. It degenerated into a remnant low later in the day about 1650 miles southwest of the southern tip of the [[Baja California Peninsula]].

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/FERNANDA.shtml archive on Hurricane Fernanda].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP062005_Fernanda.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Fernanda].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Storm Greg===
{{Infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Storm Greg
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=Tropical Storm Greg 2005.jpg
| track=Greg 2005 track.png
| formed=[[August 11]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[August 15]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=50 [[miles per hour|mph]] (85 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=1000 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Tropical Depression Seven-E formed 670 miles (1100 km) south of [[Cabo San Lucas]] on [[August 11]], and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Greg a few hours later. Although only 750 miles (1200 km) from Hurricane Fernanda it showed no signs of being pushed northwards by interaction, but set off westwards to follow Fernanda into the Pacific. Greg was downgraded to tropical depression status on [[August 14]] and remained stationary throughout the day. It began drifting slowly westward early on [[August 15]] and was destroyed by shear later in the day.

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/GREG.shtml archive on Tropical Storm Greg].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP072005_Greg.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Greg].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Hilary===
{{Infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Hilary
| category=cat2
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Hilary August 22 2005.jpg
| track=Hilary 2005 track.png
| formed=[[August 19]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[August 25]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=105 [[miles per hour|mph]] (165 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=970 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
A tropical wave that is asscociated with the formation of Hillary, moved off Western [[Africa]] on [[August 4]]. The wave intially had a large area of deep convention, but the convention quickly diminished as the system moved across the eastern portion of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. The wave continued westward without much development or organization, and crossed northern [[South America]] and then entered the northern [[Pacific Ocean]] on [[August 17]]. Mid-level circulation and convention organized with the wave, as it was south of [[Guatemala]] on [[August 18]]. The system's organization persisted, but without defining a well-established center of circulation, at the surface.
Tropical Depression Eight-E finally formed from the area of disturbed weather south of the [[Isthmus of Tehuantepec|Gulf of Tehuantepec]], 140 miles south of [[Puerto Angel, Mexico|Puerto Angel]], [[Mexico]], on [[August 19]]. It strengthened to a tropical storm late that evening, and reached hurricane strength 24 hours later. Moving parallel to the [[Mexico|Mexican]] coast and about 300 miles off-shore, it reached category 2 on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]] late on [[August 21]]. Tropical storm strength winds affected the coast and a [[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical storm warning]] was issued for a while. Hilary dissipated not long after weakening to a tropical storm on [[August 25]].

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/HILARY.shtml archive on Hurricane Hilary].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP082005_Hilary.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Hilary].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Storm Irwin===
{{Infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Storm Irwin
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=TS Irwin 2005.jpg
| track=Irwin 2005 track.png
| formed=[[August 25]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[August 28]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=50 [[miles per hour|mph]] (85 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=1000 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Tropical Depression Nine-E formed in the Eastern Pacific southwest of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] port of [[Manzanillo, Colima|Manzanillo]], [[Colima]] on [[August 25]], out of a remnant wave that split from Atlantic [[List of 2005 Atlantic hurricane season storms#Tropical Depression Ten|Tropical Depression Ten]] (the other part of the wave would eventually develop into [[Hurricane Katrina]]) that crossed [[Central America]]. The depression strengthened to Tropical Storm Irwin early the next day, reaching wind speeds of 50 mph (85 km/h). Although Irwin headed almost due west over warm water, it encountered shearing winds, soon weakened and dissipated on [[August 28]].

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/IRWIN.shtml archive on Tropical Storm Irwin].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP092005_Irwin.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Irwin].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Jova===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Jova
| category=cat3
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Jova 2005.jpg
| track=Jova 2005 track.png
| formed=[[September 12]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[September 25]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=125 [[miles per hour|mph]] (205 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=951 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
After two weeks of calm, Tropical Depression Ten-E formed late on [[September 11]] well south-southwest of the [[Baja California Peninsula]] and headed almost due west. Late on [[September 14]], the depression strengthened and was upgraded to tropical storm status. It strengthened further to hurricane status early on [[September 16]]. On [[September 18]] it crossed [[meridian (geography)|meridian]] 140°W, becoming the first hurricane in over two years to be in the forecast area of the [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]]. Jova soon strengthened to a major hurricane, the first one to exist in the Central Pacific since Ele in [[2002 Pacific hurricane season|2002]]. It weakened as it steered to the northeast of [[Hawaii|Hawai‘i]], weakening to a tropical storm on [[September 22]] and to a tropical depression on [[September 23]] before finally dissipating on [[September 24]].

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/JOVA.shtml archive on Hurricane Jova].
*The [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center|CPHC]]'s [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/2005.php#jova summary of Hurricane Jova].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP102005_Jova.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Jova].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Kenneth===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Kenneth
| category=cat4
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane_Kenneth_on_September_18_2005.jpg
| track=Kenneth 2005 track.png
| formed=[[September 14]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[September 30]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=135 [[miles per hour|mph]] (215 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=947 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
An area of disturbed weather developed into Tropical Depression Eleven-E on [[September 14]]. Again, the depression was well south-southwest of the [[Baja California Peninsula]] when it formed just 600 miles east of Depression Ten-E. It found more favorable conditions than its western neighbor, and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Kenneth just 12 hours after forming. Kenneth strengthened into a hurricane later that day and continued to strengthen very rapidly, becoming the first major hurricane of the season by reaching Category 3 on [[September 17]]. The storm became the strongest storm to form this season in the Eastern Pacific when Kenneth peaked with sustained winds of 135 mph, Category 4 on the [[Saffir Simpson Hurricane Scale]]. Kenneth began gradually weakening on [[September 19]], and weakened to a tropical storm on [[September 20]]. However, Kenneth gained enough strength to be reclassified as a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 1]] hurricane on [[September 24]], and very late on [[September 25]] it crossed 140°W, making it the second hurricane of the season to enter the Central Pacific. It then dropped back again to a tropical storm, and weakened to a tropical depression on [[September 29]] less than 400 miles east of [[Hawaii|Hawai‘i]]. It came within 50 miles of the [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]] of Hawaii before degenerating into an open wave. No tropical cyclone has made landfall on Hawai‘i since Tropical Depression Eugene in the [[1993 Pacific hurricane season|1993 season]]. 6-12 inches of rain was reported on portions of Hawaii.<ref name="tcrkenneth">http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP112005_Kenneth.pdf NHC report on Hurricane Kenneth</ref>

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/KENNETH.shtml archive on Hurricane Kenneth].
*The [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center|CPHC]]'s [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/2005.php#kenneth summary of Hurricane Kenneth].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP112005_Kenneth.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Kenneth].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Storm Lidia===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Storm Lidia
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=Tropical Storm Lidia 2005.jpg
| track=Lidia 2005 track.png
| formed=[[September 17]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[September 19]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=40 [[miles per hour|mph]] (65 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=1005 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
A tropical wave, which moved off the [[Africa]]n coast at the end of August showed some hints of development while crossing the [[Atlantic]] but never developed a tropical circulation there. After crossing the [[Isthmus of Tehuantepec]] into the Pacific it acquired better organisation, and became Tropical Depression Twelve-E on [[September 17]]. It was the third depression in quick succession to form well SSW of the [[Baja California Peninsula]], and did so less than 800 miles east of Hurricane Kenneth. It strengthened to Tropical Storm Lidia later the same day, but the next day was pushed off its course and weakened by the new and larger Tropical Depression Thirteen-E, which became Tropical Storm Max. On [[September 18]], Lidia was completely absorbed by the circulation of Max.

