Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Benutzer Diskussion:ViśvakoṣaSampādaka

2019-06-25T00:56:00Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: GeneralizationsAreBad verschob die Seite Benutzer Diskussion:ViśvakoṣaSampādaka nach Benutzer Diskussion:Renamed user 2wz4ntr: Seite während der Umbenennung des Benutzers „ViśvakoṣaSampādaka“ in „Renamed user 2wz4ntr“ automatisch verschoben

#WEITERLEITUNG [[Benutzer Diskussion:Renamed user 2wz4ntr]]

Benutzer Diskussion:Renamed user 2wz4ntr

2019-06-25T00:56:00Z

== Herzlich willkommen in der Wikipedia, ViśvakoṣaSampādaka! ==
Ich habe gesehen, dass [[Wikipedia:Warum sich hier alle duzen|du]] dich kürzlich hier angemeldet hast, und möchte dir ein paar Tipps geben, damit du dich in der Wikipedia möglichst schnell zurechtfindest:

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* [[Wikipedia:Sei mutig|Sei mutig]], aber vergiss bitte nicht, dass andere Benutzer auch Menschen sind. Daher wahre bitte immer einen [[Wikipedia:Wikiquette|freundlichen Umgangston]], auch wenn du dich mal über andere ärgerst.
* Bitte gib bei Artikelbearbeitungen möglichst immer eine [[Wikipedia:Belege|Quelle]] an (am besten als [[Hilfe:Einzelnachweise|Einzelnachweis]]).
* Begründe deine Bearbeitung kurz in der [[Hilfe:Zusammenfassung und Quellen|Zusammenfassungszeile]]. Damit vermeidest du, dass andere Benutzer deine Änderung rückgängig machen, weil sie diese nicht nachvollziehen können.
* Nicht alle Themen und Texte sind für eine Enzyklopädie wie die Wikipedia geeignet. Enttäuschungen beim Schreiben von Artikeln kannst du vermeiden, wenn du dir zuvor [[Wikipedia:Was Wikipedia nicht ist]] und [[Wikipedia:Relevanzkriterien]] anschaust.
* Bitte [[Hilfe:Signatur|unterschreibe]] deine Diskussionsbeiträge durch Eingabe von <code>--<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> oder durch Drücken der Schaltfläche [[Datei:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg|24px|{{int:wikieditor-toolbar-tool-signature}}|verweis=Hilfe:Signatur]] über dem Bearbeitungsfeld. Artikel werden jedoch nicht unterschrieben.
Schön, dass du zu uns gestoßen bist – und: Lass dich nicht stressen.

Einen guten [[Wikipedia:Starthilfe|Start]] wünscht dir [[Benutzer:Lutheraner|Lutheraner]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Lutheraner|Diskussion]]) 12:26, 16. Dez. 2018 (CET)

== your templates ==

Hi, I just deleted the template and module pages recently created by you. It was requested [[Spezial:PermaLink/184465466#Benutzer:ViśvakoṣaSampādaka|here]]. We already have the [[Template:Infobox Rakete]] ;-) Regards --[[Benutzer:Schniggendiller|Schniggendiller]] [[BD:Schniggendiller| Diskussion ]] 22:04, 6. Jan. 2019 (CET)
:Hey, Please add [[Template:Infobox Rakete]] in [[Satellite Launch Vehicle]]. Thanks. -- [[Benutzer:ViśvakoṣaSampādaka|ViśvakoṣaSampādaka]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:ViśvakoṣaSampādaka|Diskussion]]) 06:01, 8. Jan. 2019 (CET)
::Hey. Done. --[[Benutzer:Asdert|Asdert]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Asdert|Diskussion]]) 13:15, 10. Jan. 2019 (CET)

Benutzer Diskussion:Houssem Abida

2019-03-10T18:42:41Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: GeneralizationsAreBad verschob die Seite Benutzer Diskussion:Houssem Abida nach Benutzer Diskussion:Kawayashu: Seite während der Umbenennung des Benutzers „Houssem Abida“ in „Kawayashu“ automatisch verschoben

#WEITERLEITUNG [[Benutzer Diskussion:Kawayashu]]

Benutzer Diskussion:Kawayashu

2019-03-10T18:42:40Z

== Herzlich willkommen in der Wikipedia, Houssem Abida! ==
Ich habe gesehen, dass [[Wikipedia:Warum sich hier alle duzen|du]] dich kürzlich hier angemeldet hast, und möchte dir ein paar Tipps geben, damit du dich in der Wikipedia möglichst schnell zurechtfindest:

<div style="border:1px solid #AAAAAA; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:1em; padding:0.2em 0.8em 0.2em 0.8em; text-align:center;">
[[Datei:Input-keyboard tour.svg|30px|link=Wikipedia:Tutorial]] [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial für neue Autoren]] •
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[[Datei:{{Hilfe/style|icon}}|30px|link=Hilfe:Übersicht]] [[Hilfe:Übersicht|Alle Hilfeseiten]] •
[[Datei:Internet-group-help-faq.svg|30px|link=Wikipedia:Fragen von Neulingen]] [[Wikipedia:Fragen von Neulingen|Fragen stellen]] •
[[Datei:Wiki-Mentor-Icon.svg|30px|link=WP:MP]] [[Wikipedia:Mentorenprogramm|Persönliche Betreuung]] •
[[Datei:Correct.svg|30px|link=Wikipedia:Beteiligen]] [[Wikipedia:Beteiligen|Wie beteiligen?]] •
[[Datei:Emblem-section.svg|30px|link=Wikipedia:Richtlinien]] [[Wikipedia:Richtlinien|Richtlinien]]
</div>

[[Datei:Signaturhinweis deutsch vector.png|rechts|gerahmt|Diskussionsbeiträge sollten immer mit Klick auf diese Schaltfläche [[Hilfe:Signatur|unterschrieben]] werden – Beiträge zu [[Wikipedia:Artikel|Artikeln]] hingegen nicht.]]
* [[Wikipedia:Sei mutig|Sei mutig]], aber vergiss bitte nicht, dass andere Benutzer auch Menschen sind. Daher wahre bitte immer einen [[Wikipedia:Wikiquette|freundlichen Umgangston]], auch wenn du dich mal über andere ärgerst.
* Bitte gib bei Artikelbearbeitungen möglichst immer eine [[Wikipedia:Belege|Quelle]] an (am besten als [[Hilfe:Einzelnachweise|Einzelnachweis]]).
* Begründe deine Bearbeitung kurz in der [[Hilfe:Zusammenfassung und Quellen|Zusammenfassungszeile]]. Damit vermeidest du, dass andere Benutzer deine Änderung rückgängig machen, weil sie diese nicht nachvollziehen können.
* Nicht alle Themen und Texte sind für eine Enzyklopädie wie die Wikipedia geeignet. Enttäuschungen beim Schreiben von Artikeln kannst du vermeiden, wenn du dir zuvor [[Wikipedia:Was Wikipedia nicht ist]] und [[Wikipedia:Relevanzkriterien]] anschaust.
Schön, dass du zu uns gestoßen bist – und: Lass dich nicht stressen.

Einen guten [[Wikipedia:Starthilfe|Start]] wünscht dir [[Benutzer:Lutheraner|Lutheraner]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Lutheraner|Diskussion]]) 18:50, 27. Jul. 2017 (CEST)

Noida-Greater-Noida-Linie

2017-09-16T15:42:10Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Removing link(s) to "Noida Sector 50 metro station": Removing links to deleted page Noida Sector 50 metro station. (TW)

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox Public transit
| box_width =
| name = Noida Metro
| image = Noida Metro Rail Corporation logo.png
| alt =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| imagesize2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 =
| alt3 =
| imagesize3 =
| caption3 =
| native_name =
| owner = [[Noida Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (NMRCL)
| locale = [[Noida]] and [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| transit_type = [[Rapid transit]]
| lines = 1
| stations = 22
| daily_ridership =
| annual_ridership =
| chief_executive = Santosh Kumar Yadav (MD)<ref>http://www.nmrcnoida.com/board-nmrc.htm</ref>
| key_people =
| headquarters = Block-III, Ganga Shopping Complex, Sector-29, Noida<ref>http://www.nmrcnoida.com/contact-us.htm</ref>
| website = {{url|http://www.nmrcnoida.com/}}
| began_operation =
| operation_will_start = April 2018
| vehicles =
| train_length = 4 coaches
| headway = 5-10 minutes
| system_length = {{convert|29.7|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| notrack =
| track_gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| ogauge = 
| minimum_radius_of_curvature = 
| el =
| average_speed = 
| top_speed = {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| map = [[Image:Noida Metro Map.svg|300px]]
| map_name =
| map_state = 
}}

The '''Noida Metro''' is an under-construction metro system connecting the twin cities of [[Noida]] and [[Greater Noida]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The metro network consists of one colour-coded line, with a total length of 29.7 kilometres serving 22 stations. The system has a mix of at-grade and elevated stations using standard-gauge tracks. Services will operate daily with a headway varying between 5–10 minutes. The trains are composed of four cars. The power output is supplied by 750 [[volt]] [[direct current]] through [[third rail]].

The Noida Metro Rail Corporation (NMRC) will build and operate the system. The system is expected to open by April 2018.<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/nmrc-speeds-up-work-of-21-stations-on-greater-noida-line/story-ux9OdPTCpwYpzN1pAQPbwK.html</ref>

==History==
The Uttar Pradesh government approved the construction of a 29.7 km metro line linking Noida with Greater Noida in October 2014. The government also appointed the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC) as the turnkey consultant for the project. The line was estimated to cost Rs 5,064 crore. It will have 22 stations, of which 13 will be constructed at-grade while seven will be elevated. Two stations at Knowledge Park-I and sector Delta-1 in Greater Noida are planned for future expansion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/UP-clears-Metro-to-Greater-Noida/articleshow/43927104.cms|title=UP clears Metro to Greater Noida|author=|date=|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The detailed project report (DPR) was prepared by the DMRC. A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) called the Noida Metro Rail Corporation (NMRC) was formed to implement the project.<ref>http://www.greaternoidaauthority.in/metro</ref> According to the DPR, the line will begin at Noida City Centre in Sector 32, and head towards Greater Noida via stations in sectors 50, 51, 78, 101, 81, on the Dadri road, 83, 85, 137, 142, 143, 144, 147, 153 and sector 149 in Noida. It will enter Greater Noida through Knowledge Park-II and traverse Pari Chowk, Sector-Alpha 1 and 2, before terminating at Depot station proposed near recreational green, Knowledge Park-IV in Greater Noida. The Uttar Pradesh Cabinet approved the project and forwarded the DPR to Government of India in October 2013. The Government of India and UP will each bear 20% of the costs and loans from external agencies would be taken to fund the rest 60% of the project. Twenty per cent funding from UP will be shared by Noida and Greater Noida Authorities, based on the length of track that passes through the two areas.<ref>http://www.greaternoidaauthority.in/metro</ref>

The NMRC announced that the first line of the metro would be called the Aqua Line on 30 November 2016. Explaining the choice, NMRC managing director Santosh Yadav stated, "Aqua signifies an eco-friendly colour, which is what we want to portray."<ref name = "AquaLineAnnouncement">{{cite web|title=Noida Metro to be Aqua line|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Metro-to-be-Aqua-line/articleshow/55714876.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=11 December 2016}}</ref>

===Timeline===
* Oct 2014: UP Government approves the metro project. <ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/UP-clears-Metro-to-Greater-Noida/articleshow/43927104.cms</ref>
* Sep 2015: Work progress in around Sec-71, Noida.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Plan-to-ease-busy-stretches-on-Greater-Noida-Metro-route/articleshow/48781519.cms| title=Plan to ease busy stretches on Greater Noida Metro route| website=Times of India| author=TNN| date=September 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Metro-to-be-ready-for-trials-by-July-17-DMRC-chief/articleshow/49445844.cms| title=Noida Metro to be ready for trials by July '18: DMRC chief| website=Times of India| author=Vandana Keelor| date=October 19, 2015}}</ref>
* Nov 2015: 700 piles (pillar foundation) out of total 5000 has been made.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nyoooz.com/noida/258132/noidagreater-noida-metro-work-progressing-as-per-schedule| title=Noida-Greater Noida Metro work progressing as per schedule| website=Nyoooz| date=November 10, 2015}}</ref>
* Feb 2016: NMRC completes first phase of construction in a record time of eight months. At this rate, the corridor is expected to be operational publicly by May 2017.
* March 2016: Noida Metro company holds its Board meeting on March 10 in Lucknow. The company's Chairperson Alok Ranjan who is Chief Secretary, Uttar Pradesh convened the meeting. Rama Raman, Chairperson of Noida, Greater Noida and Yamuna Expressway authorities who is NMRC's Managing Director and Saumya Srivastava, Executive Director were present.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Metro-company-to-hold-its-Board-meeting-on-March-10-in-Lucknow/articleshow/51271959.cms</ref>
* Feb 2017: 70% work completed. <ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/noida-metro-is-70-complete/articleshow/57010109.cms</ref>
* Mar 2017: Train trials to start by December 2017 and commercial operations by April 2018.<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/nmrc-speeds-up-work-of-21-stations-on-greater-noida-line/story-ux9OdPTCpwYpzN1pAQPbwK.html</ref>
* June 2017: Commercial operations to start by April 2018. <ref>http://www.jagran.com/news/national-noida-metro-will-start-in-april2018-16153479.html</ref>
* July 2017: 95% civil work of track and metro station completed, trial so start by year end.<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/work-on-noida-metro-95-complete-nmrc-looks-to-hire-more-staff/story-eZFAiJRyDBuWNGkUDXh2xO.html</ref>
* Aug 2017: Metro train trial to start by year end on 6 kms track from Depot station to Knowledge Park station.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/aqua-line-metro-trials-to-begin-by-year-end/articleshow/59871060.cms</ref>

==Network==
{{main article|List of Noida metro stations}}
The proposed {{convert|29.7|km|mi|adj=on}} Aqua Line will have 22 stations.<ref name="noidametrorail.com">{{cite web|title=STATIONS BETWEEN NOIDA-GREATER NOIDA|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326040441/http://noidametrorail.com/?page_id=29|website=noidametrorail.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326040441/http://noidametrorail.com/?page_id=29|archivedate=26 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/noida-metro-projects-still-offtrack/article6262485.ece|title=Noida Metro Projects Still Off-Track|author=Damini Nath|date=|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The line will start from Noida City sector 71 hub station and will run through sectors 50, 51, 78, 101, 81, 83, 85, 137, 142, 143, 144, 147, 149 and 153; after this it will enter Greater Noida and will go through Knowledge Park-II, Pari Chowk, Alpha-1 and Alpha-2 before terminating in Knowledge Park-IV. The entire route will be on elevated track.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/metro-rail-link-between-noida-and-greater-noida-to-be-completed--36175.html|title=Metro rail link between Noida and Greater Noida to be completed by 2017|author=|date=|work=India TV News}}</ref> This line will have an interchange station with the [[Delhi Metro]] at Sector 52 Noida station.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Phase-III_documetnt/pdf/61PH-III_DMRC_-Model.pdf |title=Metro Network Phase I, II, III & NCR |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] Ltd (DMRC) |format=pdf |date=February 2015 |accessdate=2015-06-28}}</ref>

All stations are equipped with [[platform screen door]]s.<ref name = "TOI1"/>
{{Noida Greater Noida Metro Aqua Line|state=expanded|align=left}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#{{Lucknow Metro color|Aqua}};"| '''Aqua Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2"|#
! colspan="2"|Station Name
! rowspan="2"|Total length in metres
! rowspan="2"|Interstation distance in metres
! rowspan="2"|Opening
! rowspan="2"|Connections
! rowspan="2"|Layout
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Hindi]]
|-
|1||[[Noida City Centre metro station|Noida City Centre]]||नोएडा सिटी सेंटर|| 0.000|| 450.0||Under Construction||{{color box|Blue}} [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]]||Elevated
|-
|2||[[Noida Sector 71 metro station|Noida Sector 71]]||नोएडा सेक्टर ७१||1041.5||1041.5||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|3||Noida Sector 50||नोएडा सेक्टर ५०||2095||1053.5||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|4||[[Noida Sector 78 metro station|Noida Sector 78]]||नोएडा सेक्टर ७८||3105.2||1010.2||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|5||[[Noida Sector 101 metro station|Noida Sector 101]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १०१||4228.9||1123.7||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|6||[[Noida Sector 81 metro station|Noida Sector 81]]||नोएडा सेक्टर ८१||5153.3||924.4||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|7||[[Dadri Road metro station|Dadri Road]]||दादरी रोड||7130||1976.7||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|8||[[Noida Sector 83 metro station|Noida Sector 83]]||नोएडा सेक्टर८३||8279.4||1149.4||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|9||[[Noida Sector 137 metro station|Noida Sector 137]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १३७||9631.1||1351.7||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|10||[[Noida Sector 142 metro station|Noida Sector 142 ]] ||नोएडा सेक्टर १४२||11279.1||1648.0||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|11||[[Noida Sector 143 metro station|Noida Sector 143]]||नोएडा सेक्टर 1४३||12500.6||1221.5||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|12||[[Noida Sector 144 metro station|Noida Sector 144]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १४४||13852.8||1352.2||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|13||[[Noida Sector 147 metro station|Noida Sector 147]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १४७||15084.1||1231.3||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|14||[[Noida Sector 153 metro station|Noida Sector 153]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १५३||16617.1||1533.0||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|15||[[Noida Sector 146 metro station|Noida Sector 146]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १४६|| || ||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|16||[[Noida Sector 149 metro station|Noida Sector 149]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १४९||19910.6||3293.5||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|17||[[Knowledge Park II metro station|Knowledge Park II]]||नॉलेज पार्कII||22239||2328.4||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|18||[[Pari Chowk metro station|Pari Chowk]]||परी चौक||24010.8||921.8||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|19||ALPHA 1||एल्फा १||25096.7||1085.9||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|20||ALPHA 2||एल्फा २||26025.6||928.9||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|21||[[DELTA 1 metro station|DELTA 1]]||डेल्टा १ ||27881.4||1855.8||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|22||[[Depot metro station|Depot]]||डिपो||28806.7||925.3||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|}

==Infrastructure==
===Rolling stock===
The metro uses lightweight rakes made of stainless steel and aluminium, manufactured by China's [[CRRC Corporation]]. Each train has a seating capacity of 186 and a standing capacity of 848, with total capacity of 1,034 passengers. Nineteen rakes with four coaches each, a total of 76 coaches, will operate of the Aqua Line. The cost of each coach is {{INRConvert|4|c}}. Trains are equipped with a passenger information system, a public address system and an emergency announcement system from the operation control centre.<ref name = "TOI1">{{cite web|title=Noida Metro unveils first look of Aqua line trains - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Metro-unveils-first-look-of-Aqua-line-trains/articleshow/55798844.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=11 December 2016}}</ref>

===Power===
All 21 stations, the train depot, and the NMRC offices will be powered by solar energy. The NMRC will install solar panels on the rooftops of all stations, footbridges, its main office building, the depot and parking lot boundary walls to generate an estimated 12 MW of solar power daily. The metro system will also be supplemented with conventional electricity, which will also be used as a back up. Trains will not be powered by solar power, and will instead use conventional power supply.<ref>{{cite web|title=Solar power to make Noida Metro India’s greenest - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Solar-power-to-make-Noida-Metro-Indias-greenest/articleshow/54802523.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=14 October 2016}}</ref>

==Operations==
Trains will operate at an average speed of 35 km/h with a headway of 5 minutes during peak hours, and 10 minutes during non-peak hours.<ref name = "TOI1"/>

==See also==
* [[Noida Agra Monorail]]
* [[Delhi Metro]]
* [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* [http://www.NoidaMetroRail.com Noida – Greater Noida Metro Rail]

{{Rapid transit in India}}

[[Category:Transport in Noida]]
[[Category:Proposed public transport in India]]
[[Category:Metropolitan transport agencies of India]]
[[Category:Standard gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]

Noida-Greater-Noida-Linie

2017-09-16T15:41:58Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Removing link(s) to "ALPHA 1 metro station": Removing links to deleted page ALPHA 1 metro station. (TW)

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox Public transit
| box_width =
| name = Noida Metro
| image = Noida Metro Rail Corporation logo.png
| alt =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| imagesize2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 =
| alt3 =
| imagesize3 =
| caption3 =
| native_name =
| owner = [[Noida Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (NMRCL)
| locale = [[Noida]] and [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| transit_type = [[Rapid transit]]
| lines = 1
| stations = 22
| daily_ridership =
| annual_ridership =
| chief_executive = Santosh Kumar Yadav (MD)<ref>http://www.nmrcnoida.com/board-nmrc.htm</ref>
| key_people =
| headquarters = Block-III, Ganga Shopping Complex, Sector-29, Noida<ref>http://www.nmrcnoida.com/contact-us.htm</ref>
| website = {{url|http://www.nmrcnoida.com/}}
| began_operation =
| operation_will_start = April 2018
| vehicles =
| train_length = 4 coaches
| headway = 5-10 minutes
| system_length = {{convert|29.7|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| notrack =
| track_gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| ogauge = 
| minimum_radius_of_curvature = 
| el =
| average_speed = 
| top_speed = {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| map = [[Image:Noida Metro Map.svg|300px]]
| map_name =
| map_state = 
}}

The '''Noida Metro''' is an under-construction metro system connecting the twin cities of [[Noida]] and [[Greater Noida]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The metro network consists of one colour-coded line, with a total length of 29.7 kilometres serving 22 stations. The system has a mix of at-grade and elevated stations using standard-gauge tracks. Services will operate daily with a headway varying between 5–10 minutes. The trains are composed of four cars. The power output is supplied by 750 [[volt]] [[direct current]] through [[third rail]].

