Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Dünnschwanz-Schlafbeutler

2014-03-21T05:56:00Z

HMSSolent: Reverted 1 edit by 172.6.85.251 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{speciesbox
| name = Southwestern pygmy possum<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=44–45}}</ref>
| fossil_range=[[Late Pleistocene]] – Recent
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Burbidge, A., Morris, K., Ellis, M., van Weenen, J. & Menkhorst, P.|year=2008|id=40576|title=Cercartetus concinnus|downloaded=28 December 2008}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern</ref>
| image = Captive southwestern pygmy possum at Cleland Wildlife Park, South Australia 2013.jpg
| image_caption = Captive southwestern pygmy possum at Cleland Wildlife Park, South Australia 2013
| taxon = Cercartetus concinnus
| authority = ([[John Gould|Gould]], 1845)
| range_map = Southwestern Pygmy Possum area.png
| range_map_caption = Southwestern pygmy possum range
}}

The '''southwestern pygmy possum''' (''Cercartetus concinnus''), commonly known as the '''western pygmy possum''' or the '''''mundarda''''', is a small [[marsupial]] found in Australia. Genetic studies indicate its closest relative is probably the [[eastern pygmy possum]],<ref name=Osborne2002>{{cite journal | author = Osborne, M.J. & Christidis, L. | year = 2002 | title = Systematics and biogeography of pygmy possums (Burramyidae: ''Cercartetus'') | journal = Australian Journal of Zoology | volume = 50 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–37 | doi = 10.1071/ZO01071}}</ref> from which its ancestors diverged around eight million years ago.<ref name=Pestell2008/>

==Description==
The southwestern pygmy possum is unusual in ''[[Cercartetus]]'', as, unlike its grey relatives, the fur over most of its body is a bright cinnamon colour.<ref name=Menkhorst/> It has pure white underparts, which also distinguishes it from its relatives, and has a relatively indistinct patch of darker fur in front of the eyes. It possesses larger, oval ears, large eyes, and long [[vibrissae|whiskers]]. The tail is long and prehensile, and is covered with fine scales, rather than fur. The hind feet have opposable [[hallux|first digit]]s, while all four feet have broad pads at the tips of the toes.<ref name=Harris2009>{{cite journal | author = Harris, J.M. | year = 2009 | title = ''Cercartetus concinnus'' (Diprotodontia: Burramyidae) | journal = Mammalian Species | volume = 831 | pages = 1–11 | doi = 10.1644/831.1}}</ref>

Although small compared with most other [[possum]]s, it is one of the larger [[Burramyidae|pygmy possums]], with adults ranging from {{convert|5.7|–|7.2|cm|abbr=on}} in head-body length with a tail {{convert|7.7|–|8.7|cm|abbr=on}} long. Adult weight ranges from {{convert|8|–|21|g||abbr=on}}. The female has a well-developed pouch, opening to the front, containing six [[teat]]s. At up to {{convert|1.2|cm|abbr=on}} in length, the tongue is unusually large for such a small animal.<ref name=Harris2009/>

==Distribution and habitat==
It has a patchy distribution which includes southwestern Western Australia, as well as wheat belt areas of South Australia, [[Kangaroo Island]], and [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]] south to [[Edenhope]].<ref name = Menkhorst>{{cite book | last = Menkhorst | first = Peter | year = 2001 | title = A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia | publisher = Oxford University Press | page = 88}}</ref> It is also found on in far southwestern [[New South Wales]], where it is listed as endangered.<ref name=NSWNPWS>{{cite web | last = New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service | title = Western pygmy-possum (''Cercartetus concinnus'') approved recovery plan | url = http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/approvedDpygmy.pdf | accessdate = 10 June 2011}}</ref> It inhabits semiarid woodland, shrubland, and heath, dominated by plants such as [[Callistemon|bottlebrushes]], [[melaleuca]], [[banksia]], and [[grevillea]].<ref name=Harris2009/> Although there had been previously thought to be two subspecies, separated in distribution by the [[Nullarbor Plain]], genetic studies have not revealed any significant difference between the eastern and western populations.<ref name=Pestell2008>{{cite journal | author = Pestell, A.J.L. ''et al.'' | year = 2008 | title = Genetic structure of the western pygmy possum ''Cercartetus concinnus'' Gould (Marsupialia: Burramyidae) based on mitochondrial DNA | journal = Australian Mammalogy | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–200 | doi = 10.1071/AM07023}}</ref> Furthermore, while the species is no longer native to the area, fossils from the Nullarbor Plain region are known.<ref name=Harris2009/>

==Behaviour and diet==
The southwestern pygmy possum is solitary and nocturnal.<ref name=Menkhorst/> During the day, they shelter in tree hollows or other natural crevices, birds' nests, or dense vegetation. At night, they travel in search of food or mates, typically moving around {{convert|50|m|abbr=on}} each day, and they may migrate to different areas over the course of a year, depending on local plant resources. They spend most of their time in the trees, using their grasping paws and prehensile tails to grip onto branches, grasp nest materials, and open flowers to access nectar. They have been described as making a rapid chattering noise.<ref name=Harris2009/>

It feeds primarily on [[nectar]] and [[pollen]], especially from plants such as melaleuca and [[eucalyptus]], and may play a role in the [[pollination]].<ref name=Pestell2007>{{cite journal | author = Pestell, A.J.L. & Petit, S. | year = 2007 | title = Diet of the western pygmy possum, ''Cercartetus concinnus'' Gould (Marsupialia: Burramyidae), at Innes National Park, South Australia, and evaluation of diet sampling methods | journal = Australian Journal of Zoology | volume = 55 | issue = 5 | pages = 275–284 | doi = 10.1071/ZO07037}}</ref> It also supplements its diet with insects.<ref name=Menkhorst/> Native predators include [[quoll]]s, snakes, and owls, although in modern times, the animal also falls prey to introduced carnivores such as [[red fox]]es and domestic cats.<ref name=Harris2009/>

Southwestern pygmy possums have the ability to enter [[torpor]] during inclement or cold weather, enabling them to conserve energy and food reserves. During bouts of torpor, which may last for up to seven days at a time, body temperature falls to within one degree Celsius of ambient, and oxygen consumption to just 1% of normal. They sleep on their fronts, with their ears folded over their eyes, and their long tails coiled beneath their bodies. Compared with other mammals of similar size, they rouse from torpor unusually quickly.<ref name=Geiser1987>{{cite journal | author = Geiser, F. | year = 1987 | title = Hibernation and daily torpor in two pygmy possums (''Cercartetus'' spp., Marsupialia) | journal = Physiological Zoology | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–102 | jstor=30158631}}</ref>

==Reproduction==
Southwestern pygmy possums can breed throughout the year, although they do so more commonly in the spring, and give birth to litters of four to six young. The mother often carries more than six embryos at a time in her womb, but because she has only six teats, and marsupial young remain attached to an individual teat for much of their early lives, six is the maximum number she is able to rear.<ref name=Ward1998>{{cite journal | author = Ward, S.J. | year = 1998 | title = Numbers of teats and pre- and post-natal litter sizes in small diprotodont marsupials | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 79 | issue = 3 | pages = 999–1008 | jstor=1383108 | doi = 10.2307/1383108}}</ref> Unusually, however, the mother may give birth just two days after weaning a previous litter, with her teats dramatically changing in size to accommodate the smaller young, and the mammary glands reverting to production of [[colostrum]].<ref name=Harris2009/>

The young are still blind when they leave the pouch at around 25 days of age; they initially remain within the nest, and are fully weaned at around 50 days. Females reach sexual maturity at 12 to 15 months old.<ref name=Harris2009/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.westernwildlife.com.au/western/mammals/pygmy.htm Western Wildlife including photo]
*[http://museumvictoria.com.au/bioinformatics/mammals/images/thumbmar.htm Images: skulls (including ''C. concinnus'') on Museum Victoria website]
*[http://museumvictoria.com.au/bioinformatics/mammals/images/thumblmar.htm Images: Australian mammal images (including ''C. concinnus'') on Museum Victoria website]

{{Diprotodontia|P.}}

[[Category:Possums]]
[[Category:Mammals of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Mammals of South Australia]]
[[Category:Mammals of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Mammals of Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:Marsupials of Australia]]

Judith Heumann

2014-03-15T01:22:34Z

HMSSolent: Reverted 1 good faith edit by 72.94.205.3 using STiki

[[Image:Heumann.gif|thumb|Judith E. Heumann.]]
'''Judith E. "Judy" Heumann''', (born 1947), is an American [[disability rights]] activist. An internationally recognized leader in the disability community, Heumann is a lifelong civil rights advocate for people with disabilities. Her work with governments and [[non governmental organizations]] (NGOs) has produced significant contributions since the 1970s to the development of human rights legislation and policies benefiting children and adults with disabilities. Through her work in the [[World Bank]] and the [[State Department]], Heumann led the mainstreaming of disability rights into international development. Her contributions extended the international reach of the [[independent living]] movement.<ref>http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/news/heumann.shtml</ref>

==Life==
Heumann's commitment to disability rights stems from her personal experiences. She had [[polio]] at the age of 18 months, and has used a [[wheelchair]] most of her life. Heumann had to fight repeatedly to be included in the educational system. The local public school refused to allow her to attend, calling her a fire hazard. Heumann's mother, a community activist in her own right, challenged the decision, and Judy was allowed to go to school in the fourth grade. Judy Heumann began taking major steps toward rights for people with disabilities in college, organizing rallies and protests with other students with disabilities. When she got out of school and was denied her New York teaching license because the board did not believe she could get herself or her students out of the building in case of a fire, she took the case to court. After the judge recommended that [[New York City’s Board of Education]] rethink its decision, Heumann became the first person in a wheelchair to teach in New York City<ref>http://www.adawatch.org/JudyHeumannPA.htm ADA Watch</ref><ref>http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann Disability Social History Project</ref> and taught elementary school there for three years.<ref>http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/collection/items/heumann.html [[University of California]], [[Bancroft Library]], Oral History archives, The Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement</ref>

In 1970 Heumann and several friends with disabilities founded [[Disabled in Action]], an organization that focused on securing the protection of people with disabilities under civil rights laws.<ref>[http://www.ilusa.com/articles/0223021judith_heumann.htm Independent Living USA: biography]</ref><ref>http://www.disabledinaction.org/photos_heumann.html</ref> While serving as a legislative assistant to the chairperson of the [[U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare]], in 1974 she helped develop legislation that became the [[Individuals with Disabilities Education Act]]. An early leader in the Independent Living Movement, she then moved to Berkeley where she served as deputy director of the ''[[Center for Independent Living]]''. She also organized the sit-ins at the U.S. Department of Health Education, and Welfare offices in San Francisco and around the U.S. which resulted in HEW Secretary Joseph Califano signing the Rehabilitation Act's Section 504 regulations.<ref>http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann Disability Social History Project</ref> She co-founded the World Institute on Disability with [[Ed Roberts (activist)|Ed Roberts]] and [[Joan Leon]] in 1983, serving as co-director until 1993.

Heumann served in the [[Clinton Administration]] as Assistant Secretary of the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services at the [[US Department of Education]] from 1993 to 2001. From 2002 to 2006 she served as the [[World Bank Group]]'s first Advisor on Disability and Development, leading the World Bank's work on disability and worked to expand the Bank’s knowledge and capability to work with governments and civil society on including disability in the Bank discussions with client countries, its country-based analytical work, and support for improving policies, programs, and projects that allow disabled people around the world to live and work in the economic and social mainstream of their communities.<ref>http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/news/heumann.shtml</ref> She was Lead Consultant to the Global Partnership for Disability and Development. She was the Director of the Department of Disability Services for the District of Columbia, but in 2010 became the Special Advisor on Disability Rights for the US State Department under President [[Barack Obama]].<ref>[http://dds.dc.gov/dds/cwp/view,a,3,q,496289.asp Judith E. Heumann-Director, DC Department on Disability Services Biography]</ref>

==Personal==
Heumann graduated from [[Long Island University]] in 1969 and gained a Master of Science degree in public health at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1975. She has been awarded honorary doctorates by Long Island University in Brooklyn, the [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] and the [[University of Toledo]]. She was the first recipient of the [[Henry B. Betts Award]] from the [[Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago]] (later awarded jointly with the American Association of People with Disabilities). Heumann is married to Jorge Pineda, and lives in Washington, D.C. She is the sister of [[Joe Heumann]], a noted film professor and published author.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* Judith E. Heumann, ''Including the Voices of Disabled People in the International Development Agenda'', Thornburgh Family Lecture Series, [[University of Pittsburgh School of Law]] accessed at [http://www.law.pitt.edu/news/thornburghlecture06.php] July 24, 2006
* Judith E. Heumann, ''Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement: Pioneering Disability Rights Advocate and Leader, 1960s-2000'', oral history, [[Online Archive of California]], 2004, retrieved from [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb9v19p0k9] July 24, 2006
* Ilene Zeitzer interview with Judy Heumann. Originally published in, "Change from Within: International Overview of the Impact of Disabled Politicians and Disability Policy Bodies on Governance". retrieved from [http://www.rollingrains.com/archives/000513.html] April 29, 2009

==External links==
*[http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann Disability Social History Project] Bio details
*[http://www.wid.org/about/?page=founders Bio details on World Institute on Disability website]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Heumann
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1947
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Robert R. Davila]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Assistant Secretary for [[Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services | Special Education and Rehabilitative Services]] | years = 1993–2001}}
{{s-aft | after = Robert Pasternack}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heumann}}
[[Category:Disability rights activists]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people with disabilities]]

Hampton Court Palace Flower Show

2014-02-18T12:19:48Z

HMSSolent: Reverted 1 edit by TV2005 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{refimprove|date=April 2012}}
[[File:Long Water (2).JPG|thumb|Displays on either side of the Long Water]]

The '''Hampton Court Palace Flower Show''' is the largest flower show in the world. The Show is held in early July, and run by the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] (RHS) at [[Hampton Court Palace]] in southwest London. The show features show gardens, floral marquees and pavilions, talks and demonstrations. Erected on the north and south sides of the Long Water in Hampton Court Park, it is the second major national show after the [[Chelsea Flower Show]] but has a different character, focusing more on environmental issues, growing your own food and vegetables and cookery, while also offering opportunities to buy gardening accessories, plants and flowers.

== Show history – the beginnings ==

The Hampton Court Palace Flower Show was the brainchild of the management consultant Adrian Boyd, who saw an opportunity to connect two organisations facing times of uncertainty in a joint venture. The Department of the Environment had been dismembered in the 1980s, and one of the cuttings was [[Historic Royal Palaces]], which found itself looking for ways of increasing revenue and attracting a larger audience. Similarly, [[Network Southeast]], one of the temporary aggregations thrown up by the pre-privatisation of British Rail, was looking for ways of making its rail services more profitable. Boyd's idea was that Network Southeast should sponsor a flower show at Hampton Court, and provide the public transport to [[Hampton Court railway station]]. At the time the RHS Shows Department was working on four new events for 1993, in Birmingham, Harrogate, Wembley, and Glasgow.

== Early shows – 1990 to 1992 ==
In July 1990 the first Hampton Court Palace Flower Show was held. An effort was made to attract people to the show with special trains being laid from Waterloo Station, and porters wore carnations in their hats to create a buzz around the show. Even though there was comparatively little trade support for the show, it drew in large crowds. Network Southeast was pleased, saying "70 per cent of the estimated 300,000 visitors used rail and that has paid for our sponsorship many times over".<ref name="Elliott">{{cite book | title=The Royal Horticultural Society, A History 1804-2004 | publisher=[[The History Press]]|publisher =Phillimore & Co. Ltd | author=Elliott, Brent | isbn=978-1-86077-272-6}}</ref>

The RHS debated whether to offer to help with the show, especially when Chelsea reached full capacity. The organisers, after initial dismissal, indicated that they would welcome an RHS involvement from 1992, and RHS members were granted a reduced admission price at the 1991 show. Adrian Greenoak, the Show’s horticultural director, achieved a continuous improvement in the standards; the 1991 Show introduced a British Rose Festival, with the joint involvement of the Royal National Rose Society and the British Rose Growers’ Association.

In November 1992 came the announcement that Network Southeast was withdrawing its support for the show. A flurry of negotiations took place: Boyd, having no title to the Show, had to join in competitive tendering by blind bid. Stephen Bennett outlined the benefits of RHS involvement: ‘We can reduce the costs hugely… Apart from saving publicity costs with our extensive media relations network, we have a colossal amount of equipment. We have around £1m worth of tentage and tons and tons of staging equipment. Try to hire that sort of stuff and it costs and arm and a leg.’ Historic Royal Palaces accepted the RHS bid on condition that it undertook to keep certain staff on the payroll, including Adrian Greenoak.<ref name="Elliott"/> The venture was a risky one, with four new shows already booked for 1993.

== The RHS years – 1993 to present ==

The first RHS Hampton Court Show took place in 1993, with additional sponsorship from the ''[[Daily Mail]]''. The Show was a considerable success, and the following year was declared to be the best outdoor public event of 1994. With a 25 acre (10 hectare) show ground, there was room for considerable
expansion before the infrastructure would be severely tested, and over the next few years a Heritage Marquee was set up for the NCCPG and its national collections – initially a rather quiet area, but increasing steadily in public interest; crafts pavilions, which under Adrian Boyd were the first sight to greet the visitor, were gradually moved to a less prominent position; there was room for a couple of dozen display gardens, plus a separate section, on the other side of the Long Water from the major part of the exhibition, for ten water gardens. In 1998 a Hampton Court garden was rebuilt at the [[Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability]]. While Chelsea remained the most prestigious of the Society’s shows, Hampton Court was the largest, and readily marketed as such. Within a couple of years the investment in Hampton Court had been more than recouped.<ref name="Elliott"/>

Highlights for the 2011 Show included 'The World Vision' garden by FlemonsWarLandDesign which focused on children's vision in poorer countries. Conceptual garden 'Land Obscured' by Dan Lobb invited visitors to the underground garden to view it through a periscope to see it from a new perspective.

In 2012 a selection of gardens based on poems by well-known English poets was also introduced alongside a stunning Rose marquee inspired by ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]''.

== Show dates ==
[[File:Stumpery.jpg|thumb|A stand under construction in 2008]]
The Hampton Court Palace Flower Show always runs from a Tuesday through till Sunday, always ending on the second Sunday in July.

* The 2007 show ran from 3–8 July.
* The 2008 show ran from 8–13 July.
* The 2009 show ran from 7–12 July.
* The 2010 show ran from 6–11 July.
* The 2011 show ran from 5–10 July.
* The 2012 show ran from 3–8 July.
* The 2013 show ran from 9–14 July.
* The 2014 show will run from 8–13 July.
* The 2015 show will run from 7–12 July.

== See also ==
* [[Royal Horticultural Society]]
* [[Chelsea Flower Show]]
* [[Tatton Park Flower Show]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Hampton Court Palace Flower Show}}
* [http://www.rhs.org.uk/hamptoncourtpalace/ Hampton Court Palace Flower Show official site]
* [http://www.quickmap.com/rhs/rhs2.htm Hampton Court Palace Flower Show quickmap showing how to get there]
* [http://www.rhs.org.uk/chelsea RHS Chelsea Flower Show official site]
* [http://www.rhs.org.uk/tattonpark RHS Show Tatton Park official site]

{{coord|51.4021|-0.3267|type:event_region:GB|display=title}}

{{LB Richmond}}

[[Category:1990 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Annual events in London]]
[[Category:Horticultural exhibitions]]
[[Category:Gardening in England]]
[[Category:Festivals in London]]
[[Category:Hampton Court Palace]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Richmond upon Thames]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1990]]

Flutkatastrophe in China 1931

2014-02-17T15:08:04Z

HMSSolent: Reverted 1 edit by 190.216.245.187 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{Infobox flood
|image location = Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12231,_China,_Überschwemmungsopfer.jpg
|image name = Victims of the flooding in August 1931
|image size = 350px
|name = 1931 China floods
|duration = July–November 1931 (depending on river)
|total fatalities = 145,000–4,000,000<ref name=ZHch>[http://2004.chinawater.com.cn/jlsx/zy/20040716/200407160089.asp 中国水利网 (in Chinese)]. Chinawater.com.cn. Retrieved 13 November 2012.</ref><ref name="pietz" /><ref name="pbsn" /><ref name="Glantz" />
|areas affected = [[Yellow River]], [[Yangtze River]], [[Huai River]]
}}

The '''1931 Central China floods''' or the '''Central China floods of 1931''' were a series of floods that occurred in the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. The floods are generally considered among the deadliest [[natural disaster]]s ever recorded, and almost certainly the deadliest of the 20th century (when [[pandemic]]s and [[famines]] are discounted).<ref name="pietz">Pietz, David (2002). ''Engineering the State: The Huai River and Reconstruction in Nationalist China 1927–1937''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93388-9. pg xvii, pg 61–70.</ref> Estimates of the total death toll range from 145,000<ref name=ZHch/> to between 3.7 million and 4 million.<ref name="pbsn">[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/flood/deluge.html "Dealing with the Deluge"]. PBS NOVA Online. 26 March 1996. Retrieved 12 February 2013.</ref><ref name="Glantz">Glantz, Mickey. Glantz, Michael H (2003). ''Climate Affairs: A Primer''. Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-919-9. pg 252.</ref><ref name="noaanews">[http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s334b.htm "NOAA'S top global weather, water and climate events of the 20th century"]. NOAA.gov. 13 December 1999. Retrieved 29 November 2012.</ref>

==Meteorological causes==
From 1928 to 1930, a long [[drought]] afflicted China.<ref name="Glantz" /> By some accounts, abnormal weather over [[central China]] began in the winter of late 1930. Heavy [[snowstorm]]s in the winter were followed by a spring thaw and heavy rains that raised river levels significantly. The rain grew heavier in July and August 1931.<ref name="pietz" /> 1931 was also characterized by extreme [[cyclone]] activity—in July of that year alone, seven cyclones hit the region, whereas on average only two occur per year.<ref name="pietz" />

==Death toll and damage==
Chinese sources usually indicate the death toll of the [[Yangtze River]] overflow at about 145,000, with flood damage affecting around 28.5 million,<ref name=ZHch/> while most Western sources give a far higher death toll of between 3.7 and 4 million people.<ref name="pietz" /><ref name="pbsn" /><ref name="Glantz" />

===Yangtze River===
The worst period of flooding was from July to August 1931.<ref name="Glantz" /> In July alone, four [[weather station]]s along the Yangtze River reported rain totaling over {{convert|2|ft|in}} for the month.<ref name="pietz" />

===Huai River===
The Yangtze and [[Huai River]] floods soon reached [[Nanjing]], the [[Historical capitals of China|capital of China]] at the time. The city, located on an island in a massive flood zone, suffered catastrophic damage.<ref name="pietz" /> Millions died of drowning or from waterborne diseases such as [[cholera]] and [[typhus]]. Wives and daughters were sold by desperate residents, and cases of [[infanticide]] and even [[cannibalism]] were reported in stark details to the government.<ref name="pietz" /> Some of the areas affected included [[Hubei]], [[Hunan]], [[Jiangxi]], [[Hankou District|Hankou]], [[Wuhan]], [[Hanyang District|Hanyang]] and [[Chongqing]]. The high-water mark was reached on 19 August at Hankou, with the water level exceeding {{convert|53|ft|m|abbr=on}} above normal. Comparatively, this is an average of {{convert|5.6|ft|m|abbr=on}} above [[the Bund|the Shanghai Bund]].<ref name="pietz" /><ref>[[Winchester, Simon]] (2004). ''[[The River at the Center of the World: A Journey Up the Yangtze, and Back in Chinese Time]].'' Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-42337-3.</ref> On the evening of 25 August 1931, the water rushing through the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] washed away [[Dike (construction)|dikes]] near Gaoyou Lake. Some 200,000 people drowned in their sleep in the resulting deluge.<ref name="pietz" />

==Government reactions==
===Republic era (1930s–1940s)===
In the wake of the disaster, the [[Kuomintang|Nationalist]] government set up organisations such as the Huai River Conservancy Commission to address flood problems.<ref name="pietz" /> However, due to a lack of funding and the chaos of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and the subsequent [[Chinese Civil War]], the various commissions were only able to construct small dams along the Yangtze River.<ref name="Li">Li, Cheng & Barnett, Arthur Doak (1997). ''Rediscovering China: Dynamics and Dilemmas of Reform''. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-8338-9. pg 168–169.</ref>

===Communist era (1949–present)===
In 1953, after the end of the Civil War, [[Chinese Communist Party]] leader [[Mao Zedong]] travelled to the Yangtze River to promote the [[Three Gorges Dam]] flood control project. "The [[Socialist]] Three Gorges Dam project should excel other major projects in Chinese history such as [[Qin Shi Huang]]'s [[Great Wall of China|Great Wall]] and [[Emperor Yang of Sui|Sui Yang Di]]'s [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]]", he stated.<ref name="Li" />

Scientists and officials who raised doubts, such as [[Chen Mingshu]], were persecuted as [[Anti-Rightist Movement|rightists]]. [[Li Siguang]], a prominent scientist and minister of geological resources, told Mao he would commit [[suicide]] if he could not stop the construction of the dam.<ref name="Li" /> The project did not move beyond the planning stage in Mao's time, due to a lack of resources, rising [[Sino-Soviet split|Sino-Soviet tensions]] and the upheavals of the [[Great Leap Forward]].<ref name="Li" /> The project was restarted in the 1980s, and the [[hydroelectric]] Three Gorges Dam began full operation in 2012, becoming the world's largest [[power station]] in terms of installed capacity at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2178951/Three-Gorges-Worlds-powerful-dam-opens-China-gushing-water-generates-power-15-nuclear-reactors.html|title=Breathtaking force: World's most powerful dam opens in China as gushing water generates the same power as FIFTEEN nuclear reactors|work=[[The Daily Mail]]|date=25 July 2012|accessdate=13 September 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[1887 Yellow River flood]]
*[[1938 Yellow River flood]]
*[[List of deadliest floods]]
*[[List of deadliest natural disasters]]
*[[Natural disasters in China]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ilib.cn/A-dflt200704019.html "An Analysis of Flood and Social Risks Based on the 1931 Changjiang & Huai River Flood During the Republic of China"]. ILIB.cn.
*[http://www.cqvip.com/QK/97113X/200701/23772396.html "Extremely heavy meiyu over the Yangtze and Huaihe vaneies in 1931"] (in Chinese). CQVIP.com.

{{DEFAULTSORT:1931 China Floods}}
[[Category:1931 natural disasters|Yellow River]]
[[Category:Yellow River floods]]
[[Category:Yangtze River floods]]
[[Category:Huai River floods]]
[[Category:1931 in China|China Floods, 1931]]
[[Category:1931 floods|China Floods, 1931]]

Roscommon Castle

2014-01-29T14:50:49Z

HMSSolent: Reverted 1 edit by 87.33.192.78 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{other uses2|Roscommon}}
{{Infobox settlement
|settlement_type = Town
|name = Roscommon
|native_name = {{Pad top italic|Ros Comáin}}
|image_shield = Logo-contea-Roscommon.png
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top left: Main Street, Roscommon Castle, Sacred Heart Church, Abbey Hotel, Former Jail, Dominican Friary, Roscommon Library.
|motto = ''Constans Hiberniae Cor''
|pushpin_map = Ireland
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ireland
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = dim:100000_region:IE
|latd = 53.6333
|longd = -8.1833
|blank_name_sec1 = Irish Grid Reference
|blank_info_sec1 = {{iem4ibx|M879648}}
|subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Ireland|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Connacht]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Counties of Ireland|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[County Roscommon]]
|unit_pref = Metric
|elevation_m = 80
|area_total_km2 = 2463
|population_as_of = 2006
|population_urban = 1677
|population_blank1_title = Environs
|population_blank1 = 3340
|population_footnotes = <ref name = "cso2006">{{cite web | title = Census 2006 – Volume 1 – Population Classified by Area | work = Central Statistics Office Census 2006 Reports | publisher = [[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)|Central Statistics Office Ireland]] |date=April 2007 | url = http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/census2006_volume_1_pop_classified_by_area.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate = 2011-05-07}}</ref>
|website =
}}

'''Roscommon''' ({{Irish place name|Ros Comáin|[[Coman mac Faelchon|Saint Coman]]'s wood}}) is the [[county town]] of [[County Roscommon]] in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. Its population at the 2006 census was 5,017 (including rural area). The town is near the meeting of the [[N60 road (Ireland)|N60]], [[N61 road (Ireland)|N61]] and [[N63 road (Ireland)|N63]] roads.

==History==
Sauron settled in Roscommon 1,000 years after the end of the First Age, and it remained the pivot of his evil contemplations for the whole of the Second and Third Ages of Middle-Éire. In the northwestern corner of this land stood Mount Croagh Patrick or Orodruin, where Sauron had forged the One Ring. Near Castelrea stood Sauron's stronghold Barad-dûr( Castelrea Prison) . After this time, Sauron was known as the Dark Lord of Castelrea.
For 2500 years, Sauron ruled Castelrea uninterrupted. Having wrought the Ring, it was from there that he launched the attack upon the Elves of Strokestown. He was repelled by the Men of Boyle. Almost a thousand years later the Númenóreans (Boyle shams) under Ar-Pharazôn sailed to Middle-Éire to challenge his claim to the title of "King of Shams;" He realized that they would overthrow him if he decided to fight, so he let them capture him and bring him back to their island kingdom, where he eventually caused its destruction. (see Akallabêth). Immediately after Númenor's destruction, Sauron returned to Castelrea as a spirit (the last of his living being having been bound to the One Ring)in castelrea prison, and resumed his rule.
The Last Alliance and Third Age[edit]

==Annalistic references==

See [[Annals of Inisfallen]] (AI), [[Annals of the Four Masters]] (M),

* ''M777.5 Aedhan, Abbot of Ros Comain, died.''
* ''M774.5 Forbhasach, son of Maeltola, Abbot of Ros Comain, died.''
* ''AI782.2 Repose of Aed, abbot of Ros Comáin.''
* ''M788.12 The law of St. Comman [was promulgated] by Aeldobhair, i.e. Abbot of Ros Commain, and by Muirgheas, throughout the three divisions of Connaught.''
* ''M813.4. ... Siadhail, Abbot and Bishop of Ros Commain, died.''
* ''U830.7 Ioseph son of Nechtain, abbot of Ros Comáin, rested.''
* ''M872.2 Aedh, son of Fianghus, Abbot of Ros Comain, bishop and distinguished scribe [died].''
* ''M914.4. ... Martin, Abbot of Ros-Commain, died.''
* ''M925.6. ... Donnghal of Ros-Commain, died.''
* ''M1028.3 Gillachrist, son of Dubhchuillinn, a noble priest of Ard-Macha, died at Ros-Commain.''
* ''M1155.2 ... Fearghal Ua Finachta, a noble priest of Ross-Commain,[died].''
* ''LC1265.6 Fedhlim, son of Cathal Crobhderg O'Conchobhair, king of Connacht—the protector and supporter of his own province, and the protector of his friends on every side; the plunderer and extirpator of his enemies wherever they might be; a man full of bounty and prowess; a man full of distinction and honor in Erinn and Saxon-land—died after the triumph of unction and penitence, and was interred in the monastery of the Friars Preachers in Ros-Comain, which he had previously granted to God and the Order.''
* ''LC1564.2 Ros-Comain was taken by the sons of Tadhg Og, son of Tadhg, son of Toirdhelbhach O'Conchobhair, from O'Conchobhair Donn; and they gave the town, after taking it, to O'Conchobhair Ruadh, i.e. Tadhg Og, son of Tadhg Buidhe; and much was destroyed throughout all Connacht on account of this capture. Brian, son of Ruaidhri Mac Diarmada, and the sons of Tomaltach Mac Diarmada, with many men, went into ambush around Ros-Comain. Conchobhar, the son of O'Conchobhair Ruadh, went out from the court that day, and the ambuscaders attacked himself and his people on all sides; and they were driven to the monastery and their horses were taken from them before the door; and they themselves went into the belfry. But this place was no defence to them. All followed them, and God decreed the termination of their lives; for, though strong the place in which they were; their heads were taken off them all. Conchobhar, son of Toirdhelbhach Ruadh O'Conchobhair, was killed there, and ten and eleven of his people along with him; and horses were taken from them. On the Saturday of Patrick's Sunday these deeds were committed.''

==Sports==
* '''Roscommon Golf Club''' was founded in 1904, the course, set in parklands filled with mature sycamore, beech, whitethorn trees and ash trees, was extended to eighteen holes in 1996 and now measures 6,390 meters (6,900 yards).<ref>[http://www.roscommongolfclub.ie/Club_History/Default.8.html Roscommon Golf Club] website</ref>

* '''[[Dr. Hyde Park]]''' is a [[Gaelic Athletic Association|GAA]] stadium with a capacity of 18,500,<ref>{{cite news|title=Connacht Final for Dr Hyde Park?|url=http://www.roscommonpeople.ie/itemdetail.asp?itemID=20226&menu=d20226|accessdate=1 June 2013|newspaper=Roscommon People|date=22 June 2012}}</ref> and is home to the [[Roscommon GAA|Roscommon county]] football and hurling teams and [[Roscommon Gaels GAA]] club.
* '''[[Roscommon Racecourse]]''' is a [[horse racing]] course, which is situated approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) from the town centre, the track itself is an oblong right-handed track 2 km (1.25 mi) in length, and the course has stabling for up to 95 horses.<ref>[http://www.roscommonracecourse.ie/about/ Racecourse] website</ref>

* '''Roscommon Leisure Centre''' opened early 2002 and has a 25 m (82 ft) deck level pool with a learner swimming pool and spectator gallery and fully equipped gymnasium.<ref>[http://www.roscommonleisurecentre.ie/ Leisure Centre] website</ref> Situated next to the swimming pool is the home of Roscommon's most successful sport — St Coman's handball club. Established in 1930 the club has produced many [[All-Ireland]] winning handballers and one world ladies junior champion handballer.

==Natural heritage==
* '''Mote Park''', the former estate of the Crofton landlord family, approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) from the town centre is a woodland area covering several miles and is popular with walkers.<ref>[http://www.visitroscommon.com/IntoNature/MoteParkHeritageWalkway.aspx Mote Park Heritage Walkway]</ref>

==Architectural heritage==
[[File:Roscommon Castle.JPG|thumb|Roscommon Castle]]
* '''Roscommon castle''' is located on a hillside just outside the town. Now in ruins, the castle is quadrangular in shape, it had four corner D-shaped towers, three storeys high, and twin towers at its entrance gateway, one of which still retains its immensely sturdy vaulted roof. The entire castle was enclosed by a lofty [[curtain wall]]. It was built in 1269 by [[Robert de Ufford]], [[Justiciar of Ireland]], on lands he had seized from the [[Augustinian]] [[Priory]].<ref>[http://www.roscommoncoco.ie/en/Services/Heritage/Publications/RCC_Exploring_Roscommon_Castle_in_Medieval_Times.pdf Exploring Roscommon Castle in Medieval Times]</ref> The castle had a most chequered history. It was besieged by [[Connacht]] King Aodh O’Connor in 1272.

:Eight years later it was again in the hands of an [[England|English]] [[garrison]], and fully repaired. By 1340 the O’Connor’s regained possession of it, and, except for a few brief intermissions, they held it for two centuries until 1569, when [[Sir Henry Sidney]], [[Lord Deputy]] seized it. It was granted to Sir Nicholas Malbie, [[Elizabethan]] Governor of [[Connacht|Connaught]], in 1578. Two years later the interior was remodeled and large mullioned windows were inserted in the towers and curtain walls. Again, in 1641 the [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] faction gained it until [[Confederate Catholics]] under Preston captured it in 1645.

:It remained in Irish hands until 1652 when it was partially blown up by [[Cromwellian]] "[[Ironside (cavalry)|Ironsides]]" under Commissary Reynolds, who had all the fortifications dismantled. It was finally burned down in 1690, and, from the closing years of the 17th-century, it gradually fell into decay. A symmetrical moat some distance from the curtain walls surrounded the entire castle and safeguarded it. It is now a national monument.<ref>[http://www.roscommoncoco.ie/en/Services/Heritage/Publications/Roscommon_Castle_-_the_history_of_a_national_landmark_Leaflet.pdf Roscommon Castle - The History of a National Landmark]</ref>

[[File:Ros Comáin 1.jpg|thumb|Harrison Hall, which houses the Bank of Ireland]]
* '''Harrison Hall''' is located prominently in the market square and is now occupied by the [[Bank of Ireland]]. Most of the ground floor is open to the public. Once a 17th-century sessions house, it was remodeled in 1762 by [[Sir William Morrison]] and converted into a court house and market house. It is built in the classical architectural style with a [[cupola]]. It became a [[catholic church]] in 1863. After 1903 it became a recreational hall to commemorate Dr John Harrison (who was a physician in Roscommon town’s workhouse, during the famine of the 1840s) it was used as a dance hall, cinema and theatre before it was sold to the [[Bank of Ireland]] in 1972.

* '''The Old [[Gaol]]''' is the second most prominent building in the town . in the year 1853 the old goal was sacked by the dark army of Mordor , the monks of old were unfortunately out matched and out manned by the evil forces of saruman ,and were defeated in battle. the gaol was held by the forces of saruman for three hundred years steeped in darkness and torture and was only broken in the year 1922 by Micheal O'conor in the Irish war of independence in the battle of borndor in which 3000 men and 5000 oriki warriors were slain . Faces the back of the Bank of Ireland now houses a modern shopping centre, the [[facade]] is all that remains of the original structure. The original building is thought to have been designed by Richard Cassells in 1736. The gaol had the distinction of having a hang woman ‘Lady Betty’, a criminal who had her sentence withdrawn on the provision that she perform the unpaid task of hang woman. In 1822 it was taken over for use as a [[lunatic asylum]]. In 1833 it became a ‘Lazaretto’ – a place where outcasts who suffered from small pox were confined. Sometime after 1840 the building was converted to residential and commercial use.<ref>[http://buildingsofireland.com/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=RO&regno=31817008 Roscommon Jail Building]</ref>

* '''The County Museum and Tourism Office''' is located next to Harrison hall in the town square. It was originally a small [[Presbyterian]] church built in 1863. The building is of cut limestone with a large recessed door, circular headed windows and fenestration on the wheel window over the door is in the form of the ‘[[Star of David]]’ to commemorate its Welsh Builders. The building was renovated in 1991 and now contains many exhibits and artifacts illustrating and interpreting the history of Roscommon. Among the artifacts on display are a 9th-century grave slab from St Comans Abbey and a [[Sheela na Gig]] from Rahara church.

* '''Roscommon Abbey''' is on the outskirts of the core of the town, and is reachable by a path at the back of the Abbey Hotel running alongside the Abbey boy's school. It was founded just over 750 years ago by [[King]] Felim O' Connor ([[irish language|Irish]]: Fedlimid Ó Conchobair), [[king of Connacht]], who was buried there himself in 1265. The [[effigy]] in a niche on the north side of the chancel is either that of himself (but carved 35 years or more after his death), or of one of his successors; dating from around 1300, it shows a king dressed in a long robe and mantle of a kind that suggests he may have been aping an English regal costume of the period, an idea supported by the fact that he carries a sceptre with fleur-de-lis head in his right hand. The tomb front supporting his effigy slab (but not originally belonging to it) bears eight niches containing fifteenth-century carved figures of [[gallowglasses]], [[mercenaries]] of [[Scottish people|Scottish]] origin who played a major role in [[Irish wars]] of the Later [[Middle Ages]]. These have their bodies protected by a coat of mail and each wears a helmet known as a [[bascinet]]. All are armed with a sword, except one who bears an axe-like sparth, a typical [[gallowglass]] weapon.

:Usually called the ‘Abbey’, it is more accurately described as a [[friary]], it was created for [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] friars. During the course of its existence, it experienced many misfortunate events, starting with a fire in 1270, a lightning-strike in 1308, and having [[Lord Audley]] take large sums of money deposited in it by the poor people of the town for the use of his army against a king of Connacht. But the main part of the church must have survived these misfortunes, for much of its existing fabric dates from the thirteenth century, as seen in the style of the lancet windows in the north and south walls. The east wall of the church probably had five such windows grouped and graded together, but they were replaced in the fifteenth century by one single large traceried window which probably shed more light inside during the morning. At the same period, a chapel — also with a large window — was added to the north, at right angles to an aisle which is separated from the [[nave]] by an arcade supported by round columns which still partially survive. Suppressed at the [[Reformation]], the ruined buildings were denuded of their majestic tower, and probably also of the cloister to the south, when they served as a handy stone-quarry for their owner.<ref>[http://www.culturalheritageireland.ie/index.php/heritage-sites-and-centres/98-the-dominican-friary-of-roscommon-town-co-roscommon The Dominican Friary of Roscommon]</ref>

* '''Roscommon County Library''' is situated in Abbeytown opposite the CBS secondary school. It was built in 1783 as an [[Infirmary]]. It is a 3-storey over basement [[limestone]] structure. Two symmetrical wings flank the north and south end of a central portion. It was used as a hospital until 1941. Major reconstruction work was undertaken in 1989 and the building was refitted as the County Library.<ref>[http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=RO&regno=31817040 Roscommon Library Building]</ref>

* '''The Sacred Heart Catholic church''' dominates the skyline of the town. The church spire is 52 m high. Built of local cut stone and opened in 1903, it was completed in 1925. The church is built on rising ground and fronted by a sunken [[grotto]]. Over the main door is a fine example of mosaic, carried out by the Italian firm of Salviate, depicting two bishops of the [[diocese of Elphin]] connected with the building of the church. The interior is equally impressive and contains a replica of the [[Cross of Cong]]. This wonderful example of Irish Craftsmanship was made in [[Fuerty]] between 1120 - 1123. <ref>[http://chooseireland.com/county/roscommon/the-sacred-heart-church-roscommon-town/ The Sacred Heart Church]</ref>

* '''The [[Sacred Heart Hospital (Roscommon)|Sacred Heart Home]]''', a former [[workhouse]], is situated on the outskirts of the town approximately 500m from the town on the golf links/ [[Curraghboy]] road. Outside this building is an [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Irish Famine]] Memorial. It was constructed on behalf of the people of Roscommon in 1999, as a permanent memorial to the thousands of Roscommon people who perished in the Famine. It is built next to the master’s residence of the Workhouse. The workhouse building was constructed in 1840, in response to a sudden increase in extreme poverty and [[famine]] in the Roscommon town area. Roscommon was severely affected during the great famine, with one of the highest death rates per population recorded in the whole of Ireland, during this period the population of Roscommon suffered a 31.5% drop. The work house was designed for 700 [[paupers]] but housed up to 1,600 people during the famine years.<ref>[http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Roscommon/ Roscommon Workhouse]</ref>

:Hundreds flocked to the workhouse for sustenance and refuge. However the workhouse could not cope with the numbers requiring assistance. This situation was reflected in a notice which was posted outside Roscommon Workhouse in January 1847, which stated that no new applicants seeking assistance could be admitted. Many who died there were buried in Bully's Acre, a short distance away.

==Events and popular culture==
* The '''Roscommon Lamb Festival''' takes place on the first weekend of May each year (the May bank holiday weekend). Its aim is to highlight the quality of locally-produced food and entails diverse events and activities, including barbecues, craft sales and novelty events.<ref>[http://www.roscommonlambfestival.com/about-the-festival Roscommon Lamb Festival]</ref>

* Roscommon '''Easter parade''' takes place every Easter Sunday.<ref>[http://roscommoneasterparade.com/ Roscommon Easter Parade]</ref>

==Education==
Roscommon town has many modern educational establishments, primarily catering to the 5-18 year age group.

==Health services==
The health services of Roscommon town serve all of [[County Roscommon]] and the surrounding areas, with a catchment population of around 70,000. Health services are provided by [[Roscommon County Hospital]] and rehabilitative care is available at [[Sacred Heart Hospital (Roscommon)|Sacred Heart Hospital]].<ref>[http://www.hse.ie/eng/services/Find_a_Service/hospitals/Roscommon/ Roscommon Hospital]</ref><ref>[http://www.hse.ie/eng/services/Find_a_Service/LHO/Roscommon_/Therapy/ Sacred Heart Home]</ref>

==Transport==
*[[Roscommon railway station]] opened on 13 February 1860.<ref>{{cite web | title=Roscommon station | work=Railscot — Irish Railways | url=http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf | accessdate=2007-09-2007}}</ref>
*Roscommon is situated near the major road networks in Ireland ([[N60 road (Ireland)|N60]], [[N61 road (Ireland)|N61]] and [[N63 road (Ireland)|N63]]).
*[[Bus Éireann]] runs regular bus services to other major towns which can be taken from the Mart Road.<ref>[http://www.buseireann.ie/pdf/1274881984-461.pdf Bus Éireann Timetable - Route 461]</ref>

==International relations==
{{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in the Republic of Ireland}}

===Twin towns — Sister cities===
Roscommon is [[town twinning|twinned]] with:
* [[Tucson, Arizona]], United States<ref name="Tucson sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Tucson%20Sister%20Cities|title=Tucson Sister Cities|work=Interactive City Directory|publisher=Sister Cities International|accessdate=4 September 2013}}</ref>
* Chartrettes, France<ref>http://visitroscommon.com/ReturnoftheRossies/RoscommonOverseas/RoscommonTwinnings/ChartrettesFrance.aspx</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland|List of towns and villages in Ireland]]
*[[Market Houses in the Republic of Ireland|Market Houses in Ireland]]
*[[Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of Roscommon|Lord Roscommon]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Roscommon}}

{{County Roscommon}}

[[Category:Towns and villages in County Roscommon]]
[[Category:Horse racing venues in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:County towns in the Republic of Ireland]]

Punch (Distrikt, Pakistan)

2014-01-21T14:10:49Z

HMSSolent: Reverted 1 good faith edit by 182.188.205.31 using STiki

{{For|Poonch district administered by India|Poonch district, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Poonch
| official_name = Poonch
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]]
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Poonch Azad Kashmir.svg
| mapsize = 200px
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of [[Azad Kashmir]] with Poonch highlighted
| latd =33.8540
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS = N
| longd =73.7507
| longm =
| longs =
|longEW = E
| coordinates_display = Inline, Title
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir]]
| area_total_km2 = 855
| population_as_of = 1998
| population_total = 459000
| population_density_km2 = 548
| timezone1 = [[Time in Pakistan|PST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| leader_title = District Nazim
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = District Naib Nazim
| leader_name1 =
| blank_name_sec1 = District Council
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Main language(s)
| demographics1_info1 =
| website =
}}

'''Poonch''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''ضلع پونچھ''' }}}}) is one of the eight districts of [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]]. Poonch district borders [[Indian-administered Kashmir]] that comes under the [[Vale of Kashmir|Kashmir section]] which is part of the greater dispute between India and Pakistan.

The capital of the district is [[Rawalakot]] with the [[Sudhan]], [[Awan (Pakistan)|Awans]] tribes being the dominant groups in the district. This region has produced numerous business, political and military leaders.

== History ==
From the end of seventeenth century up to 1837 CE, Poonch was ruled by the Muslim [[Raja]]s of Loran in Tehsil Haveli. It then fell into the hands of Raja Faiztalab Khan of Rajuri to whom it was handed over by the Punjab Government. Poonch was included in the transfer of the hilly country to [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Gulab Singh]] in 1848. Before this transfer, Poonch was considered a district of [[Lahore]]. Maharaja Gulab Singh granted Chibal, Poonch and other areas to Jawaharr Singh and Moiti Singh. The Raja of Poonch had to present to the Maharaja of, what is now known as Jammu and [[Kashmir]], one horse with gold trappings. The Raja of Poonch was not to effect any administrative changes in the territory of Poonch without previous consultation with the Maharaja of [[Kashmir]].

==Separation of Poonch==
[[File:AJK Dist Poonch.svg|thumb|Map of Poonch district]]

After independence in 1947, Pakistan and India fought a [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|war over Kashmir]]. As a result of the war, Poonch was split between the two nations. Prior to the division of Poonch, the only high school in the district was in the city of [[Poonch]]; this city now forms the capital of Indian-controlled Poonch.

== Lohar Dynasty ==

The centre of Lohar/Tarkan dynasty was at Loharin which is now in Poonch district of the state Kashmir. Prominent kings of this dynasty have carved out a special place in the history of Kashmir.

This clan is famous in Kashmir history since it gave a whole dynasty which ruled for a long time called 'Lohar dynasty'. Their settlement in India, Loharin, is located in Pir Panjal Range. The Lohar fort is named after them. The famous queen Dida, married to Kshemagupta, was daughter of King Simha Raja Lohar, who himself was married to a daughter of Shahenshah Lalli Bhima (Jat Clan) of Kabul. Lohar Kot was the name of the royal palace of the Lohar Dynasty. Alberuni (Abu Rayhan Biruni) refers to this castle Lohar Kot-as Loha Kot, and Mahmud Ghazni’s attack on Loha Kot was a dismal failure. Farishta tells that Muhmud failed because the fort “was remarkable on account of its height and strength. The Lohars had enough strength to defend the towering palace.

Lohar Dynasty ruled Kashmir for more than a century when Kshtriya rituals entered the Brahamnic cult. As is common with despotic rule, the whole period suffered from murders, suicides, corruption - material and moral - a record of which has been prepared by Kalhan Pandit who followed in the 12th century in the reign of Jayasinha. The mysticism that the Lohars from Iran introduced was a slow but soothing stream aimed at raising up of moral and spiritual values and oneness of God. Therefore, Kashmiris readily accepted it in all its traits in which the Reshi order of Nundrishi was also contained. So Kashmiri thinking evolved out of a happy amalgam of Sanskrit, Buddhist and Islamic values.

The decline of Buddhism was a result of anarchy that the Iranian Lohars introduced to the state of Kashmir{{fact|date=November 2013}}.

{{see also|Ethnic groups of Azad Kashmir}}

== Main places ==

'''Sehra:'''
Sehra is a beautiful town located on the left bank of Poonch river,{{convert|7|km}} from Tatapani on Poonch Road. Sehra is a union council having surrounding small villages Dara Sher Khan, Dalairy, Chakrali, Kanoian, Tahi, Sawa, Darochian, Natar, Lachyal etc. A crossing point is also located here in Lachyal. The village's literacy rate is more than 90%. There are many primary schools, 1 boys high schools & 1 Girls College in the government sector, 2 public schools, many village development organizations, numerous companies, and a number of farmer associations in the town. There is web of roads and pavements in the town. Jamma Masjid is located in the center of the town. Meelad chok is a famous place of the town. There is one police station in Sehra covering areas from Kanoian to Mandhole and Dara Sher khan to Dharmassal. This beautiful town is forehead of Dist. Poonch.

'''Dara Sher Khan:'''
The village of Dara Sher Khan is located {{convert|8|km}} from Tatapani and is located near Goi, Bhabra and Sehra. It was named by Sardar Sher Khan. Two main tribes live there: the Douli Sardars and the Gujars. Other castes, like the Saadat, Bhati, Malik and Qureshi, also live there. Many government officers and doctors come from Dara Sher Khan. The village's literacy rate is relatively high{{quantify|date=November 2013}}. There are 11 primary schools, 2 high schools in the government sector, 2 public schools, 4 village development organizations, more than 30 companies, and 4 farmer associations.

Mandhole is situated 7 km from Tatapani

==Transport==

A bus across the LOC, the [[Poonch]]-[[Rawalakot]] bus has helped to re-establish ties across the border.

== Gallery ==
{|
| [[Image:Banjosa.JPG|thumb|150px|Banjosa Rest House, [[Rawalakot]] ]]
||
| [[Image:AbbaspurAjk1.jpg|thumb|150px|Abbaspur, a small town in Poonch District]]
||
| [[Image:MaindlaSunrise.jpg|thumb| 150px|Sunrise over Mehndla and other areas of Poonch]]
||
| [[Image:Destroyedbridgeriverpoonch.JPG|thumb|150px|The destroyed bridge between Madapur and Mehndla on the [[Line of Control|LOC]] in Poonch District]]
|-
|}

== External links ==
*[http://www.ajk.gov.pk Official website of the Government of Azad Kashmir]
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Azad Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{Administrative units of Azad Kashmir}}

[[Category:Poonch District, Pakistan| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Azad Kashmir]]

Feast or Fired

2013-12-08T00:20:54Z

HMSSolent: Reverted 2 edits by 80.42.253.4 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

[[File:Feast Or Fired 08.jpg|thumb|right|[[Nelson Erazo|Homcide]] and [[Christopher Daniels|Curry Man]] in the Feast or Fired match]]

The '''Feast or Fired''' match is a pole match featured in [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]]. In the match, all four ringposts have poles attached, and a briefcase hangs from each pole. The match features a large group of participants, who attempt to scale the turnbuckles and grab the cases. Each case contains a different item. Either a title shot or a pink slip.

==Match==
Grabbing the case and leaving the ring with both feet touching the floor determines the four winners. Inside the cases are:
* A [[TNA World Heavyweight Championship|World Heavyweight Championship]] title shot
* A [[TNA X-Division Championship|X Division Championship]] title shot
* A [[TNA World Tag Team Championship|World Tag Team Championships]] title shot
* A [[Pink slip (employment)|Pink Slip]] that forces the owner of the case to be fired

Before any of the cases are opened all four winners are given the chance to forfeit their case and avoid being fired but also possibly sacrificing a title shot. This circumstance has once been met by way of a "''Feast, Fired or Fifty Grand''" match, in which the winning competitor has the option to exchange their case for a $50,000 prize, or for another "Feast or Fired" winner's case. In this match the allocated time period during which you must cash in the title opportunity is not stated, all that has been said is it can be cashed in "Anywhere, Anytime". Also, all but three Feast Or Fired winners has cashed in their briefcase and won their title match.