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/LIDIA.shtml archive on Tropical Storm Lidia].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP122005_Lidia.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Lidia].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Max===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Max
| category=cat1
| type=hurricane
| image=Max 2005 MODIS crop.jpg
| track=Max 2005 track.png
| formed=[[September 18]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[September 22]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=85 [[miles per hour|mph]] (140 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=981 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Tropical Depression Thirteen-E formed 500 miles south-southeast of the tip of the [[Baja California Peninsula]] on [[September 18]]. It was sufficiently close to Lidia that it blew the earlier, weaker storm rapidly to the north. It strengthened to Tropical Storm Max within a few hours, and absorbed the remnants of Tropical Depression Lidia. On late [[September 19]] the tropical storm was upgraded to Hurricane Max. The system began to weaken almost immediately thereafter, however, and Max dissipated in the early morning hours of [[September 22]].

The merger of two tropical cyclones or the absorption of one tropical cyclone by another are uncommon events in the National Hurricane Center's area of responsibility. The last documented case of such an occurrence in the eastern North Pacific was when Hurricane Gil absorbed Tropical Storm Henriette in September [[2001]].

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/MAX.shtml archive on Hurricane Max].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP132005_Max.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Max].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Storm Norma===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Storm Norma
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=TS Norma 24 sept 2005.jpg
| track=Norma 2005 track.png
| formed=[[September 23]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[September 27]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=60 [[miles per hour|mph]] (95 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=997 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Tropical Depression Fourteen-E formed 400 miles southwest of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] port of [[Manzanillo, Colima|Manzanillo]], [[Colima]], on [[September 22]], barely twenty-four hours after the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] had initiated a warning noting that "formation of a tropical cyclone is possible." Four hours later Tropical Depression Fourteen-E had strengthened into Tropical Storm Norma. It was never a threat to land, and the NHC ceased advisories with the final advisory at 2 a.m. PDT (0900 UTC) [[September 27]].

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/NORMA.shtml archive on Tropical Storm Norma].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP142005_Norma.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Norma].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Otis===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Otis
| category=cat2
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Otis 2005.jpg
| track=Otis 2005 track.png
| formed=[[September 28]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[October 3]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=105 [[miles per hour|mph]] (165 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=970 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Tropical Depression Fifteen-E formed 130 nautical miles south-southwest of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] port of [[Manzanillo, Colima|Manzanillo]], [[Colima]], on [[September 28]] out of an Atlantic wave that crossed into the Pacific (split off from what would become [[Hurricane Philippe (2005)|Hurricane Philippe]] in the Atlantic). Twenty four hours later it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Otis. Early on [[September 30]] it was upgraded to a hurricane, and it reached category 2 on [[October 1]] with 105 mph (170 km/h) winds before weakening again as it drifted very slowly northwards.

On [[October 2]] it took a north-northwesterly turn, moving away from the Baja California peninsula, and instead paralleling the coast, before being downgraded to a depression. The NHC ceased advisories on Otis at 21:00 UTC the next day.

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/OTIS.shtml archive on Hurricane Otis].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP152005_Otis.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Otis].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Depression Sixteen-E===
{{Infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Depression Sixteen-E
| category=depression
| image=Tropical Depression 16E 2005.jpg
| track=16-E 2005 track.png
| type=tropical depression
| formed=[[October 15]], [[2005]]
| dissipated=[[October 20]], [[2005]]
| highest winds=35 [[miles per hour|mph]] (55 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=1005 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Tropical Depression Sixteen-E formed about 400 nautical miles south of the Mexican port of [[Acapulco]], [[Guerrero]], late on [[October 14]] (early [[October 15]] UTC). Although initial forecasts expected it to strengthen, the depression never gained enough organisation to become a tropical storm and instead appeared to dissipate. Advisories were discontinued on [[October 18]], but resumed on [[October 19]] when the remnant low pressure area regenerated deep convection. The system still struggled to develop, apparently due to the entrainment of relatively dry air inhibiting sustained convection. The second final advisory was issued at 2 p.m. PDT (2100 UTC) [[October 20]]. The remnant was absorbed into the [[ITCZ]] the next day.

*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/SIXTEEN-E.shtml archive on Tropical Depression Sixteen-E].
*The [[National Hurricane Center|NHC]]'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-EP162005_Sixteen-E.pdf Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Depression Sixteen-E].
<div style="clear: both"></div>

==Timeline of events==
:''The full timeline of the season can be found at '''[[Timeline of the 2005 Pacific hurricane season]]'''''

==2005 storm names==
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the northeast Pacific in 2005. This is the same list that was used in the [[1999 Pacific hurricane season|1999 season]]. Names that were not assigned are marked in <font color="gray">gray</font>. No central Pacific names were used; the first name used would have been Ioke.

{| width="90%"
|
* [[Hurricane Adrian (2005)|Adrian]]
* Beatriz
* Calvin
* Dora
* Eugene
* Fernanda
* Greg
* Hilary
|
* Irwin
* Jova
* Kenneth
* Lidia
* Max
* Norma
* Otis
* <div style="color: #888;">Pilar (unused)</div>
|
* <div style="color: #888;">Ramon (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Selma (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Todd (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Veronica (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Wiley (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Xina (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">York (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Zelda (unused)</div>
|}

There were no names retired by the [[World Meteorological Organization|WMO]] in the spring of 2006. Therefore, the same list will be reused in the 2011 season.

