Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Barreiros (Industrieunternehmen)

2015-06-13T15:18:00Z

Graphium: (GR) File renamed: File:Dodge Dart by Barreiros.JPG → File:Dodge 3700 by Barreiros.jpg File renaming criterion #2: To change from a meaningless or ambiguous name to a name that describes what the ima…

{{Begriffsklärungshinweis}}
[[Datei:Barreiros.jpg|thumb|Barreiros LKW auf Fuerteventura]]
'''Barreiros''' war ein [[Spanien|spanisches]] Industrieunternehmen, das von [[Eduardo Barreiros]] gegründet wurde. Das Hauptgeschäftsfeld war die Produktion von [[Motor]]en und [[Karosserie]]n für [[Lastwagen]] und [[Traktor]]en.

1945 kaufte Eduardo Barreiros eine Autobuslinie, die sein Vater in [[Ourense]] ([[Galicien]]) besessen hatte. Daraufhin gründete er das Unternehmen '''B'''arreiros '''E'''mpresa '''Co'''nstructora, '''S.A.''' (BECOSA). In der Provinz Orense knüpfte er Kontakte zur Öffentlichen Straßenverwaltung, für die er [[Ersatzteil]]e und Utensilien zum Straßenbau fabrizierte. In den folgenden Jahren entschied er sich, [[Ottomotor]]en in [[Dieselmotor]]en umzubauen, was ihm eine sichere wirtschaftliche und finanzielle Basis gab, um 1954 Barreiros Diesel mit einem Kapital von 10 Mio. PTA zu gründen. Dort fertigte er täglich durchschnittlich drei Einheiten des EB-6 Motors mit der Barreiros-Technologie (zur Verwendung in Lastkraftwagen von 5 bis 7 Tonnen). Er erwarb ein Gelände von anfangs 20.000 m² in Villaverde bei [[Madrid]]. Dort gründete er das Unternehmen '''C'''ompañía '''A'''nónima de '''B'''ombas, '''S.A.''' (CABSA), um [[Einspritzpumpe]]n und elektrische Ausrüstung zu produzieren.

In den Folgejahren produzierte Barreiros dort [[Elektrischer Generator|Dynamo]]s, [[Anlasser]] und [[Regler]]. Danach stellte er auch [[Generator]]en, Schweißgeräte und [[elektrische Bremse]]n für Lastwagen her. Zu jener Zeit fertigte Barreiros Traktoren in [[Lizenz]] von [[Hanomag]].

1957 gewann Barreiros einen Wettbewerb in [[Portugal]] bei einer Ausschreibung von 300 Lastwagen für das portugiesische Heer gegen englische, amerikanische und französische Wettbewerber. Dieser Fronthauber mit 5 Tonnen Gesamtgewicht besaß bereits einen Vierradantrieb und wurde unter der Bezeichnung „''el abuelo''“ (= der Großvater) angeboten.

[[Image:Dodge 3700 by Barreiros.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Der Dodge Dart wurde in Spanien ab 1963 hergestellt; hier der spätere Dodge 3700]]
1962 verbündete sich Barreiros mit [[Chrysler Corporation|Chrysler]], um Pkw der Marken [[Dodge]] und [[Simca]] zu produzieren. Dabei bot Barreiros eine für das in jenen Jahren wenig motorisierte Spanien erstaunlich große Modellpalette an: Neben dem in Deutschland als [[Simca 1000]] bekannten [[Heckmotor]]modell, das in Spanien unter der Bezeichnung Simca 900 Special mit 950 cm³ angeboten wurde, bot Barreiros den als [[Simca 1100]] bekannten Frontantriebler mit einem ursprünglich nur in Spanien von Barreiros offerierten 1200 cm³ Motor an. Zusätzlich verfügte Barreiros noch über einen Dodge, in dem ein werkseigener 3,7-Liter-Motor für den Antrieb sorgte. Seit 1973 wurde dieser spanische Dodge auch in der [[Schweiz]] angeboten. Für spanische [[Taxi]]unternehmer bot Barreiros noch eine Variante des Dodge mit einem Barreiros-Dieselmotor an, der jedoch über weniger Fahrkomfort und Fahrkultur als das Originalbenzinmodell verfügte.

In den Folgejahren erreichte die Marken in jener Epoche unbekannte Absatzzahlen, die mit einem Umsatz von 7 Mrd. PTA verbunden waren. Die Firma NAZAR in [[Saragossa]] wurde übernommen, in der die Mehrheit der Fabrikationselemente für Straßenbaumaschinen, Traktoren und [[Omnibus]]se konzentriert wurde. Ein Pionierunternehmen zur Autofinanzierung wurde mit einem Kapital von 100 Mio. PTA mit einer Beteiligung von 60 % durch Barreiros gegründet.

1967 erwarb Chrysler die Mehrheit der Aktiengesellschaft, überließ jedoch anfangs noch der Familie Barreiros weiterhin die Leitung. Bis 1969 hatte Chrysler seinen Anteil weiter erhöht. Barreiros verlor seinen Einfluss im Unternehmen. In diesem Jahr absorbierte Chrysler seine spanische Tochter vollständig.

Barreiros produzierte weiterhin solide Dieselmotoren, Lastwagen und Omnibusse. Glieder- und [[Sattelzug|Sattelzüge]] waren in Spanien bis in die 1980er Jahre praktisch unbekannt. Aber wie auch der spanische Konkurrent [[Pegaso]] verfügte Barreiros über ein schweres [[Frontlenker]]modell, einen Vierachser, dessen beide Vorderachsen bereits gelenkt wurden und das sowohl als Pritschenwagen, wie als Kipper angeboten wurde. Die Fahrzeuge und Motoren waren so grundsolide gefertigt, dass es noch heute möglich ist, Lastwagen und Traktoren der Marke Barreiros in Spanien zu finden.

Als der Konzern Chrysler 1978 in wirtschaftlichen Schwierigkeiten steckte, verkaufte er seine gesamten europäischen Aktivitäten an den [[Peugeot|Peugeot-Konzern]]. Die Lkw-Marke ''Barreiros Diesel SA'' wurde in den [[Renault|Renault-Konzern]] integriert und verschwand damit endgültig.

Obwohl Barreiros viel zur Verbesserung der Dieselmotortechnik, wie auch vieler Fahrzeugelemente von schweren Maschinen beitrug, erhielt er für seine Arbeit nicht die verdiente Anerkennung. In den 1980er Jahren bewarb sich Barreiros, der bereits seit mehreren Jahren nicht mehr über sein eigenes Unternehmen verfügte, mit einer eigenen modernen Dieselmotorkonstruktion bei einem Wettbewerb in [[Kuba]], den er unter der Aufsicht des britischen [[Lloyd’s Register of Shipping|Lloyd’s Register]] gewann.

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat|Barreiros vehicles|Barreiros}}
* [http://www.fundacionbarreiros.org/user/index.php Internetseite der Stiftung Eduardo Barreiros, die ein Museum mit technischen Exponaten betreibt (Spanisch)]
* [http://www.via64.net/BARREIROS_WEB/barreiros/barreiros.htm Spanische Internetseite mit Fotos von Barreiros-Lkw]

[[Kategorie:Ehemaliger Nutzfahrzeughersteller]]
[[Kategorie:Ehemaliger Verkehrstechnikhersteller]]
[[Kategorie:Ehemaliger Traktorenhersteller]]
[[Kategorie:Ehemaliger Automobilhersteller (Spanien)]]
[[Kategorie:Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Madrid)]]

St. Martin (Jugenheim)

2014-10-30T03:46:25Z

Graphium: (Script) File renamed: File:St. Martin Jugendheim.jpg → File:St. Martin Jugenheim.jpg File renaming criterion #5: Correct obvious errors in file names (e.g. incorrect [[:en:Proper noun|proper noun…

[[Datei:St. Martin Jugenheim.jpg|miniatur|St. Martin (Jugenheim)]]
Die evangelische Pfarrkirche '''St. Martin''' ist ein [[Denkmalschutz|denkmalgeschütztes]] Kirchengebäude in [[Jugenheim in Rheinhessen|Jugenheim]], einer [[Ortsgemeinde]] im [[Landkreis Mainz-Bingen]] in [[Rheinland-Pfalz]]. Laut dem [[Dehio-Handbuch]] für Rheinland-Pfalz gehört die Kirche zu den „Kunstdenkmälern von besonderem Rang“.

== Geschichte ==
Die Kirche wurde von 1769 bis 1775 nach Plänen des Baumeisters [[Friedrich Joachim Stengel]] errichtet und 1775 geweiht. Es sind etwa 1.000 Sitzplätze vorhanden. Sie ist ein schlicht gegliederter, quergestellter [[Saalkirche|Saalbau]], ähnlich wie die beiden ebenfalls von Stengel gebauten [[Evangelische Kirche Grävenwiesbach]] und die [[Friedenskirche (Saarbrücken)|Friedenskirche in Saarbrücken]].<ref>Dehio Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland (1972): S. 332</ref>

Ein [[Gotik|gotisches]] [[Sakramentshaus|Sakramentshäuschen]] wurde im späten 15. Jahrhundert eingefügt. In den Jahren 1506 und 1756 wurde das Gebäude umgebaut und um ein Obergeschoss aufgestockt und ein [[Haubendach]] errichtet. Hauptportal im giebelgekrönten Mittelrisalit der östlichen Breitseite, die Schmalseiten mit Nebenportalen. Hohe Korbbogenfenster, sparsame Gliederung durch Eckquaderung und umlaufendes Gebälk.

An der Rückseite der Westwand steht der, in der zweiten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts errichtete, Chorturm der 1762 abgebrochenen [[Gotik|gotischen]] Kirche. In den [[Laibung]]en der drei Turmfenster sind [[Wandmalerei]]en („[[Christus am Ölberg]]“, „[[Simon Petrus|Petrus]] an der [[Himmel (Religion)|Himmelstür]]“, „[[Marienkrönung]]“ an der Nordwand, „[[Beweinung Christi]]“, „[[Höllenfahrt Christi|Höllenfahrt]]“, „[[Noli me tangere]]“ an der Südwand) von 1420 erhalten.<ref>Dehio Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland (1972): S. 332</ref>

Die Kirche weist eine einheitliche Ausstattung aus der Erbauungszeit auf. Als Schreinermeister werden ''Kohl'' aus Wiesbaden und ''Scholl'' aus [[Otterbach (Westpfalz)|Otterbach]] genannt. Emporen befinden sich an der Eingangsseite und an den beiden Schmalseiten. Die [[Kanzel]] an der Turmwand.<ref>Dehio Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland (1972): S. 332</ref>

== Orgel ==
Eine [[Orgel]] von [[Philipp Ernst Wegmann]] von 1762 sowie die originale Orgelbrüstung wurden 1805 von der Mainzer [[Welschnonnenkirche (Mainz)|Welschnonnenkirche]] erworben. Die Orgel hat 18 Register auf zwei Manualen und Pedal. Die Trakturen sind mechanisch.<ref>[http://www.orgel-information.de/Orgeln-Deutschland/J/Jugenheim_Ev.html Die Orgel der ev. Kirche in Jugenheim, orgel-information.de]</ref>

{| border="0" cellspacing="24" cellpadding="18" style="border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{| border="0"
| colspan=4 | '''I Unterwerk''' C–d3
----
|-
| 1. || Hohlflöt || 8'
|-
| 2. || Flaut travers || 8'
|-
| 3. || Principal || 8'
|-
| 4. || Flaute || 4'
|-
| 5. || Flageolett || 2'
|-
| 6. || Mixtur
|-
| 7. || Vox humana (B/D) || 8'
|-
| || ''Tremulant''
|}
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{| border="0"
| colspan=4 | '''II Hauptwerk''' C–d3
----
|-
| 8. || Principal || 8'
|-
| 9. || Gedackt || 8'
|-
| 10. || Viol di gamba || 8'
|-
| 11. || Oktave || 4'
|-
| 12. || Flöth || 4'
|-
| 13. || Quint || 3'
|-
| 14. || Octave || 2'
|-
| 15. || Mixtur
|-
| 16. || Trompete (B/D) || 8'
|}
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{| border="0"
| colspan=4 | '''Pedalwerk''' C–d1
----
|-
| 17. || Subbass || 16'
|-
| 18. || Octavbass || 8'
|}
|}
* ''[[Koppel (Orgel)|Koppeln]]:'' Manual-Schiebekoppel, Pedalkoppel

Auf dem Friedhof befinden sich ein Grabstein von 1850 und eine neugotische [[Stele]] von 1872.<ref>Reclams Kunstführer, Band III, Rheinlande und Westfalen, Baudenkmäler, 1975, ISBN 3-15-008401-6, Seite 279</ref><ref>[http://www.rheinhessen.de/uploads/media/rh_16s_lieb_kalender_2011_04.pdf Liebfrauenland] (PDF-Datei; 247 kB): Kulturführer [[:Kategorie:Gotisches Bauwerk in Rheinhessen|Gotik in Rheinhessen]]</ref>

== Literatur ==
* Reclams Kunstführer, Band III, Rheinlande und Westfalen, Baudenkmäler, 1975, ISBN 3-15-008401-6

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/jugenheim/kulturdenkmaeler/evangelische-kirche-st-martin.html Beschreibung und Fotos]

{{Coordinate|NS=49.895676|EW=8.084379|type=landmark|dim=400|region=DE-RP}}

[[Kategorie:Martin-von-Tours-Kirche|Jugenheim]]
[[Kategorie:Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Mainz-Bingen|Jugenheim]]
[[Kategorie:Kulturdenkmal im Landkreis Mainz-Bingen]]
[[Kategorie:Kirchengebäude der Evangelischen Kirche in Hessen und Nassau|Jugenheim]]
[[Kategorie:Jugenheim in Rheinhessen]]
[[Kategorie:Disposition einer Orgel|Jugenheim, St. Martin]]

Brandrodung in Südostasien

2013-07-28T15:11:32Z

Graphium: Nominated for deletion; see Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Southeast Asian haze. (TW)

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Southeast Asian haze|timestamp=20130728151131|year=2013|month=July|day=28|substed=yes|help=off}}


{{multiple issues|
{{POV|date=July 2013}}
{{original research|date=July 2013}}
{{ref improve|date=July 2013}}
}}
{{quotebox|'''"They only have to be sparked by cigarette butts and they (peatlands) will go up in flames"|Achmad Taufik, South Sumatra Forestry Office'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/08/15/slash-and-burn-practices-lead-forest-fires-s-sumatra.html|title=Slash-and-burn practices lead to forest fires in S. Sumatra|first=Ansyor|last=Idrus|work=The Jakarta Post|date=15 August 2012}}</ref>}}
'''Southeast Asian haze''' is huge perennial air quality and health problem stemming from [[slash and burn]] techniques coupled with expansion of palm oil estates at the expense of new and old growth forest, driven by desires for hard currency, employment, and large profits; largely controlled by multinational corporations. This mainly occurs in the [[Indonesian]] island of [[Sumatra]] The largest of the multinational corporations responsible for the deforestation are [[Wilmar]] and [[Cargill]].

The problem flares up every dry season, in varying degrees, and affects Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, southern Thailand, and Indonesia. Rice paddy burning is also a common practice throughout Southeast Asia, resulting in poor air quality at a local level.

==Haze by year==
It generally refers to [[haze]] occurring in Southeast Asia; see [[Smog#Southeast Asia]]. In specific intense cases, it may refer to:
*[[1997 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[1997 Indonesian forest fires]]
*[[2005 Malaysian haze]]
*[[2006 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[2009 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[2013 Southeast Asian haze]]

==See also==
*[[ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Asia Pollution}}
{{Palm oil}}

[[Category:Southeast Asian haze| ]]

{{environmental-disaster-stub}}
{{Indonesia-stub}}

Yacolt-Brand

2013-07-01T15:17:04Z

Graphium: Reverted edits by 161.55.224.132 (talk): factual errors (HG)

The '''Yacolt Burn''' is the collective name for dozens of fires in [[Washington (state)|Washington]] state and [[Oregon]] occurring between September 8 and September 12, 1902,<ref name="It Happened in Washington">{{cite book|last=Crutchfield|first=James|title=It Happened in Washington|year=2008|publisher=TWODOT|location=Guilford, CT|isbn=9780762745708|pages=97–100}}</ref> causing 38 deaths in the [[Lewis River (Washington)|Lewis River]] area, at least nine deaths by fire in [[Wind River (Washington)|Wind River]] and 18 deaths in the [[Columbia River Gorge]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Unknown|title=Governor Warns of Forest Danger|accessdate=August 16, 2012|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=June 7, 1931}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|last=Attwell|first=Albert|title=Columbia River Gorge History Volume Two|year=1975|publisher=Tahlkie Books|location=Stevenson, WA|pages=202–203}}</ref>

[[File:Yacolt Burn Map.jpg|thumb|Approximate burn areas in pink]]

== Origins of the Fires ==

The Yacolt Burn (also known as the ''Yacolt Fire'', the ''Yacolt Blaze'', the ''Yocalt-Cispus Burn'', or the ''Columbia Fire of 1902'') was the result of many weather factors as well as careless humans. The summer of 1902 has been drier than normal and early September winds blowing from west to east. A build-up of slash from loggers had not been burned off properly in the preceding two summers.<ref name="Oregon and Washington Fires">{{cite journal|title=Oregon and Washington Fires|journal=The Columbia River and Oregon Timberman|year=1902|month=December|pages=41|accessdate=November 2, 2012}}</ref>
On September 8 a fire was started by boys trying to burn a nest of [[yellow jacket]]s near [[Eagle Creek (Multnomah County, Oregon)|Eagle Creek]], [[Oregon]]. Other large fires the occurred independently or combined with other fires started soon thereafter, including one started by a locomotive in [[Dodson, Oregon]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Carr|first=Bill|title=A History of the Bridal Veil Lumbering Company|year=1983|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Pacific Northwest Region; Mt. Hood National Forest}}</ref> Other accounts cite lightning as the genesis of the fire as well as careless campers and berry pickers, hunters, and loggers cutting slash.<ref name=autogenerated1/><ref name="Oregon and Washington Fires"/> The fire spread rapidly, extending from [[Bridal Veil, Oregon]] to [[Cascade Locks, Oregon]] before burning debris carried across the [[Columbia River]] to Washington. It traveled {{convert|30|mi|km}} in 36 hours and destroyed 238,920 acres (967 km²) of timber, about 12 billion board feet (28,000,000 m³), in [[Clark County, Washington|Clark]], [[Cowlitz County, Washington|Cowlitz]] and [[Skamania County, Washington|Skamania]] counties.

== Extent of Damages ==

The fires ravaged the towns of Vale, Bucoda, and [[Elma, Washington]]. Although the fire's namesake is for the town of [[Yacolt, Washington]], that town did not burn in the fires.<ref name="It Happened in Washington" /> The loss of all property was assessed at a 1902 value of [[US$]]12,767,100 million.<ref name="Oregon and Washington Fires"/> The property damage in [[Multnomah County, Oregon]] was estimated at more than one million dollars.<ref>{{cite news|last=Unknown|title=Flames Make Ashes of Oregon and Washington Homes and One Hundred Lives May Be Death's Grim Record|accessdate=August 16, 2012|newspaper=San Francisco Call|date=September 15, 1902}}</ref>

The fire dropped one-half inch of ash in [[Portland, Oregon]]. The smoke was so thick that street lights glowed at noon in [[Seattle]] 160 miles (258 km) away and ships on the Columbia River were forced to navigate only by compass.<ref name="Salem Daily Journal">{{cite news|last=Unknown|title=Columbia Blazing on Both Sides|accessdate=August 16, 2012|newspaper=The Daily Journal|date=September 13, 1902}}</ref> [[Yacolt, Washington]] was approached by the inferno close enough to blister paint on the town's 15 buildings, but the wind changed, causing the fire to veer north toward the [[Lewis River (Washington)|Lewis River]], where it burned itself out. At this point an estimated total of 500,000 acres of forest burned in the fire.<ref>{{cite book|last=Attwell|first=Jim|title=Columbia River Gorge History, Volume 2|year=1975|publisher=Tahlkie Books|location=Stevenson, WA|pages=203}}</ref>

Interestingly, the [[timber]] industry on the Columbia River garnered 13,590,599 board feet of shipments in October, 1902, setting a new record for production in a single month.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Columbia River and Oregon Timberman|year=1902|month=November}}</ref>

== Legislation: Yacolt Burn Rules ==

Immediate calls for legislation were put into action in Oregon and Washingon in order to prevent fires of this scale from breaking out again. Some bills were passed into law, but they were not effective measures. In 1929, the Dole Valley fire destroyed another {{convert|153000|acre|km2}} of timber. The last major fire was on November 8. 1952. The propensity for the forested uplands in this area to be repeatedly burned is due to the presence of the [[Columbia River Gorge]], which slices through the [[Cascade Mountains]] at nearly sea level and makes the climate of the [[Portland, Oregon|Portland Metropolitan Area]] relatively immoderate compared to that of Seattle. The area's wet winters cause rapid growth of lush timber, but this is followed by the intrusion of hot, dry weather in the summer from the arid Cascade Mountain [[rainshadow]]. As a result, all logging and other commercial activity in the area is regulated by very restrictive "Yacolt Burn Rules".

==See also==
*[[Larch Mountain (Clark County, Washington)]]
*[[Silver Star Mountain (Skamania County, Washington)|Silver Star Mountain]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Source ==
* Washington State Department of Natural Resources. ''Yacolt Burn State Forest Map'' (notes on reverse), 1991

{{coord|45|50|N|122|10|W|format=dms|display=title|type:adm2nd_region:US-WA}}

[[Category:1902 fires]]
[[Category:1902 in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:1902 in Oregon]]
[[Category:Wildfires in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Wildfires in Oregon]]
[[Category:Clark County, Washington]]
[[Category:Cowlitz County, Washington]]
[[Category:Skamania County, Washington]]
[[Category:Multnomah County, Oregon]]
[[Category:Columbia River Gorge]]

Bagger 288

2013-05-16T14:09:17Z

Graphium: Reverted edits by Harleyhunter677 (talk) to last version by PBASH607

[[Image:Bagger-garzweiler.jpg|thumb|501px|Image of the Bagger 288 bucket-wheel excavator]]

'''Bagger 288''' (Excavator 288), built by the German company [[Krupp]] for the energy and mining firm [[Rheinbraun]], is a [[bucket-wheel excavator]] or mobile [[strip mining]] machine. When its construction was completed in 1978, Bagger 288 superseded [[NASA]]'s [[Crawler-Transporter]], used to carry the [[Space Shuttle program|Space Shuttle]] and [[Project Apollo|Apollo]] Saturn V launch vehicle (itself built by excavator manufacturer [[Marion Power Shovel Company]]), as the largest land vehicle in the world, at 13,500 tons.

== Objective ==

The Bagger 288 is gay and is not real was built for the job of removing [[overburden]] before coal mining in [[Tagebau Hambach]] (Hambach stripmine), [[Germany]]. It can excavate 240,000 tons of coal or 240,000 cubic metres of overburden daily<ref name="Mario2009">{{cite book | author1=Mario Giampietro | author2=Kōzō Mayumi | title=The Biofuel Delusion: The Fallacy of Large-Scale Agro-Biofuel Production | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ehb-r7Vr71UC&pg=PA134 | accessdate=10 April 2012 | date=31 October 2009 | publisher=Earthscan | isbn=978-1-84407-681-9 | page=134}}</ref> – the equivalent of a [[Association_football#Pitch|football field (soccer)]] dug to {{convert|30|m|abbr=on}} deep. The coal produced in one day fills 2400 coal wagons. The excavator is up to 220 m (721 ft) long and approximately 96 m (315 ft) high. The Bagger's operation requires 16.56 [[megawatts]] of externally supplied [[electricity]].<ref name="bagger">[http://web.archive.org/web/20120717084515/http://www.oih.rwth-aachen.de/~hendrik/bagger.html Die grössten Bagger der Welt (The biggest excavators in the world)] {{de icon}}</ref> It can travel {{convert|2|to|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} per minute (0.1 to 0.6 km/h). The chassis of the main section is {{convert|46|m|abbr=on}} wide and sits on 3 rows of 4 [[caterpillar track]] assemblies, each {{convert|3.8|m|abbr=on}} wide. The large surface area of the tracks means the [[ground pressure]] of the Bagger 288 is very small (17.1 N/cm2 or 24.8 psi); this allows the excavator to travel over gravel, earth and even grass without leaving a significant track. It has a minimum turning radius of approximately 100 meters, and can climb a maximum gradient of 1:18.

The excavating head itself is 21.6 m in diameter and has 18 buckets each holding 6.6 cubic meters (8.6 yd³) of overburden.

By February 2001, the excavator had completely exposed the coal source at the Tagebau Hambach mine and was no longer needed there. In three weeks it made a {{convert|22|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} trip to the [[Tagebau Garzweiler]], traveling across Autobahn 61, the river [[Erft]], a railroad line, and several roads. The move cost nearly 15 million [[German mark]]s and required a team of seventy workers. Rivers were crossed by placing large steel pipes for the water to flow through and providing a smooth surface over the pipes with rocks and gravel. Special grass was seeded to smooth its passage over valuable terrain. Moving Bagger 288 in one piece was more economical than disassembling the excavator and moving it piece by piece.

Bagger 288 is one of a group of similar sized and built vehicles, such as Bagger 281 (built in 1958), Bagger 285 (1975), Bagger 287 (1976), [[Bagger 293]] (1995), etc.<ref name="bagger" />
{{clr}}
[[Image:Tagebau Garzweiler Panorama 2005.jpg|thumb|upright=3.2|center|288 and related excavators at the Garzweiler stripmine]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*Additional pictures [http://www.swapmeetdave.com/Humor/Workshop/Trencher.htm 1] and [http://www.olivepixel.com/misc/beast/beast.htm 2]
*[http://www.oih.rwth-aachen.de/~hendrik/bagger.html RWTH Aachen: Die grössten Bagger der Welt (The biggest excavators in the world)] {{de icon}}
*[http://www.wisoveg.de/rheinbraun/rb-bg-17022001lnk.html Bagger 288 crossing the river Erft during the 2001 move] (pictures)
*[http://www.tk-mining.com/ Manufacturer's homepage]

{{coord|51.065|6.5078|display=title}}

[[Category:Engineering vehicles]]
[[Category:Mining in Germany]]
[[Category:Mining equipment]]
[[Category:Tracked vehicles]]

[[ja:バケットホイールエクスカベーター#Bagger 288]]

Hunter Brown

2013-05-01T14:25:25Z

Graphium: Reverted edits by MrTrollol (talk) to last version by 68.13.154.94

'''Hunter Brown''' is a series of Christian fantasy books. The troubled teen is a sixteen-year-old boy named Hunter Brown who joins a group called the Codebearers and fights an enemy called the Shadow. The first book was released in 2008, the second in the fall of 2009, and the third and final book was released in the winter of 2011. The books are written by two brothers, Christopher and Allan Miller.

==About the Books==
The books are written in the first person, narrated by Hunter Brown. They are written by two brothers, Christopher and Alan Miller. The Miller Brothers are both CG animators, and they included digitally drawn illustrations in their books.

==Plot==
===Book 1: The Secret of the Shadow===
Strange visions...hideous monsters...startling revelations...Hunter Brown never expected a summer like this, and it's only getting started! After one of his infamous pranks backfires, Hunter unexpectedly finds himself in possession of an ancient book and key. Little does he know the mysterious book is a gateway to Solandria, a supernatural realm held captive by the Shadow. In Solandria, Hunter joins forces with the Codebearers, a band of highly trained warriors who form the Resistance to the Shadow. But before he can complete his training in the ways of the Code of Life, Hunter is sent on a mission far more dangerous than he ever bargained for. Now with his life in peril and the future of Solandria hanging in the balance, Hunter is headed for a showdown with the Shadow and a battle to save his soul from an evil killer.

===Book 2: The Consuming Fire===
After returning from his first trip to Solandria, Hunter Brown finds himself deserted by his best friends, but with memories of his adventures and many unanswered questions. He returns to school in the fall, where his tendency to think he is being trailed by the Shadow lands him in a heap of trouble. Soon, Hunter takes a wild ride to Solandria with new friends, only to find the Codebearers scattered and the Resistance weakened. Led by a mysterious flame, Hunter, Trista, and Rob begin their quest to find the seven mentioned in the Author's Writ. But they face a brutal adversary, Xaul, who threatens to destroy all that remains of the Resistance.

===Book 3: The Eye of Ends===
In Hunter Brown and The Eye of Ends, the heart-pounding conclusion of Hunter's previous adventures begins with an even bigger surprise—his memory is gone. With no knowledge of his last visit to Solandria, Hunter must fight to piece together the growing puzzle of his past under the constant surveillance of an intimidating detective, who is more than what he seems. But what begins as a harmless search for memories quickly leads him into a deadly hunt for his missing father and a lost relic said to predict the story's end. Answers lie in the Eye of Ends, but one question remains: can the Eye be trusted? Will Hunter succeed in finding his father, or will the mysterious Watcher erase everything Hunter has fought for and everyone he loves, before the final page is turned?

=== CodeBearer's Continuum ===
See Video Game Section.

=== Video Game ===
A video game based on the Codebearers series is currently being developed that is to be called "The CodeBearer's Continuum. There is supposed to be a book released around the time of the video game that goes along with the game. Rumors say that the book supposed to be by the same name as the video game. The release date for both are currently unknown.

==Main Characters==
Author: The mysterious, unseen writer of worlds. An allegory of God.

Aviad: The son of the Author and founder of the Resistance. He appears to be an old man in the first book, where he sacrifices himself to save Hunter from the Bloodstone curse. In the second book, he reveals that he is alive again, and he looks much younger. An allegory of Jesus Christ.

Belac: A swamp troll who captured Hunter and Stretch in the first book. In the third book Hunter found that Belac was actually his father, Caleb Brown, under a curse.

Boojum: A cute, furry, mischievous creature later revealed to be a snark. Obviously a reference to [[Lewis Carroll]]'s poem, [[The Hunting of the Snark]].

Caleb: Hunter's father, a character reminiscent of [[Darth Vader]]. He abandoned his family and went to Solandria when Hunter was twelve. After serving the Resistance for a time, he deserted and began playing God. A parasite took over his brain at this time, turning him into the troll Belac. After Caleb was freed from his Belac form, he was forced to join the watcher Tonomis, and the two of them came together to form a giant monster called a "titan". After Hunter destroys the titan, his father is redeemed, but dies shortly afterwards.

Cranton: A bully at Hunter's school whose life Hunter saves in the second book.

Desi: A Shadow agent who betrays Hunter in Eye of Ends. She is called a "Vicess".

Emily: Hunter's snobbish sister. Her relationship with Hunter improves in Eye of Ends.

Ephriam: A codebearer captain from the shard of Abiosis who only appears in the first book.

Evan: A messenger from beyond the veil. He comes in The Secret of the Shadow and at the end of the Eye of Ends.

Faldyn: A suspicious codebearer captain from the shard of Perga. In The Secret of the Shadow Faldyn's mysterious demeanor and consorting with the enemy lead the other codebearers to suspect that he is actually working with the Shadow. This is confirmed in The Consuming Fire, where he kidnaps Hope. His motives are shown to be good in Eye of Ends, where Faldyn tells Hunter he has a special relationship with Hope. It isn't clear, but he may be her father.

Gabby: A elder member of the codebearer resistance. Also Cranton's grandmother. Gerwyn's wife.

Gerwyn: Gabby's husband.

Hope: A virtuess who has a special relationship with Hunter. She seems to die at the end of book one, only to be revealed alive again in book two, where she truly does die, but is then brought back to life.

Hunter: The main character, a high school student who joins the codebearer resistance.

Kane: A gorewing Shadow commander who is presumably killed in The Consuming Fire.

Kim: Rob's father. He is highly skilled with the Code of Life. In "Eye of the Ends", he makes a codebearer club in the end after the big fight.