The Noida Metro Rail Corporation (NMRC) will build and operate the system. The system is expected to open by April 2018.<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/nmrc-speeds-up-work-of-21-stations-on-greater-noida-line/story-ux9OdPTCpwYpzN1pAQPbwK.html</ref>

==History==
The Uttar Pradesh government approved the construction of a 29.7 km metro line linking Noida with Greater Noida in October 2014. The government also appointed the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC) as the turnkey consultant for the project. The line was estimated to cost Rs 5,064 crore. It will have 22 stations, of which 13 will be constructed at-grade while seven will be elevated. Two stations at Knowledge Park-I and sector Delta-1 in Greater Noida are planned for future expansion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/UP-clears-Metro-to-Greater-Noida/articleshow/43927104.cms|title=UP clears Metro to Greater Noida|author=|date=|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The detailed project report (DPR) was prepared by the DMRC. A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) called the Noida Metro Rail Corporation (NMRC) was formed to implement the project.<ref>http://www.greaternoidaauthority.in/metro</ref> According to the DPR, the line will begin at Noida City Centre in Sector 32, and head towards Greater Noida via stations in sectors 50, 51, 78, 101, 81, on the Dadri road, 83, 85, 137, 142, 143, 144, 147, 153 and sector 149 in Noida. It will enter Greater Noida through Knowledge Park-II and traverse Pari Chowk, Sector-Alpha 1 and 2, before terminating at Depot station proposed near recreational green, Knowledge Park-IV in Greater Noida. The Uttar Pradesh Cabinet approved the project and forwarded the DPR to Government of India in October 2013. The Government of India and UP will each bear 20% of the costs and loans from external agencies would be taken to fund the rest 60% of the project. Twenty per cent funding from UP will be shared by Noida and Greater Noida Authorities, based on the length of track that passes through the two areas.<ref>http://www.greaternoidaauthority.in/metro</ref>

The NMRC announced that the first line of the metro would be called the Aqua Line on 30 November 2016. Explaining the choice, NMRC managing director Santosh Yadav stated, "Aqua signifies an eco-friendly colour, which is what we want to portray."<ref name = "AquaLineAnnouncement">{{cite web|title=Noida Metro to be Aqua line|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Metro-to-be-Aqua-line/articleshow/55714876.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=11 December 2016}}</ref>

===Timeline===
* Oct 2014: UP Government approves the metro project. <ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/UP-clears-Metro-to-Greater-Noida/articleshow/43927104.cms</ref>
* Sep 2015: Work progress in around Sec-71, Noida.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Plan-to-ease-busy-stretches-on-Greater-Noida-Metro-route/articleshow/48781519.cms| title=Plan to ease busy stretches on Greater Noida Metro route| website=Times of India| author=TNN| date=September 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Metro-to-be-ready-for-trials-by-July-17-DMRC-chief/articleshow/49445844.cms| title=Noida Metro to be ready for trials by July '18: DMRC chief| website=Times of India| author=Vandana Keelor| date=October 19, 2015}}</ref>
* Nov 2015: 700 piles (pillar foundation) out of total 5000 has been made.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nyoooz.com/noida/258132/noidagreater-noida-metro-work-progressing-as-per-schedule| title=Noida-Greater Noida Metro work progressing as per schedule| website=Nyoooz| date=November 10, 2015}}</ref>
* Feb 2016: NMRC completes first phase of construction in a record time of eight months. At this rate, the corridor is expected to be operational publicly by May 2017.
* March 2016: Noida Metro company holds its Board meeting on March 10 in Lucknow. The company's Chairperson Alok Ranjan who is Chief Secretary, Uttar Pradesh convened the meeting. Rama Raman, Chairperson of Noida, Greater Noida and Yamuna Expressway authorities who is NMRC's Managing Director and Saumya Srivastava, Executive Director were present.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Metro-company-to-hold-its-Board-meeting-on-March-10-in-Lucknow/articleshow/51271959.cms</ref>
* Feb 2017: 70% work completed. <ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/noida-metro-is-70-complete/articleshow/57010109.cms</ref>
* Mar 2017: Train trials to start by December 2017 and commercial operations by April 2018.<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/nmrc-speeds-up-work-of-21-stations-on-greater-noida-line/story-ux9OdPTCpwYpzN1pAQPbwK.html</ref>
* June 2017: Commercial operations to start by April 2018. <ref>http://www.jagran.com/news/national-noida-metro-will-start-in-april2018-16153479.html</ref>
* July 2017: 95% civil work of track and metro station completed, trial so start by year end.<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/work-on-noida-metro-95-complete-nmrc-looks-to-hire-more-staff/story-eZFAiJRyDBuWNGkUDXh2xO.html</ref>
* Aug 2017: Metro train trial to start by year end on 6 kms track from Depot station to Knowledge Park station.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/aqua-line-metro-trials-to-begin-by-year-end/articleshow/59871060.cms</ref>

==Network==
{{main article|List of Noida metro stations}}
The proposed {{convert|29.7|km|mi|adj=on}} Aqua Line will have 22 stations.<ref name="noidametrorail.com">{{cite web|title=STATIONS BETWEEN NOIDA-GREATER NOIDA|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326040441/http://noidametrorail.com/?page_id=29|website=noidametrorail.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326040441/http://noidametrorail.com/?page_id=29|archivedate=26 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/noida-metro-projects-still-offtrack/article6262485.ece|title=Noida Metro Projects Still Off-Track|author=Damini Nath|date=|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The line will start from Noida City sector 71 hub station and will run through sectors 50, 51, 78, 101, 81, 83, 85, 137, 142, 143, 144, 147, 149 and 153; after this it will enter Greater Noida and will go through Knowledge Park-II, Pari Chowk, Alpha-1 and Alpha-2 before terminating in Knowledge Park-IV. The entire route will be on elevated track.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/metro-rail-link-between-noida-and-greater-noida-to-be-completed--36175.html|title=Metro rail link between Noida and Greater Noida to be completed by 2017|author=|date=|work=India TV News}}</ref> This line will have an interchange station with the [[Delhi Metro]] at Sector 52 Noida station.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Phase-III_documetnt/pdf/61PH-III_DMRC_-Model.pdf |title=Metro Network Phase I, II, III & NCR |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] Ltd (DMRC) |format=pdf |date=February 2015 |accessdate=2015-06-28}}</ref>

All stations are equipped with [[platform screen door]]s.<ref name = "TOI1"/>
{{Noida Greater Noida Metro Aqua Line|state=expanded|align=left}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#{{Lucknow Metro color|Aqua}};"| '''Aqua Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2"|#
! colspan="2"|Station Name
! rowspan="2"|Total length in metres
! rowspan="2"|Interstation distance in metres
! rowspan="2"|Opening
! rowspan="2"|Connections
! rowspan="2"|Layout
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Hindi]]
|-
|1||[[Noida City Centre metro station|Noida City Centre]]||नोएडा सिटी सेंटर|| 0.000|| 450.0||Under Construction||{{color box|Blue}} [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]]||Elevated
|-
|2||[[Noida Sector 71 metro station|Noida Sector 71]]||नोएडा सेक्टर ७१||1041.5||1041.5||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|3||[[Noida Sector 50 metro station|Noida Sector 50]]||नोएडा सेक्टर ५०||2095||1053.5||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|4||[[Noida Sector 78 metro station|Noida Sector 78]]||नोएडा सेक्टर ७८||3105.2||1010.2||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|5||[[Noida Sector 101 metro station|Noida Sector 101]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १०१||4228.9||1123.7||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|6||[[Noida Sector 81 metro station|Noida Sector 81]]||नोएडा सेक्टर ८१||5153.3||924.4||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|7||[[Dadri Road metro station|Dadri Road]]||दादरी रोड||7130||1976.7||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|8||[[Noida Sector 83 metro station|Noida Sector 83]]||नोएडा सेक्टर८३||8279.4||1149.4||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|9||[[Noida Sector 137 metro station|Noida Sector 137]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १३७||9631.1||1351.7||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|10||[[Noida Sector 142 metro station|Noida Sector 142 ]] ||नोएडा सेक्टर १४२||11279.1||1648.0||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|11||[[Noida Sector 143 metro station|Noida Sector 143]]||नोएडा सेक्टर 1४३||12500.6||1221.5||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|12||[[Noida Sector 144 metro station|Noida Sector 144]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १४४||13852.8||1352.2||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|13||[[Noida Sector 147 metro station|Noida Sector 147]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १४७||15084.1||1231.3||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|14||[[Noida Sector 153 metro station|Noida Sector 153]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १५३||16617.1||1533.0||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|15||[[Noida Sector 146 metro station|Noida Sector 146]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १४६|| || ||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|16||[[Noida Sector 149 metro station|Noida Sector 149]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १४९||19910.6||3293.5||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|17||[[Knowledge Park II metro station|Knowledge Park II]]||नॉलेज पार्कII||22239||2328.4||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|18||[[Pari Chowk metro station|Pari Chowk]]||परी चौक||24010.8||921.8||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|19||ALPHA 1||एल्फा १||25096.7||1085.9||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|20||ALPHA 2||एल्फा २||26025.6||928.9||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|21||[[DELTA 1 metro station|DELTA 1]]||डेल्टा १ ||27881.4||1855.8||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|22||[[Depot metro station|Depot]]||डिपो||28806.7||925.3||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|}

==Infrastructure==
===Rolling stock===
The metro uses lightweight rakes made of stainless steel and aluminium, manufactured by China's [[CRRC Corporation]]. Each train has a seating capacity of 186 and a standing capacity of 848, with total capacity of 1,034 passengers. Nineteen rakes with four coaches each, a total of 76 coaches, will operate of the Aqua Line. The cost of each coach is {{INRConvert|4|c}}. Trains are equipped with a passenger information system, a public address system and an emergency announcement system from the operation control centre.<ref name = "TOI1">{{cite web|title=Noida Metro unveils first look of Aqua line trains - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Metro-unveils-first-look-of-Aqua-line-trains/articleshow/55798844.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=11 December 2016}}</ref>

===Power===
All 21 stations, the train depot, and the NMRC offices will be powered by solar energy. The NMRC will install solar panels on the rooftops of all stations, footbridges, its main office building, the depot and parking lot boundary walls to generate an estimated 12 MW of solar power daily. The metro system will also be supplemented with conventional electricity, which will also be used as a back up. Trains will not be powered by solar power, and will instead use conventional power supply.<ref>{{cite web|title=Solar power to make Noida Metro India’s greenest - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Solar-power-to-make-Noida-Metro-Indias-greenest/articleshow/54802523.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=14 October 2016}}</ref>

==Operations==
Trains will operate at an average speed of 35 km/h with a headway of 5 minutes during peak hours, and 10 minutes during non-peak hours.<ref name = "TOI1"/>

==See also==
* [[Noida Agra Monorail]]
* [[Delhi Metro]]
* [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* [http://www.NoidaMetroRail.com Noida – Greater Noida Metro Rail]

{{Rapid transit in India}}

[[Category:Transport in Noida]]
[[Category:Proposed public transport in India]]
[[Category:Metropolitan transport agencies of India]]
[[Category:Standard gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]

Noida-Greater-Noida-Linie

2017-09-16T15:41:44Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Removing link(s) to "ALPHA 2 metro station": Removing links to deleted page ALPHA 2 metro station. (TW)

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox Public transit
| box_width =
| name = Noida Metro
| image = Noida Metro Rail Corporation logo.png
| alt =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| imagesize2 =
| caption2 =
| image3 =
| alt3 =
| imagesize3 =
| caption3 =
| native_name =
| owner = [[Noida Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (NMRCL)
| locale = [[Noida]] and [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| transit_type = [[Rapid transit]]
| lines = 1
| stations = 22
| daily_ridership =
| annual_ridership =
| chief_executive = Santosh Kumar Yadav (MD)<ref>http://www.nmrcnoida.com/board-nmrc.htm</ref>
| key_people =
| headquarters = Block-III, Ganga Shopping Complex, Sector-29, Noida<ref>http://www.nmrcnoida.com/contact-us.htm</ref>
| website = {{url|http://www.nmrcnoida.com/}}
| began_operation =
| operation_will_start = April 2018
| vehicles =
| train_length = 4 coaches
| headway = 5-10 minutes
| system_length = {{convert|29.7|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| notrack =
| track_gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| ogauge = 
| minimum_radius_of_curvature = 
| el =
| average_speed = 
| top_speed = {{convert|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| map = [[Image:Noida Metro Map.svg|300px]]
| map_name =
| map_state = 
}}

The '''Noida Metro''' is an under-construction metro system connecting the twin cities of [[Noida]] and [[Greater Noida]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The metro network consists of one colour-coded line, with a total length of 29.7 kilometres serving 22 stations. The system has a mix of at-grade and elevated stations using standard-gauge tracks. Services will operate daily with a headway varying between 5–10 minutes. The trains are composed of four cars. The power output is supplied by 750 [[volt]] [[direct current]] through [[third rail]].

The Noida Metro Rail Corporation (NMRC) will build and operate the system. The system is expected to open by April 2018.<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/nmrc-speeds-up-work-of-21-stations-on-greater-noida-line/story-ux9OdPTCpwYpzN1pAQPbwK.html</ref>

==History==
The Uttar Pradesh government approved the construction of a 29.7 km metro line linking Noida with Greater Noida in October 2014. The government also appointed the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC) as the turnkey consultant for the project. The line was estimated to cost Rs 5,064 crore. It will have 22 stations, of which 13 will be constructed at-grade while seven will be elevated. Two stations at Knowledge Park-I and sector Delta-1 in Greater Noida are planned for future expansion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/UP-clears-Metro-to-Greater-Noida/articleshow/43927104.cms|title=UP clears Metro to Greater Noida|author=|date=|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The detailed project report (DPR) was prepared by the DMRC. A Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) called the Noida Metro Rail Corporation (NMRC) was formed to implement the project.<ref>http://www.greaternoidaauthority.in/metro</ref> According to the DPR, the line will begin at Noida City Centre in Sector 32, and head towards Greater Noida via stations in sectors 50, 51, 78, 101, 81, on the Dadri road, 83, 85, 137, 142, 143, 144, 147, 153 and sector 149 in Noida. It will enter Greater Noida through Knowledge Park-II and traverse Pari Chowk, Sector-Alpha 1 and 2, before terminating at Depot station proposed near recreational green, Knowledge Park-IV in Greater Noida. The Uttar Pradesh Cabinet approved the project and forwarded the DPR to Government of India in October 2013. The Government of India and UP will each bear 20% of the costs and loans from external agencies would be taken to fund the rest 60% of the project. Twenty per cent funding from UP will be shared by Noida and Greater Noida Authorities, based on the length of track that passes through the two areas.<ref>http://www.greaternoidaauthority.in/metro</ref>

The NMRC announced that the first line of the metro would be called the Aqua Line on 30 November 2016. Explaining the choice, NMRC managing director Santosh Yadav stated, "Aqua signifies an eco-friendly colour, which is what we want to portray."<ref name = "AquaLineAnnouncement">{{cite web|title=Noida Metro to be Aqua line|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Metro-to-be-Aqua-line/articleshow/55714876.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=11 December 2016}}</ref>

===Timeline===
* Oct 2014: UP Government approves the metro project. <ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/UP-clears-Metro-to-Greater-Noida/articleshow/43927104.cms</ref>
* Sep 2015: Work progress in around Sec-71, Noida.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Plan-to-ease-busy-stretches-on-Greater-Noida-Metro-route/articleshow/48781519.cms| title=Plan to ease busy stretches on Greater Noida Metro route| website=Times of India| author=TNN| date=September 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Metro-to-be-ready-for-trials-by-July-17-DMRC-chief/articleshow/49445844.cms| title=Noida Metro to be ready for trials by July '18: DMRC chief| website=Times of India| author=Vandana Keelor| date=October 19, 2015}}</ref>
* Nov 2015: 700 piles (pillar foundation) out of total 5000 has been made.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nyoooz.com/noida/258132/noidagreater-noida-metro-work-progressing-as-per-schedule| title=Noida-Greater Noida Metro work progressing as per schedule| website=Nyoooz| date=November 10, 2015}}</ref>
* Feb 2016: NMRC completes first phase of construction in a record time of eight months. At this rate, the corridor is expected to be operational publicly by May 2017.
* March 2016: Noida Metro company holds its Board meeting on March 10 in Lucknow. The company's Chairperson Alok Ranjan who is Chief Secretary, Uttar Pradesh convened the meeting. Rama Raman, Chairperson of Noida, Greater Noida and Yamuna Expressway authorities who is NMRC's Managing Director and Saumya Srivastava, Executive Director were present.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Metro-company-to-hold-its-Board-meeting-on-March-10-in-Lucknow/articleshow/51271959.cms</ref>
* Feb 2017: 70% work completed. <ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/noida-metro-is-70-complete/articleshow/57010109.cms</ref>
* Mar 2017: Train trials to start by December 2017 and commercial operations by April 2018.<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/nmrc-speeds-up-work-of-21-stations-on-greater-noida-line/story-ux9OdPTCpwYpzN1pAQPbwK.html</ref>
* June 2017: Commercial operations to start by April 2018. <ref>http://www.jagran.com/news/national-noida-metro-will-start-in-april2018-16153479.html</ref>
* July 2017: 95% civil work of track and metro station completed, trial so start by year end.<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/work-on-noida-metro-95-complete-nmrc-looks-to-hire-more-staff/story-eZFAiJRyDBuWNGkUDXh2xO.html</ref>
* Aug 2017: Metro train trial to start by year end on 6 kms track from Depot station to Knowledge Park station.<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/aqua-line-metro-trials-to-begin-by-year-end/articleshow/59871060.cms</ref>

==Network==
{{main article|List of Noida metro stations}}
The proposed {{convert|29.7|km|mi|adj=on}} Aqua Line will have 22 stations.<ref name="noidametrorail.com">{{cite web|title=STATIONS BETWEEN NOIDA-GREATER NOIDA|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326040441/http://noidametrorail.com/?page_id=29|website=noidametrorail.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326040441/http://noidametrorail.com/?page_id=29|archivedate=26 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/noida-metro-projects-still-offtrack/article6262485.ece|title=Noida Metro Projects Still Off-Track|author=Damini Nath|date=|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The line will start from Noida City sector 71 hub station and will run through sectors 50, 51, 78, 101, 81, 83, 85, 137, 142, 143, 144, 147, 149 and 153; after this it will enter Greater Noida and will go through Knowledge Park-II, Pari Chowk, Alpha-1 and Alpha-2 before terminating in Knowledge Park-IV. The entire route will be on elevated track.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/metro-rail-link-between-noida-and-greater-noida-to-be-completed--36175.html|title=Metro rail link between Noida and Greater Noida to be completed by 2017|author=|date=|work=India TV News}}</ref> This line will have an interchange station with the [[Delhi Metro]] at Sector 52 Noida station.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Phase-III_documetnt/pdf/61PH-III_DMRC_-Model.pdf |title=Metro Network Phase I, II, III & NCR |publisher=[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] Ltd (DMRC) |format=pdf |date=February 2015 |accessdate=2015-06-28}}</ref>

All stations are equipped with [[platform screen door]]s.<ref name = "TOI1"/>
{{Noida Greater Noida Metro Aqua Line|state=expanded|align=left}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#{{Lucknow Metro color|Aqua}};"| '''Aqua Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2"|#
! colspan="2"|Station Name
! rowspan="2"|Total length in metres
! rowspan="2"|Interstation distance in metres
! rowspan="2"|Opening
! rowspan="2"|Connections
! rowspan="2"|Layout
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Hindi]]
|-
|1||[[Noida City Centre metro station|Noida City Centre]]||नोएडा सिटी सेंटर|| 0.000|| 450.0||Under Construction||{{color box|Blue}} [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]]||Elevated
|-
|2||[[Noida Sector 71 metro station|Noida Sector 71]]||नोएडा सेक्टर ७१||1041.5||1041.5||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|3||[[Noida Sector 50 metro station|Noida Sector 50]]||नोएडा सेक्टर ५०||2095||1053.5||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|4||[[Noida Sector 78 metro station|Noida Sector 78]]||नोएडा सेक्टर ७८||3105.2||1010.2||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|5||[[Noida Sector 101 metro station|Noida Sector 101]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १०१||4228.9||1123.7||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|6||[[Noida Sector 81 metro station|Noida Sector 81]]||नोएडा सेक्टर ८१||5153.3||924.4||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|7||[[Dadri Road metro station|Dadri Road]]||दादरी रोड||7130||1976.7||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|8||[[Noida Sector 83 metro station|Noida Sector 83]]||नोएडा सेक्टर८३||8279.4||1149.4||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|9||[[Noida Sector 137 metro station|Noida Sector 137]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १३७||9631.1||1351.7||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|10||[[Noida Sector 142 metro station|Noida Sector 142 ]] ||नोएडा सेक्टर १४२||11279.1||1648.0||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|11||[[Noida Sector 143 metro station|Noida Sector 143]]||नोएडा सेक्टर 1४३||12500.6||1221.5||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|12||[[Noida Sector 144 metro station|Noida Sector 144]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १४४||13852.8||1352.2||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|13||[[Noida Sector 147 metro station|Noida Sector 147]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १४७||15084.1||1231.3||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|14||[[Noida Sector 153 metro station|Noida Sector 153]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १५३||16617.1||1533.0||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|15||[[Noida Sector 146 metro station|Noida Sector 146]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १४६|| || ||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|16||[[Noida Sector 149 metro station|Noida Sector 149]]||नोएडा सेक्टर १४९||19910.6||3293.5||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|17||[[Knowledge Park II metro station|Knowledge Park II]]||नॉलेज पार्कII||22239||2328.4||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|18||[[Pari Chowk metro station|Pari Chowk]]||परी चौक||24010.8||921.8||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|19||[[ALPHA 1 metro station|ALPHA 1]]||एल्फा १||25096.7||1085.9||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|20||ALPHA 2||एल्फा २||26025.6||928.9||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|21||[[DELTA 1 metro station|DELTA 1]]||डेल्टा १ ||27881.4||1855.8||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|22||[[Depot metro station|Depot]]||डिपो||28806.7||925.3||Under Construction||None||Elevated
|-
|}