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
*[[List of notable tropical cyclones]]
*[[2005 Atlantic hurricane season]]
*[[2005 Pacific typhoon season]]
*[[2004-05 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season]]
*[[2005-06 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season]]
*[[2005 North Indian cyclone season]]

==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

== External links ==
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/MIATWOEP.shtml National Hurricane Center's Eastern Pacific Tropical Weather Outlook] - updated every six hours.
* [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/cphc/ Central Pacific Hurricane Center]
* [http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/Epac_hurricane.html NOAA's 2005 Tropical Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Outlook]

[[Category:Pacific hurricane seasons|2005]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]]

[[fr:Saison cyclonique 2005 (Pacifique central-nord)]]
[[fr:Saison cyclonique 2005 (Pacifique nord-est)]]

Pazifische Hurrikansaison 2005

2006-11-16T03:06:36Z

Hello32020: /* Hurricane Hilary */ expand

Pazifische Hurrikansaison 1999

2006-11-16T02:54:34Z

Hello32020: /* Hurricane Hilary */ rmving ref

{{Infobox hurricane season
| first storm formed=[[June 18]], [[1999]]
| last storm dissipated=[[October 11]], [[1999]]
| strongest storm=''Dora''- 943 [[mbar]], 120 knots
| total storms=9
| major storms=2
| total damages=unknown
| total fatalities=11
| basin=Pacific hurricane
| five seasons=[[1997 Pacific hurricane season|1997]], [[1998 Pacific hurricane season|1998]], '''1999''', [[2000 Pacific hurricane season|2000]], [[2001 Pacific hurricane season|2001]]
}}

The '''1999 Pacific hurricane season''' officially started on [[May 15]], [[1999]] in the eastern Pacific, and on [[June 1]], [[1999]] in the central Pacific, and lasted until [[November 30]], [[1999]]. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern [[Pacific Ocean]].

There were nine named storms, six hurricanes, and two major hurricanes this season. Since satellite observations began in 1966, the 1999 season was the second-least active season on record, behind the [[1977 Pacific hurricane season|1977 season]] and tied with the [[1996 Pacific hurricane season|1996 season]]. There were also five tropical depressions that did not reach tropical storm strength.

The only notable storms are Hurricanes Adrian, Dora, and Greg. Adrian and Greg both killed several people in [[Mexico]]. Hurricane Dora, the strongest storm of the season, was also long-lived and crossed the dateline.

==Storms==
===Hurricane Adrian===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Adrian
| category=cat2
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane_Adrian_1999.gif
| track=Adrian_1999_track.png
| formed=[[June 18]]
| dissipated=[[June 22]]
| highest winds=100 [[miles per hour|mph]] (160 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=973 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}

Hurricane Adrian formed on [[June 18]] 225 miles southwest of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] port of [[Acapulco]], [[Guerrero]]. The storm moved west northwest where it reached [[tropical storm]] strength on the same day. On [[June 20]], Adrian reached hurricane status reaching [[Category 2]] status before weakining back to a tropical storm due to increased wind shear. Adrian dissipated on [[June 22]]. Although the storm never made landfall, the outer rainbands of the storm produced heavy rains that caused flashflooding. About 2 people died in the floods while four more pershied offshore.[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999adrian_text.html]
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Beatriz===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Beatriz
| category=cat3
| type=hurricane
| image=Beatriz 1999.gif
| track=Beatriz_1999_track.png
| formed=[[July 9]]
| dissipated=[[June 17]]
| highest winds=120 [[miles per hour|mph]] (195 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=955 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}

The precursor to Beatriz was a [[tropical wave]] moving off Africa on [[June 26]]. The wave did not form in the [[Atlantic]] and on [[July 4]], the wave crossed [[Central America]] and by [[July 6]] the system was south of [[Gulf of Tehuantepec]]. On [[July 9]], a [[tropical depression]] formed near [[Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán|Lázaro Cárdenas]], [[Michoacán]]; the depression reached [[tropical storm]] strength the same day and was named Beatriz. By [[July 11]], Beatriz reached hurricane strength as it moved west-northwest. Computer data indicated that the storm was undergoing eyewall replacement before the storm reached a peak windspeed of 120 mph, placing it as a [[Category 3]] major [[hurricane]] on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Saffir-Simpson Scale]].[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999beatriz.html] The hurricane then encountered cooler waters and then dissipated on [[July 17]]. Beatriz never affected land so there were no reports of damage or deaths.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Storm Calvin===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Storm Calvin
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=TS Calvin 99.JPG
| track=Calvin_1999_track.png
| formed=[[July 25]]
| dissipated=[[July 27]]
| highest winds=40 [[miles per hour|mph]] (65 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=1005 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Like Hurricane Beatriz earlier, Calvin fromed from a tropical wave that originated from the coast of [[Africa]]. Calvin formed as a tropical depression on [[July 25]], near [[Cabo San Lucas]], [[Baja California Sur]]. The poorly organized system, briefly reached [[tropical storm]] strength before being torn apart by wind shear. The storm was over open waters so there were no reports of deaths or damage.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Dora===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Dora
| category=cat4
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane_Dora_1999.gif
| track=Dora_1999_track.png
| formed=[[August 6]]
| dissipated=[[August 23]]
| highest winds=140 [[miles per hour|mph]] (220 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=943 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}

Hurricane Dora was the strongest storm of the season, reaching Category 4 intensity, and was also the first storm in 5 years to cross across all three basins of the Pacific Ocean (eastern, central, and western).

Tropical Depression Seven-E formed on [[August 6]] and strengthened into Tropical Storm Dora later that day. Despite significant wind shear, Dora intensified; the shear weakened, and Dora reached Category 4 strength on [[August 10]]. It maintained that intensity for three days as it headed almost due west parallel to 15°N. Dora crossed into the central Pacific as a major hurricane, then weakened to Category 1 before restrengthing into a major hurricane as it passed south of Hawaii. Dora crossed the dateline shortly before weakening to a tropical storm, and dissipated not long after that.

Dora's only effect on land was to cause heavy surf on Hawaii.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Eugene===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Eugene
| category=cat2
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Eugene 1999.JPG
| track=Eugene_1999_track.png
| formed=[[August 6]]
| dissipated=[[August 15]]
| highest winds=110 [[miles per hour|mph]] (175 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=964 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}

Like the previous storms Beatriz and Calvin, Hurricane Eugene formed from a wave that moved off the [[African]] coast, days earlier. The tropical wave crossed [[Central America]] on [[July 28]] and for several days, it was in the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] near 120W. On [[August 6]], the system reached tropical depression status 850 miles off the coast of [[Mexico]]. On the same day the storm reached tropical storm status and was named Eugene. A high pressure ridge, forced Eugene westward where the storm reached [[Category 2]] status on [[August 9]]. On [[August 11]], Eugene reached the [[Central Pacific]] as an 85mph hurricane. On [[August 13]], Eugene weakened to a tropical storm 550 miles east of [[Hawaii]] and then dissipated on [[August 15]]. The storm caused no damage.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Storm Fernanda===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Storm Fernanda
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=Tropical Storm Fernanda 1999.JPG
| track=Fernanda_1999_track.png
| formed=[[August 17]]
| dissipated=[[August 22]]
| highest winds=65 [[miles per hour|mph]] (100 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=994 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Fernanda formed on [[August 17]], as a tropical depression. The storm reached a peak of 60mph on [[August 19]] before encountering cooler waters that weakened the storm. Fernanda moved westward and encountered more wind shear which caused the storm to weaken to tropical depression status. Fernanda dissipated on [[August 22]]. Because Fernanda never affected land, there were no reports of damage or deaths.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Greg===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Greg
| category=cat1
| type=hurricane
| image=Greg 1999.JPG
| track=Greg_1999_track.png
| formed=[[September 5]]
| dissipated=[[September 9]]
| highest winds=75 [[miles per hour|mph]] (120 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=994 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}