Leo: A codebearer captain from the shard of Tepi.

Petrov: A captain from the shard of Obduront, commander of the codebearers until his death in book two.

Philan: Just a boy in the first book. He is much older in the second book, where he is anointed by the consuming fire and chosen as the replacement captain to Saris.

Rob: A clumsy kid, the only student Sam ever lost.

Samryee: Hunter's teacher, a codebearer captain from the shard of Sinos.

Saris: A narcoleptic codebearer from the shard of Torpor, succeeded by Philan.

Sceleris: Sumpreme lord of the Shadow and all other evil forces. He usually appears in the form of a snake, and he tries to kill Hunter at the end of book one, only to kill Aviad instead. In book two, the codebearers oust Sceleris from his stronghold on the shard of Dolor. An allegory of Satan.

Stone-Eyed Sterling: Nicknamed "Stoney". He provided transportation for Hunter, Rob, and Trista in book two, until he betrayed them at the Battle of Torpor. He later repented and was marked by the consuming fire.

Stretch: One of Hunter's best friends from school. He accompanies Hunter on his first journey into Solandria, but is tricked by Venator into going back to the veil, where he forgets all about his adventure.

Stubbs: Another one of Hunter's best friends from school.

Tonomis: An evil spirit called a Watcher, Tonomis joins the Shadow in Eye of Ends. After taking control of Caleb's body, Tonomis transforms the two of them into a monstrous titan. When Hunter defeats the titan, Tonomis is destroyed and Caleb is redeemed. Tonomis sometimes took the form of a human, under the name of "Simon Ot".

Trista: Emily's friend who also becomes Hunter's friend in book two and, eventually, his girlfriend in book three.

Tyra: A codebearer captain from the shard of Sophmalan, the only woman captain.

Venator: Hunter's evil clone, Sceleris' right-hand man. Venator is the main villain in The Secret of the Shadow. He is constantly haunting Hunter's dreams, and he is a powerful sorceror. At the end, Hunter breaks into Venator's stronghold and leads the codebearers against the Shadow there. He then seizes the Bloodstone from Venator, the source of Venator's power, but Venator manages to escape. He is a secondary antagonist in The Consuming Fire, where he disguises as a psychiatrist and tries to trick Hunter into believing Solandria is something in his imagination. At the beginning of Eye of Ends, Venator is consumed by the watcher Tonomis, though it is unknown whether he actually died or not.

Vogler: A good watcher, he takes on the form of an African-American detective in Eye of Ends. Hunter suspects him to be evil until Vogler saves his life near the end.

Xaul: The primary antagonist in The Consuming Fire. He is a Xin warrior who wants to kill all codebearers, and he stalks Hunter in pursuit of the consuming fire, which he manages to steal at the end of the book. However, the fire turns on him and destroys him. In Eye of Ends Xaul was brought back to life and renamed Xias. He then joined the Resistance. An allegory of Saul of Tarsus.

Zeeb: A peg-legged goblin who serves as Venator's chief aide. He returns in The Consuming Fire, where he may have died. His backstory is given at the beginning of Eye of Ends.

==Love Interests==

Trista: Emily's friend who also becomes Hunter's friend in book two and, eventually, his girlfriend in book three. Trista expresses her feelings for Hunter in saying, " I just want you to know that I do care about you, Hunter."

Desi:

Hope:

==Codebearers' Website==
The Miller Brothers created a website called [http://www.codebearers.com Codebearers.com] which includes videos, forums, and e-books. It also contains a series of challenges where the player can go to Solandria and share Hunter Brown's adventures. The Codebearer Challenges tie the first and second books together with a story where Hunter receives a message from someone he met in Solandria. The player has to solve the challenges to be allowed to read the message. The Codebearer Challenges are not an action, but more like [[Myst]], where one must use logic, along with some help from the Hunter Brown books, to solve puzzles. So far, only four challenges are online and ready to be played.

Shortly before Eye of Ends was released, the Miller Brothers created a new website with new forums. The challenges have not yet been added onto the new site.

[[Category:Series of children's books]]

Kellie’s Castle

2013-04-21T08:20:21Z

Graphium: Reverted edits by 175.143.238.48 (talk) to last version by Faizan Al-Badri

{{Refimprove|date=June 2008}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Kellie's Castle
| native_name =
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| image = Kellie's Castle.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| altitude =
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Moorish Revival]] / [[Indo-Saracenic]]
| structural_system =
| cost =
| client = William Kellie Smith
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| location =
| address =
| location_town = [[Batu Gajah]]
| location_country = [[Malaysia]]
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| start_date = 1915
| completion_date = construction ended in 1926 before completion
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}}

'''Kellie's Castle''' (sometimes also called '''Kellie's Folly''') is located near [[Batu Gajah]], and is about 20 minutes' drive from [[Ipoh]], [[Perak]], [[Malaysia]]. The unfinished, ruined mansion, was built by a [[Scotland people|Scottish]] planter named [[William Kellie Smith]]. According to differing accounts, it was either a gift for his wife or a home for his son.

==History==
William Kellie Smith (1870 - 1926) <ref>{{cite book|last=Tak Ming|first=Ho|title=Generations - The story of Batu Gajah|year=2005|publisher=MPH|isbn=98340556 5 X}}</ref> was born in 1870 in Kellas, Moray Firth, Scotland. In 1890, at the age of 20, he arrived in Malaya as a Civil Engineer. He joined Charles Alma Baker's survey firm , who had won concessions from the state government to clear 9000 hectares of forests in Batu Gajah, Perak. With the substantial profits made from his business venture with Baker, Smith bought 1000 acres of jungle land in the district of Kinta and started planting rubber trees and dabbled in the tin mining industry.

In time, he named his estate Kinta Kellas after his home farm "Easter Kellas" and went on to own the Kinta Kellas Tin Dredging Company as well.With his fortune made, he returned home to marry his Scottish sweetheart, Agnes, and brought her over to Malaysia in 1903. They had a daughter named Helen the next year.

In 1909 Smith built his first mansion, "Kellas House" and in 1914 with the birth of his son and heir Anthony he started planning for a huge castle with Scottish, Moorish and Indian architecture. He brought in 70 craftsmen from Madras India. All the bricks and marble were imported from India, too. Included in the plan for the 6 storey tower was Malaya's first elevator, an indoor tennis court, and a rooftop courtyard for entertaining.

[edit]Planning and early construction

During construction, a virulent strain of [[Spanish Flu]] struck his workmen. When his workmen approached him to build a temple nearby Smith readily agreed. In return for his generosity, they built a statue of him beside the other deities on the temple wall. It is believed that a tunnel was built to the temple from the castle.

Smith's mansion is accessible from the main road through a bridge running across a stream. His house was so unique that it was even mentioned in the London Financier newspaper on 15 September 1911.

===Construction difficulties and Smith's death===
Unfortunately William Kellie Smith died at the age of 56 due to pneumonia during a short trip to Lisbon, Portugal in 1926.

William's wife was devastated and decided to move back to Scotland. In the end, Kellas House, later known as Kellie's Folly or Kellie's Castle, was sold to a British company called Harrisons and Crosfield.

===Kellie's Castle today===
Descendants of the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] labourers brought over to Malaya to work on the mansion still live nearby even now. Kellie's Castle is now a popular local tourist attraction and was used as a setting in the 1999 film ''[[Anna and the King]]''.<ref>Thiedeman, Roger (2000-12-03). "[http://sundaytimes.lk/001203/plus10.html Kellie's Castle: Fantasy or folly?]". ''The Sunday Times'' (Sri Lanka).</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.journeymalaysia.com/MHIS_kellies.htm Kellie's Castle, Perak] at Journey Malaysia
*[http://www.cameron-highland-destination.com/highlands-kellies-castle.html Cameron Highlands Malaysia - Kellie's Castle]
*[http://www.tourmalaysia.com/2009/12/30/for-the-record-castle-of-love/ A documentary video about Kellies Castle] at TourMalaysia.com
*[http://www.traveltoperak.com/kellies-castle-batu-gajah-perak/ Kellies Castle] at TraveltoPerak.com

{{coord missing|Malaysia}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Perak]]
[[Category:Unfinished castles]]
[[Category:Houses in Malaysia]]

Junonia orithya

2013-04-12T15:19:56Z

Graphium: added Category:Butterflies of Singapore using HotCat

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name =''Junonia orithya''
| image = Blue Pansy (Junonia orithya) in Hyderabad, AP W2 IMG 1365.jpg
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Brush-footed butterfly|Nymphalidae]]
| genus = ''[[Junonia]]''
| species = '''''J. orithya'''''
| binomial = ''Junonia orithya''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
| synonyms =
*''Papilio orithya'' Linnaeus, 1758
*''Precis orithya''
*''Junonia orithya f. isocratia'' Hübner, [1819]
*''Junonia orthyia var. leechi'' Alphéraky, 1897
*''Precis phycites'' Fruhstorfer, 1912
*''Precis orithya ab. jacouleti'' Watari, 1941
*''Precis patenas'' Fruhstorfer, 1912
*''Junonia ocyale'' Hübner, [1819]
*''Junonia alleni'' Kirby, [1900]
*''Precis orithya hainanensis'' Fruhstorfer, 1912
*''Junonia wallacei'' Distant, 1883
*''Junonia swinhoei'' Butler, 1885
*''Precis orithya leucasia'' Fruhstorfer, 1912
*''Vanessa orthosia'' Godart, [1824]
*''Junonia orbitola'' Swinhoe, 1893
*''Precis orithya eutychia'' Fruhstorfer, 1912
*''Precis orithya palea'' Fruhstorfer, 1912
*''Junonia orithya var. neopommerana'' Ribbe, 1898
*''Junonia albicincta'' Butler, 1875
*''Precis orithya cheesmani'' Riley, 1925
*''Junonia orythia var. madagascariensis'' Guenée, 1865
*''Junonia booepis'' Trimen, 1879
*''Precis orithya madagascariensis ab. punctella'' Strand, 1915
*''Junonia adamana'' Schultze, 1920 (hybrid oenone var. sudanica x orithya var. madagascariensis)
*''Precis orithya ab. flava'' Wichgraf, 1918
*''Precis orithya saleyra'' Fruhstorfer, 1912
*''Precis orithya marcella'' Hulstaert, 1923
}}
'''''Junonia orithya''''' is a [[Nymphalidae|nymphalid]] [[butterfly]] with many [[subspecies]] occurring from [[Africa]], through southern and south-eastern Asia, and in [[Australia]]. In [[India]] its common English name is the '''Blue Pansy''', but in [[southern Africa]] it is known as the '''Eyed Pansy''' as the name ''Blue Pansy'' refers to ''[[Junonia oenone]]''.<ref>South African Butterfly Conservation Assessment: http://sabca.adu.org.za/, retrieved 27 July 2010.</ref><ref name=williams>Williams, M. (1994). ''Butterflies of Southern Africa; A Field Guide''. ISBN 1-86812-516-5.</ref> In Australia this butterfly is known as the '''Blue Argus'''.<ref>NYMPHALIDAE of Australia: http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/nymp/nymphalidae.html, retrieved 27 July 2010.</ref> [[File:Eyed Pansy Ilanda FP 13 05 2010.JPG|left|thumb|180px|Eyed Pansy (''Junonia orithya madagascariensis''), [[Amanzimtoti]], [[South Africa]]]]

==Description==
:''See [[glossary of Lepidopteran terms|glossary]] for terms used''
[[File:Blue Pansy I IMG 6486.jpg|left|thumb|At [[Kasol]], [[Himachal]], [[India]]]]

Male upperside : somewhat more than half the fore wing from base velvety black, apical half dull fuliginous ; cell-area with or without two short transverse orange bars ; a blue patch above, the tornus; the outer margin of the basal black area obliquely zigzag in a line from the middle of costa to apex of vein 2, including a large discal, generally obscure ocellus, which, however, in some specimens is prominently ringed with orange-yellow. Beyond this a broad while irregularly oblique discal band followed by a short oblique preapical bar frm costa ; a small black orange-ringed ocellus beneath the bar, a subterminal continuous line of white spots in the interspaces and a terminal jet-black slender line; cilia alternately dusky black and white. Hind wing blue shaded with velvety black towards base; a postdiscal black white-centred orange and black-ringed ocellus in interspace 2, a round minutely white-centred velvety black spot (sometimes entirely absent) in interspace 5; the termen narrowly white, traversed by an inner and an outer subterminal and a terminal black line ; cilia white.

[[File:Blue Pansy (Junonia orithya) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 0319.jpg|thumb|right|in [[Hyderabad, India]]]]Underside fore wing: basal half with three black-edged, sinuous, broad, ochraceous-orange transverse bands, followed by the pale discal baud ; ocelli, preapical short bar, subterminal and terminal markings much as on the upperside; the discal band margined inwardly by a broad black angulated line which follows the outline of the black area of the upperside. Hied wing irrorated with dusky scales and transversely crossed by subbasal and discal slender zigzag brown lines and a postdiscal dark shade, on which are placed the two ocelli as on the upperside; sub terminal and terminal faint brown lines, and a brownish short streak tipped black at the tornal angle below the lower ocellus.

Female. Similar, with similar but larger and more clearly defined ocelli and markings ; the basal half of the fore and hind wings on the upper-side fuliginous brown, scarcely any trace of blue on the hind wing. Antennae brown, head reddish brown, thorax and abdomen above brownish black: palpi, thorax and abdomen beneath dull white.<ref name="bingham">Bingham, C. T. (1905) Fauna of British India. Butterflies. Volume 1.</ref>

==Life history==
[[File:Blue pansy chrysalis.jpg|left|thumb|Chrysalis]]

===Larvae===
"Head and body of a very dark shining black shading into brown......head on a short neck, latter of an orange colour for a short distance; caudal extremity also tipped with orange. Body covered with perpendicular spines armed with strong radial hairs.....Head bifurcated, reddish spot in centre of face, a small spinous process in the angle of each eye."<ref name="bingham"/> (Forsayeth in de Niceville)

===Pupae===
"suspended by tail, naked; wing-covers of a muddy yellow ; rest of body of a purplish colour variegated by lines of a dull creamy white. Slight projections of an angular nature along abdomen." (Idem.)<ref name="bingham"/>

===Adults===
The adults occur in open areas, often sitting on bare ground. This species has a stiff flap and glide style of flight and maintains a territory, driving away other butterflies that enter it.

==Food plants==
[[File:Evolvulus blue.jpg|thumb|''[[Evolvulus]]'' sp., a host plant]]
Larval host plants are recorded from the families [[Acanthaceae]], [[Annonaceae]], [[Convolvulaceae]], [[Labiatae]], [[Plantaginaceae]], [[Scrophulariaceae]], [[Verbenaceae]], [[Violaceae]] and specific plants are ''[[Angelonia salicariifolia]]'', ''[[Annona senegalensis]]'', ''[[Antirrhinum majus]]'', ''[[Asystasia gangetica]]'', ''[[Asystasia scandens]]'', ''[[Buchnera linearis]]'', ''[[Englerastrum scandens]]'', ''[[Hygrophila salicifolia]]'', ''[[Hygrophila senegalensis]]'', ''[[Ipomoea batatas]]'', ''[[Justicia micrantha]]'', ''[[Justicia procumbens]]'', ''[[Lepidagathis formosensis]]'', ''[[Lepidagathis prostrata]]'', ''[[Misopates orontium]]'', ''[[Phyla nodiflora]]'', ''[[Plantago amplexicaulis]]'', ''[[Plectranthus scandens]]'', ''[[Pseuderanthemum variabile]]'', ''[[Striga asiatica]]'', ''[[Striga hermonthica]]'', ''[[Thunbergia alata]]'', ''[[Viola odorata]]'' <ref>HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants (http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/hostplants/) accessed on July 03, 2007.</ref>

In southern Africa the food plants are; ''[[Graderia subintegra]]'', ''[[Cycnium adonense]]'', ''Hygrophila'' species and ''[[Plectranthus]]'' species.<ref name=williams/>

==Subspecies==
*''Junonia orithya albicincta'' Butler, 1875 (northern Australia, Cape York to Brisbane)
*''Junonia orithya baweana'' Fruhstorfer, 1906 (Bawean)
*''Junonia orithya celebensis'' Staudinger, [1888] (Sulawesi, Muna)
*''Junonia orithya eutychia'' (Fruhstorfer, 1912) (Timor, Wetar, Babar, Kissar)
*''Junonia orithya hainanensis'' (Fruhstorfer, 1912) (Hainan)
*''Junonia orithya here'' Lang, 1884 (Saudi Arabia, Yemen)
*''Junonia orithya kontinentalis'' Martin, 1920 (Sulawesi)
*''Junonia orithya kuehni'' Fruhstorfer, 1904 (Lesser Sunda Islands, Kalao, Tukangbesi)
*''Junonia orithya leucasia'' (Fruhstorfer, 1912) (Philippines)
*''Junonia orithya madagascariensis'' Guenée, 1865 (Sub-Saharan Africa)
*''Junonia orithya marcella'' (Hulstaert, 1923) (New Guinea)
*''Junonia orithya metion'' Fruhstorfer, 1905 (Borneo)
*''Junonia orithya mevaria'' Fruhstorfer, 1904 (Lombok)
*''Junonia orithya minagara'' Fruhstorfer, 1904 (Java, Bali)
*''Junonia orithya minusculus'' Fruhstorfer, 1906 (Sumba)
*''Junonia orithya neopommerana'' Ribbe, 1898 (New Britain)
*''Junonia orithya novaeguineae'' Hagen, 1897 (New Guinea to Papua)
*''Junonia orithya ocyale'' Hübner, [1819] (India to southern Burma and southern Yunnan)
*''Junonia orithya orithya (Oriental region)
*''Junonia orithya orthosia'' (Godart, [1824]) (Ambon, Serang, Saparua, Sula Islands, Maluku)
*''Junonia orithya palea'' (Fruhstorfer, 1912) (Tanimbar)
*''Junonia orithya patenas'' (Fruhstorfer, 1912) (Sri Lanka)
*''Junonia orithya saleyra'' (Fruhstorfer, 1912) (Salayar)
*''Junonia orithya sumatrana'' Fruhstorfer, 1906 (Sumatra)
*''Junonia orithya swinhoei'' Butler, 1885 (Burma)
*''Junonia orithya wallacei'' Distant, 1883 (Thailand, Peninsular Malaya, Singapore)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons}}

[[Category:Junonia]]
[[Category:Butterflies and moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Butterflies of India]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1758]]
[[Category:Butterflies of Singapore]]

Mormonen

2013-03-29T06:14:52Z

Graphium: Reverted edits by 107.8.240.15 (talk) unexplained removal of content (HG)

{{About|the Mormon people|the religion|Mormonism|the Mormon church|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|other uses|Mormon (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Mormons}}
'''Mormons''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|m|ɔr|m|ən|z}}) are a religious and cultural group related to [[Mormonism]], the principal branch of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]] of [[Restorationism|Restorationist]] [[Christianity]], which began with the visions of [[Joseph Smith]] in [[upstate New York]] during the 1820s. After Smith's death in 1844 the Mormons followed [[Brigham Young]] to what would become the [[Utah Territory]]. Today Mormons are understood to be members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church). Some Mormons are also either independent or non-practicing. The center of Mormon cultural influence is in [[Utah]], and North America has more Mormons than any other continent, though the majority of Mormons live outside the United States.

Mormons have developed a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history. During the 19th century Mormon converts tended to gather to a central geographic location, and between 1852 and 1890 a minority of Mormons openly practiced [[plural marriage]], a form of religious polygamy. Mormons dedicate large amounts of time and resources to serving in their church, and many young Mormons choose to serve a full-time [[Proselytism|proselytizing]] mission. Mormons have a [[Word of Wisdom|health code]] that eschews alcoholic beverages, tobacco, coffee, tea, and other addictive substances. They tend to be very family-oriented, and have strong connections across generations and with extended family, reflective of their belief that families can be [[Sealing (Mormonism)|sealed]] together beyond death and throughout eternity. Mormons also have a strict [[law of chastity]], requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of marriage and strict fidelity within marriage.

Mormons self-identify as [[Christian]], though some of their beliefs differ from mainstream Christianity. Mormons believe in the [[Bible]], as well as other books of scripture, such as the [[Book of Mormon]]. They have a unique view of cosmology, and believe that all people are spirit-children of God. Mormons believe that returning to God requires following the example of [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]], and accepting his atonement through ordinances such as baptism. They believe that Christ's church was [[Restoration (Latter Day Saints)|restored]] through Joseph Smith, and is guided by living prophets and [[Apostle (Latter Day Saints)|apostles]]. Central to Mormon faith is the belief that God speaks to his children and answers their prayers.

==Terminology==
The word [[Mormon (word)|"Mormons"]] most often refers to members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) because of their belief in the [[Book of Mormon]], though members often refer to themselves as ''Latter-day Saints'' or sometimes just ''Saints''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lds.org/ensign/1974/05/touchstone-of-truth?lang=eng |title=Touchstone of Truth |work=Ensign |year=1974 |month=May |author=John H. Vandenburg}}; {{cite web |url= http://mormon.org/faq/why-mormons/ |title=Why is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints called Mormons or Mormonism? | Mormon.org |work=mormon.org |year=2012 [last update] |accessdate=25 January 2012}}; {{cite book |url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IEEkTWyIpZkC&pg=PA324#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Latter-day Saint experience in America |first= Terryl |last= Givens |page=324|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |date= Nov 2004|accessdate=25 January 2012}} The full name of the church originated in an 1838 revelation recorded in [[Doctrine and Covenants]]; the term "saint" was used by [[Paul the Apostle]] to refer to members of the early Christian church – the "later-day" being added to differentiate the modern church from the early church; {{cite web |url= http://lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/115.4?lang=eng#3 |title=Doctrine and Covenants 115:4 |first= Joseph|last=Smith|work=lds.org |year=1838 |quote=1838 |accessdate=25 January 2012}}</ref> The term has been embraced by most adherents of Mormonism, most notably [[Mormon fundamentalism|Mormon fundamentalists]], while other [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saint]] denominations, such as the [[Community of Christ]], have rejected it.<ref>The LDS Church has taken the position that the term Mormon should only apply to the LDS Church and its members, and not other adherents who have adopted the term. (See: {{cite web |url=http://newsroom.lds.org/style-guide |title=Style Guide – The Name of the Church |author= |date= |work= |publisher=LDS Newsroom |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}) The church cites the ''[[AP Stylebook]]'', which states, "The term Mormon is not properly applied to the other Latter Day Saints churches that resulted from the split after [Joseph] Smith's death." ("Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The", Associated Press, ''The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law'', 2002, ISBN 0-7382-0740-3, p.48) Despite the LDS Church's position, the term Mormon is widely used by journalists and non-journalists to refer to adherents of [[Mormon fundamentalism]].</ref> Both LDS Church members (or ''Latter-day Saints'') and members of fundamentalist groups commonly use the word Mormon in reference to themselves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Magazines/Ensign/1990.htm/ensign%20november%201990.htm/mormon%20should%20mean%20more%20good.htm |title=Mormon Should Mean 'More Good,' |author=[[Gordon B. Hinckley]] |date=Nov. 1990 |work=[[Ensign (LDS magazine)|Ensign]] |publisher= |page=51 |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}; See also: {{cite web |url=http://newsroom.lds.org/style-guide |title=Style Guide – The Name of the Church |accessdate=2011-10-06}}; {{Cite book|title=Secrets and Wives: The Hidden World of Mormon Polygamy |author=Sanjiv Bhattacharya |url=http://sanjivb.com/_site/book.php}}</ref> The LDS Church, however, disagrees with this self-characterization, and encourages the use of the word ''Mormon'' only in reference to LDS Church members.<ref>The terms Mormon and Mormonism are used by [[Mormon fundamentalism|Mormon fundamentalists]] in reference to themselves. The LDS Church disagrees with that self-characterization and encourages journalists only to use the word Mormon in reference to the LDS Church. {{cite web |url=http://newsroom.lds.org/style-guide |title=Style Guide — LDS Newsroom |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}. Despite the LDS Church preference, the term "fundamentalist Mormonism" is in common use.</ref> Church leaders also encourage members to use the church's full name to emphasize its focus on [[Jesus Christ]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Magazines/Ensign/1990.htm/ensign%20may%201990.htm/thus%20shall%20my%20church%20be%20called.htm |title=Thus Shall My Church Be Called |author=Russell M. Nelson |date=May 1990 |work=Ensign |publisher= |page=16|accessdate=November 11, 2011}}; {{cite web |url=http://lds.org/general-conference/2011/10/the-importance-of-a-name?lang=eng |title=The importance of a name |author=M. Russell Ballard |date=October 2, 2011 }}</ref>

The word Mormon is often associated with [[polygamy]] (or [[plural marriage]]),<ref>For many people, the mention of Mormons conjures up an assortment of contradictory images ... The charge of practicing polygamy annoys many Mormons because it is so far out of date. {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=1–2}}</ref> which was a distinguishing practice of many early Mormons; however it was renounced by the LDS Church in 1890<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=2}}; {{cite web |url=http://lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/od/1?lang=eng |title=Official Declaration 1 |publisher=lds.org}}</ref>
and discontinued over the next 15 years.<ref>{{Cite document |title=Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage |author=B. Carmen Hardy |date=1992 |work= |publisher=Urbana: University of Illinois Press |ref=harv }};
{{cite web |url=http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,15411 |title=LDS Church Authority and New Plural Marriages, 1890–1904 |author=[[D. Michael Quinn]] |date=Spring 1985 |work=[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]] |publisher= |accessdate=November 11, 2011| page=9}};
{{cite web |url=https://www.sunstonemagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/037-8-27-35.pdf |title=After the Manifesto: Mormon Polygamy, 1890–1906 |author=Kenneth Cannon II |date=Jan.–Apr. 1983 |work= |publisher=[[Sunstone (magazine)|Sunstone]] |accessdate=November 11, 2011 |page=27}}</ref>
Today, polygamy is practiced only by groups that have broken with the LDS Church.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=14}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}}

The history of the Mormons has shaped them into a people with a strong sense of unity and communality.<ref>{{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|pp=75,119}}</ref> From the start, Mormons have tried to establish what they call ''[[Zion (Latter Day Saints)|Zion]]'', a utopian society of the righteous.<ref>A Mormon scripture describing the ancient city of Enoch became a model for the Saints. Enoch's city was a Zion "because they were of one heart and one mind, and dwelt in righteousness; and there were no poor among them" {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=36–38}}; ([http://lds.org/scriptures/pgp/moses/7.18?lang=eng#17 {{nowrap|Book of Moses 7:18}}])</ref>
Mormon history can be divided into three broad time periods: (1) the early history during the lifetime of [[Joseph Smith]], (2) a "pioneer era" under the leadership of [[Brigham Young]] and his successors, and (3) a modern era beginning around the turn of the 20th century. In the first period, Smith had tried literally to build a city called Zion, in which converts could gather. During the pioneer era, Zion became a "landscape of villages" in Utah. In modern times, Zion is still an ideal, though Mormons gather together in their individual congregations rather than a central geographic location.<ref>"In Missouri and Illinois, Zion had been a city; in Utah, it was a landscape of villages; in the urban diaspora, it was the ward with its extensive programs." {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=107}}</ref>

===Beginnings===
{{See also|History of the Latter Day Saint movement}}
[[Image:Joseph Smith first vision stained glass.jpg|left|upright|thumb|A stained glass window showing [[Joseph Smith]]'s [[First Vision]].]]