==Infrastructure==
===Rolling stock===
The metro uses lightweight rakes made of stainless steel and aluminium, manufactured by China's [[CRRC Corporation]]. Each train has a seating capacity of 186 and a standing capacity of 848, with total capacity of 1,034 passengers. Nineteen rakes with four coaches each, a total of 76 coaches, will operate of the Aqua Line. The cost of each coach is {{INRConvert|4|c}}. Trains are equipped with a passenger information system, a public address system and an emergency announcement system from the operation control centre.<ref name = "TOI1">{{cite web|title=Noida Metro unveils first look of Aqua line trains - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Noida-Metro-unveils-first-look-of-Aqua-line-trains/articleshow/55798844.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=11 December 2016}}</ref>

===Power===
All 21 stations, the train depot, and the NMRC offices will be powered by solar energy. The NMRC will install solar panels on the rooftops of all stations, footbridges, its main office building, the depot and parking lot boundary walls to generate an estimated 12 MW of solar power daily. The metro system will also be supplemented with conventional electricity, which will also be used as a back up. Trains will not be powered by solar power, and will instead use conventional power supply.<ref>{{cite web|title=Solar power to make Noida Metro India’s greenest - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Solar-power-to-make-Noida-Metro-Indias-greenest/articleshow/54802523.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=14 October 2016}}</ref>

==Operations==
Trains will operate at an average speed of 35 km/h with a headway of 5 minutes during peak hours, and 10 minutes during non-peak hours.<ref name = "TOI1"/>

==See also==
* [[Noida Agra Monorail]]
* [[Delhi Metro]]
* [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* [http://www.NoidaMetroRail.com Noida – Greater Noida Metro Rail]

{{Rapid transit in India}}

[[Category:Transport in Noida]]
[[Category:Proposed public transport in India]]
[[Category:Metropolitan transport agencies of India]]
[[Category:Standard gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]

Mohammad Hafeez

2017-06-01T00:42:16Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Sajjadali123567 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG

{{otheruses}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Mohammad Hafeez
| image =
| country = Pakistani
| fullname = Mohammad Hafeez
| father's name =
| nickname = Professor<ref>http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/636133.html</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|10|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place =

| batting = Right hand bat
| bowling = Right arm off break[[off break]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]
| international = true
| testdebutdate = 20 August
| testdebutyear = 2003
| testdebutagainst = Bangladesh
| testcap = 173
| lasttestdate = 3-7 July
| lasttestyear = 2016
| lasttestagainst = England
| odidebutdate = 3 April
| odidebutyear = 2003
| odidebutagainst = Zimbabwe
| odicap = 144
| lastodidate = 11 April
| lastodiyear = 2017
| lastodiagainst = England
| odishirt = 8
| T20Idebutdate = 28 August
| T20Idebutyear = 2006
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| T20Icap = 5
| lastT20Idate = 19 March
| lastT20Iyear = 2016
| lastT20Iagainst = India
| club1 = [[Peshawar Zalmi]]
| year1 = 2016-present
| club2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year2 = 2008
| club3 = [[Faisalabad Wolves]]
| year3 = 2005-2012
| club4 = [[Lahore Lions]]
|year4 = 2012-2015
| columns = 5
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 50
| runs1 = 3,452
| bat avg1 = 39.22
| strike rate1 = 56.33
| 100s/50s1 = 9/12
| top score1 = 224
| deliveries1 = 3,953
| wickets1 = 52
| bowl avg1 = 33.90
| economy1 = 2.67
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 4/16
| catches/stumpings1 = 38/-
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 185
| runs2 = 5,728
| bat avg2 = 32.73
| 100s/50s2 = 11/31
| top score2 = 140[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 6,938
| wickets2 = 132
| bowl avg2 = 36.15
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/41
| catches/stumpings2 = 70/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches3 = 78
| runs3 = 1,619
| bat avg3 = 22.48
| 100s/50s3 = 0/9
| top score3 = 86
| deliveries3 = 1,010
| wickets3 = 46
| bowl avg3 = 24.52
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 4/10
| catches/stumpings3 = 22/-
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 293
| runs4 = 9,998
| bat avg4 = 35.98
| 100s/50s4 = 17/63
| top score4 = 140[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 12,192
| wickets4 = 244
| bowl avg4 = 34.59
| fivefor4 = n/a
| tenfor4 = n/a
| best bowling4 = 4/23
| catches/stumpings4 = 119/–
| column5 = [[First Class cricket|FC]]
| matches5 = 197
| runs5 = 11,523
| bat avg5 = 34.91
| 100s/50s5 = 24/55
| top score5 = 224
| deliveries5 = 14,248
| wickets5 = 233
| bowl avg5 = 27.60
| fivefor5 = 6
| tenfor5 = 2
| best bowling5 = 8/57
| catches/stumpings5 = 176/–
| column6 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| matches6 = 196
| runs6 = 4,174
| bat avg6 = 24.12
| 100s/50s6 = 2/25
| top score6 = 102[[not out|*]]
| deliveries6 = 2,939
| wickets6 = 135
| bowl avg6 = 22.63
| fivefor6 = 0
| tenfor6 = 0
| best bowling6 = 4/10
| catches/stumpings6 = 64/–
| date = 19 January
| year = 2017
| source = http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/41434.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Mohammad Hafeez''' ({{lang-ur|{{nastaliq|محمد حفیظ}}}}; born 17 October 1980 in Sargodha, Punjab) is a [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistani cricket player]] and the former captain of [[Pakistan national cricket team]] in the T20 format. He is a right-handed opening batsman and a right-arm offspin bowler. Hafeez usually opens the batting and forms part of the bowling attack. In 2012–2013, he was ranked as the top all-rounder by the [[ICC Player Rankings]] in T20 format. He is known for his intelligent batting but also for aggressive shot plays when needed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/41434.html |title=Player Profile: Mohammad Hafeez |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |accessdate=2010-08-12}}</ref> He was involved in record opening partnership of 224 runs with [[Nasir Jamshed]]. As a player, Hafeez gives the team plenty of options: he usually bats aggressively at the top of the order, but his organised technique also means he can switch to defensive mode if required.

He was the fourth international player signed to the [[Caribbean Premier League]] and the first Pakistani player to be named to the new [[Twenty20]] tournament. He is widely regarded as The Professor.<ref>http://cplt20.com/news/pakistan-t20i-captain-mohammad-hafeez-signs-cpl</ref> The major teams for which he played are Pakistan,Lahore,Lahore Lions, Guyana Amazon Warriors, Kolkata Knight Riders, Sargodha, Sui Gas Corporation of Pakistan. He can be a player that was trusted over the years and Shahid Afridi has given the trust as he does with the many other captains over the years.Hafeez scored his test career best of 224 runs against Bangladesh in 2015 at Khulna during the Dan Cake Series.

==Early international career: 2003–2006==
Mohammad Hafeez also known as professor and he played in bhera and was one of several young all-rounders whom the [[Pakistani cricket team]] turned to in order to revitalize their side after their poor display in 2003 World Cup where Pakistan was out from first round. His form with both bat and ball was inconsistent and in late 2003 he was dropped from the Test squad and subsequently from the ODI side. Following strong domestic performances, as well as display of good form for the Pakistan A side, he remained on the fringes of a recall in 2004.
Hafeez returned to the ODI side in 2005 and despite poor form with the bat, his bowling performances were impressive. In the 2006 series held in [[Australia]], Hafeez smashed his first century for Pakistan. With Pakistan struggling to find a solid opening pair for the Test side, he was recalled for the tour of [[England]]. His return to Test cricket was made at [[The Oval]] where he scored a fluent 95. Subsequently, Hafeez retained his place in the Test squad for Pakistan's home series against the [[West Indies]] in November of that year. After getting out early despite good starts in the first two Tests, he went on to score his second Test century in the third Test in [[Karachi]]. However his form remained inconsistent and he was unable to command a regular place in either the Test or ODI side over the next 5 years.

== International recall: 2010 ==
In 2010 he was recalled for the third [[ICC World Twenty20]] squad. His form was poor scoring only 39 runs and taking only 2 wickets in 6 matches. However he was subsequently selected for the [[T20I]]s and the [[One Day International|ODIs]] on Pakistan's 2010 tour of England. He was the second highest Pakistani run scorer in the ODI series producing some solid opening partnerships with [[Kamran Akmal]]. Following this good form he was included in the squad that was selected to play South Africa in the [[UAE]] and he replaced disgraced skipper [[Salman Butt]] as an opening batsman in both Tests, achieving a batting average 32.50. He played in all 5 ODI matches ending up as the top run scorer and he also topped the bowling averages for the series. At the end of 2010 he was also selected for the party that would tour New Zealand and the [[West Indies]] and this resulted in him establishing himself as a regular in the Test, ODI and T20 teams. In 2011 he won an amazing 10 Man-of-the-Match awards in all forms of international cricket and became only the third player (after [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] and [[Jacques Kallis]]) to score 1000 runs and take 30 wickets in ODI matches within a calendar year.

Against India on 18 March 2012 in Bangladesh at Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur at the [[2012 Asia Cup]], he scored 105 off 113 balls and was involved in a 224 run partnership with [[Nasir Jamshed]], which is the best opening partnership for Pakistan against India in one day internationals. They eclipsed [[Aamer Sohail]] and [[Saeed Anwar]]'s record of 144 runs which was made in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|last=Purohit|first=Abhishek|title= Hafeez demolished India in record partnership|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2012/content/current/story/557744.html|accessdate=18 March 2012}}</ref> He made his 4th ODI century in March 2012 against Bangladesh at Dhaka. He also made his highest test score of 196 against Sri Lanka in the second Test at Colombo in June 2012. He is currently (2012) ranked number two in the ICC ODI rankings for both bowlers and all-rounders.

In December 2012, during the tour of [[Pakistani cricket team in India in 2012–13]], he came across as a very different and aggressive batsman and scored so brilliantly and briskely and helped Pakistan to win the first T20I and 2nd ODI with his heroics of brilliant batting and nearly chasing a mountain high target of 191 in the second T20I. His scores were 61 and 55 in first and second T20I respectively and scored 76 runs in the 2nd ODI and sharing an opening stand of 141 with [[Nasir Jamshed]] and also bowled brilliantly as always economically to help Pakistan win their first ODI series in India since 7 years. He is now considered to be the main allrounder of Pakistan Cricket team. He had a great series against Sri Lanka in Dec 2013, where he scored 122 in the first match, 140* in the third and 113* in the fourth match. Thus he became, the second batsman after [[Zaheer Abbas]] to score 3 centuries in an ODI series. Hafeez was initially selected in the Pakistan squad for the 2015 World Cup but was ruled out 6 days before the World Cup due to a calf injury. He was replaced by Nasir Jamshed.

==Personal records and achievements==
{{see also|Player of the Match awards (cricket)}}

# Has most number of wins in T20Is as Pakistan captain.
# First player to score 1,000 T20 runs and take 40 plus wickets.
# Leading run scorer for Pakistan in T20Is and eighth overall in T20Is.
# The first captain of Pakistan to score three fifties in a row in T20Is.
# The third most economical bowler in the history of Pakistan's ODIs (who have taken 100 plus wickets) after the legendary [[Imran Khan]] and [[Wasim Akram]].
# Record holder of most fifties by a Pakistani batsman in T20Is.
# Along with Taufeeq Umar he opened the innings more consecutively in Test matches than any other pair in Pakistan cricket history.
# PCB "Player-of-the-Year" award in 2012.
# Nominated by the ICC for the "Spirit-of-Cricket" award for not claiming a false catch in a Test match vs England in UAE in 2012.
# 10 'Man of the Match' awards in 2011.
# Second Most ODI runs in 2013 after [[Misbah-ul-Haq]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=2;id=2013;type=year|title=Most ODI runs in the year 2013|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
# 2nd Pakistani player to score an ODI hundred and take a 4-wicket haul in the same match.
# Most ODIs runs in 2015 by a Pakistani batsman.
# Under his leadership, Pakistan beat Australia in an ODI at the [[MCG]] after 32 years in 2017.

==T20 captaincy==
He was appointed captain of the Pakistan T20 team in May 2012 and vice captain, under [[Misbah-ul-Haq]], of the ODI and Test teams.

During the T20 World Championship in [[Sri Lanka]] in September 2012, Pakistan reached the semi-finals where they lost to the home side. After the tournament, there was some controversy with veteran all-rounder [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]] who was critical of his non-selection for a number of matches. Hafeez also came into some conflict with the [[Pakistan Cricket Board|PCB]] over their view that he adopted a rather unilateral and non-consultative approach while making selection decisions. However, he was supported by the coach [[Dav Whatmore]] and both of them emphasised the poor fitness levels of many players. The PCB committee decided that they would subsequently closely monitor Hafeez's performance in this context during the coming tours to India and South Africa.<ref>http://sports.ndtv.com/icc-world-twenty20/news/item/198178-pcb-not-happy-with-mohammad-hafeezs-unilateral-approach</ref>
As a captain,he led Pakistan to victories over South Africa,west indies,thet20 champions and Zimbabwe .He equalled the records of most wins as a Pakistani captain in t20 and most number of away series wins as a Pakistani captain
Under his leadership,Pakistan managed to move up to the second position in the rankings.
He also became the first Pakistani captain to hit three fifties in a row and became Pakistan's leading run scorer in t20s. after Pakistan's exit from the T20 World Championship Hafeez apologized on behalf of his team and stepped down as captain. [[Imran Khan]], Pakistan's former captain criticised this decision and advised Hafeez to stay as captain. His resignation was a rare incident in Pakistan cricket.

==Bowling action==
Hafeez had been reported for a suspect action after the [[Abu Dhabi]] Test against [[New Zealand]] in November 2014, and in December his action was found to be illegal following tests at an [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] accredited centre in [[Loughborough]], [[England]]. He was found to have an elbow extension up to 31 degrees, far above the permitted limit of 15 degrees. He underwent remedial work at a biomechanics lab in [[Chennai]], but failed an unofficial test on his action on January 3. Later that month the [[Pakistan Cricket Board|PCB]] requested the ICC to retest Hafeez's action in February in [[Brisbane]], so that he could bowl at the World Cup if cleared, but he was ruled out of the tournament with a calf injury. Hafeez was finally cleared to bowl again in international cricket on April 21, after more tests on his action in [[Chennai]]. Mohammad Hafeez has once again been reported for a suspect action, following the conclusion of the Galle Test on 21 June 2015.,<ref>http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-pakistan-2015/content/story/890021.html</ref> and he was dropped from third test. However, he was again selected for the ODI series against Sri Lanka. He proved the value of his comeback by taking 4 for 41 runs and scored a magnificent century earned him the man of the match award.<ref>http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-pakistan-2015/content/story/897181.html</ref>
Hafeez has been banned from bowling in international cricket for 12 months following an independent assessment of his action, which took place at the Sri Ramachandra University in Chennai on 6 July.

The 34-year-old was assessed after the legality of his bowling action came under question by the match officials during Pakistan’s first Test victory over Sri Lanka in Galle (17–21 June).

Following the match, Hafeez was reported by the match officials pursuant to the ICC Regulations for the Review of Bowlers Reported with Suspected Illegal Bowling Actions (the "Regulations") and subsequently underwent the independent assessment in Chennai in accordance with the regulations. The assessment revealed that Hafeez’s elbow extension exceeded 15 degrees while bowling and, thus, he employed an illegal bowling action.

Hafeez was originally suspended from bowling in November 2014. Following remedial work on his bowling action, he was reassessed and permitted to resume bowling in April 2015.

As this report has constituted the player’s second report within a two-year period, the first of which led to a suspension, he is now automatically suspended from bowling in international cricket for a 12-month period.

Hafeez is entitled to appeal any procedural aspect of an independent assessment that has led to this automatic suspension. However, only after the expiry of this one-year period will he be entitled to approach the ICC for a re-assessment of his bowling action.

== International career (2016 - present) ==
In March 2016, Pakistan's exit from the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 after losing 3 matches caused great controversy in Pakistan, with blame shifting between Waqar Younis as well as many of the players on the team. Hafeez was accused, by Younis, of lying about his knee injury before the T20. He said it could have affected the teams poor performance. Despite bad performance during the T20I world cup 2016 Hafeez was picked for the england tour of 2016 Hafeez was out on 0 several times through out the test series and during the ODI series in the first match he was out on 11 which then he was dropped for rest of the tour because of bad performance and not fit enough to play. After missing out of international cricket for months in which he missed the West Indies series in the UAE, Hafeez was then picked for the Australia tour 2017 to play the ODI series. As of the first ODI match Hafeez was out on 4. For the second ODI Azhar Ali was ruled out because of injury which promoted Hafeez to captain Pakistan, Hafeez did a very good job as Pakistan won the match and first time in 12 years. Not only that Hafeez captaincy was appreciated but he also made 72 runs which earned him player of the match.

==International centuries==

===Test centuries===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" width:"100%"
|-
!colspan=8|Mohammad Hafeez's Test centuries
|-
! style="width:40px;"| # !! style="width:50px;"|Runs !! style="width:50px;"|Match !! style="width:125px;"|Against !! style="width:350px;"|City/Country !! style="width:300px;"|Venue !! style="width:50px;"|Year !! style="width:50px;"|Result
|-
| '''1''' || 102* || 2 || {{cr|BAN}} || {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]] || [[Arbab Niaz Stadium]] || [[Bangladeshi cricket team in Pakistan in 2003#Test series|2003]] || Won
|-
| '''2''' || 104 || 7 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] || [[National Stadium]] || [[West Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 2006–07#Test series|2006]] || Won
|-
| '''3''' || 119 || 18 || {{cr|ZIM}} || {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Bulawayo]], [[Zimbabwe]] || [[Queens Sports Club]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2011#Test series|2011]] || Won
|-
| '''4''' || 143 || 22 || {{cr|BAN}} || {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Chittagong]], [[Bangladesh]] || [[Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Bangladesh in 2011–12#Test series|2011]] || Won
|-
| '''5''' || 196 || 27 || {{cr|SL}} || {{flagicon|SL}} [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] || [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2012#Test series|2012]] || Drawn
|-
| '''6''' || 101* || 39 || {{cr|NZ}} || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Stadium]] || [[New Zealand cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2014–15#Test series|2014]] || Won
|-
| '''7''' || 197 || 40 || {{cr|NZ}} || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] || [[New Zealand cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2014–15#Test series|2014]] || Lost
|-
| '''8''' || 224 || 41 || {{cr|BAN}} || {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Khulna]], [[Bangladesh]] || [[Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Bangladesh in 2014–15#Test series|2015]] || Drawn
|-
| '''9''' || 151 || 47 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] || [[English cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2015–16#Test series|2015]] || Won

|}

===One Day International centuries===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" width:"100%"
|-
!colspan=8|Mohammad Hafeez's One Day International centuries
|-
! style="width:40px;"| # !! style="width:50px;"|Runs !! style="width:50px;"|Match !! style="width:125px;"|Against !! style="width:350px;"|City/Country !! style="width:300px;"|Venue !! style="width:50px;"|Year !! style="width:50px;"|Result
|-
| '''1''' || 115 || 61 || {{cr|NZ}} || {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Christchurch]], [[New Zealand]] || [[Lancaster Park|AMI Stadium]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in New Zealand in 2010–11#ODI series|2011]] || Won
|-
| '''2''' || 121 || 76 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{flagicon|BAR}} [[Bridgetown]], [[Barbados]] || [[Kensington Oval]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2011#ODI series|2011]] || Lost
|-
| '''3''' || 139* || 81 || {{cr|ZIM}} || {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]] || [[Harare Sports Club]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2011#ODI series|2011]] || Won
|-
| '''4''' || 105 || 98 || {{cr|IND}} || {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]] || [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]] || [[2012 Asia Cup|2012]] || Lost
|-
| '''5''' || 122* || 117 || {{cr|IRE}} || {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] || [[Clontarf Cricket Club Ground]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Ireland in 2013#ODI series|2013]] || Tied
|-
| '''6''' || 136* || 123 || {{cr|ZIM}} || {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Harare, Zimbabwe]]|| [[Harare Sports Club]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2013#ODI series|2013]] || Won
|-
| '''7''' || 122 || 137 || {{cr|SL}} || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] || [[Sri Lankan cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2013–14#ODI series|2013]] || Won
|-
| '''8''' || 140* || 139 || {{cr|SL}} || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]] || [[Sri Lankan cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2013–14#ODI series|2013]] || Won
|-
| '''9''' || 113* || 140 || {{cr|SL}} || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]] || [[Sri Lankan cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2013–14#ODI series|2013]] || Won
|-
| '''10''' || 103 || 162 || {{cr|SL}} || {{flagicon|SL}} [[Dambulla]], [[Sri Lanka]] || [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]] || [[Pakistani cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2015#ODI series|2015]] || Won
|-
| '''11''' || 102* || 170 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi]], [[United Arab Emirates]] || [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]] || [[English cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2015–16#ODI series|2015]] || Won
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:50%; margin-left:15px"
|-
|+ Number of centuries & highest scores against opponent nations
! scope="col" | Opposition
! scope="col" | Test centuries
! scope="col" | ODI centuries
! scope="col" | Test H.S.
! scope="col" | ODI H.S.
! scope="col" | T20I H.S.
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=Sri Lanka}}
| 1 || 4 || 196 || 140* || 42
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=New Zealand}}
| 2 || 1 || 197 || 115 || 46
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=West Indies}}
| 1 || 1 || 104 || 121 || 19
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=England}}
| 1 || 1 || 151 || 102* || 46
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=India}}
| – || 1 || – || 105 || 61
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=South Africa}}
| 0 || 0 || 60 || 68 || 86
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=Australia}}
| 0 || 0 || 45 || 78 || 45
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=Bangladesh}}
| 3 || 0 || 224 || 89 || 45
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=Zimbabwe}}
| 1 || 2 || 119 || 139* || 71
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | {{cr|1=Ireland}}
| N/A || 1 || N/A || 122* || –
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left" | '''<center>Total</center>'''
| '''9''' || '''11''' || '''224''' || '''140*''' || '''86'''
|-
|}