Another, uncommon, variation is to replace the pole with another form of elevation, usually when the "object" in question can't safely be hung in the air for an amount of time.

==Results==

===2007===
In 2007 TNA held the first-ever Feast or Fired match at [[Turning Point (2007 wrestling)|Turning Point]]. The participants in the bout were Scott Steiner, [[Brandon Silvestry|Senshi]], [[Brian Gerard James|B.G. James]], [[Petey Williams]], [[Shark Boy]], [[Lance Hoyt]], [[Christopher Daniels]], [[Elix Skipper]], [[Homicide (wrestler)|Homicide]], [[Shawn Hernandez|Hernandez]], [[Monty Sopp|Kip James]], [[Jimmy Rave]], [[Chris Harris (wrestler)|Chris Harris]], and [[Sonjay Dutt]]. The contest lasted eleven minutes and fifty-five seconds. Christy Hemme accompanied Rave and Hoyt to the ring for the contest. Williams was the first to obtain a case in the match. Kip was the second; however he threw it to his [[New Age Outlaws|Voodoo Kin Mafia]] tag team partner B.G. James who was standing at ringside, thus giving B.G. James possession of the case. A short time later, Senshi retrieved the third case. The final case was collected by Steiner, after he took it from Kip, who had taken it from the retriever Daniels.<ref name="SLAMTP07">{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/PPVReports/2007/12/03/4704399.html|title=Chaos rules at Turning Point|last=Sokol|first=Chris|date=2011-04-11|work=SLAM! Sports: Wrestlling|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]|accessdate=2011-07-21}}</ref>

*'''Winners'''
**[[Petey Williams]]1 (World Title)
**[[Scott Steiner]]1 (X Division Title)
**[[Road Dogg|B.G. James]] (Tag Team Title)
**[[Low Ki|Senshi]]/[[Christopher Daniels]]2 (Pink Slip)
1 {{note|1}} Scott Steiner and Petey Williams eventually traded briefcases while in an alliance. 
2 {{note|2}} On the December 6, 2007 episode of ''Impact!'', Christopher Daniels defeated Senshi with Elix Skipper as [[Referee (professional wrestling)#Special referees|special guest referee]] to win his briefcase

===2008===
The second Feast or Fired match was held at the second [[Final Resolution (December 2008)|Final Resolution]] in 2008. The participants were [[Nelson Erazo|Homicide]], [[Shawn Hernandez|Hernandez]], [[Jay Lethal]], [[Christopher Daniels|Curry Man]], [[Alex Shelley]], [[Chris Sabin]], [[Jimmy Rave]], [[Lance Hoyt|Lance Rock]], [[Sonjay Dutt]], [[Brian Gerard James|B.G. James]], [[Consequences Creed]], [[Monty Sopp|Cute Kip]] and [[Shark Boy]]. The match lasted twelve minutes and ten seconds.

*'''Winners'''
**[[Shawn Hernandez|Hernandez]] (World Title)
**[[Homicide (wrestler)|Homicide]] (X Division Title)
**[[Jay Lethal]] (Tag Team Title)
**[[Christopher Daniels|Curry Man]] (Pink Slip)

===2009===
The third Feast or Fired match was held at the 2009 [[Final Resolution (2009)|Final Resolution]]. The match featured [[Kevin Nash]], [[Shawn Daivari|Sheik Abdul Bashir]], [[Samoa Joe]], [[Rob Terry]], [[Robert Roode]], [[James Storm]], [[Eric Young (wrestler)|Eric Young]], [[Nelson Erazo|Homicide]], [[Akira Raijin|Kiyoshi]], [[Cody Deaner]], [[Jay Lethal]], and [[Consequences Creed]]. The match lasted eleven minutes.

*'''Winners'''
**[[Samoa Joe]] (World Title)
**[[Rob Terry]] (X Division Title)3
**[[Kevin Nash]] (Tag Team Title)
**[[Shawn Daivari|Sheik Abdul Bashir]] (Pink Slip)

3 {{note|3}} Rob Terry was convinced to give his briefcase to Douglas Williams while in the British Invasion.

===2013===
The fourth Feast or Fired match was held on November 23, 2013 (set to air on the December 12, 2013 episode of ''Impact Wrestling''). The match featured [[Austin Aries]], [[Chavo Guerrero]], [[Chris Sabin]], [[Curry Man]], [[Dewey Barnes]], [[James Storm]], [[Peter Avalon|Norv Fernum]], [[Shawn Hernandez|Hernandez]], [[Ethan Carter III]], [[Gunner (wrestler)|Gunner]], [[Samoa Joe]], and [[Zema Ion]].

*'''Winners'''
**[[Gunner (wrestler)|Gunner]] (World Title)
**[[Zema Ion]] (X Division Title)
**[[Chavo Guerrero]] (Tag Team Title)
**[[Ethan Carter III]] (Pink Slip)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{TNA Wrestling}}
{{TNA Tournaments}}
{{Feast or Fired}}

[[Category:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling tournaments]]

Riot Games

2013-12-03T09:25:48Z

HMSSolent: Reverted edits by 81.16.160.45 (talk) to last version by 99.247.177.121

{{Infobox company
| company_name=Riot Games
| company_logo=[[File:RiotGamesLogo.jpg|200px]]
| company_type=Subsidiary of [[Tencent Holdings]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tencent acquires majority stake in Riot Games|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/tencent-acquires-majority-stake-in-riot-games/1100-6298298/|publisher=Gamespot|author=Jon Leo|date=8 Feb 2011|accessdate=16 Oct 2013}}</ref>
| foundation=2006
| location=[[Santa Monica, California]]
| key_people=Brandon Beck (CEO) Marc Merrill (President)
| industry=[[Video game industry|Interactive entertainment]]
|locations=7 (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riotgames.com/about|title=The Riot Manifesto|publisher=Riot Games|accessdate=16 Oct 2013}}</ref>
| products=''[[League of Legends]]''
| num_employees = 1,000 (2013 estimate)<ref name=bigLeague>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/gaming/2013/07/11/league-of-legends-at-staples-center/2504935/|author=Mike Snider|title='League of Legends' makes big league moves|publisher=[[USA Today]]|date=July 11, 2013|accessdate=16 Oct 2013}}</ref>
| revenue= US $200 million (2013 estimate)<ref name=bigLeague />
| parent=[[Tencent Holdings]]
| homepage =[http://www.riotgames.com/ www.riotgames.com]
}}

'''Riot Games''' is an American video game publisher that was established in 2006. Their main office is based in [[Santa Monica, California]]. They currently have additional offices located in Saint Louis, Dublin, Seoul, São Paulo, Istanbul, Moscow, Sydney, and Taipei.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riotgames.com/careers|title=Jobs at Riot|author=Riot Games|accessdate=17 Oct 2013}}</ref>

Riot is best known for their first stand-alone title, ''[[League of Legends]]'', which was released in both North America and Europe on October 27, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timeline.leagueoflegends.com/|title=Interactive Timeline|author=Riot Games|accessdate=17 Oct 2013}}</ref>

==Overview==
Riot Games, Inc. was founded as an independent game studio in 2006 by Brandon "Ryze" Beck, and Marc "Tryndamere" Merrill in Los Angeles.<ref name=blizzardEmployees /> The company announced its first game, ''League of Legends: Clash of Fates'', in October 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1up.com/news/riot-games-league-legends-announced|title=Riot Games’ League of Legends Announced|publisher=[[1UP.com]]|author=Anthony Gallegos|date=7 Oct 2008|accessdate=16 Oct 2013}}</ref> and released the game in October of 2009 as simply ''League of Legends''.{{cn|date=October 2013}} Their game uses a [[free-to-play]] model, supported by [[microtransactions]] rather than ads or boxed copy sales.

In 2008, Riot Games obtained initial funding of US $7 million provided by venture capital firms [[Benchmark Capital]] and [[FirstMark Capital]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/5023761/riot-games-get-a-7m-launch|title=Riot Games Get a $7M Launch|publisher=Kotaku|author=Leigh Alexander|date=10 Jul 2008|accessdate=16 Oct 2013}}</ref> In a second round of funding in 2009, the company raised $8 million from Benchmark, FirstMark, and Chinese technology giant [[Tencent Holdings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pehub.com/2009/09/09/riot-games-raises-8-million/|title=Riot Games Raises $8 Million|publisher=PE Hub|author=admin|date=9 Sep 2009|accessdate=16 Oct 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/44167965/riot-games-8-million-play|title=Riot Games: $8 Million to Play With|publisher=Red Herring|author=Lalee Sadighi|date=Sep 2009|accessdate=16 Oct 2013}}</ref> In early 2011, Tencent Holdings bought out a majority stake in Riot Games. Though the details of this deal were never disclosed, [[Bloomberg Businessweek]] and [[VentureBeat]] estimated the transaction to be roughly $350 to $400 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allthingsd.com/20110204/chinas-tencent-buys-riot-games-for-400-million/|title=China's Tencent Buys Riot Games|author=Peter Kafka|publisher=All Things Digital|date=4 Feb 2011|accessdate=16 Oct 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/05/riotgames-tencent-idUSN044616620110205 | work=Reuters | first=Clare | last=Baldwin | title=UPDATE 1-Tencent acquires majority stake in Riot Games | date=2011-02-05|accessdate=16 Oct 2013}}</ref>

Employees at the company include veterans of ''[[Defense of the Ancients]]'', such as the former lead developer [[Steve Feak|Steve "Guinsoo" Feak]], and the former official DotA-Allstars.com website founder Steve "Pendragon" Mescon.<ref name=da>{{cite web|url=http://www.neutralcreeps.com/2011/07/steve-mescon-hints-bringing-dota.html|title=Steve Mescon hints bringing DotA-AllStars.com back online|publisher=Neutral Creeps|date=5 Jul 2011|accessdate=16 Oct 2013}}</ref> Riot Games also employs some former [[Blizzard Entertainment]] employees.<ref name=blizzardEmployees>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/blizzard-developers-join-riot-games-online-title|title=Blizzard developers join Riot Games' online title|publisher=GamesIndustryInternational|author=Kath Brice|date=25 Jun 2009|accessdate=16 Oct 2013}}</ref> On July 12, 2013, Business Insider named Riot Games #4 on its list of the top 25 technology companies to work for in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/top-25-tech-companies-to-work-at-in-2013-2013-7?op=1|title=The 25 Best Tech Companies To Work For In 2013|publisher=Business Insider|author=Megan Rose Dickey|date=12 Jul 2013|accessdate=16 Oct 2013}}</ref>

On November 8, 2013, Riot Games announced that the company had a new campus being developed in western Los Angeles, which they would tentatively move into in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/11/08/riot-games-moving-to-huge-new-campus-in-2015?abthid=527d2ea8874b95cc1200000a | publisher=[[IGN]] | first=Chris | last=Pereira | title=Riot Games Moving to Huge New Campus in 2015 | date=2013-11-08}}</ref>

==Games==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Title
!Year
!Genre
!Platform
|-
|''[[League of Legends]]''
|2009
|[[Multiplayer online battle arena]]
|[[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[OS X|Mac OS X]]
|-
|}

==Distribution==
{{refimprove|section|date=October 2013}}
Riot Games has already released and is distributes ''League of Legends'' in Australia, the United States, Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Canada, South Korea, Taiwan, China, Western and Eastern Europe, Brazil and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news|first=Jikonka|title=Indonesian servers join the League: transfer now|url=http://na.leagueoflegends.com/en/news/game-updates/special-event/indonesian-servers-join-league-transfer-now|accessdate=20 October 2013|date=18 October 2013}}</ref> In China, Riot's primary shareholder [[Tencent Holdings|Tencent Inc.]] distributes the game online. In Southeast Asia, online game service provider [[Garena]] publishes League of Legends. In North America, Riot Games self-publishes and operates the game and all of its customer service aspects.

In Europe, Riot Games has signed an international licensing partnership with GOA, a division of [[Orange S.A.]]. On October 13, 2009, GOA and Riot announced that they would start channeling server access for players located in Europe, to GOA's dedicated servers. This restriction meant that players located in Europe would not be able to play on Riot's servers in the United States. Due to negative community feedback, the channeling decision was rescinded October 16, 2009. On May 10, 2010, Riot Games announced that they would take over distribution and operation of the game in Europe. To do so, Riot Games established a European headquarters in [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idaireland.com/news-media/press-releases/riot-games-inc-establishe/|title=Riot Games Inc establishes EMEA Headquarters in Dublin|publisher=IDA Ireland Investment Promotion Agency|date=15 Jul 2010|accessdate=16 Oct 2013}}</ref>

On July 19, 2012, Riot Games launched the official Closed Beta Test servers for League of Legends Greece. The game has been fully localized, including translated menus, texts, subtitles, with all champions being dubbed. On April 16, 2013, Riot Games launched the official Open Beta Test servers for League of Legends Russia. The game has been fully localized, including translated menus, texts, subtitles, with all champions being dubbed.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
# {{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eay0NJaGakU|title=Riot Games Office Tour with Chobra|publisher=ggChronicle|author=Will “Chobra” Cho|format=video|date=13 Oct 2012|accessdate=16 Oct 2013}}
# Brad Stone, Ashlee Vance, and Cliff Edwards, "Blurring the Line Between Virtual and Real.." Bloomberg Businessweek, no. 4235 (June 27, 2011): 37-38.
# Jamaica King (December 2010). [http://bcis.pacificu.edu/journal/article.php?id=758 Online Gaming Communities: Strengths, Limitations, & Death]. Interface.

[[Category:Companies based in Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Tencent Holdings]]
[[Category:Video game companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Video game development companies]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in California]]

Selfie

2013-11-07T13:43:30Z

HMSSolent: Reverted edits by 170.185.184.19 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)

[[File:Ameily radke es vato!!.jpg|thumb|upright|A young woman takes a selfie from a high [[angle]].]]
A '''selfie''' is a type of [[self-portrait]] [[photograph]], typically taken with a hand-held [[digital camera]] or [[camera phone]]. In August 2013, the term '''selfie''' also made its debut in Oxford Dictionaries Online's quarterly update where it is defined as "a photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically one taken with a smartphone or webcam and uploaded to a social media website."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/selfie?q=selfie |title=selfie: definition of selfie in Oxford dictionary (British & World English) |publisher=Oxforddictionaries.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-29}}</ref> Selfies are often associated with [[social networking]] and [[photo sharing]] services such as [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]], [[Instagram]], [[Snapchat]], and [[Vine]] where they are commonly posted or sent. In the [[Korean wave|Korean entertainment industry]] the word ''selca'' (short for "self camera") is used to describe photos taken of oneself.<ref>{{cite web|title= What are selcas?|url=http://kpopselca.com/about|date=2013-11-01|accessdate=2013-11-01|publisher=[[Kpopselca]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= K-Drama Dictionary of Words to “Borrow”|url=http://www.soompi.com/2012/11/23/a-kdrama-dictionary-of-words-to-borrow/|date=2012-11-23|accessdate=2013-9-9|publisher=[[Soompi]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dramafever.com/news/song-hye-kyo-shares-a-beautiful-selca/|title=Song Hye Kyo Shares a Beautiful "Selca"|publisher=DramaFever|accessdate=2013-9-9|date=2013-4-4}}</ref> They are often casual, are typically taken either with a camera held at arm's length or in a mirror, and typically include either only the photographer, or the photographer and as many people as can be in focus. Selfies taken that involve multiple people are known as "group selfies". In August 2013 [[the Guardian]] produced a film series titled ''Thinkfluencer''<ref name="Thinkfluencer episode 1 - Selfies">Guardian - Thinkfluencer - Episode 1 http://theguardian.com/technology/video/2013/aug/29/thinkfluencer-episode-1-selfies-video</ref> exploring selfie exposure in the UK.

==History==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header =
| header_align =
| header_background =
| footer =
| footer_align = left
| footer_background =
| width =
| image1 = Unidentified woman taking her own photograph using a mirror and a box camera, roughly 1900.jpg
| width1 = 180
| caption1 = Early Edwardian woman taking her picture in a mirror roughly 1900.
| image2 = Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna self photographic portrait.jpg
| width2 = 180
| caption2 = Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia taking one of the first teenage self-portraits using a mirror and a Kodak Brownie camera to send to a friend in 1914.
}}
{{Expand section|date=August 2013}}
Selfies have existed in a less persistent form roughly since the debut of the portable [[Kodak Brownie]] [[box camera]] in 1900. The method was usually by mirror and stabilizing the camera either on a nearby object or on a tripod while adjusting the focus via a viewfinder at the top of the box.<ref name="Beginners Guide To Understanding And Using A Brownie Box Camera">{{cite web|url=http://www.brownie-camera.com/articles/petelutz/article.shtml |title=Beginners Guide To Understanding And Using A Brownie Box Camera}}</ref> Russian [[Grand Duchess]] [[Anastasia Nikolaevna]] at the age of 13 was one of the first teenagers to take her own picture using a mirror to send to a friend in 1914. In the letter that accompanied the photograph, she wrote, "I took this picture of myself looking at the mirror. It was very hard as my hands were trembling."<ref name="Alexander Palace Time Machine">{{cite web|url=http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/adiaries.html |title=Diaries and Letters - Letters of Grand Duchess Anastasia}}</ref>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
==Popularity==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header =
| header_align =
| header_background =
| footer = Selfies with typical elements associated with "MySpace pics": a young woman in a poorly-lit bathroom, and a young man with a naked torso.<ref name="Loss"/>
| footer_align = left
| footer_background =
| width =

| width1 = 180
| caption1 =
| image2 = Its_me_2013-04-03_9-45.jpg
| width2 = 180
| caption2 =
}}

The term "selfie" was discussed by photographer Jim Krause in 2005,<ref>Jim Krause, ''Photo Idea Index'', 2005. [http://books.google.com/books?id=2VTo4hp9JdUC&pg=PA148 page 148].</ref> although photos in the selfie genre predate the widespread use of the term. In the early 2000s, before Facebook became the dominant online social network, self-taken photographs were particularly common on [[MySpace]]. However, writer Kate Losse recounts that between 2006 and 2009 (when Facebook became more popular than MySpace), the "MySpace pic" (typically "an amateurish, flash-blinded self-portrait, often taken in front of a bathroom mirror") became an indication of bad taste for users of the newer Facebook social network. Early Facebook portraits, in contrast, were usually well-focused and more formal, taken by others from distance. According to Losse, improvements in technology—especially the front-facing camera introduced in the [[iPhone 4]] (2010) and mobile photo apps such as Instagram—led to the resurgence of selfies in the early 2010s.<ref name="Loss">Kate Losse. [http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2013/06/the-return-of-the-selfie.html The Return of the Selfie]. ''The New Yorker''. 2013-06-05</ref>

Initially popular with young people, selfies have become popular among adults as well.<ref name="Adewunmi">{{cite news|last=Adewunmi|first=Bim|title=The rise and rise of the 'selfie'|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2013/apr/02/rise-and-rise-of-the-selfie|accessdate=6 April 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2013-04-02}}</ref><ref name="McHugh">{{cite news|last=McHugh|first=Jillian|title='Selfies' just as much for the insecure as show-offs|url=http://www.bunburymail.com.au/story/1407035/selfies-just-as-much-for-the-insecure-as-show-offs/|accessdate=6 April 2013|newspaper=Bunbury Mail|date=2013-04-03}}</ref> In December 2012, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine noted that selfie was among its the "top 10 buzzwords" of 2012; although selfies had existed for years, it was in 2012 that the term "really hit the big time".<ref name="time">Steinmetz, Katy (4 December 2012). [http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/12/04/top-10-news-lists/slide/selfie/ Top 10 Buzzwords - 9 Selfie], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''</ref> According to a 2013 survey, two-thirds of Australian women age 18-35 take selfies—the most common purpose for which is posting on Facebook.<ref name="McHugh" /> A poll commissioned by smartphone and camera maker Samsung found that selfies make of 30% of the photos taken by people aged 18–24.<ref>Melanie Hall, "[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10123875/Family-albums-fade-as-the-young-put-only-themselves-in-picture.html Family albums fade as the young put only themselves in picture]" ''Telegraph'', 2013-06-13.</ref>

By 2013, the word "selfie" had become commonplace enough to be monitored for inclusion in the online version of the [[Oxford English Dictionary]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Coulthard|first=Charissa|title=Self-portraits and social media: The rise of the 'selfie'|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22511650|accessdate=6 April 2013|work=BBC News online|date=7 June 2013}}</ref>

==Sociology==
The appeal of selfies comes from how easy they are to create and share, and the control they give self-photographers over how they present themselves. Many selfies are intended to present a flattering image of the person, especially to friends whom the photographer expects to be supportive.<ref name="Adewunmi" /><ref name="McHugh" /> However, a 2013 study of Facebook users found that posting photos of oneself correlates with lower levels of social support from and intimacy with Facebook friends (except for those marked as Close Friends);<ref>Houghton, David and Joinson, Adam and Caldwell, Nigel and Marder, Ben (2013) [http://epapers.bham.ac.uk/1723/ ''Tagger's delight? Disclosure and liking in Facebook: the effects of sharing photographs amongst multiple known social circles'']. Discussion Paper. University of Birmingham, Birmingham.</ref> The lead author of the study suggests that "those who frequently post photographs on Facebook risk damaging real-life relationships."<ref>[http://www.hw.ac.uk/news-events/news/sharing-photographs-facebook-could-damage-13069.htm Sharing photographs on Facebook could damage relationships, new research shows]. News & events, Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh. 2013-08-09.</ref> The photo messaging application [[Snapchat]] is also largely used to send selfies. Some users of Snapchat choose to send intentionally-unattractive selfies to their friends for [[comedic]] purposes.

Posting intentionally unattractive selfies has also become common in the early 2010s—in part for their humor value, but in some cases also to explore issues of [[body image]] or as a reaction against the perceived narcissism or over-sexualization of typical selfies.<ref name="Hills">{{cite news|last=Hills|first=Rachel|title=Ugly Is the New Pretty: How Unattractive Selfies Took Over the Internet|url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2013/03/ugly-is-the-new-pretty-a-rise-in-gross-selfies.html|accessdate=6 April 2013|newspaper=New York Magazine|date=2013-03-29}}</ref>

===Gender roles, sexuality, and privacy===
Selfies are particularly popular among girls and young women. Sociologist [[Ben Agger]] describes the trend of selfies as "the [[male gaze]] gone [[viral phenomenon|viral]]", and sociologist and women's studies professor [[Gail Dines]] links it to the rise of [[porn culture]] and the idea that "there’s only one way to visibility, and that’s fuckability."<ref name="Murphy">{{cite news|last=Murphy|first=Meghan|title=Putting selfies under a feminist lens|url=http://www.straight.com/life/368086/putting-selfies-under-feminist-lens|accessdate=6 April 2013|newspaper=Georgia Straight|date=2013-04-03}}</ref> Writer [[Andrew Keen]] has pointed out that while selfies are often intended to give the photographer control over how their image is presented, posting images publicly or sharing them with others who do so may have the opposite effect—dramatically so in the case of [[revenge porn]], where ex-lovers post sexually explicit photographs or nude selfies ([[sexting]] photos) to exact revenge or humiliate their former lovers.<ref name="Murphy" /> [[Copyright]] law may be effective in forcing the removal of private selfies from public that were forwarded to another person.<ref name="hartzog">{{cite news|last=Hartzog|first=Woodrow|title=How to Fight Revenge Porn|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/05/how-to-fight-revenge-porn/275759/|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=10 May 2013}}</ref>

==In modern art==
In 2013 artist [[Patrick Specchio]] and the [[Museum of Modern Art]] presented an exhibit called ''Art in Translation: Selfie, The 20/20 Experience'', in which viewers use a provided digital camera to take photographs of themselves in a large mirror.<ref name="Colburn">{{cite news|last=Colburn|first=June|title=Innovative mirror art gallery from Gallatin alum to be displayed|url=http://nyunews.com/2013/04/01/mirror/|accessdate=6 April 2013|newspaper=Washington Square News|date=2013-04-01}}</ref>

==Variety and common elements==


{{Cleanup-gallery|date = August 2013}}
<gallery>
File:Tolaneala bikini.jpg | A selfie that includes the photographer's body in a bathing suit
File:Just a photo 2013-04-03 11-15.jpg | A low-angle selfie
File:Lead Photo For DonateImage0-09435469635476434.jpg | A selfie processed with [[Instagram]] or a similar photo filter tool
File:Selfie3.jpg | A Selfie pointing down
File:Vera Stuchelova autoportret.jpg| Well-focused and well-lit selfie taken with a [[DSLR]], by photographer [[Vera Stuchelová]]
File:ISS-32 American EVA b3 Aki Hoshide.jpg | A space selfie, by astronaut [[Akihiko Hoshide]]
File:Canon Digital La Nu.png | A mirror selfie with the photographer looking through a camera viewfinder
File:Facial piercings.jpg | A selfie with someone else in the photo
File:WithOzzy3.jpg | A selfie of musician [[Juliana Hatfield]] with her dog, taken at arms length
File:Self portrait July 2012.jpg | A selfie of a 60 year old man{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}
File:Selfie2.jpg|One example of a selfie facing right
File:Selfie1.jpg|Another example of a selfie facing left
</gallery>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{commons category|selfies}}
{{wiktionary}}
* [http://kpopselca.com/ Kpopselca | rate k-pop celebrity selca photos]
* [Http://theguardian.com/technology/video/2013/aug/29/thinkfluencer-episode-1-selfies-video Selfie film on the Guardian], August 2013

{{photography subject}}

[[Category:Internet culture]]
[[Category:Photography]]
[[Category:Self-portraits]]
[[Category:Words coined in the 2000s]]

Tear down this wall!

2013-10-24T14:41:07Z

HMSSolent: Reverted 1 edit by Germainefung identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox speech
| title = "Tear down this wall!"
| speaker = Ronald Reagan
| image =
| image_name = ReaganBerlinWall.jpg
| image_size = 300px 
| caption = Reagan speaking in front of the [[Brandenburg Gate]]
| date = {{start date|1987|06|12}}
| time =
| place = West Berlin, Germany
| coordinates = 
| also known as = Berlin Wall Speech
| topic =
| event =
| outcome =
| speechwriter =
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"'''Tear down this wall!'''" was the challenge issued by United States President [[Ronald Reagan]] to Soviet Union leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] to destroy the [[Berlin Wall]], in a speech at the [[Brandenburg Gate]] near the Berlin Wall on June 12, 1987, commemorating the 750th anniversary of [[Berlin]].<ref name="USATODAY">{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-06-12-reagan-speech_N.htm |title=Reagan's 'tear down this wall' speech turns 20 - USATODAY.com |accessdate=2008-02-19 |work=USA Today | date=June 12, 2007}}</ref><ref name="raze"/> Reagan challenged Gorbachev, who was then the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], to tear it down as an emblem of Gorbachev's desire to increase freedom in the [[Eastern Bloc]] through ''[[glasnost]]'' ("transparency") and ''[[perestroika]]'' ("restructuring").

==Background==
Built in 1961, the Berlin Wall became known as a symbol of communist oppression.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/views/y/1999/11/burns.wall.nov8|title=What the Berlin Wall still stands for|date=November 8, 1999 |accessdate=2008-02-18|work=CNN Interactive}}</ref> In the 1963 "[[Ich bin ein Berliner]]" speech, U.S. President [[John F. Kennedy]] stated the support of the United States for democratic [[West Germany]] shortly after the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-supported [[Communist state]] of [[East Germany]] erected the Berlin Wall as a barrier to prevent movement from East to West.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.grolier.com/article?assetid=atb023b11&templatename=/article/article.html|title=John Fitzgerald Kennedy|year=2006|accessdate=2008-02-16|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing, Inc.}}</ref>

President Reagan's 1987 visit was his second within five years. It came at a time of heightened East-West tensions, caused in particular by the debate over the stationing of short range American missiles in Europe and the United States' record peacetime defense buildup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wam.umd.edu/~jklumpp/comm461/cold.html|title=The Cold War|accessdate=2008-02-08|publisher=Workstations at Maryland}}</ref> Reagan was scheduled to attend the 1987 [[G7|G-7 summit meeting]] in [[Venice, Italy|Venice]], Italy, and later made a brief stop in Berlin.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/10/opinion/10mann.html?pagewanted=print|title=Tear Down That Myth|date=June 10, 2007|accessdate=2008-02-09|work=The New York Times|author=Mann, James}}</ref>

The Brandenburg Gate site was chosen to highlight the President's conviction that Western democracy offered the best hope to open the Berlin Wall.<ref name="raze">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DC1F30F930A25755C0A961948260|title=Raze Berlin Wall, Reagan Urges Soviet|author=Boyd, Gerald M|date=June 13, 1987|accessdate=2008-02-09|work=The New York Times}}</ref> His speech focused on a series of political initiatives to achieve this end. The famous "tear down this wall" phrase was intended as the logical conclusion of the President's proposals. As the speech was being drafted, inclusion of the words became a source of considerable controversy within the Reagan administration. Several senior staffers and aides advised against the phrase, saying anything that might cause further East-West tensions or potential embarrassment to Gorbachev, with whom President Reagan had built a good relationship, should be omitted. American officials in [[West Germany]] and presidential [[speechwriter]]s, including [[Peter Robinson (speechwriter)|Peter Robinson]], thought otherwise. Robinson traveled to West Germany to inspect potential speech venues, and gained an overall sense that the majority of West Berliners opposed the wall. Despite getting little support for suggesting Reagan demand the wall's removal, Robinson kept the phrase in the speech text. On May 18, 1987, President Reagan met with his speechwriters and responded to the speech by saying, "I thought it was a good, solid draft." White House Chief of Staff [[Howard Baker]] objected, saying it sounded "extreme" and "unpresidential," and Deputy US National Security Advisor [[Colin Powell]] agreed. Nevertheless, Reagan liked the passage, saying, "I think we'll leave it in."<ref name= "Seizing the Moment">{{cite news|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/070610/18speeches.htm|last=Walsh|first=Kenneth T|year=2007|month=June|title=Seizing the Moment|work=U.S. News & World Report|pages=39–41|accessdate=2007-06-27}}</ref>

Chief speechwriter [[Anthony R. Dolan]] gives another account of the line's origins, however, attributing it directly to Reagan. In an article published in the Wall Street Journal in November 2009, Dolan gives a detailed account of how in an Oval Office meeting that was prior to Robinson's draft Reagan came up with the line on his own. He records vivid impressions of his own reaction and Robinson's at the time.<ref name= "Four Little Words">{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704795604574522163362062796.html|last=Dolan|first=Anthony|year=2009|month=November|title=Four Little Words|work=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref> This led to a friendly exchange of letters between Robinson and Dolan over their differing accounts, which the Wall Street Journal published.<ref name= "Robinson Letter">{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704402404574527764020693266.html|last=Robinson|first=Peter|year=2009|month=November|title=Looking Again at Reagan and 'Tear Down This Wall'|work=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref><ref name= "Dolan Letter">{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704431804574538002351222272.html|last=Dolan|first=Anthony|year=2009|month=November|title=Speechwriters' Shouts of Joy in Reagan's Oval Office|work=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref>

==The speech==
[[File:Tear down this wall.ogv|thumb|Complete speech by [[Ronald Reagan]] at the [[Brandenburg Gate]], June 12, 1987. Famous passage begins at 11:10 into this video.]]
Arriving in Berlin on June 12, 1987, President and Mrs. Reagan were taken to the [[Reichstag building|Reichstag]], where they viewed the wall from a balcony.<ref name="Germany">{{cite web|url=http://www.germany.info/relaunch/politics/new/pol_Reagan_Berlin_Anniv_2007.htm|title=Ronald Reagan's Famous "Tear Down This Wall" Speech Turns 20|accessdate=February 9, 2008|publisher=German Embassy, Washington, DC}}{{Dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref> Reagan then made his speech at the [[Brandenburg Gate]] at 2:00 pm, in front of two panes of [[bulletproof glass]] protecting him from potential snipers in East Berlin.<ref name="raze"/> About 45,000 people were in attendance; among the spectators were West German president [[Richard von Weizsäcker]], Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]], and West Berlin mayor [[Eberhard Diepgen]].<ref name="Germany"/> That afternoon, Reagan said,

{{quote|We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek [[peace]], if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and eastern Europe, if you seek [[liberalization]], come here to this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!<ref name="text"/>}}

[[File:Berlin-Memorial_to_the_Victims_of_the_Wall-1982.jpg|thumb|A section of the wall mentioned in the speech.]]
Later on in his speech, President Reagan said, "As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young Berliner, 'This wall will fall. Beliefs become reality.' Yes, across Europe, this wall will fall. For it cannot withstand faith; it cannot withstand truth. The wall cannot withstand freedom."<ref name="text">{{cite web|url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1987/061287d.htm|title=Remarks on East-West Relations at the Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin|accessdate=May 29, 2011|publisher=Ronald Reagan Presidential Library }}</ref>

Another highlight of the speech was Reagan's call to end the [[arms race]] with his reference to the Soviets' [[RSD-10 Pioneer|SS-20]] nuclear weapons, and the possibility "not merely of limiting the growth of arms, but of eliminating, for the first time, an entire class of nuclear weapons from the face of the Earth."<ref name="raze"/>

==Response and legacy==
[[File:Berlin Wall at the Reagan Library.jpg|thumb|right|A piece of the [[Berlin Wall]] located at the [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Library]] in [[Simi Valley, CA]]]]
Although it has been called "The four most famous words of Ronald Reagan's Presidency", the speech received "relatively little coverage from the media", ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine reported 20 years later.<ref name="TIME">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1631828,00.html |title=20 Years After "Tear Down This Wall" - TIME |accessdate=2008-02-19 |work=Time | date=June 11, 2007 | first=Romesh | last=Ratnesar}}</ref> Communists were critical of the speech,<ref name="USATODAY"/> and the Soviet press agency [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|Tass]] accused Reagan as giving an "openly provocative, war-mongering speech."<ref name="raze"/>

Twenty-nine months later, on November 9, 1989, after increasing public unrest, East Germany finally [[Fall of the Berlin Wall|opened the Berlin Wall]]. By the end of the year, official operations to dismantle the wall began. With the collapse of the Communist governments of Eastern Europe and, eventually, [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|the Soviet Union itself]], the tearing down of the wall epitomized the collapse for history. In September 1990, Reagan, no longer President, returned to Berlin, where he personally took a few symbolic hammer swings at a remnant of the Berlin Wall.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6DA163CF935A2575AC0A966958260&|title=Reagan Hailed for Taking the Evil Out of the Empire |work=The New York Times|date=September 16, 1990 |accessdate=2008-02-10 |author=Douglas, Carlyle C}}</ref>

Former West German Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]] said he would never forget standing near Reagan when he challenged Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall. "He was a stroke of luck for the world, especially for Europe."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-06-07-reagan-world_x.htm|title=Reagan remembered worldwide for his role in ending Cold War division|work=[[USA Today]] |date=June 7, 2004 |author=Jason Keyser}}</ref> Although there is considerable disagreement over how much influence Reagan's words had on the destruction of the wall, the speech is remembered as an important moment in [[Cold War]] history.<ref name= "Seizing the Moment"/>

[[Peter Robinson (speechwriter)|Peter Robinson]], the White House [[speech writer|wordsmith]] who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had remarked in a conversation with him, "If this man Gorbachev is serious with his talk of ''Glasnost'' and ''perestroika'' he can prove it by getting rid of this wall."<ref>{{citation|publisher = [[Wall Street Journal]]|first = Peter|last = Robinson|authorlink = Peter Robinson (speechwriter)|date = June 9–10, 2012}}{{citation|url = http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2007/summer/berlin.html|first = Peter|last = Robinson|authorlink = Peter Robinson (speechwriter)|publisher = [[National Archives]]|date = Summer 2007|volume = 39|title = "Tear Down This Wall": How Top Advisers Opposed Reagan's Challenge to Gorbachev—But Lost}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*[[Peter Robinson (speechwriter)|Robinson, Peter]]. ''It's My Party: A Republican's Messy Love Affair with the GOP''. (2000), hardcover, Warner Books, ISBN 0-446-52665-7
*[[John Kornblum|Ambassador John C. Kornblum]]: "Reagan's Brandenburg Concerto", [[The American Interest]], May–June 2007
*Ratnesar, Romesh. "Tear Down This Wall: A City, a President, and the Speech that Ended the Cold War" (2009)

==External links==
{{commons category|1987 Ronald Reagan speech in Berlin}}
{{Wikisource|Ronald Reagan's Berlin Wall Speech}}
* [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreaganbrandenburggate.htm Full text and audio MP3 of the speech]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MDFX-dNtsM Full video] of President Reagan delivering the speech at the [[Brandenburg Gate]], courtesy of the Reagan Foundation.
*[http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?president-ronald-reagan-pictured-at-the-berlin-wall-during-tear-down-this-wall-speech Ronald Reagan Signed and Inscribed Photograph at the Berlin Wall] Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* [http://hoohila.stanford.edu/commonwealth/programView.php?programID=3282 Reagan speechwriter Peter Robinson reflecting on the speech] before the [[Commonwealth Club of California]] in 2004.
* [http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=612 Image of text at National Archives site]
* [http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2007/summer/berlin.html "Tear Down This Wall" How Top Advisers Opposed Reagan's Challenge to Gorbachev—But Lost] by Peter Robinson
* {{Internet Archive film clip|id=ReagansSpeechAtTheBerlinWall|description=of president Ronald Reagan's speech at the Berlin wall (June 12, 1987)}}

{{Fall of Communism}}
{{Ronald Reagan}}
{{Berlin Wall}}

{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tear Down This Wall}}
[[Category:1987 in Germany]]
[[Category:1987 in politics]]
[[Category:1987 works]]
[[Category:Berlin Wall]]
[[Category:Cold War speeches]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in Germany]]
[[Category:Political slogans]]
[[Category:Presidency of Ronald Reagan]]
[[Category:Germany–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–United States relations]]
[[Category:Allied occupation of Germany]]
[[Category:West Berlin]]
[[Category:Germany–United States relations]]
[[Category:Speeches by Ronald Reagan]]
[[Category:1987 in international relations]]
[[Category:Political quotes]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Liste der Buslinien in London

2013-10-20T09:47:21Z

HMSSolent: Reverted edits by 88.105.41.124 (talk): unexplained content removal (HG)

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
[[File:Greater London UK district map (blank).svg|thumb|London Buses operates within [[Greater London]], with some routes spilling into the [[Home Counties]].]]
[[File:London bus routes 53, 11 and 88.jpg|thumb|Three London Double Decker buses ([[London Buses route 53|53]], [[London Buses route 11|11]] and [[London Buses route 88|88]]).]]
[[File:London Buses route 393.jpg|thumb|Two London Single Decker buses on [[London Buses route 393|route 393]].]]

This is a '''list of [[Transport for London]] (TfL) contracted [[London Buses|bus routes in London]]''', United Kingdom, as well as commercial services that enter the [[Greater London]] area (except [[Coach (vehicle)|coaches]]). The major operators in the London area are [[Go-Ahead London]], [[Arriva London]], [[Metroline]] and [[Stagecoach London]] Other operators in London are [[London United Busways|London United]], [[Abellio (London & Surrey)|Abellio London]], [[Tower Transit]], [[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]], [[Arriva Shires & Essex]], [[Arriva Southern Counties]], [[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]], [[Quality Line]], [[Abellio Surrey]], [[CT Plus]], [[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]], [[Uno (bus company)|Uno]], [[London United Busways|London United]], [[Carousel Buses]], [[TWH Bus & Coach]], [[Blue Triangle]], [[Green Line Coaches]], [[Sullivan Buses]] and [[Imperial Buses]].

There are also several operators based outside [[London]] that run services either wholly or partly within the area. These services connect London with parts of [[Buckinghamshire]], [[Essex]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[Berkshire]], [[Kent]], [[Surrey]] and [[Sussex]].

==Classification of route numbers==
In Victorian times, passengers could only recognise the buses of different fleets and routes by the coaches' distinctive livery colours and line name, with painted signs on the sides showing the two termini to indicate the route. Then, in 1906, George Samuel Dicks of the London Motor Omnibus Company decided that, as the line name 'Vanguard' had proved to be very popular, he would name all lines 'Vanguard' and number the company's five different routes 1 through to 5. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a unique route number was easier for the travelling public to remember, and so the practice of using route numbers soon spread.<ref>Charles Klapper (1984) [http://books.google.com/books?id=9_U9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA64&ots=iP6eiELB0I&dq=George%20%20Dicks%20vanguard%20motor%20bus%20company&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q=George%20%20Dicks%20vanguard%20motor%20bus%20company&f=false The Golden Age of Buses]. Page 64. Routledge, London ISBN 0-7102-0232-6, ISBN 978-0-7102-0232-1.</ref>

===Historic classification===
Historically, bus routes run by London Transport were grouped by the type of service that they provided.

The 1924 London Traffic Act imposed a numbering scheme known as the Bassom Scheme, named after [[Chief Constable#Metropolitan Police|Chief Constable]] [[A.E. Bassom]] of the [[Metropolitan Police]] who devised it. Variant and short workings used letter suffixes. The numbers reflected the company that operated the route.

The numbering was revised in 1934 after [[London Passenger Transport Board|London Transport]] was formed:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/notesandqueries/query/0,,-197292,00.html |location=London |work=The Guardian |title=How are bus routes (especially London bus routes) numbered? |deadurl=no |accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Route Number
! Type of Service
|-
| 1–289
| "[[Greater London|Central Area]]" red double-decker and single-decker services
|-
| 290–299
| "Central Area" night routes
|-
| 300–399
| "Country Area" north of the [[River Thames]] (rural services were operated by [[London Country Bus Services]] after 1970)
|-
| 400–499
| "Country Area" south of the [[River Thames]]
|-
| 500–699
| [[Trolleybus]]es
|-
| 701–799
| [[Green Line Coaches]]
|-
| 800–899
| "Country Area" "New Towns" routes
|}

===Current classification===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Route Number
! Type of Service
|-
| 1–599
| Day routes, including 24-hour services.
|-
| 600–699
| Schoolday services, normally operating only one return journey per day.
|-
| 700–899
| Not used for local bus services — numbers reserved for regional and national coach services.
|-
| 900–999
| Mobility Services, normally operating one returning journey per week.
|-
| N-prefixed routes
| Night routes.
|-
| X-prefixed routes
| Express routes.
|-
| Other letter-prefixed routes
| Local day routes, including 24-hour services, with the letter(s) denoting the town the bus travels through.
|}

===Key===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"| 24-hour bus services
| style="background:D8 BF D8;"| Route has variable final destinations or starting points
|-
|† || Transport for London services that cross the Greater London boundary. Standard ticketing applies throughout.

|}

==List of routes==
All routes operate in both directions unless detailed.

===1–99===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
|[[London Buses route 1|1]]
|[[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road Station]]
|[[Canada Water]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-1.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 2|2]]
|[[Marylebone]]
|[[West Norwood]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-2.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 3|3]]
|[[Oxford Circus]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-3.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 4|4]]
|[[Waterloo tube station|Waterloo Station]]
|[[Archway, London|Archway]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-4.pdf]
|-
|5
|[[Canning Town station|Canning Town Station]]
|[[Romford Market]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-5.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 6|6]]
| [[Aldwych]]
| [[Willesden]]
| [[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-6.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 7|7]]
|[[Russell Square]]
|[[East Acton]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-7.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 8|8]]
|[[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road Station]]
|[[Old Ford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-8.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 9|9]]
|[[Aldwych]]
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-9.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 9 (Heritage)|9H]]
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|[[Kensington]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-9H.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 10|10]]
| [[Kings Cross, London|Kings Cross]]
| [[Hammersmith]]
| [[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-10.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 11|11]]
|[[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street Station]]
|[[Fulham|Fulham Broadway]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-11.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 12|12]]
| [[Oxford Circus tube station|Oxford Circus Station]]
| |[[Dulwich|Dulwich Library]]
| [[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-12.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 13|13]]
|[[Aldwych]]
|[[Golders Green tube station|Golders Green Station]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-13.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 14|14]]
| [[Warren Street tube station|Warren Street Station]]
| [[Putney Heath]]
| [[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-14.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 15|15]]
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|[[Blackwall DLR station|Blackwall Station]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-15.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 15 (Heritage)|15H]]
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|[[Tower Hill]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-15H.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 16|16]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Cricklewood]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-16.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 17|17]]
|[[London Bridge]]
|[[Archway, London|Archway]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-17.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 18|18]]
|[[Euston railway station|Euston Station]]
|[[Sudbury, London|Sudbury]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-18.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 19|19]]
|[[Battersea Bridge]]
|[[Finsbury Park station|Finsbury Park Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-19.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 20|20]]
|[[Walthamstow Central station|Walthamstow Central Station]]
|[[Debden tube station|Debden Station]] †
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-20.pdf]
|-
|21
|[[Newington Green]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-21.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 22|22]]
|[[Piccadilly Circus tube station|Piccadilly Circus Station]]
|[[Putney Common]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-22.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 23|23]]
| [[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street Station]]
| [[Westbourne Park tube station|Westbourne Park Station]]
| [[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-23.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 24|24]]
| [[Pimlico]]
| [[Hampstead Heath]]
| [[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-24.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 25|25]]
| [[Oxford Circus]]
| [[Ilford]]
| [[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-25.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 26|26]]
|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo Station]]
|[[Hackney Wick]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-26.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 27|27]]
| [[Chalk Farm]]
| Chiswick Business Park
| [[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-27.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 28|28]]
|[[Wandsworth]]
|[[Kensal Rise]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-28.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 29|29]]
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|[[Wood Green tube station|Wood Green Station]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-29.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 30|30]]
|[[Marble Arch]]
|[[Hackney Wick]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-30.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 31|31]]
|[[Camden Town]]
|[[White City, London|White City]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-31.pdf]
|-
||32
|[[Kilburn Park]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-32.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 33|33]]
| [[Hammersmith]]
| [[Fulwell, London|Fulwell]]
| [[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-33.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 34|34]]
|[[Walthamstow Central station|Walthamstow Central Station]]
|[[Barnet|Barnet Church]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-34.pdf]
|-
||35
|[[Shoreditch]]
|[[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction Station]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-35.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 36|36]]
| [[Queen's Park, London|Queen's Park]]
| [[New Cross Gate]]
| [[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-36.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 37|37]]
| [[Peckham]]
| [[Putney Heath]]
| [[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-37.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 38|38]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Lower Clapton|Clapton Pond]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-38.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 39|39]]
|[[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction Station]]
|[[Putney Bridge tube station|Putney Bridge Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-39.pdf]
|-
|40
|[[Aldgate]]
|[[Dulwich Library]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-40.pdf]
|-
|41
|[[Archway, London|Archway]]
|[[Tottenham Hale]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-41.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 42|42]]
|[[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street Station]]
|[[Denmark Hill]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-42.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 43|43]]
| [[London Bridge station|London Bridge Station]]
| [[Friern Barnet]]
| [[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-43.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 44|44]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Tooting railway station|Tooting Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-44.pdf]
|-
|45
|[[Kings Cross, London|Kings Cross]]
|[[Clapham Park]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-45.pdf]
|-
|46
|[[St Bartholomew's Hospital]]
|[[Lancaster Gate tube station|Lancaster Gate Station]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-46.pdf]
|-
|47
|[[Shoreditch]]
|[[Bellingham, London|Bellingham]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-47.pdf]
|-
|48
|[[London Bridge station|London Bridge Station]]
|[[Walthamstow Central station|Walthamstow Central Station]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-48.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 49|49]]
|[[Clapham Junction]]
|[[Westfield London|White City]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-49.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 50|50]]
|[[Stockwell tube station|Stockwell Station]]
|[[Croydon]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-50.pdf]
|-
||[[London Buses route 51|51]]
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-51.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 52|52]]
| [[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
| [[Willesden]]
| [[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-52.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 53|53]]
| [[Whitehall]]
| [[Plumstead]]
| [[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-53.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 54|54]]
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Elmers End]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]] ([[Stagecoach London]] from 3 May 2014) <ref name=Lots>{{citation |title=London Omnibus Traction Society|publisher=London Omnibus Traction Society}}.</ref>
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-54.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 55|55]]
|[[Oxford Circus]]
|[[Leyton]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-55.pdf]
|-
|56
|[[St Bartholomew's Hospital]]
|[[Whipps Cross University Hospital|Whipps Cross]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-56.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 57|57]]
| [[Clapham Park]]
| [[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
| [[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-57.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 58|58]]
|[[East Ham]]
|[[Walthamstow]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-58.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 59|59]]
|[[Kings Cross, London|King's Cross]]
|[[Streatham Hill]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-59.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 60|60]]
|[[Streatham railway station|Streatham Station]]
|[[Old Coulsdon]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-60.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 61|61]]
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Chislehurst]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-61.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 62|62]]
|[[Marks Gate]]
|[[Barking|Gascoigne Estate]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-62.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 63|63]]
|[[Kings Cross, London|Kings Cross]]
|[[Honor Oak]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-63.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 64|64]]
|[[Thornton Heath]]
|[[New Addington]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-64.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 65|65]]
| [[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway]]
| [[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]] [[Chessington]] (Nights only)
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-65.pdf]
|-
|66
|[[Leytonstone]]
|[[Romford]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-66.pdf]
|-
|67
|[[Aldgate]]
|[[Wood Green]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-67.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 68|68]]
|[[Euston railway station|Euston Station]]
|[[West Norwood]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-68.pdf]
|-
| 69
| [[Canning Town station|Canning Town Station]]
| [[Walthamstow]]
| [[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-69.pdf]
|-
|70
|[[South Kensington]]
|[[Acton, London|Acton]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-70.pdf]
|-
|71
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Chessington World of Adventures]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-71.pdf]
|-
| 72
| [[East Acton]]
| [[Roehampton]]
| [[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-72.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 73|73]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Stoke Newington]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-73.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 74|74]]
|[[Baker Street]]
|[[Putney]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-74.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 75|75]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Croydon]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]] ([[Stagecoach London]] from 26 April 2014) <ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-75.pdf]
|-
|76
|[[Waterloo, London|Waterloo]]
|[[Tottenham]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-76.pdf]
|-
|77
|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo Station]]
|[[Tooting railway station|Tooting Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-77.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 78|78]]
|[[Shoreditch]]
|[[Nunhead]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-78.pdf]
|-
|79
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Alperton]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-79.pdf]
|-
|80
|[[Hackbridge]]
|[[Belmont, Sutton|Belmont]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-80.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 81|81]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[Slough]] †
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-81.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 82|82]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[North Finchley]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-82.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 83|83]]
| [[Golders Green]]
| [[Ealing Hospital]]
| [[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-83.pdf]
|-
| 85
| [[Putney Bridge tube station|Putney Bridge Station]]
| [[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
| [[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-85.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 86|86]]
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[Romford railway station|Romford Station]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-86.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 87|87]]
|[[Aldwych]]
|[[Wandsworth]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-87.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 88|88]]
| [[Camden Town]]
| [[Clapham Common]]
| [[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-88.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 89|89]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Slade Green]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-89.pdf]
|-
|90
|[[Northolt]]
|[[Feltham]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-90.pdf]
|-
|91
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|[[Crouch End]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-91.pdf]
|-
|92
|[[St. Raphael's Estate|St. Raphael's North]]
|[[Ealing Hospital]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-92.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 93|93]]
| [[Putney Bridge tube station|Putney Bridge Station]]
| [[Cheam|North Cheam]]
| [[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-93.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 94|94]]
| [[Piccadilly Circus]]
| [[Acton, London|Acton Green]]
| [[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-94.pdf]
|-
|95
|[[Shepherd's Bush]]
|[[Southall]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-95.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 96|96]]
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Bluewater (shopping centre)|Bluewater]] †
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-96.pdf]
|-
|97
|[[Stratford City]]
|[[Chingford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-97.pdf]
|-
|98
|[[Holborn]]
|[[Willesden]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-98.pdf]
|-
|99
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-99.pdf]
|}