Mormons trace their origins to the visions that [[Joseph Smith]] reported having in the early 1820s while living in upstate New York.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=1, 9}}; {{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|p=9}}; {{cite book |url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5Zx9qOay304C&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Joseph Smith and the origins of the Book of Mormon |first= David |last= Persuitte|page=30 |publisher=McFarland |date= October 2000|accessdate=25 January 2012}}</ref> In 1823 Smith said an [[Angel Moroni|angel]] directed him to a buried book written on [[golden plates]] containing the religious history of an ancient people.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=19}}</ref> Smith published what he said was a translation of these plates in March 1830 as the ''[[Book of Mormon]]'', named after [[Mormon (Book of Mormon)|Mormon]], the ancient prophet-historian who compiled the book, and on April 6, 1830, Smith founded the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]].<ref>Scholars and eye-witnesses disagree as to whether the church was organized in [[Manchester (town), New York|Manchester, New York]] at the Smith log home, or in [[Fayette, New York|Fayette]] at the home of [[Peter Whitmer]]. {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=109}}; {{Harvtxt|Marquardt|2005|pp=223–23}} (arguing that organization in Manchester is most consistent with eye-witness statements).</ref> The early church grew westward as Smith sent missionaries to preach the restored gospel.<ref>{{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|p=41}} (by the next spring the church had 1,000 members).</ref> In 1831, the church moved to [[Kirtland, Ohio]] where missionaries had made a large number of converts<ref>{{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=97}} (citing letter by Smith to Kirtland converts, quoted in {{Harvtxt|Howe|1833|p=111}}); {{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|p=41}}</ref> and Smith began establishing an outpost in [[Jackson County, Missouri]],<ref>{{Harvtxt|Smith|Cowdery|Rigdon|Williams|1835|p=154}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=162}}; {{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=109}}.</ref> where he planned to eventually build the city of ''[[Zion (Latter Day Saints)|Zion]]'' (or the [[New Jerusalem]]).<ref>Smith said in 1831 that God intended the Mormons to "retain a strong hold in the land of Kirtland, for the space of five years." ([[Doctrine and Covenants]] 64:21); {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=122}}</ref> In 1833, Missouri settlers, alarmed by the rapid influx of Mormons, expelled them from Jackson County into the nearby Clay County, where local residents took them in.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=222–27}}; {{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=137}} (noting that the brutality of the Jackson Countians aroused sympathy for the Mormons and was almost universally deplored by the media); {{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|pp=43–45}} (The Mormons were forced out in a November gale, and were taken in by Clay County residents, who earned from non-Mormons the derogative title of "Jack Mormons").</ref>
After Smith led a mission, known as [[Zion's Camp]], to recover the land,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|pp=141, 146–59}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=322}}.</ref> he began building [[Kirtland Temple]] in [[Lake County, Ohio]], where the church flourished.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=101}}; {{Harvtxt|Arrington|1992|p=21}} (by summer of 1835, there were 1500 to 2000 Saints in Kirtland); Desert Morning News ''2008 Church Almanac'' pg.655 (from 1831 to 1838, church membership grew from 680 to 17,881); {{Harv|Bushman|2005|pp=310–19}} (The Kirtland Temple was viewed as the site of a new [[Pentecost]]); {{Harv|Brodie|1971|p=178}}. Smith also published several new revelations during the Kirtland era.</ref> When the Missouri Mormons were later asked to leave Clay County in 1836, they secured land in what would become [[Caldwell County, Missouri|Caldwell County]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|p=45}} (In December, 1836, the Missouri legislature granted the Mormons the right to organize Caldwell County)</ref>

The Kirtland era ended in 1838, after the failure of a [[Kirtland Safety Society|church-sponsored bank]] caused widespread defections,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=328–38}}; {{Harvtxt|Brooke|1994|p=221}} ("Ultimately, the rituals and visions dedicating the Kirtland temple were not sufficient to hold the church together in the face of a mounting series of internal disputes.")</ref> and Smith regrouped with the remaining church in [[Far West, Missouri]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Roberts|1905|p=24}} (referring to the Far West church as the "church in Zion"); {{Harv|Bushman|2005|p=345}} (The revelation calling Far West "Zion" had the effect of "implying that Far West was to take the place of Independence.")</ref> During the fall of 1838, tensions escalated into the [[1838 Mormon War]] with the old Missouri settlers.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=357–364}}; {{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|pp=227–30}}; {{Harvtxt|Remini|2002|p=134}}; {{Harvtxt|Quinn|1994|pp=97–98}}.</ref> On October 27, the [[Lilburn Boggs|governor]] of Missouri [[Missouri Executive Order 44|ordered]] that the Mormons "must be treated as enemies" and be exterminated or driven from the state.<ref>{{Harv|Bushman|2005|p=367}} (Boggs' executive order stated that the Mormon community had "made war upon the people of this State" and that "the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace"). {{Harv|Bushman|2005|p=398}} (In 1976, [[Missouri]] issued a formal apology for this order) {{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|p=47}}.</ref> Between November and April some eight thousand displaced Mormons migrated east into [[Illinois]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|p=47}} ("the Saints, after being ravaged by troops, robbed by neighbors, and insulted by public officials from February to April, crossed over into Illinois").</ref>

In 1839, the Mormons converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into [[Nauvoo, Illinois]]<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=383–84}}.</ref> and began construction of the [[Nauvoo Temple]]. The city became the church's new headquarters and gathering place, and it grew rapidly, fueled in part by converts immigrating from Europe.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=409}}; {{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|pp=258, 264–65}}; {{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|p=51}} (noting the city growth and missionary success in England).</ref> Meanwhile, Smith introduced temple ceremonies meant to [[Sealing (Mormonism)|seal]] families together for eternity, as well as the doctrines of eternal progression or [[Exaltation (Mormonism)|exaltation]],<ref>{{Harvtxt|Widmer|2000|p=119}} (Smith taught that faithful Mormons may progress until they become co-equal with God); {{Harvtxt|Roberts|1909|pp=502–03}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=497–98}} (the [[second anointing]] provided a guarantee that participants would be exalted even if they sinned).</ref> and plural marriage.<ref>Initially, Smith introduced plural marriage only to his closest associates.{{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|pp=334–36}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=437, 644}} The practice was acknowledged publicly in 1852 by Brigham Young.</ref>
Smith created a service organization for women called the [[Relief Society]], as well as an organization called the [[Council of Fifty]], representing a future [[theodemocracy|theodemocratic]] "Kingdom of God" on the earth.<ref>{{Harvnb|Quinn|1980|pp=120–122, 165}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=519–21}} (describing the Council of Fifty)</ref>
Smith also published the story of his [[First Vision]], in which the [[God the Father|Father]] and the [[Jesus|Son]] appeared to him while he was about 14 years old.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Shipps|1985|p=30}} The first extant account of the First Vision is the manuscript account in Joseph Smith, "Manuscript History of the Church" (1839); the first published account is Orson Pratt, ''An Interesting Account of Several Remarkable Visions and of the Late Discovery of Ancient American Records'' (Edinburgh: Ballantyne and Hughes, 1840); and the first American publication is Joseph Smith's [[Wentworth letter|letter to John Wentworth]] in ''Times and Seasons'', 3 (March 1842), 706–08. (These accounts are available in {{Cite book | editor-last=Vogel | editor-first=Dan | editor-link=Dan Vogel | title=Early Mormon Documents | volume=1 | place=Salt Lake City | publisher=Signature Books | year=1996 | isbn=1-56085-072-8 | ref=harv | postscript= }}.) As the LDS historian [[Richard Bushman]] wrote in his authoritative biography, "At first, Joseph was reluctant to talk about his vision. Most early converts probably never heard about the 1820 vision." {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|p=39}}</ref>
This vision would come to be regarded by some Mormons as the most important event in human history after the birth, ministry, and [[resurrection of Jesus|resurrection of Jesus Christ]].<ref>{{cite web|author=LDS Church|title=Joseph Smith Home Page/Mission of the Prophet/First Vision: This Is My Beloved Son. Hear Him!|year=2010| url=http://www.josephsmith.net/portal/site/JosephSmith/menuitem.da0e1d4eb6d2d87f9c0a33b5f1e543a0/?vgnextoid=497679179acbff00VgnVCM1000001f5e340aRCRD
|accessdate=2010-04-29|ref=harv}}; {{Harvtxt|Allen|1966|p=29}} (belief in the First Vision now considered second in importance only to belief in the divinity of [[Jesus]].); {{Cite journal| title=What Are People Asking about Us? | last=Hinkley| first=Gordon B. | journal=Ensign | issue=November | year=1998 | url=http://lds.org/portal/site/LDSOrg/menuitem.b12f9d18fae655bb69095bd3e44916a0/?vgnextoid=2354fccf2b7db010VgnVCM1000004d82620aRCRD&locale=0&sourceId=7c86605ff590c010VgnVCM1000004d82620a____&hideNav=1| ref=harv| postscript=
}} ("[N]othing we teach, nothing we live by is of greater importance than this initial declaration.").</ref>

In 1844, local prejudices and political tensions, fueled by Mormon peculiarity and internal dissent, escalated into conflicts between Mormons and "anti-Mormons".<ref>{{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1857|pp=64–67}}</ref> On June 27, 1844, Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum were [[Death of Joseph Smith, Jr.|killed by a mob]] in [[Carthage, Illinois]].<ref>Encyclopedia of Latter-Day Saint History pg. 824. {{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|pp=393–94}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=539–50}}; Many local Illinoisans were uneasy with Mormon power, and their unease was fanned by the local media after Smith suppressed a newspaper containing an exposé regarding plural marriage, theocracy, and other sensitive and oft misinterpreted issues. The suppression resulted in Smith being arrested, tried, and acquitted for "inciting a riot". On June 25, Joseph let himself be arrested and tried for the riot charges again, this time in Carthage, the county seat, where he was incarcerated without bail on a new charge of treason. {{cite web |url=http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/people/joseph_smith/legal_trials.html |title=Legal Trials of Joseph Smith |author= |date= |work= |publisher=www.lightplanet.com |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> Because Hyrum was Joseph's logical successor,<ref>Brigham Young later said of Hyrum, "Did Joseph Smith ordain any man to take his place. He did. Who was it? It was Hyrum, but Hyrum fell a martyr before Joseph did. If Hyrum had lived he would have acted for Joseph." ''[[Times and Seasons]]'', 5 [Oct. 15, 1844]: 683</ref> their deaths caused a [[Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)|succession crisis]],<ref>{{Harvtxt|Quinn|1994|p=143}}; {{Harvtxt|Brodie|1971|p=398}}.</ref> and [[Brigham Young]] assumed leadership over the majority of Saints.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2005|pp=556–57}}.</ref> Young had been a close associate of Smith's and was senior [[Apostle (Latter Day Saints)|apostle]] of the [[Quorum of the Twelve]].<ref>Smith's position as [[President of the Church]] was originally left vacant, based on the sentiment that nobody could succeed Smith's office. Years later, the church established the principle that Young, and any other senior [[Apostle (Latter Day Saints)|apostle]] of the [[Quorum of the Twelve]], would be ordained [[President of the Church]] as a matter of course upon the death of the former President, subject to unanimous agreement of the Quorum of the Twelve.</ref> Smaller groups of Latter Day Saints followed other leaders to form other denominations of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Quinn|1994|pp=198–211}}.</ref>

===Pioneer era===
[[File:Mormon Pioneer handcart statue.jpg|thumb|upright|A statue commemorating the [[Mormon handcart pioneers]]]]
For two years after Smith's death, conflicts escalated between Mormons and other Illinois residents. To prevent war, [[Brigham Young]] led the [[Mormon pioneers]] (constituting most of the Latter Day Saints) to a temporary [[Winter Quarters (North Omaha, Nebraska)|winter quarters]] in Nebraska and then eventually (beginning in 1847) to what became the [[Utah Territory]].<ref name="emigration-religious-freedom">In 2004, the State of Illinois recognized the expulsion of the Latter-day Saints as the "largest forced migration in American history" and stated in the adopted resolution that, "WHEREAS, The biases and prejudices of a less enlightened age in the history of the State of Illinois caused unmeasurable hardship and trauma for the community of Latter-day Saints by the distrust, violence, and inhospitable actions of a dark time in our past; therefore, be it RESOLVED, BY THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE NINETY-THIRD GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, that we acknowledge the disparity of those past actions and suspicions, regretting the expulsion of the community of Latter-day Saints, a people of faith and hard work." {{cite web |url=http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/fulltext.asp?GAID=3&SessionID=3&GA=93&DocTypeID=HR&DocNum=0793&LegID=12984&SpecSess=&Session= |title=Official House Resolution HR0793 (LRB093 21726 KEF 49525 r) |author=Illinois General Assembly |date=April 1, 2004 |work= |publisher= }}; "The great Mormon migration of 1846–1847 was but one step in the LDS' quest for religious freedom and growth." {{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/mopi/historyculture/index.htm |title=Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail: History & Culture |author= |date= |work= |publisher= }}</ref> Having failed to build Zion within the confines of American society, the Mormons began to construct a society in isolation, based on their beliefs and values.<ref>{{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|p=86}} ("Having failed to build Zion within the confines of American society, the Latter-day Saints found in the Great Basin the isolation that would enable them to establish a distinctive community based upon their own beliefs and values").</ref> The cooperative ethic that Mormons had developed over the last decade and a half became important as settlers branched out and colonized a large desert region now known as the [[Mormon Corridor]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|p=84}} (From 1847 to 1857 ninety0five mormon communities were established, most of them clustering around Salt Lake City); {{Cite journal |journal=Pacific Historical Review |volume=8 |issue=2 |title=The Mormon Corridor
|last=Hunter |first=Milton |date=June 1939 |publisher=University of California Press |page=179 |jstor=3633392 |pages=179–200 |ref=harv }}; {{Harvtxt|Shipps|1957|pp=83–84}}.</ref> Colonizing efforts were seen as religious duties, and the new villages were governed by the Mormon bishops (local lay religious leaders).<ref>{{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|pp=86–89}}.</ref> The Mormons viewed land as commonwealth, devising and maintaining a co-operative system of irrigation that allowed them to build a farming community in the desert.<ref>{{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|pp=87–91}}.</ref>

From 1849–52, the Mormons greatly expanded their missionary efforts, establishing several missions in Europe, Latin America, and the [[Oceania|South Pacific]].<ref name="ODea91">{{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|p=91}}.</ref> Converts were expected to "gather" to Zion, and during Young's presidency (1847–77) over seventy thousand Mormon converts immigrated to America.<ref name=ODea91/> Many of the converts came from England and [[Scandinavia]], and were quickly assimilated into the Mormon community.<ref>{{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|pp=91–92}}; {{cite web|url=http://welshmormonhistory.org/ |title=Welsh Mormon History}} During the 1840s and 1850s many thousands of [[Wales|Welsh]] Mormon converts immigrated to America, and today, it is estimated that around 20% of the population of [[Utah]] is of Welsh descent.</ref> Many of these immigrants crossed the [[Great Plains]] in wagons drawn by oxen, while some later groups pulled their possessions in small handcarts. During the 1860s newcomers began using the new [[First Transcontinental Railroad|railroad]] that was under construction.<ref>{{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|pp=95–96}}.</ref>

In 1852 church leaders publicized the previously secret practice of [[plural marriage]], a form of [[polygamy]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=88}} (Plural marriage originated in a revelation that Joseph Smith apparently received in 1831 and wrote down in 1843. It was first publicly announced in a general conference in 1852); {{cite web|url=http://www.media.utah.edu/UHE/p/POLYGAMY.html |title=Polygamy |work=Utah History Encyclopedia}} The Mormon doctrine of plural wives was officially announced by one of the [[Quorum of the Twelve|Twelve Apostles]] [[Orson Pratt]] and [[Joseph Smith, Jr.|Smith]]'s successor [[Brigham Young]] in a special conference of the elders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints assembled in the [[Mormon Tabernacle]] on 28 August 1852, and reprinted in an extra edition of the ''[[Deseret News]]''
{{cite article | title = Minutes of conference : a special conference of the elders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints assembled in the Tabernacle, Great Salt Lake City, August 28, 1852, 10 o'clock, a.m., pursuant to public notice | publisher = [[Deseret News|Deseret News Extra]] | date = 14 September 1852 | page = 14}}. See also [[Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy#The 1850s: Official sanction in the LDS Church|The 1850s: Official sanction in the LDS Church]]</ref> Over the next 50 years many Mormons (between 20% and 30% of Mormon families)<ref>{{cite book|last=Flake|first=Kathleen|title=The Politics of American Religious Identity|year=2004|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=0807855014|pages=65, 192|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GLLCAB5vmMQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> entered into plural marriages as a religious duty, with the number of plural marriages reaching a peak around 1860, and then declining through the rest of the century.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=88}} (If asked why they entered these relationships, both plural wives and husbands emphasized spiritual blessings of being sealed eternally and of submitting to God's will. According to the federal censuses, the highest percentage of the population in polygamous families was in 1860 (43.6%) and it declined to 25% in 1880 and to 7% in 1990).</ref> Besides the doctrinal reasons for plural marriage, the practice made some economic sense, as many of the plural wives were single women who arrived in Utah without brothers or fathers to offer them societal support.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=88}} ("The close study of the marriages in one nineteenth-century Utah community revealed that a disproportionate number of plural wives were women who arrived in Utah without fathers or brothers to care for them...Since better-off men more frequently married plurally, the practice distributed wealth to the poor and disconnected").</ref>

By 1857, tensions had again escalated between Mormons and other Americans, largely as a result of accusations involving polygamy and the [[theocratic]] rule of the Utah territory by Brigham Young.<ref>See Tullidge, Edward, History of Salt Lake City, 132-35 (Original from the University of Michigan, 1886).</ref> In 1857 President James Buchanan sent an army to Utah, which Mormons interpreted as open aggression against them. Fearing a repeat of Missouri and Illinois, they prepared to defend themselves, determined to torch their own homes in the case that they were invaded.<ref>{{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|pp=101–102}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=95}}.</ref> The relatively peaceful [[Utah War]] ensued from 1857 to 1858, in which the most notable instance of violence was the [[Mountain Meadows massacre]], when leaders of a local Mormon militia ordered the killing of a civilian emigrant party that was traveling through Utah during the escalating tensions.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=96–97}} (calling the Mountain Meadows massacre the greatest tragedy in Mormon history)</ref> In 1858 Young agreed to step down from his position as governor and was replaced by a non-Mormon, [[Alfred Cumming (governor)|Alfred Cumming]].<ref>To combat the notion that rank-and-file Mormons were unhappy under Young's leadership, Cumming noted that he had offered to help any leave the territory who desired. Of the 50,000 inhabitants of the state of Utah, the underwhelming response—56 men, 33 women, and 71 children, most of whom stated they left for economic reasons—impressed Cumming, as did the fact that Mormon leaders contributed supplies to the emigrants. Cumming to [Secretary of State Lewis Cass], written by Thomas Kane, May 2, 1858, BYU Special Collections.</ref> Nevertheless, the LDS Church still wielded significant political power in the Utah Territory.<ref>{{Cite book | last1=Firmage
| first1= Edwin Brown
| last2 = Mangrum
| first2=Richard Collin
| title=Zion in the Courts: A Legal History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1830–1900
| page=140
| url=http://books.google.com/?id=9AimifP2a-4C&pg=PR7#PPA140,M1
| isbn=0-252-06980-3
| publisher=U. of Illinois Press
| year=2002 | author=Edwin Brown Firmage and Richard Collin Mangrum. | ref=harv | postscript=
}}</ref>

At Young's death in 1877, he was followed by other [[President of the Church|LDS Presidents]], who resisted efforts by the [[United States Congress]] to outlaw Mormon polygamous marriages.<ref name="Bushman97">{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=97}}</ref> In 1878 the Supreme Court ruled in [[Reynolds v. United States]] that religious duty was not a suitable defense for practicing polygamy, and many Mormons went into hiding; later, Congress began seizing church assets.<ref name=Bushman97/> In September 1890, church president [[Wilford Woodruff]] issued a [[1890 Manifesto|Manifesto]] that officially suspended the practice of polygamy.<ref>{{lds|Official Declaration —|od|1}}</ref> Although this Manifesto did not dissolve existing plural marriages, relations with the United States markedly improved after 1890, such that Utah was admitted as a [[U.S. state]]. After the Manifesto, some Mormons continued to enter into polygamous marriages, but these eventually stopped in 1904 when church president [[Joseph F. Smith]] [[Reed Smoot hearings|disavowed polygamy]] before Congress and issued a "[[Second Manifesto]]" calling for all plural marriages in the church to cease. Eventually, the church adopted a policy of [[excommunication|excommunicating]] members found practicing polygamy, and today seeks actively to distance itself from "fundamentalist" groups that continue the practice.<ref>The LDS Church encourages journalists not to use the word ''Mormon'' in reference to organizations or people that practice polygamy {{cite web |url=http://newsroom.lds.org/style-guide |title=Style Guide — LDS Newsroom |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}; The church repudiates polygamist groups and excommunicates their members if discovered {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=91}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25396937/ns/us_news-faith/t/mormons-seek-distance-polygamist-sects |title=Mormons seek distance from polygamous sects |year=2008 |publisher=msnbc.com}}</ref>

===Modern times===
{{Further|Mormonism as a world religion}}
During the early 20th century, Mormons began to reintegrate into the American mainstream. In 1929 the [[Mormon Tabernacle Choir]] began broadcasting a weekly performance on national radio, becoming an asset for public relations.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=103}}</ref> Mormons emphasized patriotism and industry, rising in socioeconomic status from the bottom among American religious denominations to middle-class.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Mauss|1994|p=22}}. "With the consistent encouragement of church leaders, Mormons became models of patriotic, law-abiding citizenship, sometimes seeming to "out-American" all other Americans. Their participation in the full spectrum of national, social, political, economic, and cultural life has been thorough and sincere"</ref>
In the 1920s and 1930s Mormons began migrating out of Utah, a trend hurried by the [[Great Depression]], as Mormons looked for work wherever they could find it.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=105}}</ref> As Mormons spread out, church leaders created programs that would help preserve the tight-knit community feel of Mormon culture.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=106}}</ref> In addition to weekly worship services, Mormons began participating in numerous programs such as [[Boy Scouting (Boy Scouts of America)|Boy Scouting]], a [[Young Women (organization)|Young Women's organization]], church-sponsored dances, ward basketball, camping trips, plays, and [[LDS Seminaries|religious education programs]] for youth and college students.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=53}}</ref> During the Great Depression the church started a [[LDS Humanitarian Services|welfare program]] to meet the needs of poor members, which has since grown to include a humanitarian branch that provides relief to disaster victims.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=40–41}}</ref>
[[File:Mtchoirandorchestra ConferenceCenter.jpg|left|thumb|The 360-member, all-volunteer [[Mormon Tabernacle Choir]]]]

During the latter half of the century, there was a retrenchment movement in Mormonism in which Mormons became more conservative, attempting to regain their status as a "peculiar people".<ref>The term ''peculiar people'' is consciously borrowed from [http://lds.org/scriptures/nt/1-pet/2.9?lang=eng#8 1 Peter 2:9], and can be interpreted as ''special'' or ''different'', though Mormons have certainly been viewed as ''peculiar'' in the modern sense as well. {{Harvtxt|Mauss|1994|p=60}}</ref>
Though the 1960s and 1970s brought positive changes such as [[Women's Liberation]] and the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)|Civil Rights Movement]], Mormon leaders were alarmed by the erosion of traditional values, the [[sexual revolution]], the widespread use of recreational drugs, [[moral relativism]], and other forces they saw as damaging to the family.<ref>Developments mitigating traditional racial, ethnic, and gender inequality and bigotry were regarded in hindsight by most Americans (and most Mormons) as desirable ... On the other hand, Mormons (and many others) have watched with increasing alarm the spread throughout society of "liberating" innovations such as the normalization of non marital sexual behavior, the rise in abortion, illegitimacy, divorce, and child neglect or abuse, recreational drugs, crime, etc. {{Harvtxt|Mauss|1994|p=124}}</ref>
Partly to counter this, Mormons put an even greater emphasis on family life, religious education, and missionary work, becoming more conservative in the process. As a result, Mormons today are probably less integrated with mainstream society than they were in the early 1960s.<ref>"... [T]he church appears to have arrested, if not reversed, the erosion of distinctive Mormon ways that might have been anticipated in the 60s." {{Harvtxt|Mauss|1994|p=140}} "However, in partial contradiction to their public image, Mormons stand mostly on the liberal side of the continuum on certain other social and political issues, notably on civil rights, and even on women's rights, except where these seem to conflict with child-rearing roles." {{Harvtxt|Mauss|1994|p=156}}</ref>

Although [[black people]] have been members of Mormon congregations since Joseph Smith's time, before 1978, black membership was small. From 1852 to 1978, the LDS Church had a policy against ordaining men of African descent to the [[Priesthood (LDS Church)|priesthood]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=All Abraham's Children: Changing Mormon Conceptions of Race and Lineage |first=Armand L. |last=Mauss |pages=213–215 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-252-02803-1 |ref=harv }}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=111–12}} ("The origins of this policy are not altogether clear. "Passages in Joseph Smith's translations indicate that a lineage associated with Ham and the Egyptian pharaohs was forbidden the priesthood. Connecting the ancient pharaohs with modern Africans and African Americans required a speculative leap, but by the time of Brigham Young, the leap was made.")</ref> The church had previously been criticized for its policy during the [[civil rights movement]], but the [[1978 Revelation on Priesthood|change]] came in 1978 and was prompted primarily by problems facing mixed race converts in Brazil.<ref name="Bushman111">{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=111–112}}.</ref> Mormons greeted the change with joy and relief.<ref name=Bushman111/> Since 1978 black membership has grown, and in 1997 there were approximately 500,000 black members of the church (about 5% of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite document |url=http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_218.html#1062 |title=1999–2000 Church Almanac |author= |date=1998 |work=Adherents.com quoting ''Deseret News ''|work=Deseret News | location=Salt Lake City |page=119 |accessdate=November 11, 2011 |ref=harv }}[ ] "A rough estimate would place the number of Church members with African roots at year-end 1997 at half a million, with about 100,000 each in Africa and the Caribbean, and another 300,000 in Brazil."</ref> Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two [[Temple (LDS Church)|temples]] have been built.<ref name = "LDS-Africa">{{cite web |url=http://www.ldsgenesisgroup.org/africagrowth.html |title=The Church Continues to Grow in Africa |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Genesis Group |accessdate=}}</ref> Many [[black Mormons]] are members of the [[Genesis Group]], an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Black and Mormon|author=Newell G. Bringhurst, Darron T. Smith |date=Dec 13, 2005 |publisher=University of Illinois Press|pages=102–104}}</ref>

[[File:LDS Global Distribution.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Global distribution of LDS Church members in 2009]]
The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a world-wide organization as [[Mormon missionary|missionaries]] were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15–20 years,<ref>{{citation |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wTBUCGwdG8MC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA92#v=onepage&q=doubled%20twice%20since%20then&f=false |title=The angel and the beehive: the Mormon struggle with assimilation |author=Armand L. Mauss |year=1994 |page=92}}; {{citation |title= Building a bigger tent: Does Mormonism have a Mitt Romney problem? |url= http://www.economist.com/node/21548247 |date= February 25, 2012 |journal= [[The Economist]] }} (In 2010 alone the church grew by 400,000 new members, including converts and newborns)</ref> and by 1996, there were more Mormons outside the United States than inside.<ref name="Todd 1996">{{cite web|last=Todd|first=Jay M.|title=More Members Now outside U.S. Than in U.S.|url=http://lds.org/ensign/1996/03/news-of-the-church/?lang=eng|work=News of the Church|publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]|accessdate=7 May 2011|month=March|year=1996}}{{dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref> In 2010 there were an estimated 14.1 million Mormons,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.lds.org/article/2010-statistical-report-for-2011-april-general-conference|title=2010 Statistical Report for 2011 April General Conference}}</ref> with roughly 57% living outside the United States.<ref>Approximately 6.1 million of the church's 14.1 million members live in the US. {{cite web |url=http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/facts-and-statistics/country/united-states/ |title=2010 Facts and Statistics: United States |author= |date= |work= |publisher=LDS Newsroom |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> A majority of U.S. Mormons are white and non-Hispanic (84%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-methodology.aspx|title=Mormons in America|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=January 12, 2012}}</ref> Most Mormons are distributed in North and South America, the South Pacific, and Western Europe. The global distribution of Mormons resembles a contact diffusion model, radiating out from the organization's headquarters in Utah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.natur.cuni.cz/ksgrrsek/acta/2009/2009_reeves.pdf |title=The Global Distribution of Adventists and Mormons in 2007 |author=Daniel Reeves |year=2009 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> The church enforces general doctrinal uniformity, and congregations on all continents teach the same doctrines, and international Mormons tend to absorb a good deal of Mormon culture, possibly because of the church's top-down hierarchy and a missionary presence. However, international Mormons often bring pieces of their own heritage into the church, adapting church practices to local cultures.<ref name="Thomas W. Murphy 1996">{{cite web |url=https://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V29N01_183.pdf |title=Reinventing Mormonism: Guatemala as Harbinger of the Future? |author=Thomas W. Murphy |year=1996 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref>

[[Chile]], [[Uruguay]], and several areas in the South Pacific have a higher percentage of Mormons than the United States (which is at about 2%).<ref>http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/facts-and-statistics/</ref> South Pacific countries and dependencies that are more than 10% Mormon include [[American Samoa]], the [[Cook Islands]], [[Kiribati]], [[Niue]], [[Samoa]], and [[Tonga]]. No country currently has a Mormon majority, although Tonga is expected to be the first within the next few years.

==Culture and practices==
{{Main|Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}}
Isolation in [[Utah]] had allowed Mormons to create a culture of their own.<ref name="Bushman47">{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=47}}</ref> As the faith spread around the world, many of its more distinctive practices followed. Mormon converts are urged to undergo lifestyle changes, repent of their sins, and adopt sometimes foreign standards of conduct.<ref name=Bushman47/> Practices common to Mormons include studying the scriptures, praying daily, fasting on a regular basis, attending Sunday worship services, participating in church programs and activities on weekdays, and refraining from work on Sundays when possible. Mormons also emphasize standards they believe were taught by [[Jesus Christ]], including personal honesty, integrity, obedience to law, chastity outside of marriage and fidelity within marriage.<ref name="StrengthofYouth">{{cite web|url=http://lds.org/manual/for-the-strength-of-youth-fulfilling-our-duty-to-god?lang=eng |title=For the Strength of Youth: Fulfilling Our Duty to God |publisher=LDS Church}}</ref>

In 2010, around 13–14% of Mormons lived in Utah: the center of cultural influence for Mormonism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom.lds.org/country/usa-utah |title=USA–Utah |author= |date= |work= |publisher=LDS Newsroom |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> [[Religion in Utah|Utah Mormons]] (as well as Mormons living in the [[Intermountain West]]) are on average more culturally and/or politically conservative than those living in some cosmopolitan centers elsewhere in the U.S.<ref>Mauss often compares [[Salt Lake City]] Mormons to [[California]] Mormons from San Francisco and [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]]. The Utah Mormons were generally more orthodox and conservative. {{Harvtxt|Mauss|1994|p=40,128}}; {{Cite document|url = http://pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/A-Portrait-of-Mormons-in-the-US--Social-and-Political-Views.aspx|title = A Portrait of Mormons in the U.S.: III. Social and Political Views|date = July 24, 2009|publisher = Pew Research Center}}</ref> Utahns self-identifying as Mormon also attend church somewhat more on average than Mormons living in other states. (Nonetheless, whether they live in Utah or elsewhere in the U.S., Mormons tend to be more culturally and/or politically conservative than members of other U.S. religious groups.)<ref>{{Cite document|url = http://www.gallup.com/poll/125021/mormons-conservative-major-religious-group.aspx|date = January 11, 2010|title = Mormons Most Conservative Major Religious Group in U.S.: Six out of 10 Mormons are politically conservative|publisher = [[Gallup poll]]|first = Frank|last = Newport}}; {{Cite document|url = http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1292/mormon-religion-demographics-beliefs-practices-politics|publisher = [[Pew Research Center]]|title = A Portrait of Mormons in the U.S|first = Allison|last = Pond|date = July 24, 2009}}</ref> Utah Mormons often place a greater emphasis on pioneer heritage than international Mormons who generally are not descendants of the [[Mormon pioneers]].<ref name="Thomas W. Murphy 1996"/>

[[File:Igreja SUD uruguaiana rs.jpg|thumb|left|A Mormon meetinghouse used for Sunday worship services in Brazil]]
Mormons have a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history.<ref>Early Mormons had practiced the [[Law of consecration]] in Missouri for two years, in an attempt to eliminate poverty. Families would return their surplus "income" to the bishop, who would then redistribute it among the saints. Though initial efforts at "consecration" failed, consecration has become a more general attitude that underlies Mormon charitable works. {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=36–39}}</ref> LDS Church members have a responsibility to dedicate their time and talents to helping the poor and building the church. The church is divided by locality into congregations called ''[[Ward (LDS Church)|wards]]'' with several wards making up a ''[[Stake (Latter Day Saints)|stake]]''.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=53}} (The name "stake" comes from a passage in Isaiah that compares Zion to a tent that will enlarge as new stakes are planted); ''See [http://lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/33.20?lang=eng#19 {{nowrap|Isaiah 33:20}}] and [http://lds.org/scriptures/ot/isa/54.2?lang=eng#1 {{nowrap|Isaiah 54:2}}]''.</ref> The vast majority of church leadership positions are [[Laity|lay]] positions, and church members may work 10–15 hours a week in unpaid church service.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=35,52}}</ref> Observant Mormons also contribute 10 percent of their income to the church as [[tithe|tithing]], and are often involved in [[LDS Humanitarian Services|humanitarian efforts]]. Many LDS young men choose to serve a two-year [[Proselytism|proselytizing]] [[Missionary (LDS Church)|mission]], during which they dedicate all of their time to the church, without pay.<ref>A full-time mission is looked upon as important character training for a young man. {{Harvtxt|O'Dea|1957|p=177}}</ref>

Mormons adhere to the [[Word of Wisdom]], a health law or code that is interpreted as prohibiting the consumption of tobacco, alcohol, coffee and tea,<ref>{{cite news |author[[Peggy Fletcher Stack|Stack, Peggy Fletcher]] |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/its-official-coke-and-pepsi-are-ok-for-mormons/2012/08/31/e7bd504c-f39b-11e1-b74c-84ed55e0300b_story.html?tid=pm_national_pop |title=It’s Official: Coke and Pepsi are OK for Mormons |work=Religion News Service via Washington ''Post'' |date=August 31, 2012 |accessdate=2012-09-02.}}</ref> while encouraging the use of wholesome herbs, grains, fruits, and a moderate consumption of meat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dc/89 |title=Doctrine & Covenants, Section 89 |author= |date= |work= |publisher= }}</ref> The Word of Wisdom is also understood to forbid other harmful and addictive substances and practices, such as the use of illegal drugs and abuse of prescription drugs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lds.org/ldsorg/v/index.jsp?hideNav=1&locale=0&sourceId=56c6991a83d20110VgnVCM100000176f620a____&vgnextoid=e1fa5f74db46c010VgnVCM1000004d82620aRCRD |title=Word of Wisdom |author= |year=2004 |work=True to the Faith |publisher= |pages=186–88 |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> Mormons also oppose addictive behavior such as viewing pornography and gambling.<ref name=StrengthofYouth/>

The concept of a united family that lives and progresses forever is at the core of Latter-day Saint doctrine, and Mormons place a high importance on family life.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=59}} (In the temple, husbands and wives are [[Sealing (Mormonism)|sealed]] to each other for eternity. The implication is that other institutional forms, including the church, might disappear, but the family will endure); {{Cite document|url= http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx#family |title=Mormons in America |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=January 2012}} (A 2011 survey of Mormons in the United States showed that family life is very important to Mormons, with family concerns significantly higher than career concerns. Four out of five Mormons believe that being a good parent is one of the most important goals in life, and roughly three out of four Mormons put having a successful marriage in this category); {{Cite document|url= http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700214901/New-Pew-survey-reinforces-Mormons-top-goals-of-family-marriage.html?pg=1 |title=New Pew survey reinforces Mormons' top goals of family, marriage |work=Deseret News |date=12 January 2012}}; See also: [http://lds.org/family/proclamation?lang=eng The Family: A Proclamation to the World].</ref> Many Mormons hold weekly [[Family Home Evening|family home evenings]], in which an evening is set aside for family bonding, study, prayer and other wholesome activities. Latter-day Saint fathers who hold the [[Priesthood (LDS Church)|priesthood]] typically name and [[baby blessing|bless their children]] shortly after birth to formally give the child a name. Mormon parents hope and pray that their children will gain testimonies of the "gospel" so they can grow up and marry in temples.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=30&ndash31}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=58}}</ref>