==International Awards==

===Test Cricket===

====Man of the series awards====

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|#
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Series
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Season
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Match Performance
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Result

|- style="background:white;"
| 1
| [[New Zealand cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2014–15|Pakistan vs New Zealand in UAE]] Test Series
| 2014/15
| 418 runs with 2 hundreds and 1 fifty. Avg. 139.33 ; 4 wickets. (2 Matches)
| Drawn.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/428731.html|title=Pakistan v New Zealand Test Series, 2014/15|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
|}

====Man of the Match awards====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:95%; margin-left:10px"
|-
! style="background:#03530f; color:white;"|S No
! style="background:#03530f; color:white;"|Series
! style="background:#03530f; color:white;"|Season
! style="background:#03530f; color:white;"|Match Performance
! style="background:#03530f; color:white;"|Result
|- style="background:white;"
| 1
| 1st Test – [[Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2011–12|Pakistan in Zimbabwe]] Test Series
| 2011/12
| 1st Innings: 9-1-30-0 ; 119 (177 balls, 19×4, 1x6); 2 Catches 2nd Innings: 15-4-31-4 ; 38 (44 balls, 6×4, 1x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 7 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/523731.html |title= Pakistan in Zimbabwe Test Match, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| 3rd Test - [[English cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2015–16|England in UAE]] Test Series
| 2015/16
| 1st Innings: 27 (57 balls, 2×4) 2nd Innings: 151 (266 balls, 15×4, 3x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 127 runs <ref>{{cite web |url=http://espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/902639.html |title= Pakistan v England Test Series, 2015/16 - 3rd Test}}</ref>
|}

===One-Day International Cricket===

====Man of the series awards====
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|#
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Series
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Season
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Match Performance
! style="text-align: middle; background: #03530f;"|Result

|- style="background:white;"
| 1
| [[Pakistani cricket team in West Indies in 2010-11|Pakistan in West Indies]]
| 2010/11
| 267 runs with avg. of 53.40 (5 Matches)
| {{cr|PAK}} Won the series 3-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/489204.html|title=Pakistan in West Indies ODI Series, 2010/11|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 2
| [[Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2013|Pakistan in West Indies]]
| 2013
| 260 runs with avg. of 65.00 ; 6 wickets for 141 runs. (5 Matches)
| {{cr|PAK}} Won the series 3-1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/645627.html|title=Pakistan tour of West Indies, 2013/14|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 3
| [[Sri Lankan cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2013–14|Sri Lanka vs Pakistan in UAE]]
| 2013/14
| 448 runs with avg. of 149.33 ; 2 ct. ; 4 wickets for 208 runs. (5 Matches)
| {{cr|PAK}} Won the series 3-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/657623.html|title=Pakistan v Sri Lanka ODI Series, 2013/14|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 4
| [[Pakistani cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2015|Pakistan in Sri Lanka]]
| 2015
| 273 runs with avg. of 54.60 ; 2 ct. ; 6 wickets for 106 runs. (5 Matches)
| {{cr|PAK}} Won the series 3-2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/860093.html|title=Pakistan in Sri Lanka ODI Series, 2015|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 June 2015}}</ref>
|}

====Man of the Match awards====
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin-left:10px"
|-
! style="background:#03530f; color:White;" |S No
! style="background:#03530f; color:White;" |Opponent
! style="background:#03530f; color:White;" |Venue
! style="background:#03530f; color:White;" |Date
! style="background:#03530f; color:White;" |Match Performance
! style="background:#03530f; color:White;" |Result
|- style="background:White;"
| 1
| [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]
| [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium|Rangiri Dambulla Stadium]], [[Dambulla]]
| 10 May 2003
| 53 (114 balls, 2×4); 3-1-5-1 ; 1 ct.
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 79 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66357.html |title= Bank Alfalah Cup, 2003 - 1st match}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 2
| [[England national cricket team|England]]
| [[Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]
| 17 June 2003
| 10-0-41-1 ; 69 (112 balls, 8x4)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 2 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65029.html |title= NatWest Challenge, 2003 - 1st match}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 3
| [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]]
| [[Lancaster Park|AMI Stadium]], [[Christchurch]]
| 29 January 2011
| 115 (144 balls, 12x4, 2x6); 5-0-21-1 ; 1 ct.
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 43 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/473925.html |title= Pakistan in New Zealand ODI Series, 2011 - 3rd ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 4
| [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]]
| [[Shere Bangla National Stadium|Shere Bangla Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| 23 March 2011
| 10-3-16-2 ; 61* (64 balls, 10x4)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 10 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/433600.html |title= ICC Cricket World Cup, 2011 - 1st quarter final}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 5
| [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]]
| [[Beausejour Cricket Ground|Beausejour Ground]], [[Gros Islet]]
| 23 April 2011
| 10-2-36-2 ; 54 (45 balls, 7x4, 1x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 8 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/489213.html |title= Pakistan in West Indies ODI Series, 2011 - 1st ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 6
| [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]]
| [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]]
| 2 May 2011
| 121 (138 balls, 7x4, 3x6) ; 6-0-26-1
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 1 run (D/L).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/489216.html |title= Pakistan in West Indies ODI Series, 2011 - 4th ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:White;"
| 7
| [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]]
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| 11 September 2011
| 10-0-43-0 ; 139 (147 balls, 13×4, 1×6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 10 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/523733.html |title= Pakistan in Zimbabwe ODI Series, 2011 - 2nd ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 8
| [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]]
| [[Shere Bangla National Stadium|Shere Bangla Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| 11 March 2012
| 89 (126 balls, 7x4) ; 10-1-40-2
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 21 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/535794.html |title= Asia Cup, 2012 - 1st match}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 9
| [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]]
| [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| 29 August 2013
| 136* (130 balls, 9x4, 5x6); 6-0-35-0
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 90 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/659551.html |title= Pakistan in Zimbabwe ODI Series, 2013 - 2nd ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 10
| [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| 18 December 2013
| 122 (129 balls, 7x4, 4x6) ; 10-0-52-1 ; 1 ct.
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 11 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/657637.html |title= Pakistan v Sri Lanka ODI Series, 2013 - 1st ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 11
| [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| 22 December 2013
| 140* (136 balls, 11x4, 3x6) ; 5-0-32-2
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 113 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/657641.html |title= Pakistan v Sri Lanka ODI Series, 2013 - 3rd ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 12
| [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]
| [[Sheikh Zayed Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| 25 December 2013
| 9-0-46-0 ; 113* (119 balls, 12x4, 2x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 8 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/657643.html |title= Pakistan v Sri Lanka ODI Series, 2013 - 4th ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:White;"
| 13
| [[India national cricket team|India]]
| [[Shere Bangla National Stadium|Shere Bangla Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| 1 March 2014
| 9-0-38-2 ; 2 ct. ; 75 (117 balls, 3x4, 2x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 1 wicket.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/710301.html |title= Asia Cup, 2014 - 6th match}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 14
| [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]
| [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium|Rangiri Dambulla Stadium]], [[Dambulla]]
| 11 July 2015
| 10-1-41-4 ; 1 ct. ; 103 (95 balls, 10x4, 4x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 6 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/860269.html |title= Pakistan in Sri Lanka ODI Series, 2015 - 1st ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 15
| [[England cricket team|England]]
| [[Sheikh Zayed Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| 11 November 2015
| DNB ; 102* (130 balls, 10x4, 1x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 6 wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan-v-england-2015-16/engine/match/902641.html |title= England against Pakistan in UAE ODI Series, 2015 - 1st ODI}}</ref>
|- style="background:white;"
| 16
| [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]
| [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
| 15 January 2017
| 10-0-45-0 ; 72 (104 balls, 8x4, 0x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 6 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan tour of Australia, 2nd ODI: Australia v Pakistan at Melbourne, Jan 15, 2017|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1000889.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref>
|}

===Twenty20 International Cricket===

====Player of the Series Awards====
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|#
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Series
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Season
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Match Performance
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Result

|-
|- bgcolor="white"
| 1
| [[Pakistani cricket team in India in 2012–13|Pakistan vs India]] in [[India]]
| 2012/13
| Runs: 116 (70 balls: 12×4, 5x6), Ave – 58.00, SR – 165.71 Field: 0/23
| Drawn.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - Pakistan in India T20I Series, 2012/13">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/589303.html|title= Pakistan in India T20I Series, 2012/13|date=11 September 2013|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
|- bgcolor="white"
| 2
| [[Pakistani cricket team in South Africa in 2013–14|Pakistan vs South Africa]] in [[South Africa]]
| 2013/14
| Runs: 76 (56 balls: 6×4, 3x6), Ave – 76.00, SR – 135.71 Field: 2/51 ; 2 ct.
| Drawn.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - Pakistan in South Africa T20I Series, 2013/14">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/685723.html|title= Pakistan in South Africa T20I Series, 2013/14|date=11 September 2012|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|}

====Man of the Match Awards====
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|#
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Series
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Season
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Match Performance
! style="text-align: middle; background:#03530f;"|Result

|- bgcolor="white"
| 1
| [[Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2011–12|Pakistan vs Zimbabwe]] in [[Zimbabwe]]
| 2011/12
| 71 (48 balls: 6x4, 3x6) ; 2.2-0-10-4
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 85 runs.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 16 November 2011 - Pakistan in Zimbabwe T20I Series - 1st T20I – Zimbabwe v Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/523735.html|title= Pakistan in Zimbabwe T20I Series - 1st T20I – Zimbabwe v Pakistan Scorecard|date=25 February 2012|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="white"
| 2
| [[Pakistani cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2011–12|Pakistan vs Zimbabwe]] in [[Zimbabwe]]
| 2011/12
| 51 (38 balls: 5x4, 1x6) ; 3-0-11-3
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 5 runs.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 18 November 2011 - Pakistan in Zimbabwe T20I Series - 2nd T20I – Zimbabwe v Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/523736.html|title= Pakistan in Zimbabwe T20I Series - 2nd T20I – Zimbabwe v Pakistan Scorecard|date=25 February 2012|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="white"
| 3
| [[Pakistani cricket team in Bangladesh in 2011–12|Pakistan vs Bangladesh]] in [[Bangladesh]]
| 2011/12
| 25 (31 balls: 2x4, 1x6) ; 4-0-11-2
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 7 wickets.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 29 November 2011 - Pakistan in Bangladesh T20I Match, 2011/12 – Bangladesh v Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/538068.html|title= Pakistan in Bangladesh T20I Match, 2011/12 – Bangladesh v Pakistan Scorecard|date=25 February 2012|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="white"
| 4
| [[Australian cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2012|Pakistan vs Australia]] in [[Australia]]
| 2012
| 4-0-24-2 ; 1 ct. ; 17 (15 balls: 2x4)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 7 wickets.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 5 September 2012 - Pakistan v Australia T20I Series, 2012 - 1st T20I – Pakistan v Australia">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/571148.html|title= Pakistan v Australia T20I Series, 2012 - 1st T20I – Pakistan v Australia Scorecard|date=27 February 2013|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="white"
| 5
| [[Pakistani cricket team in India in 2012–13|Pakistan vs India]] in [[India]]
| 2012/13
| 2-0-12-0 ; 61 (44 balls: 6x4, 2x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 5 wickets.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 25 December 2012 - Pakistan in India T20I Series - 1st T20I – India v Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/589306.html|title= Pakistan in India T20I Series - 1st T20I – India v Pakistan Scorecard|date=25 February 2013|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="white"
| 6
| [[Pakistani cricket team in South Africa in 2012–13|Pakistan vs South Africa]] in [[South Africa]]
| 2012/13
| 86 (51 balls: 9x4, 4x6) ; 3-0-25-3
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 95 runs.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 3 March 2013 - India in New Zealand T20I Series, 2008/09 – South Africa v Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/nzvind2009/engine/match/366622.html|title= India in New Zealand T20I Series, 2008/09 – South Africa v Pakistan Scorecard|date=27 February 2013|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="white"
| 7
| [[Pakistani cricket team in South Africa in 2013–14|Pakistan vs South Africa]] in [[South Africa]]
| 2013/14
| 63 (41 balls: 5x4, 3x6) ; 3-0-26-0 ; 1 ct.
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 6 runs.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 22 November 2013 -Pakistan in South Africa T20I Series, 2013 - 2nd T20I – South Africa v Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/685729.html|title= Pakistan in South Africa T20I Series, 2013 - 2nd T20I – South Africa v Pakistan Scorecard|date=27 February 2013|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="white"
| 8
| [[Sri Lankan cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2013–14|Pakistan vs Afghanistan]] in [[UAE]]
| 2013/14
| 4-0-13-0 ; 42[[not out|*]] (37 balls: 2x4, 1x6)
| {{cr|PAK}} won by 6 wickets.<ref name="ESPN Cricinfo - 8 December 2013 - Afghanistan v Pakistan T20I Match, 2013 – Afghanistan v Pakistan">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/657631.html|title= Afghanistan v Pakistan T20I Match, 2013 – Afghanistan v Pakistan Scorecard|date=27 February 2014|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|
before= [[Misbah-ul-Haq]]|
title= [[Pakistani national cricket captains|Pakistani national cricket captain]] (T20I)|
years= 2012–2014|
after= [[Shahid Afridi]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wisdenindia.com/player/Pakistan/Mohammad-Hafeez/2958.html Mohammad Hafeez]'s profile page on Wisden
* [https://twitter.com/MHafeez22 Mohammad Hafeez on Twitter]
* [https://www.facebook.com/MohammadHafeez08 Mohammad Hafeez on Facebook]

{{Pakistan T20I Cricket Captains}}
{{Navboxes colour
|title= Pakistan squads
|bg= #03530f
|fg= white
|bordercolor=#9ACD32
|list1=
{{Pakistan Squad 2007 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2007 ICC World Twenty20}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2010 ICC World Twenty20}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2011 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2012 Asia Cup}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2012 ICC World Twenty20}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2013 ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2014 ICC World Twenty20}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2016 ICC World Twenty20}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2017 ICC Champions Trophy}}
}}
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Benutzer:Gravity Assist/Emil (Panzer)

2017-05-30T15:11:13Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted to revision 782956891 by 212.181.114.53 (talk): RM suspected hoaxing. (TW)

{{about|Swedish tank design of the 1950s|German self-propelled gun of World War II|Sturer Emil}}
'''Emil''', also known as the '''Kranvagn''', '''KRV''' or '''Emil Olsson''' was a [[tank]] developed secretly in [[Sweden]] during the early 1950s, ''Kranvagn'', meaning mobile crane was a cover-name. The intention was to replace the [[Swedish Army]]'s disparate tank fleet with a tank that could counter the Soviet [[IS tank family|IS series]] [[heavy tank]]s and be upgraded continuously. The initial design, in 1951, proposed mounting a 10.5 cm [[autoloader]] in an [[oscillating turret]]. Due to its size, weight and power to weight it was considered by many to be more of a [[medium tank]] than a heavy tank.

The project was discontinued during development and only two chassis were built. They were later rebuilt and served as testing platforms for the ''[[Artillerikanonvagn 151]]'' and ''[[Stridsvagn 103]]'' projects.

==Project==
At the end of [[World War II]], it was clear that the mix of tanks in service in the [[Swedish Armed Forces]] was not just obsolete but also presented a large [[Logistics|logistical]] problem. Kungliga Arméförvaltningens Tygavdelning (KAFT) conducted a study that concluded that the most cost-effective alternative would be to purchase the newly developed [[Centurion tank|Centurion Mk 3]], which while quite modern was judged to have upgrade potential for future requirements. A request of purchase was sent to the [[United Kingdom]], but the reply was that no deliveries could be made before the needs of the [[British Army]] had been met which was expected to take between five and 15 years.

In 1951, the vehicle bureau of KAFT set about to develop an indigenous manufactured alternative, which they did in great secrecy under the guise of constructing a mobile crane. Parallel with this, negotiations were entered with France about buying the [[AMX-13]] light tank. All this came to an abrupt halt when the British in early December 1952 offered to sell the desired Centurions immediately in order to earn needed foreign currency. The [[Minister for Defence (Sweden)|Swedish Minister for Defence]], [[Torsten Nilsson]], ended the debate about the future tank purchase by (on his own initiative) signing a deal with the British at the beginning of 1953 with the first Centurion deliveries taking place in April 1953. The delegation in France was forced to depart under heavy apologies while the E M I L-project was terminated.

A consortium of [[AB Landsverk|Landsverk]], [[Bofors]] and [[Volvo]] suggested to revive it for the Försvarsbeslut 1958 ([[white paper]] of Swedish defence policies 1958) where the replacement for the now ageing Centurions were to be decided upon. E M I L was however regarded as too costly and instead the S-tank proposal was put forward for the final draft which it won and it subsequently became the [[Stridsvagn 103]].

==Construction==
Testing of the German [[Panther tank|Panther]] and the French AMX 13 tanks in Sweden heavily influenced the initial 1951 design for the Emil project. The known documented statistics for the initial 1951 "EMIL" were to be as follows:

*'''Turret:'''
Front – 150mm @ 45degs horizontal = 212mm eff
Cheek, front on – 125mm @ 35 deg vertical = 218mm eff
Cheek, side on – 125mm @ 80 deg horizontal = 127mm eff
Side – 30mm
Rear – 30mm
*'''Hull:'''
UFP – 70mm @ 22 deg horizontal = 187mm eff
LFP – 125mm @ 38 deg hroizontal = 203mm eff
Side – 20mm
Rear – 30mm

*'''Engine:''' 550 hp
*'''Weight:''' 25.6t
*'''Power to weight:''' 19.5 hp/t
*'''Gun Depression/Elevation:''' -14 / +15

In 1952, the Emil project then progressed to be a counter for the Soviet [[IS tank family#IS-3|IS-3]] tank which influenced the shape of the hull while the oscillating turret was redesigned. The schematics for the three designs were split into four parts; frontal armor, side/rear armor, engine and armament. For the first studies and trials a chassis which resembled a low [[IS tank family#IS-7|IS-7]] was built.

There were multiple armor thicknesses for both the front and the side which caused a variation in projected weight between the Emil 1, Emil 2 and Emil 3.

'''Turret Configurations:'''

'''Alt A'''
Turret -
- 140mm @ 44 - 40 deg = 201mm - 217mm eff
Hull -
UFP - 75mm @ 25 deg = 177mm eff
LFP - 120mm @ 38 deg = 195mm eff
'''Alt B'''
Turret
- 170mm @ 44 - 40 deg = 244mm - 264mm eff
Hull
UFP - 95mm @ 25 deg = 224mm eff
LFP - 145mm @ 38 deg = 235mm eff

'''Side turret/side hull/Rear Configuration'''
1: 40/20/30
2: 60/30/30
3: 80/40/40

Two main options were considered for armament:
*120 mm calibre rifled gun ~L/40
*150 mm calibre [[smoothbore]] gun~L/40
The ammunition feed regardless of gun was planned to be a dual-drum [[autoloader]] allowing for quick selection of ordnance (armor-piercing or high explosive).
A new prototype ammunition was tested, which was to be a combination of HEAT and APDS. In case of faiure,l a back up armament was chosen: a 105 mm calibre [[rifled gun]] ~L/67

Each design was to have a different engine;
*Emil 1: 6cyl AOS-895 (500 hp)
*Emil 2: 8cyl AV-1195 (540 hp) or 8cyl AVS-1195 (665 hp)
*Emil 3: 12cyl AV-1790 (810 hp)

During testing of the 12cyl AV-1790 engine on the built Kranvagn hull it was discovered that after sending power to the cooling and other equipment the engine was only sending 723 hp to the drive wheel.

There were a total of 6 variations per Emil plan for a total of 18 variations. Weight varied between 30.7t for the Emil I A1 to 41.8t for the Emil III B3. Ultimately the Emil III B3 was the preferred option. The turret side armor (80mm) and rear armor (40mm) was to be dropped to 70mm at the side and 30mm at the rear to improve gun stability as well as gun elevation.

==Sources==
* http://www.ointres.se/strv_103.htm
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160218072202/http://www.sphf.se:80/Axvall/emil.htm
* http://sv.wikisource.org/wiki/Projekt_E_M_I_L
* http://tanks.mod16.org/2013/12/07/project-emil-a-summary/
* http://tanks.mod16.org/2014/02/12/the-beginnings-of-project-emil/
* http://ftr.wot-news.com/2014/06/01/swedish-tanks-part-xii-emil-1951/
* http://ftr.wot-news.com/2014/07/15/swedish-tanks-part-xii-emil-1952-1958/

[[Category:Military history of Sweden]]
[[Category:Main battle tanks of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Main battle tanks of Sweden]]

Pakistan Movement

2017-05-14T01:01:42Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by 2600:8800:280A:CC00:750E:D0B7:E042:6BF0 (talk) to last version by Nopphan

{{Culture of Pakistan}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
[[File:Minar e Pakistan.jpg|thumbnail|[[Minar e Pakistan]] where the bill of [[Lahore Resolution]] was passed.]]

The '''Pakistan Movement''' or '''Tehrik-e-Pakistan''' ({{lang-ur|{{nq|تحریک پاکستان}}}} – {{transl|Urdu|ALA-LC|''Taḥrīk-i Pākistān''}}) was a [[List of historical separatist movements|religious political movement]] in the 1940s that aimed for and succeeded in the creation of [[Pakistan]] from the Muslim-majority areas of [[British Indian Empire]].