Greg formed from a [[tropical depression]] on [[September 5]]. The developing storm moved northwest, close to the Mexican coast before reaching [[tropical storm]] strength on [[September 6]]. On the same day, Greg reached hurricane strength as the storm neared the [[Baja California Peninsula]] coast. Later on the 7th, the storm encountered wind shear which weakned the storm and later, Hurricane Greg made landfall in [[Baja California Sur]] as a tropical storm, triggering widespread flooding that killed nine people.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Hilary===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Hilary
| category=cat1
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Hilary 1999.JPG
| track=Hilary_1999_track.png
| formed=[[September 17]]
| dissipated=[[September 21]]
| highest winds=75 [[miles per hour|mph]] (120 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=987 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
A tropical wave moved off the coast of western [[Africa]] into the [[Atlantic Ocean]] on [[August 29]]. As the wave continued to move westward through the tropical waters of the Atlantic into the Carribean. It was still a tropical wave, as it moved over [[Central America]] and began to gather more convention and organization, [[September 10]] through [[September 11]]. Visible satelite imagery showed low level circulation, and more organized deep convention as it became a tropical depression formed on [[September 17]] 475 miles south-southeast of the bottom tip [[Baja California Peninsula]]. The system reached tropical storm strength and was named Hilary, the eighth named storm of the 1999 Pacific hurricane season. It became a 75 mph hurricane on [[September 20]], 200 miles southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula. As a hurricane, Hilary developed a banding type eye before weakining back to a [[tropical storm]] on [[September 20]], the same day it became a hurricane. Hilary disspated the next day, to a swirl of low level clouds, as it bypassed [[Baja California]], on [[September 21]]. There were no known reports of injuries or deaths from the storm.[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999hilary.html]
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Storm Irwin===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Storm Irwin
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=TS Irwin.JPG
| track=Irwin_1999_track.png
| formed=[[October 8]]
| dissipated=[[October 11]]
| highest winds=60 [[miles per hour|mph]] (95 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=996 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}

The final storm of the 1999 Pacific hurricane season formed on [[October 8]]. The developing storm moved northwest where it became Tropical Storm Irwin on the same day. Irwin came 75 miles of the Mexican coastline before being sheared apart on [[October 10]]. Irwin dissipated the next day, 350 south of [[Cabo San Lucas]], ending the 1999 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical Storm Irwin never affected land, so there were no reports of damage or fatalites.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Other storms===
Five tropical depressions also formed during the 1999 season. Two formed near [[Mexico]], while three formed in the open [[Pacific]]. None of the depressions made landfall, however. Tropical Depressions Three-E and Four-E formed and lasted from [[July 14]] to [[July 15]]. Tropical Depression Six-E formed on [[July 28]], moved westward until dissipating because of wind shear. Nine-E and Eleven-E were the final depressions to form during the 1999 season.

==Accumulated Cyclone Energy==
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="right" class=wikitable
! style="background: #ccf;" colspan=4 | Accumulated Cyclone Energy (10<sup>4</sup>kt<sup>2</sup>)
|-
! Name || ACE|| Name || ACE
|-
| Dora
| 45.5
| Hilary
| 3.26
|-
| Beatriz
| 17.3
| Fernanda
| 2.10
|-
| Eugene
| 14.7
| Irwin
| 1.16
|-
| Adrian
| 5.81
| rowspan=2 | Calvin
| rowspan=2 | 0.49
|-
| Greg
| 3.39
|-
! colspan=4 | Total: 94.2
|}

[[Accumulated Cyclone Energy]] (ACE) is a measure of how active a hurricane season is. It is determined by taking the windspeed of all cyclones with at least gale-force winds every six hours, squaring it, and adding up the results.

The total ACE of this season is 94.2 10<sup>4</sup>kt<sup>2</sup>. As it is below 95 10<sup>4</sup>kt<sup>2</sup>, this season's ACE is barely below the statistical mean for Eastern Pacific hurricane seasons. Hurricane Dora is one of the few Pacific hurricanes with an ACE above 40 10<sup>4</sup>kt<sup>2</sup>. It accounts for almost half of this season's ACE. Only Dora's ACE east of the dateline is included here; its ACE west of the dateline is part of the [[1999 Pacific typhoon season]].

==1999 storm names==
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1999. No names were retired, so it was used again in the [[2005 Pacific hurricane season|2005 season]]. This is the same list used for the [[1993 Pacific hurricane season|1993 season]]. No central Pacific names were used; the first name used would have been Upana. Names that were not assigned are marked in <font color="gray">gray</font>.

{| width="90%"
|
* Adrian
* Beatriz
* Calvin
* Dora
* Eugene
* Fernanda
* Greg
* Hilary
|
* Irwin
* <div style="color: #888;">Jova (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Kenneth (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Lidia (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Max (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Norma (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Otis (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Pilar (unused)</div>
|
* <div style="color: #888;">Ramon (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Selma (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Todd (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Veronica (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Wiley (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Xina (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">York (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Zelda (unused)</div>
|}

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
*[[List of notable tropical cyclones]]
*[[1999 Atlantic hurricane season]]
*[[1999 Pacific typhoon season]]
*[[1998-99 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season]]
*[[1999-00 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season]]
*[[1995-1999 North Indian cyclone seasons]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999epac.html NHC 1999 Pacific hurricane season archive]
* [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/pages/hurrclimate.php#1999 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive]

[[Category:Pacific hurricane seasons|1999]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]]

Pazifische Hurrikansaison 1999

2006-11-16T02:54:05Z

Hello32020: /* Hurricane Hilary */ expand

{{Infobox hurricane season
| first storm formed=[[June 18]], [[1999]]
| last storm dissipated=[[October 11]], [[1999]]
| strongest storm=''Dora''- 943 [[mbar]], 120 knots
| total storms=9
| major storms=2
| total damages=unknown
| total fatalities=11
| basin=Pacific hurricane
| five seasons=[[1997 Pacific hurricane season|1997]], [[1998 Pacific hurricane season|1998]], '''1999''', [[2000 Pacific hurricane season|2000]], [[2001 Pacific hurricane season|2001]]
}}

The '''1999 Pacific hurricane season''' officially started on [[May 15]], [[1999]] in the eastern Pacific, and on [[June 1]], [[1999]] in the central Pacific, and lasted until [[November 30]], [[1999]]. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern [[Pacific Ocean]].