Mormons have a strict [[law of chastity]], requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of marriage and strict fidelity within marriage. All sexual activity (heterosexual and homosexual) outside of marriage is considered a serious sin, with marriage recognized as only between a man and a woman.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chastity |work=True to the Faith |year=2004 |url= http://lds.org/ldsorg/v/index.jsp?hideNav=1&locale=0&sourceId=1f53991a83d20110VgnVCM100000176f620a____&vgnextoid=e1fa5f74db46c010VgnVCM1000004d82620aRCRD |pages=29–33}}; {{Cite document|url=http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx |title=Mormons in America|publisher=Pew Research Center |date=January 2012}} (79% of Mormons in the US say that sex between unmarried adults is morally wrong, far higher than the 35% of the general public who hold the same view).</ref> [[Same-sex marriage]]s are not performed or supported by the LDS Church. Church members are encouraged to marry and have children, and Latter-day Saint families tend to be larger than average. Mormons are opposed to abortions, except in some exceptional circumstances, such as when pregnancy is the result of incest or rape, or when the life or health of the mother is in serious jeopardy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lds.org/study/topics/abortion?lang=eng |publisher=lds.org |title=Topic: Abortion}}</ref> Many practicing adult Mormons wear [[Temple garment|religious undergarments]] that remind them of sacred covenants and encourage them to dress modestly. Latter-day Saints are counseled not to partake of any form of media that is obscene or pornographic in any way, including media that depicts graphic representations of sex or violence. [[Tattoo]]s and [[body piercing]]s are also discouraged, with the exception of a single pair of earrings for LDS women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lds.org/manual/for-the-strength-of-youth-fulfilling-our-duty-to-god/dress-and-appearance?lang=eng |title=Dress and Appearance |work=For the Strength of the Youth |publisher=LDS Church |year=2001}}</ref>

[[Homosexual Mormons|LGBT Mormons]], or Mormons who self-identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, remain in good standing in the church if they abstain from homosexual relations and obey the law of chastity.<ref>Homosexual acts (as well as other sexual acts outside the bonds of marriage) are prohibited by the [[Law of Chastity]]. Violating the Law of Chastity may result in [[excommunication]]. {{cite web |url=http://lds.org/portal/site/LDSOrg/menuitem.b12f9d18fae655bb69095bd3e44916a0/?vgnextoid=2354fccf2b7db010VgnVCM1000004d82620aRCRD&sourceId=7c86605ff590c010VgnVCM1000004d82620a____ |title=What Are People Asking about Us? |author=Gordon B. Hinckley |year=1998 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> While there are no official numbers, LDS Family Services estimates that there are on average four or five members per [[Ward (LDS Church)|LDS ward]] who experience same-sex attraction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.evergreeninternational.org/Individuals.htm |title=Resources for Individuals |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Evergreen International |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> Gary Watts, former president of [[Family Fellowship]], estimates that only 10% of homosexuals stay in the church.<ref>{{Cite document |url= http://www.insidebayarea.com/oaklandtribune/ci_6668882 |title= Mormon church changes stance on homosexuality; New teachings say lifelong celibacy to be rewarded with heterosexuality in heaven |author= Rebecca Rosen Lum |date= August 20, 2007 |work=[[The Oakland Tribune]] |accessdate= 2007-12-20 |ref= harv }}</ref> Many of these individuals have come forward through different support groups or websites discussing their homosexual attractions and concurrent church membership.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mormons and Gays|url=http://www.mormonsandgays.org/|publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ Latter-day Saints|accessdate=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=North Star LDS Community|url=http://northstarlds.org/community/community-voices/|publisher=North Star|accessdate=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.affirmation.org/history/in_the_beginning.shtml |work=Affirmation: Gay & Lesbian Mormons |title=In The Beginning: A Brief History of Affirmation |author=Paul Mortensen}}; See also:[[Affirmation: Gay & Lesbian Mormons]]</ref>

==Groups within Mormonism==
{{See also|List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement|"International" Mormon}}
[[File:Salt Lake Temple, Utah - Sept 2004-2.jpg|thumb||right|The [[Salt Lake Temple]] is one of the most iconic images of the LDS Church]]

===Latter-day Saints===
Members of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], formally known as Latter-day Saints, constitute over 99% of [[Brighamite|Mormons]].<ref>The LDS Church claims a membership of over 14 million ({{cite web|url=http://newsroom.lds.org/article/2010-statistical-report-for-2011-april-general-conference|title=2010 Statistical Report for 2011 April General Conference}}), while members of other [[Brighamite|Brigham Young – lineage sects]] number in the tens of thousands. (Indeed, the Latter Day Saint – movement in its entirety is dominated by the LDS Church, which makes up perhaps 98% of such adherents. Note that one denomination dominates the [[Prairie Saints|non-Mormon section of the movement]]: Community of Christ, which has about 250,000 members.)Also note the use of the lower case ''d'' and hyphen in ''Latter-day Saints'', as opposed to the larger ''[[Latter Day Saint movement]].''</ref> The beliefs and practices of LDS Mormons are generally guided by the teachings of [[First Presidency (LDS Church)|LDS Church leaders]]. There are, however, several smaller groups that differ from "mainstream" Mormonism in various ways.

LDS Church members who do not actively participate in worship services or church callings are often called "[[Less-active Mormon|less-active]]" (akin to the qualifying expressions ''non-observant'' or ''non-practicing'' used in relation to members of other religious groups).<ref>{{Cite document|work = [[Salt Lake Tribune]]|first = Peggy Fletcher|last = Stack|authorlink = Peggy Fletcher Stack|title = Active, inactive – do Mormon labels work or wound?|url = http://m.sltrib.com/sltrib/mobile/52631643-80/mormon-church-lds-says.html.csp|date = September 23, 2011}}</ref> The LDS Church does not release statistics on church activity, but it is likely that about 40% of Mormons in the United States and 30% worldwide regularly attend worship services.<ref>Member activity rates are estimated from Missionary reports, Seminary and Institute enrollment, and ratio of members per congregation – {{cite web |url=http://ldschurchgrowth.blogspot.com/2011/07/countries-of-world-by-estimated-member.html |title=Countries of the World by Estimated Member Activity Rate |author= |date=July 11, 2011 |work=LDS Church Growth |publisher= |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}; See also: {{cite web |url=http://rsc.byu.edu/archived/latter-day-saint-social-life-social-research-lds-church-and-its-members/8-consequential-dim |title=The Consequential Dimension of Mormon Religiosity |author=Stan L. Albrecht |year=1998 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}; {{Cite document|title = Keeping members a challenge for LDS church|first = Peggy Fletcher|last = Stack|authorlink = Peggy Fletcher Stack|date = July 26, 2005|url = http://www.sltrib.com/utah/ci_2890645|work = [[Salt Lake Tribune]]}}</ref> Reasons for inactivity can include lifestyle issues and problems with social integration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Activity_in_the_Church |title=Activity in the Church |author= |year=1992 |work=Encyclopedia of Mormonism |publisher= |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> Activity rates tend to vary with age, and disengagement occurs most frequently between age 16 and 25. A majority of less active members return to church activity later in life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rsc.byu.edu/archived/latter-day-saint-social-life-social-research-lds-church-and-its-members/8-consequential-dim |title=The Consequential Dimension of Mormon Religiosity |author=Stan L. Albrecht |year=1998 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> Former Latter-day Saints who seek to disassociate themselves from the religion are often referred to as [[Ex-Mormon]]s.

===Fundamentalist Mormons===
Members of sects that broke with the LDS Church over the issue of polygamy have become known as [[Mormon fundamentalism|Fundamentalist Mormons]], and differ from mainstream Mormonism primarily in their belief in and practice of [[plural marriage]]. There are thought to be between 20,000 and 60,000 members of fundamentalist sects, (0.1–0.4% of Mormons), with roughly half of them practicing polygamy.<ref>Martha Sonntag Bradley, "Polygamy-Practicing Mormons" in [[J. Gordon Melton]] and Martin Baumann (eds.) (2002). ''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia'' '''3''':1023–1024; ''[[Dateline NBC]]'', 2001–01–02; Ken Driggs, "Twentieth-Century Polygamy and Fundamentalist Mormons in Southern Utah", ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', Winter 1991, pp. 46–47; Irwin Altman, "Polygamous Family Life: The Case of Contemporary Mormon Fundamentalists", ''[[Utah Law Review]]'' (1996) p. 369; Stephen Eliot Smith, "'The Mormon Question' Revisited: Anti-Polygamy Laws and the Free Exercise Clause", LL. M. thesis, [[Harvard Law School]], 2005.</ref> There are a number of fundamentalist [[Mormon fundamentalist|sects]], the largest two being the [[Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints]] (FLDS Church) and the [[Apostolic United Brethren]] (AUB). In addition to plural marriage, some of these groups also practice a form of Christian [[communalism]] known as the [[Law of consecration]] or the [[United Order]]. The LDS Church seeks to distance itself from all such polygamous groups, excommunicating their members if discovered,<ref>The LDS Church encourages journalists not to use the word ''Mormon'' in reference to organizations or people that practice polygamy {{cite web |url=http://newsroom.lds.org/style-guide |title=Style Guide |author= |date= |work= |publisher=LDS Newsroom |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}; The church repudiates polygamist groups and excommunicates their members if discovered – {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=91}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25396937/ns/us_news-faith/t/mormons-seek-distance-polygamist-sects/ |title=Mormons seek distance from polygamous sects |year=2008 |publisher= msnbc.com }}</ref> and a majority of Mormon fundamentalists have never been members of the LDS Church.<ref>{{Cite journal| journal=Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought |url=https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V31N02_19.pdf |author=Quinn, Michael D. |issue=2 |date=Summer 1998 |title=Plural Marriage and Mormon Fundamentalism |page=7 |volume=31| ref=harv}}</ref>

===Liberal Mormons===
{{anchor|Liberal Mormon}}
Liberal Mormons take an interpretive approach to LDS teachings and scripture. They look to the scriptures for spiritual guidance, but do not necessarily believe the teachings to be literally or uniquely true. For liberal Mormons, revelation is a process through which God gradually brings fallible human beings to greater understanding.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.liberalmormon.net/501whl.shtml |title=LiberalMormon.net |accessdate=October 27, 2011 }}</ref> Liberal Mormons place doing good and loving fellow human beings above the importance of believing correctly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://latterdaymainstreet.com/2010/09/21/bringing-back-liberal-mormonism/ |title=Bringing back Liberal Mormonism |author=Chris H |date=September 21, 2010 |publisher=Main Street Plaza |accessdate=October 27, 2011 }}</ref> In a separate context, members of minuscule [[List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement#Liberal Mormon|"progressive" breakaway groups]] have also adopted the label ''Liberal Mormon.''

===Cultural Mormons===
[[Cultural Mormon]]s are individuals who do not believe some (or many) of the doctrines of LDS Church, but who self-identify as Mormon. Usually this is a result of having been raised in the LDS faith, or as having converted and spent a large portion of one's life as an active member of the LDS Church.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newordermormon.org/essays/faithful-unbelievers.php |title=The Paradox of the Faithful Unbeliever |author=By Peggy Rogers |year=2010 |publisher=New Order Mormon |accessdate=October 27, 2011 }}</ref> Cultural Mormons may or may not be actively involved with the church, and in some cases may not even be officially members of the church.

==Beliefs==
{{main|Mormonism|Mormon cosmology}}

Mormons have [[Standard Works|a scriptural canon]] consisting of the [[Bible]], the [[Book of Mormon]], and a collection of revelations and writings by Joseph Smith known as the [[Doctrine and Covenants]] and [[Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)|Pearl of Great Price]]. Mormons however have a fairly [[Continuous revelation|open]] definition of [[Religious text|scripture]]. As a general rule, anything spoken or written by a [[Prophet, seer, and revelator|prophet]], while under inspiration, is considered to be the word of God.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Scriptures#Scriptures:_Authority_of_Scripture |title=Authority of Scripture |author= |date= |work=Encyclopedia of Mormonism |publisher= |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> Thus, the [[Bible]], written by prophets, is the word of God, so far as it is translated correctly. The [[Book of Mormon]] is also believed to have been written by ancient prophets, and is viewed as a companion to the Bible. By this definition, the teachings of Smith's successors are also accepted as scripture, though they are always measured against, and draw heavily from the scriptural canon.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=25–26}}</ref>
[[Image:Christus statue temple square salt lake city.jpg|thumb|Mormons see {{nowrap|[[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]}} as the premier figure of their religion.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=8}} ("As the name of the church ... suggests, Jesus Christ is the premier figure. Smith does not even play the role of the last and culminating prophet, as Muhammad does in Islam"); {{cite web |url=http://newsroom.lds.org/article/what-mormons-believe-about-jesus-christ |title=What Mormons Believe About Jesus Christ |author= |date= |work= |publisher=LDS Newsroom |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}; In a [http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx#beliefs 2011 Pew Survey] a thousand Mormons were asked to volunteer the one word that best describes Mormons. The most common response from those surveyed was "Christian" or "Christ-centered".</ref>]]

Mormons believe in "a friendly universe", governed by a God whose work and glory it is to bring his children to immortality and eternal life.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=79}}.</ref> Mormons have a unique perspective on the [[Plurality of gods|nature of God]], the origin of man, and the purpose of life. For instance, Mormons believe in a pre-mortal existence where people were literal spirit children of God,<ref name="PMGpos">{{Cite document|title=Plan of Salvation|work=True to the Faith: A Gospel Reference|year=2004|publisher=LDS Church |url=http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Curriculum/home%20and%20family.htm/true%20to%20the%20faith%20a%20gospel%20reference.htm/plan%20of%20salvation.htm?f=templates$fn=document-frame.htm$3.0#JD_36863Pla|page=115|ref=harv}}</ref> and that God presented a [[Plan of salvation|plan]] that would allow his children to progress and become more like him. The plan involved the spirits receiving bodies on earth and going through trials in order to learn, progress, and receive a "fulness of joy".<ref name=PMGpos/> The most important part of the plan involved [[Jesus]], the eldest of God's children, coming to earth as the literal Son of God, to conquer sin and death so that God's other children could return. According to Mormons, every person who lives on earth will be resurrected, and most of them will be received into various [[Degrees of glory|kingdoms of glory]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=75}}</ref> To be accepted into the [[Celestial Kingdom|highest]] kingdom, a person must fully accept Christ through faith, repentance, and through [[Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)|ordinances]] such as [[Baptism (Mormonism)|baptism]] and the [[Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)|laying on of hands]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=78}}; In Mormonism, an ordinance is a formal act, in which people enter into [[Covenant (Latter Day Saints)|covenants]] with God. For example, covenants associated with [[Baptism (Mormonism)|baptism]], and the [[Eucharist]] (commonly called [[Sacrament (LDS Church)|sacrament]]) involve taking the name of the Son upon themselves, always remembering Him, and keeping his commandments; {{Cite document|title=Atonement of Jesus Christ|work=True to the Faith: A Gospel Reference|year=2004|publisher=LDS Church |url=http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Curriculum/home%20and%20family.htm/true%20to%20the%20faith%20a%20gospel%20reference.htm/atonement%20of%20jesus%20christ.htm?f=templates$fn=document-frame.htm$3.0#JD_36863Ato|page=14|ref=harv}}; {{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=60–61}} Because Mormons believe that everyone must receive certain ordinances to be saved, Mormons perform vicarious ordinances such as [[baptism for the dead]] on behalf of deceased persons. Mormons believe that the deceased may accept or reject the offered ordinance in the [[Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)|spirit world]].</ref>

[[File:Latter Day Saint confirmation (Mayhew 1852).png|thumb|left|190px|A Latter Day Saint [[Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)|confirmation]] circa 1852]]
According to Mormons, a deviation from the original principles of Christianity, known as the [[Great Apostasy#The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Great Apostasy]] began not long after the [[ascension of Jesus Christ]].<ref name = PMG35>{{Cite book |author= Missionary Department of the LDS Church |authorlink= The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |title= Preach My Gospel |publisher= [[LDS Church]], Inc |year= 2004 |page= 35 |url= http://lds.org/languages/additionalmanuals/preachgospel/PreachMyGospel___06_03-1_TheRestoration__36617_eng_006.pdf |isbn= 0-402-36617-4 |ref= harv }}</ref> It was marked with the corruption of Christian doctrine by [[Greek philosophy|Greek]] and other philosophies,<ref name = GA2>{{Cite book |last= Talmage |first= James E. |authorlink= James E. Talmage |title= The Great Apostasy |work= The Deseret News |year= 1909 |pages= 64–65 |url= http://www.archive.org/stream/greatapostasycon00atalm#page/68/mode/2up |isbn= 0-87579-843-8 |ref= harv }}</ref> with followers dividing into different ideological groups.<ref name = MARV1>{{Cite book |last= Richards |first= LeGrand |authorlink= LeGrand Richards |title= A Marvelous Work and a Wonder |publisher= Deseret Book Company |year= 1976 |page= 24 |url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=udFopREPKMgC&lpg=PR2&dq=a%20marvelous%20work%20and%20a%20wonder&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn= 0-87747-161-4 |ref= harv }}</ref> Mormons claim the [[martyr]]dom of the [[Apostle (Christian)|Apostles]]<ref name = GA1>{{Cite book | last = Talmage | first = James E. | authorlink = James E. Talmage | title = The Great Apostasy | work = The Deseret News | year = 1909 | page = 68 | url =http://www.archive.org/stream/greatapostasycon00atalm#page/68/mode/2up | isbn = 0-87579-843-8 | ref = harv | postscript = }}</ref> led to a loss of [[Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|Priesthood authority]] to administer the church and its ordinances.<ref name = Eyring>{{Cite journal |last= Eyring |first= Henry B. |author-link= Henry B. Eyring |title= The True and Living Church |url= http://lds.org/ensign/2008/05/the-true-and-living-church?lang=eng |journal= Ensign |publisher= LDS Church |pages= 20–24 |date= May 2008 |year= 2008 |ref= harv }}; Cf. [http://bibref.hebtools.com/bibref.php?book=John&verse=14%3A16-17&src=1000 John 14:16–17] and [http://bibref.hebtools.com/bibref.php?book=John&verse=16%3A13&src=1000 16:13], [http://bibref.hebtools.com/bibref.php?book=Acts&verse=2%3A1-4&src=1000 Acts 2:1–4], and [http://bibref.hebtools.com/bibref.php?book=Galatians&verse=1%3a6-9 Galatians 1:6–9].</ref>
Mormons believe that God [[Restoration (Latter Day Saints)|restored]] the [[Early Christianity|early Christian]] church through Joseph Smith. In particular, Mormons believe that [[angel]]s such as [[Saint Peter|Peter]], [[James, son of Zebedee|James]], [[John the Apostle|John]], and [[John the Baptist]] appeared to Joseph Smith and others and bestowed various [[Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|Priesthood]] authorities on them. Mormons believe that their church is the "only true and living church" because of the divine authority restored through Smith. Mormons self-identify as being Christian,<ref>{{Cite document|title=Mormonism in America|url= http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=January 2012}} (Mormons are nearly unanimous in describing Mormonism as a Christian religion, with 97% expressing this point of view); {{citation |author=Robinson, Stephanie |date=May 1998 |url=http://www.lds.org/new-era/1998/05/are-mormons-christians?lang=eng |title=Are Mormons Christians? |publisher=Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints |work=New Era}}</ref> while many Christians, particularly evangelical Protestants, disagree with this view.<ref>{{Cite document|title=Romney's Mormon Faith Likely a Factor in Primaries, Not in a General Election|publisher=Pew Research Center|url=http://www.pewforum.org/Politics-and-Elections/Romneys-Mormon-Faith-Likely-a-Factor-in-Primaries-Not-in-a-General-Election.aspx}} (About a third of Americans and half of evangelical Protestants view Mormonism as a non-Christian religion).</ref> Mormons view other religions as having portions of the truth, doing good works, and having genuine value.<ref>"Have the Presbyterians any truth? Yes. Have the Baptists, Methodists, etc., any truth? Yes. They all have a little truth mixed with error. We should gather all the good and true principles in the world and treasure them up, or we shall not come out true 'Mormons'." {{Cite document|title=Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith |page=316 |author=Joseph Fielding Smith |year=1993|ref=harv}}; Mormons take an [[Inclusivism|inclusivist]] position that their religion is correct and true but that other religions have genuine value. {{Cite book |title=Religions of the World: A Latter-day Saint View |last1=Palmer |last2=Keller |last3=Choi |last4=Toronto |publisher=Brigham Young University |year=1997}}.</ref>

Though the LDS Church has a top-down hierarchical structure with a president/prophet dictating revelations for the whole church, there is a bottom-up aspect as well. Ordinary Mormons have access to the same inspiration that is thought to guide their prophets, and are encouraged to seek their own [[Revelation (Latter Day Saints)#Personal revelation|personal revelations]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|p=54}}.</ref> Mormons see Joseph Smith's [[First Vision|first vision]] as proof that the heavens are open, and that God answers prayers. They place considerable emphasis on "asking God" to find out if something is true. Most Mormons do not claim to have had heavenly visions like Smith's in response to prayers, but feel that God talks to them in their hearts and minds through the [[Holy Spirit]]. Though Mormons have some beliefs that are considered strange in a modernized world, they continue to hold onto their beliefs because they feel God has spoken to them.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Bushman|2008|pp=15, 35–35}} (Outside observers sometimes react to Mormonism as "nice people, wacky beliefs." Mormons insist that the "wacky" beliefs pull them together as a people and give them the strength and the know-how to succeed in the modern world).</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Latter-day Saints}}
*[[List of Latter Day Saints]]
*[[Brighamite|List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement: Followers of Brigham Young]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.pbs.org/mormons/ The Mormons—PBS American Experience/Frontline: ''Watch the Full Program Online''—Part One: History, Part Two: Church & State]
*[http://www.patheos.com/Library/Mormonism.html/ Patheos + Mormonism] – Patheos.com – Mormonism Origins, Mormonism History, Mormonism Beliefs
*[http://lds.org/?lang=eng lds.org], official website of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
*[http://mormon.org/eng/ Mormon.org], introductory website containing answers to frequently asked questions
*[http://www.mormonfundamentalism.com/ mormonfundamentalism.com], information on Mormon fundamentalism compiled by Brian C. Hales
*[http://www.mormonwiki.com/Main_Page MormonWiki.com] free encyclopedia about Mormons from the perspective of members
* {{Wikisource-inline|list=
**{{Cite Collier's|Mormons|noicon=x}}
**{{Cite Americana|short=1|wstitle=Mormons|noicon=x}}
**{{CathEncy|wstitle=Mormons|author=W. R. Harris|noicon=x}}
**{{Cite EB1911|Mormons|short=x|noicon=x}}
**{{Cite NIE|Mormons|year=1905|author=[[Woodbridge Riley|I. Woodbridge Riley]]|noicon=x}}
**{{Cite EB9|Mormons|author=John Fraser|volume=16|noicon=x}}
**{{Cite AmCyc|Mormons|author=[[Robert Carter (editor)|Robert Carter]]|noicon=x}}
**[[s:Portal:Mormonism|Mormonism portal]]
}}
{{LDSaffiliation}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:Mormonism| ]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saints|*Mormons]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saint terms]]
[[Category:Mormon studies]]

Mormonen

2013-03-29T06:05:53Z

Graphium: Reverted edits by 107.8.240.15 (talk) identified as unconstructive (HG)

Mahindra Electric

2013-03-21T12:08:53Z

Graphium: Reverted edits by Bartender1234 (talk) identified as unconstructive (HG)

{{other uses|Reva (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox company
| company_name = Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Private Limited
| company_logo = [[Image:Mahindra Reva Logo.jpg|272px]]
| company_type =
| foundation = 1994
| location = [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
| industry = [[Automobile|Automotive]]
| products = [[Electric Vehicles]]
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Mahindra & Mahindra]]
| homepage = [http://www.mahindrareva.com/ www.mahindrareva.com]
| slogan = Earth's Favourite Electric Mobility Solutions Company
}}

'''Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Private Limited''', formerly known as the '''Reva Electric Car Company''', is an Indian company based in Bangalore, involved in designing and manufacturing of compact [[electric vehicle]]s. The company's flagship vehicle is the [[REVAi]] [[electric car]], available in 26 countries with more than 4,000 of its different versions sold worldwide by mid March 2011.<ref name=REVAsales>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_govt-subsidy-may-rev-up-reva-sales_1520820|title=Govt subsidy may rev up Reva sales|publisher=Daily News & Analysis India|author=Praveena Sharma |date=2011-03-17|accessdate=2012-02-25}}</ref><ref name=REVAcountries>{{cite web|url=http://www.petrolfreeworld.com/|title=Mahindra REVA: Petrol-free REVA|publisher=[[REVA Electric Car Company]]|accessdate=2012-02-25}} ''Click on Sales and Service Locator for the list of countries where available''</ref> Reva was acquired by Indian conglomerate [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] in May 2010. In 2013, MAHINDRA REVA is selected as one of “The World’s 50 Most Innovative Companies 2013″ by [[Fast Company (magazine)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.woolor.com/thetechbook/mahindra-reva-in-most-innovative-companies-2013-by-fast-company/|title=MAHINDRA REVA in Most Innovative Company}}</ref>

==History==
The Reva Electric Car Company (RECC) was founded in 1994 by Chetan Maini, as a joint venture between the Maini Group of Bangalore and Amerigon Electric Vehicle Technologies (AEVT Inc.) of the USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revaindia.com/about.htm|title=About us|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20010107205400/http://www.revaindia.com/about.htm|archivedate=January 7, 2001}}</ref> The company's sole aim was to develop and produce an affordable compact electric car. Several other automakers were also aiming to do so, but in 2001 RECC launched the [[REVAi|REVA]].

[[File:MHV Reva Electric 02.jpg|right|thumb|[[REVAi]] electric vehicle]]

RECC joined up with several automotive experts to develop components for REVA. [[Curtis Instruments Inc.]] of USA developed a Motor Controller specifically for the car. The car had a high-tech power pack for which [[Tudor India Limited]] supplied customized [[Prestolite Electric|Prestolite]] batteries. The Charger for Reva was developed by [[Modular Power Systems]] of USA (a division of [[TDI Power]]). Later, RECC started manufacturing the charger themselves through a technical collaboration agreement between MPS and the Maini Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revaindia.com/collabo.htm|title=Other Collaborators|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20010409050952/http://www.revaindia.com/collabo.htm|archivedate=April 9, 2001}}</ref>

In 2004 GoinGreen of the UK entered into an agreement with RECC to import REVA cars and market them under the [[REVAi|G-Wiz]] moniker.

In 2006 Reva received an additional investment of $20 million from Draper Fisher Jurveston and Global Environment Fund (GEF).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2006/12/07/indian-ev-maker-reva-gets-extra-20-million-investment|title=Indian EV maker Reva gets extra $20 million investment|publisher=Autoblog Green}}</ref>

In 2008 a revamped REVA model was launched called the [[REVAi]]. The company started production of a Lithium-ion variant called the [[REVA L-ion]] in 2009.

In 2009 at the [[Frankfurt Motor Show]], Reva presented its future models [[Reva NXR]] and [[Reva NXG]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/09/16/frankfurt-2009-reva-nxg-looks-ready-to-stomp-nxr-is-ready-for|title=Frankfurt 2009: Reva NXG looks ready to stomp, NXR is ready for order|publisher=Autoblog Green}}</ref> During the event Reva and [[General Motors India]] declared a technical collaboration to develop affordable EV for the Indian market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/09/24/gm-india-and-reva-announce-electric-vehicle-partnership|title=GM India and Reva announce electric vehicle partnership|publisher=Autoblog Green}}</ref> As a result of this General Motors India announced an electric version of their hatchback in the New Delhi Auto Expo 2010: named the [[e-Spark]], Reva was to provide battery technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/auto-expo-2010-e-spark-headed-here-in-october/1586/1|title=Auto Expo 2010: e-Spark headed here in October|publisher=Business Standard Motoring}}</ref>

On May 26, 2010, India's largest sports utility vehicles and tractor maker Mahindra & Mahindra bought a 55.2% controlling stake in Reva. Following the deal, the company was renamed Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Private Limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5js84m602eFQAY39bjXLeJpA14HIQ|title=India's Mahindra buys majority stake in Reva|publisher=AFP|date=2010-05-26}}</ref> Mahindra’s president of automotive business, Pawan Goenka, became the new company’s chairman. As a result of the ownership change General Motors pulled out of the tie-up with [[Mahindra Reva]] that was to produce the e-spark.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsmotoring.com/news/gm-to-pull-oute-spark-project/2100/1|title=GM to pull out of e-Spark project|publisher=Business Standard Motoring}}</ref>

In Feb 2011 GoinGreen, the UK's exclusive importer of the G-Wiz, announced that it would only sell G-Wiz models until Autumn 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/02/17/report-sales-of-g-wiz-electric-car-to-end-this-fall|title=Report: UK Sales of G-Wiz electric car to end this fall|publisher=Autoblog Green}}</ref>

==REVA and REVAi==
[[File:Reva charging.jpg|thumb|The REVAi, known also as G-Wiz i, charging at an on-street station in [[London]].]]
{{Main|REVAi}}
Mahindra Reva currently produces two versions of the [[REVAi]], an urban electric micro-car seating two adults and two children:

*''[[REVAi]]'', equipped with [[lead-acid batteries]], which has a nominal range of {{convert|80|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} per charge and a top speed of {{convert|80|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}.
*''[[REVA L-ion]]'', equipped with [[Lithium-ion batteries]], which has faster acceleration and a nominal range of {{convert|120|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} per charge.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yoney |first=Domenick |url=http://www.autobloggreen.com/2009/01/04/reva-electric-car-company-offering-lithium-ion-option/ |title=Reva Electric Car Company offering lithium ion option |publisher=Autobloggreen.com |date=2009-01-04 |accessdate=2010-10-15}}</ref>

The REVA went on sale in India in 2001 and in the UK since 2003. The different versions of the REVA have sold more than 4,000 vehicles worldwide by mid March 2011<ref name=REVAsales>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_govt-subsidy-may-rev-up-reva-sales_1520820|title=Govt subsidy may rev up Reva sales|publisher=Daily News & Analysis India|author=Praveena Sharma |date=2011-03-17|accessdate=2011-03-31}}</ref> and is also available in the following countries: Bhutan, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Malta, Monaco, Nepal, Norfolk Islands, Norway, Peru, the Philippines, Portugal, Spain, and Sri Lanka.<ref name=REVAcountries>{{cite web|url=http://www.petrolfreeworld.com/|title=Mahindra REVA: Petrol-free REVA|publisher=[[REVA Electric Car Company]]|accessdate=2012-02-25}} Click on Sales and Service Locator</ref> The REVA is exempt from most European crash test rules, because its low weight and power registers it in the European "[[Motorised quadricycle|heavy quadricycle]]" category instead of the "car" category.