The movement progressed within India alongside the [[Indian independence movement]], but the Pakistan Movement sought to establish a new nation-state that protected the religious identity and political interests of Muslims in South Asia.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA1028&lpg=PA1028&dq=pakistan+united+provinces&source=bl&ots=K6A5hGd_mM&sig=-9lnwMarp7cPge6v8ERSn-Xdvak&hl=en&ei=Ee6jSv7UHsSfjAeV44iJCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=&f=false |title=Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples – Paul R. Magocsi, Multicultural History Society of Ontario |publisher= |date= |accessdate=31 January 2012}}</ref> The first organised political movements were in [[Aligarh]] where another [[Aligarh Movement|literary movement]] was led by [[Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]] that built the genesis of the Pakistan movement.<ref name="Westview Press">{{cite book|last=Burki|first=Shahid Javed|title=Pakistan : fifty years of nationhood|year=1999|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, CO|isbn=0-8133-3621-X|edition=3rd}}</ref> An educational convention held in 1906 with joint efforts of [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] and [[Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh|Vikar-ul-Haq]], the Muslim reformers took the movement to the political stage in the form of establishing the mainstream and then newly formed [[All-India Muslim League]] (AIML), with prominent moderate leaders seeking to protect the basic rights of Muslims in the [[British Raj]].<ref name="AIML in India">{{cite web|title=Establishment of All India Muslim League|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/establishment-of-all-india-muslim-league/|date=1 June 2003|publisher=AIML in India|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> During the initial stages of the movement, it adopted the [[Conception of Pakistan|vision]] of philosopher [[Allama Iqbal|Iqbal]] after [[Allahabad Address|addressing]] at the convention of the AIML's annual session.<ref name="Allahabad Address">{{cite web|last=et al. administrators|title=Allahabad Address|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/allahabad-address/|publisher=Allahabad Address|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Two-Nation Theory">{{cite web|last=Two-Nation Theory|title=Two-Nation Theory|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-ideology-of-pakistan-two-nation-theory/|publisher=Two-Nation Theory|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]'s [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah|constitutional struggle]] further helped gaining public support for the movement in the four provinces.<ref name="Fourteenth Points of Jinnah">{{cite web|title=Fourteenth Points of Jinnah|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/fourteen-points-of-m-a-jinnah/|date=2 June 2003|publisher=Fourteenth Points of Jinnah|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> [[List of Urdu-language poets|Urdu poets]] such as Iqbal and [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz|Faiz]] used literature, poetry and speech as a powerful tool for political awareness.<ref name="University of Massachusetts Press">{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Faiz Ahmed Faiz ; translated with a new introduction by Agha Shahid|title=The rebel's silhouette : selected poems|year=1995|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|location=Amherst|isbn=0-87023-975-9|edition=Rev.}}</ref><ref name=iUniverse>{{cite book|last=Husein Khimjee|title=Pakistan: A Legacy of the Indian Khilafat Movement|year=2013|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=1-4917-0208-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kurzman|first=edited by Charles|title=Modernist Islam, 1840–1940 a sourcebook|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford [u.a.]|isbn=0-19-515468-1|edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}</ref> Feminists such as [[Sheila Irene Pant|Sheila Pant]] and [[Fatima Jinnah]] championed the emancipation of [[Women in Pakistan|Pakistan's women]] and their participation in national politics.<ref name=Routledge>{{cite book|last=Akbar|first=Ahmad|title=Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic Identity|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-134-75022-6}}</ref>

The Pakistan Movement was led by a large and [[List of Pakistan Movement activists|diversified group]] of people whose struggle ultimately resulted in the British Empire announcing the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]], which created the independent dominions of India and Pakistan.<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications">{{cite book|last=Dani|first=edited by Ahmad Hasan|title=Founding fathers of Pakistan|year=1998|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|location=Lahore|isbn=969-350830-0}}</ref><ref name="Lancer Publ.">{{cite book|last=JasjitSingh|first=ed. by|title=India and Pakistan : crisis of relationship|year=1990|publisher=Lancer Publ.|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7062-118-6}}</ref> The Pakistan Movement was the result of a series of social, political, and intellectual transformations in [[Pakistani society]], government, and ways of thinking.<ref name=PublicAffairs>{{cite book |last=Lieven |first=Anatol |date=2011 |title=Pakistan: A Hard Country |location=New York |publisher=PublicAffairs |edition=1st |isbn=1-61039-023-7}}</ref> Efforts and struggles of the [[Founding Fathers of Pakistan|Founding Fathers]] resulted in the creation of the [[Elections in Pakistan|democratic]] and [[Government of Pakistan|independent government]].<ref name=Praeger>{{cite book|last=Hasnat|first=Syed Farooq|title=Pakistan|year=2011|publisher=Praeger|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=0-313-34697-6}}</ref> In the following years, another nationally–minded subset went on to established a [[One Unit|strong government]], followed by the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|military intervention]] in 1958.<ref name="Routledge, Aziz">{{cite book|last=Aziz|first=Mazhar|title=Military Control in Pakistan: The parallel State|publisher=Routledge, Aziz|location=Pakistan|isbn=1-134-07410-7}}</ref> Grievousness and unbalanced economic distribution caused an upheaval which led [[East Pakistan]] to declare independence as the People's Republic of Bangladesh in 1971.<ref name="Story of Pakistan documents">{{cite web|title=Separation of East Pakistan|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan/|publisher=Story of Pakistan documents|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref> After a strong concessions and consents reached in 1973, the new [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] established a relatively strong government, institutions, [[Court system of Pakistan|national courts]], a [[Parliament of Pakistan|legislature]] that represented both states in the Senate and population in the National Assembly.<ref name="Constitution of Pakistan">{{cite web|title=Constitution of Pakistan|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constitution-of-1973/|publisher=Constitution of Pakistan|accessdate=7 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="A.P.H. Pub. Corp.">{{cite book|last=Chitkara|first=M.G.|title=Nuclear Pakistan|year=1996|publisher=A.P.H. Pub. Corp.|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7024-767-5}}</ref> Pakistan's [[phase shift]] to republicanism, and the gradually increasing [[Democracy in Pakistan|democracy]], caused an [[Sectarianism in Pakistan|upheaval]] of traditional social hierarchy and gave birth to the ethic that has formed a core of political values in Pakistan.<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, Cohen">{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Stephen P.|title=The idea of Pakistan|year=2004|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-8157-1502-1|edition=1. paperback}}</ref>

== History of the movement ==

===Background===
{{main article|1600 in India|British Empire in India|Anglomania|Anglo-Saxons}}
[[File:Shah 'Alam conveying the grant of the Diwani to Lord Clive.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Robert Clive]] meeting with Emperor [[Shah Alam II]], 1765.]]

The [[English East India Company|East India Company]] was formed in 1600 and had gained a foothold in India in 1612 after Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]] granted it the rights to establish a factory, or [[Mumbai Harbour|trading post]], in the port of [[Surat]] on the western coast. As the [[Mughal Empire]] quickly declined in [[Power (philosophy)|power]], the [[British Empire]] expanded quick to gain control of the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] in the 1700s. The economic, social, public, and political influence of [[East India Company rule in India|East India Company]] and the strong military [[Force projection|projection]] further limited the rule of the last [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]], [[Bahadur Shah II]]. The defeat of [[Tipu Sultan]], the ruler of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], proved to be an event which led to the fall of Mysore Kingdom under the direct or indirect rule of the East India Company.<ref name="Cambridge South Asian Studies">{{cite book|last=Jalal|first=Ayesha|title=The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge South Asian Studies|location=Cambridge UK|pages=}}</ref>

All over the subcontinent, the [[British government]] took over the state machinery, bureaucracy, universities, schools, and institutions as well establishing its own.<ref name="Aligarh Movement, Story of Pakistan"/> During this time, [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Lord Macaulay]]'s radical and influential [[British education|educational reforms]] led to the numerous changes to the introduction and teaching of Western languages (e.g. English and [[Latin language|Latin]]), [[Western history|history]], and [[Western philosophy|philosophy]].<ref name="columbia.edu">For text see [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html "Minute by the Hon'ble T. B. Macaulay, dated the 2nd February 1835"]</ref><ref name="Stephen Evans 2002 pp. 260">Stephen Evans, "Macaulay's minute revisited: Colonial language policy in nineteenth-century India," ''Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development'' (2002) 23#4 pp. 260–281 {{doi|10.1080/01434630208666469}}</ref> Religious studies and the [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages were completely barred from the state universities. In a short span of time, the English language had become not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835 in place of Persian, disadvantaging those who had built their careers around the latter language.<ref name="Stephen Evans 2002 pp. 260"/>
[[File:Surrender of Tipu Sultan.jpg|thumb|left|200px|After the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Seringapatam battle]], Emperor [[Tipu Sultan]]'s children surrendered to [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] in 1799.]]
Traditional [[Hindu studies|Hindu]] and [[Islamic studies]] were no longer supported by the [[British monarchy|British Crown]], and nearly all of the ''[[madrasah]]''s lost their ''[[waqf]]'' (lit. [[financial endowment]]).<ref name="columbia.edu"/><ref name="Stephen Evans 2002 pp. 260"/> Discontent by these reforms, Muslim and Hindu rebels initiated the first [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion]] in 1857 which was inverted by the [[British Armed Forces|British forces]], followed by final [[abdication]] of last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II, also the same year. Noting the sensitivity of this issue, [[Queen Victoria]] removed the East India Company and consolidated the power by gaining the control of subcontinent into British Empire. Directives issues by Queen Victoria led to the quick removal of Mughal symbols which spawned a negative attitude amongst some Muslims towards everything modern and western, and a disinclination to make use of the opportunities available under the new regime.<ref name="Aligarh Movement, Story of Pakistan"/> This tendency, had it continued for long, would have proven disastrous for the Muslim community.<ref name="Aligarh Movement, Story of Pakistan">{{cite news|last=Administration|title=Aligarh Movement|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/aligarh-movement/|accessdate=14 March 2014|newspaper=Aligarh Movement, Story of Pakistan|date=1 June 2003}}</ref>

In justifying these actions, Macaulay argued that Sanskrit and Arabic were wholly inadequate for students studying history, science, and technology. He stated, "We have to educate people who cannot at present be educated by means of their mother-tongue. We must teach them some foreign language." The solution was [[English Education Act 1835|to teach English]].<ref>see [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html "Minute by the Hon'ble T. B. Macaulay, dated the 2nd February 1835"]</ref>

<gallery>
File:Clive.jpg|[[Robert Clive|Lord Robert Clive]] meeting with [[Mir Jafar]] after the [[Battle of Plassey]].
File:RobertHome - The Death of Colonel Moorhouse at the Storming of the Pettah Gate of Bangalore.jpg| British forces storming of the Pettah Gate of Bangalore.
File:David Baird Discovering Body of Tipoo Saib.jpg|General Sir [[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|David Baird]] discovering the body of Tipu Sultan, 1799.
File:Tipu death.jpg|British Army's [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|last push]] for [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], 1700s.
</gallery>

===Renaissance vision===
{{Main article|Aligarh Movement|Urdu movement|Aligarh Muslim University|Two-nation theory|University of the Punjab}}
[[File:Sir Syed1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] became an inspiration for the Pakistan Movement.]]

Eventually, many Muslims barred their children to be educated at English universities which had proved to be disastrous for the Muslim communities.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}} Very few Muslim families had their children sent at the English universities. On the other hand, the effects of [[Bengali renaissance]] made the [[Hindus]] population to be more educated and gained lucrative positions at the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]]; many ascended to the influential posts in the British government.{{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}

During this time, Muslim reformer and educationist [[Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]] began to argue for the importance of the [[British education]].<ref name="Aligarh Movement, Story of Pakistan" /> Sir Syed was a jurist and a scholar who was [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire|knighted]] by the British Crown for his services to British Empire. Witnessing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to revive the spirit of progress within the Muslim community of [[British India]].<ref name="Aligarh Movement, Story of Pakistan" /> At notable Muslim gatherings, he argued that the Muslims, in their attempt to regenerate themselves, had failed to realise that mankind had entered a very important phase of its existence—an era of science and learning.<ref name="Aligarh Movement, Story of Pakistan" /> Despite harsh criticism from the [[Orthodoxy|Islamic orthodoxy]], he helped convince many Muslim communities to realise that the very fact was the source of progress and prosperity for the British.<ref name="Aligarh Movement, Story of Pakistan" /><ref name="Pakistan Herald"/> Therefore, modern education became the pivot of his movement for regeneration of the Indian Muslims. He tried to transform the Muslim outlook from a medieval one to a modern one.<ref name="Aligarh Movement, Story of Pakistan" />

In attendance, Sir Syed advised the Muslim communities to not participate in politics unless and until they got modern education.<ref name="Biography, Nazaria-Pakistan">{{cite web|last=Staff|title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/sir-syed-ahmad-khan/|work=Biography, Nazaria-Pakistan|publisher=Biography, Nazaria-Pakistan|accessdate=14 March 2014}}</ref> He was of the view that Muslims could not succeed in the field of western politics without knowing the system.<ref name="Biography, Nazaria-Pakistan"/> In the 1900s, Sir Syed was invited to attend the first convention of [[Indian National Congress]], and many persuaded him to join the party but he reportedly refused to accept the offer.<ref name="Biography, Nazaria-Pakistan"/> Instead, he urged the Muslims to keep themselves away from the Indian National Congress and predicted that this convention would prove to be a Hindu party in the times to come.<ref name="Biography, Nazaria-Pakistan"/> In response to this, Sir Syed called in and established the first [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]] where he provided Muslims with a platform on which he could discuss their political problems. He also became an instrument of leading the [[Aligarh Movement]] to provide Western education to Muslim communities.<ref name="Biography, Nazaria-Pakistan"/> This led the establishment of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU) which became pivotal place of providing modern teachings on [[STEM fields|science and technology]], modern politics, law and [[justice]], [[British literature|literature]], history, and contemporary [[arts]]. Sir Syed's writings and scholarly works played a role in popularising the ideals for which the Aligarh stood whilst also helped to create cordial relations between the British Crown and the [[Indian Muslims]].<ref name="Biography, Nazaria-Pakistan"/> One of his biggest achievement was the removal of misunderstandings about [[Islam and Christianity]].<ref name="Biography, Nazaria-Pakistan"/> It was from this platform that Syed Ahmad Khan strongly advised the Muslims against joining the Hindu-dominated Congress and also promoted the idea that Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations. His writings, arguments, theory, and efforts later conjoined and his idea was now popular as the "[[two-nation theory]]".<ref name="Biography, Nazaria-Pakistan"/> At the time of his death, Sir Syed was known as the father of "two-nation theory" and earned the title "Prophet of Education".<ref name="Biography, Nazaria-Pakistan"/>

The Aligarh movement and the two-nation theory provided the basis of the Pakistan Movement. With the help of Sir Syed and [[Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh|Nawab Vakar-ul-Mulk]], the [[All-India Muslim League]] (AIML) was founded in 1906, followed by the vision of Sir [[Mohammad Iqbal]] of a homeland for the Muslims floated in 1930, on to the [[Pakistan Resolution]] of 1940, and the League gaining strength to finally attaining a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.<ref>http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2013\07\06\story_6-7-2013_pg3_5</ref> Since his death and the establishment of Pakistan, his name continues to be extremely respected in Pakistan, even as of today; [[Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology]] is named after him.<ref name="Pakistan Herald">{{cite news |title=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan |url=http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/sir-syed-ahmad-khan-1201 |newspaper=Pakistan Herald |accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Working Committee.jpg|300px|thumb|The [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] Governing Council at the [[Lahore Resolution|Lahore session]]. The woman wearing the black cloak is Muhatarma Amjadi Banu Begum, the wife of [[Maulana Mohammad Ali]] Jauhar, a prominent Muslim League leader. Begum was a leading representative of the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|UP]]'s Muslim women during the years of the Pakistan Movement.<ref>{{cite web|author= Muhammad Sheraz Kamran |url=http://nazariapak.info/pak-history/ |title=NPT – History of Pakistan Movement |publisher=Nazariapak.info |date= |accessdate=31 January 2012}}</ref><ref>http://pakistanmovement.org/PakMovement.html</ref>]]

=== Rise of organised movement and Muslims minority ===

The success of [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference]] as a part of the Aligarh Movement, the All-India Muslim League, was established with the support provided by [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] in 1906.<ref name=" Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, (2001a)">Moore, Robin J. "Imperial India, 1858–1914", in Porter, ed. Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, (2001a), pp. 422–446</ref> It was founded in [[Dhaka]] in a response to reintegration of [[Bengal]] after a mass Hindu protest took place in the subcontinent. Earlier in 1905, viceroy [[Lord Curzon]] [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partitioned]] the Bengal which was favoured by the Muslims, since it gave them a Muslim majority in the eastern half.<ref>John R. McLane, "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905," Indian Economic and Social History Review, July 1965, 2#3, pp 221–237</ref>

In 1909, [[The Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]] promulgated the [[Indian Councils Act 1909|Council Act]] and met with a Muslim delegation led by [[Aga Khan III]] to meet with Viceroy Lord Minto,<ref>Pakistan was inevitable p. 51-52, Author Syed Hassan Riaz, published by University Karachi. ISBN 969-404-003-5</ref><ref>History of Pakistan Movement (1857–1947), p. 237-238, Author Prof. M. Azam Chaudhary, published by Abdullah Brothers, Urdu Bazar, Lahore</ref><ref>History of Pakistan and its background, p. 338. Author Syed Asghar Ali Shah Jafri, published by Evernew Book Palace, Circular road, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.</ref><ref>History of Pakistan, p. 58-59. Author Prof. Muhammed Khalilullah (Ex-Principal Federal Govt. Urdu College, Karachi; Former Dean Law Faculty, University of Karachi), published by Urdu Academy Sindh, Karachi.</ref> a deal to which Minto agreed because it appeared to assist the British [[divide and rule]] strategy.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}} The delegation consisted of 35 members, who each represented their respective region proportionately, mentioned hereunder.
[[File:HH the AGA KHAN 1936.jpg|thumb|Aga Khan III in 1936.]]

[[File:Siryedazam.jpg|thumb|260px|Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk,(left) who organised the Simla deputation, with Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (Centre), Sir Syed's son [[Syed Mahmood|Justice Syed Mahmood]] (extreme right). Syed Mahmood was the first Muslim to serve as a High Court judge in the British Raj.]]

#Sir [[Aga Khan III]]. (Head of the delegation); ([[Maharashtra|Bombay]]).
#Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
#Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Muradabad]]).
#Maulvi Hafiz [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]]. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Delhi]]).
#Maulvi Syed Karamat Husain. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Allahabad]]).
#Maulvi Sharifuddin ([[Bihar|Patna]]).
#Nawab Syed Sardar Ali Khan ([[Maharashtra|Bombay]]).
#Syed Abdul Rauf. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Allahabad]]).
#Maulvi Habiburrehman Khan. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
#Sahibzada Aftab Ahmed Khan. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
#Abdul Salam Khan. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Rampur]]).
#Raees Muhammed Ahtasham Ali. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Lucknow]])
#[[Muhammad Muzammilullah Khan|Khan Bahadur Muhammad Muzammilullah Khan]]. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
#Haji Muhammed Ismail Khan. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
#Shehzada Bakhtiar Shah. ([[Bangal|Calcutta]]).
#Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana. ([[Punjab, Pakistan|Shahpur]]).
#Khan Bahadur Muhammed Shah Deen. ([[Punjab, Pakistan|Lahore]]).
#Khan Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chaudhary. ([[Bangal|Mymansingh]]).
#Nawab Bahadur Mirza Shuja'at Ali Baig. ([[Bangal|Murshidabad]]).
#Nawab Nasir Hussain Khan Bahadur. ([[Bihar|Patna]]).
#Khan Bahadur Syed Ameer Hassan Khan. ([[Bangal|Calcutta]]).
#Syed Muhammed Imam. ([[Bihar|Patna]]).
#Nawab Sarfaraz Hussain Khan Bahadur. ([[Bihar|Patna]]).
#Maulvi Rafeeuddin Ahmed. ([[Maharashtra|Bombay]]).
#Khan Bahadur Ahmed Muhaeeuddin. ([[Southern India|Madras]]).
#Ibraheem Bhai Adamjee Pirbhai. ([[Maharashtra|Bombay]]).
#Maulvi Abdul Raheem. ([[Bangal|Calcutta]]).
#Syed Allahdad Shah. ([[Sindh|Khairpur]]).
#Maulana H. M. Malik. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Nagpur]]).
#Khan Bahadur Col. Abdul Majeed Khan. ([[Punjab region|Patiala]]).
#Khan Bahadur Khawaja Yousuf Shah. ([[Punjab region|Amritsar]]).
#Khan Bahadur Mian [[Muhammad Shafi]]. ([[Punjab, Pakistan|Lahore]]).
#Khan Bahadur Shaikh Ghulam Sadiq. ([[Punjab region|Amritsar]]).
#[[Syed Nabiullah]]. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Allahabad]]).
#Khalifa Syed Muhammed Khan Bahadur. ([[Bihar|Patna]]).<ref>History of Pakistan. p. 232 to 234. by Muhammed Ali Chiragh, published by Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore. ISBN 969-35-0413-5.</ref>

The Muslim League's original goal was to define and protect the interests of educated [[Upper class|upper]] and [[gentry]] class of the Indian Muslims.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML">{{cite web|author1=Staff writers |author2=et. al. |title=Establishment of All India Muslim League|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/establishment-of-all-india-muslim-league/|work=Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML|publisher=Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML|accessdate=18 March 2014}}</ref> Its educational activities were based on [[Aligarh Muslim University|AMU]], [[Calcutta University]], and [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]]; though its headquarter was in [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML"/> British thinker, [[John Locke]]'s (1632–1704) ideas on liberty greatly influenced the political thinking behind the party's movement.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML"/> It was the [[dissemination]] of western thought by John Locke, [[John Milton|Milton]] and [[Thomas Paine]] at the AMU that initiated the emergence of Muslim nationalism.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML"/> Sir Aga Khan III was appointed its first and founding president; [[Mohammad Ali Jouhar|Ali Johar]] wrote party's first constitution.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML"/> Despite its activism and educated mass, the party remained less influential in various areas as compared to political movements such as [[Khaksars]], [[Khudai Khidmatgar]], Ahrar, and Hirat until the 1930s.