There were nine named storms, six hurricanes, and two major hurricanes this season. Since satellite observations began in 1966, the 1999 season was the second-least active season on record, behind the [[1977 Pacific hurricane season|1977 season]] and tied with the [[1996 Pacific hurricane season|1996 season]]. There were also five tropical depressions that did not reach tropical storm strength.

The only notable storms are Hurricanes Adrian, Dora, and Greg. Adrian and Greg both killed several people in [[Mexico]]. Hurricane Dora, the strongest storm of the season, was also long-lived and crossed the dateline.

==Storms==
===Hurricane Adrian===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Adrian
| category=cat2
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane_Adrian_1999.gif
| track=Adrian_1999_track.png
| formed=[[June 18]]
| dissipated=[[June 22]]
| highest winds=100 [[miles per hour|mph]] (160 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=973 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}

Hurricane Adrian formed on [[June 18]] 225 miles southwest of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] port of [[Acapulco]], [[Guerrero]]. The storm moved west northwest where it reached [[tropical storm]] strength on the same day. On [[June 20]], Adrian reached hurricane status reaching [[Category 2]] status before weakining back to a tropical storm due to increased wind shear. Adrian dissipated on [[June 22]]. Although the storm never made landfall, the outer rainbands of the storm produced heavy rains that caused flashflooding. About 2 people died in the floods while four more pershied offshore.[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999adrian_text.html]
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Beatriz===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Beatriz
| category=cat3
| type=hurricane
| image=Beatriz 1999.gif
| track=Beatriz_1999_track.png
| formed=[[July 9]]
| dissipated=[[June 17]]
| highest winds=120 [[miles per hour|mph]] (195 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=955 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}

The precursor to Beatriz was a [[tropical wave]] moving off Africa on [[June 26]]. The wave did not form in the [[Atlantic]] and on [[July 4]], the wave crossed [[Central America]] and by [[July 6]] the system was south of [[Gulf of Tehuantepec]]. On [[July 9]], a [[tropical depression]] formed near [[Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán|Lázaro Cárdenas]], [[Michoacán]]; the depression reached [[tropical storm]] strength the same day and was named Beatriz. By [[July 11]], Beatriz reached hurricane strength as it moved west-northwest. Computer data indicated that the storm was undergoing eyewall replacement before the storm reached a peak windspeed of 120 mph, placing it as a [[Category 3]] major [[hurricane]] on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Saffir-Simpson Scale]].[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999beatriz.html] The hurricane then encountered cooler waters and then dissipated on [[July 17]]. Beatriz never affected land so there were no reports of damage or deaths.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Storm Calvin===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Storm Calvin
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=TS Calvin 99.JPG
| track=Calvin_1999_track.png
| formed=[[July 25]]
| dissipated=[[July 27]]
| highest winds=40 [[miles per hour|mph]] (65 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=1005 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Like Hurricane Beatriz earlier, Calvin fromed from a tropical wave that originated from the coast of [[Africa]]. Calvin formed as a tropical depression on [[July 25]], near [[Cabo San Lucas]], [[Baja California Sur]]. The poorly organized system, briefly reached [[tropical storm]] strength before being torn apart by wind shear. The storm was over open waters so there were no reports of deaths or damage.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Dora===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Dora
| category=cat4
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane_Dora_1999.gif
| track=Dora_1999_track.png
| formed=[[August 6]]
| dissipated=[[August 23]]
| highest winds=140 [[miles per hour|mph]] (220 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=943 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}

Hurricane Dora was the strongest storm of the season, reaching Category 4 intensity, and was also the first storm in 5 years to cross across all three basins of the Pacific Ocean (eastern, central, and western).

Tropical Depression Seven-E formed on [[August 6]] and strengthened into Tropical Storm Dora later that day. Despite significant wind shear, Dora intensified; the shear weakened, and Dora reached Category 4 strength on [[August 10]]. It maintained that intensity for three days as it headed almost due west parallel to 15°N. Dora crossed into the central Pacific as a major hurricane, then weakened to Category 1 before restrengthing into a major hurricane as it passed south of Hawaii. Dora crossed the dateline shortly before weakening to a tropical storm, and dissipated not long after that.

Dora's only effect on land was to cause heavy surf on Hawaii.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Eugene===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Eugene
| category=cat2
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Eugene 1999.JPG
| track=Eugene_1999_track.png
| formed=[[August 6]]
| dissipated=[[August 15]]
| highest winds=110 [[miles per hour|mph]] (175 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=964 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}

Like the previous storms Beatriz and Calvin, Hurricane Eugene formed from a wave that moved off the [[African]] coast, days earlier. The tropical wave crossed [[Central America]] on [[July 28]] and for several days, it was in the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] near 120W. On [[August 6]], the system reached tropical depression status 850 miles off the coast of [[Mexico]]. On the same day the storm reached tropical storm status and was named Eugene. A high pressure ridge, forced Eugene westward where the storm reached [[Category 2]] status on [[August 9]]. On [[August 11]], Eugene reached the [[Central Pacific]] as an 85mph hurricane. On [[August 13]], Eugene weakened to a tropical storm 550 miles east of [[Hawaii]] and then dissipated on [[August 15]]. The storm caused no damage.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Storm Fernanda===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Storm Fernanda
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=Tropical Storm Fernanda 1999.JPG
| track=Fernanda_1999_track.png
| formed=[[August 17]]
| dissipated=[[August 22]]
| highest winds=65 [[miles per hour|mph]] (100 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=994 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
Fernanda formed on [[August 17]], as a tropical depression. The storm reached a peak of 60mph on [[August 19]] before encountering cooler waters that weakened the storm. Fernanda moved westward and encountered more wind shear which caused the storm to weaken to tropical depression status. Fernanda dissipated on [[August 22]]. Because Fernanda never affected land, there were no reports of damage or deaths.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Greg===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Greg
| category=cat1
| type=hurricane
| image=Greg 1999.JPG
| track=Greg_1999_track.png
| formed=[[September 5]]
| dissipated=[[September 9]]
| highest winds=75 [[miles per hour|mph]] (120 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=994 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}