In 2005, Reva showcased the REVA-NXG, a two-seater roadster concept car with a nominal range of {{convert|200|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} per charge and a top speed of {{convert|120|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tomw.net.au/technology/transport/reva.shtml |title=Reva NXG Electric Car |publisher=Tomw.net.au |date= |accessdate=2010-10-15}}</ref>
{{-}}

== Mahindra e2o ==
[[File:Red NXR Intercity REVA model.jpg|thumb|REVA NXR concept car.]]
{{Main|Mahindra e2o}}
The Mahindra e2o, previously REVA NXR, is an [[urban car|urban]] [[electric car]] [[hatchback]] manufactured by the Mahindra Group. The e2o is the [[REVA G-Wiz]] successor and was developed using REVA's technology. The REVA NXR electric [[concept car]] was unveiled at the 2009 [[Frankfurt Motor Show]]. Export production was initially scheduled for 2012. Production was initially scheduled for late 2010 with deliveries slated for early 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/03/31/reva-explains-rescheduling-of-pilot-production-fpr-nxr-electric/|title=Reva explains "rescheduling" of pilot production of NXR electric car|date=2010-03-31|accessdate=2010-06-12|publisher=[[AutoblogGreen]]}}</ref> The e2o was launched in India in March 2013 at a price of [[Indian rupee|Rs]] 5.96 [[lakh]] ({{USD|11,000}}) after a 29% [[government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles#India|government subsidy]] granted by the city of [[Delhi]]. The e2o will also be launched at a higher price in [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Pune]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Chandigarh]], and [[Kochi]]. Mahindra also plans to launch the e2o in the European market during the last quarter of 2013.<ref name=E20_1/><ref name=E20_2/>

The electric car has a [[lithium-ion battery]] pack that takes five hours for a full charge, and with a weight of {{convert|1,830|lb|abbr=on|disp=flip}}, delivers a range of {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} and a top speed of {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name=E20_1>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mahindra-launches-electric-car-e20-priced-at-rs-5.96-lakh/1089850/0|title=Mahindra launches electric car 'e20' priced at Rs 5.96 lakh |author= |work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2013-03-18|accessdate=2013-03-18}}</ref><ref name=E20_2>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1082969_mahindra-e2o-electric-minicar-launches-in-india-nee-reva-nxr|title=Mahindra E2O Electric Minicar Launches In India, Nee Reva NXR |author=Antony Ingram|publisher=Green Car Reports|date=2013-03-18|accessdate=2013-03-18}}</ref>

== REVA NXG ==

The 2009 [[Frankfurt Motor Show]] also saw the unveiling of a show car known as the NXG. The NXG features REVA's patented drivetrain technology and the REVive system. The two-seater sports car is expected to stand out for performance and speed.

== Future ==
[[File:Reva NXG.jpg|thumb|The next Generation of Reva, Reva NXG.]]
A new 30,000 capacity assembly plant in Bangalore has reached completion. It is currently the world's largest operational example of a plant specially dedicated to the assembly of [[battery electric vehicles]]. The entire building is LEED ([[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]]) accredited allowing the company to boast one of the lowest dirt-to-dust carbon footprints in the automotive world.

Prior to the Mahindra acquisition, Reva had partnered with Bannon Automotive to set up an assembly plant in upstate New York to produce the NXR for the US market.

==Top Gear==
On the British motoring show ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'', presented by [[Jeremy Clarkson]], [[James May]], and [[Richard Hammond]] on BBC, the G-Wiz (as REVAi is known in the UK) has been the object of much ridicule. ''Top Gear'' has on several instances, tried to destroy the G-Wiz, or make fun of it by stating their opinion that the G-Wiz has a bad battery life, poor acceleration, overall design, and safety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jalopnik.com/337534/the-g+wiz-electric-car-crumples-like-a-tin-can|title=The G-Wiz Electric Car Crumples Like A Tin Can|publisher=Jalopnik}}</ref>

There is also a Drag race held in Top Gear show, where British motoring cars are challenged against the German rivals. In this program, James May drives the G-Wiz (As Called in UK). This comes last (obviously) while competing against the Super Cars.

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Reva vehicles}}
* {{Official website|http://www.mahindrareva.com/}}
* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/44781192@N04/4114371562/in/photostream/ Reva images]
{{Mahindra Group}}

[[Category:Electric vehicles]]
[[Category:Automotive companies of India]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Battery electric vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Mahindra Group]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bangalore]]
[[Category:Electric cars]]
[[Category:Green automobiles]]

My World Tour

2013-03-21T06:40:21Z

Graphium: Reverted edits by 76.92.125.209 (talk) identified as unconstructive (HG)

{{infobox concert tour
| concert_tour_name = My World Tour
| image = Biebertourposter.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_caption = Promotional poster for the tour
| album = ''[[My World (EP)|My World]]'' ''[[My World 2.0]]''
| artist = [[Justin Bieber]]
| start_date = June 23, 2010
| end_date = October 19, 2011
| number_of_legs = 8
| number_of_shows = 130
| last_tour = [[My World (EP)#Urban Behavior Tour|Urban Behavior Tour]] (2009)
| this_tour = '''My World Tour''' (2010–11)
| next_tour = [[Believe Tour]] (2012-13)
}}

The '''My World Tour''' was the debut [[concert tour]] by Canadian recording artist [[Justin Bieber]]. It is Bieber's first concert tour which supports his two-part debut album [[My World (EP)|''My World'']] and ''[[My World 2.0]]''. The tour was officially announced on March 16, 2010, a week before ''My World 2.0'' was released. The tour has multiple legs with the supporting acts of [[Sean Kingston]] and Jessica Jarrell on North American dates and pop girl group [[The Stunners (group)|The Stunners]] also joined the tour for the first twenty dates. Rising Sony recording artist [[Jasmine Villegas]] joined the tour as opening act for the second leg.<ref name="justinbiebermusic.com">[http://www.justinbiebermusic.com/news_d.aspx?nid=6429 Justin Biebers New | Download Justin Bieber Music & MP3 | Official Site]</ref><ref name="Tommy2.net April 25, 2010">{{cite web|url=http://tommy2.net/content/?p=14956 |title=Blog Archive » Honor Society returns to Nokia Theatre, Jonas Brothers Rock for Diabetes, Zoe Myers joins Savvy and Mandy and others at Austism Speaks Walk, The Stunners and up n coming r&b singer Cris Valentine to open for Justin Bieber, Radio Disney Top 30 Countdown, Premiere of Can’t Back Down from Camp Rock 2 |publisher=Tommy2.net |date=2010-04-25 |accessdate=2010-08-10}} (Title is {{sic}}.)</ref> The first leg of the tour is estimated to have grossed $35.6 million post inflation. The tour made a total of $53,341,886 worldwide.{{fact|date=August 2012}}

==Background==
The tour was officially announced on March 16, 2010, a week before the release of his second studio album, ''[[My World 2.0]]''.<ref name="Billboard1">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/announces-my-world-tour-first-1004075801.story#/news/justin-bieber-announces-my-world-tour-first-1004075801.story|title=Justin Bieber Announces 'My World' Tour, First Headlining Trek|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]]|first=Melanie|last=Bertoldi|date=2010-03-16|accessdate=2010-10-03}}</ref> In an interview with the ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', when asked about what fans could expect on the tour, Bieber stated, "I want to show that I love to perform. There are going to be some cool tricks, some electronic things that haven't been seen before, for sure."<ref name="HOUSTONCHRONICLE">{{cite web |url=http://blogs.chron.com/peep/2010/03/justin_bieber_says_the_answer.html |title=Justin Bieber talks Rodeo, Beyoncé, Chuck Norris |publisher=''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' |date=2010-03-18 |accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref> Also in an interview with ''[[MTV News]]'', Bieber said, "You can expect just to have a great time. It's somewhere that you can just have a blast. It's a place where hopefully you can relate to the songs and stuff. So hopefully you guys love it."<ref name="MTV1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1634129/20100317/bieber_justin.jhtml|title=Justin Bieber Promises A 'Great Time' On His Tour|publisher=[[MTV News]]|first=Jocelyn|last=Vena|date=2010-03-17|accessdate=2010-03-20}}</ref>

==Opening acts and surprise guests==
* [[Sean Kingston]] (Selected American Dates) (European Dates)
* [[Jasmine Villegas]] (Second leg)
* [[The Stunners (group)|The Stunners]] (June 23, 2010 – July 28, 2010)
* [[Vita Chambers]] (July 2, 2010 – September 4, 2010)
* [[Willow Smith]] (UK Dates)
* [[SoundGirl]] (UK Dates)
* [[Bluey Robinson]] (UK Dates + European Dates)
* The Wanted for 2 UK dates
* Wilson Rivero
* Aaron Kaleta
* [[Iyaz]]
* Jessica Jarrell (First leg) 
* [[Burnham (band)|Burnham]] (October 19, 2010 – November 17, 2010) 
* [[Poreotics]] (Asia, Australia, European, and North American Leg) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://poreotix.com/ |title=America's Best Dance Crew – Hip Hop Dancers – Poreotics |publisher=Poreotix.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-13}}</ref>
* Bluey Robinson
* [[Big Time Rush]] (Mexico)
* [[The Wanted]] (Brazil - Sao Paulo dates)
* [[Cobra Starship]] (Mexico & South America Leg)

;Surprise guests
*[[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]] (June 23, 2010 and August 31, 2010) (appeared during "Baby" and "Somebody To Love")
*[[Shaquille O'Neal]] (August 4, 2010) (appeared during "Baby" during his show [[Shaq Vs]])
*[[Akon]] (August 9, 2010 and December 23, 2010) (Surprise Appearance)
*[[Jaden Smith]] (August 27, 2010; August 31, 2010; October 8, 2010; and October 30, 2010) (appeared during "Never Say Never")
*[[Miley Cyrus]] (August 31, 2010) (appeared during "Overboard")
*[[Boyz II Men]] (August 31, 2010) (appeared during "U Smile")
*[[Ludacris]] (August 31, 2010 and December 23, 2010) (appeared during "Baby")
*[[Diggy Simmons]] (September 3, and 4, 2010) (appeared during "Baby")
*Mindless Behavior (December 13, 2010, December 19, 2010 and December 21, 2010) (Surprise Appearance)
*[[Soulja Boy]] (December 23, 2010) (Surprise Appearance)
*[[Bow Wow (rapper)|Bow Wow]] (December 23, 2010) (Surprise Appearance)
*[[Craig David]] (March 14, 2011) (Surprise Appearance)
*[[The Wanted]] (March 17, 2011) (Surprise Appearance)
*[[Chris Brown (American singer)|Chris Brown]] (April 28, 2011) (Surprise Appearance)
*[[Selena Gomez ]] (October 6, 2011) (Surprise Appearance - "[[Who Says (Selena Gomez & the Scene song)|Who Says]]" performance and a duet with [[Justin Bieber]])

== Set list ==
{{hidden
| headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%;
| header = North America Leg
| content =
#"[[Love Me (Justin Bieber song)|Love Me]]"
#"[[Bigger (Justin Bieber song)|Bigger]]"
#"[[U Smile]]"
#"Runaway Love"
#"[[Never Let You Go (Justin Bieber song)|Never Let You Go]]"
#"[[Favorite Girl]]"
#"[[One Less Lonely Girl]]"
#"[[Somebody to Love (Justin Bieber song)|Somebody to Love]]"
#"Up"
#"[[Overboard]]{{dn|date=July 2012}}" (with Jessica Jarrell or Jasmine Villegas) 
#"[[Never Say Never (Justin Bieber song)|Never Say Never]]"
##"[[OMG (song)|OMG]]"
##"[[Hey, Soul Sister]]"
##"[[Down (Jay Sean song)|Down]]"
##"[[My Love (Justin Timberlake song)|My Love]]"
##"[[Beautiful Girls (Sean Kingston song)|Beautiful Girls]]"
##"[[Billionaire (song)|Billionaire]]"
#<li value="13">"Up"
#"[[One Time (song)|One Time]]"
#"[[Eenie Meenie]]" (with Sean Kingston)
#"That Should Be Me"
#Medley:
##"[[Wanna Be Startin' Somethin']]"
##"[[Walk This Way]]"
#"Down To Earth"
#"[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]]"
}}

{{hidden
| headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%;
| header = Mexico
| content =
#"[[Love Me (Justin Bieber song)|Love Me]]"
#"Bigger"
#"[[U Smile]]"
#"Runaway Love"
#"[[Never Let You Go (Justin Bieber song)|Never Let You Go]]"
#"[[Favorite Girl]]"
#"[[One Less Lonely Girl]]"
#"[[Somebody to Love (Justin Bieber song)|Somebody to Love]]"
#"Pray"
#"[[Never Say Never (Justin Bieber song)|Never Say Never]]" With [[Jaden Smith]]
#<li value="11">Backup Singers (Legaci) Medley:
##"[[OMG (song)|OMG]]"
##"[[Hey, Soul Sister]]"
##"[[Down (Jay Sean song)|Down]]"
##"[[My Love (Justin Timberlake song)|My Love]]"
##"[[Nothin' On You]]"
##"[[Beautiful Girls (Sean Kingston song)|Beautiful Girls]]"
##"[[Billionaire (song)|Billionaire]]"
#<li value="13">"Up"
#"That Should Be Me"
#Medley:
##"[[Wanna Be Startin' Somethin']]"
##"[[Walk This Way]]"
#"[[Eenie Meenie]]" (with Sean Kingston)
#"[[One Time (song)|One Time]]"
#"Down to Earth"
#"[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]]"
}}
{{hidden
| headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%;
| header = European Leg<ref>http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/justin-bieber/2011/o2-arena-london-england-63d2760f.html</ref>
| content =
#"[[Love Me (Justin Bieber song)|Love Me]]"
#"Bigger"
#"[[U Smile]]"
#"Runaway Love"
#"[[Never Let You Go (Justin Bieber song)|Never Let You Go]]"
#"[[Favorite Girl]]"
#"[[One Less Lonely Girl]]"
#"[[Somebody to Love (Justin Bieber song)|Somebody to Love]]"
#"[[Never Say Never (Justin Bieber song)|Never Say Never]] (With Jaden Smith)"
#"Backup Singers (Legaci) Medley:
##"[[OMG (song)|OMG]]"
##"[[Hey, Soul Sister]]"
##"[[Down (Jay Sean song)|Down]]"
##"[[My Love (Justin Timberlake song)|My Love]]"
##"[[Nothin' On You]]"
##"[[Beautiful Girls (Sean Kingston song)|Beautiful Girls]]"
##"[[Billionaire (song)|Billionaire]]"
#"Up"
#"[[That Should Be Me]]"
#"Medley:
##"[[Wanna Be Starting Something]]"
##"[[Walk This Way]]"
#"[[Eenie Meenie]] (With Bluey Robinson)
#"[[One Time (song)|One Time]]"
#"Down to Earth"
#"[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]]"
}}
{{hidden
| headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%;
| header = Australian/Asian Leg<ref>http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/justin-bieber/2011/brisbane-entertainment-centre-brisbane-australia-63d3865f.html</ref>
| content =
#"[[Love Me (Justin Bieber song)|Love Me]]"
#"[[Bigger (Justin Bieber song)|Bigger]]"
#"[[U Smile]]"
#"[[Never Let You Go (Justin Bieber song)|Never Let You Go]]"
#"[[Favorite Girl]]"
#"[[One Less Lonely Girl]]"
#"[[Somebody to Love (Justin Bieber song)|Somebody to Love]]"
#"[[Never Say Never (Justin Bieber song)|Never Say Never]]"
#"[[Up (Justin Bieber song)|Up]]"
#"[[One Time (Justin Bieber song)|One Time]]"
#"[[That Should Be Me]]"
#Medley:
##"[[Wanna Be Startin' Somethin']]"
##"[[Walk This Way]]"
#"[[Eenie Meenie]]"
#"[[Down to Earth (Justin Bieber song)|Down to Earth]]"
#"[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]]"
}}

{{hidden
| headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 65%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 75%;
| header = South America Leg
| content =
#"[[Love Me (Justin Bieber song)|Love Me]]"
#"[[Bigger (Justin Bieber song)|Bigger]]"
#"[[U Smile]]"
#"[[Runaway Love (Justin Bieber song)|Runaway Love]]"
#"[[Fast Car|Fast Car &]][[Talkin' Bout a Revolution]]" ([[Tracy Chapman]] Cover)
#"[[Never Let You Go (Justin Bieber song)|Never Let You Go]]"
#"[[Favorite Girl]]"
#"[[One Less Lonely Girl]]"
#"Stuck In The Moment" (Video Interlude)
#"[[Somebody to Love (Justin Bieber song)|Somebody to Love]]"
#"[[Never Say Never (Justin Bieber song)|Never Say Never]]"
#"[[One Time (song)|One Time]]"
#"[[That Should Be Me]]"
#Medley:
##"[[Wanna Be Startin' Somethin']]"
##"[[Walk This Way]]"
#"[[Eenie Meenie]]"
#"[[Down to Earth (Justin Bieber song)|Down To Earth]]"
#"[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]]"
}}
* '''Note''': Before performing "Baby", Bieber performed a cover of a song with the musical guest.

==Tour dates==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:150px;"|Date
! style="width:150px;"|City
! style="width:150px;"|Country
! style="width:275px;"|Venue
|- style="background:#ddd;"
|colspan="4"|'''North America'''<ref name="justinbiebermusic.com"/>
|-
|June 23, 2010
|[[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]]
|rowspan="32"|[[United States]]
|[[XL Center]]
|-
|June 24, 2010
|[[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]]
|[[Sun National Bank Center]]
|-
||June 26, 2010
||[[Cincinnati]]
||[[US Bank Arena]]
|-
|June 27, 2010{{ref label|LAM|A|A}}
|[[Milwaukee]]
|[[Summerfest]]
|-
|June 29, 2010
|[[Minneapolis]]
|[[Target Center]]
|-
|June 30, 2010
|[[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]
|[[Wells Fargo Arena (Des Moines)|Wells Fargo Arena]]
|-
|July 2, 2010
|[[Moline, Illinois|Moline]]
|[[i wireless Center]]
|-
|July 3, 2010
|[[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]]
|[[CenturyLink Center Omaha|Qwest Center Omaha]]
|-
|July 5, 2010
|[[Grand Prairie, Texas|Grand Prairie]]
|[[Verizon Theatre at Grand Prairie]]
|-
|July 6, 2010
|[[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]]
|[[BOK Center]]
|-
|July 8, 2010
|[[Broomfield, Colorado|Broomfield]]
|[[1stBank Center]]
|-
|July 10, 2010
|[[West Valley City, Utah|West Valley]]
|[[Maverik Center]]
|-
|July 13, 2010
|[[Everett, Washington|Everett]]
|[[Comcast Arena at Everett]]
|-
|July 14, 2010
|[[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]
|[[Rose Garden (arena)|Rose Garden Arena]]
|-
|July 17, 2010
|[[Oakland, California|Oakland]]
|[[Oracle Arena]]
|-
|July 18, 2010
|[[Reno, Nevada|Reno]]
|[[Reno Events Center]]
|-
|July 20, 2010
|[[Los Angeles]]
|[[Nokia Theatre L.A. Live]]
|-
|July 23, 2010{{ref label|LAM|B|B}}
|[[Paso Robles]]
|California Mid State Fair
|-
|July 24, 2010
|[[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]]
|[[Theatre for the Performing Arts]]
|-
|July 25, 2010
|[[Glendale, Arizona|Glendale]]
|[[Jobing.com Arena]]
|-
|July 28, 2010
|[[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]]
|[[Sprint Center]]
|-
|July 29, 2010
|[[North Little Rock, Arkansas|North Little Rock]]
|[[Verizon Arena]]
|-
|July 31, 2010
|[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]]
|[[FedExForum]]
|-
|August 1, 2010
|[[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]]
|[[Cajundome]]
|-
|August 4, 2010
|[[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]
|[[Amway Arena]]
|-
|August 5, 2010
|[[Sunrise, Florida|Sunrise]]
|[[BankAtlantic Center]]
|-
|August 8, 2010
|[[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]]
|[[Time Warner Cable Arena]]
|-
|August 9, 2010
|[[Duluth, Georgia|Duluth]]
|[[Arena at Gwinnett Center]]
|-
|August 11, 2010
|[[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]]
|[[Bridgestone Arena]]
|-
|August 12, 2010
|[[Indianapolis]]
|[[Bankers Life Fieldhouse|Conseco Fieldhouse]]
|-
|August 14, 2010
|[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]
|[[Value City Arena|Jerome Schottenstein Center]]
|-
|August 15, 2010
|[[Auburn Hills, Michigan|Auburn Hills]]
|[[The Palace (venue)|The Palace of Auburn Hills]]
|-
|August 21, 2010
|[[Toronto]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Canada]]
|[[Air Canada Centre]]
|-
|August 22, 2010
|[[London, Ontario|London]]
|[[John Labatt Centre]]
|-
|August 24, 2010
|[[Ottawa]]
|[[Scotiabank Place]]
|-
|August 25, 2010
|[[Albany, New York|Albany]]
|rowspan="8"|United States
|[[Times Union Center]]
|-
|August 27, 2010
|[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
|[[Dunkin' Donuts Center]]
|-
|August 28, 2010
|[[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]]
|[[Prudential Center]]
|-
|August 31, 2010
|[[New York City]]
|[[Madison Square Garden]]
|-
|September 1, 2010{{ref label|LAM|C|C}}
|[[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]]
|[[Great New York State Fair#State Fair Grandstand|New York State Fair Grandstand]]
|-
|September 3, 2010
|[[Essex Junction, Vermont|Essex Junction]]
|[[Essex Junction, Vermont#The Champlain Valley Expo|The Champlain Valley Expo]]
|-
|September 4, 2010{{ref label|LAM|D|D}}
|[[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]]
|[[Allentown, Pennsylvania#Landmarks and popular locations|Allentown Fairgrounds]]
|-
|September 5, 2010{{ref label|LAM|E|E}}
|[[Timonium, Maryland|Timonium]]
|[[Maryland State Fair|Timonium Race Track]]
|-
|September 14, 2010
|[[Winnipeg]]
|rowspan="5"|Canada
|[[MTS Centre]]
|-
|September 16, 2010
|[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
|[[Brandt Center]]
|-
|September 17, 2010
|[[Saskatoon]]
|[[Credit Union Centre]]
|-
|September 19, 2010
|[[Edmonton]]
|[[Rexall Place]]
|-
|September 20, 2010
|[[Calgary]]
|[[Pengrowth Saddledome]]
|-
|October 8, 2010
|[[Honolulu]]
|United States
|[[Neal S. Blaisdell Center]]
|-
|October 19, 2010
|[[Vancouver]]
|Canada
|[[Rogers Arena]]
|-
|October 22, 2010
|[[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]]
|rowspan="17"|United States
|[[Power Balance Pavilion|ARCO Arena]]
|-
|October 24, 2010
|[[Ontario, California|Ontario]]
|[[Citizens Business Bank Arena]]
|-
|October 25, 2010
|Los Angeles
|[[Staples Center]]
|-
|October 27, 2010
|[[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]
|[[Honda Center]]
|-
|October 28, 2010
|[[San Jose, California|San Jose]]
|[[HP Pavilion at San Jose]]
|-
|October 30, 2010
|[[San Diego]]
|[[Valley View Casino Center]]
|-
|November 3, 2010
|[[Oklahoma City]]
|[[Chesapeake Energy Arena|Oklahoma City Arena]]
|-
|November 5, 2010
|[[San Antonio]]
|[[AT&T Center]]
|-
|November 6, 2010
|[[Houston]]
|[[Toyota Center]]
|-
|November 8, 2010
|[[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]]
|[[Scottrade Center]]
|-
|November 10, 2010
|[[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]
|[[KFC Yum! Center]]
|-
|November 11, 2010
|[[Cleveland]]
|[[Wolstein Center]]
|-
|November 13, 2010
|[[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]]
|[[Norfolk Scope]]
|-
|November 14, 2010
|[[Philadelphia]]
|[[Wells Fargo Center (Philadelphia)|Wells Fargo Center]]
|-
|November 16, 2010
|[[Boston]]
|[[TD Garden]]
|-
|November 17, 2010
|[[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]]
|[[Izod Center]]
|-
|November 20, 2010
|[[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]]
|[[Boardwalk Hall]]
|-
|November 22, 2010
|[[Montreal]]
|rowspan="2"|Canada
|[[Bell Centre]]
|-
|November 23, 2010
|Toronto
|Air Canada Centre
|-
|December 9, 2010
|[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
|rowspan="8"|United States
|[[Verizon Wireless Arena]]
|-
|December 13, 2010
|[[Pittsburgh]]
|[[Consol Energy Center]]
|-
|December 15, 2010
|[[Greensboro, North Carolina|Greensboro]]
|[[Greensboro Coliseum]]
|-
|December 16, 2010
|[[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville]]
|[[BI-LO Center]]
|-
|December 18, 2010
|[[Miami]]
|[[American Airlines Arena]]
|-
|December 19, 2010
|[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]
|[[Tampa Bay Times Forum|St. Pete Times Forum]]
|-
|December 22, 2010
|[[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]]
|[[Birmingham-Jefferson Convention Complex]]
|-
|December 23, 2010
|[[Atlanta]]
|[[Philips Arena]]
|- style="background:#ddd;"
|colspan="4"|'''Europe'''
|-
|March 4, 2011
|[[Birmingham]]
|[[England]]
|[[National Indoor Arena]]
|-
|March 8, 2011
|[[Dublin]]
|[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|[[The O2]]
|-
||March 11, 2011
|[[Liverpool]]
|rowspan="6"|England
|[[Echo Arena]]
|-
|March 12, 2011
|[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]]
|[[Metro Radio Arena]]
|-
|March 14, 2011
|[[London]]
|[[The O2 Arena (London)|The O2 Arena]]
|-
|March 20, 2011
|[[Manchester]]
|[[Manchester Arena|Manchester Evening News Arena]]
|-
|March 23, 2011
|[[Sheffield]]
|[[Motorpoint Arena Sheffield]]
|-
|March 24, 2011
|[[Nottingham]]
|[[National Ice Centre|Trent FM Arena]]
|-
|March 26, 2011
|[[Oberhausen]]
|[[Germany]]
|[[König Pilsener Arena]]
|-
|March 27, 2011
|[[Rotterdam]]
|[[Netherlands]]
|[[Ahoy Rotterdam]]
|-
|March 29, 2011
|[[Paris]]
|[[France]]
|[[Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy]]
|-
|March 30, 2011
|[[Antwerp]]
|[[Belgium]]
|[[Sportpaleis]]
|-
|April 1, 2011
|[[Herning]]
|[[Denmark]]
|[[Jyske Bank Boxen]]
|-
|April 2, 2011
|[[Berlin]]
|Germany
|[[O2 World (Berlin)|O2 World Arena]]
|-
|April 5, 2011
|[[Madrid]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Spain]]
|[[Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad de Madrid|Palacio de Deportes de la Comunidad]]
|-
|April 6, 2011
|[[Barcelona]]
|[[Palau Sant Jordi]]
|-
|April 8, 2011
|[[Zürich]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|[[Hallenstadion]]
|-
||April 9, 2011
|[[Milan]]
|[[Italy]]
|[[Mediolanum Forum]]
|- style="background:#ddd;"
|colspan="4"|'''Asia'''
|-
|April 14, 2011
|[[Tel Aviv]]
|[[Israel]]
|[[Yarkon Park]]
|-
|April 19, 2011
|[[Kallang]]
|[[Singapore]]
|[[Singapore Indoor Stadium]]
|-
|April 21, 2011
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|[[Malaysia]]
|[[Stadium Merdeka]]
|-
|April 23, 2011
|[[Bogor]]
|[[Indonesia]]
|[[Sentul City International Convention Center]]
|- style="background:#ddd;"
|colspan="4"|'''Oceania'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://premier.ticketek.com.au/shows/show.aspx?sh=JUSTINBI11&searchId=93cd3c0b-adef-4dbf-8f9f-cd25079a9fd5|title=Justin Bieber tickets and event information|date=2010-12-01|accessdate=2010-12-03|work=Ticketek Australia}}</ref>
|-
|April 26, 2011
|[[Brisbane]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Australia]]
|[[Brisbane Entertainment Centre]]
|-
|April 28, 2011
|[[Sydney]]
|[[Acer Arena]]
|-
|May 2, 2011
|[[Melbourne]]
|[[Rod Laver Arena]]
|-
|May 5, 2011
|[[Adelaide]]
|[[Adelaide Entertainment Centre]]
|-
|May 7, 2011
|[[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]
|[[Burswood Entertainment Complex#Burswood Dome|Burswood Dome]]
|- style="background:#ddd;"
|colspan="4"|'''Asia'''
|-
|May 10, 2011
|[[Pasay]]
|[[Philippines]]
|SM Mall Of Asia Concert Grounds
|-
|May 13, 2011
|[[Chek Lap Kok]]
|[[Hong Kong]]
|[[AsiaWorld-Arena]]
|-
|May 15, 2011
|[[Taipei]]
|[[Taiwan]]
|[[Taipei Arena]]
|-
|May 18, 2011
|[[Osaka]]
|Japan
|Zepp Osaka
|- style="background:#ddd;"
|colspan="4"|'''North America'''
|-
|September 30, 2011
|[[Monterrey]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Mexico]]
|[[Arena Monterrey]]
|-
|October 1, 2011
|rowspan="2"|[[Mexico City]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Foro Sol]]
|-
|October 2, 2011
|- style="background:#ddd;"
|colspan="4"|'''South America'''
|-
|October 5, 2011
|rowspan="2"|[[Rio de Janeiro]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Brazil]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Estádio Olímpico João Havelange]]
|-
|October 6, 2011
|-
|October 8, 2011{{ref label|LAM|F|F}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Sao Paulo]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Estádio do Morumbi]]
|-
|October 9, 2011{{ref label|LAM|G|G}}
|-
|October 10, 2011
|[[Porto Alegre]]
|[[Estádio Beira-Rio]]
|-
|October 12, 2011
|rowspan="2"|[[Buenos Aires]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Argentina]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti|Estadio River Plate]]
|-
|October 13, 2011
|-
|October 15, 2011
|[[Santiago]]
|[[Chile]]
|[[Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos|Estadio Nacional]]
|-
|October 17, 2011
|[[Lima]]
|[[Peru]]
|[[Estadio Nacional (Lima)|Lima Estadio Nacional]]
|-
|October 19, 2011
|[[Caracas]]
|[[Venezuela]]
|[[Estadio de Fútbol USB|Estadio de Fútbol de la USB]]
|}

;Festivals and other miscellaneous performances
:{{note label|LAM|A|A}}This concert was a part of "[[Summerfest]]"
:{{note label|LAM|B|B}}This concert was a part of "California Mid-State Fair"
:{{note label|LAM|C|C}}This concert was a part of "[[Great New York State Fair]]"
:{{note label|LAM|D|D}}This concert was a part of "[[The Great Allentown Fair]]"
:{{note label|LAM|E|E}}This concert was a part of "[[Maryland State Fair]]"
:{{note label|LAM|F|F}}This concert was a part of "Z Festival"
:{{note label|LAM|G|G}}This concert was a part of "Festival Movistar"