By the 1930s, [[Muhammad Iqbal]] had joined the party whose writings, speeches, philosophical ideas, and his British education training played a crucial role in the expansion of the Muslim League.<ref name="R.Upadhyay, South Asia analysis">{{cite web|last=R.Upadhyay|title=ALLAMA IQBAL- The founder of Muslim politics in the Indian Subcontinent|url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/paper895|work=R.Upadhyay, South Asia analysis|publisher=R.Upadhyay, South Asia analysis|accessdate=19 March 2014}}</ref> Furthermore, Muslim League's pro-British stance, [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]], [[Liaquat Ali Khan|Ali Khan]], and many other leaders constitutional struggle for Muslim rights made it an extremely popular party in the Muslim dominated areas of the Subcontinent.<ref name="HistoryLearningSite.co.uk">{{cite web|last=et. al. (unknown writer)|title=Muhammed Jinnah|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/jinnah.htm|work=HistoryLearningSite.co.uk|publisher=HistoryLearningSite.co.uk|accessdate=19 March 2014}}</ref> Furthermore, the success of Muslim League in [[Indian general election, 1934|1934 elections]] in the Muslim dominated areas played a crucial role in the split between the Muslim League and Congress became apparent when Congress refused to join coalition administrations with the Muslim League in areas with mixed religion.<ref name="HistoryLearningSite.co.uk"/> The political scene was set that was to lead to post-1945 violence in India.<ref name="HistoryLearningSite.co.uk"/>

===World War II===
{{Main article|Anglomania|Pakistan United Kingdom relations|Little Pakistan}}
On 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] announced the [[Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II|commencement]] of war with [[Nazi Germany|Germany]].<ref name="John Murray">Bolitho, Hector (1954). Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan. London: John Murray.</ref> The [[World War II]] became an integral for Pakistan Movement with the Muslim League playing a decisive role in the World War II in the 1940s and as the driving force behind the [[Partition of India|division]] of India along religious lines and the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state in 1947.<ref name="Muslim League and the impact of World War II">{{cite web|title=Muslim League and the impact of World War II|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/impact-of-the-second-world-war/|publisher=Muslim League and the impact of World War II|accessdate=14 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="jalal">Jalal, Ayesha (1994) The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan. Cambridge University Press.</ref> In 1939, the Congress leaders resigned from all [[British Indian Department|British India government]] to which they had elected.<ref name="Basic Books"/> The Muslim League celebrated the end of Congress led [[British Indian Department|British Indian government]], with Jinnah famously quoting: "a day of deliverance and thanksgiving."<ref name="Basic Books"/> In a secret memorandum writing to British [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], the Muslim League obliged to support the United Kingdom's war efforts— provided that the British had recognise it as the only organisation that spoke for Indian Muslims.<ref name="Basic Books">{{cite book|last=Mukerjee|first=Madhusree|title=Churchill's secret war : the British empire and the ravaging of india during world war II.|year=2011|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=0-465-02481-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RnMTgtXQqCkC&pg=PA9&dq=muslim+league+world+war+2&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z1UpU8vGEYSfyQGujIG4Dw&ved=0CE0QuwUwBg#v=onepage&q=muslim%20league%20world%20war%202&f=true|chapter=Empire at War}}</ref>

The events leading the World War II, the Congress effective protest against the United Kingdom unilaterally involving India in the war without consulting with the congress; the Muslim League went on to support the [[United Kingdom in World War II|British war efforts]], which was allowed to actively propagandise against the Congress with the cry of "Islam in Danger".<ref>Pan-Islam in British Indian politics, pgs 57,245 by M.Naeem Qureshi</ref>

The Indian Congress and Muslim League responded differently over the World War II issue. The Indian Congress refused to oblige with the Britain unless the whole Indian subcontinent was granted the independence.<ref name="ABC-Clio">{{cite book|last=Mohiuddin|first=Yasmeen Niaz|title=Pakistan : a global studies handbook|year=2007|publisher=ABC-Clio|location=Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.]|isbn=1-85109-801-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA69&dq=muslim+league+world+war+2&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z1UpU8vGEYSfyQGujIG4Dw&ved=0CDIQuwUwAQ#v=onepage&q=muslim%20league%20world%20war%202&f=true|chapter=Muslim League and World War II}}</ref> The Muslim League, on the other hand, supported Britain, with the means of political co-operation and human contribution.<ref name="ABC-Clio"/> The Muslim League leaders' British education training and philosophical ideas played a role that brought the British government and the Muslim to be close to each other.<ref name="ABC-Clio"/> Jinnah himself supported the British in World War II when the Congress failed to form any form of collaboration.<ref name="ABC-Clio"/> The British government suddenly made a pledge to the Muslims in 1940 that it would not [[Power transfer|transfer]] power to an [[Independent India]] unless its constitution was first approved by the Indian Muslims, a promise it did not subsequently keep.<ref name="ABC-Clio"/>

===The end of the war===

In 1942, [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]] called for the [[Quit India Movement]] against the United Kingdom. On the other hand, the Muslim League advised Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] that Great Britain should "divide and then Quit".<ref name="ABC-Clio"/> Negotiations between Gandhi and Viceroy [[The Viscount Wavell|Wavell]] failed, as did talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944.<ref name="ABC-Clio"/> When World War II ended, the Muslim League's push for the Pakistan Movement and Gandhi's efforts for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] intensified the pressure on Prime Minister Winston Churchill.<ref name="ABC-Clio"/> Given the rise of American and [[Soviet Union|Russian]] [[New world order (politics)|order]] in the world politics and the general unrest in India, Wavell called for [[Indian general election, 1945|general elections]] to be held in 1945.<ref name="ABC-Clio"/> The Muslim League won nearly all the seats in Muslim areas while Congress did the same in predominantly Hindu areas. [[Polarization (politics)|Polarisation]] was now obvious and [[Direct Action Day|violence]] erupted throughout the Subcontinent.<ref name=HistoryLearningSite.co.uk />

For [[Muhammad Jinnah|Jinnah]], [[Islam]] laid a [[Culture of Pakistan|cultural base]] for an ideology of ethnic nationalism whose objective was to gather the Muslim community to defend the Muslim minorities in the subcontinent. Jinnah's representation of [[Indian Muslim]]s was quite apparent in 1928, when in the All-Party Muslim Conference, he was ready to swap the advantages of separate electorates for a quota of 33% of seats at the [[New Delhi|Capital]]. He maintained his views at the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]], while the Muslims of Punjab and Bengal were vying for a much more [[Decentralised system|decentralised]] political setup. Many of their requests were met in the [[Government of India Act 1935|1935 Government of India Act]]. Jinnah and the [[Founding Fathers of Pakistan|founding fathers]] played a peripheral role at the time and in 1937 could manage to gather only 5% of the Muslim vote. Jinnah refused to back down and went ahead with his plan. He presented the [[two-nation theory]] in the now famous [[Lahore Resolution]] in March 1940, seeking a separate Muslim nation-state.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2avL3aZzSEC&pg=PP1&dq=Pakistan:+Nationalism+without+a+Nation%3F |title=Pakistan: nationalism without a nation? – Christophe Jaffrelot |publisher= |date= |accessdate=31 January 2012}}</ref>{{Nonspecific|date=February 2012}}

The idea of a separate state had first been introduced by [[Allama Iqbal|Sir Iqbal]] in his speech in December 1930 as the President of the Muslim League.<ref>Shafique Ali Khan (1987), ''Iqbal's Concept of Separate North-west Muslim State: A Critique of His Allahabad Address of 1930'', Markaz-e-Shaoor-o-Adab, [[Karachi]], OCLC 18970794</ref> The nation state that he visualised, "within the British Empire, or without the British Empire",<ref>Sir Muhammad Iqbal's 1930 Presidential Address, ''http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html'', from Columbia University site</ref> included only [[Administrative units of Pakistan|four provinces]] of Northwest India: [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|''Afghania'']], and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]. Three years later, the name Pakistan was proposed in a pamphlet published in 1933 by [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]], a graduate of the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref name="cra"/> Again, [[Bengal]] was left out of the proposal.<ref name="cra">Choudhary Rahmat Ali, (1933), ''[[Pakistan Declaration|Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?]]'', [[pamphlet]], published 28 January</ref>

In a book written in 2004, ''Idea of Pakistan'' by American historian of Pakistan, [[Stephen P. Cohen]], writes on the influence of [[South Asian Muslim nationalism]] on the Pakistan movement:<ref name="Pakistan. Stephen Philip Cohen 2004">The Idea of Pakistan. Stephen Philip Cohen. Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2004.</ref>

{{quote|It begins with a glorious precolonial empire when the Muslims of South Asia were politically united and culturally, civilizationally, and strategically dominant. In that era, ethnolinguistic differences were subsumed under a common vision of an Islamic-inspired social and political order. However, the divisions among Muslims that did exist were exploited by the British Empire, who practiced divide and rule politics, displacing the Mughals and circumscribing other Islamic rulers. Moreover, the Hindus were the allies of the British Empire, who used them to strike a balance with the Muslims; many Hindus, a fundamentally insecure people, hated Muslims and would have oppressed them in a one-man, one-vote democratic India. The Pakistan Movement united these disparate pieces of the national puzzle, and Pakistan was the expression of the national will of India's liberated Muslims.|sign=[[Stephen P. Cohen|Stephen Cohen]], ''Idea of Pakistan'' (2004) |source=source<ref name="Pakistan. Stephen Philip Cohen 2004"/>}}

=== 1946 elections ===
The 1946 elections resulted in the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] winning most of the seats reserved for Muslims, performing exceptionally well in minority states like UP and Bihar relative to Muslim majority provinces like Punjab and NWFP. Thus, the 1946 election was effectively a plebiscite where the Indian Muslims were to vote on the creation of Pakistan; a plebiscite which the Muslim League won.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA68&dq=support+for+pakistan+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjr6pT2srPPAhXNNpQKHcpeB0gQ6AEIOTAF#v=onepage&q=support%20for%20pakistan%20movement&f=false|title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook|last=Mohiuddin|first=Yasmin Niaz|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=9781851098019|location=|pages=70|via=}}</ref> This victory was assisted by the support given to the Muslim League by the rural peasantry of Bengal as well as the support of the landowners of [[Sindh]] and [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]]. The [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], which initially denied the Muslim League's claim of being the sole representative of Indian Muslims, was now forced to recognise that the Muslim League represented Indian Muslims.<ref name=":2" /> The British had no alternative except to take [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]]'s views into account as he had emerged as the sole spokesperson of India's Muslims. However, the British did not desire India to be partitioned and in one last effort to avoid it they arranged the Cabinet Mission plan.<ref>Mohiuddin, Yasmin Niaz (2007). [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA68&dq=support+for+pakistan+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjr6pT2srPPAhXNNpQKHcpeB0gQ6AEIOTAF#v=onepage&q=support%20for%20pakistan%20movement&f=false ''Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook'']. ABC-CLIO. p. 71. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] [[Special%3ABookSources/9781851098019|9781851098019]].</ref> In 1946, the Cabinet Mission Plan recommended a decentralised but united India, this was accepted by the Muslim League but rejected by the Congress, thus, leading the way for the Partition of India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA68&dq=support+for+pakistan+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjr6pT2srPPAhXNNpQKHcpeB0gQ6AEIOTAF#v=onepage&q=support%20for%20pakistan%20movement&f=false|title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook|last=Mohiuddin|first=Yasmin Niaz|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=9781851098019|location=|pages=71|via=}}</ref>

==Political campaigns and support==

===Punjab===
{{Main article|Punjab Muslim League|Punjab Legislative Assembly (British India)}}
[[File:Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman seconding the Resolution with Jinnah and Liaquat presiding the session.]]
[[File:First Session of All India Jamhur Muslim League held in 1940 at Muzaffarpur,Bihar.jpg|thumb|right|First Session of All India Jamhur Muslim League]]

The [[West Punjab|Western Punjab]] had become a major centre of activity of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]'s pushed for Pakistan Movement. On 29 December 1930, Sir [[Muhammad Iqbal]] delivered his monumental presidential address to the All India Muslim League annual session held in Lahore. He said:<ref>A.R. Tariq (ed.), Speeches and Statements of Iqbal (Lahore: 1973),</ref>

{{quote|I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province [now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]], Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.}}

On 28 January 1933, Chaudhry [[Choudhary Rahmat Ali|Rehmat Ali]], founder of Pakistan National Movement voiced his ideas in the pamphlet entitled "Now or Never: Are We to Live or Perish Forever?"<ref>Full text of the pamphlet "Now or Never", published by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_rahmatali_1933.html</ref>
In a subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail.<ref>Choudhary Rahmat Ali, 1947, Pakistan: the fatherland of the Pak nation, Cambridge, OCLC: 12241695</ref>
"Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands; that is, Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. It means the land of the Pure".

In 1940 Muslim League conference in [[Lahore]] in 1940, Jinnah said: "Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature.... It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes and different episodes.... To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state."<ref>Cited in Ainslie T. Embree</ref> At Lahore the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state, including Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Bengal, that would be "wholly autonomous and sovereign". The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions. The [[Lahore Resolution]], moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], was adopted on 23 March 1940, and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement. This was the last attempt to reach a single-state solution.<ref>Peter Lyon, ''Conflict between India and Pakistan: an encyclopedia'' (2008) p 108</ref>

In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as ''Quaid-e-Azam'' (‘Great Leader’). The [[Indian general election, 1945|general elections]] held in 1945 for the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] of [[British Indian Empire]], the Muslim League secured and won 425 out of 496 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted. The [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] which was led by [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] remained adamantly opposed to dividing India. The partition seems to have been inevitable after all, one of the examples being [[Lord Mountbatten]]'s statement on Jinnah: "There was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible dream of Pakistan."<ref>{{cite book|author=Akbar S. Ahmed|title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TB1PL-ViHrcC&pg=PA142|year=1997|publisher=Psychology Press|page=142}}</ref>

The [[West Punjab|Western Punjab]] was home to a small minority population of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus up to 1947 apart from the Muslim majority.<ref name="Royal Book Company">{{cite book|last=Salamat|first=Zarina|title=The Punjab in 1920's : a case study of Muslims|year=1997|publisher=Royal Book Company|location=Karachi|isbn=969-407-230-1}}</ref> In 1947, the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Punjab Assembly]] cast its vote in favour of Pakistan with [[Super-majority|supermajority rule]], which made many minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while Muslim refugees from India settled in the Western Punjab and across Pakistan.<ref>Dube, I. &. S. (2009). From ancient to modern: Religion, power, and community in India hardcover. Oxford University Press.</ref>

===Sindh===
{{Main article|Sindh Assembly}}
[[File:A Beautiful Night View Of Adnan Asim's Karachi City. Also Mazar-e-Quaid— The Mausoleum Is Viewable In The Picture.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Sindh is the birthplace and [[Tomb of Jinnah|burial place]] of [[Jinnah]], the Founder of Pakistan.]]

The local leaders and [[Sindhi nationalism|Sindhi nationalists]] never submitted to [[British monarchy|British crown]], and the [[Hurs]] led by Sindhi nationalist, [[Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi|Pir Pagara-I]] has fought against the [[British Armed Forces|British forces]] in 1857.<ref name="Pakistan Studies"/> After [[Western Punjab]], Sindh had been an influential and ideological place of Muslim League, since the [[Jinnah family]] were hailed from [[Karachi]].<ref name="Dawn area studies archives, 2010"/> When the support for Pakistan Movement reached to [[Sindh]], it became an important centre of activities during the [[Khilafat Movement]].<ref name="Dawn area studies archives, 2010"/> These activities led Sindh to be separated from the [[Bombay Presidency]] when the Muslim League passed a resolution in 1925 urging separation of Sindh.<ref name="Dawn area studies archives, 2010"/> Furthermore, Sindh was also a birth place of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] who had spent his teenage years in [[Karachi]].<ref name="Pakistan Studies">{{cite web|title=Role of Sindh in the Making of Pakistan|url=http://www.guesspapers.net/280/role-of-sindh-in-the-making-of-pakistan/|date=3 June 2010|publisher=Pakistan Studies|accessdate=8 February 2014}}</ref>

A convention held by Muslim League in 1938, the Muslim League devised a scheme of constitution under which Muslims may attain full independence.<ref name="Pakistan Studies"/> It was the province of Sindh which first adopted the resolution for an independent Muslim state.<ref name="Dawn area studies archives, 2010"/> The Muslim League had secured an exclusive mandate of Sindh during the [[Indian general election, 1945|general elections]] held in 1945. The Muslim majority in Sindh was in support of the policy and the programme of the Muslim League as the Muslim League had good equation with the [[Sindhi nationalism|Sindhi nationalists]].<ref name="Dawn area studies archives, 2010">{{cite news|last=Ijazuddin|first=Chughtai Mirza|title=Sindh's role in Pakistan movement|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/871700/sindh-s-role-in-pakistan-movement|accessdate=8 February 2014|newspaper=Dawn area studies archives, 2010|date=4 January 2010}}</ref>

Sindhi nationalist leader, [[G. M. Syed]], who reaffirmed his role as one of the leading figure in the movement.<ref name="Pakistan Studies"/> His role as founding father and key role in the Muslim League, [[G. M. Syed]] proposed the 1940 Pakistan Resolution in the [[Sindh Assembly]], which ultimately resulted in the creation of Pakistan.<ref name="Dawn area studies archives, 2010"/> On 26 June 1947, the special session held in Sindh Assembly decided to join the new Pakistan Constituent Assembly. Thus, Sindh became the first province to opt for Pakistan.<ref name="Dawn area studies archives, 2010"/>

=== Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ===
{{further information|Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa}}
[[File:Gandhi and Abdul Gaffa Khan.jpg|thumb|250px|Bacha Khan with Gandhi in 1946.]]
Unlike [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], and [[Sindh]], the Muslim League had little support in [[Khyber–Pakhtunkhwa]] where [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and the [[Pashtunistan|Pashtun nationalist]] [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan|Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] had considerable support for the cause of the [[Independent India]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica-Abdul Ghaffar Khan">{{cite web|url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232353/Khan-Abdul-Ghaffar-Khan| title = Abdul Ghaffar Khan|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate = 24 September 2008}}</ref><ref name=" iloveindia.com -Abdul Ghaffar Khan">{{cite web|url = http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/abdul-ghaffar-khan.html| title = Abdul Ghaffar Khan|publisher = I Love India|accessdate = 24 September 2008}}</ref> Abdul Ghaffar Khan (also known as Bacha Khan) initiated a ''[[Khudai Khidmatgar]]'' movement and dubbed himself as "Frontier Gandhi" due to his efforts in following in the foot steps of [[Gandhi]].<ref name=" iloveindia.com -Abdul Ghaffar Khan"/>

Alongside, another movement, known as [[Awami National Party|''Red Shirts'']] (now known as [[Awami National Party]]) and the people of the [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] interpreted their program in their own way. For [[Pashtunistan|Pashtun]] intelligentsia, the ''Red Shirts'' political program was based on the promotion of [[Pashtun culture]] and elimination of non-[[Pashtunistan|Pashtun]] influence in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|their province]].<ref name="Khudai Khidmatgar Movement">{{cite web|title=Khudai Khidmatgar Movement|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/khudai-khidmatgar-movement/|work=Jan 1 2007|publisher=Khudai Khidmatgar Movement|accessdate=8 February 2014}}</ref> For [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam|Islamic hardliners]] and [[Taliban|Ulemas]], their program was mainly [[Anti-British sentiment|Anti-British]] and their [[Sharia law|religious stand]] became a cause of attraction for the poor peasants which meant to check economic oppression of the British-appointed [[political officer (British Empire)|political agent]]s.<ref name="Khudai Khidmatgar Movement"/> Furthermore, the strong emphasis on [[Pashtunistan|Pashtun]] identity created by Bacha Khan made it extremely difficult for Muslim League's support for the Pakistan Movement. The 'Red Shirts' and the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] were able to contain the Muslim League to non-Pashtun regions, such as [[Hazara Division]] and [[Attock District]].<ref name="Khudai Khidmatgar Movement"/>

The 'Red Shirts' membership rose to about 200,000 activists, which shows its fame and popularity.<ref name="Khudai Khidmatgar Movement"/> The ''[[Khudai Khidmatgar]]'', 'Red Shirts', and Bacha Khan himself joined hands with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] against the Pakistan Movement.<ref name="Khudai Khidmatgar Movement"/> During the [[Indian general election, 1945|1945 general elections]], the Muslim League could only managed to win 17 seats against [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] who secured 30 seats. The Muslim League was highly benefited with its activists who played crucial role in gathering support for the Pakistan Movement, specifically [[Jalal-ud-din Jalal Baba|Jalal-u-din Baba]], an ethinc Hazara. His strong activism with the Muslim League captured a strong mandate of Hazara District and Attock District.<ref name="Khudai Khidmatgar Movement"/> Many activists, such as [[Roedad Khan]], [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan|Ghulam Ishaq]], [[Sartaj Aziz]], and [[Abdul Qayyum Khan]], helped up lifted the cause and image of the Muslim League in the province.<ref name="Khudai Khidmatgar Movement"/> Finally, a referendum was held in 1946 to decide the fate of the NWFP as to whether the people of the NWFP ( now [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]) want to vote for Pakistan or India. In this referendum, majority of vote was cast in favour of Pakistan , despite Bacha Khan wanting to accede with India.<ref name="Khudai Khidmatgar Movement"/>