Greg formed from a [[tropical depression]] on [[September 5]]. The developing storm moved northwest, close to the Mexican coast before reaching [[tropical storm]] strength on [[September 6]]. On the same day, Greg reached hurricane strength as the storm neared the [[Baja California Peninsula]] coast. Later on the 7th, the storm encountered wind shear which weakned the storm and later, Hurricane Greg made landfall in [[Baja California Sur]] as a tropical storm, triggering widespread flooding that killed nine people.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Hurricane Hilary===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Hurricane Hilary
| category=cat1
| type=hurricane
| image=Hurricane Hilary 1999.JPG
| track=Hilary_1999_track.png
| formed=[[September 17]]
| dissipated=[[September 21]]
| highest winds=75 [[miles per hour|mph]] (120 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=987 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}
A tropical wave moved off the coast of western [[Africa]] into the [[Atlantic Ocean]] on [[August 29]]. As the wave continued to move westward through the tropical waters of the Atlantic into the Carribean. It was still a tropical wave, as it moved over [[Central America]] and began to gather more convention and organization, [[September 10]] through [[September 11]]. Visible satelite imagery showed low level circulation, and more organized deep convention as it became a tropical depression formed on [[September 17]] 475 miles south-southeast of the bottom tip [[Baja California Peninsula]]. The system reached tropical storm strength and was named Hilary, the eighth named storm of the 1999 Pacific hurricane season. It became a 75 mph hurricane on [[September 20]], 200 miles southwest of the southern tip of Baja California Peninsula. As a hurricane, Hilary developed a banding type eye before weakining back to a [[tropical storm]] on [[September 20]], the same day it became a hurricane. Hilary disspated the next day, to a swirl of low level clouds, as it bypassed [[Baja California]], on [[September 21]]. There were no known reports of injuries or deaths from the storm.<ref name=hillaryarchive">[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999hilary.html (NOAA Hillary Archive)]</ref>
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Tropical Storm Irwin===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Tropical Storm Irwin
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| image=TS Irwin.JPG
| track=Irwin_1999_track.png
| formed=[[October 8]]
| dissipated=[[October 11]]
| highest winds=60 [[miles per hour|mph]] (95 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]])
| lowest pressure=996 [[mbar]] ([[hPa]])
}}

The final storm of the 1999 Pacific hurricane season formed on [[October 8]]. The developing storm moved northwest where it became Tropical Storm Irwin on the same day. Irwin came 75 miles of the Mexican coastline before being sheared apart on [[October 10]]. Irwin dissipated the next day, 350 south of [[Cabo San Lucas]], ending the 1999 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical Storm Irwin never affected land, so there were no reports of damage or fatalites.
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Other storms===
Five tropical depressions also formed during the 1999 season. Two formed near [[Mexico]], while three formed in the open [[Pacific]]. None of the depressions made landfall, however. Tropical Depressions Three-E and Four-E formed and lasted from [[July 14]] to [[July 15]]. Tropical Depression Six-E formed on [[July 28]], moved westward until dissipating because of wind shear. Nine-E and Eleven-E were the final depressions to form during the 1999 season.

==Accumulated Cyclone Energy==
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="right" class=wikitable
! style="background: #ccf;" colspan=4 | Accumulated Cyclone Energy (10<sup>4</sup>kt<sup>2</sup>)
|-
! Name || ACE|| Name || ACE
|-
| Dora
| 45.5
| Hilary
| 3.26
|-
| Beatriz
| 17.3
| Fernanda
| 2.10
|-
| Eugene
| 14.7
| Irwin
| 1.16
|-
| Adrian
| 5.81
| rowspan=2 | Calvin
| rowspan=2 | 0.49
|-
| Greg
| 3.39
|-
! colspan=4 | Total: 94.2
|}

[[Accumulated Cyclone Energy]] (ACE) is a measure of how active a hurricane season is. It is determined by taking the windspeed of all cyclones with at least gale-force winds every six hours, squaring it, and adding up the results.

The total ACE of this season is 94.2 10<sup>4</sup>kt<sup>2</sup>. As it is below 95 10<sup>4</sup>kt<sup>2</sup>, this season's ACE is barely below the statistical mean for Eastern Pacific hurricane seasons. Hurricane Dora is one of the few Pacific hurricanes with an ACE above 40 10<sup>4</sup>kt<sup>2</sup>. It accounts for almost half of this season's ACE. Only Dora's ACE east of the dateline is included here; its ACE west of the dateline is part of the [[1999 Pacific typhoon season]].

==1999 storm names==
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1999. No names were retired, so it was used again in the [[2005 Pacific hurricane season|2005 season]]. This is the same list used for the [[1993 Pacific hurricane season|1993 season]]. No central Pacific names were used; the first name used would have been Upana. Names that were not assigned are marked in <font color="gray">gray</font>.

{| width="90%"
|
* Adrian
* Beatriz
* Calvin
* Dora
* Eugene
* Fernanda
* Greg
* Hilary
|
* Irwin
* <div style="color: #888;">Jova (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Kenneth (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Lidia (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Max (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Norma (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Otis (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Pilar (unused)</div>
|
* <div style="color: #888;">Ramon (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Selma (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Todd (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Veronica (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Wiley (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Xina (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">York (unused)</div>
* <div style="color: #888;">Zelda (unused)</div>
|}

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
*[[List of notable tropical cyclones]]
*[[1999 Atlantic hurricane season]]
*[[1999 Pacific typhoon season]]
*[[1998-99 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season]]
*[[1999-00 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season]]
*[[1995-1999 North Indian cyclone seasons]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999epac.html NHC 1999 Pacific hurricane season archive]
* [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/pages/hurrclimate.php#1999 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive]

[[Category:Pacific hurricane seasons|1999]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]]

Brie Larson

2006-11-12T16:58:31Z

Hello32020: Reverted edits by LoveBee15 (talk) to last revision (86221879) by Quasyboy using VP

{{Infobox musical artist 2
|Name = Brie Larson
|Background = solo_singer
|Img = Brie-Larson-Press1.jpg
|Birth_name = Brianne Sidonie Desaulniers
|Born = {{birth date and age|1989|10|1}}
|Origin = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sacramento, California]]
|Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Pop music|Pop]], [[acoustic music|Acoustic]]
|Years_active = [[2003 in music|2003]]–present
|Label = [[Universal Records]]
}}

'''Brie Larson''' (born '''Brianne Sidonie Desaulniers''' on [[October 1]], [[1989]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[actress]] and [[pop/rock]] singer.

==Biography==
Larson was born in [[Sacramento, California]], and decided to be an actress when she was six years old and was one of the youngest students of the [[American Conservatory Theater]]. She moved to [[Los Angeles]] in 1998, right before her 9th birthday and met lots of agents, but decided to go with Cindy Osbrink, who she has been with for six years. Larson's first job was doing sketches on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" and soon after, was cast in two back-to-back television series, ''[[Schimmel]]'' which was announced but never aired, because right before filming, Robert Schimmel was diagnosed with cancer. After being "on hold" for ten months, [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] cancelled the show.