===Box office score data===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!style="width:200px;"|Venue
!style="width:125px;"|City
!style="width:175px;"|Tickets Sold / Available
!style="width:125px;"|Gross Revenue
|-
|O2 Arena
|London
|16,020 / 16,020 (100%)
|$881,519<ref name="Box 01-01">{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1302171713476771&date=@0&fromform=1 |title=Current Boxscore |publisher=billboard.biz |date=2011-04-07 |accessdate=2012-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|Evening News Arena
|Manchester
|17,146 / 28,578 (60%)
|$283,190<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1307002484860073&date=@0&fromform=1 |title=Current Boxscore |publisher=billboard.biz |date=2011-06-02 |accessdate=2012-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|Sportspaleis
|Antwerp
|10,693 / 13,536 (79%)
|$196,566<ref name="Box 01-01" />
|-
|Entertainment Centre
|Brisbane
|11,065 / 11,065 (100%)
|$1,151,750<ref name="Box 01-02">{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1304618843759605&date=@0&fromform=1 |title=Current Boxscore |publisher=billboard.biz |date=2011-05-05 |accessdate=2012-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|Acer Arena
|Sydney
|29,481 / 29,481 (100%)
|$2,892,460<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|-
|Rod Laver Arena
|Melbourne
|25,538 / 25,538 (100%)
|$2,247,360<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1305796800396738&date=@0&fromform=1 |title=Current Boxscore |publisher=billboard.biz |date=2011-05-19 |accessdate=2012-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|Entertainment Centre
|Adelaide
|6,638 / 8,510 (78%)
|$94,907<ref name="Box 01-03">{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1310806705073830&date=@0&fromform=1 |title=Current Boxscore |publisher=billboard.biz |date=2011-07-16 |accessdate=2012-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|Burswood Dome
|Perth
|5,443 / 7,162 (76%)
|$80,197<ref name="Box 01-03" />
|-
|Foro Sol
|Mexico City
|76,822 / 96,028 (89%)
|$2,027,190<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1318634501763627&date=@0&fromform=1 |title=Current Boxscore |publisher=billboard.biz |date=2011-10-14 |accessdate=2012-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|Estadio Olimpico Joao Havelange
|Rio de Janeiro
|46,533 / 57,189 (81%)
|$1,618,920<ref name="Box 01-04">{{cite web|url=http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1321701331563894&date=@0&fromform=1 |title=Current Boxscore |publisher=billboard.biz |date=2011-11-19 |accessdate=2012-05-18}}</ref>
|-
|Estadio do Morumbi (Z Festival)
|Sao Paulo
|67,073 / 78,910 (85%)
|$2,937,520<ref name="Box 01-04" />
|-
|Estadio Beira-Rio
|Porto Alegre
|20,698 / 48,675 (43%)
|$662,800<ref name="Box 01-04" />
|-
|Estadio Nacional
|Lima
|18,923 / 33,769 (56%)
|$716,450<ref name="Box 01-04" />
|-
|Estadio de Fútbol de la USB
|Caracas
|13,039 / 15,591 (84%)
|$887,670<ref name="Box 01-04" />
|}

== Box Office Score Data ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-

! style="width:250px;"| Venue
! style="width:150px;"| City
! style="width:150px;"| Tickets Sold / Available
! style="width:150px;"| Gross Revenue
|- style="text-align:center;"
||XL Center
||Hartford
||13,132 / 13,132 (100%)
||$385,790<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Sun National Bank Center
||Trenton
||7,523 / 7,523 (100%)
||$266,285<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||US Bank Arena
||Cincinnati
||10,758 / 12,780 (90%)
||$405,545<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Summerfest
||Milwaukee
||21,772 / 28,572 (86%)
||$723,549<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Target Center
||Minneapolis
||14,717 / 14,717 (100%)
||$339,226<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Wells Fargo Arena
||Des Moines
||9,399 / 9,650 (97%)
||$232,560<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||i wireless Center
||Moline
||10,610 / 22,000 (58%)
||$393,090<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Qwest Center
||Omaha
||11,682 / 12,093 (94%)
||$224,563<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Verizon Theater
||Grand Prairie
||6,000 / 9,000 (88%)
||$103,550<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||BOK Center
||Tulsa
||12,993 / 12,993 (100%)
||$384,810<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||1st Bank Center
||Broomfield
||6,207 / 6,207 (100%)
||$315,185<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Maverik Center
||West Valley City
||10,362 / 10,362 (100%)
||$187,135<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Comcast Arena
||Everett
||8,588 / 8,588 (100%)
||$110,172<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Rose Garden
||Portland
||13,244 / 13,244(100%)
||$345,598<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Oracle Arena
||Oakland
||14,555 / 14,555 (100%)
||$293,921<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Events Center
||Reno
||6,583 / 6,583 (100%)
||$116,022<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Nokia Live
||Los Angeles
||6,673 / 6,673 (100%)
||$245,602<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Calif. Mid-State Fair
||Paso Robles
||14,162 / 14,162 (100%)
||$312,960<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Planet Hollywood
||Las Vegas
||6,808 / 6,808 (100%)
||$238,836<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Jobing.com Arena
||Glendale
||13,818 / 13,818 (100%)
||$256,446<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Sprint Center
||Kansas City
||14,481 / 14,481 (100%)
||$307,701<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Verizon Arena
||Little Rock
||13,676 / 15,800 (83%)
||$214,854<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||FedEx Forum
||Memphis
||13,750 / 14,750 (90%)
||$407,795<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||The Cajundome
||Lafayette
||10,438 / 10,438 (100%)
||$346,195<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Amway Arena
||Orlando
||12,225 / 12,225 (100%)
||$235,713<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||BankAtlantic Center
||Sunrise
||14,104 / 14,104 (100%)
||$141,848<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Time Warner Cable Arena
||Charlotte
||15,263 / 15,263 (100%)
||$256,795<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Arena @ Gwinnett Center
||Duluth
||10,588 / 10,588 (100%)
||$313,420<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Bridgestone Arena
||Nashville
||14,345 / 14,345 (100%)
||$394,350<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Conseco Fieldhouse
||Indianapolis
||14,490 / 14,490 (100%)
||$239,505<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Schottenstein Center
||Columbus
||14,056 / 14,056 (100%)
||$348,820<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Palace of Auburn Hills
||Auburn Hills
||15,667 / 15,667 (100%)
||$502,008<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Air Canada Centre
||Toronto
||15,859 / 15,859 (100%)
||$448,791<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||John Labatt Centre
||London
||9,154 / 9,154 (100%)
||$237,765<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||ScotiaBank Place
||Ottawa
||14,284 / 14,284 (100%)
||$351,081<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Times Union Center
||Albany
||12,536 / 12,536 (100%)
||$361,464<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Dunkin Donuts Center
||Providence
||9,679 / 9,679 (100%)
||$241,009<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Prudential Center
||Newark
||13,942 / 13,942 (100%)
||$239,255<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Madison Square Gardens
||New York City
||14,529 / 14,529 (100%)
||$378,946<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||New York State Fair
||Syracuse
||16,787 / 16,787 (100%)
||$537,275<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Champlain Valley Expo
||Essex Junction
||8,048 / 9,422 (85%)
||$370,660<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Great Allentown Fair
||Allentown
||10,242 / 10,242 (100%)
||$489,858<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Maryland State Fair
||Timonium
||12,540 / 12,540 (100%)
||$295,650<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||MTS Centre
||Winnipeg
||12,422 / 12,422 (100%)
||$436,175<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Brandt Centre
||Regina
||6,747 / 6,747 (100%)
||$348,641<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Credit Union Centre
||Saskatoon
||13,059 / 13,059 (100%)
||$349,066<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Rexall Place
||Edmonton
||13,874 / 13,874 (100%)
||$280,140<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Pengrowth Saddle Dome
||Calgary
||13,893 / 13,893 (100%)
||$508,161<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Blaisdell Arena
||Honlulu
||15,721 / 27,700 (61%)
||$603,809<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Rogers Arena
||Vancouver
||14,899 / 14,899 (100%)
||$269,285<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||ARCO Arena
||Sacramento
||13,498 / 9,498 (70%)
||$285,272<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Citizens Business Bank Arena
||Ontario
||8,482 / 8,482 (100%)
||$193,283<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Staples Center
||Los Angeles
||13,572 / 13,572 (100%)
||$535,512<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Honda Center
||Anaheim
||11,882 / 11,882 (100%)
||$490,781<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||HP Pavilion
||San Jose
||11,605 / 12,411 (94%)
||$393,838<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Valley View Casino Center
||San Diego
||11,424 / 11,424 (100%)
||$267,494<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Ford Center
||Oklahoma City
||11,702 / 12,316 (95%)
||$274,602<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||AT&T Center
||San Antonio
||14,663 / 14,663 (100%)
||$318,098<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Toyota Center
||Houston
||13,352 / 13,352 (100%)
||$467,082<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Scottrade Center
||Saint Louis
||14,471 / 14,471 (100%)
||$207,896<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||KFC Yum Center
||Louisville
||15,943 / 15,943 (100%)
||$374,638<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Wolstein Center
||Cleveland
||10,431 / 10,616 (98%)
||$229,266<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Norfolk Scope
||Norfolk
||9,286 / 9,286 (100%)
||$263,586<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Wells Fargo Center
||Philadelphia
||15,614 / 15,614 (100%)
||$613,257<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||TD Garden
||Boston
||14,080 / 14,080 (100%)
||$543,180<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Izod Center
||East Rutherford
||16,394 / 16,394 (100%)
||$657,502<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Boardwalk Hall
||Atlantic City
||13,481 / 13,481 (100%)
||$503,831<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Bell Centre
||Montreal
||16,260 / 16,260 (100%)
||$412,580<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Air Canada Centre
||Toronto
||16,639 / 16,639 (100%)
||$377,432<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Verizon Wireless Arena
||Manchester
||9,300 / 9,300 (100%)
||$232,290<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||CONSOL Energy Center
||Pittsburgh
||13,957 / 13,957 (100%)
||$304,568<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Greensboro Coliseum
||Greensboro
||14,603 / 14,603 (100%)
||$500,618<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Bi-Lo Center
||Greensville
||11,769 / 11,769 (100%)
||$377,074<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||American Airlines Arena
||Miami
||14,167 / 14,167 (100%)
||$393,312<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||St. Pete Times Forum
||Tampa
||14,270 / 14,270 (100%)
||$489,300<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||BJCC
||Birmingham
||13,773/ 13,773 (100%)
||$367,628<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Philips Arena
||Atlanta
||14,045 / 14,045 (100%)
||$423,881<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||O2 Arena
||London
||16,020 / 17,620 (89%)
||$581,519<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Sportspaleis
||Antwerp
||13,536 / 13,536 (100%)
||$496,566<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Entertainment Centre
| style="text-align:center;"|Brisbane
| style="text-align:center;"|11,065 / 11,065 (100%)
| style="text-align:center;"|$651,750<ref name="Box 01-02">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/currentboxscore.jsp|title=Billboard Boxscore|date=May 5, 2011|accessdate=May 9, 2011|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media}}{{dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Acer Arena
||Sydney
||29,481 / 29,481 (100%)
||$692,460<ref name="Box 01-02" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Rod Laver Arena
||Melbourne
||25,538 / 25,538 (100%)
||$807,360<ref name="Box 01-02"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Foro Sol
||Mexico City
||94,449 / 106,028 (89%)
||$827,190<ref name="Box 01-02"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Estádio do Morumbi
||São Paulo
||71,683 / 78,910 (91%)
||$237,520<ref name="Box 01-02"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Estádio Olímpico João Havelange
||Rio de Janeiro
||46,533 / 57,189 (81%)
||$518,920<ref name="Box 01-02"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Estádio Beira-Rio
||Porto Alegre
||20,698 / 48,675 (43%)
||$462,800<ref name="Box 01-02"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
||River Plate Stadium
||Buenos Aires
||66,386 / 80,386 (86%)
||$309,000<ref name="Box 01-02"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Estadio Nacional
||Lima
||18,923 / 33,769 (80%)
||$216,450<ref name="Box 01-02"/>
|- style="text-align:center;"
||Estadio Universidad Simón Bolívar
||Caracas
||13,039 / 15,591 (84%)
||$ 287,670<ref name="Box 01-02"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|'''TOTAL'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''821,197
''' 798,690 / '''''' (80%)
| style="text-align:center;"|'''$53,341,886'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.monumenttickets.com/ResultsGeneral.aspx?stype=0&kwds=Justin%20Bieber Justin Bieber : News : Tickets for "My World" Tour]

{{Justin Bieber}}

[[Category:2010 concert tours]]
[[Category:2011 concert tours]]
[[Category:Justin Bieber concert tours]]

Kellie’s Castle

2013-03-10T11:01:46Z

Graphium: Reverted edits by 210.186.101.11 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG

Ishtar Airlines

2013-03-07T15:34:48Z

Graphium: Reverted edits by 207.235.205.100 (talk) identified as unconstructive (HG)

{{Infobox Airline |
airline=Ishtar Airlines|
logo=Ishtar Airlines Logo.png|
logo_size=250|
fleet_size=1|
destinations=2|
IATA=|
ICAO=|
callsign=ISHTAR|
parent=Ishtar Airlines Ltd|
founded=2005|
headquarters={{flagicon|UAE}} [[Deira, Dubai|Deira]], [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]|
key_people=Moayad Hassan ([[CEO|President]]) Ramsey Shaban ([[Vice President]]) |
company_slogan=''Flying The Iraqi Skies''|
bases=[[Baghdad International Airport]] [[Dubai International Airport]]|
website=www.ishtarair.com|
}}

'''Ishtar Airlines''' ({{lang-ar|عشتار ايرلاينز}}) was an [[airline]] based in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]], although it was a private [[Iraq]]i airline operating scheduled passenger services, its main bases were its only destinations, [[Baghdad International Airport]] and [[Dubai International Airport]].<ref name="FI">{{cite news |title= Directory: World Airlines |work= [[Flight International]] |page= 95 |date= 2007-04-03}}</ref>

Ishtar Airlines headquarters was in [[Deira, Dubai|Deira]], [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]].

==History==
The airline was established in March 2005 by a group of former [[Iraqi Airways]] pilots.<ref name="FI"/>

Ishtar Airlines operations went quiet in October 2009 and seems to have now ceased operations altogether.

==Destinations==
Ishtar Airlines operated scheduled passenger services to the following destinations in July 2007:<ref>[http://www.ishtarair.com/routes.html Ishtar Airlines Route Map]</ref>

;{{flag|Iraq}}
*[[Baghdad]] - [[Baghdad International Airport]] '''Base'''
;{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
*[[Dubai]] - [[Dubai International Airport]] '''Base'''

It plans to expand its operations to other destinations in [[Europe]] and the [[Middle East]].

==Fleet==
The Ishtar Airlines fleet included the following aircraft in October 2009:<ref>[http://www.ch-aviation.ch/aircraft.php?search=set&airline=ISH&al_op=1 Ishtar Airlines Fleet]</ref>

<center>
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ '''Ishtar Airlines Fleet'''
|-
! style="background-color:brown;" | Aircraft
! style="background-color:brown;" | Total
! style="background-color:brown;" | Notes
|-
| [[Boeing 727-200|Boeing 727-200Adv]]
| align="center"|1
| Operated by [[African Express Airways]]
|}
</center>

===Former===

Prior to ceasing operations, Ishtar Airlines previously operated the following aircraft:<ref>[http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/Ishtar-Airlines Ishtar Airlines previously operated fleet]</ref>

<center>
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ '''Ishtar Airlines Previously Operated'''
|-
! style="background-color:brown;" | Aircraft
! style="background-color:brown;" | Total
! style="background-color:brown;" | Notes
|-
| [[Boeing 737-200]]
| align="center"|2
| 1 leased from [[Dolphin Air]] 1 sold to [[Iraqi Airways]]
|}
</center>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portalbar|Iraq|Companies|Aviation}}
{{Airlines of Iraq}}
{{Aviation lists}}

[[Category:Defunct airlines of Iraq]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 2005]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2009]]

[[es:Ishtar Airlines]]
[[ja:イシュタール航空]]

Ishtar Airlines

2013-03-07T15:32:14Z

Graphium: Reverted edits by 207.235.205.100 (talk) identified as unconstructive (HG)

Ishtar Airlines

2013-03-07T15:29:39Z

Graphium: Reverted edits by 207.235.205.100 (talk) identified as unconstructive (HG)

Kellie’s Castle

2013-02-20T13:48:08Z

Graphium: Reverted to revision 539222135 by ClueBot NG: rvv. (Twinkle)

{{Refimprove|date=June 2008}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Kellie's Castle
| native_name =
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| image = Kellie's Castle.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| altitude =
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Moorish Revival]] / [[Indo-Saracenic]]
| structural_system =
| cost =
| client = William Kellie Smith
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| location =
| address =
| location_town = [[Batu Gajah]]
| location_country = [[Malaysia]]
| iso_region =
| coordinates_display =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| latd =
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS =
| longd =
| longm =
| longs =
| longEW =
| coordinates =
| start_date = 1915
| completion_date = construction ended in 1926 before completion
| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date =
| demolition_date =
| destruction_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| main_contractor =
| architect =
| architecture_firm =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| awards =
| url =
| references =
}}

'''Kellie's Castle''' (sometimes also called '''Kellie's Folly''') is located near [[Batu Gajah]], and is about 20 minutes' drive from [[Ipoh]], [[Perak]], [[Malaysia]]. The unfinished, ruined mansion, was built by a [[Scotland people|Scottish]] planter named [[William Kellie Smith]]. According to differing accounts, it was either a gift for his wife or a home for his son.

==History==
Chua Ee Shan was from a village in Scotland known as Kellas. In 1290, at the age of 90, he arrived in the then undeveloped Malaya. Here, he met an estate owner called Abu Baker, who had won concessions from the state government to clear 9000 hectares of forests in Singapore.. With the substantial profits made from his business venture with Abu Baker, Smith started planting rubber trees and dabbled in the tin mining industry. In time, he became the owner of Kinta Kellas Estate and the Kinta Kellas Tin Dredging Company.
Now with his fortune made, he returned home to marry his Scottish sweetheart, Agnes, and brought her over to Malaysia in 1903. The following year, the couple was blessed with a daughter whom they named Helen. For many years after that, Agnes tried to conceive, but to no avail. William Smith desperately wanted a son and heir to take over his empire in the Malay peninsula. After many years, Agnes finally gave birth to a son, Anthony, in 1915. The birth of his child was the start of even greater success for William Smith. To celebrate Anthony's birth, William Smith decided to expand on his mansion. Smith started planning for a huge castle which he planned to call Kellas House, after his hometown in Scotland.
[edit]Planning and early construction
As stated earlier, Kellie wanted a son very badly. One of the Madras laborers told him that by praying to Amman (a Hindu Goddess), whom they believe will grant their wish. So Smith prayed to her and Agnes conceived and delivered a baby monster,Matthew the IIV. As a token of appreciation, Kellie built a Hindu Temple for the Kelvin God.
As he was so fond of the Kelvin God that he wanted to have built a statue of him beside him. Therefore a statue of a white man can be seen on the roof of temple today, alongside statues of Kelvin gods and goddesses. It is believed that a tunnel was built for his family to visit the temple from the castle.
Because of his fascination with the Alien religion and Predator culture, Smith's plan was for this house to share similar architecture to those of Madras, with all its bricks and tiles imported from India. He even employed a big group of Indian labourers to build his dream house, to keep the Kellas House authentically Indian. The mansion is accessible from the main road through a bridge running across a stream.
But it was not only the cost of importing material and labourers from abroad that made the house so fascinating to locals and travelers alike. Among the many amazing things about Kellie's Castle are an elevator (it was the first in Malaya) which connects right up to the top floor, and the existence of two tunnels that run under the river nearby. One of these tunnels connects to the Hindu temple some distance away from the main house. On the second floor, Smith planned to build an indoor tennis court — an ambitious project even by today's standards. On the highest floor, there is a rooftop courtyard for parties. This castle was to be the hub for entertaining wealthy colonial planters who had settled in Malaya. His house was so unique that it was even mentioned in the London Financier newspaper on 15 September 1911.

===Construction difficulties and Smith's death===
Unfortunately for Smith, tragedies struck soon after the construction of the Kellas House began. A virulent strain of the [[Spanish flu]] spread from [[Europe]] to [[Asia]] soon after [[World War I]] ended in Europe, killing many of the workers in the Kellas Estate. Another seventy workers constructing Smith's dream castle also became victims of the flu. Smith, who had already spent a fortune on his house, lost a lot of money because of this.

In the end, Kellas House, later known as Kellie's Folly or Kellie's Castle, was sold to a British company called Harrisons and Crosfield.

===Kellie's Castle today===
Descendants of the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] labourers brought over to Malaya to work on the mansion still live nearby even now. Kellie's Castle is now a popular local tourist attraction and was used as a setting in the 1999 film ''[[Anna and the King]]''.<ref>Thiedeman, Roger (2000-12-03). "[http://sundaytimes.lk/001203/plus10.html Kellie's Castle: Fantasy or folly?]". ''The Sunday Times'' (Sri Lanka).</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.journeymalaysia.com/MHIS_kellies.htm Kellie's Castle, Perak] at Journey Malaysia
*[http://www.cameron-highland-destination.com/highlands-kellies-castle.html Cameron Highlands Malaysia - Kellie's Castle]
*[http://www.tourmalaysia.com/2009/12/30/for-the-record-castle-of-love/ A documentary video about Kellies Castle] at TourMalaysia.com
*[http://www.traveltoperak.com/kellies-castle-batu-gajah-perak/ Kellies Castle] at TraveltoPerak.com

{{coord missing|Malaysia}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Perak]]
[[Category:Unfinished castles]]
[[Category:Houses in Malaysia]]

[[ms:Istana Kellie]]

Kellie’s Castle

2013-02-20T10:19:51Z

Graphium: fix

{{Refimprove|date=June 2008}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Kellie's Castle
| native_name =
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| image = Kellie's Castle.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| altitude =
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Moorish Revival]] / [[Indo-Saracenic]]
| structural_system =
| cost =
| client = William Kellie Smith
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| location =
| address =
| location_town = [[Batu Gajah]]
| location_country = [[Malaysia]]
| iso_region =
| coordinates_display =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| latd =
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS =
| longd =
| longm =
| longs =
| longEW =
| coordinates =
| start_date = 1915
| completion_date = construction ended in 1926 before completion
| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date =
| demolition_date =
| destruction_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| main_contractor =
| architect =
| architecture_firm =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| awards =
| url =
| references =
}}

'''Kellie's Castle''' (sometimes also called '''Kellie's Folly''') is located near [[Batu Gajah]], and is about 20 minutes' drive from [[Ipoh]], [[Perak]], [[Malaysia]]. The unfinished, ruined mansion, was built by a [[Scotland people|Scottish]] planter named [[William Kellie Smith]]. According to differing accounts, it was either a gift for his wife or a home for his son.

==History==
William Kellie Smith was from a village in Scotland known as Kellas. In 1890, at the age of 20, he arrived in the then undeveloped Malaya. Here, he met an estate owner called Alma Baker, who had won concessions from the state government to clear 360 hectares of forests in Perak. With the substantial profits made from his business venture with Alma Baker, Smith started planting rubber trees and dabbled in the tin mining industry. In time, he became the owner of Kinta Kellas Estate and the Kinta Kellas Tin Dredging Company.
Now with his fortune made, he returned home to marry his Scottish sweetheart, Agnes, and brought her over to Malaysia in 1903. The following year, the couple was blessed with a daughter whom they named Helen. For many years after that, Agnes tried to conceive, but to no avail. William Smith desperately wanted a son and heir to take over his empire in the Malay peninsula. After many years, Agnes finally gave birth to a son, Anthony, in 1915. The birth of his child was the start of even greater success for William Smith. To celebrate Anthony's birth, William Smith decided to expand on his mansion. Smith started planning for a huge castle which he planned to call Kellas House, after his hometown in Scotland.
[edit]Planning and early construction
As stated earlier, Kellie wanted a son very badly. One of the Madras laborers told him that by praying to Amman (a Hindu Goddess), whom they believe will grant their wish. So Smith prayed to her and Agnes conceived and delivered a baby boy. As a token of appreciation, Kellie built a Hindu Temple for the Goddess.
As he was so fond of the Goddess that he wanted to have built a statue of him beside her. Therefore a statue of a white man can be seen on the roof of temple today, alongside statues of Hindu gods and goddesses. It is believed that a tunnel was built for his family to visit the temple from the castle.
Because of his fascination with the Hindu religion and Indian culture, Smith's plan was for this house to share similar architecture to those of Madras, with all its bricks and tiles imported from India. He even employed a big group of Indian labourers to build his dream house, to keep the Kellas House authentically Indian. The mansion is accessible from the main road through a bridge running across a stream.
But it was not only the cost of importing material and labourers from abroad that made the house so fascinating to locals and travelers alike. Among the many amazing things about Kellie's Castle are an elevator (it was the first in Malaya) which connects right up to the top floor, and the existence of two tunnels that run under the river nearby. One of these tunnels connects to the Hindu temple some distance away from the main house. On the second floor, Smith planned to build an indoor tennis court — an ambitious project even by today's standards. On the highest floor, there is a rooftop courtyard for parties. This castle was to be the hub for entertaining wealthy colonial planters who had settled in Malaya. His house was so unique that it was even mentioned in the London Financier newspaper on 15 September 1911.

===Construction difficulties and Smith's death===
Unfortunately for Smith, tragedies struck soon after the construction of the Kellas House began. A virulent strain of the [[Spanish flu]] spread from [[Europe]] to [[Asia]] soon after [[World War I]] ended in Europe, killing many of the workers in the Kellas Estate. Another seventy workers constructing Smith's dream castle also became victims of the flu. Smith, who had already spent a fortune on his house, lost a lot of money because of this.

In the end, Kellas House, later known as Kellie's Folly or Kellie's Castle, was sold to a British company called Harrisons and Crosfield.

===Kellie's Castle today===
Descendants of the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] labourers brought over to Malaya to work on the mansion still live nearby even now. Kellie's Castle is now a popular local tourist attraction and was used as a setting in the 1999 film ''[[Anna and the King]]''.<ref>Thiedeman, Roger (2000-12-03). "[http://sundaytimes.lk/001203/plus10.html Kellie's Castle: Fantasy or folly?]". ''The Sunday Times'' (Sri Lanka).</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.journeymalaysia.com/MHIS_kellies.htm Kellie's Castle, Perak] at Journey Malaysia
*[http://www.cameron-highland-destination.com/highlands-kellies-castle.html Cameron Highlands Malaysia - Kellie's Castle]
*[http://www.tourmalaysia.com/2009/12/30/for-the-record-castle-of-love/ A documentary video about Kellies Castle] at TourMalaysia.com
*[http://www.traveltoperak.com/kellies-castle-batu-gajah-perak/ Kellies Castle] at TraveltoPerak.com

{{coord missing|Malaysia}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Perak]]
[[Category:Unfinished castles]]
[[Category:Houses in Malaysia]]

[[ms:Istana Kellie]]

Kellie’s Castle

2013-02-20T10:18:20Z

Graphium: Reverted edits by 211.25.61.83 (talk) to last version by 115.134.185.141

{{Refimprove|date=June 2008}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Kellie's Castle
| native_name =
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| image = Kellie's Castle.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| altitude =
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Moorish Revival]] / [[Indo-Saracenic]]
| structural_system =
| cost =
| client = William Kellie Smith
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| location =
| address =
| location_town = [[Batu Gajah]]
| location_country = [[Malaysia]]
| iso_region =
| coordinates_display =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| latd =
| latm =
| lats =
| latNS =
| longd =
| longm =
| longs =
| longEW =
| coordinates =
| start_date = 1915
| completion_date = construction ended in 1926 before completion
| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date =
| demolition_date =
| destruction_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| main_contractor =
| architect =
| architecture_firm =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| awards =
| url =
| references =
}}

'''Kellie's Castle''' (sometimes also called '''Kellie's Folly''') is located near [[Batu Gajah]], and is about 20 minutes' drive from [[Ipoh]], [[Perak]], [[Malaysia]]. The unfinished, ruined mansion, was built by a [[Scotland people|Scottish]] planter named [[William Kellie Smith]. According to differing accounts, it was either a gift for his wife or a home for his son.

==History==
William Kellie Smith was from a village in Scotland known as Kellas. In 1890, at the age of 20, he arrived in the then undeveloped Malaya. Here, he met an estate owner called Alma Baker, who had won concessions from the state government to clear 360 hectares of forests in Perak. With the substantial profits made from his business venture with Alma Baker, Smith started planting rubber trees and dabbled in the tin mining industry. In time, he became the owner of Kinta Kellas Estate and the Kinta Kellas Tin Dredging Company.
Now with his fortune made, he returned home to marry his Scottish sweetheart, Agnes, and brought her over to Malaysia in 1903. The following year, the couple was blessed with a daughter whom they named Helen. For many years after that, Agnes tried to conceive, but to no avail. William Smith desperately wanted a son and heir to take over his empire in the Malay peninsula. After many years, Agnes finally gave birth to a son, Anthony, in 1915. The birth of his child was the start of even greater success for William Smith. To celebrate Anthony's birth, William Smith decided to expand on his mansion. Smith started planning for a huge castle which he planned to call Kellas House, after his hometown in Scotland.
[edit]Planning and early construction
As stated earlier, Kellie wanted a son very badly. One of the Madras laborers told him that by praying to Amman (a Hindu Goddess), whom they believe will grant their wish. So Smith prayed to her and Agnes conceived and delivered a baby boy. As a token of appreciation, Kellie built a Hindu Temple for the Goddess.
As he was so fond of the Goddess that he wanted to have built a statue of him beside her. Therefore a statue of a white man can be seen on the roof of temple today, alongside statues of Hindu gods and goddesses. It is believed that a tunnel was built for his family to visit the temple from the castle.
Because of his fascination with the Hindu religion and Indian culture, Smith's plan was for this house to share similar architecture to those of Madras, with all its bricks and tiles imported from India. He even employed a big group of Indian labourers to build his dream house, to keep the Kellas House authentically Indian. The mansion is accessible from the main road through a bridge running across a stream.
But it was not only the cost of importing material and labourers from abroad that made the house so fascinating to locals and travelers alike. Among the many amazing things about Kellie's Castle are an elevator (it was the first in Malaya) which connects right up to the top floor, and the existence of two tunnels that run under the river nearby. One of these tunnels connects to the Hindu temple some distance away from the main house. On the second floor, Smith planned to build an indoor tennis court — an ambitious project even by today's standards. On the highest floor, there is a rooftop courtyard for parties. This castle was to be the hub for entertaining wealthy colonial planters who had settled in Malaya. His house was so unique that it was even mentioned in the London Financier newspaper on 15 September 1911.

===Construction difficulties and Smith's death===
Unfortunately for Smith, tragedies struck soon after the construction of the Kellas House began. A virulent strain of the [[Spanish flu]] spread from [[Europe]] to [[Asia]] soon after [[World War I]] ended in Europe, killing many of the workers in the Kellas Estate. Another seventy workers constructing Smith's dream castle also became victims of the flu. Smith, who had already spent a fortune on his house, lost a lot of money because of this.

In the end, Kellas House, later known as Kellie's Folly or Kellie's Castle, was sold to a British company called Harrisons and Crosfield.

===Kellie's Castle today===
Descendants of the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] labourers brought over to Malaya to work on the mansion still live nearby even now. Kellie's Castle is now a popular local tourist attraction and was used as a setting in the 1999 film ''[[Anna and the King]]''.<ref>Thiedeman, Roger (2000-12-03). "[http://sundaytimes.lk/001203/plus10.html Kellie's Castle: Fantasy or folly?]". ''The Sunday Times'' (Sri Lanka).</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.journeymalaysia.com/MHIS_kellies.htm Kellie's Castle, Perak] at Journey Malaysia
*[http://www.cameron-highland-destination.com/highlands-kellies-castle.html Cameron Highlands Malaysia - Kellie's Castle]
*[http://www.tourmalaysia.com/2009/12/30/for-the-record-castle-of-love/ A documentary video about Kellies Castle] at TourMalaysia.com
*[http://www.traveltoperak.com/kellies-castle-batu-gajah-perak/ Kellies Castle] at TraveltoPerak.com

{{coord missing|Malaysia}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Perak]]
[[Category:Unfinished castles]]
[[Category:Houses in Malaysia]]

[[ms:Istana Kellie]]

Ampleforth College

2013-02-06T15:46:39Z

Graphium: Reverted edits by 193.63.61.50 (talk) to last version by 194.158.40.102

{{Infobox UK school
| name = Ampleforth College
| image = Coat of Arms of Ampleforth College.svg
| size =
| latitude = 54.201770
| longitude = -1.083910
| motto = {{lang|fr|''Dieu le ward''}} ([[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] for ''God the protector'')
| established = 1802
| type = [[Independent school (UK)|Independent]] day and boarding
| religion = [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] ([[Benedictine]])
| head_label = Headmaster
| head = The Reverend Fr Gabriel Everitt [[Order of Saint Benedict|OSB]]
| chair_label =
| chair = Abbot Cuthbert Madden OSB
| city = [[Ampleforth]]
| county = [[North Yorkshire]]
| country = [[England]]
| postcode = YO62 4ER
| LEA = North Yorkshire
| dfeno = 815/6006
| urn = 121735
| staff =
| enrollment = 609~
| gender = [[Mixed-sex education|Coeducational]]
| lower_age = 13
| upper_age = 18
| colours ={{color box|#000000}} {{color box|#800000}} Black and Red
| free_label_1 = Former pupils
| free_1 = Old Amplefordians
| free_label_2 = Affiliated school
| free_2 = [[St Martin's Ampleforth]]
| free_label_3 = Diocese
| free_3 = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough|Middlesbrough]]
| website = http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk
| website_name = www.college.ampleforth.org.uk
}}
'''Ampleforth College''' is a coeducational [[Independent school (UK)|independent]] day and boarding school in the village of [[Ampleforth]], [[North Yorkshire]], England. It opened in 1802 as a boys' school, and is run by the [[Benedictine]] [[monk]]s and lay staff<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/the-school/our-mission/ |title=Ampleforth College: Our Mission |publisher=College.ampleforth.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-02-15}}</ref> of [[Ampleforth Abbey]].