It is well documented when the Congress accepted the referendum without consulting the ''[[Khudai Khidmatgar]]'', Bacha Khan told the Congress "you have thrown us to the wolves."<ref name="icdc.com">[http://www.icdc.com/~paulwolf/pakistan/pashtunistan.htm#pashtunistanpoliticsPakistan: Partition and Military Succession Documents from the U.S. National Archives]</ref> The spirit of the ''Khudai Khidmatgar'' movement took its last breath when it was proclaimed as a political party after the creation of Pakistan.<ref name="Khudai Khidmatgar Movement"/> The aims and objectives were changed and gradually people lost their interest in the movement and embraced the idea of pakistan.<ref name="Khudai Khidmatgar Movement"/>

===Balochistan===
{{Main article|Balochistan Assembly}}
[[File:Swaraaj-bugti jinnah.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Jinnah meeting with Balochistan's leaders.]]
The province of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] had mainly consisted of Nawabs and local princely states, under the [[British Indian Empire]].<ref name="Praeger. 2011">{{cite book|last=Hasnat|first=Syed Farooq|title=Pakistan|year=2011|publisher=Praeger. 2011|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-0-313-34697-2}}</ref> Three of these states willingly joined with Pakistan when the referendum was held in 1947 at the [[Balochistan Assembly]].<ref name="Praeger. 2011"/> However, the [[Khan of Kalat]] chose independence as this was one of the options given to all of the 535 princely states (out of which 534 accede with Pakistan) by British Prime Minister [[Clement Attlee]].<ref name="Praeger, 2001">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Kristen P.|title=Despite nationalist conflicts : theory and practice of maintaining world peace|year=2001|publisher=Praeger, 2001|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=0-275-96934-7}}</ref>

However, "Nehru persuaded Mountbatten to force the leaders of the princely states to decide whether to join India or Pakistan",<ref name="Praeger, 2001"/> and hence independence "was not an option".<ref name="Praeger, 2001"/> Nehru later went on to annexe other princely states like Hyderabad with military force.<ref name="Praeger, 2001"/> The Muslim League's Pakistan Movement programme was generally supported by the people of Baluchistan.<ref name="Pakistan Television Corporation"/> One of its leader and founding father of Pakistan, [[Jafar Khan Jamali]] (whose [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali|nephew]] later became the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] of Pakistan in 2002) was an important and key figure of the Muslim League.<ref name="Pakistan Television Corporation"/> [[Jafar Khan Jamali]]'s heavily lobbying for Balochistan to accede with Pakistan highly benefited the Muslim League.<ref name="Pakistan Television Corporation">{{cite video
| people =Samina Vakar
| title =Interview of Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali
| medium =Television production
| publisher =Pakistan Television Corporation
| location =Islamabad, Pakistan
| date =21 April 2010
| url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3fEda3fWB8}}</ref> Another influential Baloch figure was [[Akbar Bugti]] was stalwart supporter of Jinnah who well received Jinnah who came to visit Balochistan.<ref name="Friday Times, 2013"/> among the Pashtunes [[Abdul Ghafoor Khan Durrani]] [[Qazi Muhammad Essa]] and [[Shahzada Rehmatullah Khan Saddozai ]] they were staunch supporter and loaylist of Jinnah who played crucial role in supporting the idea of Pakistan in Baluchistan.<ref name="Friday Times, 2013">{{cite news|last=staff|title=Bugti meets with Jinnah|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/bugti-meets-jinnah-1948/|newspaper=Friday Times |date=25 October 2013 |accessdate=8 February 2014}}</ref> Another young activist, [[Mir Hazar Khan Khoso|Mir Hazar]], helped initiate student rallies and public support for Pakistan Movement in Balochistan.<ref name="Radio Pakistan">{{cite web|last=Khoso, His excellency|first=Mir Hazar Khan|title=Prime Minister Justice (Retd.) Mir Hazar Khoso's Address to the Nation|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/newsdetail-43745|work=Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC)|publisher=Radio Pakistan|accessdate=3 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Jang News, 2013">{{cite news|last=Islamabad|title=PM Khosa assures holding of free, fair, peaceful elections|url=http://jang.com.pk/jang/may2013-daily/03-05-2013/index.html |newspaper=Jang News |date=3 May 2013|language=Urdu |accessdate=3 May 2013}}</ref> In 2013, [[Mir Hazar Khan Khoso|Mir Hazar Khoso]], who noted and described [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] as his inspiration, also became [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] in 2013.<ref name="Radio Pakistan"/><ref name="Jang News, 2013"/> In 1947, the [[Balochistan Assembly]] passed the resolution and cast its vote in favour of Pakistan, with a majority approving the accession with Pakistan.<ref name="Praeger. 2011"/>

=== Other regions ===
[[File:Map of Bengal.svg|thumb|250px|Map of United Bengal: .]]

Although, [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]], [[Allama Iqbal|Iqbal]] and other [[Founding Fathers of Pakistan|Founding Fathers]] of Pakistan were initially struggling for the independence of Four Provinces to create a [[nation-state]], Pakistan.<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications" /> The concept and [[phenomenon]] of Pakistan Movement was highly popular in the [[East Bengal]], which was also the birthplace of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], in the 1940s.<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications" /> The [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]'s notable statesman and activists were hailed from the [[East Bengal]], including [[H. S. Suhrawardy|Husyen Suhrawardy]], [[Khawaja Nazimuddin|Nazimuddin]], and [[Nurul Amin]], who later became Prime ministers of Pakistan in the successive periods of Pakistan.<ref>Chakrabarty – The partition of Bengal and Assam, page 135</ref> Following the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition]] of [[Bengal]], the violence erupted in the region, which mainly maintained to [[Kolkata]] and [[Noakhali]].<ref>Jalal – The sole spokesman. Page – 3</ref> It is documented by the historians of Pakistan that [[H. S. Suhrawardy|Huseyn Suhrawardy]] wanted Bengal to be an independent state that would neither join Pakistan or India but to be remained unpartitioned.<ref>Tripathi – স্বাধীনতার মুখ, page – 8</ref> Despite the heavy criticism from the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] realised the validity of [[H. S. Suhrawardy|Suhrawardy]]'s argument gave his tacit support to the Bengal's plan for independence.<ref>Chakrabarty – The partition of Bengal and Assam, page 137</ref><ref>Jalal – The sole spokesman, page 266</ref><ref>Bandopadhyay – জিন্না/পাকিস্তান – নতুন ভাবনা, page – 266</ref> However, the plan failed after a successful involvement of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in [[West Bengal|Western Bengali]]; therefore the [[Islam in Bangladesh|Muslim-majority]] [[East Bengal|Eastern Bengal]] was left no choice but to become a part of Pakistan.<ref>Chakrabarty – The partition of Bengal and Assam, page 143</ref>

During the Pakistan Movement in the 1940s, [[Rohingya people|Rohingya Muslims]] in western Burma had an ambition to [[Rohingya insurgency in Western Burma|annexe and merge]] their region into [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]].<ref name="yegar-1">{{cite book|last=Yegar|first=Moshe|title=Muslims of Burma|year=1972|publisher=Verlag Otto Harrassowitz|location=Wiesbaden|isbn=|page=96}}</ref> Before the [[Burma Campaign|independence]] of Burma in January 1948, Muslim leaders from Arakan addressed themselves to [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]], the [[founder of Pakistan]], and asked his assistance in annexing of the Mayu region to Pakistan which was about to be formed.<ref name="yegar-1"/> Two months later, North Arakan Muslim League was founded in [[Akyab]] (modern: [[Sittwe]], capital of Arakan State), it, too demanding annexation to Pakistan.<ref name="yegar-1"/> However, it is noted that the proposal was never materialised after it was reportedly turned down by Jinnah.<ref name="yegar-1"/>

In 1947, an armed revolution took place in [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] over the issue of accession to India or Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|author=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312908/Kashmir |title=Kashmir (region, Indian subcontinent) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=5 June 2010}}</ref> [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]]'s Hindu [[maharaja]], [[Hari Singh]], fearing a loss of control requested Indian intervention in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/peace/kashmir/intro.htm |title=The J&K conflict: A Chronological Introduction |publisher=India Together |date= |accessdate=5 June 2010}}</ref> The [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947|conflict]] resulted in a stalemate as the "[[Line of Control]]" became the de facto border between India and Pakistan in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.southasianmedia.net/magazine/journal/grasping_nettle.htm|title=Grasping the Nettle|author=Prem Shankar Jha|work=South Asian Journal}}</ref>

=== Role of Ulama ===
The majority of [[Barelvi|Barelvis]] supported the creation of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA167&dq=barelvi+ulema+pakistan+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju2M3j7v7QAhXBG5QKHfMyBNIQ6AEIJTAC#v=onepage&q=barelvi%20ulema%20pakistan%20movement&f=false|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|last=Long|first=Roger D.|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal|last3=Samad|first3=Yunas|last4=Talbot|first4=Ian|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317448204|location=|pages=167|quote=In the 1940s a solid majority of the Barelvis were supporters of the Pakistan Movement and played a supporting role in its final phase (1940-7), mostly under the banner of the All-India Sunni Conference which had been founded in 1925.|via=}}</ref> The Barelvi [[ulama]] issued fatwas in support of the Muslim League and gave their support to the formation of the state of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=WgFeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135&dq=Barelvi+ulema+pakistan+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsyqKd6I7RAhUBmJQKHc-zCRAQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20ulema%20pakistan%20movement&f=false|title=The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State|last=Cesari|first=Jocelyne|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781107513297|location=|pages=135|quote=For example, the Barelvi ulama supported the formation of the state of Pakistan and thought that any alliance with Hindus (such as that between the Indian National Congress and the Jamiat ulama-I-Hind [JUH]) was counterproductive.|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC&pg=PA87&dq=Barelvi+ulama+1946+elections&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjooZvo547RAhWDHpQKHe2zAC8Q6AEIGTAA#v=onepage&q=Barelvi%20ulama%201946%20elections&f=false|title=Pakistan: The Struggle Within|last=John|first=Wilson|publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2009|isbn=9788131725047|location=|pages=87|quote=During the 1946 election, Barelvi Ulama issued fatwas in favour of the Muslim League.|via=}}</ref> [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[ulema]] and [[Pir (Sufism)|pirs]] were mobilised to establish that the Muslim masses wanted the formation of Pakistan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1042583|title=‘What’s wrong with Pakistan?’|last=|first=|date=13 September 2013|work=Dawn|quote=However, the fundamentalist dimension in Pakistan movement developed more strongly when the Sunni Ulema and pirs were mobilised to prove that the Muslim masses wanted a Muslim/Islamic state...Even the Grand Mufti of Deoband, Mufti Muhammad Shafi, issued a fatwa in support of the Muslim League’s demand.|access-date=10 January 2017|via=}}</ref> In contrast, most [[Deobandi]] ulama (led by [[Husain Ahmad Madani|Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani]]) opposed the creation of Pakistan and the [[two-nation theory]]. Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani and the Deobandis advocated 'composite nationalism': according to which Muslims and Hindus were one nation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PA224&dq=deoband+composite+nationalism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMiYPYrLbRAhVJ2LwKHW2SBVYQ6AEIMDAE#v=onepage&q=deoband%20composite%20nationalism&f=false|title=A History of Pakistan and Its Origins|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2004|isbn=9781843311492|location=|pages=224|quote=Believing that Islam was a universal religion, the Deobandi advocated a notion of a composite nationalism according to which Hindus and Muslims constituted one nation.|via=}}</ref> Madani differentiated between 'qaum' -which meant a multi-religious nation- and 'millat'-which was exclusively the social unity of Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=KPKoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26&dq=deoband+composite+nationalism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMiYPYrLbRAhVJ2LwKHW2SBVYQ6AEIJDAC#v=onepage&q=deoband%20composite%20nationalism&f=false|title=Indian Muslims and Citizenship: Spaces for Jihād in Everyday Life|last=Abdelhalim|first=Julten|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317508755|location=|pages=26|quote=Madani...stressed the difference between ''qaum'', meaning a nation, hence a territorial concept, and ''millat'', meaning an Ummah and thus a religious concept.|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=7-tWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&dq=deoband+composite+nationalism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMiYPYrLbRAhVJ2LwKHW2SBVYQ6AEIHjAB#v=onepage&q=deoband%20composite%20nationalism&f=false|title=Living with Religious Diversity|last=Sikka|first=Sonia|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781317370994|location=|pages=52|quote=Madani makes a crucial distinction between ''qaum'' and ''millat''. According to him, qaum connotes a territorial multi-religious entity, while millat refers to the cultural, social and religious unity of Muslims exclusively.|via=}}</ref> However, a few highly influential Deobandi clerics did support the creation of Pakistan.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=0Mx5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA379&dq=barelvi+ulema+pakistan+movement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju2M3j7v7QAhXBG5QKHfMyBNIQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&q=barelvi%20ulema%20pakistan%20movement&f=false|title=Faith-Based Violence and Deobandi Militancy in Pakistan|last=Syed|first=Jawad|last2=Pio|first2=Edwina|last3=Kamran|first3=Tahir|last4=Zaidi|first4=Abbas|publisher=Springer|year=2016|isbn=9781349949663|location=|pages=379|quote=Ironically, Islamic state politics in Pakistan was mostly in favour of Deobandi, and more recently Ahl-e Hadith/Salafi, institutions. Only a few Deobandi clerics decided to support the Pakistan Movement, but they were highly influential.|via=}}</ref> The Grand Mufti of Deoband, [[Muhammad Shafi Deobandi|Mufti Muhammad Shafi]], issued a fatwa in favour of the Muslim League.<ref name=":0" /> [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi|Maulana Ahraf Ali Thanvi]] also supported the Muslim League's demand for the creation of Pakistan<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=910eAAAAMAAJ&q=thanvi+supported+the+muslim+league&dq=thanvi+supported+the+muslim+league&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwigqIfBsLbRAhUEw7wKHSk_CFgQ6AEISzAJ|title=The Lahore resolution: arguments for and against : history and criticism|last=Khan|first=Shafique Ali|publisher=Royal Book Co.|year=1988|isbn=|location=|pages=48|quote=Besides, Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi, along with his pupils and disciples, lent his entire support to the demand of Pakistan.|access-date=10 January 2017|via=}}</ref> and he dismissed the criticism that most Muslim League members were not practising Muslims. Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi was of the view that the Muslim League should be supported and also be advised at the same time to become religiously observant.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA104&dq=muslim+league+creating+a+new+medina+ashraf+ali&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOidWcr7bRAhXKXLwKHUgvCc4Q6AEIHzAB#v=onepage&q=muslim%20league%20creating%20a%20new%20medina%20ashraf%20ali&f=false|title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India|last=Dhulipala|first=Venkat|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781316258385|location=|pages=104|quote=The senior alim conceded that the ML leaders still had some work to do before they could be seen as conscientious and observant Muslims,,,He instead emphasised the virtues of patient and quiet counseling...At the same time though, Thanawi dismissed criticisms of ML leaders as being non-observant Muslims as a case of the pot calling the kettle black.|via=}}</ref>

== Conclusion ==
{{further information|Partition of India|Indian Independence Act 1947|Bangladesh Liberation War|1969 uprising in East Pakistan|Breakup of East and West Pakistan}}
{{Republicanism sidebar}}

Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] (1817–1898) philosophical ideas plays a direct role in the Pakistan Movement.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML" /> His [[Two-Nation Theory]] became more and more obvious during the Congress rule in the Subcontinent.<ref name="BBC News "/> In 1946, the Muslim majorities agreed to the idea of Pakistan, as a response to Congress's one sided policies,<ref name="BBC News ">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8211038.stm |title=South Asia | India state bans book on Jinnah |publisher=BBC News |date=20 August 2009 |accessdate=31 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jinnah: India-Partition-Independence|author=Jaswant Singh}}</ref> which were also the result of leaders like Jinnah leaving the party in favour of Muslim League,<ref>{{cite book|title=Muhammad Jinnah: An Ambassador of Unity|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0040SYONC|author=Sarojini Naidu}}</ref> winning in seven of the 11 provinces. Prior to 1938, Bengal with 33 million Muslims had only ten representatives, less than the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which were home to only seven million Muslims. Thus the creation of Pakistan became inevitable and the British had no choice but to [[Indian Independence Act 1947|create two separate nations]] – Pakistan and India – in 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A043 |title=Lahore Resolution [1940]; |publisher=Storyofpakistan.com |date= |accessdate=31 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Dimensions of Pakistan movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkFuAAAAMAAJ|author=Muhammad Munawwar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Pakistan Movement Activists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qA-fSQAACAAJ|author1=Yusuf Ali Chowdhury |author2=Muhammad Asad |author3=Nawab Ziauddin Ahmed |author4=Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Aspects of the Pakistan movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBBuAAAAMAAJ|author=Sikandar Hayat}}</ref>

But the main motivating and [[integrating factor]] was that the Muslims' intellectual class wanted representation; the masses needed a platform on which to unite.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML" /> It was the [[dissemination]] of western thought by [[John Locke]], [[John Milton|Milton]] and [[Thomas Paine]], at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] that initiated the emergence of Pakistan Movement.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan, AIML" /> According to [[Pakistan Studies]] curriculum, [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] is often referred to as 'the first Pakistani'.<ref>{{cite web | title=History books contain major distortions | publisher=Daily Times |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-3-2004_pg7_16}}</ref> [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] also acclaimed the [[Pakistan movement]] to have started when the first Muslim put a foot in the [[Gateway of Islam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan Movement|url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/pakistan_movement.html|publisher=cybercity-online.net}}</ref>

After the independence in 1947, the violence and upheavals continued to be faced by Pakistan, as [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] becoming the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] in 1947.<ref name="Nova Science Publishers">{{cite book|last=(Editor)|first=Sohail Mahmood|title=Good governance reforms agenda in Pakistan : current challenges|year=2006|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|location=New York|isbn=1-60021-418-5}}</ref> The [[Bengali Language Movement|issue]] involving the equal status of [[Urdu]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] languages created divergence in the country's political ideology.<ref name="Story of Pakistan documents" /> Need for good governance led to the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|military take over]] in 1958 which was followed by rapid [[Industry of Pakistan|industrialisation]] in the 1960s.<ref name="Nova Science Publishers"/> Economic grievances and unbalanced financial payments led to a bloody and an [[Bangladesh Liberation War|armed struggle]] of [[East Pakistan]] in the 1970s, in which eventually resulted with East Pakistan [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|becoming]] Bangladesh in 1971.<ref name="Story of Pakistan documents" />

[[Hamoodur Rahman Commission|Realizing]] the problems and causes of the East Pakistan's separation led another nationalist subset to work on the more reform constitution that guaranteed equals rights in the country.<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, Cohen"/> Much of [[Annex to the Constitution of Pakistan|Islamic texture]] and [[First Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|basic rights]] defined by [[Holy Quran]] were inserted in the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] in 1973; the year when the Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated.<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, Cohen"/> In the successive periods of [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|tragedy]] of East-Pakistan, the country continued to rebuild and reconstruct itself in terms constitutionally and its path to transformed into [[republicanism]].<ref name=PublicAffairs/> After 1971 catastrophic episode, Pakistan's [[phase shift]] to parliamentary republicanism and the gradually increasing in [[Democracy in Pakistan|democracy]] caused an [[Sectarianism in Pakistan|upheaval]] of traditional social hierarchy and gave birth to the ethic that has formed a core of political values in Pakistan.<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, Cohen"/> The [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|XIII]] amendment (1997) and [[Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|XVIII]] amendment (2010) transformed the country into becoming a [[Federal parliamentary republic|parliamentary]] republic as well as also becoming a [[Nuclear power in Pakistan|nuclear power]] in the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]].<ref name="A.P.H. Pub. Corp."/>

=== Non-Muslims contribution and efforts ===
{{Main article|Christianity in Pakistan|Hinduism in Pakistan|Sikhism in Pakistan|Protestantism in Pakistan}}
Jinnah's vision was supported by few of the Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, Jews and Christians that lived in Muslim-dominated regions of undivided India.<ref name="Renaissance Bookshop">{{cite book|last=Heyworth-Dunne|first=James|title=Pakistan: the birth of a new Muslim state|year=1952|publisher=Renaissance Bookshop|location=University of Michigan|asin=B000N7G1MG|pages=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=F24wT7irA6iusQLmuMGTDg&id=TS4BAAAAMAAJ&dq=Pakistan+movement+and+jogendra+nath+leader&q=jogendra+nath+leader#search_anchor}}</ref><ref name="Routledge Publishing Co.">{{cite book|last=[[Tai Yong Tan]]|first=Gyanes Kugaisya|title=The Aftermath of partition in South Asia:Pakistan|year=2000|publisher=Routledge Publishing Co.|location=London, UK.|isbn=0-203-45766-8|pages=ix-327|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5zEtBxk72wC&pg=PR9&dq=Pakistan+movement+and+jogendra+nath+leader&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oW0wT7qWBs7CsQK6nOWXDg&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Pakistan%20movement%20and%20jogendra%20nath%20leader&f=false}}</ref>
The most notable and influential Hindu figure in the Pakistan Movement was [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]] from Bengal. Jagannath Azad was from the [[Urdu-speaking]] belt.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sophia Ajaz|title=Hindus' contribution towards making of Pakistan|url=http://criticalppp.com/archives/35305|publisher=Sophia Ajaz}}</ref> Mandal represented the Hindu contingent calling for an independent Pakistan, and was one of the founding-fathers of Pakistan.<ref name="Renaissance Bookshop" /> After the independence, Mandal was given ministries of [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Law]], [[Ministry of Justice (Pakistan)|Justice]], and [[Ministry of Labour (Pakistan)|Work-Force]] by Jinnah in Liaquat Ali Khan's government.<ref name="Renaissance Bookshop" /> He returned to India and submitted his resignation to Liaquat Ali Khan, the then-Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Some [[Christianity in Pakistan|local Christian]]s also stood behind Jinnah's vision, playing a pivotal role in the movement.<ref name="Pakistan Daily">{{cite web|last=Staff Report|title=Christians played vital role in Pakistan Movement|url=http://www.daily.pk/christians-played-vital-role-in-pakistan-movement-5871/|work=Daily Pakistan|publisher=Pakistan Daily|accessdate=7 February 2012}}</ref> The notable Christians included [[Victor Turner (civil servant)|Sir Victor Turner]] and [[Alvin Robert Cornelius]].<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi">{{cite book|last=Aminullah Chaudry|title=The founding fathers|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press, Karachi|location=Karachi, Sindh Province|isbn=978-0-19-906171-6|url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/08/07/excerpt-the-founding-fathers.html}}</ref> Turner was responsible for the economic, financial planning of the country after the independence.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi" /> Turner was among one of the founding fathers<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi" /> of Pakistan, and guided Jinnah and Ali Khan on economic affairs, taxation and to handle the administrative units.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi" /> [[Alvin Robert Cornelius]] was elevated as Chief Justice of Lahore High Court bench by Jinnah and served as Law Secretary in Liaquat Ali Khan's government.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Karachi" /> The Hindu, Christian, and Parsi communities also played their due role for the development of Pakistan soon after its creation.<ref name="Pakistan Daily" />