===100–199===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
|100
|[[Elephant & Castle]]
|[[Shadwell]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-100.pdf]
|-
|101
|[[Wanstead]]
|[[Gallions Reach Shopping Park]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-101.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 102|102]]
| [[Edmonton Green Shopping Centre]]
| [[Brent Cross]] (No night service) [[Golders Green]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-102.pdf]
|-
|103
|[[Rainham, London|Rainham]]
|[[Romford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-103.pdf]
|-
|104
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[Manor Park, London|Manor Park]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-104.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 105|105]]
| [[Greenford station|Greenford Station]]
| [[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]]
| [[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-105.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 106|106]]
|[[Whitechapel]]
|[[Finsbury Park station|Finsbury Park Station]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-106.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 107|107]]
|[[New Barnet]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-107.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 108|108]]
| [[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
| [[Lewisham]]
| [[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-108.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 109|109]]
|[[Brixton]]
|[[Croydon]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-109.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 110|110]]
|[[West Middlesex Hospital]]
|[[Twickenham]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-110.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 111|111]]
| [[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
| [[Heathrow Airport]]
| [[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-111.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 112|112]]
|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-112.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 113|113]]
|[[Marble Arch]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-113.pdf]
|-
|114
|[[Mill Hill Broadway railway station|Mill Hill Broadway]]
|[[Ruislip tube station|Ruislip Station]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-114.pdf]
|-
|115
|[[Aldgate]]
|[[East Ham]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-115.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 116|116]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[Ashford, Surrey|Ashford Hospital]] †
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-116.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 117|117]]
|[[West Middlesex Hospital]]
|[[Staines]] †
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-117.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 118|118]]
|[[Brixton]]
|[[Morden tube station|Morden Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-118.pdf]
|-
| 119
| [[Croydon]]
| [[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
| [[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-119.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 120|120]]
|[[Northolt]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-120.pdf]
|-
|121
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|[[Enfield Lock]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-121.pdf]
|-
|122
|[[Plumstead railway station|Plumstead Station]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-122.pdf]
|-
|123
|[[Wood Green]]
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-123.pdf]
|-
|124
|[[Catford]]
|[[Eltham]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-124.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 125|125]]
|[[Finchley Central tube station|Finchley Central]]
|[[Winchmore Hill]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-125.pdf]
|-
|126
|[[Eltham]]
|[[Bromley South railway station|Bromley South Station]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-126.pdf]
|-
|127
|[[Tooting]]
|[[Purley, London|Purley]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-127.pdf]
|-
| 128
| [[Clayhall|Claybury Broadway]]
| [[Romford]]
| Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-128.pdf]
|-
|129
|[[Greenwich]]
|[[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich Station]]
|Go-Ahead London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-129.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 130|130]]
|[[Norwood Junction railway station|Norwood Junction Station]]
|[[New Addington]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-130.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 131|131]]
|[[Tooting Broadway tube station|Tooting Broadway Station]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-131.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 132|132]]
|[[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich Station]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-132.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 133|133]]
|[[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street Station]]
|[[Streatham]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-133.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 134|134]]
| [[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road Station]]
| [[North Finchley]]
| Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-134.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 135|135]]
|[[Old Street station|Old Street Station]]
|[[Crossharbour DLR station|Crossharbour Station]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-135.pdf]
|-
|136
|[[Peckham]]
|[[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-136.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 137|137]]
|[[Oxford Circus]]
|[[Streatham Hill]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-137.pdf]
|-
|138
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Coney Hall]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-138.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 139|139]]
| [[London Waterloo station|Waterloo Station]]
| [[West Hampstead]]
| Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-139.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 140|140]]
| [[Harrow Weald]]
| [[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]]
| Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-140.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 141|141]]
|[[London Bridge station|London Bridge Station]]
|[[Palmers Green]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-141.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 142|142]]
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[Watford Junction railway station|Watford Junction]] †
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-142.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 143|143]]
|[[Archway, London|Archway]]
|[[Brent Cross]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-143.pdf]
|-
|144
|[[Muswell Hill]]
|[[Edmonton, London|Edmonton]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-144.pdf]
|-
|145
|[[Leytonstone]]
|[[Dagenham]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-145.pdf]
|-
|146
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Downe]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-146.pdf]
|-
|147
|[[Canning Town]]
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-147.pdf]
|-
| 148
| [[Camberwell Green]]
| [[Westfield London|White City]]
| [[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-148.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 149|149]]
| [[Edmonton Green station|Edmonton Green Station]]
| [[London Bridge]]
| Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-149.pdf]
|-
|150
|[[Becontree Heath]]
|[[Chigwell|Chigwell Row]] †
|Arriva London Go-Ahead London (School Journeys)
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-150.pdf]
|-
|151
|[[Worcester Park]]
|[[Wallington, London|Wallington]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-151.pdf]
|-
|152
|[[Pollards Hill]]
|[[New Malden]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-152.pdf]
|-
|153
|[[Moorgate]]
|[[Finsbury Park]]
|[[CT Plus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-153.pdf]
|-
|154
|[[Morden tube station|Morden Station]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-154.pdf]
|-
|155
|[[Elephant & Castle]]
|[[St George's Hospital]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-155.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 156|156]]
|[[Vauxhall]]
|[[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-156.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 157|157]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Morden]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-157.pdf]
|-
|158
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[Chingford|Chingford Mount]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-158.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 159|159]]
| [[Paddington Basin]]
| [[Streatham]]
| [[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-159.pdf]
|-
|160
|[[Catford]]
|[[Sidcup railway station|Sidcup Station]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-160.pdf]
|-
|161
|[[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich Station]]
|[[Chislehurst]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-161.pdf]
|-
|162
|[[Eltham railway station|Eltham Station]]
|[[Beckenham Junction station|Beckenham Junction Station]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-162.pdf]
|-
|163
|[[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]]
|[[Morden]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-163.pdf]
|-
|164
|[[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]]
|[[Sutton, London|Sutton]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-164.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 165|165]]
|Abbey Wood Lane
|[[Romford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-165.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 166|166]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Banstead]] † [[Epsom|Epsom Hospital]] †
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-166.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 167|167]]
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Debden tube station|Debden Station]] †
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-167.pdf]
|-
|168
|[[Old Kent Road]]
|[[Hampstead Heath]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-168.pdf]
|-
|169
|[[Barking]]
|[[Clayhall]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-169.pdf]
|-
|170
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Roehampton]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-170.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 171|171]]
|[[Holborn]]
|[[Bellingham, London|Bellingham]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-171.pdf]
|-
|172
|[[St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's]]
|[[Brockley|Brockley Rise]]
|[[Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-172.pdf]
|-
|173
|[[King George Hospital, London|King George Hospital]]
|[[Beckton]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-173.pdf]
|-
|174
| [[Dagenham]]
|[[Harold Hill]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-174.pdf]
|-
|175
| [[Dagenham]]
|[[Chase Cross]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-175.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 176|176]]
| [[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road Station]]
| [[Penge]]
| [[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-176.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 177|177]]
|[[Peckham]]
|[[Thamesmead]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-177.pdf]
|-
|178
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-178.pdf]
|-
|179
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Chingford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-179.pdf]
|-
|180
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Thamesmead|Belvedere Industrial Estate]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-180.pdf]
|-
|181
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-181.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 182|182]]
|[[Harrow Weald]]
|[[Brent Cross]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-182.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 183|183]]
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[Pinner]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-183.pdf]
|-
|184
|[[Turnpike Lane bus station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|[[Barnet]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-184.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 185|185]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-185.pdf]
|-
|186
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[Northwick Park Hospital]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-186.pdf]
|-
|187
|[[Finchley Road]]
|[[Central Middlesex Hospital]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-187.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 188|188]]
| [[North Greenwich bus station|North Greenwich]]
| [[Russell Square]]
| [[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-188.pdf]
|-
| 189
| [[Oxford Circus]]
| [[Brent Cross]]
| Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-189.pdf]
|-
|190
|[[West Brompton]]
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-190.pdf]
|-
|191
|[[Brimsdown railway station|Brimsdown Station]]
|[[Edmonton, London|Edmonton]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-191.pdf]
|-
|192
|[[Tottenham Hale station|Tottenham Hale Station]]
|[[Enfield Town|Enfield]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-192.pdf]
|-
|193
|[[Queen's Hospital]]
|[[County Park Estate]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-193.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 194|194]]
|[[Lower Sydenham]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-194.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 195|195]]
|[[Brentford]] ''County Court''
|Charville Lane Estate
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-195.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 196|196]]
|[[Elephant & Castle]]
|[[South Norwood|Norwood Junction]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-196.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 197|197]]
|[[Peckham]]
|[[Croydon]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-197.pdf]
|-
|198
|[[Thornton Heath]]
|[[Shrublands]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-198.pdf]
|-
|199
|[[Canada Water tube station|Canada Water Station]]
|[[Bellingham, London|Bellingham]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-199.pdf]
|}

===200–299===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
|200
|[[Mitcham]]
|[[Raynes Park]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-200.pdf]
|-
|201
|[[Herne Hill]]
|[[Morden]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-201.pdf]
|-
|202
|[[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-202.pdf]
|-
|203
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[Staines]] †
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-203.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 204|204]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Sudbury, London|Sudbury]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-204.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 205|205]]
| [[Bow Church]]
| [[Paddington]]
| [[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-205.pdf]
|-
|206
|[[Kilburn Park]]
|[[Wembley Park]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-206.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 207|207]]
|[[White City, London|White City]]
|[[Hayes, Hillingdon|Hayes-by-pass]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-207.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 208|208]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Orpington]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-208.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 209|209]]
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[Mortlake]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-209.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 210|210]]
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[Finsbury Park, London|Finsbury Park]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-210.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 211|211]]
|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo]]
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-211.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 212|212]]
|[[Walthamstow]]
|[[Chingford]]
|[[CT Plus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-212.pdf]
|-
| 213
| [[Sutton, London|Sutton]]
| [[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
| [[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-213.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 214|214]]
| [[Moorgate]]
| [[Highgate]]
| Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-214.pdf]
|-
|215
|[[Walthamstow]]
| [[Chingford|Yardley Lane Estate]] [[Lee Valley Park|Lea Valley Camp Site]] (Summer only)†
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-215.pdf]
|-
|216
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Staines]] †
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-216.pdf]
|-
|217
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|[[Waltham Cross]] †
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-217.pdf]
|-
|219
|[[Clapham Junction]]
|[[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-219.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 220|220]]
| [[Wandsworth]]
| [[Willesden Junction station|Willesden Junction Station]]
| London United
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-220.pdf]
|-
|221
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|[[Edgware]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-221.pdf]
|-
|222
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-222.pdf]
|-
|223
|[[Wembley]]
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-223.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 224|224]]
|[[Wembley]]
|[[St. Raphael's Estate]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-224.pdf]
|-
|225
|[[Canada Water]]
|[[Hither Green]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-225.pdf]
|-
|226
|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-226.pdf]
|-
|227
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-227.pdf]
|-
|228
|[[Central Middlesex Hospital]]
|[[Maida Hill]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-228.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 229|229]]
|[[Thamesmead]]
|[[Queen Mary's Hospital]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-229.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 230|230]]
|[[Wood Green]]
|[[Upper Walthamstow]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-230.pdf]
|-
|231
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|[[Enfield Chase]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-231.pdf]
|-
|232
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|[[St. Raphael's Estate]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-232.pdf]
|-
|233
|[[Eltham]]
|[[Swanley]] †
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-233.pdf]
|-
|234
|[[Barnet]]
|[[Highgate Wood]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-234.pdf]
|-
|235
|[[Brentford]] (extended to Great West Corner from 9 November 2013) <ref>http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm</ref>
|[[Sunbury Village]] †
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-235.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 236|236]]
|[[Hackney Wick]]
|[[Finsbury Park, London|Finsbury Park]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-236.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 237|237]]
|[[White City, London|White City]]
|[[Hounslow Heath]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-237.pdf]
|-
|238
|[[Barking]]
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-238.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 240|240]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-240.pdf]
|-
|241
|[[Canning Town]]
|[[Stratford City]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-241.pdf]
|-
| 242
| [[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road Station]]
| [[Homerton University Hospital|Homerton Hospital]]
| Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-242.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 243|243]]
| [[London Waterloo station|Waterloo Station]]
| [[Wood Green]]
| Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-243.pdf]
|-
|244
|[[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich|Queen Elizabeth Hospital]]
|[[Abbey Wood]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-244.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 245|245]]
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[Alperton]] ''Sainsbury's''
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-245.pdf]
|-
|246
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
| [[Westerham]] † [[Chartwell]] (summer Sundays) †
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-246.pdf]
|-
|247
|[[Barkingside]]
|[[Romford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-247.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 248|248]]
|[[Romford]]
|[[Cranham]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-248.pdf]
|-
|249
|[[Clapham Common]]
|[[Anerley railway station|Anerley Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-249.pdf]
|-
| 250
| [[Brixton]]
| [[Croydon]]
| Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-250.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 251|251]]
|[[Arnos Grove tube station|Arnos Grove Station]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-251.pdf]
|-
|252
|[[Collier Row]]
|[[Hornchurch]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-252.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 253|253]]
|[[Euston railway station|Euston Station]]
|[[Hackney Central railway station|Hackney Central Station]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-253.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 254|254]]
|[[Aldgate]]
|[[Holloway, London|Holloway]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-254.pdf]
|-
|255
|[[Streatham Hill]]
|[[Pollards Hill]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-255.pdf]
|-
|256
|[[Noak Hill]]
|[[St George's Hospital, Havering|St George's Hospital]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-256.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 257|257]]
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[Walthamstow Central station|Walthamstow Central Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-257.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 258|258]]
|[[South Harrow]]
|[[Watford Junction railway station|Watford Junction]] †
|Arriva Shires & Essex
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-258.pdf]
|-
|259
|[[Kings Cross, London|Kings Cross]]
|[[Edmonton Green Shopping Centre]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-259.pdf]
|-
|260
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[White City, London|White City]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-260.pdf]
|-
|261
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Princess Royal Hospital (Haywards Heath)|Princess Royal Hospital]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]] ([[Stagecoach London]] from 30 November 2013)<ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-261.pdf]
|-
|262
|[[Beckton]]
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-262.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 263|263]]
|[[Barnet]]
|[[Holloway, London|Holloway]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-263.pdf]
|-
| 264
| [[St George's Hospital]]
| [[Croydon]]
| Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-264.pdf]
|-
|265
|[[Putney Bridge tube station|Putney Bridge Station]]
|[[Tolworth]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-265.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 266|266]]
| [[Hammersmith]]
| [[Brent Cross]]
| [[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-266.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 267|267]]
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[Fulwell, London|Fulwell]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-267.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 268|268]]
|[[Golders Green tube station|Golders Green Station]]
|[[Finchley Road]] ''02 Centre''
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-268.pdf]
|-
|269
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-269.pdf]
|-
|270
|[[Mitcham]]
|[[Putney Bridge tube station|Putney Bridge Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-270.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 271|271]]
| [[Highgate]]
| [[Moorgate]] ''Finsbury Square''
| [[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-271.pdf]
|-
|272
|[[Shepherd's Bush]]
|[[Chiswick]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-272.pdf]
|-
|273
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Petts Wood railway station|Petts Wood Station]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-273.pdf]
|-
|274
|[[Angel tube station|Angel Station]]
|[[Lancaster Gate tube station|Lancaster Gate Station]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-274.pdf]
|-
|275
|[[St James Street railway station|St James Street Station]]
|[[Barkingside]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-275.pdf]
|-
|276
|[[Stoke Newington Common]]
|[[Newham General Hospital|Newham Hospital]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-276.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 277|277]]
|[[Highbury & Islington station|Highbury & Islington Station]]
|[[Leamouth]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-277.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 279|279]]
|[[Manor House tube station|Manor House Station]]
|[[Waltham Cross]] †
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-279.pdf]
|-
|280
|[[St George's Hospital]]
|[[Belmont railway station (Sutton)|Belmont Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-280.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 281|281]]
| [[Hounslow]] ''Bus Station''
| [[Tolworth]] ''Ewell Road''
| [[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-281.pdf]
|-
|282
|[[Ealing Hospital]]
|[[Mount Vernon Hospital]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-282.pdf]
|-
|283
|[[East Acton]] ''Brunel Road''
| [[Barnes, London|Barnes]] ''Pond'' [[Barnes, London|Barnes]] ''[[London Wetland Centre|Wetland Centre]]'' (daytime)
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-283.pdf]
|-
|284
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-284.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 285|285]]
| [[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
| [[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]]
| [[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-285.pdf]
|-
|286
|[[Greenwich]]
|[[Queen Mary's Hospital]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-286.pdf]
|-
|287
|[[Barking]]
|[[Rainham, London|Rainham]] ''Abbey Wood Lane''
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-287.pdf]
|-
|288
|[[Queensbury, London|Queensbury]]
|[[Broadfields Estate]]
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-288.pdf]
|-
|289
|[[Elmers End]]
|[[Purley, London|Purley]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-289.pdf]
|-
|290
|[[Twickenham railway station|Twickenham Station]]
|[[Staines]] †
|[[Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-290.pdf]
|-
|291
|[[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich|Queen Elizabeth Hospital]]
|[[Plumstead]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-291.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 292|292]]
|[[Borehamwood]] †
|[[Colindale]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-292.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 293|293]]
|[[Morden]]
|[[Epsom|Epsom Hospital]] †
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-293.pdf]
|-
|294
|[[Noak Hill]]
|[[Havering Country Park|Havering Park]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-294.pdf]
|-
| 295
| [[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction Station]]
| [[Ladbroke Grove]] ''Sainsbury's''
| [[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-295.pdf]
|-
|296
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Romford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-296.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 297|297]]
| [[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
| [[Willesden]] ''Bus Garage''
| [[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-297.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 298|298]]
|[[Arnos Grove tube station|Arnos Grove Station]]
|[[Potters Bar]] †
|[[Sullivan Buses]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-298.pdf]
|-
|299
|[[Muswell Hill]]
|[[Cockfosters tube station|Cockfosters Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-299.pdf]
|}

===300–399===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
|300
|[[Canning Town]]
|[[East Ham]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-300.pdf]
|-
|302
|[[Kensal Rise]]
|[[Mill Hill]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-302.pdf]
|-
|303
|[[Colindale]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-303.pdf]
|-
|305
|[[Kingsbury]]
|[[Edgware]]
|Arriva Shires & Essex
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-305.pdf]
|-
|307
|[[Barnet]]
|[[Brimsdown]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-307.pdf]
|-
|308
|[[Clapton Park]] (Extended to [[Lower Clapton|Clapton Pond]] from 14 December 2013)<ref>http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#63</ref>
|[[Wanstead]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-308.pdf]
|-
|309
|[[London Chest Hospital]]
|[[Canning Town]]
|CT Plus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-309.pdf]
|-
|312
|[[Norwood Junction railway station|Norwood Junction]]
|[[South Croydon]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-312.pdf]
|-
|313
|[[Chingford railway station|Chingford]]
|[[Potters Bar]] †
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-313.pdf]
|-
|314
|[[Eltham|Eltham Station]]
|[[New Addington]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-314.pdf]
|-
|315
|[[Balham, London|Balham]]
|[[West Norwood]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-315.pdf]
|-
|316
|[[Westfield London|White City]]
|[[Cricklewood]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-316.pdf]
|-
|317
|[[Enfield Town|Enfield]]
|[[Waltham Cross]] †
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-317.pdf]
|-
|318
|[[North Middlesex Hospital]]
|[[Stamford Hill]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-318.pdf]
|-
|319
|[[Sloane Square]]
|[[Streatham Hill]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-319.pdf]
|-
|320
|[[Catford Bridge railway station|Catford Bridge Station]]
|[[Biggin Hill]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-320.pdf]
|-
| 321
| [[New Cross]]
| [[Foots Cray]]
| [[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-321.pdf]
|-
|322
|[[Clapham Common]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-322.pdf]
|-
|323
|[[Mile End]]
|[[Canning Town]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-323.pdf]
|-
|324
|[[Stanmore]]
|[[Brent Cross]] ''Tesco''
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-324.pdf]
|-
|325
|[[Prince Regent DLR station|Prince Regent Station]]
|[[East Beckton]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-325.pdf]
|-
|326
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[Barnet]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-326.pdf]
|-
|327
|[[Waltham Cross]] †
|''Circular route via Elsinge Estate and Turkey Street''
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-327.pdf]
|-
|[[London buses route 328|328]]
|[[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]]
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-328.pdf]
|-
|329
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane]]
|[[Enfield Town|Enfield]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-329.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 330|330]]
|[[Canning Town]]
|[[Wanstead Park railway station|Wanstead Park Station]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-330.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 331|331]]
|[[Ruislip]]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-331.pdf]
|-
|332
|[[Brent Park]]
|[[Paddington]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-332.pdf]
|-
|333
|[[Elephant & Castle railway station|Elephant & Castle Station]]
|[[Tooting]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-333.pdf]
|-
|336
|[[Catford]]
|[[Locksbottom]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-336.pdf]
|-
|337
|[[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction Station]]
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|Go-Ahead London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-337.pdf]
|-
|339
|[[Shadwell]]
|[[Leytonstone]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-339.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 340|340]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow Bus Station]]
|Arriva Shires & Essex
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-340.pdf]
|-
| 341
| [[County Hall, London|County Hall]]
| [[Lea Valley]] ''Tesco''
| Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-341.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 343|343]]
|[[City Hall]]
|[[New Cross Gate]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-343.pdf]
|-
| 344
| [[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street Station]]
| [[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction Station]]
| [[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-344.pdf]
|-
| 345
| [[South Kensington]]
| [[Peckham]]
| [[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-345.pdf]
|-
|346
|[[Upminster]]
|[[Upminster Park Estate]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-346.pdf]
|-
|347
|[[Romford]]
|[[Ockendon railway station|Ockendon Station]] †
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-347.pdf]
|-
|349
|[[Stamford Hill]]
|[[Ponders End]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-349.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 350|350]]
|[[Hayes, Hillingdon|Hayes]]
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-350.pdf]
|-
|352
|[[Lower Sydenham]]
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-352.pdf]
|-
|353
|[[Addington Village Interchange]]
|Ramsden Estate
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-353.pdf]
|-
|354
|[[Penge]]
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-354.pdf]
|-
|355
|[[Brixton]]
|[[Mitcham]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-355.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 356|356]]
|[[Sydenham|Upper Sydenham]]
|[[Shirley, London|Shirley]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-356.pdf]
|-
|357
| [[Whipps Cross University Hospital]] (Sundays) [[Whipps Cross]]
|[[Chingford Hatch]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-357.pdf]
|-
|358
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-358.pdf]
|-
|359
|[[Addington Village Interchange]]
|[[Selsdon]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-359.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 360|360]]
|[[Elephant & Castle railway station|Elephant & Castle Station]]
|[[Royal Albert Hall]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-360.pdf]
|-
|362
|[[King George Hospital, London|King George Hospital]]
|[[Grange Hill tube station|Grange Hill]] †
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-362.pdf]
|-
|363
|[[Elephant & Castle railway station|Elephant & Castle Station]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-363.pdf]
|-
|364
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Dagenham|Dagenham East]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-364.pdf]
|-
| 365
| [[South Hornchurch|Mardyke Estate]]
| [[Havering Country Park|Havering Park]]
| [[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-365.pdf]
|-
|366
|[[Beckton|Beckton Bus Station]]
|[[Redbridge, London|Redbridge]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-366.pdf]
|-
|367
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-367.pdf]
|-
|368
|[[Barking]]
|[[Chadwell Heath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-368.pdf]
|-
|370
|[[Romford]]
|[[Lakeside Shopping Centre|Lakeside]] †
|Arriva Southern Counties
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-370.pdf]
|-
|371
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-371.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 372|372]]
|[[Hornchurch]]
|[[Lakeside Shopping Centre|Lakeside]] †
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-372.pdf]
|-
|375
|[[Romford railway station|Romford Station]]
|[[Passingford Bridge]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-375.pdf]
|-
|376
|[[Beckton]]
|[[East Ham]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-376.pdf]
|-
|377
|[[Ponders End]]
|[[Oakwood, London|Oakwood]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-377.pdf]
|-
|379
|[[Chingford]]
|[[Chingford|Yardley Lane Estate]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-379.pdf]
|-
|380
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Belmarsh (HM Prison)|Belmarsh Prison]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-380.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 381|381]]
|[[County Hall, London|County Hall]]
|[[Peckham]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-381.pdf]
|-
|382
|[[Southgate tube station|Southgate]]
|[[Mill Hill East tube station|Mill Hill East]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-382.pdf]
|-
|383
|[[Barnet]]
|[[Woodside Park tube station|Woodside Park Station]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-383.pdf]
|-
|384
|[[Barnet]]
|[[Cockfosters tube station|Cockfosters]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-384.pdf]
|-
|385
|[[Chingford|Chingford Station]]
|[[Chingford|South Chingford]]
|CT Plus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-385.pdf]
|-
|386
|[[Blackheath, London|Blackheath Village]]
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-386.pdf]
|-
|387
| style="background:#D8 BF D8;"|Barking Reach [[Creekmouth]]
|[[King George Hospital, London|King George Hospital]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-387.pdf]
|-
|388
|[[Blackfriars, London|Blackfriars]]
|[[Hackney Wick]] (Extended to [[Stratford City]] from 14 December 2013)<ref name="londonbusroutes.net">http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#82</ref>
|[[CT Plus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-388.pdf]
|-
|389
|[[Barnet]]
|''Circular via Western Way''
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-389.pdf]
|-
|390
|[[Notting Hill Gate]]
|[[Archway, London|Archway]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-390.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 391|391]]
|[[Sands End]]
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-391.pdf]
|-
|393
|[[Chalk Farm]]
|[[Upper Clapton|Clapton]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-393.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 394|394]]
|[[Islington]] ''Police Station''
|[[Homerton University Hospital]]
|[[CT Plus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-394.pdf]
|-
|395
|Westway Cross ''Retail Park''
|[[Harrow bus station|Harrow Bus Station]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-395.pdf]
|-
|396
|[[Ilford]]
|[[King George Hospital, London|King George Hospital]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-396.pdf]
|-
|397
|[[Chingford|South Chingford]]
|[[Debden, Epping Forest|Debden]] †
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-397.pdf]
|-
|398
|[[Ruislip]]
|[[Wood End, Northolt|Wood End]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-398.pdf]
|-
|399
|[[Barnet]]
|''Circular via [[Hadley Wood railway station|Hadley Wood Station]]''
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-399.pdf]
|}

===400–499===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
|401
|[[Thamesmead]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-401.pdf]
|-
|403
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Warlingham]] †
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-403.pdf]
|-
|404
|[[Coulsdon]]
|[[Caterham-on-the-Hill]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-404.pdf]
|-
|405
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Redhill, Surrey|Redhill]] †
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]] [[Arriva London]] (School Journeys)
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-405.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 406|406]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Epsom]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-406.pdf]
|-
|407
|[[Sutton, London|Sutton]]
|[[Caterham railway station|Caterham]] †
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-407.pdf]
|-
|410
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Wallington, London|Wallington]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-410.pdf]
|-
|411
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Molesey|West Molesey]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-411.pdf]
|-
|412
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Purley, London|Purley Hospital]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-412.pdf]
|-
|413
|[[Morden tube station|Morden]]
|[[Sutton, London|Sutton]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-413.pdf]
|-
|414
|[[Putney Bridge tube station|Putney Bridge Station]]
|[[Maida Hill]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-414.pdf]
|-
|415
|[[Elephant & Castle]]
|[[Tulse Hill railway station|Tulse Hill Station]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-415.pdf]
|-
|417
|[[Clapham Common]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-417.pdf]
|-
|418
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Epsom]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-418.pdf]
|-
|419
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-419.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 422|422]]
|[[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich Station]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-422.pdf]
|-
|423
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-423.pdf]
|-
|424
|[[Fulham]]
|[[Putney Heath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-424.pdf]
|-
|425
|[[Upper Clapton|Clapton]]
|[[Stratford station|Stratford Station]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-425.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 427|427]]
|[[Acton, London|Acton]] ''Old Town Hall''
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-427.pdf]
|-
|428
|[[Erith]]
|[[Bluewater (shopping centre)|Bluewater]] †
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-428.pdf]
|-
|430
|[[South Kensington]]
|[[Roehampton]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-430.pdf]
|-
|432
|[[Brixton]]
|[[Anerley railway station|Anerley]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-432.pdf]
|-
|434
|[[Coulsdon|Rickman Hill]]
|[[Whyteleafe South railway station|Whyteleafe South]] ''Wapses Lodge Roundabout'' †
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-434.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 436|436]]
|[[Paddington]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-436.pdf]
|-
|440
|[[Stonebridge Park station|Stonebridge Park Station]]
|[[Gunnersbury]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-440.pdf]
|-
|444
|[[Turnpike Lane]]
|[[Chingford]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-444.pdf]
|-
|450
|[[Sydenham|Lower Sydenham]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-450.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 452|452]]
|[[Kensal Rise]]
|[[Wandsworth Road railway station|Wandsworth Road Station]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-452.pdf]
|-
| [[London Buses route 453|453]]
| [[Marylebone station|Marylebone Station]]
| [[Deptford|Deptford Broadway]]
| [[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-453.pdf]
|-
|455
|Reedham
|[[Wallington, London|Wallington]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-455.pdf]
|-
|460
|[[North Finchley]]
|[[Willesden]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-460.pdf]
|-
|462
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Hainault]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-462.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 463|463]]
|[[Streatham|Eastfields]]
|[[Coulsdon]]
|Quality Line
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-463.pdf]
|-
|464
|[[New Addington]]
|[[Tatsfield]] †
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-464.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 465|465]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Dorking]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-465.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 466|466]]
|[[Addington, London|Addington Village Interchange]]
|[[Caterham-on-the-Hill]] †
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-466.pdf]
|-
|467
|[[Hook, London|Hook]]
|[[Epsom]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-467.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 468|468]]
|[[Elephant & Castle railway station|Elephant & Castle]]
|[[South Croydon]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-468.pdf]
|-
|469
|[[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich|Queen Elizabeth Hospital]]
|[[Erith]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-469.pdf]
|-
|470
|[[Colliers Wood]]
|[[Epsom]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-470.pdf]
|-
| 472
| [[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich Station]]
| [[Thamesmead]]
| [[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-472.pdf]
|-
|473
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[London City Airport]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-473.pdf]
|-
| 474
| [[Canning Town]]
| [[Manor Park, London|Manor Park]]
| [[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-474.pdf]
|-
|476
|[[Northumberland Park railway station|Northumberland Park]]
|[[Euston railway station|Euston]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-476.pdf]
|-
|481
|[[West Middlesex Hospital]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-481.pdf]
|-
|482
|[[Southall]]
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-482.pdf]
|-
|484
|[[Camberwell Green]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|Abellio London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-484.pdf]
|-
|485
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[Wandsworth]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-485.pdf]
|-
|486
|[[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich Station]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-486.pdf]
|-
|487
|[[Willesden Junction station|Willesden Junction]]
|[[South Harrow]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-487.pdf]
|-
|488
|[[Dalston Junction railway station|Dalston Junction Station]]
|[[Bromley-by-Bow]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-488.pdf]
|-
|490
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-490.pdf]
|-
|491
|[[North Middlesex Hospital]]
|[[Waltham Cross]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-491.pdf]
|-
|492
|[[Sidcup]]
|[[Bluewater (shopping centre)|Bluewater]] †
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-492.pdf]
|-
|493
|[[Tooting Broadway]]
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-493.pdf]
|-
|496
|[[Romford]]
|[[Harold Wood]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-496.pdf]
|-
|498
|[[Queen's Hospital]]
|[[Brentwood, Essex|Brentwood]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-498.pdf]
|-
|499
|[[Gallows Corner]]
|''loop service via [[Becontree Heath]] ''
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-499.pdf]
|}

===500–599===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
|[[London Buses route 507|507]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-507.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 521|521]]
|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo Station]]
|[[London Bridge]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-521.pdf]
|-

|-
|549
|[[South Woodford]]
|[[Loughton]] †
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-549.pdf]
|-
|573
|[[London City Airport]]
|Circular via [[North Woolwich]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|574
|[[Beckton]]
|[[North Woolwich]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|588 (Discontinued from 14 December 2013)<ref name="londonbusroutes.net"/>
|[[Hackney Wick]]
|[[Stratford City]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|599
|Canons Hill
|Reedham
|[[Abellio London]]
|
|}

===600–699===

The majority of routes in this sequence are run for schools to reduce overcrowding on regular bus services. Their timetables are subject to short notice alteration and re-routing in accordance with school requirements. A notable exception is route [[London Buses route 607|607]], which is a [[limited-stop|limited stop]] service operating in [[West (London sub region)|West London]], whose number is "inherited" from the period (15 November 1936 – 8 November 1960), when this route was served by [[trolleybus]]es.<ref>{{cite web |title=David Bradley online |url=http://www.trolleybus.net/gb607.htm |accessdate=11 July 2009}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Educational Establishment'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
|601
|[[Thamesmead]]
|[[Dartford|Dartford Heath]] †
|Wilmington Hall School
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|602
|[[Thamesmead]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|Townley Grammar School for Girls
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|603
|[[Swiss Cottage tube station|Swiss Cottage Station]]
|[[Muswell Hill]]
|
|Metroline
|
|-
|605
|[[Edgware tube station|Edgware Station]] [[Burnt Oak tube station|Burnt Oak Station]]
|[[Mill Hill County High School]] [[Totteridge and Whetstone tube station|Totteridge & Whetstone Station]]
|[[Mill Hill County High School]],[[The Totteridge Academy]]
|[[London Sovereign]]
|
|-
|606
|[[Queensbury, London|Queensbury]]
|[[Barnet]]
|[[The Totteridge Academy]]
|[[Metroline]]
|
|-
|[[London Buses route 607|607]]
|[[White City, London|White City]]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-607.pdf]
|-
|608
|Gallows Corner
|Shenfield High School †
|Shenfield High School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|609
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[Mortlake]]
|Harrodian School
|[[Metroline]]
|
|-
|611
|[[Stonebridge Park station|Stonebridge Park]]
|[[East Finchley]]
||[[Bishop Douglass School]]
|Metroline
|
|-
|612
|[[Selsdon]]
|[[Wallington, London|Wallington]]
|Wallington County Grammar School, [[Riddlesdown High School]], [[The John Fisher School]], Wallington High for Girls
|[[Arriva London]]
|
|-
|613
|[[Worcester Park railway station|Worcester Park]]
|[[Sutton, London|Sutton Common]]
|Glenthorne High School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|616
|[[Winchmore Hill]]
|[[Edmonton Green Shopping Centre]]
|The Latymer School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|617
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|[[Turkey Street railway station|Turkey Street]]
|[[St Ignatius' College]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|
|-
|621
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Eltham]]
|Crown Woods School
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|624
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]]
|Crown Woods School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|625
|[[Plumstead Common]]
|[[Chislehurst]]
|
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|626
|[[Finchley]]
|[[Potters Bar]] †
|Dame Alice Owen's School
|[[Sullivan Buses]]
|
|-
|627
|Woodcote Green
|[[Cheam]]
|Wallington High School
|Arriva London
|
|-
|628
|[[Southgate, London|Southgate]]
|[[Kingsbury]] ''[[Jews' Free School|JFS]] ''
|[[Jews' Free School|JFS]]
|Sullivan Buses
|
|-
|629
|[[Wood Green]]
|[[Turkey Street railway station|Turkey Street]]
|[[St Ignatius' College]]
|Arriva London
|
|-
|631
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[Henrietta Barnett School]]
|[[Henrietta Barnett School]]
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|
|-
|632
|[[Colindale tube station|Colindale Station]]
|[[Kilburn Park tube station|Kilburn Park]]
|
|Metroline
|
|-
|634
|[[Muswell Hill]]
|[[Barnet]]
|
|[[Metroline]]
|
|-
|635
|[[Brentford]]
|[[Sunbury-on-Thames|Sunbury Cross]] †
|St. Paul's School
|London United
|
|-
|636
|Kemnal College
|[[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]]
|Kemnal College,Eltham College
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|637
|Kemnal College
|[[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]]
|Eltham College, Kemnal College,
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|638
|Kemnal College
|[[Coney Hall]]
|Beaverwood School, Kemnal College, Coopers Technology College, Eltham College
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|639
|[[Clapham Junction]]
|[[Putney]]
|John Paul II School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|640
|[[South Harrow tube station|South Harrow Station]]
|[[Harrow Weald]]
|Whitmore High School, Salvatorian College, Sacred Heart College, Bentley Wood School
|Arriva Shires & Essex
|
|-
|641
|[[Teddington School]]
|[[Molesey|West Molesey]] †
|Teddington School
|Quality Line
|
|-
|642
|[[West Hendon]]
|[[Stanmore]]
|London Academy
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|
|-
|643
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[East Finchley]]
|[[Christ's College Finchley]]
|Metroline
|
|-
|646
|[[Noak Hill]]
|[[Cranham]]
|
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|647
|[[Romford]]
|[[Harold Hill]]
|Harold Hill Community School
|[[Arriva London]]
|
|-
|648
|[[Romford]]
|[[Cranham]]
|
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|649
|[[Romford]]
|Emerson Park
|Campion School
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|650
|Romford
|Emerson Park
|Emerson Park School
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|651
|[[Romford]]
|[[Collier Row|North Romford]]
| Bower Park School
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|652
|[[Rainham, London|Rainham]]
|[[Upminster]]
|Sanders Drapers School [[Havering Sixth Form College]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|653
|[[Kingsbury]] ''[[Jews' Free School|JFS]]''
|[[Muswell Hill]]
|[[Jews' Free School|JFS]]
|Sullivan Buses
|
|-
|654
|[[Selsdon]]
|[[Ramsden, Greater London|Ramsden]]
|The Priory School,Ravens Wood School
|Metrobus
|
|-
|655
|[[Mitcham]]
|[[Raynes Park]]
|Raynes Park High School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|656
|[[Gallows Corner]]
|[[Emerson Park]]
|Emerson Park School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|657
|[[Chingford|South Chingford]]
|[[Woodford, London|Woodford Wells]]
|[[Trinity Catholic High School, Woodford Green|Trinity Catholic High School]], [[Bancroft's School]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|
|-
|658
|Woolwich
|Crown Woods School
|Crown Woods School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|660
|[[Bellingham, London|Bellingham]]
|[[Eltham]]
|Crown Woods School
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|661
|[[Mottingham]]
|[[Petts Wood]]
|Eltham College & Cooper School
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|664
|[[New Addington]]
|[[Biggin Hill]]
|[[Charles Darwin School]] Ravens Wood School
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|665
|[[Surbiton]]
|[[New Malden]]
|Holy Cross School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|667
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Chigwell]] †
|West Hatch School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|669
|[[Erith]]
|[[Albany Park, Bexley|Albany Park]]
|Cleeve Park School
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|670
|[[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction]]
|[[Putney]]
|John Paul II School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|671
|[[Chessington South railway station|Chessington S. Sta.]]
|[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|Tiffin Girls' School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|672
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Thamesmead]]
|Woolwich Polytechnic School
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|673
|[[Beckton]]
|[[Becontree]]
|Warren School
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|674
|[[Romford]]
|[[Harold Hill]]
|
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|675
|[[St James Street railway station|St James Station]]
|[[Woodford, London|Woodford]]
|Woodbridge High School
|[[CT Plus]]
|
|-
|678
|[[Beckton]]
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[St Angela's Ursuline School]] [[St Bonaventure's Catholic Comprehensive School|St. Bonaventure's Comprehensive School]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|
|-
|679
|[[Goodmayes]]
|[[Chingford]]
|[[Woodford County High School (London)|Woodford County High]], [[Trinity Catholic High School, Woodford Green|Trinity Catholic High School]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|681
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[Teddington]]
|Teddington School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|683
|[[Friern Barnet]]
|[[Kingsbury]] ''[[Jews' Free School|JFS]]''
|[[Jews' Free School|JFS]]
|Sullivan Buses
|
|-
|685
|[[Selsdon]]
|[[Hamsey Green]] †
|Warlingham Secondary School, [[Riddlesdown High School]]
|Arriva London
|
|-
|686
|[[Romford]]
|[[Harold Hill]]
|St. Edward's School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|687
|Dagenham Park Secondary School
|[[Barking station|Barking Station]]
|Dagenham Park Secondary School
|Stagecoach London
|
|-
|688
|[[Southgate, London|Southgate]]
|[[Kingsbury]] ''[[Jews' Free School|JFS]]''
|[[Jews' Free School|JFS]]
|Sullivan Buses
|
|-
|690
|[[Clapham Common]]
|[[West Norwood]]
|Burntwood School
|Arriva London
|
|-
|691
|[[Ham, London|Ham]]
|[[Surbiton]]
|Hollyfield School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|692
|[[Winchmore Hill]]
|[[Potters Bar]]
|Dame Alice Owen's School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|696
|[[Hayes, Hillingdon|Hayes]]
|Bishop Ramsey School
|Bishop Ramsey School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|697
|[[Ickenham]]
|Kinghill Avenue
|The Douay Martyrs School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|698
|[[Ickenham]]
|[[West Drayton]]
|The Douay Martyrs School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|699
|[[Winchmore Hill]]
|[[Potters Bar]] †
|Dame Alice Owen's School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|}

===900–999===
These are Mobility Bus Routes. These routes provide a once a week return journey to a local shopping centre where there is no alternative route in the main bus network. The prevalence of low-floor buses across London has reduced somewhat the number of Mobility Bus services.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| '''Route'''
| '''Start'''
| '''End'''
| '''Day of Operation'''
| '''Operator'''
|-
|931
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|Fridays only
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|-
|965
|[[Tolworth]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|Mondays and Fridays only
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|-
|969
|[[Whitton, London|Whitton]]
|[[Roehampton Vale]]
|Tuesdays and Fridays only
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|}

===Letter prefixes===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Letter code'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://red-rf.com/rf-543 |title=The Reshaping Plan |work=Red-RF.com |accessdate=29 August 2010}}</ref>
|-
|[[London Buses route A10|A10]]
|[[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-A10.pdf]
|Airport
|-
|B11
|[[Thamesmead]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-B11.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]]
|-
|B12
|[[Joydens Wood]] †
|[[Erith]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-B12.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]]
|-
|B13
|[[New Eltham]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-B13.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]]
|-
|B14
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-B14.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]]
|-
|B15
|[[Horn Park]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-B15.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]]
|-
|B16
|[[Kidbrooke railway station|Kidbrooke]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-B16.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]]
|-
|[[London Buses route C1|C1]]
|[[Victoria, London|Victoria]]
|[[White City, London|White City]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-C1.pdf]
|[[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]]
|-
| [[London Buses route C2|C2]]
| [[Victoria, London|Victoria]]
| [[Parliament Hill Fields]]
| [[Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-C2.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Camden|Camden]]
|-
|[[London Buses route C3|C3]]
|[[Earls Court]]
|[[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-C3.pdf]
|[[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]]
|-
|C10
|[[Victoria, London|Victoria]]
|[[Canada Water]]
|Abellio London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-C10.pdf]
|[[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]]
|-
|C11
|[[Archway, London|Archway]]
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-C11.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Camden|Camden]]
|-
|D3
|[[Barts and The London NHS Trust|London Chest Hospital]]
|[[Isle of Dogs]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-D3.pdf]
|[[London Docklands|Docklands]]
|-
|D6
|[[Cambridge Heath]]
|[[Isle of Dogs]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-D6.pdf]
|[[London Docklands|Docklands]]
|-
|D7
|[[Mile End]]
|[[Poplar, London|Poplar]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-D7.pdf]
|[[London Docklands|Docklands]]
|-
|D8
|[[Isle of Dogs]]
|[[Stratford International]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-D8.pdf]
|[[London Docklands|Docklands]]
|-
|[[London Buses route E1|E1]]
|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
|[[Greenford]]
|[[Metroline]] ([[Abellio London]] from 31 May 2014) <ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E1.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|[[London Buses route E2|E2]]
|[[Greenford]]
|[[Brentford]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E2.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|[[London Buses route E3|E3]]
|[[Chiswick]]
|[[Greenford]]
|[[Metroline]] ([[London United Busways|London United]] from 31 May 2014) <ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E3.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|E5
|[[Southall]]
|[[Perivale]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E5.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|[[London Buses route E6|E6]]
|[[Greenford]]
|[[Bulls Bridge]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E6.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|E7
|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
|[[Ruislip]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E7.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|[[London Buses route E8|E8]]
|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
|[[Brentford]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E8.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|E9
|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
|[[Yeading]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E9.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|E10
|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
|[[Northolt]]
|[[Metroline]] ([[Tellings-Golden Miller]] from 31 May 2014) <ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E10.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|E11
|[[Ealing]]
|[[Greenford]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E11.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
| [[London Buses route EL1|EL1]]
| Barking Reach
| [[Ilford]]
| [[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-EL1.pdf]
|[[East London Transit]]
|-
|[[East London Transit|EL2]]
|[[Dagenham Dock railway station|Dagenham Dock Station]]
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-EL2.pdf]
|[[East London Transit]]
|-
|G1
|[[Shaftesbury Estate]]
|[[Norbury]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-G1.pdf]
|[[St George's Hospital]]
|-
|[[London Buses route H2|H2]]
|[[Golders Green]]
|''Circular via [[Hampstead Garden Suburb]]''
|Arriva Shires & Essex
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H2.pdf]
|[[Hampstead]]
|-
|H3
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[East Finchley|Hill Top]]
|Arriva Shires & Essex
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H3.pdf]
|[[Hampstead]]
|-
|H9
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow]] ''circular''
|''anticlockwise via [[Northwick Park Hospital]]''
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H9.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|H10
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow]] ''circular''
|''clockwise via [[South Harrow]]''
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H10.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|H11
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow]]
|[[Mount Vernon Hospital]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H11.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|[[London Buses route H12|H12]]
|[[Stanmore]]
|[[South Harrow]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H12.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|[[London Buses route H13|H13]]
|[[Ruislip|Ruislip Lido]]
|[[Northwood Hills]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H13.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|H14
|[[Northwick Park Hospital]]
|[[Hatch End]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H14.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|H17
|[[Wembley|Wembley Central]]
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H17.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|H18
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow]] ''circular''
|''clockwise via [[North Harrow]]''
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H18.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|H19
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow]] ''circular''
|''anticlockwise via [[Kenton]]''
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H19.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|H20
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[Ivybridge]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H20.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|[[London Buses route H22|H22]]
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H22.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|H25
|[[Hanworth]]
|[[Hatton Cross tube station|Hatton Cross Station]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H25.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|H26
|[[Feltham]]
|[[Hatton Cross tube station|Hatton Cross Station]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H26.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|H28
|[[Osterley]]
|[[Bulls Bridge]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H28.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|[[London Buses route H32|H32]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[Southall]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H32.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|[[London Buses route H37|H37]]
|[[North Sheen]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H37.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|[[London Buses route H91|H91]]
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[Hounslow west tube station|Hounslow West Station]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H91.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|H98
|[[Hayes End]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H98.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|[[London Buses route K1|K1]]
|[[New Malden]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-K1.pdf]
|[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|-
|[[London Buses route K2|K2]]
|[[Kingston Hospital]]
|[[Hook, London|Hook]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-K2.pdf]
|[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|-
|[[London Buses route K3|K3]]
|[[Roehampton|Roehampton Vale]]
|[[Esher]] †
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-K3.pdf]
|[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|-
|[[London Buses route K4|K4]]
|[[Hook, London|Hook]]
|[[Kingston Hospital]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-K4.pdf]
|[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|-
|K5
|[[Morden]]
|[[Ham, London|Ham]]
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-K5.pdf]
|[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|-
|P4
|[[Brixton]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-P4.pdf]
|[[Peckham]]
|-
|P5
|[[Elephant & Castle railway station|Elephant & Castle]]
|[[Nine Elms]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-P5.pdf]
|[[Peckham]]
|-
|P12
|[[Surrey Quays]]
|[[Brockley|Brockley Rise]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-P12.pdf]
|[[Peckham]]
|-
|P13
|[[New Cross Gate]]
|[[Streatham]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-P13.pdf]
|[[Peckham]]
|-
|R1
|[[Green Street Green]]
|[[St Paul's Cray]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R1.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R2
|[[Petts Wood railway station|Petts Wood Station]]
|[[Biggin Hill Valley]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R2.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R3
|[[Princess Royal University Hospital]]
|[[Chelsfield Village]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R3.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R4
|[[Princess Royal University Hospital]]
|Pauls Cray Hill
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R4.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R5
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]]n''circular''
|''clockwise via [[Knockholt]]''
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]] ([[Stagecoach London]] from 7 December 2013)<ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R5.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R6
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]]
|[[St Mary Cray railway station|St. Mary Cray Station]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R6.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R7
|[[Orpington]]
|[[Bickley railway station|Bickley Station]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]] ([[Stagecoach London]] from 7 December 2013)<ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R7.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R8
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]]
|[[Biggin Hill]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R8.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R9
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]]
|Ramsden Estate
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R9.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R10
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]] ''circular''
|''anticlockwise via [[Cudham]]''
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]] ([[Stagecoach London]] from 7 December 2013)<ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R10.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R11
|[[Green Street Green]]
|[[Queen Mary's Hospital]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R11.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R68
| [[Hampton Court]] †
|[[Kew]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R68.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond]]
|-
|R70
|[[Hampton, London|Hampton]] (''Circular'')
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R70.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond]]
|-
|[[London Buses route RV1|RV1]]
|[[Covent Garden]]
|[[Tower Bridge]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-RV1.pdf]
|Riverside
|-
|[[London Buses route S1|S1]]
|[[Mitcham]]
|[[Banstead]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-S1.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]]
|-
|S3
|[[Belmont, Sutton|Belmont]]
|[[Malden Manor railway station|Malden Manor Station]]
|Quality Line
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-S3.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]]
|-
|S4
|[[Roundshaw]]
|[[Sutton, London|Sutton]]
|Quality Line
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-S4.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]]
|-
|T31
|[[New Addington]]
|[[Forestdale, London|Forestdale]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-T31.pdf]
|[[London Tramlink|Tramlink]] feeder
|-
|T32 (Discontinued from 4 April 2015)<ref>http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#102</ref>
|[[New Addington]]
|[[Addington Village Interchange]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-T32.pdf]
|[[London Tramlink|Tramlink]] feeder
|-
|[[London Buses route T33|T33]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Addington Village Interchange]]
|[[Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-T33.pdf]
|[[London Tramlink|Tramlink]] feeder
|-
|U1
|[[Ruislip]]
|[[West Drayton railway station|West Drayton Station]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U1.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|U2
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Brunel University]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U2.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|U3
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U3.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|U4
|[[Uxbridge]]
|Prologis Park
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U4.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|U5
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Hayes and Harlington railway station|Hayes and Harlington Station]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U5.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|U7
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Hayes, Hillingdon|Hayes]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U7.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|U9
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Harefield Hospital]]
|[[Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U9.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|U10
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Ruislip]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U10.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|W3
|[[Finsbury Park, London|Finsbury Park]]
|[[Northumberland Park, London|Northumberland Park]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W3.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|W4
|[[Oakthorpe Park]]
|Ferry Lane Estate
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W4.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|W5
|[[Archway, London|Archway]]
|[[Harringay]]
|[[CT Plus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W5.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|W6
|[[Southgate, London|Southgate]]
|[[Edmonton Green Shopping Centre]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W6.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|[[London Buses route W7|W7]]
|[[Finsbury Park]]
|[[Muswell Hill]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W7.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|W8
|[[Edmonton, London|Edmonton]]
|[[Chase Farm Hospital]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W8.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|W9{{Anchor|W9}}
|[[Southgate, London|Southgate]]
|[[Chase Farm Hospital]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W9.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|W10
|[[Enfield Town]]
|[[Crews Hill]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W10.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|W11
|[[Walthamstow]]
|[[Chingford|Chingford Hall Estate]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W11.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|W12
|[[Walthamstow]]
|[[Wanstead]]
|[[CT Plus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W12.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|W13
|[[Leytonstone]]
|[[Woodford, London|Woodford Wells]]
|[[CT Plus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W13.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|W14
|[[Leyton]]
|[[Woodford Bridge]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W14.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|W15
|[[Hackney Central]]
|[[Walthamstow|Cogan Avenue Estate]]
|[[Tower Transit]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W15.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|W16
|[[Leytonstone]]
|[[Chingford|Chingford Mount]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W16.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|W19
| style="background:#D8 BF D8;"|Argall Avenue ([[St James Street railway station|St James Street Station]] after 20:00)
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W19.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|[[London Buses route X26|X26]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]]
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-X26.pdf]
|Express route
|-
|[[London Buses route X68|X68]]
|[[Russell Square]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-X68.pdf]
|Express route
|}

===Night only routes (N-prefixed)===
{{main|List of night buses in London}}

Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day.

However, in a few cases, services have a route number that has no relation to its daytime equivalent, such as the [[London Buses route N5|N5]], which operates in a different part of London to the day route 5.