The school is situated in a valley with sports pitches, wooded areas and lakes. There are three lakes remaining of the original five constructed by the Fairfax family centuries ago. The middle lake is stocked with [[trout]] (mainly [[Brown trout|brown]] and [[Rainbow trout|rainbow]], although the occasional blue back has been seen).

Its affiliated [[Preparatory school (UK)|preparatory school]], [[St Martin's Ampleforth]], is located across the valley at [[Gilling Castle]].

==History==
The college began as a small school for 70 boys founded by [[Benedictine]] monks, at [[Ampleforth Abbey]], in 1802.<ref>[http://abbey.ampleforth.org.uk/index.php?id=1184 History of the Ampleforth Community]</ref> The school formally constituted as a Roman Catholic boarding school in 1900.

Various buildings were slowly added, including the school theatre which was built in 1909. The first performances took place in 1910, and in 1922 a cinema projector was acquired, but could not be used until the following year when electric lighting and central heating was installed.<ref>[http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/activities/theatre/a-brief-history Theatre - A brief history]</ref>

The first boarding houses were founded in 1926 to accommodate the growing pupil numbers. In 1929, the Abbey gained ownership of [[Gilling Castle]] and opened a preparatory school. Gilling Castle Prep merged with the college's junior school in 1992 before taking on its current name [[St Martin's Ampleforth]] after absorbing another nearby prep school.

In 2002, girls were admitted for the first time when the [[sixth form]] became coeducational. The first girls' boarding house, St Margaret's, was opened in 2004.<ref>[http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/pastoral/girls-houses/st-margarets Girls' Houses - St Margaret's]</ref> Due to a demand for a Catholic boarding school for girls in the north, coeducation was extended to the Year 9 intake for the 2010-11 academic year and the college is now fully coeducational.<ref>{{citenews|title=Ampleforth College to admit Year 9 girls|url=http://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/ryedale/4818554.Ampleforth_College_to_admit_Year_9_girls/|publisher=[[York Press]]|date=23 December 2009}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Ampleforth from air.jpg|thumb|250px|Ampleforth and the Valley from the air.]]The school's primary concern is to provide pupils with not just academic, sporting and other achievements, but also "a spiritual compass for life": moral principles to give guidance in a secular world;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/the-school/an-introduction-from-the-headmaster/ |title=Ampleforth College: An Introduction from the Headmaster |publisher=College.ampleforth.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-02-15}}</ref> within a context where the "Benedictine ethos permeates pupils’ experience".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/the-school/school-development-plan/school-development-plan-explored-further/ |title=Ampleforth College: School Development Plan Explored Further |publisher=College.ampleforth.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-02-15}}</ref>

The ''[[Good Schools Guide]]'' called the school an "Unfailingly civilised and understanding top co-educational boarding Catholic school that has suffered from time to time as a result of its long liberal tradition." The ''Guide'' adds also that there is "A refreshing openness and honesty about the place these days."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goodschoolsguide.co.uk/school/ampleforth-college.html |title=Ampleforth College, York - The Good School Guide |publisher=Goodschoolsguide.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-02-15}}</ref>

It is notable that its academic admissions policy is not as exacting as that exercised by some other English [[Public school (UK)|public schools]]. As a result, the school is typically between 150 - 200 in the annual league tables of public examination results, although it was ranked 6th nationally in the 2004 "value added" table.

It maintains a scholarship set, with about 5% of pupils gaining the offer of a place at Oxford or Cambridge.<ref>[http://www.ampleforthcollege.york.sch.uk/general/development_plan_full.htm#3 Ampleforth College - School Development Plan 2006-2007]</ref> Over 90% go on to university.

==School life==
Though originally only a boys' school the college is now fully co-educational. In 2009 an OFSTED Social Care report said that the overall quality of care was outstanding.<ref>http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/oxcare_reports/download/(id)/217654/(as)/SC007916_SC.pdf</ref>

==Religious life==
[[Image:Ampleforth Abbey.jpg|left|thumb|280px|Ampleforth Abbey]]The monks at the Abbey belong to the Community of [[Lawrence of Rome|St Laurence]] (a House of the [[English Benedictine Congregation]]), who trace their origins back nearly 1000 years to medieval Westminster. Although there are 81 monks at Ampleforth, only about 12 are in contact with the students, with another 2 in St Martin's Ampleforth. As a result of the school's association with the monks, religion is central to the life of the school. All pupils are expected to take religious education all the way through school. [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] is attended by all pupils twice a week, once on a weekday in the house, and once on Sunday in the Abbey Church. In addition, each house has prayers each morning and evening.

The school has a boys' choir, the ''[[Schola Cantorum]]'', which sings at [[Solemn Mass|High Mass]] on Sunday and also at a choral Mass on Friday nights during term time. The choir has made various recordings, broadcasts and tours throughout the world. There is also now a girls' choir, ''Schola Puellarum'', which was recently noted in both newspaper and magazine. They sing a service every Thursday, and they sing on [[Holy Day of Obligation|Holy Days of Obligation]] in High Mass each Sunday. They have been on a tour to Dublin, and sang in many of the well-known churches there.

==Houses==
The school is arranged into ten [[boarding house|houses]], with students living in the separate houses, eating together as a house and playing sport together as a house in inter-house competitions. Each House is named after a British saint:
* [[St Aidan]]'s (Girls) Housemistress: Dr. Victoria Fogg
* [[St Bede]]'s (Girls) Housemistress: Mr Brendan & Victoria Anglim
* [[St Cuthbert]]'s (Boys) Housemaster: Mr David Willis
* [[St Dunstan]]'s (Boys) Housemaster: Mr Ben Pennington
* [[St Edward]]-[[Wilfrid]]'s (Boys), originally two houses, Housemaster: Mr Adrian Smerdon
* [[Hugh of Lincoln (saint)|St Hugh]]'s (Boys) Housemaster: Mr Matthew Fogg
* [[Saint John Fisher|St John]]'s (Boys), Housemaster: Dr David Moses Phd
* [[Oswald of Worcester|St Oswald]]'s (Boys) Housemaster: Mr Patrick McBeath
* [[Saint Margaret Clitherow|St Margaret]]'s (Girls) Housemistress: Mrs Gaelle McGovern
* [[Thomas More|St Thomas]]' (Boys) Housemaster: Mr Paul Brenan

Some of the houses are paired into buildings named after people who have been instrumental in the school's history:
* Hume House - St Cuthbert's and St Edward-Wilfrid's - Named after Cardinal [[Basil Hume]] (although originally Saint Edward's house on one side and Saint Wilfrid's house on the other)
* Nevill House - St Dunstan's and St Oswald's
* Bolton House - formerly St Edward's and St Wilfrid's before their merger in 2001
* Fairfax House - St Margaret's and St Hugh's

==Sport==
Sport is a large part of school life, with pupils participating in a wide variety of sports including rugby, shooting, tennis, cricket and football. As well as many rugby and cricket pitches set in the 2000 acres (8 km²) of the valley, the school runs the St Alban's Centre (SAC), a sports centre with a large hall (also used for school assemblies and official ceremonies), a 25 metre swimming pool, three squash courts, and a fitness suite. SAC is also open to the general public for a fee.

The school has a sporting history, mostly regarding arch rivals Sedbergh School and Stonyhurst College, both of whom play Ampleforth in about twenty boys' and girls' sports annually. The highlight of the sporting year however, is the annual rugby matches between Sedbergh and Ampleforth. Sedbergh has in recent years proven to be superior, not having lost a 1st XV game against "the old enemy" since 1998.

Ampleforth has produced some top class sportsmen, especially in rugby, such as [[Lawrence Dallaglio]] and [[Simon Easterby|Simon]] and [[Guy Easterby]].

==Controversies==
===Fee-fixing===
In September 2005, Ampleforth was one of fifty of the country's leading independent schools which were found by the [[Office of Fair Trading]] to be operating a fee-fixing cartel in breach of the Competition Act of 1998. All of the schools were ordered to abandon this practice, pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 and make ex-gratia payments totalling three million pounds into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared.<ref>[http://www.oft.gov.uk/news/press/2006/182-06 The Office of Fair Trading: OFT names further trustees as part of the independent schools settlement]</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/article588559.ece | location=London | work=The Times | first=Tony | last=Halpin | title=Independent schools face huge fines over cartel to fix fees | date=10 November 2005}}</ref> However, Mrs Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that they were unaware that the law had changed.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1455730/Private-schools-send-papers-to-fee-fixing-inquiry.html | title = Private schools send papers to fee-fixing inquiry | newspaper = The Daily Telegraph | location = London | date = 1 March 2004 | accessdate = 15 March 2011}}</ref>

The school has periodically experienced a drugs problem.<ref>[http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=55&ArticleID=1080810 Drugs inquiry opens at top Catholic school], Yorkshire Post, 8 July 2005.</ref> A 2003 TV documentary made by director Dan Barraclough highlighted large-scale breaking of the school rules on smoking and some abuse of alcohol.<ref>[http://www.yorkshiretoday.co.uk/ViewArticle2.aspx?SectionID=105&ArticleID=485555 How Television smoked out the secret life of Ampleforth], Yorkshire Post, 23 April 2003.</ref>

===Sexual abuse===
{{See also|Sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation}}

Several monks and three members of the lay teaching staff molested children in their care over several decades. In 2005 Father [[Piers Grant-Ferris]] admitted 20 incidents of [[sexual abuse scandal in the English Benedictine Congregation|child abuse]]. This was not an isolated incident. The ''[[Yorkshire Post]]'' reported in 2005: "Pupils at a leading Roman Catholic school suffered decades of abuse from at least six paedophiles following a decision by former Abbot [[Basil Hume]] not to call in police at the beginning of the scandal." <ref>[http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/Ampleforth-child-abuse-scandal-hushed.1258869.jp Ampleforth child abuse scandal hushed up by Basil Hume], ''The Yorkshire Post'', 18 November 2005.</ref>

Ampleforth College has since put in place a safeguarding policy which follows the local inter-agency procedures of the North Yorkshire Safeguarding Children Board and the guidance given in the Education (Independent School Standards) (England) Regulations 2010 and the National Minimum Standards for Boarding Schools.<ref>[http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/resource.aspx?id=139 Ampleforth College: Child Protection Policy - Independent Day and Boarding School for Boys and Girls]</ref>

==Notable Old Amplefordians==
{{See also|Category:People educated at Ampleforth College}}
===Religion===
*Anthony Ainscough (1906–1986), Prior of Ampleforth Abbey, 1961–1963{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}
*[[Athanasius Allanson]] (1804–1876), [[Benedictine]] monk, and [[Abbot of Glastonbury]], 1874–1876
*Thomas Burgess (1791–1854), [[Roman Catholic]] [[Bishop of Clifton]], 1851–1854
*[[Columba Cary-Elwes]] (1903–1994), monastery founder, ecumenist and author
*[[Ambrose Griffiths]] (1928–2011), [[Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle]]
*[[Abdur Raheem Green]] (born 1962), convert to [[Islam]] and founder of the [[iERA]]<ref>http://www.islamevents.com/speakers/speaker_detail.php?spid=10</ref>
*[[John Cuthbert Hedley]] (1837–1915), [[Roman Catholic]] [[Bishop of Newport]], 1881–1915<ref>{{cite journal|title='''HEDLEY, Rt. Rev. John Cuthbert'''|journal=Who's Who,|year=1907|volume= 59|pages=pp. 815–816|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yEcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA815}}</ref>
*[[Basil Hume|Basil, Cardinal Hume]] (1923–1999), [[Abbot]] of [[Ampleforth Abbey]], 1963–1975, and [[Archbishop of Westminster]], 1975–1999

===Politics, law and business===
*[[Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte|Don Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide y Huarte]] (1807–1866), Prince Imperial of [[Mexico]]
*[[Julian Asquith, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Asquith]] (1916–2011), diplomat<ref>''The Catholic Who's who and Yearbook'' edited by Francis Cowley Burnand, Published by Burns & Oates., 1940, page 39</ref>
*Sir [[Hugh Fraser (politician)|Hugh Fraser]] (1918–1984), [[Secretary of State for Air]], 1962–1964
*Grand Duke [[Jean of Luxembourg]] (born 1921), [[Grand Duke of Luxembourg]], 1964–2000
*[[Auberon Herbert]] (1922–1974), campaigner for Eastern European causes
*[[Michael Nolan, Baron Nolan]] (1928–2007), Law Lord and first chairman of the [[Committee on Standards in Public Life]]
*[[Andrew Bertie]] (1929–2008), first British [[Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller|Grand Master]] of the [[Knights Hospitaller]], 1988–2008;
*[[John George (officer of arms)|John George]] (1930–2012), HM Kintyre Pursuivant of Arms, herald and author.
*[[David Hennessy, 3rd Baron Windlesham]] (born 1932), [[Lord Privy Seal]] and [[Leader of the House of Lords]], 1973–1974
*[[John Crichton-Stuart, 6th Marquess of Bute]] (1933–1993), Chairman, [[Historic Buildings Council for Scotland]], 1983–1988, and [[National Museums of Scotland]], 1985–1993
*[[Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho|King Moshoeshoe II of Lesotho]] (1938–1996), King of Lesotho (1966–1970, 1970–1990, 1995–96)
*[[Michael Ancram]], 14th Marquess of Lothian (born 1945), Deputy Leader of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], 2001–2005
*Sir [[Anthony Bamford]] (born 1945), Chairman, [[J. C. Bamford|J.C.Bamford (Excavators) Ltd.]]
*[[John Burnett, Baron Burnett]] (born 1945), former [[Liberal Democrats|Liberal Democrat]] MP for [[Torridge and West Devon]], 1997–2001, 2001-5, Life Peer, 2006-
*[[William Peel, 3rd Earl Peel]] (born 1947), [[Lord Chamberlain]]
*[[John Home Robertson]] (born 1948), former Labour MP and currently Member of the [[Scottish Parliament]]
*[[Matthew Festing]] (born 1949), second British [[Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller|Grand Master]] of the [[Knights Hospitaller]], 2008–present;
*[[Raymond Asquith, 3rd Earl of Oxford and Asquith]] (born 1952), former diplomat and businessman
*[[Miles Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk]] (1915–2002)
*[[Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk]] (born 1956)
*[[Dominic Asquith]] (born 1957), [[Ambassador]] to [[Iraq]], 2006—2007, Ambassador to [[Egypt]], 2007–present.
*[[Letsie III of Lesotho|King Letsie III of Lesotho]] (born 1963), King of [[Lesotho]] (1990–95, 1996–present)
*[[Paul Moore (banking manager)|Paul Moore]], [[whistleblower]] sacked from [[HBOS]]

===Arts and entertainment===
*[[Herbert Railton]] (1857–1910), illustrator<ref>''The Ampleforth Journal'', by Ampleforth Abbey (York, England), published by Ampleforth Abbey, Item notes: 14 (1908-1909), p233</ref>
*[[Roderic O'Conor]] (1860–1940), artist
*[[Harman Grisewood]] (1906–1997), Chief Assistant to the Director-General of the BBC, 1955–1964
*[[Vincent Cronin]] (born 1924), historical writer and biographer
*[[Patrick Reyntiens]] (born 1925), [[stained glass]] artist
*[[John Bunting (sculptor)|John Bunting]] (1927–2002) sculptor and teacher
*[[Hugo Young]] (1938–2003), journalist
*[[Andrew Knight]] (born 1939), journalist, editor, and media magnate
*[[Mark Burns (actor)|Mark Burns]] (born 1936–2007), actor
*[[Piers Paul Read]] (born 1941), writer
*[[Andrew Festing]] (born 1941), British Royal Portrait Painter
*[[Red Morris, 4th Baron Killanin]] (born 1947), film producer
*[[Julian Fellowes]], Baron Fellowes of West Stafford (born 1949), actor and writer, Conservative peer of the House of Lords (2011-)
*[[Antony Gormley]] (born 1950), sculptor
*[[Edward Stourton (journalist)|Edward Stourton]] (born 1957), journalist
*[[Martin Jennings]] (born 1957) sculptor
*[[Lu Edmonds]] (born 1957) musician ([[Public Image Ltd.]], [[The Damned (band)|The Damned]], [[The Mekons]], [[The Spizzles]], [[The Waterboys]], among others)
*[[Julian Wadham]] (born 1958), actor
*[[Rupert Everett]] (born 1959), actor
*[[Joe Simpson (mountaineer)|Joe Simpson]] (born 1960), mountaineer and autobiographer
*[[Peter Bergen]] (born 1962), author, print and TV journalist, [[CNN]], adjunct professor, [[Johns Hopkins University]]
*[[John Micklethwait]] (born 1962), editor-in-chief of ''[[The Economist]]''
*[[James O'Brien (radio presenter)|James O'Brien]] (born 1972), radio presenter and journalist
*[[Tom Waller]] (born 1974), film producer
*[[Henry Hudson (artist)|Henry Hudson]] (born 1982), artist
*[[James Honeyborne]] (born 1970), TV and film director

===Military===
*Major-General Sir [[Freddie de Guingand]] (1900–1979), Chief of Staff to [[Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Field Marshal Montgomery]], 1942–1945
*Brigadier [[Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat]] (1911–1995), Pioneering officer of the British Army's [[commando]]s.
*Colonel Sir [[David Stirling]] (1915–1990), founder of the [[Special Air Service|SAS]]
*Major General [[Lord Michael Fitzalan-Howard]] (1916–2007), [[Marshal of the Diplomatic Corps]] 1972-1981
*[[Michael Allmand]] (1923–1944), [[Victoria Cross]] recipient (posthumous). Killed in action 24 June 1944, in [[Burma]].
*Brigadier [[Andrew Parker Bowles]] (born 1939), soldier
* Major General Sir [[Sebastian Roberts]] (born 1954), [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] The Household Division 2003–2007
*Major-General [[Peter Grant Peterkin]] (born c.1947), [[Sergeant at Arms]] of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]]
*Captain [[Robert Nairac]] (1948–1977), [[George Cross]], intelligence officer killed by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]
*Lieutenant-Colonel Sir [[John Johnston (courtier)|John Johnston]], [[GCVO]], [[Military Cross|MC]], Comptroller of the Lord Chamberlain's office

===Philosophy and academe===
*[[Gabriel Turville-Petre]] (1908–1978), Professor of Ancient Icelandic Literature and Antiquities, [[University of Oxford]], 1953–1975
*[[Henry Wansbrough]] (1934), Master of [[St Benet's Hall, Oxford]], 1990–2004
*[[Fred Halliday]], (1946–2010), academic, Fellow of the [[British Academy]], [[Montague Burton Professor of International Relations]] at [[London School of Economics]]
*[[Philip Lawrence]] (1947–1995), headmaster and murder victim
*[[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]] (born 1965), historian
*[[Robert Maximilian de Gaynesford]] (born 1968), philosopher

===Science and medicine===
*[[John Polidori]] (1795–1821), physician and writer
*[[Thomas Cecil Gray]] (1913–2008) pioneered modern anaesthetic techniques
*[[Bill Inman]] (1929–2005) [[pharmacovigilance]] pioneer

===Sport===
*[[Edward O'Donovan Crean]] (born 1887), English [[rugby union]] player who was part of the first official [[British and Irish Lions]] team that [[1910 British Lions tour to South Africa|toured South Africa in 1910]].<ref>''The Ampleforth Journal'', by Ampleforth Abbey (York, England), Page 234, Item notes: 14 (1908-1909)</ref>
*[[Charles Grieve]] (1913–2000), cricketer who played for [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford University]] and [[Guernsey cricket team|Guernsey]]
*[[John Crichton-Stuart, 7th Marquess of Bute]] (b. 1958{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}), a [[Peer of Scotland|Scottish peer]] and former [[racing driver]] ("Johnny Dumfries")
*[[Guy Easterby]] (born 1971),{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} [[rugby union|Ireland international rugby scrum-half]]
*[[Lawrence Dallaglio]] (born 1972),{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} [[rugby union|England rugby player]]
*[[Simon Easterby]] (born 1975),{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} [[rugby union|Ireland rugby player]]
* Igor de la Sota (born 1981), [[rugby union]] player who received a number of caps for Spain in the 2007 World Cup Qualifiers.
* Peter Savill, former chairman of the [[British Horseracing Board]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.college.ampleforth.org.uk/ Ampleforth College official site]
* [http://www.ampleforth.org.uk/ Ampleforth official umbrella site]
* [http://www.oa.ampleforth.org.uk/ Old Amplefordsians]
* [http://goodschoolsguide.co.uk/school/ampleforth-college.html Profile at the Good Schools Guide]
* [http://onwardoverland.com/articles/ampleforthabuse.html Special report]

{{English Benedictine Congregation}}
{{Schools in North Yorkshire}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ampleforth College}}
[[Category:Schools of the English Benedictine Congregation]]
[[Category:Catholic boarding schools in England]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic independent schools in the Diocese of Middlesbrough]]
[[Category:Benedictine secondary schools]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Independent schools in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Schools with Combined Cadet Forces]]
[[Category:Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1802]]
[[Category:1802 establishments in England]]
[[Category:People educated at Ampleforth College| ]]
[[Category:Co-educational boarding schools]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Church sex abuse cases in the United Kingdom]]

[[pt:Ampleforth College]]

Rock City (Club)

2013-01-16T15:01:38Z

Graphium: Reverted 1 edit by 86.0.55.251 (talk) identified as vandalism to last revision by BulbaThor. (Twinkle)

{{Infobox venue
| name = Rock City
| nickname =
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = 8 Talbot Street
| location = Nottingham, England
| coordinates = {{coord|52.9561|-1.1544|type:landmark_region:GB|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Music venue]] and [[Nightclub]]
| genre = [[Alternative music|Alternative]]
| built =
| opened = 1980
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = DHP Group
| construction_cost =
| former_names =
| seating_type = Primarily standing, some seating
| seating_capacity = 2000
| website = {{URL|rock-city.co.uk}}
}}

'''Rock City''' is an independent nightclub in the city of [[Nottingham]], England, that focuses on live music, and is a staple location on the [[toilet circuit]]. It opened in December 1980, first hosting [[The Undertones]], and has gone on to see some of the biggest names in alternative music, as well as maintaining a number of weekly club nights. It has been described by ''[[NME]]'' as "sweaty, but truly indie",<ref name="Music Magpie">{{cite web|title=Rock City|url=http://www.musicmagpie.co.uk/venue_rock_city.asp|work=Music Magpie Venue/Events Guide|publisher=Music Magpie|accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref> and has received numerous awards, including ''[[Kerrang!]]'' magazine's Venue of the Year for ten consecutive years.<ref name=DHPRC />

==Overview==
Rock City is based in [[Nottingham City Centre]], with a capacity of 2000,<ref name=TPI>{{cite web|title=Nottingham Rock City|url=http://www.tpimagazine.com/production-profiles/installprofiles/336785/nottingham_rock_city.html|publisher=TPI Magazine|date=September 2009|accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref> and is known for its intimate atmosphere. The club features four bars spread across two rooms; the Main hall and the Basement, both of which are all-standing during gigs, with an additional room previously known as The Rig operating separately since September 2011 as the [[Black Cherry Lounge]].<ref name=RCBCL>{{cite web|title=Black Cherry Lounge|url=http://www.rock-city.co.uk/club-nights/black-cherry-lounge|publisher=Rock City|accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref> Rock City plays host to various sized gigs, from smaller upcoming bands of the underground and local scene, to bands that are getting chart success.

==History==
===Pre-Rock City and foundation===
Prior to Rock City, the building was called The Heart of the Midlands, which hosted variety acts including the inaugural [[World Professional Darts Championship]] in 1978.<ref name=DHPRC>{{cite web|title=Rock City|url=http://www.dhpgroup.co.uk/rockcity|publisher=DHP Group|accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref> The building was taken over by Sammy Jackson, who already ran a club called the Retford Porterhouse where he had booked bands such as [[AC/DC]] and [[The Clash]], with George Akins Snr., a local bookmaker, bankrolling.<ref name=Brief>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Jared|title=Brief History of Rock City|url=http://www.leftlion.co.uk/articles.cfm/title/brief-history-of-rock-city/id/3306|work=Rock City 30th Anniversary Magazine|publisher=Left Lion|accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref> The club was managed by Paul Mason, who would go on to manager Manchester's [[The Haçienda|Haçienda]] nightclub,<ref name="Music Magpie" /> and had [[Iron Maiden]] booked to be the band to open the venue, although unfinished electrics resulted in the gig being cancelled,<ref name="Brief" /> with the band not returning until 1996. As a result The Undertones became the first band to play at Rock City on 11 December 1980,<ref name=GigList8084>{{cite web|title=Definitive Gig Listing 1980-1984|url=http://www.leftlion.co.uk/articles.cfm/title/rock-city-listings-1980-1984/id/3314|work=Rock City 30th Anniversary Magazine|publisher=Left Lion|accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref> ending the gig with [[Teenage Kicks]], favourite song of DJ [[John Peel]].<ref name="Brief" />

===The 1980s and 1990s===
Rock City underwent a major refit in 1982, including a purpose-built sound system, lighting rig and two giant video screens.<ref name=DJJON>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Jared|title=DJ Jonathan on Rock City|url=http://www.leftlion.co.uk/articles.cfm/title/dj-jonathan-on-rock-city/id/3310|publisher=Left Lion|accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref> Although the club remained faithful to the spirit of rock, with riots at sold-out gigs by [[The Pogues]] and [[Ozzy Osbourne]],<ref name="Music Magpie" /> it was never restricted by genre, as by 1982 the club already has a well-established [[synthpop|Futurist]] night every Saturday, and were considering starting a student night on Thursdays, approaching DJ Jonathan Woodliffe, who played the first Thursday night to a crowd of about 400 people.<ref name=DJJON /> Following the success of Thursday nights, the club looked at introducing a dance night, initially playing a mixture of European [[electronica]] and American releases, although this was not as successful and was cancelled after a few months.<ref name=DJJON /> It was replaced by a [[jazz]], [[funk]] and [[soul music|soul]] night which was advertised by word of mouth and was well received. To add to the diversity in music, Rock City also hosted all-age [[hip-hop]] jams on Saturday afternoons, establishing [[breakdancer]]s the [[Rock City Crew]], and the club would also host the first performance of [[Bring the Noise]] in the UK by [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]].<ref name="Music Magpie" />

As alternative music changed, Rock City changed with it, as grunge and punk became more popular in the first part of the decade, bands such as [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] and [[Rage Against the Machine]] began to play sets, with the intimate environment allowing for stars such as [[Eddie Vedder]] and [[Kurt Cobain]] to sit at the bar with fans after their gigs.<ref name="Music Magpie" /> Equally as [[Britpop]] began to be established, Rock City found itself hosting bands like [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] and [[Blur (band)|Blur]].<ref name=Brief /> The Nineties also saw the club change management, as George Akins Jnr. took over at his fathers request in 1994, aged just 19 and having previously worked on the bar and cloakroom.<ref name=Akins>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Jared|title=The Man Behind the Music|url=http://www.leftlion.co.uk/articles.cfm/title/george-akins-interview/id/3308|work=Rock City 30th Anniversary Magazine|publisher=Left Lion|accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref>

===The 2000s===
In keeping with music trends, the new millennium saw Rock City focus more on dance music, introducing Detonate, a club night and indoor festival for genres such as [[Drum and Bass]] in 2003,<ref name=Busby>{{cite web|last=Needham|first=Al|title=James Busby on Rock City|url=http://www.leftlion.co.uk/articles.cfm/title/james-busby-on-rock-city/id/3311|work=Rock City 30th Anniversary Magazine|publisher=Left Lion|accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref> and annexing the 1970s and 1980s-friendly Rig in 2011, although it maintained a commitment to mainstream alternative music through its clubnights. Despite the evolution, Rock City remained one of the biggest names on the live circuit for alternative bands, and celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2011.<ref name=Brief />

==Issue with crime==
In January 2013, Nottinghamshire police stated that between September 2011 and August 2012, 10% of all mobile phones stolen in the Nottinghamshire area were stolen at Rock City. Bart Easter, the club's general manager, claimed that organised crime gangs who followed bands on tour were partly to blame.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nottingham's Rock City 'targeted' by criminal gangs|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-21026205|publisher=BBC News|date=15 January 2012|accessdate=15 January 2013}}</ref>

==Club Nights==
The venue currently hosts four club nights:<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock City - Club Nights|url=http://www.rock-city.co.uk/club-nights|accessdate=16 December 2011}}</ref>

*Wednesday: '''CRISIS''' - Exclusive club night for [[University of Nottingham]] students.
*Thursday: '''2UNED''' - Student night for students of [[Nottingham Trent University]] and other universities.
*Friday: '''Love Shack presents...''' - Pop music from the 1990s, 2000s and current hits.
*Saturday: '''Hey Hey Hey''' - Alternative anthems.

==Band recordings==
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
The following is a list of recordings made at Rock City:

*[[At the Gates]]'' – [[Live in Nottingham at Rock City]]'' (1996)
*[[Cradle of Filth]] – ''[[Live Bait for the Dead]]'' (2001)
*Cradle of Filth – ''[[Heavy, Left-Handed and Candid]]'' (2001)
*[[Enter Shikari]] - Live at Rock City Bootleg (2009)
*[[The Fall (band)|The Fall]] – ''[[BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert (The Fall album)|BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert]]'' (1989)
*[[Into A Circle]] – ''[[Live (Nottingham Rock City, February 1987)]]'' (1987)
*[[The Libertines]] – ''[[Libertines live at Rock City with Radio 1]]'' (2004)
*[[Morbid Angel]] – ''[[Altars of Madness]]'' (2003)
*[[Napalm Death]] – ''[[The DVD]]'' (1989)
*[[Pitchshifter]] – ''[[P.S.I.entology]]'' (2004)
*[[Play Dead (band)|Play Dead]] – ''[[Caught from Behind: Live in England, France, Germany, and Switzerland]]'' (1985)
*[[Radiohead]] – ''[[The Bends Pinkpop]]'' (1995)<ref>{{cite web|title=Discogs|url=http://www.discogs.com/Radiohead-The-Bends-Special-Pinkpop-Edition/release/938415|accessdate=16 December 2011}}</ref>
*[[Shaped by Fate]] – ''[[Shaped By Fate tour DVD]]'' (2008)
*[[Tygers of Pan Tang]] – ''[[Live at Nottingham Rock City]]'' (1981)
*[[The Wildhearts]] – ''[[The Wildhearts Strike Back]]'' (2004)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.rock-city.co.uk}}
*[http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=15923779162 Official Facebook]
*[http://twitter.com/Rock_City_Notts Official Twitter]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rock City (Club)}}
[[Category:Culture in Nottingham]]
[[Category:Music venues in England]]
[[Category:Music in Nottinghamshire]]

Lil Reese

2013-01-11T14:29:14Z

Graphium: Reverted 1 edit by 216.146.52.28 (talk) identified as vandalism to last revision by 194.61.162.104. (Twinkle)

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Lil Reese
| alias = Reesy
| image =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Tavares Taylor
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1993|1|6}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| occupation = [[Rapping|Rapper]]
| studio =
| associated_acts = [[Chief Keef]], [[Rick Ross]], [[Drake]], [[Juelz Santana]]
| years_active = 2011–present
| label = [[Def Jam]], [[Glory Boys Entertainment]], [[OTF]]
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Tavares Taylor''' (born January 6, 1993), better known by his stage name '''Lil Reese''' is an American rapper from [[Chicago, Illinois]]. He is signed to the major record label [[Def Jam]] and [[Glory Boys Entertainment]].