Three weeks later she auditioned for a new show on [[The WB]], which at the time was called "In Your Dreams", Larson got the part of Emily (the youngest daughter to [[Bob Saget]]'s character) and the show was picked up for the 2001-2002 fall season and was renamed ''[[Raising Dad]]''. The show, however, was cancelled late into the season, so she was not able to audition for a new series until next pilot season. Larson was also cast in the pilot for the ABC sitcom, ''[[Hope and Faith]]'', but she and some of the other cast were dropped.

In July 2004, she co-starred with a large cast of teen actors in the film ''[[Sleepover (2004 film)|Sleepover]]'', playing the vicious popular girl Liz. Larson's latest role is in the film ''[[Hoot (film)|Hoot]]'', opposite [[Logan Lerman]] and [[Cody Linley]]. The film opened on [[May 5]], [[2006]].

Brie's voice is also featured in the movie ''[[Farce of the Penguins]]'', as the teenage penguin and she'll play Angie in the [[comedy]]/[[drama]] ''The Beautiful Ordinary''.

==Music career==
[[Image:Brie-Larson-SheSaid1.jpg|right|thumb|Scene from Larson's debut music video, "[[She Said]]" (2005)]]After work in music projects and record some tracks, like "Not A Freak" and "Go, Goodbye" in the fall 2003, Michael Binikos produced her demo that got Larson signed to [[Tommy Mottola]] and [[Casablanca Records]], including "Invisible Girl", which Larson had written when she was only 12.

In late 2004, her first single, "[[She Said]]", was announced and went to radio in January 2005. The video for the song was filmed on January 9, 2005 and was featured on MTV's [[Total Request Live]] as a PreRL on April 4th. The song peaked at #31 at Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales<ref name="BillboardHot100Sales">http://www.ukmix.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=24305&postdays=0&postorder=asc&highlight=brie%20larson&start=25</ref> and the single was the 99th best-selled single of 2005, according to [[Soundscan]]<ref name="Soundscan2005Top">http://www.ukmix.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=30721&postdays=0&postorder=asc&highlight=brie%20larson&start=25</ref>.

In the [[summer]] of 2005, Larson toured with Hollywood recording artist [[Jesse McCartney]], and made a concert at [[KISS FM]] for more than 20,000 people. Towards the end of the summer, Larson also joined the [[Teen People]]'s Rock 'n Shop Tour. She later released a DVD, called "Finally Out Of P.E. - The DVD" and "Whatever" was announced to be her intended second single, but was canceled.

Larson released a follow-up single, "[[Life After You]]". The song debuted on [[AOL]]'s Kids Online on June 27th. She also sings the end credit track in the movie ''[[Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus]]''. A music video featuring Larson performing the song appears as a bonus feature on the movie's DVD. Her debut LP, "[[Finally Out Of P.E.]]", was released on October 18th, which has sold 5,500 copies in [[United States]].

Brie is currently working in her [[sophomore album]]. All of the songs will be written by Larson, with the colaboration of [[Tony Berg]]. The album is expected to be released in Spring 2007.

==Discography==
===Albums===
{| border="4" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
!align="left"|Album Cover
!align="left"|Album Information
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:BrieLarson.jpg|150px]]
|align="left"|'''''[[Finally Out Of P.E.]]'''''
*Released: [[October 18]], [[2005]] (U.S.)
*U.S. sales: 5,500
*RIAA certification: None
*Singles:
**(2005) "[[She Said]]"
**(2005) "[[Life After You]]"
|-
|align="center"|[[Image:nocover.gif|150px]]
|align="left"|'''''[[TBA]]'''''
*Released: [[2007]] (U.S.)
*U.S. sales: -
*RIAA certification: -
*Official Singles:
**(2007) "TBA"
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"|width=100%
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!align="left" valign="bottom"|Release Date
!align="left" valign="bottom"|Single
!align="left" valign="bottom"|Album
!align="center" valign="bottom"|<small>'''[[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. Billboard Hot 100]]'''</small>
!align="center" valign="bottom"|<small>'''[[Mediabase|U.S. Mediabase Pop Charts]]'''</small>
|- bgcolor="#F0F8FF"
|align="center"|'''[[January 11]], [[2005 in music|2005]]'''
|align="center"|"[[She Said]]"
|align="center"| ''[[Finally Out Of P.E.]]''
|align="center"| 31¹
|align="center"| 69
|-
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
|align="center"|'''[[July 5]], [[2005 in music|2005]]'''
|align="center"|"[[Life After You]]"
|align="center"| ''[[Finally Out Of P.E.]]''
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| 110
|}

<small>¹ Single Sales

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| [[2006 in film|2006]] || ''[[Hoot (film)|Hoot]]'' || Beatrice ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[2004 in film|2004]] || ''[[Sleepover (2004 film)|Sleepover]]'' || Liz ||
|-
| ''[[13 Going on 30]]'' || Six Chick ||
|-
| ''[[Madison]]'' || Racing Girl #2 ||
|}

==References==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

==External links==
*[http://www.brielarson.com/ Official Website]
*[http://www.brielarsonmusic.com/ Official Music Website]
*[http://www.myspace.com/brielarsonmusic Official MySpace]
*[http://www.brie-larson-fans.piczo.com/?cr=4&rfm=y Brie Fansite and Forum]
*{{imdb name|id=0488953|name=Brie Larson}}
*{{tvtome person|id=1867|name=Brie Larson}}

[[Category:1989 births|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:American actor-singers|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:American child actors|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:American child singers|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:American female singers|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:American film actors|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:American pop singers|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:American television actors|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:DCOM actors|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:Living people|Larson, Brie]]
[[Category:People from Sacramento, California|Larson, Brie]]

[[id:Brie Larson]]

Quentin N. Burdick

2006-11-07T22:52:23Z

Hello32020: Reverted 1 edit by 165.234.96.253 (talk) to last revision (86371945) by Nishkid64 using VP

{{Infobox Senator | name=Quentin Northrup Burdick
| nationality=American
| image name=Quentin_Burdick.jpg
| jr/sr and state=U.S. Senator, [[North Dakota]]
| party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| term=June, [[1960]]–September, [[1992]]
| preceded=[[C. Norman Brunsdale]]
| succeeded=[[Jocelyn Burdick]]
| date of birth=[[June 19]], [[1908]]
| place of birth=[[Munich, North Dakota|Munich]], [[North Dakota]]
| dead=dead
| date of death=[[September 8]], [[1992]]
| place of death=[[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]], [[North Dakota]]
| spouse=[[Jocelyn Burdick]]
}}

'''Quentin Northrup Burdick''' ([[June 19]] [[1908]] – [[September 8]] [[1992]]) was a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[North Dakota]] from 1960 until his death in [[1992]]. Prior to that he had served in the [[United States House of Representatives]] from [[1959]] to [[1960]]. He was the son of [[Non-Partisan League|NPL]] North Dakota [[Congressperson|Congressman]] [[Usher L. Burdick]].