There are also 24-hour routes. Route [[London Buses route 65|65]] is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service, rather than the night service being designated N65.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
| N1 || [[Tottenham Court Road]] || [[Thamesmead]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N1.pdf]
|-
| N2 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N2.pdf]
|-
| N3 || [[Bromley North]] || [[Oxford Circus]] || [[Abellio London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N3.pdf]
|-
| N5 || [[Edgware]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N5.pdf]
|-
| N7 || [[Russell Square]] || [[Northolt]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N7.pdf]
|-
| N8 || [[Hainault]] || [[Oxford Circus]] || [[Stagecoach London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N8.pdf]
|-
| N9 || [[Heathrow Terminal 5]] || [[Aldwych]] || [[London United]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N9.pdf]
|-
| N11 || [[Liverpool Street Station]] || [[Ealing Broadway]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N11.pdf]
|-
| N13 || [[North Finchley]] || [[Aldwych]] || [[London Sovereign]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N13.pdf]
|-
| N15 || [[Romford]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Stagecoach London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N15.pdf]
|-
| N16 || [[Edgware]] || [[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N16.pdf]
|-
| N18 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Harrow Weald]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N18.pdf]
|-
| N19 || [[Clapham Junction]] || [[Finsbury Park]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N19.pdf]
|-
| N20 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Barnet]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N20.pdf]
|-
| N21 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Bexleyheath]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N21.pdf]
|-
| N22 || [[Fulwell, London|Fulwell]] || [[Piccadilly Circus]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N22.pdf]
|-
| N26 || [[Chingford]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Tower Transit]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N26.pdf]
|-
| N28 || [[Camden Town]] || [[Wandsworth]] || [[Tower Transit]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N28.pdf]
|-
| N29 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Enfield Town]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N29.pdf]
|-
| N31 || [[Camden Town]] || [[Clapham Junction]] || [[Tower Transit]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N31.pdf]
|-
| N35 || [[Clapham Junction]] || [[Tottenham Court Road]] || [[Abellio London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N35.pdf]
|-
| N38 || [[Walthamstow Central]] || [[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N38.pdf]
|-
| N41 || [[Tottenham Hale]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N41.pdf]
|-
| N44 || [[Sutton railway station (London)|Sutton station]] || [[Aldwych]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N44.pdf]
|-
| N47 || [[St Mary Cray]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Stagecoach London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N47.pdf]
|-
| N55 || [[Oxford Circus]] || [[Woodford Wells]] || [[Stagecoach London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N55.pdf]
|-
| N63 || [[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]] || [[Kings Cross, London|King's Cross]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N63.pdf]
|-
| N64 || [[New Addington]] || [[Thornton Heath Pond]] || [[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N64.pdf]
|-
| N68 || [[Old Coulsdon]] || [[Tottenham Court Road]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N68.pdf]
|-
| N73 || [[Walthamstow]] || [[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N73.pdf]
|-
| N74 || [[Baker Street]] || [[Roehampton]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N74.pdf]
|-
| N76 || [[Northumberland Park, London|Northumberland Park]] || [[Waterloo, London|Waterloo]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N76.pdf]
|-
| N86 || [[Harold Hill]] || [[Stratford bus station|Stratford Bus Station]] || [[Stagecoach London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N86.pdf]
|-
| N87 || [[Aldwych]] || [[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N87.pdf]
|-
| N89 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Erith]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N89.pdf]
|-
| N91 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Cockfosters]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N91.pdf]
|-
| N97 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Hammersmith]] || [[London United]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N97.pdf]
|-
| N98 || [[Stanmore]] || [[Holborn]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N98.pdf]
|-
| N109 || [[Croydon]] || [[Oxford Circus]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N109.pdf]
|-
| N113 || [[Edgware]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N113.pdf]
|-
| N133 || [[Mitcham]] || [[Liverpool Street Station]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N133.pdf]
|-
| N136 || [[Oxford Circus]] || [[Chislehurst]] || [[Stagecoach London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N136.pdf]
|-
| N137 || [[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]] || [[Oxford Circus]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N137.pdf]
|-
| N155 || [[Morden]] || [[Aldwych]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N155.pdf]
|-
| N171 || [[Hither Green]] || [[Tottenham Court Road Station]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N171.pdf]
|-
| N205 || [[Leyton]] || [[Paddington Station]] || [[Stagecoach London]] ||
|-
| N207 || [[Uxbridge]] || [[Holborn]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N207.pdf]
|-
| N253 || [[Aldgate]] || [[Tottenham Court Road Station]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N253.pdf]
|-
| N279 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Waltham Cross]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N279.pdf]
|-
| N343 || [[New Cross Gate]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Abellio London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N343.pdf]
|-
| N381 || [[Peckham]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Abellio London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N381.pdf]
|-
| N550 || [[Canning Town]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Tower Transit]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N550.pdf]
|-
| N551 || [[Gallions Reach Shopping Park]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Tower Transit]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N551.pdf]
|}

===Other routes within the London area===
These bus routes are operated with a ''London Service Permit'' issued by [[Transport for London]], and are generally routes from towns just outside the [[Greater London]] boundary to destinations within. The exceptions are the 812, MB1 and 938, which run entirely within the boundary. Another exception is the [[Green Line bus route 724|724]], which although run by a coach company, it is a bus route.

Coach services are not included in this list.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Route'''
|'''Start'''
|'''End'''
|'''Operator'''
|-
|8
|[[Mount Vernon Hospital]]
|[[Abbots Langley]]
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]] Redline Buses
|-
|33
|[[Chigwell|Chigwell Row]]
|Debden Park High School
|[[TWH Bus & Coach]]
|-
|51
|[[Staines]]
| style="background:D8 BF D8;"|Brooklands Tesco [[Addlestone]] (Sundays)
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|58
|[[Uxbridge tube station|Uxbridge Station]]
|[[Britwell]]
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|60
|[[Eton Wick]]
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport Terminal 5]]
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|61
|[[Eton College]]
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport Terminal 5]]
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|71
|[[Slough]]
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport Terminal 5]]
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|75
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
| style="background:D8 BF D8;"|[[Slough]] [[Maidenhead]] (hourly)
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|76
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
|[[Cippenham]]
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|77
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport Terminal 5]]
|[[Clewer]] and [[Dedworth]]
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|78
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport Terminal 5]]
| style="background:D8 BF D8;"|[[Britwell]] [[Burnham, Buckinghamshire|Burnham]] (late evenings/Sundays)
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|[[Hertfordshire bus route 84|84]]
| style="background:#D8 BF D8;"|[[New Barnet railway station|New Barnet Station]]
| style="background:#D8 BF D8;"|[[St Albans]] ''St Peters Street''
|[[Metroline]]
|-
|265
|[[Brentwood, Essex|Brentwood]]
|[[Lakeside Shopping Centre]]
|[[First Capital]]
|-
|268 (School Journeys)
|[[Brentwood, Essex|Brentwood]]
|[[Grays]]
|[[TWH Bus & Coach]]
|-
|269
|[[Brentwood, Essex|Brentwood]]
|[[Grays]]
|[[TWH Bus & Coach]]
|-
|305
|[[Uxbridge tube station|Uxbridge Station]]
|[[High Wycombe]]
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|-
|402
|[[Bromley North]]
|[[Tunbridge Wells]]
|[[Arriva Kent & Sussex]]
|-
|409
|[[Caterham railway station|Caterham Valley]]
|[[Selsdon]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|-
|420
|[[Sutton, London|Crawley]]
|[[Redhill, Surrey|Redhill]]/[[Whitebushes]] (Mon-Sat)
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|-
|441
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
|[[Englefield Green]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|458
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Staines]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|459
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Woking]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|461
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Chertsey]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|477
|[[Bluewater (shopping centre)|Bluewater]]
|[[Orpington]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|-
|[[Essex bus route 505|505]]
|[[Chingford railway station|Chingford Station]]
|[[Harlow]]
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|-
|513
|[[Kingston upon Thames]]
|[[Byfleet]]/[[Downside, Surrey|Downside]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|514
|[[Kingston upon Thames]]
|[[Hersham]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|515
|[[Kingston upon Thames]]
|[[Guildford]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|515A
|[[Kingston upon Thames]]
|[[Guildford]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|555
|[[Harlow]]
|Upshire
|[[TWH Bus & Coach]]
|-
|555
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
|[[Walton-on-Thames railway station|Walton-on-Thames Station]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|557
|[[Hatton Cross]]
|[[Woking]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|575
|[[Epping]]
|[[Romford]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|-
|581
|[[Uxbridge tube station|Uxbridge Station]]
| style="background:D8 BF D8;"|[[Denham, Buckinghamshire|Higher Denham]] [[Uxbridge tube station|Uxbridge Station]] (Some journeys)
|[[Carousel Buses]]
|-
|582
|[[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]]
|[[Denham railway station|Denham Station]]
|[[Carousel Buses]]
|-
|610
|[[Enfield Town|Enfield]]
|[[Hatfield, Hertfordshire|Hatfield Business Park]]
|[[Uno (bus company)|Uno]]
|-
|[[Uno buses route 614|614]]
|[[Queensbury tube station|Queensbury Station]]
|[[Hatfield, Hertfordshire|Hatfield Business Park]]
|[[Uno (bus company)|Uno]]
|-
|615
|[[Stanmore]]
|[[Hatfield, Hertfordshire|Hatfield Business Park]]
|[[Uno (bus company)|Uno]]
|-
|644
|[[Wembley Park]]
|[[Hatfield, Hertfordshire|Hatfield Business Park]]
|[[Uno (bus company)|Uno]]
|-
|655
|Egham College
|Sunbury Cross
|Bear Buses
|-
|[[Green Line bus route 724|724]]
|[[Harlow]]
|[[Heathrow Terminal 5]]
|[[Green Line Coaches]]
|-
|801
|[[Kingston upon Thames|North Kingston]]
|[[Surbiton|Hinchley Wood]]
|[[Atbus]]
|-
|[[London buses route 812|812]]
|[[Hoxton]]
|[[Clerkenwell]]
|[[CT Plus]] ([[Islington London Borough Council]])
|-
|813
|[[Feltham]]
|[[Shepperton]]
|Bear Buses
|-
|938
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Erith]] ''Morrisons''
|Bexley Accessible Transport Scheme
|-
|A30
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Chesham]]
|[[Carousel Buses]]
|-
|A40/740
|[[Heathrow Central]] (A40) [[Uxbridge]] (740)
|[[High Wycombe]]
|[[Carousel Buses]]
|-
|MB1
|[[Dagenham Heathway]]
|[[Dagenham]] ''Mecca Bingo''
|[[TWH Bus & Coach]]
|-
|R21
|[[Mount Vernon Hospital]]
| style="background:D8 BF D8;"|[[Uxbridge]] (only twice per day) [[Maple Cross]]
|[[Red Rose Travel]]
|-
|X5
|[[Harlow]]
|style="background:D8 BF D8;"|[[Loughton tube station|Loughton Station]] [[Romford railway station|Romford Station]] (Saturday only)
|[[TWH Bus & Coach]]
|-
|}

==Former routes==

This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| '''Route'''
| '''Start'''
| '''End'''
| '''Date of launch'''
| '''Date of withdrawal'''
| '''Operator'''
| '''Replaced by'''
|-
|2A
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Brixton railway station|Brixton Station]]
|19 May 1954
|29 January 1994
|South London Buses
|[[London Buses route 2|2]]
|-
|9A
|[[Mortlake]]
|[[Kensington]]
|1992
|1997
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[[London Buses route 209|209]]
|-
|15B
|[[East Ham]]
|[[Aldgate]]
|1989
|18 September 1999
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|115
|-
|16A
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[Marble Arch]]
|31 January 1976
|10 October 1997
|[[Metroline]]
|
|-
|22A
|[[London Bridge]]
|Clapton Park Estate
|1972
|1998
|[[London Country South East|Kentish Bus]]
|[[London Buses route 149|149]] 242
|-
|22B
|[[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road Station]]
|[[Homerton Hospital]]
|1987
|28 February 1998
|[[London Country South East|Kentish Bus]]
|242
|-
|36B
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]]
|1958
|12 March 1994
|[[Selkent]]
|136
|-
|45A
|[[South Kensington]]
|[[London Central#Peckham (PM)|Peckham Garage]]
|10 November 1990
|2 September 1995
|[[London Central]]
|345
|-
|59 (1985)
|[[Farringdon, London|Farringdon Street]]
|[[Streatham Hill]] ''[[Arriva London#Brixton (BN)|Brixton Garage]]''
|1985
|29 January 1994
|South London Buses
|
|-
|68A
|[[Elephant and Castle]]
|[[Arriva London#Croydon (C)|South Croydon Garage]]
|1994
|27 March 1999
|[[Arriva London]]
|[[London Buses route 468|468]]
|-
|77A
|[[Wandsworth]]
|[[Aldwych]]
|3 May 1950
|3 June 2006
|[[London General]]
|[[London Buses route 87|87]]
|-
|84A
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|Barnet Church
|1982
|27 January 1996
|[[London Buses]]
|184
|-
|87
|[[Barking]] ''Town Centre''
|[[Romford Market]]
|Pre 1950
|25 March 2006
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|5
|-
|97A
|[[Chingford railway station|Chingford Station]]
|[[Walthamstow Central station|Walthamstow Central Station]]
|1981
|19 February 2000
|[[First Capital]]
|357
|-
|115 (1984)
|[[Balham]]
|[[Forest Hill, London|Forest Hill]]
|1984
|1995
|South London Buses
|315 P13
|-
|129
|[[Becontree Heath]]
|Claybury Broadway
|Pre 1950
|26 June 2004
|[[East Thames Buses]]
|128 150
|-
|135
|[[Archway Station]]
|[[Marble Arch]]
|21 November 1987
|2 September 2000
|Metroline
|[[London Buses route 88|88]]
|-
|137A
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Clapham Common]]
|1991
|1999
|[[Arriva London]]
|417
|-
|161A
|[[Petts Wood railway station|Petts Wood Station]]
|[[Woolwich]]
|1953
|1994
|[[Selkent]]
|162
|-
|171A
|[[County Hall, London|County Hall]]
|[[Northumberland Park, London|Northumberland Park]] ''Tesco's''
|1986
|1998
|Leaside Buses
|[[London Buses route 243|243]] 341
|-
|184 (1951)
|[[New Cross]]
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|1951
|1994
|[[London Central]]
|
|-
|228 (Pre 1950)
|[[Chislehurst]]
|[[Eltham]]
|Pre 1950
|1996
|[[London Country South East|Kentish Bus]]
|160 321
|-
|235 (1968)
|[[Leytonstone tube station|Leytonstone Station]]
|[[Woodford Wells]]
|7 September 1968
|26 July 1996
|[[Grey Green]]
|W13
|-
|239
|[[Clapham Junction]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria]]
|12 May 1990
|15 February 2008
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|170
|-
|243A
|[[Wood Green]]
|[[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street]]
|1961
|2000
|[[Arriva London]]
|[[London Buses route 243|243]]
|-
|272 (1974)
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Thamesmead]]
|1974
|1999
|[[London Country South East|Kentish Bus]]
|244 472
|-
|306
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]]
|1992
|1996
|[[Selkent]]
|202
|-
|351
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Penge]]
|2 March 1991
|24 June 2002
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|354
|-
|354 (1986)
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Croydon]]
|16 August 1986
|19 May 2000
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|314 [[London Buses route T33|T33]]
|-
|357
|[[Croydon]]
|[[Orpington]]
|1983
|1995
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|353 354 (1986)
|-
|369
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Thames View Estate]]
|20 March 1993
|20 February 2010
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[[London Buses route EL1|EL1]] [[London Buses route EL2|EL2]]
|-
|374
|[[Romford]]
|[[Harold Hill]]
|20 March 1993
|15 October 2005
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|174
|-
|393 (1989)
|[[Hackbridge]]
|[[Morden tube station|Morden Station]]
|1989
|1996
|[[London General]]
|80 151
|-
|395
|[[Limehouse]]
|[[Surrey Quays]]
|9 October 1999
|29 April 2006
|[[First Capital]]
|
|-
|435
|[[Southall]] ''Town Hall''
|[[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]] ''Cargo Area''
|25 June 2005
|22 March 2008
|[[First Centrewest]]
|482
|-
|494
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]] ''Bus Station''
|[[Shirley, London|Shirley]] ''Monks Orchard''
|10 June 2000
|11 June 2005
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|367
|-
|501
|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo]]
|[[London Bridge]]
|1968
|31 May 2002
|[[London General]] (Red Arrow)
|[[London Buses route 521|521]]
|-
|505
|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo]]
|[[Shoreditch]]
|1989
|19 August 2000
|[[London General]] (Red Arrow)
|35 [[London Buses route 243|243]]
|-
|604
|[[West Norwood]]
|[[Stanley Technical High School]]
|5 September 2005
|20 July 2007
|[[Arriva London]]
|
|-
|620
|[[Biggin Hill Valley]]
|[[Charles Darwin School]]
|5 January 2002
|21 July 2006
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[[London Buses route 664|664]]
|-
|630
|[[New Addington]]
|[[All Saints Catholic School, West Wickham|All Saints Catholic School]]
|
|20 July 2007
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|689
|[[Clapham Common]]
|[[West Norwood]]
|
|2 September 2011
|Arriva London
|
|-
|726
|[[Bromley South railway station|Bromley South Station]]
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
|
|16 Apr 2005
|[[Tellings Golden Miller]]
|227 289 [[London Buses route X26|X26]]
|-
|746
|[[Bromley]]
|[[Tunbridge Wells]]
|1994
|1995
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|402
|-
|805
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
|[[Northolt]]
|
|25 June 2005
|Bharat Travel
|435
|-
|917
|South Croydon
|West Croydon
|
|22 June 2011
|[[Abellio London]]
|[[London Buses route 64|64]] [[London Buses route T33|T33]]
|-
|941
|[[Bedfont Green]]
|[[Hampton Hill]]
|
|29 February 2012
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|
|-
|953
|Scrattons Farm
|[[Chase Cross]]
|
|7 November 2012
|[[First Capital]]
|
|-
|958
|[[Ilford]] ''Hainualt Street''
|[[Woodford, London|Woodford]] ''King's Avenue''
|
|26 July 2011
|[[First Capital]]
|
|-
|972
|[[Neasden]] ''Birchen Grove''
|[[Colindale]] ''ASDA''
|
|22 October 2010
|First Centrewest
|324
|-
|980
|[[Colindale]]
|[[Brent Cross]]
|31 July 1991
|
|
|
|-
|E4
|Windmill Park
|[[Perivale]]
|27 March 1993
|24 May 1997
|Ealing Buses Line
|
|-
|H1
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[Henrietta Barnett School]]
|
|18 May 2013
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|631
|-
|H15
|Harrow Weald ''Oxhey Lane''
|Northwick Park Hospital
|
|4 September 1999
|[[Metroline]]
|[[London Buses route 182|182]]
|-
|H21
|[[Bedfont|Bedfont Green]]
|[[Sunbury-on-Thames|Sunbury]] ''Tesco''
|
|2 December 2005
|[[Tellings Golden Miller]]
|
|-
|H23
|[[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]] ''Cargo Area''
|[[Hounslow]] ''Bus Station''
|28 April 1990
|22 March 2008
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|423
|-
|H30
|[[Hatton Cross tube station|Hatton Cross Station]]
|[[Heathrow Airport Central bus station|Heathrow Central Bus Station]]
|1 November 1998
|1 May 2004
|Airlinks
|
|-
|H40
|[[Chiswick]] ''Grove Park''
|[[Park Royal]] ''Asda''
|9 November 1991
|26 May 2002
|[[London United]]
|272 440
|-
|H50
|[[Hayes & Harlington railway station|Hayes & Harlington Station]]
|[[West Drayton]]
|3 February 2001
|22 March 2008
|[[Travel London]]
|[[London Buses route 350|350]]
|-
|K6
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Roehampton|Roehampton Vale]] ''ASDA''
|2 December 1989
|25 July 1998
|Westlink
|485
|-
|P2
|Peckham, Bus Garage
|[[Lewisham Shopping Centre]]
|1992
|1994
|[[London Central]]
|484 P13
|-
|PR1
|[[Ealing Broadway]]
|[[Willesden Junction station|Willesden Junction Station]]
|
|24 March 2007
|[[First Centrewest]]
|[[London Buses route 226|226]] PR2
|-
|PR2
|[[Wembley Park]] ''The Paddocks''
|[[Willesden Junction station|Willesden Junction Station]]
|
|15 October 2011
|[[First Centrewest]]
|206 [[London Buses route 224|224]]
|-
|R62
|[[Hampton, London|Hampton]] ''Sainsbury's''
|[[West Middlesex University Hospital|West Middlesex Hospital]]
|1992
|6 May 2006
|[[Tellings Golden Miller]]
|481
|-
|R69
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[Hammersmith]]
|7 April 1990
|11 November 2000
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|419
|-
|S2
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[Upper Clapton|Clapton]] ''Nightingale Road''
|
|5 July 2008
|[[First Capital]]
|425 488
|-
|N10
|[[King's Cross, London|King's Cross]]
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|29 September 2001
|30 January 2010
||[[First Centrewest]]
|[[London Buses route 10|10]] [[London Buses route 33|33]]
|-
|N25
|[[Oxford Circus]]
|[[Harold Hill]]
|
|26 June 2004
|[[First Capital]]
|[[London Buses route 25|25]] [[London Buses route N8|N8]] [[London Buses route N86|N86]]
|-
|N50
|Gallions Reach
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|
|30 August 2008
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[[London Buses route N550|N550]] [[London Buses route N551|N551]]
|-
|N52
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Willesden]]
|
|8 December 2012
|[[Metroline]]
|[[London Buses route 52|52]]
|-
|N75
|[[Croydon]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|
|19 May 2007
||[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|N77
|[[Tolworth]]
|[[Aldwych]]
|
|3 June 2006
||[[London General]]
|[[London Buses route N87|N87]] [[London Buses route 281|281]]
|-
|N81
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|
|28 June 2002
||[[London Central]]
|[[London Buses route N89|N89]]
|-
|N84
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|[[New Cross Gate]]
|
|27 February 2001
||[[London Central]]
|[[London Buses route N343|N343]]
|-
|N159
|[[New Addington]]
|[[Marble Arch]]
|
|28 August 2010
||[[Arriva London]]
|[[London Buses route 159|159]] [[London Buses route N64|N64]] [[London Buses route N109|N109]]
|-
|N213
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|
|4 July 2009
||[[Go-Ahead London]]
|213
|}

==See also==
*[[:Category:London bus operators]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Atkin, Michael. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/notesandqueries/query/0,,-197292,00.html "THIS SCEPTRED ISLE"], ''The Guardian'' 
*Carr, Ken, ''The London Bus Guide''. Boreham: Visions International Entertainment, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9570058-0-8.

==External links==
* [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/buses/ London Buses]

{{London Bus Routes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Bus Routes In London}}
[[Category:Bus routes in London| ]]
[[Category:London transport-related lists|Bus]]
[[Category:Transport in Epping Forest]]
[[Category:Transport in Epsom and Ewell]]
[[Category:Transport in Thurrock]]
[[Category:Lists of bus routes in the United Kingdom|London]]

Angry Grandpa

2013-08-14T12:08:07Z

HMSSolent: Reverted edit(s) by 38.99.121.103 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{Infobox person
| name = The Angry Grandpa
| image=
| birth_name = Charles Marvin Green Jr.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|10|16}}
| birth_place = [[Charleston, South Carolina]]
| occupation = [[YouTube]] personality
| gender = Male
| spouse = Tina Marie Martin (19??–2012)
| known_for = [[YouTube]] videos
| residence =[[North Charleston, South Carolina]] (former)
[[Summerville, South Carolina]] August 2012-present
| relations = Charles M. Green Sr. (1925–87), father Dorothy M. Green (1926–99), mother Charlene Green (1947–2012), sister
| children =
Charles Marvin Green III, Jennifer, Kimberly, Michael(Pickleboy)Green
| URL = [http://www.youtube.com/user/TheAngryGrandpaShow The Angry Grandpa Show on YouTube] [http://www.youtube.com/user/GrandpasCorner GrandpasCorner on YouTube]
}}
'''Charles Marvin "Charlie" Green Jr.''' (born October 16, 1950), known as '''The Angry Grandpa''', is an American [[Internet personality]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/charleston/best-youtube-celeb/BestOf?oid=4581233 |title=Best YouTube Celeb |publisher=Charlestoncitypaper.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-20}}</ref> His videos have been featured on [[HLN (TV channel)|HLN]]'s ''[[Dr. Drew (TV series)|Dr. Drew]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1107/07/ddhln.01.html |title=CNN.com - Transcripts |publisher=Transcripts.cnn.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref> [[MTV]]'s ''Most Shocking'' and ''Pranked'', ''[[Rude Tube]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/rude-tube/episode-guide/series-8/episode-4 |title=Rude Tube - Utter Pranks |publisher=Channel 4 |date=2011-10-03 |accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref> and [[TruTV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heymanhustle.com/articles/news/23-news/167288-the-angry-grandpa-is-a-paul-heyman-guy |title=The Angry Grandpa is a Paul Heyman Guy! |publisher=Heyman Hustle |date=2011-07-27 |accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref> His YouTube channel, "TheAngryGrandpaShow", has over 200,000 subscribers and over 58 million views, as well as a fanbase known as "Grandpa's Army", in which he refers to fans as his "young'ins".<ref name="citypaper" />

The videos feature Green, who has a [[bipolar disorder]] (which he takes medication for)<ref name="citypaper">{{cite web|url=http://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/charleston/why-is-this-man-so-angry/Content?oid=4595072 |title=Why is this man so angry? | Features |publisher=Charleston City Paper |date=2013-03-27 |accessdate=2013-06-15}}</ref> reacting, usually angrily, to several things, such as [[pranks]] pulled by usually his son, Michael, a professional wrestling website webmaster,<ref name="citypaper" /> and current events. In a 2013 article, Green stated that he has destroyed numerous articles of furniture, along with electronics, including [[laptop computer]]s, [[televisions]] and [[cellphones]] in his fits of rage.<ref name="citypaper" /> In April 2012, Green had a video posted to his main channel aimed to publicize the proposed sale of his the trailer park where he resided at the time, Trailwood Trailer Park, in North Charleston, to a developer who had aimed to rezone it to light industrial to build a road to a new [[Boeing]] plant in North Charleston.<ref name="citypaper" /><ref>{{cite web|author=BY ROBERT BEHRErbehre@postandcourier.com |url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20120410/UNKNOWN/120419983 |title=North Charleston planning panel sides with Trailwood on zoning change – The Post and Courier |publisher=Postandcourier.com |date=2012-04-10 |accessdate=2013-06-15}}</ref> The sale, however eventually went through and Green relocated to another trailer park later in that same year.

Among his most viewed videos are one featuring his reaction to the [[Casey Anthony trial]], being featured on HLN's ''Dr. Drew'', one showing his reaction to his missing [[pecan]] pinwheels, featured on [[Ray William Johnson]]'s channel, and one of him commenting on [[Justin Bieber]], garnering over 2 million views.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kfmx.com/angry-grandpa-reacts-to-casey-anthony-verdict-nsfwvideo/ |title=‘Angry Grandpa’ Reacts To Casey Anthony Verdict [NSFW/VIDEO] - ABSOLUTE ROCK 94.5 |publisher=Kfmx.com |date=2011-07-07 |accessdate=2012-01-04}}</ref> He also runs a separate personal channel, where he posts personal [[vlogs]], not necessarily akin to his "Angry Grandpa" handle. He has also been featured on [[Heyman Hustle]]. His reaction video to [[Rebecca Black]]'s single, ''[[Friday (Rebecca Black song)|Friday]]'' also went viral, hitting ''[[The Guardian]]'''s viral video chart in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last=Halliday |first=Josh |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/pda/2011/jul/29/1 |title=Viral Video Chart: panto puppies and scary bamboo | Media | guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian |date=2011-07-29 |accessdate=2012-07-24}}</ref> One of the first videos under the "Angry Grandpa" moniker was one posted in 2007, entitled "Grandpa Ruins Christmas", posted on [[Break.com]], by his son, Michael (Pickleboy) in which Green rages at his family on [[Christmas]] morning for prematurely opening gifts without waiting for him.<ref name="citypaper" />

He was raised in the neighbourhood of Sherwood Forest in Charleston, he was the son of Charles M. Green, a former war veteran and Dorothy Green.<ref name="citypaper" /> His father was paralyzed in an accident some time after and the family struggled for money.<ref name="citypaper" /> Green is a former firefighter in Charleston, and has held various jobs in the past including owning small businesses as well as working as an apartment maintenance worker.<ref name="citypaper" /> He has five children as well as up to nine grandchildren.<ref name="citypaper" /> He credits his YouTube channel and making videos with heavily influencing his lifestyle, turning him around and encouraging him from being an "800 pound alcoholic and distant father" to being more conscious about his health and keeping him busy.<ref name="citypaper" /> He also sells merchandise from his YouTube fame including t-shirts (some with memorable catchphrases from his videos) as well as bumper stickers and signed photos.<ref name="citypaper" />
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.youtube.com/user/GrandpasCorner GrandpasCorner on YouTube]
*[http://www.youtube.com/user/KidBehindACamera KidBehindACamera on YouTube]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Internet personalities]]

Kidz Bop

2013-08-02T22:47:38Z

HMSSolent: Reverted edit(s) by 68.55.116.81 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

[[File:KB Logo Magenta.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kidz Bop logo]]
'''Kidz Bop''' is a brand of [[compilation album]]s featuring child [[session musician]]s performing contemporary music. The series was developed by [[Razor & Tie]] co-founders Cliff Chenfeld and Craig Balsam<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/69716/kidz-titles-bring-pop-songs-to-youngsters|title='Kidz' Titles Bring Pop Songs to Youngsters |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=September 16, 2011}}</ref> in 2000.<ref name="KBMedia">[http://kidzbop.mediaroom.com/ "KIDZ BOP Media Room"]</ref> The albums are composed of "kid-friendly" versions of the latest songs on [[Top 40]] radio and are sung by young children.

==Kidz Bop discography==

===Albums===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Album
!colspan=2|Peak chart positions
!rowspan=2| [[Music recording sales certification|Certifications]] ([[List of music recording sales certifications|sales thresholds]])
|- style=font-size:smaller;
!width=40|[[Billboard 200|BB 200]] <ref name="BBChart">[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p738407|tab=charts-awards|pure_url=yes}} All Music - Kidz Bop - Charts and Awards]</ref>
!width=40|[[Kid Albums|BB Kids]] <ref name="BBChart" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop (album)|Kidz Bop]]'''''
* Released:
**October 10, 2000 - 30 Tracks (2-Discs)
**October 9, 2001 (single disc)
|76
|1
|align=left|
* US: Gold<ref name="RIAA">[http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Kidz%20Bop&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2010&sort=Artist&perPage=25 RIAA Gold and Platinum - Kidz Bop]</ref>
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 2]]'''''
* Released:
**January 1, 2001 - 30 Tracks (2-Discs)
**August 20, 2002 (single disc)
|37
|1
|align=left|
* US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 3]]'''''
* Released:
**January 1, 2002 - 30 Tracks (2-Discs)
**March 4, 2003 (single disc)
|17
|1
|align=left|
* US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 4]]'''''
* Released:
**January 1, 2003 - 30 Tracks (2-Discs)
**August 12, 2003 (single disc)
|14
|1
|align=left|
* US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 5]]'''''
* Released:
**June 1, 2003 - 30 Tracks (2-Discs)
**February 24, 2004 (single disc)
|34
|1
|align=left|
* US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />[
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 6]]'''''
* Released: August 10, 2004
|23
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 7]]'''''
* Released: February 22, 2005
|7
|1
|align=left|
* US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 8]]'''''
* Released: August 2, 2005
|6
|1
|align=left|
* US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 9]]'''''
* Released: February 21, 2006
|2
|2
|align=left|
* US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 10]]'''''
* Released: August 1, 2006
|3
|1
|align=left|
* US: Gold<ref name="RIAA" />
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 11]]'''''
* Released: February 20, 2007
|4
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 12]]'''''
* Released: July 31, 2007
|7
|2
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 13]]'''''
* Released: February 19, 2008
|4
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 14]]'''''
* Released: July 29, 2008
|8
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 15]]'''''
* Released: February 3, 2009
|7
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 16]]'''''
* Released: August 4, 2009
|8
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 17]]'''''
* Released: January 26, 2010
|12
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 18]]'''''
* Released: July 20, 2010
|5
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 19]]'''''
* Released: January 18, 2011
|2
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 20]]'''''
* Released: July 19, 2011
|2
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 21]]'''''
* Released: January 17, 2012
|2
|1
|align=left|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 22]]'''''
* Released: July 17, 2012
|3
|1
|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 23]]'''''
* Released: January 15, 2013
|2
|1
|
|-
|align=left|'''''[[Kidz Bop 24]]'''''
* Released: July 16, 2013
|}

===Compilation albums===
* ''[[Kidz Bop Christmas]]'' (2002)
* ''Kidz Bop Karaoke'' (2004)
* ''[[Kidz Bop Gold]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Kidz Bop Halloween]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Los Kidz Bop]]'' (2005)
* ''Kidz Bop Kids: A Very Merry Kidz Bop'' (2005)
* ''Kidz Bop Karaoke: Words on screen'' (2005)
* ''[[More Kidz Bop Gold]]'' (2006)
* ''Kidz Bop Sports Jamz'' (2007)
* ''A Kidz Bop Valentine'' (2007)
* ''[[Kidz Bop Country]]'' (2007)
* ''The Coolest Kidz Bop Christmas Ever'' (2007)
* ''[[Kidz Bop 80s Gold]]'' (2008)
* ''Kidz Bop American Starz'' (2009)
* ''[[Kidz Bop Greatest Hits]]'' (2009)
* ''Kidz Bop Car Songs'' (2009)
* ''[[Kidz Bop Sings The Beatles]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Kidz Bop 18*Kidz Bop Dance Party|Kidz Bop Dance Party]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Kidz Bop Halloween*Kidz Bop Halloween Party|Kidz Bop Halloween Party]]'' (2010)
* ''Kidz Bop Sings Monster Ballads'' (2011)
* ''Kidz Bop Christmas'' (2011)
* ''[[Kidz Bop Greatest Hits*Kidz Bop Ultimate Hits|Kidz Bop Ultimate Hits]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Kidz Bop Halloween*Kidz Bop Halloween Hits|Kidz Bop Halloween Hits]]'' (2012)
* ''Kidz Bop Christmas!'' (2012)
* ''Kidz Bop Party Hits'' (2013)

===Kidz Bop Rare Albums===

* ''[[More Kidz Bop]]'' (2000) - 10 songs
# "The Hardest Thing" - [[98 Degrees]]
# "I Need To Know" - [[Marc Anthony]]
# "Candy" - [[Mandy Moore]]
# "Say You'll Be There" - [[Spice Girls]]
# "When The Lights Go Out" - [[Five (band)|Five]]
# "I Like It" - [[Tito Nieves]]
# "Another Dumb Blonde" - [[Hoku]]
# "Don't Say You Love Me" - [[M2M (band)|M2M]]
# "I'll Be There For You" - [[The Rembrandts]]
# "Wide Open Spaces" - [[Dixie Chicks]]

* ''[[Kidz Bop Megahits]]'' (2001) - 15 songs
# "I'm Like A Bird" - [[Nelly Furtado]]
# "Flavor Of The Weak" - [[American Hi-Fi]]
# "Be With You" - [[Enrique Iglesias]]
# "Here's To The Night" - [[Eve 6]]
# "Give Me Just One Night" - [[98 Degrees|98°]]
# "I Hope You Dance" - [[Lee Ann Womack]]
# "It's My Life" - [[Bon Jovi]]
# "No More (Baby I'ma Do Right)" - [[3LW]]
# "Back Here" - [[BBMak]]
# "Baby Come On Over" - [[Samantha Mumba]]
# "I Wanna Know" - [[Joe (singer)|Joe]]
# "Dance With Me" - [[Debelah Morgan]]
# "Get The Party Started" - [[Pink]]
# "Get Over Yourself" - [[Eden's Crush]]
# "Around The World" - [[A Touch of Class (band)|ATC]]

==Chart performance==
The Kidz Bop Kids were [[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard's'']] No. 1 Kids' Album Artist of 2010,<ref name="Billboard10">{{cite web |title=Best of 2010: Kid Album Artist|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]| url= http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2010/top-kid-artists|accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref> 2011<ref name= "Billboard11">{{cite web |title=Best of 2011: Kid Album Artist|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]| url= http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2011/top-kid-artists|accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref> and 2012.

''[[Kidz Bop 23]]'' debuted at No. 2 on the [[Billboard 200]] chart for the week ending January 19, 2013.<ref name="BillboardAdele">{{cite web |title=Billboard 200: Week of February 4, 2012|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/2012-02-04/billboard-200}}</ref>

==Tours==
*''Kidz Bop Tour'' (2013)
*''Kidz Bop World Tour'' (2008)
*''Ethan Bortnick Tour'' (2012)
*''Kidz Bop Play Tour'' (2001)

==Related projects==

===Kidz Bop World Tour===
The Kidz Bop World Tour was a nationwide rock concert for kids featuring child and adult performers backed by a full rock band which kicked off in the fall of 2007 in Minneapolis at [[Target Center]]. The ensembles were chosen from a nationwide talent search and featured Mary Sarah Gross, Markelle Gay, Kristian Real, David Schiavone, Elizabeth Bashian and Brianna Komadina. The tour traveled the upper Midwest and east coast comprising some 29 shows during a 6 month run.

===Kidz Star USA Talent Search===
In 2010, KIDZ BOP launched [http://www.kidzbop.com/kidzstarusa KIDZ Star USA], a national talent search for kids 15 and under. In 2010, [http://www.hunterpecunia.com/ Hunter Pecunia], from [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] won the first KIDZ Star USA Competition. In 2011, Kiana Brown from [[Phoenix, Arizona]], became the second KIDZ Star and won a recording contract from [[RCA Records]].<ref name= "KidzStar2011">{{cite web |title=KIDZ Star USA Talent Search 2011 Winner |work= KIDZBOP.com |url= http://www.kidzbop.com/kidzstarusa/2011/winner|accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Kiana">{{cite web |title=Phoenix teen Kiana Brown wins 'KIDZ Bop' talent search| work= azcentral.com|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7TE_DBniqA&feature=related|accessdate=March 16, 2012}}</ref> [[American Idol (Season 8)]] winner, [[Kris Allen]], was a celebrity judge and mentor for the competition. Dallas Wayde was the 2012 Winner with Gavin Degraw as his celebrity mentor.<ref>http://kidzbop.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=2429&item=122486</ref>

===Website===
In 2006, Kidz Bop relaunched the brands' website, [http://www.kidzbop.com/ KidzBop.com], as a video sharing and social networking site for kids and tweens. As of December 2010, the website surpassed 900,000 registered users. The website is free and earns money from advertisements.

===SiriusXM Radio===
In January 2012, Kidz Bop launched its first radio show on SiriusXM Radio.<ref name="Sirius">{{cite web |title=KIDZ BOP and SiriusXM Launch New Interactive Radio Show for Kids, [http://www.kidzbop.com/fan-pages/Music---Genre/KIDZCAST/KIDZ-BOP-Block-Party-Official-Fan-Page KIDZ BOP Block Party!]|work=Yahoo|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/kidz-bop-siriusxm-launch-interactive-140000056.html|accessdate=March 14, 2012}}</ref> Kidz Bop Block Party airs every Friday at 6pm est on [http://www.siriusxm.com/kidsplacelive Kids Place Live] (Channel 78).

===Kidz Bop Books===
In 2011, Kidz Bop released three Kidz Bop Books:<ref name="books">{{cite web |title=KIDZ BOP Hits the Books!|work=PR Newswire|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/kidz-bop-hits-the-books-126504658.html|accessdate=March 14, 2012}}</ref>

* ''Kidz Bop: Be a Pop Star!'' by Kimberly Potts (2011)
* ''Kidz Bop Plus One'' by Bethany Bryan (2011)
* ''Kidz Bop: A Rockin' Fill-In Story'' by Bethany Bryan (2011)
* ''Kidz Bop 19 Magazine'' (2010)
* ''Kidz Bop 20 Magazine'' (2011)
* ''Kidz Bop 21 Magazine'' (2012)

===Video games===
* ''Kidz Bop Dance Party: The Video Game'' - September 2010

==Kidz Bop Kids==
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kidz Bop Kids
| landscape = yes
| caption =
| background = group_or_band
| origin = New York
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[dance-pop]], [[teen pop]]
| years_active = 2001–present
| label = [[Razor & Tie]]
| current_members = [http://www.kidzbop.com/my-channel/KBK-Steffan Steffan Argus] [http://www.kidzbop.com/my-channel/KBK-Charisma Charisma Kain] [http://www.kidzbop.com/my-channel/KBK-Eva Eva Agathis] [http://www.kidzbop.com/my-channel/KBK-Elijah Elijah Johnson] [http://www.kidzbop.com/my-channel/KBK-Hanna Hanna Yorke]
| past_members = Harrison Moulton Becca King Kyra Green Dana Vaughns Valerie Gaitan [[Zendaya]] [[Ross Lynch]] [[Riker Lynch]] [[Keke Palmer]] [[Olivia Holt]] [[Noah Munck]] Deanna Adams [[Becky G|Becky Gomez]] Lexi Voland Falyn Grainger Mallory Gilko Kaleb Gilko Wendell Hullet Jake Wittwer Ryan McGuirk Bryce Ritter Beth Hullet [[Spencer Locke]]
| kidz star usa = [http://www.hunterpecunia.com/ Hunter Pecunia] Kiana Brown
| website = [http://www.kidzbop.com/ KidzBop.com]
}}
The Kidz Bop Kids are an American [[Pop music|pop group]] and [[dance ensemble]], founded in New York in 2001.<ref>[http://kidzbop.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=6024 KidzBop Newsroom]</ref> The current members are Steffan Argus, Charisma Kain, Eva Agathis, Elijah Johnson, and Hanna Yorke.

===Former members===
Former members include: Becca King, Dana Vaughns, Harrison Moulton, [[Zendaya]], [[Ross Lynch]], [[Keke Palmer]], [[Noah Munck]], [[Olivia Holt]], [[Riker Lynch]], Kyra Green, Valerie Gaitan, Dana Adams, Lexi Voland, Falyn Grainger, Mallory Gilko, Rueben Thompson, Kaleb Gilko, Wendell Hullet, Ryan McGuirk, Becky Gomez, Jake Wittwer, Taylor Harrell, Bryce Ritter, Stacia Largo, Lily Cole, Lydia May, Beth Hullet, [[Spencer Locke]], and Jake Short.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.kidzbop.com/}}
* [http://www.youtube.com/kidzbop Kidz Bop] at [[YouTube]]
* http://www.siriusxm.com/kidsplacelive
* http://www.kidzbopnews.webs.com
* http://www.hannayorke.webs.com
* http://www.evaagathis.webs.com

{{Kidz Bop}}
{{Zendaya}}
{{Ross Lynch}}
{{Keke Palmer}}

[[Category:Kidz Bop| ]]
[[Category:Covers albums]]
[[Category:American children's musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2001]]

Allan Clarke (Musiker)

2013-07-10T01:58:39Z

HMSSolent: Reverted good faith edit(s) by AllanClarke44 using STiki

{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
{{BLP refimprove|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|image= | 
| name = Allan Clarke
| image = Allan Clarke - TopPop 1974 4.png
| image_size = 
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Harold Allan Clarke
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|4|5|df=y}}
| death_date =
| origin = [[City of Salford|Salford]], Lancashire, England
| instrument = Vocals, guitar, harmonica
| genre = Rock
| occupation =
| years_active = 1958–1999
| label =
| associated_acts = [[The Hollies]]
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}
'''Harold Allan Clarke''' (5 April 1942, [[City of Salford|Salford]], Lancashire) is a retired British singer who was one of the founding members of [[The Hollies]]. He retired in 1999.

==Career==
He and his childhood friend, [[Graham Nash]], began singing together in [[Manchester]] while still at school. In April 1963, they added [[Tony Hicks]] (lead guitar) (who replaced Vic Steele), along with the later additions of [[Bobby Elliott]] and [[Bernie Calvert]] (who would replace [[Eric Haydock]] on bass in 1966), became The Hollies formed in December 1962, founded by Clarke and Nash. Clarke was their [[frontman|lead vocalist]], but also played occasional guitar and harmonica. In the UK they enjoyed 30 [[record chart|chart]] [[single (music)|singles]], plus two further chart entries with re-releases, 17 of which made the [[Top 40|Top 10]], with two – "[[I'm Alive (The Hollies song)|I'm Alive]]" (1965) and "[[He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother]]" (1988 re-issue) – reaching No. 1, the latter on re-release; it had originally been a top three [[chart-topper|hit]] in 1969.

In the US [[record chart|charts]] they achieved 23 chart singles, six of which hit the Top 10. Many of the group’s songs were [[songwriter|co-written]] by Clarke, usually with Hicks and Nash, until the latter's departure at the end of 1968. They used the pseudonym "L. Ransford" initially for their song-writing credits, then 'Clarke-Hicks-Nash' from mid-1966 onwards.

in 1966 Clarke helped along with several Hollies bandmates in The Everly Brothers recording of their album 'Two Yanks In England' which featured Everlys covers of mostly Hollies songs co-written by Clarke.

Clarke-Hicks-Nash between them composed The Hollies albums; 'For Certain Because...' (1966), 'Evolution', and 'Butterfly' (both 1967), while their UK hit singles compilation; 'Hollies' Greatest' topped the UK album charts in August 1968.

Clarke began writing solo songs from 1967 put under the team banner, notably; 'Lullaby To Tim' (dedicated to his son, though sung by Nash), 'Heading For A Fall', 'Water on The Brain', 'Would You Believe', etc.

Besides the full composing team Clarke also still wrote songs with Nash such as: 'Try it', 'Wishyouawish' (1967), 'Tomorrow When it Comes', 'Jennifer Eccles', 'Wings' (1968)

Clarke then assumed more of a figurehead profile as frontman of the Hollies following Graham Nash's departure from the group in December 1968.

Following Nash's exit Clarke took sole lead vocals on 'Hollies Sing Dylan' (a UK No.3 album in early 1969).

Clarke's own songs were then solely credited to him such as; 'My Life is Over With You', 'Goodbye Tomorrow', 'Not That Way At All', 'Marigold' (1969), 'Mad Professor Blyth', 'Separated',(1970), 'Row The Boat Together', 'Hold On' (1971).

Clarke also helped Nash's replacement Terry Sylvester develop as a songwriter teaming with him for a number of songs cut by the band such as; 'Gloria Swansong', 'Look At Life' (1969) 'I Wanna Shout', 'Man Without A Heart', 'Perfect Lady Housewife' (1970), etc.

Keen to launch a solo career due to Nash's success in [[Crosby, Stills & Nash (and Young)|CSN]], Clarke unexpectedly left the group in 1971, and was replaced by the [[Sweden|Swedish]] singer [[Mikael Rickfors]] formerly with [[Bamboo]]. Clarke went on to release two solo albums in quick succession – ''My Real Name Is 'Arold'' (Epic, 1972) and ''Headroom'' (EMI, 1973).

After Clarke left the Hollies, "[[Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress]]," a song from their 1971 album ''[[Distant Light (Hollies album)|Distant Light]],'' which he had co-written with songwriters [[Roger Cook (songwriter)|Roger Cook]] and [[Roger Greenaway]], and on which Clarke sang lead and played lead guitar, became an international [[chart-topper|hit]], reaching No. 2 in the US (their most successful single ever there) and No. 32 in the [[UK Singles Chart]]. However, the Hollies toured with Graham Nash's replacement, Terry Sylvester, assuming the lead vocal on performance of the single instead of Clarke.

Rickfors left the group and Clarke rejoined them in July 1973. Their first single with him back in the fold was another of his songs, "The Day that Curly Billy Shot Down Crazy Sam McGee," a [[Top 40]] hit that autumn, that used the same style as "Long Cool Woman."

Clarke continued to [[sound recording and reproduction|record]] and release solo albums while remaining with The Hollies, although his solo career did not achieve much chart or single success; one reason for this was that Clarke never did a solo tour, or much in the way of promotion of himself as a soloist besides issuing solo albums and singles, always putting The Hollies first. He released his self-titled third album in 1974. His next album was ''I've Got Time'' (1976). He also performed guest vocals on the 1977 album ''[[I Robot (album)|I Robot]]'' by [[The Alan Parsons Project]] (most notably, lead vocals on the FM-hit "Breakdown"). He briefly left The Hollies for the second time in March 1978 and made ''I Wasn't Born Yesterday'' (1978), an album of original material mostly written by Clarke with singer/songwriter Gary Benson, which yielded a US chart hit single in "(I Will Be Your) Shadow In The Street," but then returned to the group in August. Subsequent solo albums included ''Legendary Heroes'' (1979), another largely original set, with its UK title and track running order changed to ''The Only One'' when released in 1980. He followed with a ''Best of...'' compilation (Aura, 1981). His final solo album was ''Reasons To Believe'' (1990) issued in Germany on Polydor Records (still unissued in the US and UK). A single 'Reasons To Believe In' featured a non album 'B' side 'Without Love'.

Between 1974 and 1978 Clarke composed most of the original songs The Hollies recorded on a series of studio albums (several unissued in the US) along with Tony Hicks and Terry Sylvester.

By the mid-seventies The Hollies' UK chart career was almost over however; their run of hit singles culminated with "[[The Air That I Breathe]]," No. 2 in 1974, which was followed by a long run of commercial failures (despite a minor UK chart hit with [[Mike Batt]]'s "Soldier's Song" in 1980), although they had continued to have overseas chart hits and enjoyed several years of much-acclaimed concert tours throughout the world. The success of their live shows was captured in their album ''Hollies Live Hits'' recorded live at a two-night concert in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 1976, which made No. 4 in the UK album charts, then a 1978 compilation '20 Golden Greats' made No.2 in the UK album charts.

In 1982, Clarke issued a rare non-album single, "Someone Else Will" c/w "Castles In The Wind" on Forever Records; however the song failed to chart.

A 1983 reunion with Graham Nash resulted in the albums ''What Goes Around...'' and ''Reunion'' (the latter being a live US concert recording issued later), plus a [[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. singles]] top thirty chart hit with a cover of the classic [[The Supremes|Supremes]] hit, "[[Stop! In The Name of Love]]."

During Clarke's solo period, he composed several albums of his own material (''Arold'', ''Headroom'') and partly relied on outside material, with two mid-seventies albums comprising cover versions (''Allan Clarke'', ''I've Got Time'') and was unlucky in 1973 that his record company were slow in spotting the potential of his strong version of Mentor Williams' "Drift Away" (the lone cover on ''Headroom''), giving Dobie Gray the hit single. He was one of the first acts in Britain to champion the work of [[Bruce Springsteen]]. Clarke recorded a [[cover version]] of "[[Born to Run (song)|Born to Run]]" and "[[Blinded by the Light]]." Ultimately, Clarke's record label thought the lyrics of these songs were too obscure, thus his versions did not receive much attention; his version of "Born to Run," although recorded a few months before Bruce Springsteen's, was delayed upon its release, and not released until after Springsteen's version, and "[[Blinded by the Light]]" was dropped altogether as a potential single (later appearing on ''I've Got Time'' album) with Clarke thus giving Manfred Mann's Earthband the go-ahead to record their own hit version. Clarke also cut a version of Springsteen's "If I Were The Priest" in 1974. In this period, Clarke also used material of [[Lindsey Buckingham]] pre-[[Fleetwood Mac]], plus recorded covers of songs by Janis Ian, Gavin Sutherland, and Randy Newman.

The Hollies charted in the UK with a hits medley, "Holliedaze" in 1981 (Graham Nash joining them for UK TV promotion of this single), then later enjoyed a surprise UK No.1 in Autumn 1988 with a re-issue of "He Ain't Heavy...He's My Brother" (thanks to use in a TV Commercial) restoring much public profile for the band.

In 1993, Clarke (with The Hollies & Graham Nash) contributed harmony and support vocals to a new version of "Peggy Sue Got Married," featuring Lead vocals by Buddy Holly, which was credited as 'Buddy Holly and The Hollies' led off the ''Not Fade Away'' tribute album to Holly by various artists.

That year also saw Clarke's final recording with The Hollies, "The Woman I Love" charting in the UK, reaching No.42.

Clarke retired from the [[music industry]] in 1999, and was initially replaced in the group by [[Carl Wayne]], former vocalist with [[The Move]], who then died in 2004. The Hollies continue touring and recording today with [[Peter Howarth]] as their vocalist.

Allan and the other members of the Hollies of the sixties and seventies were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 15 March 2010. On that occasion he and Graham Nash performed a few of their songs, including "Long Cool Woman."

==Sources==
* Allan Clarke biography, [[Allmusic]]

==External links==
* {{discogs artist|Allan Clarke|Allan Clarke}}

{{The Hollies}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=100229304}}
{{Persondata
| NAME =Clarke, Allan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =5 April 1942
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clarke, Allan}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English male singers]]
[[Category:People from Salford, Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Music in Salford]]
[[Category:Musicians from Manchester]]
[[Category:The Hollies members]]

Basic-256

2013-07-04T13:50:39Z

HMSSolent: Reverted edit(s) by 190.193.118.26 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{Infobox software
| name = Basic-256
| logo = [[File:BASIC-256 Logo.png]]
| screenshot = [[File:Basic-256.jpg|250px]]
| caption = Basic-256 0.9.6.46
| developer = Ian Larsen & James M. Reneau
| latest_release_version = 0.9.9.58
| latest_release_date = {{release date|2013|04|16}}
| operating_system = [[Cross-platform]]
| platform =
| genre = [[Programming language]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]]
| website = http://basic256.org/
}}
The project started in 2007 inspired by the article “Why Johnny can't code” by [[David Brin]]. Its main focus is to provide a simple and comprehensive environment for middle/high school students to learn the basics of computer programming.

Basic-256 is a simple version of [[BASIC]], the code editor, text output window and graphics editor window are all visible in the same screen. However the successive versions haven been adding new features, namely:

* Files (Eof, Size)- Version 9.4d
* Mouse events - Version 9.4d
* Sprites handling - Version 0.9.6n
* Database functions - Version 0.9.6y
* Network - Version 0.9.6.31
* Real Functions and Subroutines - Version 0.9.9.1

Complete documentation is available in [[English language|English]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].

==External links==
* [http://basic256.org/ Home Page] - user manuals and tutorials
* [http://basicbook.org/ Basic Book] - Learn to program Basic-256 with a free Creative Commons e-book.
* [http://basic256.blogspot.pt/ Basic bits Blog] - Short programs in Basic 256.
* [http://users.skynet.be/UglyMike/Basic256/demo.html UglyMike's Web Lair] - Demos and Widgets.
* [http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Category:BASIC256 Basic 256 in Rosetta Code] - Language chrestomathy (comparison) site.

[[Category:BASIC programming language family]]
[[Category:BASIC programming language|Interpreters]]
[[Category:Interpreters (computing)|Basic interpreters]]
[[Category:BASIC interpreters]]

Flagge der Erde

2013-07-03T05:07:08Z

HMSSolent: Reverted edits by 222.153.96.31 (talk) to last revision by Gilliam (HG)

[[File:Earth flag PD.jpg|thumb|The Earth Day Flag, the latest proposal of John McConnell for a flag of Earth]]
The '''flag of the Earth''' is a [[flag]] used to represent the [[Earth]]. Though there is no internationally agreed upon flag to represent the whole planet, some individuals and organizations have promoted designs for a flag; however, none of these designs have managed to gain much broad recognition.