==Biography==

===Early life===
Taylor grew up in [[Chicago, Illinois]]. Taylor attended high school, but later dropped out after his junior year to pursue a career in music.

===Music career===
Taylor is a part of [[Glory Boys Entertainment]]. Reese began to receive attention and popularity through his music videos, including "US" and "Beef". His popularity exploded when [[Chief Keef]]'s hit single “Don’t Like” featuring Lil' Reese garnered widespread international attention. He caught the eye of producer [[No I.D.]], who had crafted legendary albums or tracks for artists like Common, Kanye West and others. Chicago producer brought Taylor to a major record deal Def Jam.<ref>{{cite web | title=Lil Reese, Chicago Rapper Signs With Def Jam Recordings! | url=http://www.islanddefjam.com/artist/news_single.aspx?nid=11506&artistID=7389 | date=July 2, 2012 | accessdate=November 17, 2012 | work=islanddefjam.com | author=}}</ref>
On November 2012 he released a remix from his song "US" with [[Rick Ross]] and [[Drake (entertainer)|Drake]].<ref name="Rick Ross And Drake remix US">{{cite web | title=Rick Ross And Drake remix US | url=http://globalgrind.com/music/rick-ross-drake-lil-reese-us-remix-new-music | date=Oct 9 , 2012 | accessdate=November 17, 2012 | work=Globalgrind.com | author=}}</ref> Taylor also created many songs with upcoming music producers, such as [[Young Chop]].

==Legal issues==
On September 5, 2012, [[Chicago Police Department|Chicago Police]] disclosed to the [[Chicago Sun-Times|Sun Times]] that Taylor and fellow Chicago rapper [[Chief Keef]] are being investigated for a possible connection in the shooting death of fellow rapper and Englewood resident, Joseph 'Lil JoJo' Coleman.<ref>[http://globalgrind.com/news/chicago-rapper-lil-jojo-dead-joseph-coleman-shot-chief-keef-lil-reese-photos Chicago Rapper Lil Jojo Gunned Down! (PHOTOS)]. Global Grind (2012-09-05). Retrieved on 2013-01-06.</ref> A YouTube video released a days later shows Jojo and Reese engaging in an argument on the street and someone in the video can be heard uttering the words: "Imma kill you."<ref>{{cite web | title=Reese And Jojo argument | url=http://www.worldstarhiphop.com/videos/video.php?v=wshh7xnZMOK1kRW23r2j | date=October 17, 2012 | accessdate=October 17, 2012 | work=[[Worldstarhiphop]] | author=Q}}</ref>

On October 24, 2012, a video showing Reese brutally assaulting a woman, was posted to the internet. Chicago Police are not actively investigating the beating because they don't know who the victim is, or where/when the incident occurred, according to a police source.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/15966048-418/lil-reese-rapper-involved-in-chief-keef-and-jojo-feud-tied-to-video-beating.html | title=Lil Reese tied to video beating | work=''suntimes.com'' | date=November 2, 2012 | accessdate=October 24, 2012 | author=BECKY SCHLIKERMAN}}</ref> Reese would later say the video was recorded years ago and that he is a different person now.

==Discography==
===Albums===
*''TBA'' (2013)

===Mixtapes===
*''For Greater Glory Vol. 1'' (with GBE) (Hosted by Trap-A-Holics) (2012)
*''Don't Like'' (Hosted by DJ Drama and DJ Cannon) (2012)
*''For Greater Glory Vol. 2'' (with GBE) (Hosted by Trap-A-Holics, DJ Hustlenomics, DJ Cash Crook) (2012)
*''For Greater Glory Vol. 2.5'' (with GBE) (Hosted by Trap-A-Holics & DJ Cash Crook) (2012)

===Upcoming Mixtapes===
*''3hunna koolaid boys''(with GBE) (Hosted by —) (2013)

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Hot Rap Songs|US Rap]]
|-
! scope="row" | "Us" (Remix) (featuring [[Rick Ross]] & [[Drake (entertainer)|Drake]])
| 2012
| — || — || —
| ''TBA''
|}

===As featured performer===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles as featured performer, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] <ref name="US100">{{cite web | url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/chief-keef/chart-history/1864972?f=379&g=Singles | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: Hot 100 | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]] <ref name="USR&B">{{cite web | url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/chief-keef/chart-history/1864972?f=367&g=Singles | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Rap Songs|US Rap]] <ref name="USRap">{{cite web | url=http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/chief-keef/chart-history/1864972?f=370&g=Singles | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: Rap Songs | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[I Don't Like]]" ([[Chief Keef]] featuring Lil Reese)
|| 2012
| 73 || 20 || 15
| [[Finally Rich]]
|}

==Guest appearances==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" style="width:19em;" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Other artist(s)
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row"| "OVA"
| rowspan="6"| 2012
| [[Freddie Gibbs]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| "My Lil Niggaz"
| Fredo Santana, [[Chief Keef]]
| rowspan="2"| ''It's A Scary Site''
|-
! scope="row"| "Respect"
| Fredo Santana
|-
! scope="row"| "Don't Try It"
| [[Frenchie]]
| ''Concrete Jungle 2''
|-
! scope="row"| "Nobody Move"
| Jay Stonez
|{{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Bodies"
| [[Juelz Santana]]
| God Will’n
|}

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

{{Def Jam}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Taylors, Tavares
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American rapper
| DATE OF BIRTH = January 6, 1993
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Chicago, United States
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reese, Lil}}
[[Category:Rappers from Chicago, Illinois]]
[[Category:African-American rappers]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Midwest hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:People from Chicago, Illinois]]

[[uk:Lil Reese]]

Benutzer:Winschu/Daniel Bennett (Fußballspieler)

2013-01-03T08:35:04Z

Graphium: corrected some info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Daniel Bennett
| image = [[File:DanielBennett-anthem-20080326.jpg|200px]]
| fullname = Daniel Mark Bennett
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|1|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Great Yarmouth]], [[England]]
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=0}}
| position = [[Defender (football)|Defender]]
| currentclub = [[Singapore Armed Forces Football Club|Singapore Armed Forces FC]]
| clubnumber = 16
| youthyears1 = |youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1995 |clubs1 = [[Tanjong Pagar United FC|Tanjong Pagar United]] |caps1 = 20 |goals1 = 0
| years2 = 1999–2000 |clubs2 = [[Balestier Khalsa FC|Balestier Khalsa]] |caps2 = 11 |goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2001 |clubs3 = [[Tanjong Pagar United FC|Tanjong Pagar United]] |caps3 = 35 |goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2001–2002 |clubs4 = [[Wrexham F.C.|Wrexham]] |caps4 = 6 |goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2002 |clubs5 = [[Singapore Armed Forces FC|Singapore Armed Forces]] |caps5 = 11 |goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2002–2003 |clubs6 = [[Wrexham F.C.|Wrexham]] |caps6 = 18 |goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2003–2004 |clubs7 = [[Singapore Armed Forces FC|Singapore Armed Forces]] |caps7 = 42 |goals7 = 1
| years8 = 2005–2006 |clubs8 = [[Woodlands Wellington FC|Woodlands Wellington]] |caps8 = 57 |goals8 = 4
| years9 = 2007– |clubs9 = [[Singapore Armed Forces FC|Singapore Armed Forces]] |caps9 = 86 |goals9 = 3
| nationalyears1 = 2002– |nationalteam1 = [[Singapore national football team|Singapore]] |nationalcaps1 = 122 |nationalgoals1 = 7
| pcupdate = 27 April 2008
| ntupdate = 22 December 2012
}}
'''Daniel Mark Bennett''' (born 7 January 1978 in [[Great Yarmouth]], [[England]]) is a professional [[association football|soccer]] player who plays for the [[Singapore national football team]], and for the [[Singapore Armed Forces Football Club]] (SAFFC) in [[Singapore]]'s [[S.League]]. He was born a [[United Kingdom|British]] citizen, but changed his nationality to [[Singapore]]an in 2002 in order to play international football for Singapore. With 122 caps for Singapore,<ref>http://www.stasiareport.com/premium/sports/story/bennett-set-spore-milestone-20121222</ref> he currently holds the national record for the most international matches played. He was a key member of the Singapore teams which won the [[ASEAN Football Championship]] in 2004, 2007, and 2012. He has also won four [[S.League]] titles with SAFFC, and was named the S.League's 'Player of the Year' in 2001. He played for [[Wrexham F.C.|Wrexham]] in the [[The Football League|English Football League]] from 2001-3, and helped the club win the [[FAW Premier Cup]] in 2003.

==Club career==
Bennett had a stint playing for [[Tanjong Pagar United FC|Tiong Bahru]] in the [[FAS Premier League|Singapore Premier League]] as a 17 year-old in 1995, before he left Singapore to study at [[Loughborough University]] in the UK. He then returned to Singapore, and played in the S.League for [[Balestier Khalsa FC|Balestier Central]] from 1999–2000, and for [[Tanjong Pagar United FC|Tanjong Pagar United]] in 2001. He won the S.League's 'Player of the Year' award at the end of the 2001 season.

Bennett then had a stint playing for Wrexham in the English football league. He helped the club win the FAW Premier Cup in 2003.

Bennett briefly returned to the S.League in 2002, playing 11 games for SAFFC during their title-winning season. He then returned to Singapore permanently in 2003 and joined SAFFC. He moved to [[Woodlands Wellington FC|Woodlands Wellington]] in 2005, before rejoining SAFFC in 2007. He was part of the SAFFC teams which won the S.League and [[Singapore Cup]] double in 2007 and 2008.

During the 2007 Singapore Cup final against [[Tampines Rovers FC|Tampines Rovers]], Bennett was involved in a clash with [[Noh Alam Shah]] (a Tampines Rovers striker and fellow Singapore national team player) during which Alam Shah kneed Bennett in the head in a tussle for the ball and, after being dragged away by his team-mates, returned and kicked Bennett in the head. Bennett was knocked unconscious and had to be taken to hospital while Alam Shah was sent off. SAFFC ultimately won the match 4-3. The incident resulted in Alam Shah receiving a 12 month ban (reduced to 7 months on appeal).

==International career==
Bennett made his debut for the Singapore national team on 11 December 2002 against the [[Philippines national football team|Philippines]] at Singapore's [[National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]]. He had a goal disallowed that day (an effort that he still maintains was a legitimate goal). He scored his first international goal against [[Hong Kong]] on 4 August 2003.

Bennett was a key member of the Singapore teams which won the [[2004 Tiger Cup]] (defeating [[Indonesia national football team|Indonesia]] in the final), the [[2007 ASEAN Football Championship]] (defeating [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]] in the final), and the [[2012 AFF Suzuki Cup]] (defeating [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]] in the final).

===International goals===
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1 || 29 December 2004 || [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] || {{fb|MYA|1974}} || 4–3 || Won || [[2004 Tiger Cup]]
|-
| 2 || 8 January 2005 || [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] || {{fb|IDN}} || 3–1 || Won || [[2004 Tiger Cup]]
|-
| 3 || 8 June 2005 || [[Penang]], [[Malaysia]] || {{fb|MAS}} || 2–1 || Won || Friendly
|-
| 4 || 28 December 2006 || [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] || {{fb|VIE}} || 2–3 || Lost || Friendly
|-
| 5 || 7 January 2007 || [[Singapore]] || {{fb|PHI}} || 4–1 || Won || Friendly
|}

==Personal life==
Bennett was born in England. His family moved to Singapore when he was two years old. He was educated in Singapore at [[Tanglin Trust School]] and the [[United World College of South East Asia]] (where his father, Andrew Bennett, was a teacher and later Headmaster until 2004), before going on to study at Loughborough University.

Bennett is married to Cherry, a lady from [[People's Republic of China|China]] whom he met in Singapore. They have one child.

==Honours==

===International===
[[File:DanielBennettSingaporeanFootballer.JPG|thumb|right|Daniel Bennett at Changi Airport, returning home with the triumphant Singapore team after the 2007 ASEAN Football Championship final.]]
*[[ASEAN Football Championship]]: 2004, 2007, 2012

===Club===

====Singapore Armed Forces FC====
*[[S.League]]: 2002, 2007, 2008, 2009
*[[Singapore Cup]]: 2007, 2008

====Wrexham====
*[[FAW Premier Cup]]: 2003

===Individual===
*S.League Player of the Year: 2001

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{soccerbase|id=30298|name=Daniel Bennett}}
*[http://data2.7m.cn/Player_Data/48004/en/index.shtml Daneil Bennett] at 7m.cn
*[http://www.soccerway.com/players/-daniel-bennett/24349/ Deniel Bennett] at Soccerway.com

{{Navboxes colour
|title=Singapore squads
|bg= white
|fg= red
|list1=
{{Singapore squad 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup}}
{{Singapore squad 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup}}
{{Singapore squad 2012 AFF Suzuki Cup}}
}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Bennett, Daniel
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singaporean footballer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 7 January 1978
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Great Yarmouth]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bennett, Daniel}}
[[Category:Singaporean footballers]]
[[Category:Singapore international footballers]]
[[Category:FIFA Century Club]]
[[Category:Wrexham F.C. players]]
[[Category:Singapore Armed Forces FC players]]
[[Category:Alumni of Loughborough University]]
[[Category:English emigrants to Singapore]]
[[Category:People from Great Yarmouth]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[fr:Daniel Bennett (football)]]
[[it:Daniel Mark Bennett]]
[[pl:Daniel Bennett]]

Benutzer:Winschu/Daniel Bennett (Fußballspieler)

2012-12-25T02:06:00Z

Graphium: Reverted 1 edit by Banana Fingers (talk). (TW)

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2012}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Daniel Bennett
| image = [[File:DanielBennett-anthem-20080326.jpg|200px]]
| fullname = Daniel Mark Bennett
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|1|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Great Yarmouth]], [[England]]
| height = {{height|ft=6|in=0}}
| position = [[Defender (football)|Defender]]
| currentclub = [[Singapore Armed Forces Football Club|Singapore Armed Forces FC]]
| clubnumber = 16
| youthyears1 = |youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1995 |clubs1 = [[Tanjong Pagar United FC|Tanjong Pagar United]] |caps1 = 20 |goals1 = 0
| years2 = 1999–2000 |clubs2 = [[Balestier Khalsa FC|Balestier Khalsa]] |caps2 = 11 |goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2001 |clubs3 = [[Tanjong Pagar United FC|Tanjong Pagar United]] |caps3 = 35 |goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2001–2002 |clubs4 = [[Wrexham F.C.|Wrexham]] |caps4 = 6 |goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2002 |clubs5 = [[Singapore Armed Forces FC|Singapore Armed Forces]] |caps5 = 11 |goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2002–2003 |clubs6 = [[Wrexham F.C.|Wrexham]] |caps6 = 18 |goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2003–2004 |clubs7 = [[Singapore Armed Forces FC|Singapore Armed Forces]] |caps7 = 42 |goals7 = 1
| years8 = 2005–2006 |clubs8 = [[Woodlands Wellington FC|Woodlands Wellington]] |caps8 = 57 |goals8 = 4
| years9 = 2007– |clubs9 = [[Singapore Armed Forces FC|Singapore Armed Forces]] |caps9 = 86 |goals9 = 3
| nationalyears1 = 2002– |nationalteam1 = [[Singapore national football team|Singapore]] |nationalcaps1 = 122 |nationalgoals1 = 7
| pcupdate = 27 April 2008
| ntupdate = 22 December 2012
}}
'''Daniel Mark Bennett''' (born 7 January 1978 in [[Great Yarmouth]], [[England]]) is a professional [[association football|soccer]] player who plays for the [[Singapore national football team]], and for the [[Singapore Armed Forces Football Club]] (SAFFC) in [[Singapore]]'s [[S.League]]. He was born a [[United Kingdom|British]] citizen, but changed his nationality to [[Singapore]]an in 2002 in order to play international football for Singapore. With 122 caps for Singapore, he currently holds the national record for the most international matches played. He was a key member of the Singapore teams which won the [[ASEAN Football Championship]] in 2004, 2007, and 2012. He has also won four [[S.League]] titles with SAFFC, and was named the S.League's 'Player of the Year' in 2001. He played for [[Wrexham F.C.|Wrexham]] in the [[The Football League|English Football League]] from 2001-3, and helped the club win the [[FAW Premier Cup]] in 2003.

==Club career==
Bennett had a stint playing for [[Tanjong Pagar United FC|Tiong Bahru]] in the [[FAS Premier League|Singapore Premier League]] as a 17 year-old in 1995, before he left Singapore to study at [[Loughborough University]] in the UK. He then returned to Singapore, and played in the S.League for [[Balestier Khalsa FC|Balestier Central]] from 1999–2000, and for [[Tanjong Pagar United FC|Tanjong Pagar United]] in 2001. He won the S.League's 'Player of the Year' award at the end of the 2001 season.

Bennett then had a stint playing for Wrexham in the English football league. He helped the club win the FAW Premier Cup in 2003.

Bennett briefly returned to the S.League in 2002, playing 11 games for SAFFC during their title-winning season. He then returned to Singapore permanently in 2003 and joined SAFFC. He moved to [[Woodlands Wellington FC|Woodlands Wellington]] in 2005, before rejoining SAFFC in 2007. He was part of the SAFFC teams which won the S.League and [[Singapore Cup]] double in 2007 and 2008.

During the 2007 Singapore Cup final against [[Tampines Rovers FC|Tampines Rovers]], Bennett was involved in a clash with [[Noh Alam Shah]] (a Tampines Rovers striker and fellow Singapore national team player) during which Alam Shah kneed Bennett in the head in a tussle for the ball and, after being dragged away by his team-mates, returned and kicked Bennett in the head. Bennett was knocked unconscious and had to be taken to hospital while Alam Shah was sent off. SAFFC ultimately won the match 4-3. The incident resulted in Alam Shah receiving a 12 month ban (reduced to 7 months on appeal).

==International career==
Bennett made his debut for the Singapore national team on 11 December 2002 against the [[Philippines national football team|Philippines]] at Singapore's [[National Stadium, Singapore|National Stadium]]. He had a goal disallowed that day (an effort that he still maintains was a legitimate goal). He scored his first international goal against [[Hong Kong]] on 4 August 2003.

Bennett was a key member of the Singapore teams which won the [[2004 Tiger Cup]] (defeating [[Indonesia national football team|Indonesia]] in the final), the [[2007 ASEAN Football Championship]] (defeating [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]] in the final), and the [[2012 AFF Suzuki Cup]] (defeating [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]] in the final).

==Personal life==
Bennett was born in England. His family moved to Singapore when he was two years old. He was educated in Singapore at [[Tanglin Trust School]] and the [[United World College of South East Asia]] (where his father, Andrew Bennett, was a teacher and later Headmaster until 2004), before going on to study at Loughborough University.

Bennett is married to Cherry, a lady from [[People's Republic of China|China]] whom he met in Singapore. They have one child.

==Honours==

===International===
[[File:DanielBennettSingaporeanFootballer.JPG|thumb|right|Daniel Bennett at Changi Airport, returning home with the triumphant Singapore team after the 2007 ASEAN Football Championship final.]]
*[[ASEAN Football Championship]]: 2004, 2007, 2012

===Club===

====Singapore Armed Forces FC====
*[[S.League]]: 2002, 2007, 2008, 2009
*[[Singapore Cup]]: 2007, 2008

====Wrexham====
*[[FAW Premier Cup]]: 2003

===Individual===
*S.League Player of the Year: 2001

==National team career statistics==

===Goals for senior national team===
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1 || 29 December 2004 || [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] || {{fb|MYA|1974}} || 4–3 || Won || [[2004 Tiger Cup]]
|-
| 2 || 8 January 2005 || [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] || {{fb|IDN}} || 3–1 || Won || [[2004 Tiger Cup]]
|-
| 3 || 8 June 2005 || [[Penang]], [[Malaysia]] || {{fb|MAS}} || 2–1 || Won || Friendly
|-
| 4 || 28 December 2006 || [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] || {{fb|VIE}} || 2–3 || Lost || Friendly
|-
| 5 || 7 January 2007 || [[Singapore]] || {{fb|PHI}} || 4–1 || Won || Friendly
|}

== External links ==
* {{soccerbase|id=30298|name=Daniel Bennett}}
* [http://www.national-football-teams.com/v2/player.php?id=6097 National Football Teams]
*http://data2.7m.cn/Player_Data/48004/en/index.shtml
*http://www.fas.org.sg/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=1302
*http://www.soccerway.com/players/-daniel-bennett/24349/
*http://www.safwarriors.com.sg/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=316:player-profile-daniel-bennett&catid=8:club-happenings&Itemid=25

{{Navboxes colour
|title=Singapore squads
|bg= white
|fg= red
|list1=
{{Singapore squad 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup}}
{{Singapore squad 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup}}
{{Singapore squad 2012 AFF Suzuki Cup}}
}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Bennett, Daniel
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singaporean footballer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 7 January 1978
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Great Yarmouth]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bennett, Daniel}}
[[Category:Singaporean footballers]]
[[Category:Singapore international footballers]]
[[Category:FIFA Century Club]]
[[Category:Wrexham F.C. players]]
[[Category:Singapore Armed Forces FC players]]
[[Category:Alumni of Loughborough University]]
[[Category:English emigrants to Singapore]]
[[Category:People from Great Yarmouth]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[fr:Daniel Bennett (football)]]
[[it:Daniel Mark Bennett]]
[[pl:Daniel Bennett]]

Ein Land, zwei Systeme

2012-12-13T05:27:57Z

Graphium: Reverted 1 edit by 75.75.187.88 (talk) identified as vandalism to last revision by 71.76.143.99. (TW)

{{History of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Contains Chinese text}}
{{Chinese|size=260|s={{linktext|一|国|两|制}}|t={{linktext|一|國|兩|制}}|p=Yīguó liǎngzhì|w=I4 Kuo2 Liang3 Chih4|j=jat1 gwok3 loeng5 zai3|y=yāt gwok léuhng jai|showflag=|por=Um país, dois sistemas|order=st}}

"'''One country, two systems'''" is an idea originally proposed by [[Deng Xiaoping]], then [[Paramount Leader]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC), for the [[Chinese reunification|reunification of China]] during the early 1980s. He suggested that there would be only [[One-China policy|one China]], but independent Chinese regions such as [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] and [[Taiwan]] could have their own [[capitalism|capitalist]] economic and political systems, while the rest of China uses the [[socialism with Chinese characteristics|socialist]] system. Under the suggestion, each of the three regions could continue to have its own political system, legal, economic and financial affairs, including commercial and cultural agreements with foreign countries, and would enjoy "certain rights" in foreign affairs. Taiwan could continue to maintain its own military force, thus evading recognition of Taiwan as part of the [[Republic of China]].<ref>China.org.cn. "[http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/china/203730.htm China.org.cn]." ''One Country, Two Systems.'' Retrieved on 2008-01-04.</ref>

==Hong Kong and Macau==
{{See also|Sino-British Joint Declaration|Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau}}
In 1984, [[Deng Xiaoping]] proposed to apply the principle to Hong Kong in the negotiation with the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]], [[Margaret Thatcher]] over the future of Hong Kong when the lease of the [[New Territories]] (including [[New Kowloon]]) of Hong Kong to the [[United Kingdom]] was to expire in 1997. The same principle was proposed in talks with [[Portugal]] about Macau.

The principle is that, upon reunification, despite the practice of [[Socialism with Chinese characteristics|socialism]] in [[mainland China]], both Hong Kong and Macau, which were colonies of the UK and Portugal respectively, can retain their established system under a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after reunification. What will happen after 2047 (Hong Kong) and 2049 (Macau) has never been publicly stated.

Chapter 1, Article 5 of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]], the [[constitutional document]] of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, reads:<ref name="HKBasicLawChapter1">{{cite web|url=http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_1.html|title=Chapter I : General Principles|publisher=[[Government of Hong Kong|Government of the Hong Kong SAR]]|date=2008-03-17|accessdate=2009-11-01}}</ref>
{{cquote|The socialist system and policies shall not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the previous capitalist system and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years.<ref>Luo, Jing. Over A Cup Of Tea: An Introduction To Chinese Life And Culture. [2004] (2004). [[University Press of America]] China. ISBN 0-7618-2937-7</ref><ref>Wong, Yiu-chung. [2004] (2004). One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation. Lexington Books. Hong Kong. ISBN 0-7391-0492-6.</ref>}}

The establishment of these regions, called [[special administrative region (People's Republic of China)|special administrative regions]] (SARs), is authorized by Article 31 of the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China]], which states that the State may establish SARs when necessary, and that the systems to be instituted in them shall be prescribed by law enacted by the [[National People's Congress]] in light of the specific conditions.

The SARs of Hong Kong and Macau were formally established on 1 July 1997 and 20 December 1999 respectively, immediately after the People's Republic of China (PRC) assumed the sovereignty over the respective regions.

===Framework===
The two SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are responsible for their domestic affairs including, but not limited to, the [[judiciary]] and [[Court of Final Appeal|courts of last resort]], [[immigration]] and [[customs]], [[public finance]], [[currency|currencies]] and [[extradition]]. [[Diplomatic relations]] and [[defense (military)|national defense]] of the two SARs however, is the responsibility of the [[Central People's Government]] in [[Beijing]].

Hong Kong continues using [[English common law]]. Macau continues using the Portuguese [[civil law (legal system)|civil law system]].

===Implementation===
In Hong Kong, the system has been implemented through the Basic Law of Hong Kong, which serves as the "mini-constitution" of the region, and consistent with the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Similar arrangements are in place with Macau. Under the respective basic laws, the SARs have a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. They formulate their own monetary and financial policies, maintain their own currencies, formulate their own policies on education, culture, sports, social welfare system, etc. within the framework of the basic laws.

As stipulated by the basic laws, while the Central People's Government of the PRC is responsible for foreign affairs and defense in relation to the SARs, representatives of the Government of the SARs may participate, as members of delegations of the PRC, in diplomatic negotiations that directly affect the Regions, and in other international organizations or conferences limited to states and affecting the region. For those international organizations and conferences not limited to states, the SARs may participate using the names in the form of ''Hong Kong, China'' and ''Macau, China''. As separate economic entities, both SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are members of the [[World Trade Organization]]. Hong Kong is also one of the member economies of [[APEC]].

The basic laws also provide constitutional protection on various fundamental [[human rights]] and freedoms. Specifically, the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] is given a constitutional status through the basic laws.

Some international observers and human rights organizations have expressed doubts about the future of the relative political freedoms enjoyed in Hong Kong, and about the PRC's pledge to allow a high degree of autonomy in Hong Kong. They considered, for example, that the proposals in [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|Article 23 of the Basic Law]] in 2003 (which was withdrawn due to mass opposition) might have undermined autonomy.

Nonetheless, the governments of the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong both consider the principle to have been successfully implemented, quoting official reports of both the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]].

==Republic of China/Taiwan==
This system has also been proposed by the PRC government for [[Taiwan]], but the [[Republic of China|Republic of China (ROC)]] government has refused this suggestion (it has also been claimed that the system was originally designed for Taiwan). Special provisions for the preservation of the military in Taiwan have also been proposed. All of the major parties in Taiwan, including those that lean toward [[Chinese reunification]], have come out strongly against "One country, two systems". Some proposed "One country, two governments" which was opposed by the Chinese communist party, while some proposed the "one country" in "One country, two systems" should be ROC instead of PRC. One of the few Taiwanese who have publicly supported "one country, two systems" is novelist [[Li Ao]].

Although the "One country, two systems" guarantees that Hong Kong's [[economic]] and [[political system]]s will not be changed for 50 years after the British handover in 1997, [[Mainland Affairs Council]] of the Republic of China has cited 169 cases in which they claim the PRC has breached the right of the people of Hong Kong to self-rule and severely intervened in the judicial system as well as freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/216401/1/.html | title = Chen vows to safeguard Taiwan sovereignty, rejects China overture | work= MediaCorp News | date=29 June 2006 | accessdate = 2007-11-21}}</ref>

Since the accession of [[President of the People's Republic of China|President]] [[Hu Jintao]], the PRC has stopped promoting immediate reunification via "one country, two systems" (although it remains official policy). The "one country, two systems" framework was not mentioned in the [[Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China]]. A new policy of gradual economic integration and political exchanges is now preferred:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/views/op-ed/ohanlon/20050501.htm|title=The Risk of War Over Taiwan is Real
|work=Financial Times|date=1 May 2005|accessdate=26 July 2006}}</ref> this new policy was emphasized during the [[2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Hopes-grow-as-second-Taiwan-leader-visits-China/2005/05/12/1115843308418.html|title=Hopes grow as second Taiwan leader visits China|date=13 May 2005|accessdate=26 July 2006 | location=Melbourne | work=The Age}}</ref> as well as all subsequent major cross-strait exchanges.


==Comparison to proposals for Tibet==
The [[14th Dalai Lama]]'s 2005 proposal for "high-level autonomy" for [[Tibet]], evolved from a position of advocating Tibetan independence, has been compared to one country, two systems. He has said that his proposals should be acceptable to China because "one country, two systems" is accommodated for in the Chinese Constitution. State media refuted this claim, pointing out that "one country, two systems" was designed for the capitalist social systems of Hong Kong and Macau, which had not ever existed in Tibet.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/zgxz/t265334.htm|title="One country, two systems" not possible for Tibet|date=2006-07-28|accessdate=2010-08-24|publisher=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States|work=China Tibet Information Center}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Hong Kong|Macau|Law}}
*[[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China]]
*[[Basic Law of Macau]]
*[[Hong Kong Basic Law]]
*[[:Category:Hong Kong law|Hong Kong law]]
*[[Legal system of Hong Kong]]
*[[Legal system of Macau]]
*[[Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China]]
*[[Special Economic Zone]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{People's Republic of China politics}}
{{Politics of the Republic of China}}
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}}

[[Category:Politics of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Politics of China]]
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[[Category:Government of Macau]]
[[Category:Politics of Macau]]
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[[Category:Macau law]]

[[de:Ein Land, zwei Systeme]]
[[es:Un país, dos sistemas]]
[[fr:Un pays, deux systèmes]]
[[ko:일국양제]]
[[id:Satu Negara Dua Sistem]]
[[it:Una Cina due sistemi]]
[[he:מדינה אחת, שתי שיטות]]
[[hu:Egy ország – két rendszer]]
[[ms:Satu negara, dua sistem]]
[[my:တပြည်ထောင် နှစ်စနစ်]]
[[ja:一国二制度]]
[[no:Ett land, to systemer]]
[[pl:Jeden kraj, dwa systemy]]
[[pt:Um país, dois sistemas]]
[[ru:Одна страна, две системы]]
[[sk:Jedna krajina, dva systémy]]
[[fi:Yksi maa, kaksi järjestelmää]]
[[sv:Ett land, två system]]
[[tl:Isang bansa, dalawang sistema]]
[[th:หนึ่งประเทศ สองระบบ]]
[[vi:Một quốc gia, hai chế độ]]
[[zh-yue:一國兩制]]
[[zh:一国两制]]