Burdick received his undergraduate and [[law]] degrees from the [[University of Minnesota]].

Like his father, Quentin Burdick was a member of the progressive [[Non-Partisan League]], which placed its candidates on the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] [[Primary election|primary ballot]] until [[1956]], when the NPL aligned with the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] and became the [[Democratic-NPL]].

Burdick became the [[chairman]] of the [[U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works|Senate Environment and Public Works Committee]] in [[1987]].

After his death his [[widow]] [[Jocelyn Burdick|Jocelyn Birch Burdick]] was appointed to fill his unexpired term until a [[by-election|special election]].

{{bioguide}}
<br clear="both">
{{start box}}
{{USRepSuccessionBox
| state=North Dakota
| district=2
| before=[[Usher L. Burdick]]
| after=[[Hjalmar Carl Nygaard]]
| years=1959–1960}}
{{U.S. Senator box
| state=North Dakota
| class=1
| before=[[C. Norman Brunsdale]]
| after=[[Jocelyn Burdick]]
| years=1960–1992}}
{{end box}}
[[Category:United States Senators from North Dakota|Burdick, Quentin N.]]
[[Category:American Congregationalists|Burdick, Quentin N.]]
[[Category:Elks|Burdick, Quentin N.]]
[[Category:American Freemasons|Burdick, Quentin N.]]
[[Category:Sigma Nu brothers|Burdick, Quentin N.]]
[[Category:1908 births|Burdick, Quentin N.]]
[[Category:1992 deaths|Burdick, Quentin N.]]

Kilberry Castle

2006-10-01T15:24:55Z

Hello32020: fix

'''Kilberry''' is a village in [[Argyll and Bute]], [[Scotland]].
{{scotland-geo-stub}}

Kilberry Castle

2006-10-01T15:12:45Z

Hello32020: fix

'''Kilberry''' is a village in [[Argyll and Bute]], [[Scotland]].
{{scotland-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Towns in Argyll and Bute]]

Scranton (Pennsylvania)

2006-09-05T20:34:31Z

Hello32020: create new article (traurig, daß Beschreibung auf englisch ist)

'''Scranton''' ist eine Stadt im Nordost des [[US-Bundesstaat]]es [[Pennsylvania]], mit 73.928 Einwohnern (Stand: [[1. Juli]] [[2004]]).

Kilberry Castle

2006-08-20T18:29:07Z

Hello32020:

'''Kilberry''' is a town in [[Argyll and Bute]], [[Scotland]].
{{scotland-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Towns in Argyll and Bute]]

Kilberry Castle

2006-08-20T17:58:05Z

Hello32020:

'''Kilberry''' is a town in [[Argyll and Bute]], [[Scotland]].
{{scotland-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Towns in Angus]]

Dover (Tasmanien)

2006-08-04T01:05:38Z

Hello32020:

'''Dover, Tasmania, Australia''' is a town southwest of [[Kingston, Tasmania|Kingston]].
==Sources==
[http://maps.google.com/maphp?hl=en&tab=wl&q=Dover,%20Tasmania,%20Australia (Google Maps)]
{{Tasmania-geo-stub}}

Midway Point

2006-08-04T00:26:12Z

Hello32020:

'''Midway Point''' is a [[Suburb|suburb]] in the greater area of [[Hobart]], capital of [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]. It is in the local government area of [[Sorell, Tasmania|Sorell]], and is located on a small [[peninsula]] which meets the mid-way point of the [[Sorell Causeway]] from Hobart to Sorell, hence the name.
The suburb lies close to [[Hobart International Airport]] and is approximately 25km to Hobart via the [[Tasman Highway]]. In recent years ''Midway Point'' has become a popular [[commuting|commuter]] town for people working in Hobart.
==Sources==
[http://maps.google.com/maphp?hl=en&tab=wl&q=Sorell,%20Tasmania,%20Australia (Google Maps)]
[[Category:Suburbs of Hobart]]
{{Tasmania-geo-stub}}

Bridgewater (Tasmanien)

2006-07-27T22:36:54Z

Hello32020:

{| border=1 cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width=220
|-
!colspan=2 align=center bgcolor="#ccffcc"|[[Brighton, Tasmania|Municipality of Brighton]]<br><small>[[Local Government Areas of Tasmania]]</small>
|-
|colspan=2|<br><center>[[Image:LGAT_Brighton_towns.png]]
#[[Bridgewater, Tasmania|Bridgewater]]
#[[Brighton, Tasmania|Brighton]]
#[[Gagebrook]]
#[[Old Beach]]
#[[Pontville, Tasmania|Pontville]]
#[[Tea Tree]]
</center>
|}

'''Bridgewater''', [[Tasmania]], is [[Hobart]]'s northern-most suburb, located 19km from the city. It is situated on the eastern shore of the main north-south crossing of the [[Derwent River, Tasmania|Derwent River]]. It is a suburb of the [[Local Government Areas of Tasmania|local government area]] of the ''[[Municipality of Brighton]]''.

Bridgewater is the first suburb of Hobart visitors from the north of the state pass through when travelling to Hobart via the [[Midlands Highway]]. The suburb connects to the western shore via the [[Bridgewater Bridge|Bridgewater Bridge and Causeway]].

Bridgewater is one of the lowest [[socio-economics|socio-economic]] areas of Hobart, with a low average household age and above average [[unemployment]] and [[crime]]. However, the suburb is becoming more affluent due to Tasmania's housing market boom and the subsequent rise in real estate prices.

The main commercial area of Bridgewater is the [[Cove Hill Shopping Centre]], which includes a [[supermarket]] and several specialty stores.

Bridgewater has four [[primary school]]s: Northern Suburbs Christian School ([[private school|private]]), St. Paul's Primary School ([[catholic school|Catholic]]), Greenpoint Primary School and Bridgewater Primary School (both [[public school|public]]). It also has a public [[high school]], [[Bridgewater High School]], which includes a school [[farm]].

== External links ==

*[http://www.walkabout.com.au/locations/TASBridgewater.shtml Bridgewater Tourist Information]
*[http://www.brighton.tas.gov.au/ Municipality of Brighton]
*[http://www.stpauls.hobart.catholic.edu.au St. Paul's School]
*[http://www.cst.tas.edu.au/northernsuburbs/ Northern Suburbs Christian School]
*[http://www.bhs.tased.edu.au/ Bridgewater High School]

{{Hobart suburbs}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Hobart]]

{{Hobart-stub}}
{{Tasmania-geo-stub}}