==World peace flag==
The [[Universal Peace Congress]] developed a flag of "the earth on a blue field covered with white stars" to be used as a [[peace flag]].<ref>Devere Allen, "The Fight for Peace". 1940. p.553.</ref>

James William van Kirk, a minister from Youngstown (Ohio, USA), designed this peace flag with rainbow stripes, stars and the globe. He made in 1913 and 1929 with this flag a peace tour through Europe.<ref>Corien Glaudemans, 'Een vredesapostel uit Ohio', in: ''Den Haag Centraal'', 16 oktober 2009.</ref>

==Earth Day Flag==
A flag designed for the first [[Earth Day]] (1969) by [[John McConnell (peace activist)|John McConnell]] is a dark blue field [[Charge (heraldry)|charged]] with [[The Blue Marble]], a famous [[NASA]] photo of the [[Earth]] as seen from [[outer space]]{{Dubious|date=December 2009}}.

Because of the political views of its creator and its having become a symbol of Earth Day, this flag is also associated with [[Environmentalism|environmental awareness]], and the celebration of the global community.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} It was offered for sale in the ''[[Whole Earth Catalog]]'', which is currently endorsed by John McConnell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthflag.net |title=Authentic Earth Flag |publisher=Earthflag.net |date= |accessdate=2010-10-25}}</ref> The image of the Earth on the flag is public domain and the copyright on the flag design was invalidated in 2001.<ref>http://www.tabberone.com/Trademarks/CopyrightLaw/Copyrightability/articles/EarthFlagVsAlamoFlag_A.shtml</ref>

The first Earth flag used [[screen-printing]] and the colors of the Earth were reversed: the ocean was white and the clouds were blue. With only two colors, one color was for clouds and the other color was for both ocean and land. This image of a later Earth flag shows the correct colors.

==James W. Cadle's "Flag of Earth"==
Another Earth flag was created around the same time in 1970 by a farmer from [[Illinois]] named James W. Cadle. Cadle's version of the Earth flag consists of a blue circle representing Earth in the center of the flag, a segment of a large yellow circle representing the sun and a small white circle for the moon, all on a black background. It is particularly popular amongst [[SETI]] researchers and is used by SETI worldwide. It was flown at [[half mast]] when [[Carl Sagan]] died.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~carlkop/sagan.html |title=Carl Sagan |publisher=Xs4all.nl |date= |accessdate=2010-10-25}}</ref> Flag of Earth Co. International was also founded by Cadle which sold the flag. The Flag of Earth became [[public domain]] in 2003.<ref>http://www.flagofearth.org/original.html</ref>

==Other contenders==
The [[Flag of the United Nations]] has been used to indicate world unity, although it technically only represents the [[United Nations]] itself. It has a geographical representation of the planet, and its high visibility usage makes it a well-known contender for representing Earth. During the planning for NASA's moon landings of the 1960s, it was suggested that a UN flag be used in place of the flag of the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |last=Platoff |first=Anne |title=Where No Flag Has Gone Before: Political and Technical Aspects of Placing a Flag on the Moon (NASA Contractor Report 188251) |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |date=2003-08 |url=http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/_techrep/cr188251.html |accessdate=2008-12-07}}</ref>
The One Flag in Space (http://www.bluemarblespace.org) initiative is an offshoot of the Space Generation Congress (SGC), the Space Generation Advisory Council's yearly world meeting.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Peace Congress flag.jpg|The World Peace flag
File:EarthFlag1.jpg|First early Earth Flag design
File:Flag_of_Earth.svg|Flag of Earth by James Cadle
File:Flag of the United Nations.svg|[[Flag of the United Nations]]
File:Earth Flag.svg|"Ol' Freebie" from [[Futurama]]
File:Winkel-tripel-projection.jpg|[[Map of the Earth]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Cosmopolitanism]]
* [[Olympic Flag]]
* [[Flag of the United Nations|UN Flag]]
* [[World Flag]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Flags of Earth}}
*[http://www.earthflag.net Authentic Earth Flag Website] Official Website
*[http://www.earthsite.org/flag.htm Authentic Earth Flag Endorsement] John McConell's Endorsement of earthflag.net as the Authentic Earth Flag.
*[http://www.earthflag.net/history.htm The History of the Earth Flag] by John McConnell
*[http://flagspot.net/flags/qp-3.html Flags of the World]
*[http://www.allstates-flag.com/fotw/flags/qp-3-jwc.html James Cadle's "Flag of Earth" description]
*[http://www.Bluflag.com/ The Official BLU Flag website]

[[Category:Earth]]
[[Category:International flags|Earth]]
[[Category:Proposed flags|Earth]]
[[Category:Unofficial flags|Earth]]

CD-i-Spiele der The-Legend-of-Zelda-Reihe

2013-07-01T13:22:38Z

HMSSolent: Reverted addition of unsourced content and/or unexplained removal of content (HG)

{{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
'''''Link: The Faces of Evil''''', '''''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon''''' and '''''Zelda's Adventure''''' are three [[action-adventure game]]s produced by [[Philips]] for the [[CD-i]] as part of [[Nintendo]]'s ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]'' video game series. Not designed for Nintendo platforms, the games owe their existence to negotiations related to Nintendo's decision not to have Philips create a CD [[Peripheral|add-on]] to the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super NES]]. During these negotiations, Philips secured the rights to use Nintendo characters in their games for the CD-i, and the development of these games was achieved through the hiring of third-party developers. ''The Faces of Evil'' and ''The Wand of Gamelon'' were developed by [[Animation Magic]] and were both released on October 10, 1993, and ''Zelda's Adventure'' was developed by Viridis and was released on June 5, 1994. The games were given little funding or time for completion, and Nintendo provided only cursory input.

The Philips CD-i did not sell well and the games saw relatively small sales figures. Critical reception for all three ''Zelda'' CD-i titles is unusual in that while largely positive at the time of the games' release, they have seen nearly universal negative criticism since the mid-2000s. This is attributable to the reaction of many gamers to the obscure games' [[full motion video based game|full motion video]] [[cutscene]]s when they first became widely available through video-sharing websites like [[YouTube]]. Because the aging early 1990s visual effects of the titles failed to live up to the graphic effects of the 2000s, and because for many fans this was their first experience of the games, the CD-i ''Zelda'' titles have developed a [[List of video games notable for negative reception|critical reputation as particularly poor]] members of the Zelda franchise based largely on animation quality and to an extent on awkward controls. In the eyes of devout hardcore gamers, according to [[Edge (magazine)|''Edge'' magazine]], these games are now considered "tantamount to blasphemy".<ref>''Development Hell''. [[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]. No.120. Pg.81. February 2003.</ref>

''Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon'' are played using the side-scrolling view introduced in ''[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link]]'', while ''Zelda's Adventure'' has a top-down view reminiscent of the original ''[[The Legend of Zelda (video game)|The Legend of Zelda]]''.<ref name="up">{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=5&cId=3149883 |title=CDi: The Ugly Duckling |first=Danny |last=Cowan |publisher=[[1UP.com]] |date=2006-04-25 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref><ref name="Wired">{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090401234018/http://blog.wired.com/games/2008/03/gamelife-the--3.html |title=Game{{!}}Life The Video, #7: Nintendo and CD-i |last=Kohler |first=Chris |publisher=[[Wired (magazine)]] |date=2008-03-24 |accessdate=2008-04-07|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080501145223/http://blog.wired.com/games/2008/03/gamelife-the--3.html |archivedate = May 1, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> All the CD-i ''Zelda'' games begin with animated [[Full motion video|FMVs]] to illustrate the capabilities of the [[CD-ROM]] format, save ''Zelda's Adventure'', which begins with live-action video.<ref name="Wired"/>

==History of the ''Zelda'' CD-i franchise==
In 1989, [[Nintendo]] signed a deal with [[Sony]] to begin development of a [[CD-ROM]]-based system known as the "Nintendo PlayStation" or the SNES CD to be an [[Peripheral|add-on]] to the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] that would allow for [[Full motion video|FMV]] and larger games.<ref name="cdioverview">{{cite web |url= http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries.shtml |title=Overview: CDi Series |author=Zelda Elements Staff |publisher=Zelda Elements |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080306102711/http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries.shtml |archivedate = March 6, 2008}}</ref><ref name="trailers">{{cite web |url=http://www.gametrailers.com/player/14537.html |title=The Legend of Zelda Retrospective Zelda Retrospective Part 3 |author=GameTrailers Staff |publisher=[[GameTrailers]] |date=2006-10-22 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> However, Nintendo broke the agreement and instead signed with [[Philips]] to make the add-on, which caused [[Sony]] to spin off their add-on into its own console called the [[PlayStation]].<ref name="Wired"/><ref name="cdioverview"/><ref name="Dumbest">{{cite web |url=http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/june03/dumbestmoments/index17.shtml |title=Nintendo: From Hero to Zero |author=GameSpy Staff |publisher=[[GameSpy]] |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> Witnessing the poor reception of the [[Sega Mega-CD]], Nintendo scrapped the idea of making an add-on entirely.<ref name="cdioverview"/><ref name="trailers"/> As part of dissolving the agreement with Philips, Nintendo gave them the license to use five of their characters, including [[Link (The Legend of Zelda)|Link]], [[Princess Zelda]], and [[Ganon]], for games on Philips's console called the [[CD-i]], after the partnership's dissolution.<ref name="trailers"/><ref name="kot">{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/history-is-cool!/this-day-in-gaming-june-5th-265907.php |title=This Day in Gaming, June 5th |first=Mark |last=Wilson |publisher=[[Kotaku]] |date=2007-06-05 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref>

Contracting out to independent studios, Philips subsequently used the characters to create three games for the CD-i, with Nintendo taking no part in their development except to give input on the look of the characters<ref name="trailers"/><ref name="faceevil"/> based on the artwork from Nintendo's original two titles and that of their respective instruction booklets.<ref name=retrogamer27>''The Making of... Zelda: 'Wand of Gamelon' & 'Link: Faces of Evil'''. [[Retro Gamer]]. Issue 27. p. 52-57. August 2006.</ref> Philips insisted that the development studios utilize all aspects of the CD-i's capabilities including [[Full motion video|FMV]],<ref name="gamelon"/> high-resolution graphics, and CD-quality music.<ref name=retrogamer27/> Because the system had not been designed as a dedicated video game console, there were several technical limitations, such as laggy controls (especially for the standard infrared controller),<ref name="gamelon"/> and numerous problems in streaming-audio, memory, disc access, and graphics.<ref name=retrogamer27/>

The first two games were showcased at the 1993 [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES]] and surprised audiences with their degree of animation.<ref>Rodrigues, Iara, ed. "Game Plus: Multimídia - Zelda Ataca CDI". ''GamePower''. No.16. Pg.45. October 1993.</ref>

== ''Link: The Faces of Evil'' ==
{{Infobox video game
| title = Link: The Faces of Evil
| image = [[File:Link facesofevil packaging.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Boxart for ''Link: The Faces of Evil''.
| developer = [[Animation Magic]]
| publisher = [[Philips|Philips Media]]
| designer =
| engine =
| released = {{vgrelease||NA=October 10, 1993|EU=1993}}<ref name="up"/>
| series = ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]''
| genre = [[Action-adventure game|Action-adventure]]
| modes = [[Single-player]]
| ratings =
| platforms = [[CD-i]]
| media = 1 [[CD-ROM]]
| requirements =
| input =
| italic title = no
}}

Paired with ''Zelda: Wand of Gamelon'' in a simultaneous release, ''Link: The Faces of Evil'' represents the first of the ''Zelda'' games to be released by Philips for the CD-i. Following the traditional Link-saves-Zelda plotline, ''Faces of Evil'' was patterned most closely upon Nintendo's previous [[side-scroller]], ''[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link]]''. The game broke new ground in the video game industry by using outsourced [[Russian animation]] to create all cutscenes, and the game received largely positive contemporary reception. The game has not aged well, however. Modern criticism is almost universal in its harsh negativity toward the game and the animated cutscenes have become particular targets of derision.

===Gameplay===
[[Image:Zeldafacesofevil2.jpg|200px|right|thumb|A screenshot of ''Link: The Faces of Evil'']]
The player controls [[Link (The Legend of Zelda)|Link]], who must find and defeat "the evil forces of [[Ganon]]", rescue [[Princess Zelda]], and become the hero of Koridai. When the player begins this quest, three areas are initially available, accessible through Gwonam's map. The player can access the areas on the map by moving the on-screen cursor over one of the areas and pressing the selection button (Button One).<ref name="EvilInstructions">{{cite book |author=[[Animation Magic]] |year=1993 |title=Link: The Faces of Evil ''instruction booklet'' |publisher=Philips Media }}</ref>

Gwonam, who aids the player in the quest, tells Link there is no time to pack; his sword will be enough.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=9000 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Link:''' Great! I'll grab my stuff! / '''Gwonam:''' There is no time. Your sword is enough.}}</ref> Consequently, the player is only equipped with a sword and shield at the beginning of the game.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> The sword is used to attack enemies and fire deadly Power Blasts, and the shield can deflect attacks thrown at the player.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> The shield is automatically lifted when the player is standing still or crouching.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> Other helpful tools, such as lamp oil (for lighting a lamp), rope (for climbing) and bombs (which can destroy some obstacles) are available for a price at Morshu's shop in Koridai.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Goronu Shop |quote='''Morshu the Shopkeeper:''' Lamp oil, rope, bombs. You want it? It's yours, my friend. As long as you have enough rupees.}}</ref> The rubies (known as "rupees" in other ''Zelda'' titles) that Morshu takes as currency can be obtained by defeating enemies.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> To pick up these rubies, the player must strike them with the sword before they disappear.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> Rubies differ from rupees in that red rubies are worth 1, green are worth 5, and blue are worth 10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.411mania.com/games/columns/60057/The-Hall-of-Shame-09.19.07:-The-Nintendo-Phillips-CD-I-Games.htm |title=411mania.com: Games - The Hall of Shame 09.19.07: The Nintendo Phillips CD-I Games: |last=Chiucchi |first=Vincent |date=2007-09-19 |accessdate=2008-05-29}}</ref> whereas in the original games green rupees are worth 1, blue rupees are worth 5, and red rupees are worth 20.

Link's health is measured in "Life Hearts". The number of Life Hearts the player currently has is shown on the upper-left corner of the screen when Link is walking around the island. Although the player begins the game with only three hearts, there are ways to earn more. Each time Link is injured, he will lose at least one-half of a heart.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> The first two times Link runs out of Life Hearts, the player will be given the option of continuing from near the point where Link's last heart was lost. When Link loses his hearts for a third time, he will be returned to the map, and the player will have to start the level from the beginning. Returning to the map replenishes Link's Life Hearts and lives, and he will retain any items and rubies he picked up.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/>

===Plot===
The story begins in [[Hyrule Castle]] where a bored [[Link (The Legend of Zelda)|Link]] (the series' [[protagonist]]) discusses with [[King Harkinian]] the prospects of new adventure.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Link:''' Gee! It sure is boring around here. / '''King Harkinian:''' My boy, this peace is what all true warriors strive for. / '''Link:''' I just wonder what Ganon's up to.}}</ref> Soon Link's hopes are fulfilled as Gwonam the wizard arrives on a [[magic carpet]] and tells them that [[Ganon]] (the series' [[antagonist]]) has taken over the far-off island of Koridai.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Gwonam:''' Your Majesty, Ganon and his minions have seized the island of Koridai.}}</ref> Gwonam explains that according to a prophecy, only Link can stop him.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Gwonam:''' It is written: only Link can defeat Ganon.}}</ref> Link is transported to Koridai and the wizard shows him the fabled island's giant stone statues known as the Faces of Evil which Link must conquer.<ref name="Wired"/><ref name="cdioverview"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Link:''' Wow! What're all those heads?! / '''Gwonam:''' These are the Faces of Evil. You must conquer each.}}</ref> During Link's time in Koridai, Princess Zelda is kidnapped by Ganon and is imprisoned in his lair.<ref name="faceevil">{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090314052202/http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_foe.shtml |title=Overview: Link: The Faces of Evil |author=Zelda Elements Staff |publisher=Zelda Elements |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011064124/http://zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_foe.shtml |archivedate = October 11, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Firestone Lake |quote='''Ganon:''' In the darkest nightmare hour, when not moon nor sun has risen, I take Zelda through my power. I shall keep her in my prison.}}</ref>

Questing to rescue the Princess and to liberate Koridai, Link is sent by the Ice Queen to Fortress Centrum to retrieve the Treasure of Death.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Serigon Caves |quote='''Ice Queen:''' Before you face the foul fiend Ganon, you must conquer Fortress Centrum, where the Treasure of Death is hidden. Bring it to me. Begone.}}</ref> At the fortress, Link finds what appears to be a sleeping Zelda. Once awakened, however, the figure transforms into Goronu, a shapeshifting necromancer who works for Ganon. After defeating Goronu, Link retrieves the Crystal of Reflection, which allows his shield to reflect curses.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Serigon Caves |quote='''Ice Queen:''' This shield both sword and spear reflects, but cannot stop the vilest curse. This crystal makes the shield reflect, cursing the curser with twice the curse.}}</ref> Link then proceeds to defeat Ganon's minions, which include the revived Goronu, the anthropomorphic pig Harlequin, the armored pyrokinetic Militron, the three-eyed wolfgirl Lupay, and the gluttonous cyclops Glutko, from which the Book of Koridai is retrieved. A translator named Ipo, who can read the Book of Koridai, reveals that the Book itself is enough to defeat Ganon.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Nortinka |quote='''Ipo the Reader:''' Listen. Such is the power of the Prince of Darkness that he can kill with a single look. Attacks against Ganon will prove fruitless unless Link attacks with the sacred book.}}</ref>

After trekking through Ganon's Lair,<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Ganon's Lair}}</ref> Link finally reaches Ganon, who attempts to recruit Link with the promise of great power and the threat of death.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Ganon's Lair |quote='''Ganon:''' Join me, Link, and I will make your face the greatest in Koridai, or else you will ''die!''}}</ref> Link imprisons him in the Book of Koridai<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Ganon's Lair |quote='''Ganon:''' No! Not into the pit! ''It burrrns!!''}}</ref> and then awakens the sleeping princess Zelda. Gwonam appears and congratulates Link on imprisoning Ganon. He shows Link a recovering Koridai and declares him the island's hero. However, Zelda refuses to kiss him as a reward.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Ending sequence |quote='''Gwonam:''' Well done, Link! Ganon is once again imprisoned. Come. Look. Already Koridai is returning to harmony. The birds are singing! Isn't it beautiful? / '''Link:''' Golly! / '''Gwonam:''' As it is written, you, Link, are the hero of Koridai! / '''Link:''' I guess that's worth as kiss, huh? / '''Princess Zelda:''' Ha! / '''Link:''' I won!}}</ref>

===Development===
''Faces of Evil'' was one of the first two Nintendo-licensed games released on the Philips CD-i (together with ''Wand of Gamelon'').<ref name="up"/> The game was given the relatively low budget of approximately $600,000 and the development deadline was set at a little over a year — time which would have to be split between the development of ''Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon''.<ref name=retrogamer27/><ref name="gamelon"/> It was decided by [[Animation Magic]], the [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]-based development team led by Dale DeSharone, that the two games would be developed in tandem and would share the same graphics engine to more efficiently use the budget.<ref name="developer">{{cite web |url=http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/zeldacdi/zeldacdi.htm |title=Zelda: Wand of Gamelon / Link: Faces of Evil - Phillips CD-I (1993) |first=John |last=Szczepaniak |work=[http://www.hardcoregaming101.net Hardcore Gaming 101] |date=2007-10-22 |accessdate=2010-02-04}}</ref> The animated cutscenes were created by a team of four animators from Russia (led by Igor Razboff) who were flown to the United States for the project.<ref name=retrogamer27/> These games marked the first time that Russian outsourcing had been utilized by an American company — a move that was only possible due to the somewhat thawed political climate after the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]].<ref name=retrogamer27/> The rest of the development team included three programmers (all previous employees of [[Spinnaker Software]]), one musician (Tony Trippi), and freelance-writer Jonathan Merritt who created the scripts and designs.<ref name=retrogamer27/> Under DeSharone's direction, game development progressed similarly to that of his earlier-directed title, ''[[Below the Root (video game)|Below the Root]]'', a game which Retro Gamer's John Szczepaniak has suggested may have served as a forerunner of sorts.<ref name=rg27roots>''The Making of... Zelda: 'Wand of Gamelon' & 'Link: Faces of Evil' - Roots of Origin''. [[Retro Gamer]]. Issue 27. p. 55. August 2006.</ref> Background designs were created by local Cambridge artists, and voice-acting was entirely produced by local actors from the [[American Federation of Television and Radio Artists|AFTRA union]].<ref name=retrogamer27/> The voice of Link was provided by Jeffrey Rath and the voice of Princess Zelda by Bonnie Jean Wilbur, while additional voices were provided by Jeffrey Nelson, Mark Berry, Natalie Brown, Chris Flockton, Jerry Goodwin, Karen Grace, John Mahon, Josie McElroy, Phil Miller, Marguerite Scott and Paul Wann.

=== Reception ===
At the time of its release, contemporary criticism was largely positive. ''SNES Force'' magazine described the animated sequences as "breathtaking" and praised the game for its high-resolution graphics and its "brilliant" use of sound and speech.<ref name=SNESForce>Rice, Chris, ed. ''NEWS: ZELDA CDi EXCLUSIVE''. SNES Force. Issue 1. Pg.7. July 1993.</ref> Highly anticipated by the French video game press, [[:fr:Joystick (magazine)|''Joystick'' magazine]]'s development preview of the title described it as a veritable arcade-quality game with stunning graphics and "perfect animation".<ref>''ECTS 93: CDi Philips - Link: The Faces of Evil''. Joystick. No.38. Pp.43-44. May 1993.</ref> The same magazine would ultimately score it a 79%, a few months later, giving particularly high marks for music, sound effects, and play-through time.<ref>''CD TESTS: Link The Faces of Evil''. Joystick. No.44. Pg.192. December 1993.</ref> Other publications gave more negative reviews. ''CDi Magazine'' rated the game a 65%, stating that the game was a poor relation to the original Nintendo games, and singling out the perfunctory storyline, the lack of graphical features like parallax, and the slow and repetitious gameplay.<ref>Toor, Mat. "Games - Link The Faces of Evil". ''CDi Magazine'' (Andy Clough, ed.). Haymarket Publishing, UK. Issue 2. Pg.24. October 1993.</ref> In 1994, [[Edge (magazine)|Edge]] reported that both ''Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon'' had sold a "respectable number of units", but as CD-i sales began to suffer criticism sharpened and the games were described as low-cost, low-risk ventures that had failed to excite any interest in the platform despite their sales figures.<ref name=brookes>Brookes, Jason, ed. ''CD-i: Philips Reinvents''. [[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]. No.11. Pg.49. August 1994.</ref>

All three ''Zelda'' CD-i titles have garnered a [[List of video games notable for negative reception|largely negative reception]] among modern critics, with ''The Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon'' standing out as the most frequently derided. [[GamesRadar]] named ''The Faces of Evil'' first on their list of "The Top 7... Franchise Embarrassments".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesradar.com/the-top-7-franchise-embarrassments/?page=7 |title=The Top 7... Franchise Embarrassments, Xbox 360 Xbox 360 Features |publisher=GamesRadar}}</ref> [[IGN]] described the games as "infamous" and "cheesy";<ref name="Drucker">{{cite web|last=Drucker |first=Michael S. |url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/655/655002p1.html |title=The Legend of Zelda: The Complete Animated Series - DVD Review at IGN |publisher=[[IGN]] |date=2005-09-30 |accessdate=2010-05-14}}</ref> other reviewers called the animated cutscenes "freakish"<ref name="up"/> and "an absolute joke".<ref name="trailers"/> [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'' magazine]] said that the animation on the first two Zelda games was extremely simple and stilted and that the graphics had several [[glitches]].<ref name="Wired"/> The voice acting was criticized by Zelda Elements as jarring.<ref name="faceevil"/>

Despite the largely negative reception that the games have received, there have been a few positive reviews as well. Both Danny Cowan of 1UP.com and John Szczepaniak praised ''Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon'' as among the best games on the CD-i. Szczepaniak in particular suggested that several of the gaming magazines that had rated and reviewed ''Wand of Gamelon'' and ''Faces of Evil'' had engaged in hate campaigns having never even played the game.<ref name=retrogamer27/> Cowan's and Szczepaniak's praises drew from the games' detailed, well-drawn in-game backgrounds and "pretty decent" gameplay,<ref name="up"/><ref name="gamelon"/><ref name="developer"/> although both criticized the controls.<ref name="up"/><ref name="developer"/> While the audio was thought to be "average", and not up to the usual Zelda quality by some reviewers,<ref name="gamelon"/> this has been contested by others who have described it as diverse and high-quality with an adventurous upbeat tempo blending electric guitar, panpipes, marimbas, and other unusual instruments.<ref name=retrogamer27/> In a periodical for [[Retro Gamer|''Retro Gamer'' magazine]], Szczepaniak identified the natural comparison of the games by reviewers to the quality of games in the rest of the Zelda series as an improper comparison to make and suggested that when reviewed in their own right the games were actually excellent.<ref name=rg31>''Profile: Dale DeSharone - Highlights: Dale's Top Tips''. [[Retro Gamer]]. Issue 31. p. 75. December 2006.</ref> Contrary to what were described as "lies perpetuated about [''Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon'']," ''Retro Gamer'' described these games as "astoundingly good" and rated them together as number ten in its "Perfect Ten Games" for CD-i. While acknowledging that the games lacked canonicity, the games were praised for exhilarating pacing and superb gameplay design and music. The games' background art was also described as ranging from [[H. R. Giger|Giger]]esque<ref name=retrogamer27/> to [[Monet]]-esque.<ref name=rg32>''Retrospection: Philips CD-i - Perfect Ten Games: Link: FoE / Zelda: WoG''. [[Retro Gamer]]. Issue 32. p. 47. January 2007.</ref>

==''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon''==
{{redirect-distinguish|Gamelon|Gamelan}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon
| image = [[File:Zelda wandofgamelon packaging.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Boxart for ''Zelda: Wand of Gamelon''.
| developer = [[Animation Magic]]
| publisher = [[Philips|Philips Media]]
| designer =
| engine =
| released = {{vgrelease||NA=October 10, 1993|EU=1993}}<ref name="up"/>
| series = ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]''
| genre = [[Action-adventure game|Action-adventure]]
| modes = [[Single-player]]
| ratings =
| platforms = [[CD-i]]
| media = 1 [[CD-ROM]]
| requirements =
| input =
| italic title = no
}}

Paired with ''Link: The Faces of Evil'' in a simultaneous release, ''Zelda: Wand of Gamelon'' represents the first of the ''Zelda'' games to be released by Philips for the CD-i. Reversing the traditional Link-saves-Zelda plotline, ''Wand of Gamelon'' stars Zelda as she adventures to rescue Link and her father the king who have not returned from their quest. As with ''Faces of Evil'', the game was patterned most closely upon Nintendo's previous [[side-scroller]], ''[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link]]'', and again features outsourced [[Russian animation]] for all cutscenes. Despite the game's similarly positive contemporary reception along with ''Faces of Evil'', modern critics have almost unanimously derided and ridiculed the game for its inability to live up to modern expectations with the animated cutscenes again having become a particular target of negative reception.

===Gameplay===
The player controls [[Princess Zelda]], who must find and defeat [[Ganon]] and rescue both King Harkinian and [[Link (The Legend of Zelda)|Link]] to become the heroine of Gamelon. When the player begins this quest, three areas are initially available, accessible through [[Characters in The Legend of Zelda series#Impa|Impa]]'s map. The player can access the areas on the map by moving the on-screen cursor over one of the areas and pressing Button One.<ref name="WandInstructions">{{cite book |author=[[Animation Magic]] |year=1993 |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon {{noitalic|instruction booklet}} |publisher=Philips Media }}</ref>

At the beginning of the game, the player is only equipped with a sword and shield. The sword is used to attack enemies and to fire deadly Power Blasts, and the shield can deflect projectile attacks thrown at the player. The shield is automatically lifted when the player is standing still or crouching. Other helpful tools, such as lamp oil (for lighting a lamp), rope (for climbing) and bombs (which can destroy some obstacles) are available for a price at the General Shop in Sakado.<ref name="WandInstructions"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Sakado General Shop |quote='''General Shop Merchant:''' Course I'm on your side, but I still have to sell the stuff. Just pick what you want. I'll handle the rubies.}}</ref> The rubies that the Merchant takes as currency can be obtained by defeating enemies. Red rubies are worth 1, green rubies are worth 5 and blue rubies are worth 10. To pick up these gems, the player must strike them with the sword before they disappear, unlike prior ''Zelda'' titles where rupees could be collected by simply walking over them.<ref name="WandInstructions"/>

Zelda's health is measured in "Life Hearts". The number of Life Hearts the player currently has is shown on the upper-left corner of the screen when Zelda is walking around the island. Although the player begins the game with only three hearts, there are ways to earn more. Each time Zelda is injured, she will lose at least one-half of a heart.<ref name="WandInstructions"/> The first two times Zelda runs out of Life Hearts, the player will be given the option of continuing from near the point where Zelda's last heart was lost. When Zelda loses her hearts for a third time, she will be returned to the map, and the player will have to start the level from the beginning. Returning to the map replenishes Zelda's Life Hearts and lives, and she will retain any items and rubies she picked up.<ref name="WandInstructions"/>

=== Plot ===
King Harkinian announces his plan to aid Duke Onkled of Gamelon when the latter falls under attack by Ganon,<ref name="gamelon">{{cite web | url=http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_wog.shtml |title=Overview: Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |author=Zelda Elements Staff |publisher=Zelda Elements |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080220115512/http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_wog.shtml |archivedate = February 20, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''King Harkinian:''' Zelda, Duke Onkled is under attack by the evil forces of Ganon. I'm going to Gamelon to aid him.}}</ref> and orders Zelda to send Link for backup in case that he does not return from his mission within a month.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''King Harkinian:''' If you don't hear from me in a month, send Link.}}</ref> A month passes without word from the King,<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Princess Zelda:''' ''(sighs)'' A whole month gone, and still no word.}}</ref> so Zelda sends Link to find him.<ref name="gamelon"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Princess Zelda:''' Link, go to Gamelon and find my father. / '''Link:''' Great! I can't wait to bomb some Dodongos!}}</ref>

When he too goes missing,<ref name="gamelon"/> Zelda ventures off to Gamelon (accompanied by the elderly Impa) to find both Link and the King.<ref name="gamelon"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Princess Zelda:''' Wake up, Impa. We're going to Gamelon. / '''Impa:''' ''(yawning)'' All right, dear. I'll get the Triforce of Wisdom.}}</ref> During Zelda's time in Gamelon, Impa discovers that King Harkinian has been captured, and that Link has engaged in a battle, the outcome of which is unclear.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Sakado |quote='''Impa:''' Oh, my. Your father has been captured! / '''Princess Zelda:''' What about Link? / '''Impa:''' He's been in a terrible fight! I can't tell what happened!}}</ref> As she adventures across the island, Zelda meets many friendly characters and battles with many monsters and enemies including the villains [[Gibdo]] and Iron Knuckle. Along her travels Zelda battles the sorcerer, [[Wizzrobe]], to free Lady Alma, who gives Zelda a canteen that she claims Link gave her in exchange for a kiss.

On reaching Duke Onkled's palace, Domodai Palace, it is revealed that Duke Onkled has betrayed the King and is working for Ganon.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Dodomai Palace |quote='''Spaniard:''' Duke Onkled betrayed the King! / '''Princess Zelda:''' I know.}}</ref> Zelda storms the palace, kills Ganon's minion Hectan, and saves an imprisoned Spaniard named Fari who used to work for the King. Fari reveals the secret entrance to Onkled's chamber, and when they confront him he reveals the entrance to Reesong Palace, where Ganon has taken residence.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Dodomai Palace |quote='''Duke Onkled:''' D-Don't hurt me, Zelda! I'll tell you the secret way into Reesong Palace. / '''Princess Zelda:''' You better talk fast. / '''Duke Onkled:''' Go all the way left and move the rug. This key opens the gate.}}</ref>

Zelda travels to the Shrine of Gamelon to defeating the head-switching chimera Omfak and obtain the Wand needed to defeat Ganon, and she also visits Nokani Forest to obtain the magic lantern needed to clear the darkness around Ganon. Finally at Reesong Palace, Zelda fights Ganon, incapacitates him with the Wand, and rescues her father. Back at Hyrule Castle, Duke Onkled is turned over to the king, begging for mercy. He is arrested and punished by becoming a lowly drudge for the King.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Ending sequence |quote='''Duke Onkled:''' Please! Your omnipotence! Have mercy! / '''King Harkinian:''' After you've scrubbed all the floors in Hyrule, ''then'' we can talk about mercy! Take him away!}}</ref> Although Link's whereabouts are still unknown, a comment by Lady Alma prompts Zelda to throw her mirror against the wall and as it smashes Link magically materializes, seemingly having been trapped in the mirror.

===Development===
''Wand of Gamelon'' was one of the first two Nintendo-licensed games released on the Philips CD-i (together with ''Faces of Evil'').<ref name="up"/> With the relatively low budget of approximately $600,000, ''Wand of Gamelon'' was given a little over a year for completion — time which would have to be split between the development of ''Wand of Gamelon'' and ''Faces of Evil''.<ref name=retrogamer27/><ref name="gamelon"/> It was decided by [[Animation Magic]], the [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]-based development team led by Dale DeSharone, that the two games would be developed in tandem and would share the same graphics engine to more efficiently use the budget.<ref name="developer"/> The animated cutscenes were created by a team of four animators from Russia (led by Igor Razboff) who were flown to the United States for the project.<ref name=retrogamer27/> These games marked the first time that Russian outsourcing had been utilized by an American company — a move that was only possible due to the somewhat thawed political climate after the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]].<ref name=retrogamer27/> The rest of the development team included three programmers (all previous employees of [[Spinnaker Software]]), one musician (Tony Trippi), and freelance-writer Jonathan Merritt who created the scripts and designs.<ref name=retrogamer27/> Under DeSharone's direction, game development progressed similarly to that of his earlier-directed title, ''[[Below the Root (video game)|Below the Root]]'', a game which Retro Gamer's John Szczepaniak has suggested may have served as a forerunner of sorts.<ref name=rg27roots/> Background designs were created by local Cambridge artists, and voice-acting was entirely produced by local actors from the [[American Federation of Television and Radio Artists|AFTRA union]].<ref name=retrogamer27/> The voice of Princess Zelda was provided by Bonnie Jean Wilbur and the voice of Link by Jeffrey Rath, while additional voices were provided by Jeffrey Nelson, Mark Berry, Natalie Brown, Karen Grace, Josie McElroy, Marguerite Scott and Paul Wann.<ref name=wogcredits>{{cite video game|title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips |date=1993-10-10 |platform=CD-i |version= |level=Credits |isolang= |quote= }}</ref>

=== Reception ===
At the time of its release, contemporary criticism was largely positive. ''SNES Force'' magazine described the animated sequences as "breathtaking" and praised the game's high-resolution graphics and "brilliant" use of sound and speech.<ref name=SNESForce/> Highly anticipated by the French video game press, [[:fr:Joystick (magazine)|''Joystick'' magazine]]'s development preview of the title highlighted the fact that this would be the first of the ''Zelda'' games to feature true voice acting, and described its plot as highly original and the background graphics as a tableaux of great beauty.<ref>''ECTS 93: CDi Philips - Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon''. Joystick. No.38. Pp.43. May 1993.</ref> The UK-based ''CDi Magazine'' rated the game a 75%, describing it as a "reasonably good game" and praising the puzzles and the animation sequences while criticizing its perfunctory plot and poor controls.<ref>Stout, Andy. "Games - Zelda The Wand of Gamelon". ''CDi Magazine'' (Andy Clough, ed.). Haymarket Publishing, UK. Issue 2. Pg.25. October 1993.</ref> In 1994, [[Edge (magazine)|Edge]] reported that both ''Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon'' had sold a "respectable number of units", but as CD-i sales began to suffer criticism sharpened and the games were described as low-cost, low-risk ventures that had failed to excite any interest in the platform despite their sales figures.<ref name=brookes/>

All three ''Zelda'' CD-i titles have garnered a [[List of video games notable for negative reception|largely negative reception]] among modern critics, with ''The Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon'' standing out as the most frequently derided. The magazine ''[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]'' ranked ''Zelda: Wand of Gamelon'' the sixth worst game of all time,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seanbaby.com/nes/egm06.htm |title=#6: Zelda: Wand of Gamelon (CDI) |last=Reiley |first=Sean |publisher=Seanbaby.com |date=2007-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> and [[GameTrailers]] rated it fifth worst game of all time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gametrailers.com/video/top-ten-gt-countdown/15147 |title=Top Ten Best and Worst Games of All Time |publisher=Gametrailers.com |date=2006-11-17 |accessdate=2009-12-27}}</ref> The Star Tribune described the game's voice acting as "laughable"<ref>{{Cite document|page= 4F|title=Game over; Think again before bringing back these vintage titles |first=Randy A.|last=Salas |date=2007-03-04 |publisher=[[Star Tribune]] |url=http://www.vita.mn/story.php?id=12326346 |accessdate=2009-09-23}}</ref> and it was also criticized by Zelda Elements as jarring.<ref name="faceevil"/> [[IGN]] described the games as "infamous" and "cheesy";<ref name="Drucker"/> other reviewers called the animated cutscenes "freakish"<ref name="up"/> and "an absolute joke".<ref name="trailers"/> [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'' magazine]] said that the animation on the first two Zelda games was extremely simple and stilted and that the graphics had several [[glitches]].<ref name="Wired"/>

Despite the largely negative reception that the games have received, there have been a few positive reviews as well. Both Danny Cowan of 1UP.com and John Szczepaniak praised ''Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon'' as among the best games on the CD-i. Szczepaniak in particular suggested that several of the gaming magazines that had rated and reviewed ''Wand of Gamelon'' and ''Faces of Evil'' had engaged in hate campaigns having never even played the game.<ref name=retrogamer27/> Cowan's and Szczepaniak's praises drew from the games' detailed, well-drawn in-game backgrounds and "pretty decent" gameplay,<ref name="up"/><ref name="gamelon"/><ref name="developer"/> although both criticized the controls.<ref name="up"/><ref name="developer"/> while the audio was thought to be "average", and not up to the usual Zelda quality by some reviewers,<ref name="gamelon"/> this has been contested by others who have described it as diverse and high-quality with an adventurous upbeat tempo blending electric guitar, panpipes, marimbas, and other unusual instruments.<ref name=retrogamer27/> In a periodical for [[Retro Gamer|''Retro Gamer'' magazine]], Szczepaniak identified the natural comparison of the games by reviewers to the quality of games in the rest of the Zelda series as an improper comparison to make and suggested that when reviewed in their own right the games were actually excellent.<ref name=rg31/> Contrary to what were described as "lies perpetuated about [''Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon'']," ''Retro Gamer'' described these games as "astoundingly good" and rated them together as number ten in its "Perfect Ten Games" for CD-i. While acknowledging that the games lacked canonicity, the games were praised for exhilarating pacing and superb gameplay design and music. The game's background art was also described as ranging from [[H. R. Giger|Giger]]esque<ref name=retrogamer27/> to [[Monet]]-esque.<ref name=rg32/>

==''Zelda's Adventure''==
{{Infobox video game
| title = Zelda's Adventure
| image = [[File:Zeldasadventure packaging.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Boxart for ''Zelda's Adventure''.
| developer = [[Viridis (company)|Viridis]]
| publisher = [[Philips|Philips Media]]
| designer =
| engine =
| released = {{vgrelease||NA=June 5, 1994|EU=1995}}<ref name="kot"/>
| series = ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]''
| genre = [[Action-adventure game|Action-adventure]]
| modes = [[Single-player]]
| ratings =
| platforms = [[CD-i]]
| media = 1 [[CD-ROM]]
| requirements =
| input =
| italic title = no
}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:CD-i games from ''The Legend of Zelda'' series}}
Released nearly 8 months after the first two ''Zelda'' CD-i games, ''Zelda's Adventure'' was created by a different third party developer, [[Viridis (company)|Viridis]]. The game again follows a nontraditional Zelda-saves-Link plotline, but it uses a different game engine than ''Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon''. Whereas the first two CD-i games were pattered on the side-scrolling ''Zelda II: The Adventure of Link'', ''Zelda's Adventure'' took the top-down ''[[The Legend of Zelda (video game)|The Legend of Zelda]]'' as its model. ''Zelda's Adventure'' featured FMV cutscenes, however rather than using drawn animation the game used live-action scenes. Reception for the game was poor, and whereas some modern critics have given more nuanced reviews of the first two games, modern criticism for ''Zelda's Adventure'' is unanimously negative.

===Gameplay===
[[Image:Zeldasadventure1.jpg|200px|right|thumb|A screenshot from ''Zelda's Adventure'']]
Unlike the previous two CD-i ''Zelda'' games, which take the [[side-scrolling game|side-scrolling]] view from ''[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link|Zelda II]]'', ''Zelda's Adventure'' is played with the overhead view found in ''[[The Legend of Zelda (video game)|The Legend of Zelda]]''.<ref name="IGNZA">{{cite web |url=http://cheats.ign.com/objects/017/017125.html |title=IGN: Zelda's Adventure |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref> Playing as Princess Zelda, the aim is to fight through the Seven Shrines of the Underworld to collect the celestial signs, and bring the land of Tolemac to an Age of Lightness.<ref name="IGNZA"/><ref name="MGZA">{{cite web |url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/zeldas-adventure |title=Zelda's Adventure for CD-i |publisher=[[MobyGames]] |accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref>

Unlike the other two games, ''Zelda's Adventure'' was created by Viridis, an entirely different company, with a change in style and gameplay.<ref name="IGNZA"/><ref name="MGZA"/> Level design is very much like the original ''The Legend of Zelda'' and ''[[The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past]]'', with an overworld that allows access to individual dungeons.<ref name="MGZA"/><ref name="zeldasadvent">{{cite web |url=http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_za.shtml#overview |title=Overview: Zelda's Adventure |author=Zelda Elements Staff |publisher=Zelda Elements |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080306043728/http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_za.shtml#overview |archivedate = 2008-03-06}}</ref> The [[Full motion video|FMV]] sequences that present the plot are [[live action]] instead of animated.<ref name="zeldasadvent"/>

=== Plot ===
[[Ganon]] has kidnapped Link and stolen the seven celestial signs, creating an "Age of Darkness" in the kingdom of Tolemac.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda's Adventure |developer=Viridis |publisher=Philips Media |date=1994 |platform=Philips CD-i |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Gaspra the Astronomer:''' And so it was that Gannon, Lord of Darkness, had taken over Tolemac. He had stolen the treasured celestial signs and captured Link!}}</ref> [[Princess Zelda]] learns from the court [[astrologer]] Gaspra (played by actor Mark Andrade) that she must collect the signs to defeat Ganon and save Link.

=== Development ===
The backgrounds for ''Zelda's Adventure'' were created from videos of scenery near [[California State Route 2|Santa Monica Boulevard]] in [[West Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California|West L.A.]], footage of [[Hawaii]] taken from a helicopter, and the developers' vacation photos.<ref name="developing">{{cite web |author=Bas |url=http://cdii.blogspot.com/2007/03/zelda-voyeur-and-man-who-worked-on-both.html |date=2007-03-08 |title=Zelda, Voyeur, and a man who worked on both CD-i projects... |publisher=Interactive Dreams |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> This decision was responsible for much of the game's RAM usage, causing backgrounds to scroll slowly and causing extreme frustration to the game's developers. The CD-i's technical abilities were so limited that the use of one or two kilobytes of system RAM caused arguments amongst the developers.<ref name="developing"/> The composer for ''Zelda's Adventure'' also played the part of Gaspra in the game's cutscenes.<ref name="developing"/> The houses and interiors built for the cut scenes were built as scale models.<ref name="developing"/> Developers have stated they were not influenced by the first two CD-i Zelda games.<ref name="developing"/> ''Zelda's Adventure'' spent two years in [[Software testing|testing]], longer than it took to develop the game.<ref name="developing"/> Much more music was composed for the game than was used.<ref name="developing"/> Developers had difficulty making sure all the areas of the game had proper background masking.<ref name="developing"/>

Intending to push the capacities of the CD-i to its limits, development initially progressed with a goal of 60 screens and 160 [[Non-player character|NPC]]s. At this early stage, Viridis president Lee Barnes suggested that playthrough time might take as much as 300 hours.<ref>"New Nintendo Titles are in the Pipeline." ''CDi Magazine''. Pg.4.</ref> These development figures were reduced in the final product which had only a handful of NPCs and whose playthrough time has been suggested by John Szczepaniak to be as low as 12 hours.<ref>Szczepaniak, John. ''[http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/kusoge/kusoge03.htm Your Weekly Kusoge #03 - Zelda's Adventure - CDi (1995)]''. HardcoreGaming101. 2011.</ref>

===Reception===
Like the other two CD-i Zelda games, modern criticism of ''Zelda's Adventure'' has been quite negative. The graphics of ''Zelda's Adventure'' were called "blurry and digitized".<ref name="up"/> [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'' magazine]] said that the graphics were some of the worst ever encountered.<ref name="Wired"/> The game's acting was criticized as unprofessional. Another flaw that has been identified is that the game could not produce both sound effects and music at the same time.<ref name="up"/> Scott Sharkey of [[1UP.com]] called the box art of ''Zelda's Adventure'' one of the 15 worst ever made.<ref>{{cite web |first=Scott |last=Sharkey |url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=4&cId=3158260 |date=2007-03-30 |title=Hey Covers...You Suck! |publisher=[[1UP.com]] |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> ''Zelda's Adventure'' was released as the Philips CD-i was being discontinued and has become very rare over time, as have the first two Philips Zelda games; ''Zelda's Adventure'' is regularly sold for over $100.<ref name="up"/><ref>{{Cite document|page= 3|title=Technology: Gamesblog: Yesterday's games could be gold dust to collectors. The games are internet memes on Youtube.|first=Keith|last=Stuart |date=2007-04-19 |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=2009-09-23}}</ref>

Despite giving positive reviews for ''Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon'' neither Danny Cowan of ''[[1UP.com]]'' nor ''RetroGamer''{{'s}} John Szczepaniak would extend them to ''Zelda's Adventure'', which Szczepaniak described as demonstrating arbitrary and illogical design, sloppy visuals, nearly non-existent music, excruciatingly high difficulty and cumbersome loading and controlling. Gameplay for ''Zelda's Adventure'' has also been portrayed as a trial-and-error effort to guess which items can be used to defeat which enemy.<ref name=deservdamn>''The Making of... Zelda: 'Wand of Gamelon' & 'Link: Faces of Evil' - Deserving Damnation''. [[Retro Gamer]]. Issue 27. p. 57. August 2006.</ref> Cowan called ''Zelda's Adventure'' "practically unplayable" due to the jerky frame rate, unresponsive controls and long load times, summarizing his review with a warning to "avoid this game at all costs."<ref name="up"/> In discussing the popular online conception that ''Zelda's Adventure'' is superior to ''Wand of Gamelon'' and ''Faces of Evil'', ''RetroGamer'' pointed to the top-down perspective as fomenting misinformation regarding the game's similarities to the original ''Zelda'' when according to ''RetroGamer'' the game is actually not worth playing.<ref name=deservdamn/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Portalbox|The Legend of Zelda|United States|Video games|1990s}}
{{wikiquote|The Legend of Zelda series|Link: The Faces of Evil, Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon and Zelda's Adventure}}
* {{wikia|zelda|Zeldapedia|Link: The Faces of Evil}}
* {{wikia|zelda|Zeldapedia|Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon}}
* {{wikia|zelda|Zeldapedia|Zelda's Adventure}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0934624|title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon}}
* [http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/zeldacdi/zeldacdi.htm ''Link: The Faces of Evil'' and ''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon''] at Hardcore Gaming 101

{{The Legend of Zelda}}
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[[Category:The Legend of Zelda video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Nintendo CD-i games]]
[[Category:Video game memes]]

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Lucille (Gitarre)

2013-06-15T03:22:33Z

HMSSolent: Reverted unexplained removal of content (HG)

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2011}}
[[Image:Lucille.JPG|thumb|250px|B. B. King's Lucille]]
'''Lucille''' is the name given to [[B.B. King]]'s guitars. They are usually black [[Gibson Guitar Corporation|Gibson]] guitars similar to the [[Gibson ES-355|ES-355]].

==The story of Lucille==
[[File:B.B. King con Lucille.jpg|thumb|160px|left|B. B. King with "Lucille".]]

In the winter of 1949, King played at a dance hall in [[Twist, Arkansas]]. In order to heat the hall, a barrel half-filled with [[kerosene]] was lit, a fairly common practice at the time. During a performance, two men began to fight, knocking over the burning barrel and sending burning fuel across the floor. The hall burst into flames, which triggered an evacuation. Once outside, King realized that he had left his guitar inside the burning building. He entered the blaze to retrieve his beloved $30 Gibson guitar. Two people died in the fire. The next day, King learned that the two men were fighting over a woman named Lucille. King named that first guitar Lucille, as well as every one he owned since that near-fatal experience, as a reminder never again to do something as stupid as run into a burning building or fight over women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldblues.com/bbking/prairie/lucille.html |title=B.B. King: Lucille Speaks |last1=Kerekes |first1=Jim |last2=O'Neill |first2=Dennis |date=1997-01-03 |website= |publisher= |archivedate=2011-11-16 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20111116041531/http://www.worldblues.com/bbking/prairie/lucille.html |deadurl=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/b-b-king |title=B.B. King: Biography and Much More from |publisher=Answers.com |accessdate=May 16, 2011}}</ref>

B.B. King wrote a song called “Lucille” where he talks about his guitar and how it got that name. The song was first released as part of ''[[Lucille (B. B. King album)|Lucille]]'' and it is included on the B. B. King Anthology 1962–1998 album.
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==Lucilles through King's career==

===Early Lucilles===
King played guitars made by different manufacturers early in his career. He played a [[Fender Telecaster]] on most of his recordings with [[RPM Records (USA)]].<ref>Burrows, Terry. "The Complete Book of the Guitar" p. 111 Carlton Books Limited, 1998 ISBN 1-85868-529-X</ref> However, he is best known for playing variants of the [[Gibson ES-355]].

===Gibson Lucille===
{{Infobox Guitar model
|title = Gibson Lucille
|image = [[File:Gibson Lucille.jpg|240px]]
|caption = Gibson Lucille
|manufacturer = [[Gibson Guitar Corporation]],<ref>http://www2.gibson.com/Products/Electric-Guitars/ES/Gibson-Custom/BB-King-Lucille.aspx</ref> [[Epiphone]]<ref>http://www2.gibson.com/Products/Electric-Guitars/ES/Epiphone/BB-King-Lucille.aspx</ref>
|period = 1980 - present
|bodytype = Semi-hollow
|necktype =
|scale = 24 3/4"/1 11/16"
|woodbody = Maple
|woodneck = Maple
|woodfingerboard = Ebony
|bridge = Tune-o-matic/TP-6
|pickups = 490R Alnico magnet humbucker/490T Alnico magnet humbucker
|colors = Black and also available in Emerald, Amethyst, Sapphire Blue, Ruby and Diamond <ref>http://www2.gibson.com/Products/Electric-Guitars/ES/Gibson-Custom/BB-King-Lucille-Limited.aspx</ref>
}}

In 1980, [[Gibson Guitar Corporation]] launched the B. B. King Lucille model.<ref>http://www2.gibson.com/Products/Electric-Guitars/ES/Gibson-Custom/BB-King-Lucille.aspx</ref> The most noticeable differences between the Lucille and the [[Gibson ES-355|Gibson ES-355TD-SV]] on which it is based are the "Lucille" script on the headstock, the maple neck, and the lack of [[Sound hole|F-holes]] on the top. The top has no F-holes at B. B. King's request to reduce feedback.<ref>[http://player.gibson.com/nov03/bbking.html The GIBSON & Baldwin Player – B.B. King – Make the people happy]</ref>

The B.B. King Standard model was made from 1980 to 1985. This model had chrome hardware and dot inlays instead of block inlays.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

The Gibson subsidiary [[Epiphone]] also offers a low-cost, foreign made Lucille model based on the Gibson Lucille. Differences include a variation on the [[headstock]] [[Inlay (guitar)|inlays]], a gloss finish and different [[Pickup (music technology)|pickups]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.gibson.com/Products/Electric-Guitars/ES/Epiphone/BB-King-Lucille.aspx |title=Epiphone BB King Lucille |publisher=.gibson.com |date=June 24, 2008 |accessdate=May 16, 2011}}</ref>

===Gibson Little Lucille===
[[File:Gibson Little Lucille.jpg|thumb|left|Gibson Little Lucille]]
In 1999, Gibson launched the '''Little Lucille''', a version of their [[Gibson Blueshawk|Blueshawk]] guitar. It differed from the Blueshawk in having a [[Tune-o-matic]] bridge and a TP-6 stop tailpiece.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gibson.com/Whatsnew/pressrelease/1999/feb16a.html |title=B.B. King embraces Gibson's 'Little Lucille' |publisher=Gibson.com |date=April 14, 2011 |accessdate=May 16, 2011}}</ref>

The model is no longer found among Gibson USA's current product listing, and the Blueshawk on which it was based has been discontinued.
{{clear left}}

===The 80th Birthday Lucille===
In 2005, for B.B. King's 80th birthday, Gibson made a special run of 80 Gibson Lucilles, referred to as the '80th Birthday Lucille'. The first prototype was presented to King as a birthday present. King used the guitar as his main guitar until the summer of 2009, when it was stolen from him. On September 10, 2009, Eric Dahl unknowingly purchased the stolen instrument from a pawn shop in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]. Upon researching information on the instrument, he was contacted by a Gibson Artist Relations representative, who informed Dahl of the stolen status of the guitar. This Lucille was returned to King in late November 2009, who was happy to receive his 80th birthday present back.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guitarcenterblog.com/?p=746 |title=One Customer’s Pawnshop Treasure |publisher=Guitarcenterblog.com |date=December 3, 2009 |accessdate=May 16, 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{B.B. King}}

[[Category:Gibson electric guitars]]
[[Category:Individual guitars]]
[[Category:Instruments of musicians]]
[[Category:B.B. King]]

Lucy Hawking

2013-06-09T03:05:34Z

HMSSolent: Reverted good faith edit(s) by 98.71.217.75 using STiki

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}
[[File:Stephen hawking and lucy hawking nasa 2008.jpg|thumb|Lucy Hawking presenting her father [[Stephen Hawking]] at the lecture for [[NASA]]'s 50th anniversary]]
'''Catherine Lucy Hawking''', [[Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts|FRSA]] (born 2 November 1970)<ref>{{cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kristine |title= Stephen Hawking: A Biography|origdate= |year=2005 |origmonth= |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=yL3RBMEI5OgC&pg=PR15&vq=Lucy+Hawking&dq=Lucy+Hawking&source=gbs_search_s&cad=4&sig=tlgFKsKDRFf6WKJc2ZsyEwL0WM8 |format= |accessdate= 9 June 2008|publisher= Greenwood Publishing
Group|isbn= 0-313-32392-5|page=xv}}</ref> is an English [[journalist]] and [[novelist]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nndb.com/people/563/000022497/|title=Stephen Hawking, NNDB, www.nndb.com}}</ref> She is the daughter of [[Theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]] [[Stephen Hawking]] and his ex-wife Jane Wilde, and she lives in [[London]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fischerverlage.de/autor/Lucy_Hawking/16316?_navi_area=fv_vert2&_navi_item=02.00.00.00&_letter=H|title=Lucy Hawking, www.fischerverlage.de}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Hawking studied [[French language|French]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] at the [[University of Oxford]], and then commenced work as a journalist.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/21/1082530229989.html?from=storyrhs|title=Shadowland, www.theage.com.au, 21 April 2004 | location=Melbourne | work=The Age | date=21 April 2004}}</ref> She has worked for [[New York (magazine)|''New York'']] magazine and has written for the ''[[Daily Mail]]'', ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', ''[[The Times]]'', and the ''[[London Evening Standard]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autismresearchcentre.com/arc/staff_member.asp?id=54|title=ARC Staff; Lucy Hawking, www.autismresearchcentre.com}}</ref> She has also worked as a radio journalist.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fischerverlage.de/autor/Lucy_Hawking/16316?_navi_area=fv_vert2&_navi_item=02.00.00.00&_letter=H|title=Lucy Hawking, www.fischerverlage.de}}</ref>

Hawking has written two novels: ''Jaded'' (2004) and ''Run for Your Life'' (2005) (also published as ''The Accidental Marathon'').

In 2007 she published ''George’s Secret Key to the Universe'', an adventure story about a small boy called George who finds a way to slip through a computer generated portal and travel around the solar system. Written with her father, Stephen Hawking and his former Ph.D. Student, Christophe Galfard, ''George’s Secret Key'' has been translated into 38 languages and published in 43 countries. ''George’s Cosmic Treasure Hunt'', a look across the universe for signs of life followed in 2009. Their third children's story will be about "What happened at the Big Bang?"<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20127001.100-stephen-hawkings-bedtime-stories.html?full=true|title=Stephen Hawking's Bedtime Stories, www.newscientist.com, 18 March 2009}}</ref> The third book is titled ''George and the Big Bang''.

In April 2008 Hawking participated in [[NASA]]’s 50th Birthday lecture series, contributing a talk on children and science education. Based on her experiences in touring worldwide with ''George's Secret Key'', giving talks for children on physics and astronomy, the lecture highlighted the need to engage children in science at an early age.

Hawking won the Sapio Prize for popularizing science, awarded in Rome in October 2008 and is vice president of the National Star College (an institution dedicated to allow people with disabilities to realize their potential through personalized learning, transition & lifestyle services),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.natstar.ac.uk/drupal/content/board-governors}}</ref> a residential foundation which provides care and education for young adults with complex and multiple disabilities.

In 2010 [[Arizona State University]] appointed Hawking writer-in-residence of its 2011 Origins Project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://origins.asu.edu|title=ASU Origins Project}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Lucy Hawking was married to Alex Mackenzie Smith. The couple divorced in 2004.<ref>http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/lucy-hawkings-fears-7232582.html</ref>

==Bibliography==
*''Jaded'', 2005 [[Special:Booksources/0452285836|+]]
*''Run for Your Life'', 2006 [[Special:Booksources/0452285844|+]]

==Children's fiction==
These are co-written with her father [[Stephen Hawking|Stephen]].
* ''[[George's Secret Key to the Universe]]'', (Random House, 2007) ISBN 978-0-385-61270-8
* ''[[George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt]]'', (Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing, 2009) ISBN 978-1-4169-8671-3
*''[[George and the Big Bang]]'', ([[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], 2011) ISBN 978-0-385-61191-6

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Stephen Hawking}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=59403479}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Hawking, Lucy
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 2 November 1970
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawking, Lucy}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:English women novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Stephen Hawking]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:English children's writers]]

Fairy Queen (Lokomotive)

2013-05-24T13:26:29Z

HMSSolent: Reverted good faith edit(s) by 120.59.92.156 using STiki

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Fairy Queen'' (locomotive)}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = ''Fairy Queen''
| image =
| powertype = Steam
| builder = [[Kitson and Company|Kitson, Thompson and Hewitson]]
| serialnumber = 481
| builddate = 1855
| whytetype = [[2-2-2]]T
| uicclass = 1A1 n2t
| gauge = {{RailGauge|66}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|1800|mm|in}}
| locoweight = {{convert|26|t|lt}}
| tenderweight = {{convert|2|t|lt}}
| watercap = {{convert|3000|l|impgal}}
| cylindercount = 2
| cylindersize = {{convert|12|x|22|in|mm}}
| topspeed = {{convert|40|km/h|mph}}
| poweroutput = {{convert|130|hp}}
| railroad = [[East Indian Railway Company]]
| roadnumber = 22
| retiredate =1909
| restoredate =18 July 1997
| disposition = Operating from [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]] to [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]]
}}

The '''''Fairy Queen''''' is the world's oldest [[steam locomotive]] in regular operation, plying between the [[India|Indian]] capital of [[New Delhi]] and [[Alwar]], in [[Rajasthan]]. It was certified by the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]]'' in 1998, after being restored to haul a [[luxury trains|luxury train]] in order to boost tourism in Rajasthan. The ''Fairy Queen'' runs on the same basis as the ''[[Palace on Wheels]]'', the tourist train launched in 1982, and in 1999 was awarded a National Tourism Award.

The {{RailGauge|66}} [[Indian gauge]] locomotive was built in [[England]] in 1855, and has a two-cylinder engine with a power output of {{convert|130|hp}}, producing a top speed of {{convert|40|km/h|mph}}. It was placed in service by the [[East Indian Railway Company]] in [[West Bengal]], where it hauled troop trains during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], and was withdrawn from service in 1909 and displayed on a pedestal in [[Howrah]] until 1943. Heritage status was accorded in 1972 and the locomotive was restored as an exhibit at the [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi|National Rail Museum]] in [[Delhi]]. Restored to full working order, in 1997 the ''Fairy Queen'' returned to commercial service for the first time in 88 years.

In 2011, it was discovered that rare locomotive parts that were "as good as irreplaceable" had been looted. After a substantial rebuild, the engine returned to duties in December 2012.

==History==
The locomotive was constructed by [[Kitson and Company|Kitson, Thompson and Hewitson]] at [[Leeds]], in [[England]], in 1855, and reached [[Kolkata]], then known as ''Calcutta'', in the same year.<ref name="rao">{{cite book|last=Rao|first=Jammi Srinivasa|title=History of Rotating Machinery Dynamics|year=2011|publisher=Springer Science and Business Media|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-94-007-1164-8|pages=32|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-78QewtubgoC&pg=PA32&dq=%22Fairy+Queen%22+%22locomotive%22#v=onepage&q=%22Fairy%20Queen%22%20%22locomotive%22&f=false|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref> On arrival, it was given fleet number "22" by its owner, the [[East Indian Railway Company]], not receiving a name until 1895.<ref name="pitara">{{cite web|title=Which is the World's Oldest Working Locomotive?|url=http://www.pitara.com/discover/5wh/online.asp?story=108|publisher=Pitara Kids Network|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref> Initially, the {{Railgauge|66}} gauge locomotive was used to haul light mail trains in [[West Bengal]], operating between [[Howrah]] and [[Raniganj]], and during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] hauled troop trains. It was later consigned to line construction duty in [[Bihar]], where it served until 1909.<ref name="pitara"/><ref name="travpr" >{{cite web|title=Fairy Queen All Set to Embark on Her Maiden Voyage|url=http://www.travpr.com/pr-20488-fairy-queen-all-set-to-embark.html|publisher=TravPR|date=21 December 2012|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref>

The ''Fairy Queen'' spent the next 34 years on a pedestal outside [[Howrah station]].<ref name="Ahrons, Faerie Queen" >{{harvnb|Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive|pages=142}}</ref> In 1943, the locomotive was moved to the Railway Zonal Training School at [[Chandausi]], in [[Uttar Pradesh]], where it served as a curiosity object for many of the students based there.<ref name="pitara"/>

=== ''Express'' ===
A number of similar locomotives were built around the same time as the ''Fairy Queen''. These were supplied by [[Kitson and Company|Kitson, Thompson and Hewitson]] and also by [[Avonside Engine Company|Stothert, Slaughter and Company]] of [[Bristol]]. One of these, Stothert-built ''Express'', had been preserved at [[Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop]], in [[Bihar]], since 1901.<ref name="Ahrons, Express" >{{cite book|title=The British Steam Railway Locomotive|last=Ahrons|first=E.L. |authorlink=E.L. Ahrons|volume=I, to 1925|publisher=[[Ian Allan]]|year=1966|ref={{harvid|Ahrons, British Steam Railway Locomotive}}|pages=141–142}}</ref> As the inscription on ''Express''{{'}} pedestal claimed that it was the first locomotive to operate between [[Howrah]] and [[Raniganj]], and it was numbered "21" by the [[East Indian Railway Company]], it has been claimed that ''Express'' is the older of the two. ''Express'' was restored for running in 2011, making it a contender as the world's oldest operating steam locomotive.<ref >{{Cite news|title=At the age of 156, she is no mere showpiece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date= 16 August, 2011|author=M. Dinesh Verma|location=Chennai|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2360052.ece}}</ref><ref >{{Cite news|title=Special run for oldest locomotive|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 August, 2011|location=Chennai|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-16/chennai/29892008_1_steam-engine-chennai-egmore-jamalpur-loco-works}}</ref>

==Specifications==
The ''Fairy Queen'' was built by [[Kitson and Company|Kitson, Thompson and Hewitson]] at [[Leeds]] in [[England]] in 1855.<ref name="rao"/> The coal-fired engine is powered by two outside [[cylinder (engine)|cylinders]] measuring {{convert|12|x|22|in|mm}}, and has a power output of {{convert|130|hp}}, producing a maximum speed of {{convert|40|km/h|mph}}. It carries {{convert|3000|l|impgal}} of water in an underslung water tank. The locomotive weighs {{convert|26|t|lt}}, and the [[Tender (rail)|coal tender]] {{convert|2|t|lt}}.<ref name="indian railways">{{cite web|title=The Fairy Queen|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,2,320,378,1062|publisher=Indian Railways|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref> Built for the {{RailGauge|66}} [[Indian gauge]], it has a [[2-2-2]] [[wheel arrangement]], developed by [[Robert Stephenson and Company]] in 1833, with a [[driving wheel]] measuring {{convert|1800|mm|in}} in diameter.<ref name="indian railways"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Records of Robert Stephenson and Company, Locomotive Manufacturers, Newcastle upon Tyne|url=http://www.nrm.org.uk/~/media/Files/NRM/PDF/archiveslists2012/businesses/Intro%20to%20RS%20co%20archive%20%20drawing%20lists.pdf|publisher=National Railway Museum|accessdate=23 February 2013}}</ref>

==Restoration==
The Indian government bestowed heritage status on the ''Fairy Queen'' in 1972, rendering it a [[national treasure]]. It was restored and given a special spot in the newly built [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi|National Rail Museum]] at [[Chanakyapuri]], in [[New Delhi]].<ref name="pitara"/>

Following the success of the ''[[Palace on Wheels]]'', the locomotive was restored to full working order in 1997, in preparation for its first mainline journey in 88 years and its return to commercial service on 18 July. The two-day excursion saw the train plying the {{convert|143|km|mi}} from New Delhi to [[Alwar]] in [[Rajasthan]], with passengers spending an overnight stay at the [[Sariska Tiger Reserve]]. The locomotive hauled a carriage capable of carrying 60 passengers at a maximum speed of {{convert|40|km/h|mph}}, with a service car holding a generator, compressor and pantry.<ref name="pitara"/><ref name="indian railways"/> The operation was repeated between December and February in the following years.<ref name="travpr"/><ref>{{cite book|last=de Bruyn|first=Pippa|title=Frommer's India|year=2010|publisher=Wiley Publishing|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-0-470-55610-8|pages=60|url=http://books.google.com/?id=oMG1-ApVtVAC&pg=PA60&dq=%22Fairy+Queen%22+%22locomotive%22#v=onepage&q=%22Fairy%20Queen%22%20%22locomotive%22&f=false|edition=Fourth|coauthors=Bain, Keith; Allardice, David; Joshi, Shonar|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref> It was certified by the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]]'' in 1998 as the world's oldest [[steam locomotive]] in regular operation.<ref name="shankar">{{cite web|title=National Rail Museum|url=http://www.angelfire.com/ak5/nrmindia/fairyqn.htm|publisher=S Shankar|accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref> The following year, the train received a National Tourism Award for the most innovative and unique tourism project from [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref name="indian railways"/>

In 2011, it was discovered that rare locomotive parts that were "as good as irreplaceable" had been stolen, and the locomotive was moved to [[Integral Coach Factory|Perambur Locomotive Workshops]] at [[Chennai]], in [[Tamil Nadu]], for repair.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dastidar|first=Avishek G|title=Fairy Queen Loot: No FIR, Only a Cover-up Plan|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fairy-queen-loot-no-fir-only-a-coverup-plan/891090/0|accessdate=8 January 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=23 December 2011|location=New Delhi}}</ref> On arrival, it was found that an estimated 50 to 60 parts had been looted, including the boiler, condensor, lubricator and flow tubes. The Deputy Chief Mechanical Engineer at the workshops stated "What we received is a dead body, a piece of metal whose every removable part has been removed, leaving only the metal shell. The list of parts to be procured is huge." Officials estimated that it could take at least a year to restore the engine, even if suppliers of replacement parts could be found.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dastidar|first=Avishek G|title=Fairy Queen Is in Need of a Magic Wand|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fairy-queen-is-in-need-of-a-magic-wand/902776/0|accessdate=8 January 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=23 January 2012|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Following a substantial rebuild, in which the workshops had to construct the missing parts themselves, the locomotive returned to service on 22 December 2012.<ref name="travpr"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Steam Express: Fairy Queen|url=http://www.indianluxurytrains.com/heritage-trains/steam-express|publisher=Indian Luxury Trains|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chandra|first=Nikhil|title=Indian Luxury Trains Adds "Fairy Queen" to its Portfolio|url=http://www.indianluxurytrains.com/news/steam-express-fairy-queen-train-23539.html|publisher=Indian Luxury Trains|date=21 December 2012|accessdate=8 January 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rangan-datta.info/Jewels%20of%20time.htm Rangan Datta: Jewels of Time: Delhi National Rail Museum]
*[http://www.leedsengine.info/leeds/histk.asp A M Johnson and K Ward: A Brief History of Kitson and Company]

[[Category:Individual locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1855]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:National treasures]]
[[Category:Steam locomotives of India]]
[[Category:Preserved steam locomotives of India]]
[[Category:History of rail transport in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Luxury trains in India]]

Hollywood Road (Hongkong)

2013-05-09T04:16:01Z

HMSSolent: Reverted good faith edit(s) by 76.10.150.181 using STiki

{{cleanup|date=May 2011}}
{{Chinese|t=荷李活道 (also 荷里活道)|ci={{IPA-yue|hɔ̏ːle̬iwùːt tòu|}}|j=ho4lei5wut6 dou6|y=hòhléihwuht douh|p=Hélǐhuó Dào}}
[[File:HK 59 Hollywood Road n Peel Street WahTung.JPG|thumb|No65 Hollywood, the national father had always visited here in 1880s~1890s]]
[[File:Hollywood Road 2.JPG|thumb|right|Hollywood Road]]
[[File:Hollywood Road street sign.jpg|thumb|A road sign of Hollywood Road]]
[[File:Hollywood Road HK.jpg|thumb|A traditional rice dealer on the road.]]
[[File:PoliceStation.jpg|thumb|Central Police Station]]
'''Hollywood Road''' is a street in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] and [[Sheung Wan]], on [[Hong Kong Island]], [[Hong Kong]].

Hollywood Road is filled with trinket and antique shops of all sorts: from [[China|Chinese]] furniture to porcelain ware, from [[Buddharupa|Buddha sculpture]]s to [[Tibet]]an rugs, from Japanese [[netsuke]]s to [[Coromandel screen]]s, from [[Ming dynasty]] ceramic horsemen and kitsch [[Mao Zedong|Maoist]] memorabilia. The street runs between [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] and [[Sheung Wan]], with [[Wyndham Street]], [[Arbuthnot Road]], [[Ladder Street]], [[Upper Lascar Row]], and [[Old Bailey Street]] in the vicinity.

Hollywood Road was the second road to be built when the colony of Hong Kong was founded, after [[Queen's Road Central]]. It was the first to be completed. The Man Mo Temple was a place for trial in very early years.

==Name==
Hollywood Road was put up early in 1844, before the more famous [[Hollywood]] in [[California]] was settled. It was probably named by Sir [[John Francis Davis]], the second [[Governor of Hong Kong]], after his family home at [[Westbury-on-Trym]], near Bristol, England.<ref name="streets">{{cite book |title= Streets: exploring Hong Kong Island|last= Wordie|first= Jason|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2002|publisher= [[Hong Kong University Press]]|location= |isbn= 978-962-209-563-2|page= 41|pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> Another origin mentioned for the name is that holly shrubs were growing in the area when the road was constructed. Such plants were not indigenous to the area and would have been imported.<ref>{{cite book |title= Hong Kong: A Cultural History|last= Ingham|first= Michael |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2007|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]|location= |isbn= 978-0-19-531496-0|page= 96|pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref>

==History==
Like most major roads in the early years of the colony, Hollywood Road was built by the [[Royal Engineers]].<ref name="streets"/> More than 100 years ago, Hollywood Road was rather close to the coastline. In those days, foreign merchants and sailors would put up the antiques and artefacts they "collected" from China for sale here on their way back to Europe. This is how Hollywood Road began its role as an antique market. The 1960 Hollywood film ''[[The World of Suzie Wong]]'' was shot in part in Hollywood Road. An old wood-built building was re-constructed as a bar for the movie.

===The Union Church===
There was a [[Union Church, Hong Kong|Union Church]] in the street founded in 1844 by the [[James Legge|Reverend James Legge]], a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[missionary]] who had been sent to Hong Kong in 1843 by the [[London Missionary Society]]. The first Union Church was built in 1845 on Hollywood Road above Central. Every Sunday an English language service was held in the morning and a Chinese language service in the afternoon. The Church was later relocated to a new site on [[Staunton Street]].

==Features==
===Man Mo Temple===
[[Man Mo Temple]] or Man Mo Miu (文武廟) is a commonly sort of temple worshipping the Man Tai (文帝), [[Pau Kung]] and Mo Tai (武帝), [[Kwan Yu]], to pray for good results in examinations in China. The one on the Hollywood Road was built in 1847. It has been managed by [[Tung Wah Group of Hospitals]] since 1908. It is a [[declared monuments of Hong Kong|declared monument]].<ref>Antiquities and Monuments Office. [http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Monument/en/monuments_96.php Man Mo Temple Compound, Hollywood Road, Sheung Wan]</ref>

===Central Police Station===
{{main|Central Police Station, Hong Kong}}
Central Police Station was the first police station in Hong Kong. The oldest structure within the compound is a barrack block built in 1864. It is a three-storey building constructed alongside Victoria Prison (see below). A storey was later added to the mass in 1905. In 1919, Headquarters Block facing Hollywood Road was constructed. Subsequently in 1925, the two-storey Stable Block was constructed at the northwest end of the procession ground and later used as a munitions store. The Police Station accompanied by the former Central Magistracy and Victoria Prison form a group of historical architecture representing law and order in Hong Kong.

===Hollywood Road Art District===
Previously known solely for antique shops, Hollywood Road has recently developed into a [[contemporary art]] district in Hong Kong. The first gallery to open was Plum Blossoms in 1987. It was followed by the opening of Connoisseur Art Gallery in 1989 and Zee Stone Gallery in 1991. Para/Site Art Space, the first [[non-profit]] in the area, moved to Sheung Wan in 1997. 2000 brought the opening of the [[Asia Art Archive]], another non-profit, followed by the opening of Grotto Fine Art and the Yan Gallery. The established Schoeni Gallery opened a branch on Hollywood Rd in 2001. The mid to late 2000s saw the opening of many galleries in the area including Amelia Johnson Contemporary, Cat Street Galleries, Gallery Exit, Input/Output, Sin Sin Fine Art, and the Hong Kong branches of CAIS, Sundaram Tagore, and Tang Contemporary.

==See also==
* [[Hollywood Road Park]]
* [[Central-Mid-levels escalator]]
* [[Soho, Hong Kong|Soho]]
* [[List of streets and roads in Hong Kong]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*China.org.cn. [http://www.china.org.cn/english/olympic/218807.htm]. Retrieved Sept. 1, 2007

==External links==
{{commons category|Hollywood Road}}
* {{cite book |title= City in Architecture: Recent Works of Rocco Design Limited|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2006|publisher= Images Publishing Group|location= |isbn= 978-1-876907-22-8|page= |pages= 84–95|url= |accessdate=}}

{{HKislandroads}}

[[Category:Central, Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Sheung Wan]]
[[Category:Roads in Hong Kong]]

{{Coord|22.284172|114.150201|format=dms|display=title}}

Concow (Kalifornien)

2013-04-24T12:04:38Z

HMSSolent: Reverted edit(s) by Xfactor218 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Concow
|settlement_type = [[census-designated place]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_seal =
|image_map = Butte_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Concow_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Location in [[Butte County, California|Butte County]] and the state of [[California]]
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|coordinates_region = US-CA
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{USA}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|California}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Butte County, California|Butte]]
|government_type =
|leader_title1 = [[California's 4th State Senate district|State Senator]]
|leader_name1 = {{Representative|casd|4|fmt=sleader}}<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://senate.ca.gov/senators
|title=Senators
|accessdate=March 20, 2013
|publisher=State of California}}</ref>
|leader_title2 = [[California's 1st State Assembly district|State Assembly]]
|leader_name2 = {{Representative|caad|1|fmt=sleader}}<ref>{{Cite web
|url=http://assembly.ca.gov/assemblymembers
|title=Members Assembly
|accessdate=March 20, 2013
|publisher=State of California}}</ref>
|leader_title3 = [[California's 1st congressional district|U. S. Congress]]
|leader_name3 = {{Representative|cacd|1|fmt=usleader}}<ref>{{Cite GovTrack|CA|1|accessdate=March 1, 2013}}</ref>
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =

| unit_pref =US
| area_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt U.S. Census]</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi = 27.780
| area_land_sq_mi = 27.406
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.374
| area_total_km2 = 71.950
| area_land_km2 = 70.981
| area_water_km2 = 0.969
| area_water_percent = 1.35
| area_note =

|timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific (PST)]]
|utc_offset = -8
|timezone_DST = PDT
|utc_offset_DST = -7
|elevation_ft = 2628
|elevation_m = 801
|population_as_of = 2010
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 710
|population_metro =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_density_sq_mi = auto
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 39 |latm = 44 |lats = 14 |latNS = N
|longd = 121 |longm = 30 |longs = 52 |longEW = W
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 95965
|area_code = [[Area code 530|530]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 06-16035
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature IDs
|blank1_info = 1867007; 2407652
|footnotes = {{gnis|1867007}}; {{gnis|2407652}}
|website =
}}
'''Concow''' (formerly, '''Con Cow''')<ref name=CGN>{{California's Geographic Names|216}}</ref> is an [[unincorporated community]] and [[census-designated place]]<ref>{{gnis|2407652}}</ref> (CDP) in [[Butte County, California|Butte County]], [[California]], [[United States]]. It is named after the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] tribe that is indigenous to the area, the [[Maidu|Concow Maidu]] [http://www.maidu.com/]. The original inhabitants of the area ate salmon from the [[Feather River]], acorns and pine nuts from the trees in the area, venison, and other sources of food which abounded in the California foothills. The population was 710 at the 2010 census.

==History==
''"In the beginning Wahno-no-pem, the Great Spirit, made all things. Before he came, everything on the earth and in the skies was hidden in darkness and in gloom, but where he appeared he was the light. From his essence, out of his breath, he made the sun, the moon, and the countless stars, and pinned them in the blue vault of the heavens."''<ref>http://www.maidu.com/ourhistory/ethno-history.html</ref>

There is no indication that there was contact with the Concow tribe during the [[History of California to 1899#Spanish colonization and governance (1697–1821)|1697–1821 Spanish colonization]], [[Ranchos of California#Mexican era|the 1821–1846 Mexican governance]], or the spread of the [[Californio]] [http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/666-slavery-in-mexico slave] [[Ranchos of California|ranchos]]. The Concow region is 20 miles north of the city of Oroville (an Anglo-Hispanic compound meaning 'gold-town') and about the same distance east of the town of Chico (named for [[Rancho Arroyo Chico]]—meaning 'little creek ranch' -- which was established through a land-grant from the Mexican authorities in 1844, two years before [[Robert F. Stockton#Biography#Mexican-American War#Conquest of California|California was invaded by United States forces]], an indication that there was some [[Alta California|Mexican presence]] near the Concow region.

Starting in 1828, northern trappers including [[Jedediah Smith]], [[Michel Laframboise]], and [[John Work (fur-trader)|John Work]] first made contact with the Concow region Maidu<ref name="maidu.com">History of the ConCow Maidu, last accessed 9/27/2011. http://www.maidu.com/maiduculture/firstcontactto1863.html</ref> and permanent settlements began in 1856.<ref name=CGN /> Soon began death from diseases, such as [[malaria]], that the Maidu have no natural immunity. In addition to disease, in 1853 the [http://nacc.stanford.edu/timeline.html State of California] ordered all non-European people of California - including the Maidu - exterminated in return for a $5.00<ref>http://www.tachi-yokut.com/history2.html , last accessed 10/23/2011</ref> ($134.95 in 2010 US$)<ref>http://www.minneapolisfed.org/community_education/teacher/calc/hist1800.cfm , last accessed 10/23/2011</ref> cash bounty for each verified male killed and a lesser cash bounty for a dead woman or child. The resulting debt became known as the "California War Debt" or "[[California Army National_Guard#History|Army Appropriations Bill]]"<ref>New York Times, PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS.; SENATE. THE ARMY APPROPRIATION BILL. THE TERRITORY OF MONTANA. Published: May 20, 1864, last accessed 10/23/2011. http://www.nytimes.com/1864/05/20/news/proceedings-congress-senate-army-appropriation-bill-territory-montana.html</ref> and in 1854 - though not entirely clear why,<ref>Appendix to the Journals of the Senate and Assembly ... of the ..., Volume 8 By California, Appendix to the Journals of the Senate, Volume 8 - Page 509, last accessed 10/28/2011http://books.google.com/books?id=OzVNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA509&dq=California+state+1854+army+appropriations+bill&hl=en&ei=6O-kTvKsI7DSiAKQo7jrCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> as Secretary of War [[Jefferson Davis]] wrote California that their 'war' expenditures could not be authorized without the original bills of sale to verify the purpose was one intended by congress;<ref>Journal of the Senate of the State of California, Volume 1911, Part 1 By California. Legislature. Senate, last accessed 10/28/2011. http://books.google.com/books?id=UkZNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA227&dq=California+state+1854+army+appropriations+bill&hl=en&ei=6O-kTvKsI7DSiAKQo7jrCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> the bill of sale for the bounty was the head. California was reimbursed $924,259.65 ($23.4M 2010US) by the United States Federal Government, and again reimbursed $229,981.67 in 1861 for the intervening years.<ref>The Congressional Globe, By United States. Congress, Francis Preston Blair, John Cook Rives, Franklin Rives, Tuesday July 25th, 1854, last accessed 10/23/2011. http://books.google.com/books?id=tT8FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1907&lpg=PA1907&dq=California+state+treasury+reimbursement+to+local+governments+for+indian+war+expenses&source=bl&ots=66-Wir_VzV&sig=INVq0FAUgkol0BspFbfgoj6JV7g&hl=en&ei=4eikTuCNHdHZiQLE5cR3&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> Sometimes children could be sold for more than the per claim amount allowed and so survivors of 'hunts' were [http://www.chrisanddavid.com/clearlakemassacre/index.shtml enslaved]<ref>The Destruction of California Indians, Edited by Robert F. Heizer, University of Nebraska Press, 1993. http://weber.ucsd.edu/~rfrank/class_web/ES-110/ETHN110articles/California/Heizer_PS.pdf</ref> as provided by the Act of 1850 for the Government and Protection of Indians.<ref>An Act for the Government and Protection of Indians April 22, 1850 (Chapter 133, Statutes of California, April 22, 1850), last accessed 10/23/2011. http://www.indiancanyon.org/ACTof1850.html</ref> Their fictionalized but true in spirit story is told by the real person [[Ishi]], who may have been part or full Maidu.

By 1862, after a decade of [[Population transfer|forcible removals]], the last of the native Concow inhabitants were kept on a cramped reservation at [[Round Valley Indian Tribes of the Round Valley Reservation|Round Valley]] with unrelated people relocated from surrounding regions. The poor camp conditions and an imminent winter disaster under the supervision of [[indian agent]] [http://www.mrlincolnandfriends.org/inside.asp?pageID=37&subjectID=2 James Short]<ref>notes, page 787 note 3006, last accessed 9/27/2011. http://www.csuchico.edu/lbib/spc/bleyhl/Bleyhl_700-874.pdf</ref> forced a large group of men, women, children, and elderly to set out without provisions for the 130 miles back to their home in the Concow Valley.<ref>http://www.maidu.com/images/Ghosted.pdf, last accessed 10/23/2011</ref> They made it as far as present day Chico where they were placed in a camp at Bidwell's old river landing - now under [[Lake Oroville]] - and employed constructing the Chico-Humbolt road. The following spring three young children were attacked with the two boys killed and the kidnapped girl escaping after being forced to walk to a village near present day Concow in what became known as the [[Pentz, California|Pence]] massacre, the murders were 9 miles from the present day Concow CDP - the KonKow people were blamed.<ref name="files.usgwarchives.org">Butte County CA Archives History - Books .....Indian Difficulties 1882, http://files.usgwarchives.org/ca/butte/history/1882/historyo/indiandi55nms.txt</ref><ref>Ishi the Last Yahi: A Documentary History By Robert F. Heizer, Theodora Kroeber. http://books.google.com/books?id=NcLD1rXZ2NUC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=concow+lewis+children&source=bl&ots=iyVbPUQWje&sig=SlhVGTVaCcqvNSaLGKrxPzjxS7I&hl=en&ei=RqyEToq7BojiiAK8xZ24DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=concow%20lewis%20children&f=false</ref> These events happened amid documented incidences of local whites dressing as Indians and committing crimes<ref>Indian-White Relationships in Northern California Essays, last accessed 9/27/2011. www.csuchico.edu/lbib/spc/bleyhl/Bleyhl_essays.pdf</ref> and numerous mule-trains that were attacked and plundered by the various sierra peoples. In the following days 611 KonKow people were murdered and a vigilante group in a compromise with those who wanted the killing to stop gave four determined as 'bad people' a running start before opening fire and killing two.<ref name="files.usgwarchives.org"/> Under a resolution passed at a mass meeting of the public at Pence Ranch on July 27<ref>Ishi Timeline, last accessed 9/27/2011. http://www.cimcc.org/index.php?view=article&catid=49%3Aishi-education&id=62%3Aishi-education&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=78</ref><ref>notes, page 743 note 2805, last accessed 9/27/2011. http://www.csuchico.edu/lbib/spc/bleyhl/Bleyhl_700-874.pdf</ref><ref>notes, page 743 note 2808, last accessed 9/27/2011. http://www.csuchico.edu/lbib/spc/bleyhl/Bleyhl_700-874.pdf</ref> a volunteer posse of 500 white men sought to kill or remove every non-white from Butte County; they rounded up 461 people from the surrounding area including those at Bidwell's Landing - for the kidnapping and killing, two were tied to a tree and executed by firing squad.<ref>Resistance to Rescue, Margaret D. Jacobs, University of Nebraska, 1997. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1015&context=historyfacpub&sei-redir=1#search=%22August%2028%2C%201863%20Bidwell%20Ranch%22</ref> The local US government representative [http://www.cagenweb.com/archives/Biography/LakeCounty/HansonGeorgeM.htm Major George M. Hanson], Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Northern California, and the State Militia representative [http://www.californiacavalry.us/history3.html Captain Augustus W. Starr] sent July 31 to asses the situation were unsure what to do with the popular movement or how to stop the acts of [[vigilante]] justice. The subsequent commanders of [[Camp Bidwell]] during the month of August, [http://www.onlinebiographies.info/ny/jeff/morton-a.htm Captain Alfred Morton] and then Major Ambrose E. Hooker<ref>On the trail of the buffalo soldier II: new and revised biographies of ... By Irene Schubert, Frank N. Schubert. http://books.google.com/books?id=rEYLD-Bx6WEC&pg=PA150&lpg=PA150&dq=%22Ambrose+Hooker%22&source=bl&ots=57fTGloMsC&sig=SlazyYxigCtdtMhsIvnJF3MejnU&hl=en&ei=YT6CTvu0F-bYiAKXufn7DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Ambrose%20Hooker%22&f=false</ref> - are absent in early correspondence from Captain Starr asking for guidance with the increasing number of Konkow 'prisoners of war'.<ref name="files.usgwarchives.org"/><ref>notes, page 806 note 3086, last accessed 9/27/2011. http://www.csuchico.edu/lbib/spc/bleyhl/Bleyhl_700-874.pdf</ref>

After consulting with Superintendent Hanson and superiors [[Richard C. Drum|Colonel Richard Cloyd Drum]] and [[George Wright (general)|General George Wright]], Captain Starr was ordered by General Wright in Post Order No. 6<ref>We were all like migrant workers here: work, community, and memory on ... By William J. Bauer, Jr., William J. Bauer (Jr.) http://books.google.com/books?id=mNERREBKYm0C&lpg=PA54&ots=z3DI1i4U13&dq=Captain%20Augustus%20Starr&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q=Captain%20Augustus%20Starr&f=false</ref> to lead 23 soldiers of Company F [[2nd Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry]] and move the now imprisoned people the 110 miles from [[Camp Bidwell]] back to Round Valley on what became a 20-day [[Death marches (Holocaust)|death march]] now remembered as the [[Nome Cult Trail|KonKow Trail of Tears]]. Despite efforts by the soldiers and the Pence resolution mandated donations raised to provide for provisions, horses and wagons, each day those who could not make the march through the hot arid September [[Sacramento Valley]] - where afternoon temperatures top 90°F or over the 6,000 foot crest of the [[North Coast Ranges]] - were left behind without food or water and were soon killed by a pack of [[wild boar]] that had formed behind and followed the group; the survivors were told to stay at the Round Valley [[Internment|concentration camp]] or be shot on sight. They were given no provisions by the soldiers and some starved during the winter.<ref name="maidu.com"/> The current inhabitants of Concow, including a few Maidus, commonly find relics of the Maidu in the form of beads and stone tools while digging in and around their homes. A post office operated at Concow from 1882 to 1906, renamed from Con Cow to Concow in 1895, and relocated several times.<ref name=CGN />

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the CDP has a total area of {{convert|27.78|sqmi|km2}}, of which, {{convert|27.41|sqmi|km2}} of it is land and {{convert|0.37|sqmi|km2}} of it (1.35%) is water.

For unknown reasons the community's name was absent from the US Geological Survey files until 1990. Other nearby communities are [[The Pines, Butte County, California|The Pines]] (USGS feature ID 268203), and [[Deadwood, Butte County, California|Deadwood]] (USGS feature ID 1655957). The community is off [[California State Route 70|State Route 70]] east of [[Cherokee, California|Cherokee]]. Concow School is shown on some maps. There is a Concow Dam, Road, and Creek nearby.

==Demographics==

===2010===

The [[2010 United States Census]]<ref>{{USCensus-2010CA}}</ref> reported that Concow had a population of 710. The [[population density]] was 25.6 people per square mile (9.9/km²). The racial makeup of Concow was 611 (86.1%) [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0 (0.0%) [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 24 (3.4%) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 5 (0.7%) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 3 (0.4%) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 10 (1.4%) from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 57 (8.0%) from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 56 persons (7.9%).

The Census reported that 710 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 302 households, out of which 62 (20.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 146 (48.3%) were [[marriage|opposite-sex married couples]] living together, 21 (7.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11 (3.6%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 26 (8.6%) [[POSSLQ|unmarried opposite-sex partnerships]], and 3 (1.0%) [[same-sex partnerships|same-sex married couples or partnerships]]. 85 households (28.1%) were made up of individuals and 25 (8.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35. There were 178 [[family (U.S. Census)|families]] (58.9% of all households); the average family size was 2.92.

The population was spread out with 124 people (17.5%) under the age of 18, 47 people (6.6%) aged 18 to 24, 126 people (17.7%) aged 25 to 44, 313 people (44.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 100 people (14.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50.4 years. For every 100 females there were 115.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 118.7 males.

There were 360 housing units at an average density of 13.0 per square mile (5.0/km²), of which 251 (83.1%) were owner-occupied, and 51 (16.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 4.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.7%. 572 people (80.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 138 people (19.4%) lived in rental housing units.

===Between 2000 and 2010===
Concow is a [[census-designated place]] (CDP) in [[Butte County, California|Butte County]], [[California]], [[United States]]. In June and July 2008 the [http://www.chicowiki.org/Butte_Lightning_Complex Butte Lightning Complex] fire destroyed more than 50% of the structures and possibly reduced the population by a similar proportion, with an unknown affect on the CDP age, race, and income demographics [http://www.newsreview.com/chico/content?oid=839622][http://www.newsreview.com/chico/content?oid=839622][http://www.topix.com/forum/city/paradise-ca/TO713G1MSU3088Q3P].

===2000===

====Population====
At the 2000 [[census]]{{GR|2}} the population was 1,095 and with 319 families residing in the CDP. The [[population density]] was 29.1 people per square mile (11.2/km²). There were 571 housing units at an average density of 15.2 per square mile (5.9/km²). In 2008 the [http://www.chicowiki.org/Butte_Lightning_Complex Butte Lightning Complex] fire destroyed 308 homes<ref>Roger H. Aylworth $4.3 million grant to help Butte victims of 2008 fires Posted: 12/03/2010 12:13:22 AM PST http://www.chicoer.com/news/ci_16767039</ref> In the 2010 census "the biggest [regional] percentage drop was in fire-scarred Concow, down 35.16 percent to a population of 710".<ref>Census: Chico grows, Paradise shrinks, By AP and Staff Reports, Posted: 03/09/2011 12:09:02 AM PST http://www.chicoer.com/news/ci_17571516</ref>

====Race====
At the 2000 census, the racial makeup of the CDP was 90.68% [[Race (United States Census)|White]]. As individuals, in the Concow CDP there are, 10 [[Race (United States Census)|Blacks]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African Americans]], 25 [[Race (United States Census)|Native Americans]], 6 [[Race (United States Census)|Asians]], 12 [[Race (United States Census)|Pacific Islanders]], 12 who identify themselves as [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], 47 who identify with two or more races and 52 inhabitants of the Concow region who identify themselves as [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]].

====Age====
In the CDP the population was spread out with 23% under the age of 18, 4% from 18 to 24 (i.e., 44 individuals), 21% from 25 to 44, 34% from 45 to 64, and 18% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females there were 117.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.9 males. 24% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them. 53% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30% were non-families. 23% of all households were made up of individuals and 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.4 and the average family size was 2.7.

====Income====
The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,000, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $24,408 versus $39,479 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the CDP was $15,829. About 8% of families and 14% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 27% of those under age 18 and 7% of those age 65 or over.

==Industry==
Historically the Concow region supported [[dairy farming]], [[ranch]]ing, and [[forestry]]. The region is zoned (2010 map) for timber production, 5 to 10ac foothill residential, a small area for 1ac foothill residential, and a couple small areas for commercial.<ref>http://www.buttegeneralplan.net/products/2010-07-02_Draft_ZO/maps/ParadiseConcowYankeeHillStirlingCity_Esize.pdf</ref>

In the late 1990s the CDP became known regionally for a significant domestic product consisting of [[Informal sector|informal market]] production and commerce [http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v08/n600/a02.html?184].

The region contains [[marijuana]] agricultural production, large irrigated plantations were discovered during the 2008 fire. The 2000 domestic product from legitimate income sources is approximately $17.5 million, during and after the 2008 fires an estimated $50 million worth of marijuana was removed [http://www.420magazine.com/forums/international-cannabis-news/78109-pot-plants-worth-37-million-eradicated.html][http://www.allbusiness.com/legal/criminal-law-sentencing/13376680-1.html], indicating that the region's per-capita income is under-reported. The region's marijuana production is 2% to 3% of California's total production [http://www.drugscience.org/Archive/bcr2/domstprod.html] [http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/39914211/ns/business-bloomberg_businessweek/]. The 2008 fire changed the regional micro-climate with the result that crop yields dropped.

* 10/04/2001 marijuana grow, father of four out squirrel hunting found dead<ref>http://www.newsreview.com/chico/briefly/content?oid=6232</ref>
* 07/04/2008 9,459 marijuana plants, value $37,800,000<ref>http://www.420magazine.com/forums/international-cannabis-news/78109-pot-plants-worth-37-million-eradicated.html</ref>
* 07/10/2008 25 marijuana plants<ref>http://www.chicoer.com/news/ci_9839562</ref>
* 02/23/2009 32 pounds processed marijuana<ref>http://www.topix.net/forum/city/brownsville-ca/T4I8RCT3ASGORBMP6</ref>
* 03/18/2009 246 pounds processed marijuana + 55 plants<ref>http://www.khsltv.com/content/topstories/story/Medical-Marijuana-Part-2-Task-Force-Makes-a/o6yJfw1He06nXETu7KTNqA.cspx</ref>
* 06/18/2009 3 pounds processed marijuana<ref>http://www.topix.com/forum/city/concow-ca/T8OTN8A5LG35TOLTC</ref>
* 06/19/2010 Man poses as federal agent and brandished a firearm to seize marijuana in Concow<ref>http://celebrifi.com/gossip/Man-who-posed-as-agent-pleads-guilty-1481879.html</ref><ref>http://www.topix.com/forum/city/concow-ca/TRMCPNLR7F0665276</ref>
* 09/09/2010 56 marijuana plants + 200 marijuana clones
* 08/11/2011 3 pounds processed marijuana, value $27,000<ref>http://newstalk1290.wordpress.com/2011/08/12/concow-man-arrested-in-bintf-probe/</ref>
* 08/14/2011 54 + 369 marijuana plants, value $1,110 to $3,200 per pound<ref>http://www.chicoer.com/breakingnews/ci_19143184</ref>
* 12/1/2011 the difference between informal market industry and formal market are sufficiently blurred at this point that adding to this list seizures less than several thousand plants is not prudent<ref>http://www.chicoer.com/news/ci_19446573</ref>

The region is stereotypically thought of as a place for the manufacture and abuse of the US [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_II_controlled_substances|Schedule II controlled substance]] stimulant [[Methamphetamine]]. It is rumored that there are frequent unpublicized raids by the [http://www.buttecounty.net/da/MCU.htm Butte Interagency Narcotics Task Force (BINTF)] overseen by the [http://buttecounty.net/da/main.htm Butte County District Attorney's Office] - but there is no citable evidence to validate these rumors.

* 08/11/2011 53.31 grams methamphetamine, value $8,000<ref>http://www.localnews1.net/files/kruger-wilfern.pdf</ref>

With the destruction of most unpermitted structures [http://concowphoenix.blogspot.com/] during the 2008 fire, the prefire patterns of residences, commercial land use, informal and formal market industries, and recreational use has changed.

==See also==
[http://yankeehillhistory.com/newsApr07.pdf Concow History]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Butte County, California}}

[[Category:Census-designated places in Butte County, California]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1856]]

Robert Fitzharding

2013-04-13T01:53:07Z

HMSSolent: Reverted good faith edit(s) by 66.68.67.2 using STiki

[[File:TabletRobertFitzHardingStAugustinesBristol.jpg|thumb|200px| Marble mural monumental tablet erected 1742 to '''Robert FitzHarding''', 1st feudal baron of Berkeley(d.1170), in the [[Lady Chapel]], St Augustine's Abbey (Bristol Cathedral). The tablet appears to serve as an explication (erroneously) of the adjacent tomb-chest of a knight and lady in 14th-century armour and costume labelled on the 19th-century brass plaque affixed to the plinth as depicting [[Maurice de Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley|"Maurice de Berkeley, 9th Baron Berkeley"]](d.1368) and his mother. The text of the marble tablet contains details now proved erroneous concerning his ancestry. Text: "The monument of Robert FitzHarding Lord of Berkeley descended from the Kings of Denmark and Eva his wife by whom he had five sons & two daughters. Maurice his eldest son was the first of this family that took the name of Berkeley. This Robert FitzHarding laid the foundation of this church and monastery of St Augustine in the year 1140 the fifth of [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]], dedicated in the year 1170 in the 17th of [[Henry II of England|King Henry the Second]]. This monument was repaired AD 1742. From the said Robert FitzHarding Lord of Berkeley, [[Augustus Berkeley, 4th Earl of Berkeley|Augustus]] the present Earl is the two and twentieth in descent".]]
'''Robert Fitzharding''' (c. 1095–1170) was an [[Anglo-Saxon]] nobleman from [[Bristol]] who was granted the [[English feudal barony|feudal barony]] of [[Berkeley, Gloucestershire|Berkeley]] in [[Gloucestershire]]. He rebuilt [[Berkeley Castle]], and founded the [[Berkeley family]] which still occupies it today.<ref name="Verey176"/> He was a wealthy Bristol merchant and a financier of Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Aquitaine, who was the rival of [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]] (1135–54) during the period known as [[The Anarchy]] and who subsequently became [[Henry II of England|King Henry II]] (1154–89). Fitzharding founded St. Augustine's [[Abbey]], which after the [[English Reformation|Reformation]] became [[Bristol Cathedral]].<ref name="Bettey15_19"/> Many members of the Berkeley family were buried within it, and some of their effigies survive there. As [[J. Horace Round]] asserted he was one of the very few Anglo-Saxon noblemen who managed to retain their noble status in Norman England and successfully integrate with the Norman nobility, if not the only one.<ref>Round, J. Horace, Family Origins and Other Studies, London, 1930, "An Approved Pre-Conquest Pedigree", pp.13-22</ref>

==Early life==
Robert Fitzharding is believed to have been the grandson of [[Eadnoth the Constable|Eadnoth]], who had held the post of [[Staller]] under King [[Edward the Confessor]] and King [[Harold Godwinson|Harold]].<ref name="Burke254"/> Robert's father [[Harding of Bristol]] was the [[Sheriff|King's Reeve]] in Bristol, with a house in Baldwin Street. Robert later built a large house in Broad Street, on the [[River Frome, Bristol|River Frome]]. He became a [[Burgess (title)|burgess]] of the city and sufficiently wealthy to buy from [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]] extensive [[manor]]ial lands around Bristol to its south and west, including [[Redcliffe, Bristol|Redcliffe]], [[Bedminster, Bristol|Bedminster]], [[Abbots Leigh|Leigh]], [[Portbury]] and Billeswick.<ref name="Sivier75_76"/><ref name="Jones5"/><ref name="Walker12_18"/>

==St Augustine's Abbey==
In 1140, Fitzharding founded St Augustine's Abbey as a [[School of Saint Victor|Victorine]] [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] [[monastery]]. The chosen site was in Billeswick, just across the [[River Frome, Bristol|River Frome]] from Bristol Castle. He endowed the abbey with many lands, and the rights to revenues from many churches, in Bristol and within several [[Counties of England|counties]]. In 1148 he chose Richard of Warwick as the first [[abbot]]. In 1155 King Henry II made endowments to the abbey and in 1159 Fitzharding confirmed his own endowments by [[charter]]. The abbey carried out a building programme during Fitzharding's lifetime which created a new abbey church, the [[Bristol Cathedral#Chapter house|chapter house]] and the [[Great Gatehouse, Bristol|Great Gatehouse]].<ref name="Bettey15_19"/><ref name="Walker12_18"/>

==Barony of Berkeley==
[[Image:Berkeley Castle 03.jpg|thumb|Berkeley Castle|alt=Berkeley Castle]]
In the conflict of [[The Anarchy]](1135-1154), Bristol Castle was held by [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]](d.1147) for the [[House of Plantagenet|Plantagenet]] cause against King Stephen. In 1152 Roger de Berkeley was dispossessed by Plantagenet forces of the [[Farm (revenue leasing)|fee-farm]] of Berkeley Castle, held from King Stephen, for refusing to give allegiance to the Plantagenet cause. These lands included Berkeley, [[Filton]], [[Horfield]], [[Almondsbury]] and [[Ashleworth]], and other English and Welsh possessions including land in [[Gwent (county)|Gwent]] and [[Glamorgan]]. This left Roger de Berkeley with a truncated barony centred on Dursley.<ref>Stacy, N. Henry of Blois and the Lordship of Glastonbury, in The English Historical Review, Oxford, vol CXIV, Feb.1999,pp.13-14.</ref> Following the victory and crowning of [[Henry II of England|King Henry II]](1154-1189), Fitzharding was rewarded by the king for his support with the grant of a feudal barony which comprised lands which had formerly been held at [[Farm (revenue leasing)|fee-farm]] from Stephen by [[Roger de Berkeley|Roger de Berkeley]], including Berkeley Castle itself, which became the ''[[caput]]'' of the new barony.<ref>Sanders, 1960, "Certain" Barony of Berkeley, p.13</ref> Fitzharding made further endowments to St Augustine's Abbey from these territories.<ref name="Bettey15_19"/><ref name="Burke254"/><ref name="Sivier75_76"/><ref name="Walker12_18"/>

In 1153–54 Fitzharding received a royal charter from Henry II giving him permission to rebuild the castle at Berkeley.<ref name="Burke254"/> The previous castle was originally a [[motte-and-bailey]] built by [[William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford|William FitzOsbern]] shortly after the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman Conquest]] of 1066, and had been rebuilt in the 12th century by the dispossessed Roger de Berkeley and his father. Fitzharding built the [[shell keep]] between 1153–56, on the site of the former motte. The building of the [[Curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]] followed, around 1160–90.<ref name="Verey176"/>

==Later life==
According to the 13th-century [[Norman language|Norman]] verse [[The Song of Dermot and the Earl]], Fitzharding acted as an intermediary between [[Dermot MacMurrough]], the exiled [[Kings of Leinster|King of Leinster]], and Henry II in Dermot's attempts to raise Norman support for his planned recapture of [[Leinster]]. The song tells that Dermot was a guest in Fitzharding's house in Bristol.<ref name="Sivier151"/>

Some time before his death Fitzharding became a canon of the abbey he had founded. He died in 1170.<ref name="Bettey15_19"/>

The ancestry of Robert Fitzharding's wife Eva is not certain. She was founder and first [[abbess]] of the Augustinian [[nunnery]] of [[St Mary Magdalen Nunnery, Bristol|St Mary Magdalen]] on St Michael's Hill, Bristol, having endowed it with lands in [[Southmead]].<ref name="Bettey15_19"/><ref name="Sivier75_76"/>

Eva was buried alongside her husband in the choir of St Augustine's Abbey.<ref name="Bettey15_19"/> They are commemorated with a 19th-century [[stained glass]] window in the Cathedral, depicting them with Henry II.<ref name="Rogan138"/>

==Descendants==

Robert's first son, and heir, was [[Maurice fitzRobert fitzHarding]], also known as Maurice de Berkeley, born c. 1120. Duke Henry of Aquitaine (the future King Henry II(1154-1189)) had clearly regretted the effect of his action in dispossessing Roger de Berkeley of his former lands, and determined to facilitate the junction of the two families by encouraging dual intermarriages. In 1153–54 Maurice married Alice, the first daughter of the dispossessed Roger de Berkeley, who was now [[English feudal barony|feudal baron]] of nearby [[Dursley]].<ref>Sanders, I.J., English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086-1327, Oxford, 1960, Probable Baronies, Dursley, pp.114-115</ref> At the same time Robert's first daughter Helen married Roger's heir, also called Roger.<ref name="Burke254"/> This double marriage contract, binding the son and heir of each man to marry a daughter of the other, was signed at the house of Robert FitzHarding in Bristol in the presence of Duke Henry and 16 witnesses.<ref>Jeayes, I.H. (ed.) Charters and Muniments at Berkeley Castle. Bristol, 1892. Charter no. 4, c. Nov. 1153, pp. 4-5.</ref>

===Marriage charter===
The marriage charter, today held at Berkeley Castle,<ref>Ref: "SC4" at Berkeley Castle Muniments, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=2189-bcm_1-1_2&cid=1-1-19-1-13-1#1-1-19-1-13-1</ref> was published by Isaac Herbert Jeayes of the [[British Museum]] in 1892 as follows:<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/descriptivecatal00fitzrich/descriptivecatal00fitzrich_djvu.txt Descriptive Catalogue of Charters in the possession of The Rt. Hon. Lord Fitzhardinge, Berkeley Castle, Compiled with Introduction , Notes and Indices by Isaac Herbert Jeaves, of the Department of Manuscripts, British Museum. Bristol, 1892], Charter no.4; Transcript also in: Smyth, Lives of the Berkeleys, Vol.3, pp.325-6;</ref>
<blockquote>
"Marriage Contract between Rodbert Fitzharding and Roger de Berckele, made in the house of the said Rodbert at Bristol, in the presence of Henry, Duke
of Normandy, whereby it is covenanted that Maurice, son of Rodbert Fitzharding, shall take in marriage the daughter of Roger de Berckele, with [[Slimbridge]] [co. Glouc] as her portion, and that Roger, the son and heir of Roger de Berckele, shall take in marriage the daughter of the said Rodbert Fitzharding, with the Manor of [[Siston]], near Bristol, for dowry. c. Nov. 1153. Latin. 

''Iste sunt pactiones que facte fuerunt inter Rodbertum filium Hardingi et Rogerum de Berckel' in domo Rodberti filii Hardingi apud Bristou in presentia domini Henrici ducis Normannorum et Aquitanie et comitis And[egavie] ejusdem assensu et in presentia multorum aliorum clericorum et laicorum. Mauricius filius Rodberti filii hardingi cepit filiam Rogeri de Berckel' in uxorem ita quod Rogerus dedit Mauricio cum filia sua in matrimonio Slimbrugiam que est de sua hereditate, hoc est decem libratas terre, et Mauricius concessu patris sui Rodberti filii Hardingi dedit filie Rogeri quam ipse cepit uxorem in dotem xx libratas terre de feudo de Berckel' assensu domini Henrici ducis. Tali conventione quod si Mauricius filius Rodberti moreretur antequam cepisset filiam Rogeri uxorem : frater eius post eum primogenitus acciperet eam uxorem per supradictas conventiones. Et si etiam ille alter filius Rodberti moreretur ante sponsalia filie Rogeri : quisquis de filiis Rodberti post ilium heres remaneret filiam Rogeri uxorem acciperet. Similiter si filia Rogeri antequam desponsaretur Mauricio filio Rodberti moreretur, secunda post ipsam Mauricio daretur in uxorem vel cuilibet fratrum suorum qui heres remaneret post Mauricium. Ita et de ceteris filiabus Rogeri si primogenite morerentur ilia que remaneret post ipsas daretur illi de filiis Rodberti filii Hardingi qui heres ejus remaneret, sicut superius prelocutum est. Preterea filius Rogeri de berckel' qui heres eius est debet accipere uxorem unam de filiabus Rodberti filii hardingi et Rogerus de Berckelai debet illi filie Rodberti dare in dotem manerium Sistone prope Bristou quod manerium est de hereditate Rogeri. Et Rodbertus filius Hardingi debet dare in matrimonium cum filia sua filio Rogeri x libratas et x solidatas terre apud Derselegam eo pacto quod si una de filiabus Rodberti filii hardingi moreretur antequam filius Rogeri eam acciperet uxorem : altera filia Rodberti daretur illi. Et si utraque filia Rodberti ante sponsalia moreretur : filius Rogeri qui heres eius esset acciperet uxorem filiam hugonis de Hasele nepotem Rodberti filii hardingi. Similiter si primogenitus Rogeri de berckel' moreretur ante supradicta sponsalia ille, de fratribus suis qui remaneret post ipsum primogenitus et heres acciperet uxorem unam de filiabus Rodberti filii Hardingi que domi sunt vel si utraque ante sponsalia moreretur, filiam Hugonis de Hasele per supradictas pactiones. Has pactiones affidaverunt Rodbertus filius Hardingi et Rogerus de Berckelai tenere et servare sine fallacia et dolo et posuerunt Dominum Henricum ducem obsidem et justiciarem inter se de servandis his pactionibus. Hoc etiam affidaverunt viii probi viri ex parte Rodberti, et alii viii ex parte Rogeri quorum nomina haec sunt. Ex parte Rogeri, Willelmus filius Henrici, Rogerus de Sckai, Radulphus de Huelega, Walkelinus, Engebaldus de Gosintunia, Guido de Rupe, Gwaiferus de Planca, Hugo de Planca frater eius. De parte Rodberti, Hugo de Hasela, Nigellus filius Arthuri, Rodbertus de Saltemareis, Helyas frater Rodberti filii Hardingi, Jordanus frater eius, Jordanus le Warre, Nicholaus filius Rodberti, David Duncepucke. Et isti viri Rodbertum et Rogerum in his pactionibus servandis totis juribus tenebunt. Quod si Rodbertus et Rogerus de his pactionibus vellent exire, isti cogent eos pactiones tenere quantum poterint. Et si ipsi adquiescere noluerint, isti viri de servicio et amore eorum recedent. Et propter has supradictas pactiones Rogerus de Berkele clamavit quietum totum clamagium (?) suum et quicquid juris habebat in firma de Berkelai.''"</blockquote>

Translated as follows:
<blockquote>
"These are the terms which were made between Robert son of Harding and Roger de Berkeley in the house of Robert son of Harding at Bristol in the presence of Lord Henry Duke of the Normans and of Aquitine and Count of Anjou with the assent of himself and in the presence of many others clerics and lay persons. Maurice son of Robert son of Harding accepted the daughter of Roger de Berkeley in marriage thus because Roger gave to Maurice, with his daughter in matrimony, [[Slimbridge]] which is of his inheritance, that is ten librates of ground, and Maurice with the concession of his father Robert son of Harding gave to the daughter of Roger whom he himself received as wife in dowry 20 librates in land from the [[Fee (feudal tenure)|fee]] of Berkeley with the assent of Henry the Lord Duke. With such agreement, that if Maurice son of Robert should die before he has taken the daughter of Roger to wife: his brother born next after him should accept her as his wife according to the above terms. And if he the second brother of Robert should die before his wedding to the daughter of Roger : whichever of the sons of Robert, heir after him, should remain should accept the daughter of Roger for wife. Likewise if the daughter of Roger, before she should be wedded to Maurice the son of Robert, should die, the second after her should be given to Maurice in matrimony or to whichever brother of his should remain as heir after Maurice. Thus also concerning the remaining daughters of Roger, if the first-born should die, she who remains after her should be given to him out of the sons of Robert son of Harding who should remain his heir, just as was stated above. Moreover the son of Roger de Berkeley who is his heir must accept as his wife one of the daughters of Robert son of Harding and Roger de Berkeley is beholden to give in dowry the manor of [[Siston]]-by-Bristol which manor is of the inheritance of Roger. And Robert son of Harding is beholden to give in matrimony with his daughter to the son of Robert 10 librates and 10 solidates in land at [[Dursley]] by this bond, that if one of the daughters of Robert son of Harding should die before the son of Roger should have accepted her as wife, the second daughter of Robert should be given to him. And if either daughter of Robert should die before the nuptials, the son of Robert who should be his heir should accept for wife the daughter of Hugh de Hasele the nephew of Robert son of Harding. Likewise if the firstborn of Roger de Berkeley should die before the abovestated nuptials, he, from amongst his brothers who should remain next after him firstborn and heir should accept as his wife one out of the daughters of Robert son of Harding who are at home or if either should die before the nuptials, the daughter of Hugh de Hasele according to the above-stated bond. These terms Robert son of Harding and Roger de Berkeley have given their troth to hold and to serve without failure and subterfuge and have placed the Lord Duke Henry as hostage and arbitrator between themselves concerning the fulfillment of these terms. This also is agreed to by 8 trusty men on the part of Robert and by another 8 on the part of Roger of which these are the names: On the part of Roger: William son of Henry, Roger de Sckai, Ralph de Huelega, Walkelin,<ref>Probably [[Walchelin de Ferriers]] or [[Walkelin de Derby]], lord of Oakham Castle and Egginton, Derbyshire</ref> Engebald de Gosintunia, Guy de Rupe,<ref>[[List of Latinised names|Latinisation]] of "de la Roche"</ref> Geoffrey de Planca, Hugh de Planca his brother. On the part of Robert: Hugh de Hasela, Nigel son of Arthur, Robert de Saltemare, Helyas brother of Robert son of Harding, Jordan his brother, Jordan le Warre, Nicholas son of Robert, David Duncepucke. And these men shall hold Robert and Roger in keeping all their vows. As Respecting if Robert and Roger should wish to get out of these terms, these men should as far as they are able persuade them to hold these terms And if these should be unwilling to be at peace, these men should remove themselves from the service and love of them. And on account of the above stated terms Roger de Berkeley has quit-claimed all his claims and whatsoever he held by right in the [[Farm (revenue leasing)|farm]] of Berkeley".
</blockquote>

==Further reading==
*[[Henry Barkly|Barkly, Sir Henry]],KCB,GCMG,[http://www.bgas.org.uk/tbgas/bgc001.htm The Earlier House of Berkeley, published in Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, Vol. 8, 1883-84], pp. 193–223

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Verey176">{{Cite book | last=Verey | first=David |coauthors=Brooks, Alan | title=Pevsner Architectural Guide, Gloucestershire 2: The Vale and The Forest of Dean | publisher=Yale University Press | location=New Haven | year=2002 | page=176 | isbn=0-300-09733-6 }}</ref>
<ref name="Bettey15_19">{{Cite book | last=Bettey | first=Joseph | editor1-last=Rogan | editor1-first=John | title=Bristol Cathedral: History and Architecture | publisher=Tempus |
location=Charleston | year=2000 | pages=15–19 | isbn=0-7524-1482-8}}</ref>
<ref name="Burke254">{{Cite book | last=Burke | first= | title=Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, Vol.1 | publisher=Burke's Peerage | location=Switzerland | year=1999 | page=254 | isbn=2-940085-02-1}}</ref>
<ref name="Sivier75_76">{{Cite book | last=Sivier | first=David | title=Anglo-Saxon and Norman Bristol | publisher=Tempus | location=Stroud, Gloucestershire | year=2002 | pages=75–76 | isbn=0-7524-2533-1 }}</ref>
<ref name="Jones5">{{Cite book | last=Jones | first=Donald | title=Bristol Past | publisher=Phillimore | location=Chichester | year=2000 | page=5 | isbn=1-86077-138-6 }}</ref>
<ref name="Walker12_18">{{Cite book | last=Walker | first=David | editor1-last=Bettey | editor1-first=Joseph | title=Historic Churches and Church Life in Bristol | publisher=Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society | location=Bristol | year=2001 | pages=12–18 | isbn=0-900197-53-6}}</ref>
<ref name="Sivier151">{{Cite book | last=Sivier | first=David | title=Anglo-Saxon and Norman Bristol | publisher=Tempus | location=Stroud, Gloucestershire | year=2002 | page=151 | isbn=0-7524-2533-1 }}</ref>
<ref name="Rogan138">{{Cite book | last=Rogan | first=John | editor1-last=Rogan | editor1-first=John | title=Bristol Cathedral: History and Architecture | publisher=Tempus | location=Charleston | year=2000 | page=138 | isbn=0-7524-1482-8}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bristol-cathedral.co.uk/ Bristol Cathedral website]
*[http://www.berkeley-castle.com Berkeley Castle website]
*[http://www.rotwang.co.uk/hob_chapter_02.html Sketch of the history of Berkeley]
*[http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~legends/berkeley.html Ancestry.com - Berkeley]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Fitzharding, Robert
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Lord of Berkeley
| DATE OF BIRTH = c. 1095
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1170
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fitzharding, Robert}}
[[Category:1095 births]]
[[Category:1170 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bristol]]
[[Category:History of Bristol]]
[[Category:History of Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Berkeley family|Robert]]

Freedom Forum

2013-03-08T23:45:34Z

HMSSolent: Reverted edit(s) by 74.57.141.98 identified as test/vandalism using STiki

{{refimprove|date=February 2010}}
'''The Freedom Forum''' was created in 1991 under the direction of [[Al Neuharth]], former publisher of ''[[USA Today]]'' newspaper. Funding was provided by a foundation started by publisher [[Frank E. Gannett]] in 1935, called the Gannett Foundation. The foundation took on the name of The Freedom Forum in 1991.

The Freedom Forum describes itself as "a nonpartisan foundation dedicated to free press, free speech and free spirit for all people."<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Freedom Forum |url=http://www.freedomforum.org/about/default.asp |work=Freedom Forum |accessdate=July 8, 2011}}</ref>

It runs the First Amendment Center and the Diversity Institute at [[Vanderbilt University]] in [[Nashville]], [[Tennessee]]. It is also the creator of the [[Newseum]], a museum dedicated to the history of news, which opened in 1997 in [[Rosslyn]] Va., and re-opened in 2008 in [[Washington, D.C.]].

Each year, the Freedom Forum gives out the Al Neuharth Award for Excellence in the Media. Past winners include [[Walter Cronkite]] (1989), [[Carl T. Rowan]] (1990), [[Helen Thomas]] (1991), [[Tom Brokaw]] (1992), [[Larry King]] (1993), [[Charles Kuralt]] of CBS (1994), [[Al Hunt|Albert R. Hunt]] and [[Judy Woodruff]] (1995), [[Robert MacNeil]] (1996), [[Cokie Roberts]] (1997), [[Tim Russert]] and [[Louis Boccardi|Louis D. Boccardi]] (1998), [[John Seigenthaler]] (1999), [[Jim Lehrer]] (2001), [[Tom Curley]] (2002), [[Don Hewitt]] of CBS (2004), [[Garrison Keillor]] (2005), [[Bob Schieffer]] of CBS (2006), [[John Quinn]] and [[Ken Paulson]] (2007), [[Charles Overby]] (2008) and [[Katie Couric]] (2009).

{{As of|July 2011}}, Charles L. Overby serves as Chairman and CEO of the organization.<ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom Forum and Newseum Officers |url=http://www.freedomforum.org/templates/document.asp?documentID=4023 |work=Freedom Forum |accessdate=July 8, 2011 |date=January 12, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Charles L. Overby, Chairman and chief executive officer/Newseum, Freedom Forum, and Diversity Institute |url=http://www.freedomforum.org/templates/document.asp?documentID=4031 |work=Freedom Forum |accessdate=July 8, 2011}}</ref> On May 31, 2011, the organization announced that [[James C. Duff]], the Director of the [[Administrative Office of the United States Courts]], would join the organization as president and CEO.<ref name=FF-pressrelease>{{cite news |title=James C. Duff Is Named Freedom Forum President and CEO |url=http://newsblaze.com/story/2011053111570200001.pnw/topstory.html |accessdate=July 8, 2011 |newspaper=PR Newswire |date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.freedomforum.org/ Freedom Forum]
[[Category:Organizations based in Tennessee]]
{{US-org-stub}}

Network SouthEast

2013-03-04T07:30:12Z

HMSSolent: /* New trains */ added hyperlinks to respective articles of LU stock mentioned

{{Infobox Rail companies
| name = Network SouthEast
| bgcolor=
| logo_filename=Network southeast logo.svg
| logowidth=
| image_filename=465034 at Waterloo East.JPG
| widthpx=250px
| franchise=Not subject to franchising
| nameforarea=region
| regions=[[London]], [[South East England|South East]]
| secregions=[[East of England]], [[South West England|South West]], [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]], [[East Midlands]], [[Thames Valley]]
| fleet= Carriages: 6700 (1986)
| stations= 930 (1986)
| parent_company=[[British Rail]]
| website=
}}
[[File:Class 309 NSE & Jaffa Cake.jpg|thumb|right|Two units; one in NSE livery, the other in Jaffa Cake livery]][[File:1586 at London Victoria.jpg|thumb|right|A train in modified NSE livery with rounded corners]]
[[File:NSE EMU at Farnborough North.jpg|thumb|right|Transitional scene from [[Rail blue|BR Blue]] (the train) to NSE (the signage, train sticker) at [[Farnborough North railway station]]]]
'''Network SouthEast''' (NSE) was one of three passenger sectors of [[British Rail]] created in 1982. NSE principally operated [[commuter]] trains in the [[London]] area and inter-urban services in densely populated [[South East England]], although the network reached as far west as [[Exeter]]. Before 1986, the sector was known as '''London & South Eastern'''.

In the [[privatisation of British Rail]] on 1 April 1994 it was gradually broken into a number of [[Franchising|franchises]].

==History==
Before the [[History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948 - 1994#The 1980s : Sectorisation|sectorisation]] of BR in 1982 the system was split into regions: those operating around London were [[London Midland Region]] (Marylebone, Euston, St Pancras and Broad Street), [[Southern Region of British Railways|Southern Region]] (Waterloo, Victoria, Charing Cross, Holborn Viaduct, Cannon Street and London Bridge), [[Western Region of British Railways|Western Region]] (Paddington) and Eastern Region (King's Cross, Moorgate, Broad Street, Liverpool Street and Fenchurch Street). It has been claimed that the move to sectorisation of the main BR businesses - commuter services in the south-east of England, long distance intercity services, local services in the UK regions, parcels and freight - was due to the desire of the Conservative government of the time to reduce the level of public subsidy for the railways.<ref>Mark Lawrence: ''Network SouthEast - From Sectorization to Privatisation''. Sparkford, Oxford Publishing Co. 1994</ref>

Upon sectorisation, the '''London & South Eastern''' sector took over passenger services in the South-East of England.<ref name="Thomas">{{cite book | first=David St John | last=Thomas | coauthors=Whitehouse, Patrick | year=1990 | title=BR in the Eighties | publisher= David & Charles | location=Newton Abbot | isbn=0-7153-9854-7 }}</ref> The livery of this sector was nicknamed ''Jaffa Cake''. The livery was composed of chocolate brown, orange and grey colours.

In 1986, under new chairman [[Chris Green (railway manager)|Chris Green]], L&SE was relaunched as Network SouthEast, along with a new red, white and blue livery.<ref name="Thomas"/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Network SouthEast|journal=Jane’s Railway Year|volume=6|pages=4–11}}</ref>

On privatisation, NSE was split into various [[Franchising|franchise]]s and the [[Waterloo & City Line]] sold to [[London Underground]] for a nominal sum of one pound.

The last passenger train still in NSE livery was lost on 15 September 2007, when a Class 465, 465193, the last still in NSE colours, was sent to Stewarts Lane TMD by Southeastern for revinyling into Southeastern livery.<ref>Rail Magazine 575</ref> However, there is still a departmental ''bubble car'', used for route learning, in original NSE livery operating on the Chiltern Lines.

Beginning in 1983, BR’s operating regions were replaced with several business sectors: InterCity for principal passenger trains, Network SouthEast (NSE) for London commuter trains, Provincial for other local trains (including commuter rail outside London), Railfreight, and Parcels. BR’s regions were retained for infrastructure management purposes. The aim was to introduce greater budgetary efficiency and managerial accountability through sectorisation, rather than privatising BR outright. Although BR owned all five sectors, each sector was given primary responsibility for various assets (rolling stock, tracks, stations), and control resided with the primary user. Other sectors could negotiate access rights and rent facilities, using their own resources.

Sectorisation brought big changes to London with the creation of Network SouthEast. In contrast to BR Provincial, which was intended to operate interregional and other subsidised services, NSE was expected to cover most of its operating costs from revenues. Not all London commuter traffic was profitable, but NSE charged fees to other BR sectors using its tracks, and used more profitable commuter and express flows to cross-subsidise branch line operations. As before, the central government remained the source of capital funding for Network SouthEast.

Although NSE did not own or maintain infrastructure, it exercised control over almost all carrier core functions. NSE set its own goals and service standards in consultation with BR, and created its own management structure and oversight. BR allowed NSE to decide about scheduling, marketing, infrastructure enhancements, and rolling stock specifications on NSE-assigned lines and services. NSE owned its equipment, which it painted in its own colours, as other sectors (and PTEs in the other metropolitan areas) were doing. NSE was able to exert much greater control and accountability over both its operating budget and service quality than BR could under its Regions. Relations were generally good between NSE and other sectors, although operating pressures sometimes forced staff to use equipment and assets belonging to other sectors to meet immediate needs.

==Network Railcard==
{{Main|Network Railcard}}

Although NSE no longer exists, the grouping of services that it defined before privatisation remain grouped by the Network Railcard,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.railcard.co.uk/network/network.htm| title=Network Railcard| accessdate=2007-11-02}}</ref> which can be bought for £28 and which offers a 34% discount for adults and 60% discount for accompanying children after 10:00 on weekdays and all day at weekends (subject to a minimum weekday fare of £13).

==Subdivisions==
NSE was broken down into various sub-divisions.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Subdivision
!Main Route(s)
!Route Description
|-
|align="left"|Chiltern
|align="left"|[[Chiltern Main Line]], [[London to Aylesbury Line]]
|align="left"|London Marylebone-Aylesbury/Banbury
|-
|align="left"|Great Eastern
|align="left"|[[Great Eastern Main Line]]
|align="left"|London Liverpool Street-Ipswich/Harwich/Clacton-on-Sea/Walton-on-the-Naze/Southend Victoria
|-
|align="left"|Great Northern
|align="left"|[[East Coast Main Line]], [[Hitchin-Cambridge Line]]
|align="left"|London King's Cross-Peterborough/Cambridge (and subsequently London King's Cross-Cambridge-King's Lynn)
|-
|align="left"|Island Line
|align="left"|[[Island Line, Isle of Wight|Island Line]]
|align="left"|Ryde-Shanklin
|-
|align="left"|Kent Link
|align="left"|[[North Kent Line]], [[Bexleyheath Line]], [[Dartford Loop Line]], [[Mid-Kent Line]], [[Catford Loop Line]], [[Hayes Line]]
|align="left"|London Victoria/Charing Cross-Dartford/Gravesend/Gillingham/Orpington/Sevenoaks/Hayes
|-
|align="left"|Kent Coast
|align="left"|[[Chatham Main Line]], [[Hastings Line]], [[Sheerness Line]]
|align="left"|London Victoria/Charing Cross-Margate/Dover/Folkestone/Ashford/Tunbridge Wells/Hastings (and subsequently North Downs services as far as Redhill/Three Bridges)
|-
|align="left"|London, Tilbury and Southend
|align="left"|[[London, Tilbury and Southend Railway|LTS Line]]
|align="left"|London Fenchurch Street - Tilbury - Southend Central - Shoeburyness
|-
|align="left"|North Downs
|align="left"|[[North Downs Line]]
|align="left"|Reading-Guildford-Reigate-Gatwick Airport-Tonbridge
|-
|align="left"|Northampton Line/North London Lines
|align="left"|[[West Coast Main Line]], [[Marston Vale Line]], [[North London Line]]
|align="left"|London Euston/Broad Street-Watford-Milton Keynes-Northampton-Birmingham, Bedford-Bletchley
|-
|align="left"|Solent and Wessex
|align="left"|[[Portsmouth Direct Line]], [[South Western Main Line]]
|align="left"|London Waterloo-Guildford-Portsmouth, London Waterloo-Basingstoke-Southampton-Bournemouth-Weymouth
|-
|align="left"|South London Line
|align="left"|[[South London Lines (disambiguation)|South London Lines]], [[Oxted Line]], [[Sutton & Mole Valley Lines]]
|align="left"|London Victoria & London Bridge to Croydon
London Victoria-East Grinstead/Uckfield/Sutton/Epsom Downs/Dorking/Horsham
|-
|align="left"|South Western Line
|align="left"|[[Alton Line]], [[Waterloo to Reading Line|Waterloo-Reading Line]] South West London Suburban services via Wimbledon or Richmond
|align="left"|London Waterloo-Alton/Reading/Windsor/Guildford/Epsom/Chessington South/Dorking/Hampton Court/Kingston Circle/Shepperton/Hounslow Circle/Weybridge

|-
|align="left"|Sussex Coast
|align="left"|[[Brighton Main Line]], [[Arun Valley Line]], [[East Coastway Line]], [[West Coastway Line]]
|align="left"|London Victoria/London Bridge-Gatwick Airport-Brighton/Eastbourne/Littlehampton, Brighton-Hastings, Brighton-Portsmouth-Southampton
|-
|align="left"|Thames
|align="left"|[[Great Western Main Line]], [[Cotswold Line]] [[Slough to Windsor & Eton Line|Windsor branch]]
|align="left"|London Paddington-Slough- (-Windsor-) Reading-Oxford-Worcester/Stratford
|-
|align="left"|Thameslink
|[[Thameslink]]
|align="left"|Bedford-Luton-London-Gatwick Airport-Brighton
|-
|align="left"|Waterloo & City
|align="left"|[[Waterloo & City Line]]
|align="left"|Waterloo-Bank
|-
|align="left"|West Anglia
|align="left"|[[Fen Line]], [[Lea Valley Line]]
|align="left"|London Liverpool Street-Harlow-Cambridge-King's Lynn (express services to Cambridge, and almost all services to King's Lynn, were subsequently transferred to the Great Northern route from London King's Cross); London Liverpool Street-Stansted Airport
|-
|align="left"|West of England
|align="left"|[[West of England Main Line]]
|align="left"|London Waterloo-Basingstoke-Salisbury-Exeter
|}

==Modernisation==

Soon after conception, Network SouthEast started to modernise parts of the network, which were run down after years of under investment. The most extreme example was the Chiltern Lines.

===Chiltern Lines===

The Chiltern Line ran on two railway lines ([[Chiltern Main Line]] and [[London to Aylesbury Line]]) from [[London Marylebone]] to [[Aylesbury railway station|Aylesbury]] and [[Banbury railway station|Banbury]]. These lines were former [[Great Western Railway|GWR]] and [[Great Central Railway|GCR]] intercity lines to [[Wolverhampton Low Level railway station|Wolverhampton]] and [[Nottingham Victoria|Nottingham]] respectively. After the [[Beeching Axe]] in the 1960s, these lines became seriously run down with a lack of investment and a reduction of services.

By the late 1980s, the 25 year old [[British Rail Class 115|Class 115s]] needed replacement; the lines had low speed limits and were still controlled by semaphore signalling from the early 1900s; stations were empty and needed more than a lick of paint; and Marylebone only served infrequent local trains from [[High Wycombe]] and Aylesbury. The lines were the best place to reminisce about the glory days of steam as there were frequent steam [[railtour]] services. It was more of a heritage railway than a commuter railway.

[[File:Marylebone station 02.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Marylebone still with the red NSE livery for stations, around 20 years later in 2007. Marylebone was one of the stations given a facelift in the late 1980s.]]

NSE realised that something needed to be done to these lines quickly. Numerous plans for the lines were proposed. One serious plan was to close the line between Marylebone and [[South Ruislip station|South Ruislip]]/[[Harrow-on-the-Hill station|Harrow-on-the-Hill]], meaning that Marylebone would close and be converted into a coach station. [[Metropolitan Line]] trains would be extended to Aylesbury and BR services from Aylesbury will be routed to [[London Paddington]] via High Wycombe. Also the line north of [[Princes Risborough railway station|Princes Risborough]] would close. However, this did not happen due to the fact that [[Baker Street tube station|London Baker Street]] and Paddington would not be able to cope with the extra trains and passengers.

What did happen was [[total route modernisation]]. This was an ambitious plan to bring the lines into the modern era of rail travel. Class 115s were replaced by new state of the art [[British Rail Class 165|Class 165s]]. [[Semaphore signal]]s were replaced by standard colour light signals and [[Automatic Train Protection|ATP]] was fitted on the line and trains. Speed limits were increased to 75 mph (only 75 due to running on [[London Underground]] track between Harrow and [[Amersham]]), all remaining fast loops at stations were removed and the line between {{Stnlnk|Bicester North}} and [[Aynho Junction]] was singled. Stations were refurbished and even reconstructed (£10 million spent on stations alone), and signal boxes and the freight depots/sidings were demolished. Regular services to Banbury, and a few specials to Birmingham were introduced and a new maintenance depot was built at Aylesbury. This was a massive undertaking and work began in 1988 and by 1992, the route had been completely modernised, demand for the service had grown considerably and the route had become profitable.

Since modernisation the route has seen further improvements (see [[Chiltern Main Line#Chiltern Railways era|Chiltern Main Line]]).

Electrification was considered but was deemed to be too expensive as the Thames Line sector would then have to be electrified as well. Another reason electrification did not take place was that some part of the line ran on underground lines, which were electrified as 4-rail 660 V DC, while British Rail preferred 25 kV AC overhead traction for lines north of [[London]].

Success of the modernisation implemented by NSE has made it possible for the Chiltern Main Line to compete with the [[West Coast Main Line]] and there are now plans to increase speeds and quadruple sections of the line,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/browse%20documents/StrategicBusinessPlan/RoutePlans/2009/Route%2016%20-%20Chilterns.pdf| title=Network Rail route plan for Chilterns November 2007}}</ref> returning the line back to the state it was before the Beeching Axe.

===New trains===
[[File:165119 at Didcot Parkway.JPG|thumb|right|The later style of the Network SouthEast livery]]
Network South East started a programme of replacing old rolling stock up to privatisation.

* '''Chiltern''' - [[British Rail Class 165]]
* '''Great Eastern''' - [[British Rail Class 321]]
* '''Great Northern''' - [[British Rail Class 365]]
* '''Island Line''' - [[British Rail Class 483]] ([[London Underground 1938 Stock|LU 1938 Stock]]) (Ex-Underground stock built from 1938; replaced older 1920s units)
* '''Kent Coast''' - [[British Rail Class 465]], [[British Rail Class 466]], [[British Rail Class 365]]
* '''North Downs''' - [[British Rail Class 165]], [[British Rail Class 166]]
* '''Northampton Line''' - [[British Rail Class 321]]
* '''Solent and Wessex''' - [[British Rail Class 442]]
* '''South London Lines''' - [[British Rail Class 456]]
* '''Thames''' - [[British Rail Class 165]], [[British Rail Class 166]]
* '''Thameslink''' [[British Rail Class 319]]
* '''Waterloo and City''' - [[British Rail Class 482]] ([[London Underground 1992 Stock|LU 1992 Stock]])
* '''West Anglia''' [[British Rail Class 317]] and [[British Rail Class 322]]
* '''West of England''' [[British Rail Class 159]]

Note: The [[British Rail Class 168]] were also planned by Network SouthEast for the Chiltern line for a planned service to Birmingham but privatisation intervened. However, new private operators [[Chiltern Railways]] ordered 5 Class 168/0 units based on the NSE designs in 1996 for their service to [[Birmingham Snow Hill]].

==Privatisation==
After privatisation, NSE was divided up into several franchises:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Original franchise || Route(s) || Currently
|-
| LTS Rail || [[London, Tilbury and Southend Railway|London, Tilbury and Southend]] || Rebranded [[c2c]]
|-
| [[Chiltern Railways]] (management)|| Chiltern || Unchanged
|-
|Great Eastern Railway || Great Eastern || Rebranded as [[First Great Eastern]], then merged into larger franchise operated by [[National Express East Anglia]], then passed on to [[Greater Anglia]] in 2012
|-
|[[Thames Trains]] || North Downs Thames section (Gatwick/Redhill - Dorking/Guildford/Reading) || Merged into larger franchise operated by [[First Great Western]]
|-
|[[Island Line Trains|Island Line]] || [[Island Line, Isle of Wight|Island Line]] || Operated by Stagecoach South Western Trains, but is still called Island Line
|-
|North London Railways || Northampton Line [[North London Line]] || Rebranded as [[Silverlink]], later split up into two franchises operated by [[London Midland]] (Northampton) and [[London Overground]] (N.London)
|-
|South Eastern || Kent Coast, Kent Link, North Downs (Tonbridge- Redhill section) || Rebranded by original franchisee [[Connex Group|Connex]] as [[Connex South Eastern]], then passed to [[South Eastern Trains]], then to [[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]]
|-
|[[Network SouthCentral]] || [[South London Line]]{{disambiguation needed|date=November 2012}} Sussex Coast || Rebranded by original franchisee [[Connex Group|Connex]] as [[Connex South Central]], then passed to [[Southern (train operating company)|Southern]]
|-
|[[Thameslink (train operating company)|Thameslink]] || [[Thameslink]] || Merged into larger franchise operated by [[First Capital Connect]]
|-
|[[WAGN (train operating company)|WAGN]] || Great Northern West Anglia || Split with GN merged into First Capital Connect and WA merged into National Express East Anglia, then passed on to Greater Anglia
|-
|[[South West Trains]] || Solent & Wessex South Western Line West of England Line || Operated by Stagecoach South Western Trains, but is still called South West Trains
|}

==Gallery==
{{gallery
|Image:Network SouthEast Class 317 at Harlow.jpg|An NSE [[British Rail Class 317|Class 317]] at [[Harlow Town railway station|Harlow Town station]] (1990s)
|Image:NSE branding of Marden station and 4CEP.jpg|An NSE train at [[Marden railway station]]
|Image:NSE Class 47s.jpg|NSE [[British Rail Class 47|Class 47s]] 47711 and 47716
|Image:313001 at South Hampstead.jpg|NSE Class 313 at [[South Hampstead railway station]]
|Image:465034 at Waterloo East.JPG| Class 465 no. 465034 at London Waterloo East
|Image:65507 at Bank LUL station.jpg|A Waterloo & City Line train in Network SouthEast livery
|Image:Network SouthEast branded 1992 tube stock 28-03-06.jpg|Network SouthEast logo on a Waterloo & City Line train
|Image:Isle of Wight 483 001.jpg|NSE livery on a Class 483 operating on the Island Line
|Image:Old Street stn Great Northern signage.JPG|NSE-era signage at [[Old Street station]] in September 2008
|Image:London Victoria station - geograph.org.uk - 791992.jpg|[[London Victoria]] in 1996 in NSE red white and blue.
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1980/129brit_rail_board_lon_southeast_com_serv.htm British Railways Board: London and South East Commuter Services], 1980 [[Competition Commission]] report
*[http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1987/216british_railway_board.htm British Railways Board: Network South East], 1987 [[Competition Commission]] report

==External links==
*[http://www.network-southeast.co.uk NSE Pages - Information and enthusiast website]
*[http://www.nsers.org.uk Network SouthEast Railway Society]
*[http://mainline.fotopic.net/c131672.html Pictures of Chiltern Lines prior to Total Route Modernisation]
*[http://www.networksoutheast.net Network SouthEast Years - Timetables, Maps, Publicity Leaflets, Tickets and much more.]
{{British Rail}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Network Southeast}}
[[Category:Thameslink]]
[[Category:British Rail brands]]
[[Category:History of rail transport in London]]
[[Category:British Rail passenger services]]

[[simple:Network SouthEast]]

Liste der Nationalschätze von Nordkorea

2012-11-27T06:57:43Z

HMSSolent: Reverted 1 edit by 98.164.241.37 (talk). (TW)

{{Weasel|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|img=Myogilsang-naegeumgang.jpg
|caption=The [[Myogilsang]] buddhist statue on [[Kumgangsan|Mt. Kumgang]], the 102nd Korean national treasure.
|context=north
|hangul=조선민주주의인민공화국국보
|hanja={{linktext|朝鮮|民主主義|人民|共和國|國|寶}}
|rr=Joseon minjujuui inmin gonghwaguk gukbo
|mr=Chosŏn minjujuŭi inmin konghwaguk kukpo
}}
[[Image:Taedong Gate, Pyongyang.jpg|thumb|right|[[Taedongmun]], the 4th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Ulmil Pavilion.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ulmildae]], the 19th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Anju Paeksang Pavilion.jpg|thumb|right|[[Paeksang Pavilion]], the 31st national treasure of Korea.]][[Image:Tomb of King Tongmyong, Pyongyang, North Korea-1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tomb of King Tongmyong]], the 36th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Guardian of the Temple Gate.jpg|thumb|right|Guardian figure at [[Pohyonsa]] Buddhist temple, the 40th national treasure of Korea.]]
Designated '''national treasures of North Korea''' are tangible artifacts, sites, and buildings deemed to have significant historical or artistic value.

==No. 1-50==

{|class="wikitable"
!
![[Name]]
![[Location (geography)|Location]]
![[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]]
![[Hancha]]
|-
| 1 ||[[Pyongyang Castle]]||[[Chung-guyok]]/[[Pyongchon-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]]||평양성||{{linktext|平壤|城}}
|-
| 2 ||[[Anhak Palace]]||Anhak-dong, [[Taesong-guyok]], Pyongyang||안학궁||{{linktext|安|鶴|宮}}
|-
| 3 ||[[Potongmun]]||Potongmun-dong, [[Chung-guyok]], Pyongyang||보통문||{{linktext|普|通|門}}
|-
| 4 ||[[Taedongmun]]||Taedongmun-dong, Chung-guyok, Pyongyang||대동문||{{linktext|大|同|門}}
|-
| 5 ||[[Sungin Hall]]||Jongro-dong, Chung-guyok, Pyongyang||숭인전||{{linktext|崇|仁|殿}}
|-
| 6 ||[[Sungryong Hall]]||Jongro-dong, Chung-guyok, Pyongyang||숭령전||{{linktext|崇|靈|殿}}
|-
|| 7 ||Tabo Pagoda of [[Pohyonsa]] Buddhist temple||Hyangam-ri, [[Hyangsan]]-gun||보현사다보탑||{{linktext|普賢|寺|多|寶|塔}}
|-
| 8 ||[[Taesong Fortress]]||[[Taesong-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]]||대성산성||{{linktext|大|城|山|城}}
|-
| 9 ||[[Chongam-ri Earthen Castle]]||Chongam-ri, Taesong-guyok, Pyongyang||청암리토성||{{linktext|清|巖|里|土|城}}
|-
| 10 ||South Gate of [[Taesong Fortress]]||Taesong-guyok, Pyongyang||대성산성남문||{{linktext|大|城|山|城|南門}}
|-
| 11 ||Lotus-ponds of [[Taesongsan|Mt. Taesong]]||Taesong-dong, Taesong-guyok, Pyongyang||대성산련못떼||{{linktext|大|城|山|蓮|池|郡}}
|-
| 12 ||Group of [[Taesongsan Tombs|Koguryo tombs]] on Mt. Taesong||Taesong-guyok, Pyongyang||대성산고구려고분군||{{linktext|大|城|山|高句麗|古墳|群}}
|-
| 13 ||[[Pobun Hermitage]] of [[Yongmyongsa]] Buddhist temple||Ryongbong-ri, [[Mangyongdae-guyok]], Pyongyang||영명사법운암||{{linktext|永|明|寺|法|雲|庵}}
|-
| 14 ||[[Ryonggok Academy]]||Ryongbong-ri, Mangyongdae-guyok, Pyongyang||룡곡서원||{{linktext|龍|谷|書院}}
|-
| 15 ||[[Ryongsan-ri Koguryo Tombs]]||Ryongsan-ri, [[Chunghwa (North Korea)|Chunghwa]]-gun, Pyongyang||룡산리고구려고분군||{{linktext|龍|山|里|高句麗|古墳|群}}
|-
| 16 ||[[Ryongwang Pavilion]]||Taedongmun-dong, [[Chung-guyok]], Pyongyang||련광정||{{linktext|練|光|亭}}
|-
| 17 ||[[Pubyok Pavilion]]||[[Moranbong Park]], Pyongyang||부벽루||{{linktext|浮|碧|樓}}
|-
| 18 ||[[Chilsongmun]]||Moranbong Park, Pyongyang||칠성문||{{linktext|七|星|門}}
|-
| 19 ||[[Ulmil Pavilion]]||Moranbong Park, Pyongyang||을밀대||{{linktext|乙|密|臺}}
|-
| 20 ||[[Chongryu Pavilion]]||Moranbong Park, Pyongyang||청류정||{{linktext|清|流|亭}}
|-
| 21 ||[[Choesung Pavilion]]||Moranbong Park, Pyongyang||최승대||{{linktext|最|勝|臺}}
|-
| 22 ||[[Jongum Gate]]||Moranbong Park, Pyongyang||전금문||{{linktext|轉|錦|門}}
|-
| 23 ||Bell Pavilion & [[Pyongyang Bell]]||Taedongmun-dong, [[Chung-guyok]], Pyongyang||평양종각||{{linktext|平|壤|鐘|閣}}
|-
| 24 ||7-storied octagonal pagoda of [[Hongboksa]] Buddhist temple||[[Moranbong Park]], Pyongyang||홍복사6각7층탑||{{linktext|弘|福|寺|六|角|七|層|塔}}
|-
| 25 ||Site of [[Kumgangsa]] Buddhist temple||Chongam-ri, [[Taesong-guyok]], Pyongyang||금강사지||{{linktext|金|剛|寺|址}}
|-
| 26 ||[[Honam-ri Four Spirits Tomb]]||Honam-ri, [[Samsŏk-guyŏk]], Pyongyang||호남리사신총||{{linktext|湖|南|里|四|神|塚}}
|-
| 27 ||[[Komun Moru]] ("Black Anvil") Stone Age ruins||Hoku-ri, [[Sangwon]]-gun, [[Pyongyang]]||상원검은모루유적||{{linktext|祥|原|검은|모루|遺|蹟}}
|-
| 28 ||[[Kangso Three Tombs]]||Sammyo-ri, [[Kangso]]-gun||강서삼묘||{{linktext|江|西|三|墓}}
|-
| 29 ||[[Yaksu-ri rock-paintings tomb]]||Yaksu-ri, Kangso-gun||약수리벽화고분||{{linktext|藥|水|里|壁|畵|古墳}}
|-
| 30 ||[[Susan-ri rock-paintings tomb]]||Susan-ri, Kangso-gun||수산리벽화고분||{{linktext|修|山|里|壁|畵|古墳}}
|-
| 31 ||[[Paeksang Pavilion]]||Dungbangsan-dong, [[Anju (city)|Anju]]||백상루||{{linktext|百|祥|樓}}
|-
| 32 ||[[Kangson Pavilion]]||[[Songchon]]||강선루||{{linktext|降|仙|樓}}
|-
| 33 ||[[Hunryon Pavilion]]||[[Pyongwon]]||훈련정||{{linktext|訓|鍊|亭}}
|-
| 34 ||[[Anguksa]] Buddhist temple||Ponghak-dong, [[Pyongsong]]||안국사||{{linktext|安|國|寺}}
|-
| 35 ||[[Songchon Guest House]]||[[Songchon]]||성천객사||{{linktext|成|川|客|舍}}
|-
| 36 ||[[Tomb of King Tongmyong]]||Ryongsan-ri, [[Ryokpo-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]]||동명왕릉||{{linktext|東|明|王|陵}}
|-
| 37 ||[[Hwangryong Fortress]]||Okdo-ri, [[Ryonggang-gun]], [[Nampo]]||황룡산성||{{linktext|黃|龍|山|城}}
|-
| 38 ||[[Jamo Fortress]]||Ochung-ri, [[Pyongsong]]||자모산성||{{linktext|慈|母|山|城}}
|-
| 39 ||[[Twin Column Tomb]]||[[Ryonggang]], [[Nampo]]||쌍영총||{{linktext|雙|楹|塚}}
|-
| 40 ||[[Pohyonsa]] Buddhist temple||Hyangam-ri, [[Hyangsan]]-gun||보현사||{{linktext|普賢|寺}}
|-
| 41 ||[[Myohyangsan Hermitages#Sangwon Hermitage|Sangwon Hermitage]]||Hyangam-ri, Hyangsan-gun||보현사상원암||{{linktext|普賢|寺|上|元|庵}}
|-
| 42 ||[[Myohyangsan Hermitages#Chuksong Hall|Chuksong Hall]]||Hyangam-ri, Hyangsan-gun||보현사축성전||{{linktext|普賢|寺|祝|聖|殿}}
|-
| 43 ||[[Myohyangsan Hermitages#Puryong Hermitage|Puryong Hermitage]]||Hyangam-ri, Hyangsan-gun||보현사불영암||{{linktext|普賢|寺|佛|影|庵}}
|-
| 44 ||South Gate of [[Kuju Castle]]||Tongmun-dong, [[Kusong]]||구주성남문||{{linktext|龜|州|城|南門}}
|-
| 45 ||[[Changsong Provincial School]]||[[Changsong]]||창성향교||{{linktext|昌|城|鄕|校}}
|-
| 46 ||[[Chonjusa]] Buddhist temple||[[Yongbyon]]||천주사||{{linktext|天|柱|寺}}
|-
| 47 ||[[Ryuksung Pavilion]]||Yongbyon||륙승정||{{linktext|六|勝|亭}}
|-
| 48 ||[[Koryo Changsong]]||Kumya-ri, [[Changsong]]-gun||고려장성||{{linktext|高|麗|長|城}}
|-
| 49 ||[[Mannomun]]||[[Yongbyon]]||만노문||{{linktext|萬|弩|門}}
|-
| 50 ||[[Sounsa]] Buddhist temple||Yongbyon||서운사||{{linktext|棲|雲|寺}}
|}

==No. 51-100==
[[Image:An3 man.jpg|thumb|right|Painting in [[Anak Tomb No. 3]], the 67th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:An3 woman.jpg|thumb|right|Painting in [[Anak Tomb No. 3]], the 67th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Puyong Pavilion, Haeju.jpg|thumb|right|[[Puyong Hall]], the 68th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Songbul Temple, Sariwon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Songbulsa]], the 87th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Shakuoji.png|thumb|right|[[Sogwangsa]] Buddhist temple, National Treasure #94, in the 1930s.]]
[[Image:Shinkeiji.png|thumb|right|[[Singyesa]] Buddhist temple, National Treasure #95, in the 1930s.]]
[[Image:Singyesa-tower-at-GeumGangSan.jpg|thumb|right|Pagoda of Singye Temple]]
{|class="wikitable"
!
![[Name]]
![[Location (geography)|Location]]
![[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]]
![[Hanja]]
|-
| 51 ||[[Tonggun Pavilion]]||[[Uiju]]||통군정||{{linktext|統|軍|亭}}
|-
| 52 ||[[Uiju Castle]]||Uiju||의주읍성||{{linktext|義|州|邑|城}})
|-
| 53 ||[[Kumgwangsa]] Buddhist temple||Kumgwang-ri, Uiju||금광사||{{linktext|金|光|寺}}
|-
| 54 ||[[Pakchon Simwonsa]] Buddhist temple||[[Pakchon]]||박천심원사||{{linktext|博|川|深|源|寺}}
|-
| 55 ||[[Yanghwasa]] Buddhist temple||Sangdan-ri, [[Taechon]]-gun||양화사||{{linktext|陽|和|寺}}
|-
| 56 ||[[Ryongo-ri Fortress]]||Ryongsang-ri, Taechon-gun||룡오리산성||{{linktext|龍|五|里|山|城}}
|-
| 57 ||Kwanum Hall of [[Pohyonsa]] Buddhist temple||Hyangam-ri, [[Hyangsan]]-gun||보현사관음전||{{linktext|普|賢|寺|觀|音|殿}}
|-
| 58 ||[[Paekmasan Fortress]]||Paekma Worker's District, [[Pihyon]]-gun||백마산성||{{linktext|白|馬|山|城}}
|-
| 60 ||[[Kuju Castle]]||[[Kusong]]||구주성||{{linktext|龜|州|城}}
|-
| 61 ||Runghan Fortress||[[Kwaksan]]||릉한산성||{{linktext|陵|寒|山|城}}
|-
| 62 ||Ryonggol Fortress||[[Pihyon]]-gun/[[Yomju]]-gun||룡골산성||{{linktext|竜|骨|山|城}}
|-
| 63 ||[[Cholong Castle]]||[[Yongbyon]]||철옹성||{{linktext|鐵|瓮|城}}
|-
| 64 ||[[Inpung Pavilion]]||Chungsong-dong, [[Kanggye]]||인풍루||{{linktext|仁|風|樓}}
|-
| 65 ||Mangmi Pavilion||Pukchang-dong, Kanggye||망미정||{{linktext|望|美|亭}}
|-
| 66 ||[[Kanggye Magistrate's Office]]||Pukmun-dong, Kanggye||강계아사||{{linktext|江|界|衙|舍}}
|-
| 67 ||[[Anak Tomb No. 3|Anak Tomb No.3]]||Oguk-ri, [[Anak (North Korea)|Anak]]-gun||안악3호분||{{linktext|安|岳|三|號|墳}}
|-
| 68 ||[[Puyong Hall]]||Puyong-dong, [[Haeju]]||부용당||{{linktext|芙|蓉|堂}}
|-
| 69 ||[[Haeju Sokbinggo]] (ice house)||Okgye-dong, Haeju||해주석빙고||{{linktext|海|州|石|氷|庫}}
|-
| 70 ||9-storied pagoda of Haeju||Haechong-dong, Haeju||해주9층탑||{{linktext|海|州|九|層|塔}}
|-
| 71 ||5-storied pagoda of Haeju||Okgye-dong, Haeju||해주5층탑||{{linktext|海|州|五|層|塔}}
|-
| 72 ||Site of [[Sunmyongmun|Sunmyong Gate]]||Yonggwang-dong, Haeju||순명문테||{{linktext|順|明|門|址}}
|-
| 73 ||[[Anak Tomb No.1]]||Taechu-ri, [[Anak (North Korea)|Anak]]-gun||안악1호분||{{linktext|安|岳|一|號|墳}}
|-
| 74 ||[[Anak Tomb No.2]]||Taechu-ri, Anak-gun||안악2호분||{{linktext|安|岳|二|號|墳}}
|-
| 75 ||[[Anak Woljongsa|Woljongsa]] Buddhist temple||Woljong-sa, Anak-gun||월정사||{{linktext|月|精|寺}}
|-
| 76 ||Noam-ri [[dolmen]]||Noam-ri, Anak-gun||노암리고인돌||{{linktext|路|岩|里|支石墓}}
|-
| 77 ||[[Kangsosa]] Buddhist temple||Kangho-ri, [[Paechon]]-gun||강서사||{{linktext|江|西|寺}}
|-
| 78 ||Ryongdong-ri Dolmen||Ryongdong-ri, Paechon-gun||룡동리고인돌||{{linktext|龍|東|里|支石墓}}
|-
| 79 ||[[Sohyon Academy]]||Sokdam-ri, [[Pyoksong]]-gun||소현서원||{{linktext|紹|賢|書院}}
|-
| 80 ||[[Chahyesa]] Buddhist temple||Sowon-ri, [[Sinchon (North Korea)|Sinchon]]-gun||자혜사||{{linktext|慈|惠|寺}}
|-
| 81 ||Hanging Hermitage of [[Myoumsa]] Buddhist temple||Sorim-ri, [[Chaeryong]]-gun||묘음사현암||{{linktext|妙|陰|寺|懸|庵}}
|-
| 82 ||Haeju Dharani Monument||Haechong-dong, [[Haeju]]||해주다라니석당||{{linktext|海|州|陀羅尼|石|幢}}
|-
| 83 ||Five-storied pagoda of [[Hakrimsa]] Buddhist temple||Hakrim-ri, [[Changyon]]-gun||학림사5층탑||{{linktext|鶴|林|寺|五|層|塔}}
|-
| 84 ||Kwansan-ri Dolmen||Kwansan-ri, [[Unryul]]-gun||관산리고인돌||{{linktext|冠|山|里|支石墓}}
|-
| 85 ||Monument to the Venerable [[Jincheol Daesa|Jinchol]] of [[Kwangjosa]] Buddhist temple||Hakhyon-dong, [[Haeju]]||광조사진철대사탑비||{{linktext|廣|照|寺|眞|澈|大|師|塔|碑}}
|-
| 86 ||Yonan Castle||[[Yonan]]||연안읍성||{{linktext|延|安|邑|城}}
|-
| 87 ||[[Songbulsa]] Buddhist temple||Kwangsong-dong, [[Sariwon]]||성불사||{{linktext|成|佛|寺}}
|-
| 88 ||South gate of [[Jongbangsan Fortress]]||Jongbang-ri, Sariwon||정방산성||{{linktext|正|方|山城|南門}}
|-
| 89 ||[[Jongbangsan Fortress]]||Jongbang-ri, Sariwon||정방산성||{{linktext|正|方|山|城}}
|-
| 90 ||Monument to Commander [[Kim Song-op]]||Songmun-dong, Sariwon||성장김성업비||{{linktext|城將|金|成|業|碑}}
|-
| 91 ||[[Yontan Simwonsa]] Buddhist temple||[[Yontan]]||연탄심원사||{{linktext|燕|灘|心|源|寺}}
|-
| 92 ||[[Kwijinsa]] Buddhist temple||Songwol-ri, [[Sohung]]-gun||귀진사||{{linktext|歸|眞|寺}}
|-
| 93 ||[[Taebaeksan Fortress]]||Sansong-ri, [[Pyongsan]]-gun||태백산성||{{linktext|太|白|山|城}}
|-
| 94 ||[[Sogwangsa]] Buddhist temple||Solbang-ri, [[Kosan, Kangwon|Kosan]]-gun||석왕사||{{linktext|釋|王|寺}}
|-
| 95 ||[[Singyesa]] Buddhist temple||Onjong-ri, Kosan-gun||신계사||{{linktext|神|溪|寺}}
|-
| 96 ||Site of [[Changansa]] Buddhist temple||Naegang-ri, [[Kumgang-gun|Kumgang]]-gun||장안사||{{linktext|長|安|寺|址}}
|-
| 97 ||[[Pyohunsa]] Buddhist temple||Naegang-ri, Kumgang-gun||표훈사||{{linktext|表|訓|寺}}
|-
| 98 ||[[Podok Hermitage]]||Naegang-ri, Kumgang-gun||보덕암||{{linktext|普|德|庵}}
|-
| 99 ||[[Chongyangsa]] Buddhist temple||Naegang-ri, Kumgang-gun||정양사||{{linktext|正|陽|寺|}}
|-
|100 ||Lion Pagoda of Kumjang Hermitage||Naegang-ri, Kumgang-gun||금장암사자탑||{{linktext|金|藏|庵|獅子|塔}}
|}

==No. 101-150==
[[Image:Tomb at Kaesong.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tomb of King Kongmin]], the 123rd national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:King Kongmin's Tomb.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tomb of King Kongmin]], the 123rd national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Nam Gate in Kaesong.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kaesong Namdaemun]], the 124th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Kaesong03.JPG|thumb|right|[[Koryo Songgyungwan]], the 127th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Tmc1223b.jpg|thumb|right|Iron [[Buddha]] of [[Jokjosa]] Buddhist temple, the 137th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Detail of Temple Architecture.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pohyonsa#Ryongsan Hall|Ryongsan Hall]] of [[Pohyonsa]], the 141st national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Pohyon Temple, Mount Myohyang.jpg|thumb|right|Sokka Pagoda of Pohyonsa, the 144th national treasure of Korea.]]
{|class="wikitable"
!
![[Name]]
![[Location (geography)|Location]]
![[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]]
![[Hanja]]
|-
| 101 ||3-storied pagoda of [[Changyonsa]] Buddhist temple||Naegang-ri, [[Kumgang]]-gun||장연사3층탑||{{linktext|長|淵|寺|三|層|塔}}
|-
| 102 ||[[Myogilsang]] Buddhist statue||Naegang-ri, Kumgang-gun||묘길상||{{linktext|妙|吉|祥}}
|-
| 103 ||[[Kahak Pavilion]]||[[Anbyon]]||가학루||{{linktext|駕|鶴|樓}}
|-
| 104 ||[[Anbyon Pohyonsa]]||Yongsin-ri, Anbyon-gun||안변보현사||{{linktext|安|邊|普|賢|寺}}
|-
| 105 ||[[Myongjoksa]] Buddhist temple||Yongsam-ri, [[Wonsan]]||명적사||{{linktext|明|寂|寺|大|雄|殿}}
|-
| 106 ||[[Chudun-ri Rainbow Bridge]]||Chudun-ri, [[Kosong]]-gun||주둔리무지개다리||{{linktext|駐|屯|里|무지개|다리}}
|-
| 107 ||[[Hamhung Royal Villa]]||Sonamu-dong, [[Hungnam-guyok]], [[Hamhung]]||함흥본궁||{{linktext|咸|興|本|宮}}
|-
| 108 ||[[Kuchon Pavilion]] of [[Hamhung Castle]]||Hamhung||함흥성구천각||{{linktext|咸|興|城|九|天|閣}}
|-
| 109 ||[[Sonhwa Hall]]||Hamhung||선화당||{{linktext|宣|化|堂}}
|-
| 110 ||[[Monuments of King Chinhung (Hamhung)|Monuments]] of [[Jinheung of Silla|King Chinhung]] (from [[Hwangcho Pass]])||Sonamu-dong, [[Hungnam-guyok]], Hamhung||황초령진흥왕순수비||{{linktext|黃|草|嶺|眞|興|王|巡|狩|碑}}
|-
| 111 ||Monuments of King Chinhung (from [[Maun Pass]])||Sonamu-dong, Hungnam-guyok, Hamhung||마운령진흥왕순수비||{{linktext|摩|雲|嶺|眞|興|王|巡|狩|碑}}
|-
| 112 ||[[Chonggwangsa]] Buddhist temple||Wonsa-ri, [[Riwon]]-gun||정광사||{{linktext|定|光|寺}}
|-
| 113 ||[[Ryangchonsa]] Buddhist temple||Nakchon-ri, [[Kowon]]-gun||양천사||{{linktext|梁|泉|寺}}
|-
| 114 ||[[Kunja Pavilion]]||[[Kumya]]||군자루||{{linktext|君|子|樓}}
|-
| 115 ||[[Ryonghungsa]] Buddhist temple||Ponghung-ri, [[Yonggwang]]-gun||룡흥사||{{linktext|龍|興|寺}}
|-
| 116 ||[[Tongdoksa]] Buddhist temple||Tuyon-ri, [[Tanchon]]||동덕사||{{linktext|同|德|寺}}
|-
| 117 ||[[Kongmin Pavilion]]||Yangsan-dong, Tanchon||공민루||{{linktext|公|民|樓}}
|-
| 118 ||[[Kyongsong city walls]]||Sungam Worker's District, [[Kyongsong]]-gun||경성읍성||{{linktext|鏡|城|邑|城}}
|-
| 119 ||[[Kyongsong Castle#South Gate|Kyongsong South Gate]]||Sungam Worker's District, Kyongsong-gun||경성읍성남문||{{linktext|鏡|城|邑|城|南門}}
|-
| 120 ||[[Kaesimsa]] Buddhist temple||Pochon-ri, [[Myongchon]]-gun||개심사||{{linktext|開|心|寺}}
|-
| 121 ||[[Hwasong Ssanggyesa]] Buddhist temple||Puam-ri, [[Hwasong (North Korea)|Hwasong]]-gun||화성쌍계사||{{linktext|化|城|雙|磎|寺}}
|-
| 122 ||[[Manwoldae]] Palace||Songak-dong, [[Kaesong]]||만월대||{{linktext|滿|月|臺}}
|-
| 123 ||[[Tomb of King Kongmin]] (Hyonjongrung)||Haeson-ri, [[Kaepung]]-gun||공민왕릉 (현정릉)||{{linktext|恭|愍|王|陵}} ({{linktext|玄|正|陵}}
|-
| 124 ||[[Kaesong Namdaemun]]||Nammun-dong, [[Kaesong]]||개성남대문||{{linktext|開|城|南大門}}
|-
| 125 ||[[Kwanumsa (Kaesong)|Kwanumsa]] Buddhist temple||Pakyon-ri, Kaesong||관음사||{{linktext|觀音|寺}}
|-
| 126 ||[[Taehung Fortress]]||Pakyon-ri, Kaesong||대흥산성||{{linktext|大|興|山|城}}
|-
| 127 ||[[Koryo Songgyungwan]] Confucian Academy||Pangjik-dong, Kaesong||고려성균관||{{linktext|高麗|成|均|館}}
|-
| 128 ||[[Sungyang Academy]]||Sonjuk-dong, Kaesong||숭양서원||{{linktext|崧|陽|書院}}
|-
| 129 ||Defenses of the [[Kaesong city walls|walled city of Kaesong]]||Kaesong||발어참성||{{linktext|拔|禦|塹|城}}
|-
| 130 ||[[Kaesong city walls#Nasong|Outer wall]] of Kaesong Castle||Kaesong||개성나성||{{linktext|開|城|羅|城}}
|-
| 131 ||[[Kaesong Chomsongdae]] Observatory||Songak-dong, Kaesong||개성첨성대||{{linktext|開|城|瞻|星|臺}}
|-
| 132 ||Pagoda of [[Hungguksa]] Buddhist temple||[[Koryo Museum]], Kaesong||흥국사석탑||{{linktext|興|國|寺|石|塔}}
|-
| 133 ||Five-storied pagoda of [[Ryongtongsa]] Buddhist temple||Ryonghung-dong, Kaesong||령통사5층탑||{{linktext|靈|通|寺|五|層|塔}}
|-
| 134 ||Stupa of [[Hwajangsa]] Buddhist temple||Ryonghung-dong, Kaesong||화장사부도||{{linktext|華|藏|寺|浮屠}}
|-
| 135 ||5-storied pagoda of [[Pulilsa]] Buddhist temple||[[Koryo Museum]], Kaesong||불일사5층탑||{{linktext|佛|日|寺|五|層|塔}}
|-
| 136 ||Bell of [[Yonboksa|Yonbok Temple]]||Nammun-dong, Kaesong||연복사종||{{linktext|演|福|寺|鐘}}
|-
| 137 ||Iron [[Buddha]] of [[Jokjosa|Jokjo Temple]]||[[Koryo Museum]], Kaesong||적조사쇠부처||{{linktext|寂|照|寺|鐵|佛|陀}}
|-
| 138 ||[[Pyochung Pavilion]]||Sonjuk-dong, Kaesong||표충단||{{linktext|表|忠|壇}}
|-
| 139 ||7-storied pagoda of [[Hyonhwasa]] Buddhist temple||[[Koryo Museum]], Kaesong||현화사7층탑||{{linktext|玄|化|寺|七|層|塔}}
|-
| 140 ||Carved letters of [[Koguryo]]||[[Pyongyang]]||||{{linktext|글자|새긴|성돌}}
|-
| 141 ||Ryongsan Hall of [[Pohyonsa]] Buddhist temple||Hyangam-ri, [[Hyangsan]]-gun||보현사령산전||{{linktext|普|賢|寺|靈|山|殿}}
|-
| 142 ||[[Kim Ung-so House|House]]<ref>[http://www.flickr.com/photos/kernbeisser/sets/72157618081532105/ Kernbeisser's photostream (Flickr), Kim Ung So House (김응서집)]</ref> of [[Kim Ung-so]]||Okdo-ri, [[Ryonggang]]-gun, [[Nampo]]||김응서집||{{linktext|金|應|瑞|집}}
|-
| 143 ||[[Suchung Shrine]]||Hyangam-ri, [[Hyangsan]]-gun||수충사||{{linktext|酬|忠|祠}}
|-
| 144 ||Sokka Pagoda of the Pohyonsa Buddhist temple||Hyangam-ri, Hyangsan-gun||보현사석가탑||{{linktext|普|賢|寺|釋|迦|塔}}
|-
| 145 ||[[Kyongam Pavilion]]||Kyongam-dong, [[Sariwon]]||경암루||{{linktext|景|巖|樓}}
|-
| 146 ||Site of [[Chilryolsa]] Buddhist temple||[[Anju (city)|Anju]]||칠렬사지||{{linktext|七|烈|寺|址}}
|-
| 147 ||Banner pillars of [[Chunghungsa]] Buddhist temple (formerly known as "[[Jizi|Kija]]'s pillars")||Inhung-dong, [[Moranbong-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]]||중흥사당간지주||{{linktext|重|興|寺|幢|竿|支柱}}
|-
| 148 ||Octagonal stone shrine of [[Yongmyongsa]] Buddhist temple||[[Moranbong Park]], Pyongyang||영명사8각석불감||{{linktext|永|明|寺|八|角|石|佛|龕}}
|-
| 149 ||Monument of [[Pohyonsa]] Buddhist temple||Hyangam-ri, [[Hyangsan]]-gun||보현사비||{{linktext|普|賢|寺|碑}}
|-
| 150 ||[[Kwangjesa]] Buddhist temple||Chuksang-ri, [[Pukchong]]-gun||광제사||{{linktext|廣|濟|寺}}
|}

==No. 151-193==
[[Image:Tmc1233a.jpg|thumb|right|Marble [[Avalokitesvara]] statue of [[Kwanumsa (Kaesong)|Kwanumsa]] Buddhist temple, the 156th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Kaesong07.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tomb of King Wanggon]], the 179th national treasure of Korea.]]
{|class="wikitable"
!
![[Name]]
![[Location (geography)|Location]]
![[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]]
![[Hanja]]
|-
| 151 ||Monument of [[Hyonhwasa]] Buddhist temple||[[Koryo Museum]], [[Kaesong]]||현화사비||{{linktext|玄|化|寺|碑}}
|-
| 152 ||Monument of [[Kwangtong Pojesonsa]] Buddhist temple||Haeson-ri, [[Kaepung]]-gun||광통보제선사비||{{linktext|廣|通|普|濟|禪|寺|碑}}
|-
| 153 ||Monument to [[Popgyong Taesa]] of [[Oryongsa]] Buddhist temple||Ryonghung-ri, [[Kaesong]]||오룡사법경대사비||{{linktext|五|龍|寺|法|鏡|大|師|碑}}
|-
| 155 ||Monument to [[Taegak Guksa]] of [[Ryongtongsa]] Buddhist temple||Ryonghung-ri, Kaesong||령통사 대각국사비||{{linktext|靈|通|寺|大|覺|國|師|碑}}
|-
| 156 ||Marble [[Avalokitesvara]] statue of [[Kwanumsa (Kaesong)|Kwanumsa]] Buddhist temple||Pakyon-ri, Kaesong||관음사대리석관음보살상||{{linktext|觀音|寺|大理石|觀音|菩薩|像}}
|-
| 157 ||[[Chinbuk Pavilion]]||[[Kapsan]]||진북루||{{linktext|鎭|北|樓}}
|-
| 158 ||[[Anju Castle]]||[[Anju (city)|Anju]]||안주성||{{linktext|安|州|城}}
|-
| 159 ||[[Sonjuk Bridge]]||Sonjuk-dong, [[Kaesong]]||선죽교||{{linktext|善|竹|橋}})
|-
| 160 ||Wooden bridge of the [[Koguryo]] Era||Chongho-dong, [[Taesong-guyok]]/Hyuam-dong, [[Sadong-guyok]], Pyongyang||고구려나무다리||{{linktext|高句麗|나무|다리}}
|-
| 161 ||[[Tokhwa-ri Tomb No. 1]]||Tokhwa-ri, [[Taedong-gun|Taedong]]-gun||덕화리1호분||{{linktext|德|花|里|一|號|墳}}
|-
| 162 ||Bell of [[Yujomsa]] Buddhist temple||Hyangam-ri, [[Hyangsan]]-gun||유점사종||{{linktext|楡|岾|寺|鐘}}
|-
| 163 ||[[Ryonghwasa]] Buddhist temple||Kaeson-dong, [[Moranbong-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]]||룡화사||{{linktext|龍|華|寺}}
|-
| 164 ||[[Kwangbopsa]] Buddhist temple||Taesong-dong, [[Taesong-guyok]], Pyongyang||광법사||{{linktext|廣|法|寺}}
|-
| 170 ||Stone Lantern of [[Chahyesa]] Buddhist temple||Sowon-ri, [[Sinchon]]-gun||자혜사석등||{{linktext|慈|惠|寺|石|燈}}
|-
| 171 ||[[Paeyopsa]] Buddhist temple||Paeyop-ri, [[Anak (North Korea)|Anak]]-gun||패엽사||{{linktext|貝|葉|寺}}
|-
| 172 ||[[Koguryo]] well in Kosan-dong||Kosan-dong, [[Taesong-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]]||고산동우물||{{linktext|高|山|洞|우물}}
|-
| 173 ||[[Chongrungsa]] Buddhist temple||Ryongsan-ri, [[Ryokpo-guyok]], Pyongyang||정릉사||{{linktext|定|陵|寺}}
|-
| 174 ||[[Mausoleum of Tangun]]||Munhung-ri, [[Kangdong]]-gun||단군릉||{{linktext|檀|君|陵}}
|-
| 175 ||Ryongsan-ri dolmen||[[Songchon]]-gun||룡산리고인돌||{{linktext|龍|山|里|支石墓}}
|-
| 176 ||Hoji Gate of [[Sogwangsa]] Buddhist temple||Solbong-ri, [[Kosan, Kangwon|Kosan]]-gun||석왕사호지문||{{linktext|釋|王|寺|護|持|門|}}
|-
| 177 ||Three Stone Buddhas relief of [[Anyang Hermitage]]||Onjong-ri, [[Kosong]]-gun||안양암마애3존불상||{{linktext|安|養|庵|磨|崖|三|尊|佛|像}}
|-
| 178 ||[[Onjong-ri Buddha]]||Onjong-ri, Kosong-gun||온정리마애불입상||{{linktext|溫|井|里|庵|磨|崖|佛|立|像}}
|-
| 179 ||[[Tomb of King Wanggon]] (Hyonrung)||Haeson-ri, [[Kaepung]]-gun||왕건왕릉 (현릉)||{{linktext|王|建|王|陵}} ({{linktext|顯|陵}})
|-
| 180 ||[[Jinpa-ri Tombs#Tomb No. 4|Jinpari Tomb No. 4]]||Ryongsan-ri, [[Ryokpo-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]]||진파리4호분||{{linktext|眞|坡|里|四|號|墳}}
|-
| 181 ||[[Jinpa-ri Tombs#Tomb No. 1|Jinpari Tomb No. 1]]||Ryongsan-ri, Ryokpo-guyok, Pyongyang||진파리1호분||{{linktext|眞|坡|里|一|號|墳}}
|-
| 182 ||[[Hyangdan-ri Tomb]]||Namdang Worker's District, [[Kangdong]]-gun, Pyongyang||향단리돌관무덤||{{linktext|향|단|里|突|貫|무덤}}
|-
| 183 ||Hwangdaesong Dolmen||Namdang Worker's District, Kangdong-gun, Pyongyang||황대성과고인돌||{{linktext|黃|岱|城|과|고인돌}}
|-
| 184 ||7-storied octagonal pagoda of [[Chongrungsa]] Buddhist temple||Ryongsan-ri, [[Ryokpo-guyok]], Pyongyang||정릉사8각7층탑||{{linktext|定|陵|寺|八|角|七|層|塔}}
|-
| 185 ||5-storied pagoda of [[Kwangbopsa]] Buddhist temple||Taesong-dong, [[Taesong-guyok]], Pyongyang||광법사5층석탑||{{linktext|廣|法|寺|五|層|塔}}
|-
| 186 ||3-storied pagoda of [[Chongyangsa]] Buddhist temple||Naegang-ri, [[Kumgang-gun|Kumgang]]-gun||정양사3층탑||{{linktext|正|陽|寺|三|層|塔}}
|-
| 187 ||Site of [[Chonghae Earthen Castle]]||Haho-ri, [[Pukchong]]-gun||청해토성지||{{linktext|靑|海|土|城|址}}
|-
| 193 ||[[Pukkwan Victory Monument]]||Rimmyong-ri, [[Kimchaek]]||북관대첩비||{{linktext|北|關|大|捷|碑}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Cultural assets of North Korea]]
* [[National treasures of South Korea]]
* [[Complex of Koguryo Tombs]]
* [[History of Korea]]
* [[Culture of Korea]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia#North Korea (1)]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* http://www.kcpia.or.kr/kcpia_mail/mail_template.php?menu=4&filetype=view&index_key=20
* http://cafe.naver.com/historyexam.cafe?iframe_url=/ArticleList.nhn%3F%26search.boardtype=%26search.menuid=333%26search.clubid=15134008%26search.totalCount=151%26search.page=5
* http://north.nricp.go.kr/nrth/kor/inx/index.jsp

[[Category:National Treasures of North Korea]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in North Korea]]
[[Category:North Korea-related lists]]

[[fr:Trésors nationaux de Corée du Nord]]
[[ko:조선민주주의인민공화국의 국보]]
[[zh:朝鲜民主主义人民共和国国宝]]

New York City Police Department Emergency Service Unit

2012-07-18T07:51:11Z

HMSSolent: /* ESU in popular culture */

{{Infobox law enforcement agency
|doc = autocat off
| agencyname = New York City Police Department Emergency Service Unit
| nativename =
| nativenamea =
| nativenamer =
| commonname = NYPD Emergency Service Unit
| abbreviation = NYPD ESU
| fictional =
| patch = Nypd esu.jpg|260px
| patchcaption = Patch of the New York City Police Department ESU unit, worn on the left side of ESU uniforms
| logo = Nypdpatch.jpg
| logocaption = Patch of the New York City Police Department, worn on the right side of ESU uniforms only
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag = Nypd flag.png
| flagcaption = Flag of the [[New York City Police Department]]
| imagesize =
| motto = "At Your Service... Anything, Anytime, Anywhere!"
| mottotranslated =
| mission =
| formedyear = 1920
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| employees =
| volunteers =
| budget =
| government =
| country = United States
| countryabbr = USA
| national =
| federal =
| international =
| divtype = State
| divname = New York
| divdab =
| subdivtype = City
| subdivname = New York
| subdivdab =
| map = Map of New York Highlighting New York City.svg
| mapcaption =
| sizearea = 1,214.4 km²
| sizepopulation = 8,274,527
| legaljuris = New York City
| governingbody =
| governingbodyscnd =
| constitution1 =
| police =
| local =
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| religious =
| speciality =
| overviewtype =
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| headquarters =
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype = Police Officer
| sworn = Approx. 500
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| multinational =
| electeetype = Police Commissioner
| minister1name = [[Raymond W. Kelly]]
| minister1pfo =
| chief1name = Deputy Chief James Molloy
| chief1position = Commanding Officer
| parentagency = [[New York City Police Department]]
| child1agency =
| unittype =
| unitname =
| officetype = Borough
| officename = {{collapsible list |Manhattan |Brooklyn |Queens |Bronx |Staten Island | }}
| provideragency =
| uniformedas =
| stationtype = Squad
| stations = {{collapsible list |title=11 |ESS #1 - Lower Manhattan |ESS #2 - Upper Manhattan |ESS #3 - East and South Bronx |ESS #4 - West and North Bronx |ESS #5 - Staten Island |ESS #6 - South Brooklyn |ESS #7 - East Brooklyn |ESS #8 - North Brooklyn |ESS #9 - South Queens |ESS #10 - North Queens |ESS #11 - Assigned to ESU Headquarters}}
| airbases =
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}}

The '''New York City Police Department Emergency Service Unit''' is the [[Emergency Service Unit]] (ESU) for the [[New York City Police Department]]. A component of the Special Operations Division of the Patrol Services Bureau, the unit provides specialized support and advanced equipment to other NYPD units. For example, its Canine Unit helps with searches for perpetrators and missing persons. The Emergency Service Unit also functions as a Special Weapons and Tactical Unit ([[SWAT]]) and NYPD hostage negotiators assist and secure the safety of hostages. Members of "ESU" are cross trained in multiple disciplines for police and rescue work. They are always on patrol (all three tours, 365 days a year) with 10 Heavy Rescue trucks, each manned by a police officer and a sergeant, and often more than twice as many smaller Radio Emergency Patrol vehicles containing two ESU police officers. There are also two or more patrol Sergeants or Lieutenants in unmarked vehicles on duty at all times to supervise ESU operations where needed. These are called "U-Cars" on the NYPD radio, for example, "U-5".

==Field organizations==
The ten Emergency Service Squads (ESS) are divided geographically as:

Emergency Service Squads (or Trucks):
* ESS-1 ([[Lower Manhattan]]),
* ESS-2 ([[Upper Manhattan]]),
* ESS-3 ([[East Bronx|East]] and [[South Bronx]]),
* ESS 4 ([[West Bronx|West]] and [[North Bronx]]),
* ESS-5 ([[Staten Island]]),
* ESS-6 ([[South Brooklyn]]),
* ESS-7 (East [[Brooklyn]]),
* ESS-8 (North Brooklyn) - REP truck,
* ESS-9 (South [[Queens, New York|Queens]]) - Heavy Rescue Truck,
* ESS-10 (North Queens) - REP truck, and
* ESS-11 (Assigned to ESU Headquarters).
* ESS-14 Hazmat/Rescue Truck.

ESS-11 is not a patrol squad but a vehicle manned by trainers and support staff assigned to ESU headquarters at [[Floyd Bennett Field]] and can respond to nearby incidents or as back-up to other Emergency Service Squads when required.

Lieutenants are city wide patrol supervisors who are assigned to patrol multiple "trucks". They patrol as either U-5 (Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island), or U-4, (Manhattan and the Bronx) and respond to major incidents within their assigned boroughs for the shift.

The ESU Canine Unit maintains 36 dogs-handler teams which include three [[bloodhound]]s and several dogs cross-trained in [[cadaver]] recovery. The ESU canines are an integral part of the US-TF1 [[Urban Search and Rescue]] (USAR) Team as deployed by the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA).

==Vehicles==

The Emergency Service Unit currently utilizes numerous vehicles including:

* Eleven Heavy Rescue trucks which are referred to as "Trucks". Trucks 1-10 were built by [http://www.saulsburyfire.com/products.htm?lineID=2 Saulsbury Fire Apparatus] (now part of [[E-One]]).<ref>[http://o.wao.com/policecaronline/home/Photos/NY/nypd/ESU/nypdT1.jpg NYPD ESU Heavy Rescue truck]</ref> Truck 11 was built by [[Ferrara Fire Apparatus]].<ref>[http://flickr.com/photos/29509647@N05/2761899849/sizes/o/ NYPD ESU Heavy Rescue truck 11]</ref>

* 40 Radio Emergency Patrol (REP) trucks which are ESU's work horse and are used for regular patrol. Each REP is equipped with scuba gear, medical kits and rescue equipment including heavy hydraulics. REP trucks are built by [http://www.odysseyauto.com/ Odyssey Specialty Automotive].<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20091027013406/http://espanol.geocities.com/tacpol2001/imagenes/esu_rep1.jpg NYPD ESU REP]</ref><ref>[http://www.x635photos.com/displayimage.php?pid=937&fullsize=1 NYPD ESU REP]</ref>

* ESU's Medical Squad mans two [[ambulance]]s.<ref>[http://img259.imageshack.us/img259/4831/nypdambulancemw9.jpg NYPD ESU Ambulance]</ref>

* Two [[Lenco BearCat]] and two [[Cadillac Gage Ranger|Lenco Peacekeeper]] [[armored vehicles]].

* 14 portable light tower generator units stationed throughout the city. In addition to the towers, ESU can also deploy 60Kw, 90Kw, 100Kw and 200Kw generators upon request for additional power when required.

* Four Mobile Light Generators which are specialized light-power units with tower generators mounted in the bed of pickup trucks.<ref>[http://o.wao.com/policecaronline/home/Photos/NY/nypd/ESU/esu5.html NYPD ESU light truck]</ref>

* 100Kw mobile generator trucks designated as Mobile Auxiliary Light Truck (MALT)s. It has the capability of supplying enough power to light up [[Grand Central Station]].<ref>[http://www.fdnytrucks.com/images/specialunits/nypd/NYPDMALT4.jpg NYPD MALT truck]</ref>

* Construction Accident Response Vehicles (CARV) which responds to construction accidents and is used to stabilize structures and rescue entrapped workers/personnel.<ref>[http://www.flickr.com/photos/jag9889/2514161518 NYPD ESU CARV truck]</ref>

* Emergency Support Vehicle (ESV) which is complete with a motorized [[Inflatable boat|Zodiac]] inflatable and deployable rescue [[airbag]].<ref>[http://www.fdnytrucks.com/images/specialunits/nypd/NYPDESV4.jpg NYPD ESV truck]</ref><ref>[http://www.fdnytrucks.com/images/specialunits/nypd/NYPDESV8.jpg NYPD ESV truck]</ref>

* ESU also has six [[jet ski]]s, plus numerous Zodiac [[inflatable]]s assigned to units throughout the NYPD.

<gallery>
Image:NYPD ESU 9 truck 5509.jpg|NYPD ESU Heavy Rescue Truck 9
Image:NYPD Emergency Service truck.jpg|2 NYPD ESU REP trucks from ESS 10
</gallery>
{{-}}

==Recruitment==
[[File:NYPD ESU EMS patch.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<center>A NYPD ESU Emergency Medical Squad patch]]
The personnel selected for ESU become highly trained, elite members of the NYPD who perform rescue, SWAT and other high risk tactical, counter-narcotic and counter-terror operations.

There are minimum time-in-grade requirements before an NYPD officer can apply to transfer to ESU. Police Officers must have a minimum of 5 years on the job with a minimum annual rating of 3.5. Supervisors in the rank of sergeants and lieutenants must have 2 years in rank before being assigned to ESU. In addition, all ESU candidates must be approved by a group of current ESU members to ensure that they will integrate into the unit successfully.

==Casualties/line of duty deaths==
ESU lost more members (14 out of 23 NYPD officers) than any other NYPD unit during the [[September 11 attacks|World Trade Center attacks]] on September 11, 2001.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:NYPD ESU at WTC.jpg|NYPD ESU at the site of the World Trade Center as part of [[Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11, 2001 attacks]]
</gallery>

==ESU in popular culture==
*[[The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008 film)|The Day the Earth Stood Still]] (2008)
*[[Léon (film)|Leon]] (also known as The Professional and Léon: The Professional)
*[[The Bone Collector]]
*[[Phone Booth (film)]]
*[[Inside Man]]
*[[16 Blocks]]
*[[Grand Theft Auto IV]] and [[Episodes from Liberty City]], Liberty City's N.O.O.S.E. (National Office of Security Enforcement) is based on [[Homeland Security]]'s tactical units and the NYPD ESU.

Also seen extensively in:
* [[NYPD Blue]]
* [[Law & Order]] and its various spinoffs
**''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'', ''L&O: SVU''
**''[[Law & Order: Criminal Intent]]'', ''L&O:CI''
**''[[Law & Order: Trial by Jury]]''
* [[Third Watch]]
* [[CSI: NY]]
*[[Blue Bloods (TV series)|Blue Bloods]]
*[[True Blue (TV series)]]

==See also==
* [[SWAT]]
* [[New York City Police Department]]
* [[Iman Morales Taser incident]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
E-Man: Life in the NYPD Emergency Services Unit (Paperback) by Jerry Schmetterer and Al Sheppard

==External links==
* [http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/html/home/home.shtml NYPD Homepage]
* [http://i118.photobucket.com/albums/o86/illmatickingofny24/DSC01810.jpg ESU officers]
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0471830/ IMDB article on NYPD Emergency Service Unit] (2000) A TV documentary.

[[Category:Units of the New York City Police Department|Emer]]

[[fr:New York City Police Department Emergency Service Unit]]

Take-Ichi-Konvoi

2011-11-13T02:12:22Z

HMSSolent: /* Manila to Halmahera */

{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict = ''Take Ichi'' convoy
|partof = [[Pacific War]]
|image = [[File:Take Ichi convoy.jpg|300px|The route of the Take Ichi convoy]]
|caption = The ''Take Ichi'' convoy's route from Shanghai to Halmahera<ref name= "Parillo_140">Parillo (1993), p. 140</ref>
|date = 17 April – 9 May 1944
|place = Off [[Luzon]] and [[Sulawesi|Celebes]]
|coordinates =
|map_type =
|latitude =
|longitude =
|map_size =
|map_caption =
|territory =
|result = United States victory
|status =
|combatant1 = {{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[United States]]
|combatant2 = {{flagicon|Japan|alt}} [[Empire of Japan]]
|commander1 = {{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[Ralph Waldo Christie]] ([[United States Navy|USN]])<ref name="Blair_622"/>
|commander2 = {{flagicon|Japan|naval}} [[Sadamichi Kajioka]] ([[Imperial Japanese Navy|IJN]])
|strength1 =
|strength2 =
|casualties1 = None
|casualties2 = Four transports sunk 4,290 soldiers killed
|notes =
|campaignbox = {{Campaignbox New Guinea}}
}}

The '''''{{nihongo|Take Ichi|竹一}}'' ("Bamboo No. 1") convoy''' was a [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese]] [[convoy]] of [[World War II]]. The convoy left [[Shanghai]] on 17 April 1944, carrying two [[infantry]] [[Division (military)|divisions]] to reinforce Japan's defensive positions in the [[Philippines]] and western [[New Guinea]]. [[United States Navy]] (USN) [[submarine]]s attacked the convoy on 26 April and 6 May, sinking four transports and killing more than 4,000 soldiers. These losses caused the convoy to be diverted to [[Halmahera]], where the surviving soldiers and their equipment were unloaded.

The ''Take Ichi'' convoy's losses had important strategic results. The failure to bring the two divisions to their destination without loss contributed to the Japanese [[Imperial General Headquarters]]' decision to move Japan's defensive perimeter back by {{convert|600|mi|km|abbr=on}}. The divisions' combat power was also blunted by their losses, and while they both saw action against [[United States Army]] forces, they contributed little to Japan's attempt to defend its empire.

==Background==
In September 1943, the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] (IJN) and [[Imperial Japanese Army]] (IJA) agreed to establish defensive positions along what was termed Japan's "absolute zone of national defense". The zone's perimeter reached from the [[Marianas Islands]] and [[Caroline Islands]] to western [[New Guinea]] and the [[Banda Sea|Banda]] and [[Flores Sea]]s.<ref name= "Willoughby_250">Willoughby (1966), p. 250</ref> At this time there were few Army units in the area, and it was decided to move combat units from [[China]] and [[Manchuria]] to protect the air bases which formed the basis of Japan's defensive plans. The movement of these troops was delayed by shipping shortages, however.<ref>Willoughby (1966), pp. 251–252</ref> Efforts to reinforce the Marianas and Caroline islands were assigned the highest priority, and the units selected for western New Guinea remained in China until April 1944, when ships became available to transport them.<ref>Willoughby (1966), pp. 257–258 and p. 272</ref>

By early 1944, [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] submarines [[Allied submarines in the Pacific War|were sinking large numbers]] of Japanese ships. Their activities were frequently guided by '[[Ultra]]' [[Intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]] relating to ship movements which was collected by [[Signals intelligence|intercepting]] and [[Cryptanalysis|decrypting]] [[Code (cryptography)|encoded]] radio transmissions. The IJN routinely broadcast the location and intended route of convoys under its protection, and decrypting these messages allowed Allied naval commanders to alert submarines in the vicinity of convoys. The submarine commanders were free to plan their interception and attack where conditions were most favorable.<ref>Parillo (1993), pp. 89–90</ref>
[[File:Kajioka Sadamichi.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Rear Admiral]] [[Sadamichi Kajioka]] in 1944.]]

The IJN's faulty [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] doctrine also contributed to Japan's shipping losses. The Navy had placed a low priority on protecting merchant shipping from submarine attack before and during the early years of the war and convoys were not routinely assembled until 1943.<ref>Parillo (1993), pp. 133–134</ref> The Grand Escort Headquarters was formed in late 1943 to coordinate convoys and implement a standard doctrine. The Escort-of-Convoy headquarters was also established in April 1944 to provide a pool of senior commanders who were available to command convoys, though none had any experience with convoy operations or anti-submarine warfare.<ref>Parillo (1993), pp. 135–136</ref>

Attacks on merchant shipping during February 1944 led the Japanese to change the composition of their convoys. During this month, over ten percent of the Japanese merchant marine was sunk by submarines and air attack.<ref>Parillo (1993), p. 137</ref> These losses included several transport ships carrying reinforcements to the Marianas and Carolines.<ref name=Wise_46>Wise et al (2003), p. 46</ref><ref name="Morison_20">Morison (2001), p. 20</ref> In response, the Grand Escort Fleet Headquarters increased the average size of Japanese convoys from five ships to "large" convoys of 10-20 vessels. This change allowed the IJN to allocate more escort ships to each convoy and it was hoped that conducting fewer convoys would also reduce the number of targets available to submarines. While Japanese officers attributed a drop in sinkings during March to the changed tactics, this was actually due to the [[United States Pacific Fleet|U.S. Pacific Fleet]]'s submarines being diverted to support raids conducted by the [[Fast Carrier Task Force]] that month.<ref>Parillo (1993), pp. 137–139</ref>

The ''Take Ichi'' convoy was assembled at Shanghai in April 1944. Its task was to carry the [[32nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|32nd Division]] to [[Mindanao]] and the main body of the [[35th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|35th Division]] to western New Guinea.<ref>Willoughby (1966), p. 272</ref> Both divisions had been formed in 1939 and were veterans of fighting in China during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]].<ref>Madej (1981), p. 60 and pp. 62–63</ref> One of the 35th Division's three infantry [[regiment]]s was detached from the division in early April and sent to the [[Palau|Palau islands]], arriving there later that month without loss.<ref>Smith (1953), p. 459</ref>

The two divisions embarked on large transport ships protected by an unusually strong escort force.<ref>Willoughby (1966), pp. 272–273</ref> [[Rear Admiral]] [[Sadamichi Kajioka]]—who was a veteran of several previous operations, including the [[Battle of Wake Island]]—was appointed to command the convoy.<ref name="Blair_622"/> The escort force was the newly established 6th Escort Convoy Command and included Kajiokia's flagship, the coal burning [[minelayer]] {{Ship|Japanese minelayer|Shirataka||2}}, as well as [[destroyer]]s {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Asakaze|1922|2}}, {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Shiratsuyu||2}} and {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Fujinami||2}}, [[frigate]] {{Ship|Japanese frigate|Kurahashi||2}}, ocean escort ships ('kaibokan') ''CD-20'' and ''CD-22'', minesweeper ''W-2'', [[subchaser]]s ''CH-37'' and ''CH-38'' and [[gunboat]]s ''Uji'', ''Ataka'' and ''Tama Maru No. 7''.<ref name="Combined_fleet_Shirataka">{{cite web|url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/Shirataka_t.htm|title=IJN Minelayer Shirataka: Tabular Record of Movement|last=Hackett|first=Bob|coauthors=Kingsepp, Sander and Cundall, Peter|date=1998-2005| publisher=Combinedfleet.com|accessdate=15 March 2009}}</ref>

==Voyage==
===Shanghai to Manila===
[[File:USS Jack;0825901.jpg|thumb|{{USS|Jack|SS-259|6}} in December 1943.]]

The ''Take Ichi'' convoy sailed from Shanghai bound for [[Manila]] on 17 April,<ref name= "Parillo_139">Parillo (1993), p. 139</ref> and initially comprised 15 transports and the 6th Escort Convoy Command. Seven of the transports were traveling to Manila only and the 32nd and 35th Divisions were each carried by four vessels.<ref name="Combined_fleet_Shirataka"/> Allied code breakers decrypted radio signals relating to the convoy's departure and subsequent intercepts allowed [[Traffic analysis|radio traffic analysts]] to follow its progress south.<ref name= "Blair_622">Blair (2001), p. 622</ref><ref name="Drea_129">Drea (1992), p. 129</ref>

Intelligence from the intercepted radio signals was used to guide the submarine {{USS|Jack|SS-259|6}} toward the convoy, and she made contact with it off the northwest coast of [[Luzon]] on the morning of 26 April.<ref name="Drea_129"/> The submarine's captain—[[Commander (United States)|Commander]] Tommy Dykers—attempted to maneuver into a position to attack the convoy but lost contact when he was forced to evade a Japanese submarine. An aircraft sighted and attacked ''Jack'' a few minutes later, but the convoy did not change course. Dykers regained contact at midday after sighting ''Shirataka'''s heavy smoke exhaust and surfaced an hour before sunset to get into an attack position. He was forced to submerge, however, when another aircraft attacked the submarine.<ref name="Blair_622"/>

''Jack'' surfaced again after dark, and successfully attacked after the moon set. Dykers found that the Japanese escorts were alert, and was unable to penetrate the convoy. As a result, he attacked three times by firing a total of 19 [[torpedo]]es from long range into the mass of ships at the center of the convoy.<ref name="Blair_622"/> These attacks sank the 5,425-[[Gross Register Tonnage|ton]] freighter ''[[Yoshida Maru]]'', which was carrying an entire regiment of the 32nd Division. All 3,000 soldiers onboard drowned when the ship sank quickly.<ref name="Blair_623">Blair (2001), p. 623</ref> The remaining Japanese ships continued to Manila, arriving there on 29 April.<ref name="Willoughby_273">Willoughby (1966), p. 273</ref>

===Manila to Halmahera===
The 32nd Division's destination changed during the voyage from Shanghai to Manila. Imperial General Headquarters was concerned that the increasing difficulty of shipping units towards the front line meant that it would not be possible to complete the planned reinforcement of the "absolute zone of national defense" before Allied forces reached the area. As a result, it was decided to use the division to reinforce the [[Japanese Second Army|Second Army]] in western New Guinea and the eastern [[Dutch East Indies|Netherlands East Indies]] (NEI)—which were under direct threat of attack—rather than send it to Mindanao.<ref name="Willoughby_273"/>
[[File:USS Gurnard;0825404.jpg|thumb|left|upright|{{USS|Gurnard|SS-254|6}} in March 1944.]]

The ''Take Ichi'' convoy resumed its journey to New Guinea on 1 May. Its composition was now eight transports (one of the Manila-bound transports having replaced ''Yoshida Maru'') under the protection of ''Shirataka'', ''Asakaze'', ''Shiratsuyu'', minesweeper ''W-22'', ''CH-37'' and ''CH-38''.<ref name="Combined_fleet_Shirataka"/> The convoy took a special route planned by the Third Southern Expeditionary Fleet to reduce the risk of submarine attack.<ref name= "Willoughby_273"/>

U.S. signals intelligence operators again detected the convoy's departure. On 2 May, analysts estimated its size as nine transports and seven escorts carrying 12,784 troops of the 32nd Division and an unknown number of men from the 35th Division. Decoded Japanese Army Water Transport Code messages also provided the Allies with the convoy's route, speed, daily noon positions and destination. This "extraordinary intelligence coup" was passed to the relevant commands on 2 May and the USN positioned submarines to ambush the Japanese ships.<ref name="Drea_130">Drea (1992), p. 130</ref>

The ''Take Ichi'' convoy suffered a devastating submarine attack on 6 May. On that day, {{USS|Gurnard|SS-254|6}} intercepted the Japanese ships in the [[Celebes Sea]] near the northeastern tip of [[Sulawesi|Celebes]]. ''Gurnard''{{'}}s captain—Commander Herb Andrews—submerged his boat and made a cautious approach to avoid detection by aircraft. He reached a firing position four hours later and fired six torpedoes at two transports. Only one of these torpedoes struck its mark, and a second salvo missed its intended targets but hit another transport. Andrews then turned his boat and fired further torpedoes from ''Gurnard'''s stern [[torpedo tube]]s which hit a third transport. One of the Japanese destroyers counterattacked ''Gurnard'' and forced Andrews to break off his attack.<ref name="Blair_623"/> The destroyer was traveling at too great a speed for its detection gear to function, however, and did not damage the submarine, despite dropping approximately 100 [[depth charge]]s.<ref name="Blair_623"/><ref name="Parillo_141">Parillo (1993), p. 141</ref>

''Gurnard'' rose to [[periscope]] depth two hours later and found that a major effort to rescue troops and equipment from the torpedoed transports was under way. That night, the submarine torpedoed one of the crippled transports which was still afloat. ''Gurnard'''s attack sank transports ''Aden Maru'' (5,825 tons) and ''Taijima Maru'' (6,995 tons) as well as the cargo ship ''Tenshinzan Marau'' (6,886 tons).<ref name="Blair_623"/> While the rescue effort was relatively successful, 1,290 troops were killed and much of their equipment was lost.<ref name= "Willoughby_273"/><ref name="Drea_130"/>

Due to its heavy losses, the ''Take Ichi'' convoy was ordered to dock at Halmahera in the eastern NEI rather than continue to New Guinea. The surviving ships arrived there on 9 May.<ref name= "Willoughby_273"/> Both divisions and their equipment were unloaded and the convoy sailed for Manila on 13 May, arriving on 20 May without further loss.<ref name="Combined_fleet_Shirataka"/>

==Aftermath==
The attacks on the ''Take Ichi'' convoy blunted the 32nd and 35th Divisions' fighting power. The 32nd Division's combat elements were reduced from nine to five infantry [[battalion]]s and from four to one and a half [[artillery]] battalions.<ref name="Willoughby_273"/><ref>Madej (1981), p. 60</ref> Only four of the six 35th Division infantry battalions which sailed in the convoy reached Halmahera and much of the division's artillery was lost.<ref name="Willoughby_273"/>

The destruction of the Take Ichi convoy also forced the Japanese leadership to acknowledge that it was no longer possible to reinforce or defend most of western New Guinea. While the [[Japanese Second Area Army|Second Area Army]]'s commander [[Lieutenant General]] [[Korechika Anami]] requested that the surviving ships attempt to carry the 35th Division to New Guinea, this was rejected by Imperial General Headquarters. The losses inflicted on the convoy also contributed to the Imperial General Headquarters' decision to move the perimeter of the "absolute zone of national defense" back to a line extending from [[Sorong (city)|Sorong]] to Halmahera.<ref name= "Willoughby_274">Willoughby (1966), p. 274</ref> This represented a {{convert|600|mi|km|abbr=on}} strategic withdrawal from the perimeter which had been planned in March.<ref name="Smith_233">Smith (1953), p. 233</ref>

Japanese naval staff officers gathered in Manila in June to analyze the ''Take Ichi'' convoy. The officers believed that Japan's communication codes were secure and discussed alternative explanations for the convoy's detection. These explanations included the increase in radio signals at the time the convoy sailed being detected by Allied radio traffic analysts, a Japanese officer in Manila accidentally divulging information and Allied spies working on the Manila waterfront radioing messages about the convoy's composition and departure. The meeting concluded that Allied spies were responsible for the convoy's detection, and the Japanese military's codes were not changed.<ref>Drea (1992), pp. 130–131</ref>

Some of the surviving elements of the 32nd and 35th divisions later saw action against American forces. The 35th Division was moved forward from Halmahera to Sorong in small ships during May.<ref name="Smith_233"/> The regiment which had been sent to the Palaus in April was also successfully transferred to New Guinea.<ref>Smith (1953), p. 460</ref> Elements of the 35th Division subsequently fought in the [[Battle of Biak|Battles of Biak]] and [[Battle of Sansapor|Sansapor]], but most of the division was stationed on the [[Vogelkop Peninsula]] where it was isolated from September 1944.<ref>Smith (1953), p. 263, pp. 443–444 and p. 449</ref> The 32nd Division was retained at Halmahera to garrison the island.<ref name="Smith_233"/> Much of the division later saw action on the neighboring island of [[Morotai]], where it [[Battle of Morotai|suffered heavy losses]] while trying to counterattack an Allied force which had established a base there during September and October 1944.<ref>Willoughby (1966), pp. 348–352</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Blair|first=Clay|title=Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan| publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis|year=2001|isbn=155750217X|oclc=45207785}}
*{{cite book|last=Drea|first=Edward J.|title=MacArthur's ULTRA. Codebreaking and the war against Japan, 1942–1945|publisher=University of Kansas Press|location=Lawrence|year=1992|isbn= 0700605045|oclc=23651196}}
*{{cite book|last=Madej|first=W. Victor|title=Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle 1939 - 1945. Volume I|publisher=Game Marketing Company|location=Allentown|year=1981|oclc=8930220}}
*{{cite book|last=Morison|first=Samuel Eliot|title=New Guinea and the Marianas March 1944 – August 1944|publisher=Castle Books|location=Edison|year=2001|edition=Castle Books|series=''[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]]'', Volume VIII|isbn=0785813098|oclc=52192318}}
*{{cite book|last=Parillo|first=Mark P.|title=The Japanese Merchant Marine in World War II| publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis|year=1993|isbn=1557506779|oclc=26767394}}
*{{cite book|title=The Approach to the Philippines|last=Smith|first=Robert Ross|authorlink=| coauthors=|series=United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific|year=1953|url= http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Approach/index.html|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|location=Washington D.C.|oclc=1260896}}
*{{cite book|last=Willoughby|first=Charles A. (editor in chief)|title=Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area Volume II – Part I|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V2%20P1/macarthurv2.htm|series=Reports of General MacArthur| year=1966|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|location=Washington D.C.|oclc =174861388}}
*{{cite book|last=Wise|first=James E|coauthors=Baron, Scott|title=Soldiers Lost at Sea: A Chronicle of Troopship Disasters|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis|year=2003|isbn= 1591149665|oclc=52182511|url=http://books.google.com/?id=KmtozaIf5QAC&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=Take+Ichi+convoy}}
{{refend}}

{{featured article}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1944]]
[[Category:Far East naval theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:Convoys of World War II]]

[[fr:Convoi Take Ichi]]
[[ja:竹一船団]]
[[ru:Гибель конвоя «Такэ Ити»]]

Kusaka Ryūnosuke

2011-08-10T08:42:17Z

HMSSolent: /* Biography */

{{Infobox military person
|name=Ryūnosuke Kusaka
|birth_date=September 25, 1893
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1971|11|23|1893|09|25}}<ref>Nishida, ''Imperial Japanese Navy''.</ref>
|birth_place=[[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|death_place=
|image=[[Image:RyunosukeKusaka.jpg]]
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance=[[Empire of Japan]]
|branch={{navy|Empire of Japan}}
|serviceyears=1917-1945
|rank=[[Vice Admiral]]
|commands={{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hōshō||2}}, {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Akagi||2}} 1st Air Fleet 5th Air Fleet
|battles=[[World War II]] [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] [[Battle of Midway]]
|awards=
|family=
|laterwork=
}}
{{Japanese name|Kusaka}}

{{nihongo|'''Ryūnosuke Kusaka'''|草鹿龍之介|Kusaka Ryūnosuke|extra=25 September 1893 - 23 November 1971}}, was an admiral in the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] during [[World War II]] who served as [[Chief of staff (military)|Chief of Staff]] of the [[Combined Fleet]]. Fellow Admiral [[Jinichi Kusaka]] was his cousin.

==Biography==
Born to a director of the [[Sumitomo]] ''[[zaibatsu]]'' in [[Tokyo]] in 1893, Kusaka's family registry officially listed him as a native of [[Ishikawa Prefecture]], and he was schooled in [[Osaka]].

He entered the 41st class of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy Academy]] graduating 14th out of a class of 118 in 1917 and graduating from the Naval Gunnery School in 1920. He did his [[midshipman]] service on the [[cruiser]]s {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Azuma||2}} and {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Otowa||2}}. After he was commissioned as [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]], he was assigned to the [[battleship]] {{Ship|Japanese battleship|Kawachi||2}} and cruiser {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Yakumo||2}}. He later served on the battleship {{Ship|Japanese battleship|Kongō||2}} and [[destroyer]] {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Kuwa||2}}. After his promotion to [[lieutenant]] on 1 December 1919, he was assigned to the battleships {{Ship|Japanese battleship|Mutsu||2}} and {{Ship|Japanese battleship|Yamashiro||2}}, destroyer {{Ship|Japanese destroyer|Susuki||2}}, and repair ship ''Kantō''. He was promoted to [[lieutenant commander]] in 1925, and graduated from the [[Naval War College (Japan)|Naval Staff College]] the same year, specializing in [[naval aviation]]. He subsequently captained a naval fighter group based at [[Kasumigaura, Ibaraki|Kasumigaura]] and served in numerous staff positions.

On 1 September 1933, he was appointed [[executive officer]] of the cruiser {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Iwate||2}}, and on 16 November 1936 — after his promotion to [[Captain (naval)|captain]] — he was given his first command: the [[aircraft carrier]] {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hōshō||2}}. In 1939, he became captain of the aircraft carrier {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Akagi||2}}.

Promoted to [[rear admiral]] on 15 November 1940, he was commander of the 24th Air Flotilla before being appointed Chief of Staff of the [[1st Air Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy|1st Air Fleet]] under Admiral [[Chūichi Nagumo]] in April 1941. He was involved in strategic and tactical planning and execution, including the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] and [[Battle of Midway]]. During the aftermath of the Battle of Midway, Kusaka was able to dissuade the fleet commander and senior officers from committing suicide after the Japanese defeat. Kusaka badly sprained both ankles and was burned during the evacuation from the critically damaged ''Akagi'' during the battle.<ref>{{cite book | last=Parshall | first=Jonathan |first2=Anthony |last2=Tully | year=2005| title=Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway | publisher=Potomac Books | location=Dulles, Virginia | isbn=1-57488-923-0 }}, p. 260.</ref>

Kusaka remained with the fleet until November 1942, and accepted a number of staff positions thereafter. He was promoted to [[vice admiral]] on 1 May 1944 and transferred to the [[Combined Fleet]] as Chief of Staff under commander-in-chief Admiral [[Soemu Toyoda]] in November 1944. His final assignment was command of the [[5th Air Fleet]] after the suicide of [[Matome Ugaki]], exactly the day [[Surrender of Japan|Japan surrendered to the Allies]].

Kusaka was portrayed by actor [[Pat Morita]] in the 1976 movie ''[[Midway (film)|Midway]]'', by Tatsuya Mihashi in the 1981 Japanese movie ''Rengo Kantai'' and by Ryuzo Hayashi in [[Toei]]'s 2005 film ''[[Yamato (film)|Otokotachi no Yamato]]''.

==References==
===Books===
*{{cite book | last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu | authorlink = | year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub | location = | isbn = 0-8159-5302-X }}
*{{cite book | last = Dull | first = Paul S. | authorlink = | year = 1978 | chapter = | title = A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941-1945 | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = | isbn = 0-87021-097-1 }}
*{{cite book | last = Parrish | first = Thomas | authorlink = | year = 1978 | chapter = | title = The Simon and Schuster Encyclopedia of World War II | publisher = Simon and Schuster | location = New York | isbn = 0671242776 }}
*Peattie, Mark R., ''Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941'', Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001, ISBN 1-55750-432-6

===External links===
*{{cite web | last = Nishida | first = Hiroshi | authorlink = | coauthors = | url = http://homepage2.nifty.com/nishidah/e/px42.htm#v003 | title = Imperial Japanese Navy | accessdate = 2007-02-25 }}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{IJN}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Kusaka, Ryunosuke
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =25 September 1893
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =23 November 1971
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kusaka, Ryunosuke}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ishikawa Prefecture]]
[[Category:Japanese naval aviators]]
[[Category:Imperial Japanese Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Japanese military personnel of World War II]]

[[fr:Ryūnosuke Kusaka]]
[[ko:구사카 류노스케]]
[[ja:草鹿龍之介]]