===As an example or inspiration===
{{Main article|Pakistanisation}}

The cause of Pakistan Movement became an inspiration in different countries of the world. Protection of one's beliefs, equal rights, and liberty were incorporated in the state's constitution. Arguments presented by [[Ali Mazrui]] pointed out that the South Sudan's [[South Sudan Liberation Movement|movement]] led to the partition of the Sudan into Sudan proper, which is primarily Muslim, and South Sudan, which is primarily Christian and animistic.<ref name="guardian1">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/09/sudan-secession-postcolonial-africa |title=Is this Pakistanism in Sudan? |first=Ali |last=Mazrui |authorlink=Ali Mazrui |date=9 February 2011 |work=guardian.co.uk |publisher= |accessdate=31 August 2011}}</ref>

===Memory and legacy===
{{Main article|Minar-e-Pakistan|Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal|Tomb of Jinnah|Azme Alishan}}
[[File:Minar-e-Pakistan at night Taken on July 20 2005.jpg|thumb|250px|The Minar-e-Pakistan in Lahore, Pakistan glances at night.]]
The Pakistan Movement has a central place in Pakistan's memory.<ref name="Routledge, 2000">{{cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Akbar S.|title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic identity : the search for Saladin|year=2000 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-14965-7|edition=Reprinted.}}</ref> The founding story of Pakistan Movement is not only covered in the school and universities [[Pakistani textbooks controversy|textbooks]] but also in innumerable monuments.<ref name="Lexington, 2004">{{cite book|last=Saha|first=ed. by Santosh C.|title=Religious fundamentalism in the contemporary world : critical social and political issues|year=2004|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=Lexington|isbn=0-7391-0760-7}}</ref> Almost all key events are covered in Pakistan's textbooks, literature, and novels as well.<ref name="Lexington, 2004"/> Thus, [[Fourteenth of August]] is one of major and most celebrated [[national day]] in Pakistan.<ref name="Tribune Express 2013">{{cite news|last=Staff|title=Independence day: Hope, joy and mausoleum climbing|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/590123/pakistan-independence-day-live-updates/|accessdate=8 February 2014|newspaper=Tribune Express 2013|date=14 August 2013}}</ref> To many authors and historians, Jinnah's legacy is Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mohiuddin|first=Yasmeen Niaz|title=Pakistan : a global studies handbook|year=2007|publisher=ABC-Clio|location=Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.]|isbn=978-1-85109-801-9}}</ref>

The ''[[Minar-e-Pakistan]]'' is a monument which has attracted ten thousand visitors.<ref name="Gohar Publications,">{{cite book|last=Siddiqui|first=S.A.|title=Social Studies|year=2012|publisher=Gohar Publications,|location=Lahore, Punjab|isbn=969-526-022-5}}</ref> The ''Minar-e-Pakistan'' still continues to project the memory to the people to remember the birth of Pakistan.<ref name="Gohar Publications,"/> Jinnah's estates in Karachi and Ziarat has attracted thousands visitors.<ref name="Express Tribune, Mulk">{{cite news|last=Muhammad Adil Mulk|title=Being Jinnah|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/481577/being-mr-jinnah/|accessdate=9 February 2014|newspaper=Express Tribune, Mulk|date=23 December 2012}}</ref>

Historian of Pakistan, [[Vali Nasr]], argues that the [[universalism#Islam|Islamic universalism]] had become a main source of Pakistan Movement that shaped patriotism, meaning, and nation's birth.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nasr|first=Vali|title=Islamic Leviathan : Islam and the Making of State Power|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford U.K.|isbn=0-19-803296-X}}</ref> To many Pakistanis, Jinnah's role is viewed as a modern [[Moses]]-like leader;<ref name="Washington Post, 2010">{{cite news|last=Ahmad|first=Akbar|title=Thomas Jefferson and Mohammed Ali Jinnah: Dreams from two founding fathers|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/02/AR2010070202442.html|newspaper=Washington Post |date=4 July 2010 |accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> whilst many other founding fathers of the nation-state also occupies extremely respected place in the hearts of the people of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Enver|first=E.H.|title=The modern Moses: A brief biograhpy [sic] of M.A. Jinnah|year=1990|publisher=Jinnah Memorial Institute (1990)|pages=164 pages}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* 1849 Annexation of the Punjab
* 1850 Urdu becomes the official language in all of the west Pakistan provinces, excluding [[Sindh]]
* 1857 [[War of Indian Independence of 1857|War of Independence]]
* 1885 [[Indian National Congress|Formation of the Indian National Congress]]
* 1901 Partition of Punjab
* 1905 [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]]
* 1906 Simla Deputation
* 1906 [[All-India Muslim League|Founding of the All-India Muslim League]]
* 1909 [[Indian Councils Act 1909|Minto–Morley Reforms]]
* 1911 [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Annulment of the Partition of Bengal]]
* 1914–18 [[World War I]]
* 1916 [[Lucknow Pact]]
* 1919 [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
* 1919 [[Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms]]
* 1919–23 [[Khilafat Movement]]
* 1922–29 Hindu–Muslim Riots
* 1927 Delhi Muslim Proposals
* 1928 [[Nehru Report]]
* 1929 [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah]]
* 1930 [[Simon Commission|Simon Commission Report]]
* 1930 Separation of a strong Punjabi group from congress and formation of [[Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam]]
* 1930 [[Allahabad Address|Allama Iqbal Address]]
* 1931 Kashmir Resistance movement
* 1930–32 Round Table Conferences
* 1932 Communal Award (1932)
{{col-2}}

* 1933 [[Pakistan National Movement]]
* 1933 [[Pakistan Declaration|Pakistan Declaration / Now or Never Pamphlet]]
* 1935 [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act]]
* 1937 Elections
* 1937–39 Congress Rule in 7 out of 11 Provinces
* 1937 Strong anti congress governments in Punjab and Bengal
* 1938 [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] of Bengal joined Muslim League
* 1938 Jinah Sikandar pact
* 1938 Pirpur Report
* 1939-45 [[World War II]]
* 1939 Resignation of congress ministries and non-congress power players got golden chance
* 1940 [[Pakistan Resolution]]
* 1940 [[Khaksars|19 March Khaksar Massacre in Lahore]]<ref>[http://www.allamamashraqi.com/grandsonsarticles.html Allama Mashraqi]</ref><ref>http://www.allamamashraqi.com/images/The_Khaksar_Martyrs_of_March_19,_1940_by_Nasim_Yousaf.pdf</ref>
* 1942 India Movement and non congress players further got space
* 1942 [[Cripps' mission]]
* 1944 Gandhi – Jinnah Talks
* 1945 The Simla Conference
* 1946 [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India|The Cabinet Mission]] the last British effort to united India
* 1946 [[Direct Action Day]] in the aftermath of cabinet mission plan
* 1946 Interim Government installed in office
* 1946 [[Quit Kashmir Campaign]] as the formation of the interim government of [[Azad Kashmir]]
* 1947 June 6 Partition Plan
* 1947 [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Creation of Pakistan]]
{{col-end}}

== Notable quotations ==
; [[Allama Iqbal]]:
{{quote|I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.<ref name="res1">[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html Sir Muhammad Iqbal’s 1930 Presidential Address], from Columbia University site</ref>}}
; [[Choudhry Rahmat Ali]]:
{{quote|At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you, in the name of our common heritage, on behalf of our thirty million Muslim brethren who live in ''Pakistan'' – by which we mean the five Northern units of India, Viz: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind and Baluchistan – for your sympathy and support in our grim and fateful struggle against political crucifixion and complete annihilation.<ref name="cra" />}}
; [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]:
{{quote|It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different ethics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state."<ref name=dt-march>{{cite news|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_lahore_1940.html|title= Presidential address by Muhammad Ali Jinnah to the Muslim League Lahore, 1940|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref>}}

== Leaders and founding fathers ==
* [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
* [[Allama Muhammad Iqbal]]
* [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
* [[Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar]]
* [[Aga Khan III]]
* [[Muhammad Zafarullah Khan]]
* [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]]
* [[Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi]]
* [[Ghulam Bhik Nairang]]
* [[Khwaja Nazimuddin]]
* [[Jalal-ud-din Jalal Baba]]
* [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
* [[Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad Malhi]]
* [[Maulana Zafar Ali Khan]]
* [[Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan]]
* [[Fatima Jinnah]]
* [[Abdullah Haroon]]
* [[ Malak Shamas khan ]] from Sawal Dher Mardan

== See also ==
* [[A Short History of Pakistan]], a book edited by [[I H Qureshi]]
* [[History of Pakistan]]
* [[National Monument, Islamabad]]
* [[Masood Ashraf Raja|Raja, Masood Ashraf]]. ''Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity'', 1857–1947, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-0-19-547811-2
* [[Mohammad Ismail Khan (Indian politician)|Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan]]
* [[Pakistani nationalism]]
* [[Pakistan Zindabad]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{cite web
| title = Pakistan Movement Workers Trust (Tehrik-i-Pakistan) تحریک پاکستان
| work = Pakistan Movement Workers Trust's official website
| url = http://www.pakistanmovement.org/
}}
* {{cite web
| title = The Pakistan Movement
| work = Story of Pakistan website
| url = http://www.storyofpakistan.com/timeline06.htm
}}
* {{cite web
| title = Iqbal and the Pakistan Movement
| work = Iqbal Academy Pakistan
| url = http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/movement/move_main.htm
}}
* {{cite web
| title = The Pakistan Movement (Picture Gallery)
| work = Pakistan.gov
| url = http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/movement_pic.htm
}}

{{Jinnah}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan Movement}}
[[Category:Pakistan Movement| ]]
[[Category:Modern history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Enlightened Moderation]]
[[Category:1940s in British India]]
[[Category:1940s in India]]
[[Category:1940s in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1940s in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1947 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:British Empire in World War II]]

Disposition Matrix

2017-03-09T16:24:19Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Rescuing 21 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta)

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{redirect|Kill list|the 2011 British horror film|Kill List}}
[[File:Predator and Hellfire.jpg|thumb|[[General Atomics MQ-1 Predator|Predator drone]] launching a [[AGM-114 Hellfire|Hellfire]] missile of the kind used to kill terrorism suspects.]]

The '''Disposition Matrix''', informally known as a '''kill list''', is a database of information for tracking, capturing, [[Extraordinary rendition|rendering]], or [[targeted killing|killing]] suspected enemies of the [[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government]].<ref name=wp1023>{{cite news|title=Plan for hunting terrorists signals U.S. intends to keep adding names to kill lists |first=Greg |last=Miller |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/plan-for-hunting-terrorists-signals-us-intends-to-keep-adding-names-to-kill-lists/2012/10/23/4789b2ae-18b3-11e2-a55c-39408fbe6a4b_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhgBoJsz?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/plan-for-hunting-terrorists-signals-us-intends-to-keep-adding-names-to-kill-lists/2012/10/23/4789b2ae-18b3-11e2-a55c-39408fbe6a4b_print.html |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Developed by the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] beginning in 2010, the "Disposition Matrix" goes beyond existing kill lists and is intended to become a permanent fixture of U.S. policy.<ref name=wp1023 /> The process determining criteria for killing is not public and was heavily shaped by National Counterterrorism Director and former [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) Director [[John O. Brennan]].<ref name=wp1024>{{cite news|title=A CIA veteran transforms U.S. counterterrorism policy |first=Karen |last=DeYoung |authorlink=Karen DeYoung |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cia-veteran-john-brennan-has-transformed-us-counterterrorism-policy/2012/10/24/318b8eec-1c7c-11e2-ad90-ba5920e56eb3_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhkFh90y?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cia-veteran-john-brennan-has-transformed-us-counterterrorism-policy/2012/10/24/318b8eec-1c7c-11e2-ad90-ba5920e56eb3_print.html |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

Though [[White House]], [[National Counterterrorism Center]] (NCTC) and CIA spokespeople have declined to comment on the database, officials have stated privately that kill lists will expand "for at least another decade", if not indefinitely. One official stated "it’s a necessary part of what we do".<ref name=wp1023 /> [[Paul R. Pillar]], the former deputy director of the CIA’s counterterrorism center, has stated, "We are looking at something that is potentially indefinite".<ref name=wp1023 />

The database's existence was revealed in a three-part series published by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' newspaper. It noted that as of their publication, the number of civilian and militant casualties resulting from U.S. [[drone strike]]s would soon exceed the number of people killed in the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name=wp1023 />

==Purpose==
{{Quote box
| quote = "We can’t possibly kill everyone who wants to harm us... It’s a necessary part of what we do. . . . We’re not going to wind up in 10 years in a world of everybody holding hands and saying, ‘We love America.’"
| source = – Unnamed senior Obama administration official, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 23 October 2012.<ref name=wp1023 />
| width = 40%
| align = right
}}

The creation of the Disposition Matrix database is part of an effort embraced by U.S. [[United States Homeland Security Council|Homeland Security]] adviser [[John O. Brennan]] to codify the targeted killing policies developed by President [[Barack Obama]]. Under the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush administration]], Brennan served as top aide to CIA director [[George Tenet]], where he defended the administration's use of [[extraordinary rendition]], [[enhanced interrogation techniques|enhanced interrogation]] and [[torture]] by definition according to international standards.<ref name=ws1025>{{cite news|title=Obama institutionalizes state assassinations |first=Bill |last=Van Auken |authorlink=Bill Van Auken |url=http://wsws.org/articles/2012/oct2012/dron-o25.shtml |newspaper=World Socialist Web Site |date=25 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOZ74aQ?url=http://wsws.org/articles/2012/oct2012/dron-o25.shtml |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Brennan's association with the CIA's interrogation program was controversial and forced him to withdraw his candidacy for directorship of the CIA or National Intelligence in 2008.<ref name=withdraw>{{cite news|title=Brennan Withdraws From Consideration for Administration Post |first=Joby |last=Warrick |authorlink=Joby Warrick |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/25/AR2008112501028.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=25 November 2008 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhkHwZ5Q?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/25/AR2008112501028.html |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

According to the ''[[New York Times]]'', Brennan has been the "principal coordinator" of U.S. kill lists. Former Obama administration counter-terrorism official Daniel Benjamin has stated that Brennan "probably had more power and influence than anyone in a comparable position in the last 20 years".<ref name=nyt20130205a>{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|date=5 February 2013|accessdate=5 February 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/06/world/middleeast/with-brennan-pick-a-light-on-drone-strikes-hazards.html|title=Drone Strikes’ Dangers to Get Rare Moment in Public Eye|first1=Robert|last1=Worth|first2=Mark|last2=Mazzetti|first3=Scott|last3=Shane}}</ref>

The database's creation also accompanies an expansion of the drone fleet, turning the CIA into a "paramilitary force" according to ''The Washington Post''. It is associated with increased [[Joint Special Operations Command]] (JSOC) operations in Africa, and increased JSOC involvement in forming kill lists.<ref name=wp1023 /> The database has unified originally separate but overlapping kill lists maintained by both JSOC and the CIA, and was originally proposed by former NCTC director [[Michael Leiter]].<ref name=wp1023 />

==Scope==
[[File:John Brennan.jpg|thumb|right|[[John O. Brennan]], former director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and chief counter-terrorism advisor to U.S. President [[Barack Obama]].]]
The Disposition Matrix database catalogues biographies, locations, associates, and affiliations of suspects. It also catalogues strategies for finding, capturing, or killing suspects, or subjecting them to extraordinary rendition.<ref name=wp1023 /> The database continues to direct U.S. operations in [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Somalia]] and [[Yemen]], and will facilitate expanded operations in [[Algeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Mali]], [[Libya]], [[Iran]], and throughout east Africa.<ref name=wp1023/>

A clear example of the expansion of targeted killing as managed by the database is the U.S. military base in Djibouti City, [[Djibouti]], near [[Somalia]].<ref name=wp1025>{{cite news|title=Remote U.S. base at core of secret operations |first=Craig |last=Whitlock |authorlink=Craig Whitlock |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/remote-us-base-at-core-of-secret-operations/2012/10/25/a26a9392-197a-11e2-bd10-5ff056538b7c_story.html?hpid=z2 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=25 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhkIaGeU?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/remote-us-base-at-core-of-secret-operations/2012/10/25/a26a9392-197a-11e2-bd10-5ff056538b7c_print.html |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Called [[Camp Lemonnier]] and originally created by the [[French Foreign Legion]], the camp has clandestinely become the largest U.S. drone base outside Afghanistan. About 3,200 U.S. soldiers, contractors and civilians are assigned to the camp, 300 of whom are special operations personnel.<ref name=wp1025 />

One terrorism suspect on the Disposition Matrix is Somali citizen [[Ahmed Abdulkadir Warsame]], who is currently a prisoner of the United States being held in [[New York (city)|New York]].<ref name=wp1023 />

==Process==

{{Quote box
| quote = "I tend to do what I think is right. But I find much more comfort, I guess, in the views and values of this president".
| source = – [[John O. Brennan]] in August 2012. ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 24 October 2012.<ref name=wp1024 />
| width = 40%
| align = right
}}
The database eliminates the prior system of dual (but not judicial) scrutiny by both [[The Pentagon]] and the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]], instead using a "streamlined" system in which suspects are designated by multiple agencies and ultimately presented to Brennan.<ref name=wp1023 /> The head of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], responsible for carrying out orders to kill suspects on the list, no longer contributes to the decision of whether or not to kill them.<ref name=wp1023 />

Instead, the [[National Counterterrorism Center]] plays a greater role in determining targets, which they generate at the request of the White House. The criteria and decisions determining who may be targeted for killing are developed in large part by John Brennan, who "wields enormous power in shaping decisions on 'kill' lists and the allocation of armed drones".<ref name=wp1024 /> Targets are reviewed every three months with input from the CIA and JSOC, before being passed on top officials in the NCTC, CIA, JSOC, the National Security Council, Pentagon, and [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]].<ref name=wp1023 /> Ultimately, the authority to kill a suspect outside Pakistan must be approved by the President.<ref name=wp1023 />

The review process also allows the killing of individuals whose identities are unknown, but who are thought to be engaged in certain activities, for instance packing a vehicle with explosives.<ref name=wp1023 />

As reported previously, U.S. citizens may be listed as targets for killing in the database.<ref name=will /> Suspects are not formally charged of any crime or offered a trial in their own defense.<ref name=ws1026>{{cite news|title=Institutionalized state assassinations and the November 6 election |first=Bill |last=Van Auken |authorlink=Bill Van Auken |url=http://wsws.org/articles/2012/oct2012/pers-o26.shtml |newspaper=World Socialist Web Site |date=26 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Bp3lKT98?url=http://wsws.org/articles/2012/oct2012/pers-o26.shtml |archivedate=31 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Obama administration lawyers have asserted that U.S. citizens alleged to be members of Al Qaeda and said to pose an "imminent threat of violent attack" against the United States may be killed without judicial process.<ref name=nyt20130205b>{{cite news|title=Memo Cites Legal Basis for Killing U.S. Citizens in Al Qaeda|newspaper=The New York Times|first1=Charlie|first2=Scott|last1=Savage|last2=Shane|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/us/politics/us-memo-details-views-on-killing-citizens-in-al-qaeda.html|date=5 February 2013|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> The legal arguments of U.S. officials for this policy were leaked to NBC News in February 2013, in the form of briefing papers summarizing legal memos from October 2011.<ref name=nyt20130205b />

==Endorsement==

U.S. officials have described the Disposition Matrix as legally and morally sound, and ''The Washington Post'' has written that "internal doubts about the effectiveness of the drone campaign are almost nonexistent".<ref name=wp1023 /> U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] has called the decision to kill U.S. citizen and terrorism suspect [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] "an easy one",<ref name=will>{{cite news |title=Secret ‘Kill List’ Proves a Test of Obama’s Principles and Will |first1=Scott |last1=Shane |first2=Jo |last2=Becker |authorlink2=Jo Becker |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamas-leadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=29 May 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOaw6G3 |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> and shares counterterrorism views with Brennan, the principal architect of the criteria used when making suspects targets in the database. Referring to President Obama's view of drone strikes, Brennan has stated, "I don’t think we’ve had a disagreement".<ref name=wp1024 />

U.S. officials speaking to ''The Washington Post'' seemed "confident that they have devised an approach that is so bureaucratically, legally and morally sound that future administrations will follow suit".<ref name=wp1023 /> Brennan, a principal architect of the "Disposition Matrix", stated in April 2012 that "in order to ensure that our counterterrorism operations involving the use of lethal force are legal, ethical, and wise, President Obama has demanded that we hold ourselves to the highest possible standards and processes".<ref name=wilson>{{cite news|title=The Efficacy and Ethics of U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy |first=John O. |last=Brennan |authorlink=John O. Brennan |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-efficacy-and-ethics-us-counterterrorism-strategy |publisher=The Wilson Center |date=30 April 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Bp3llQrv?url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-efficacy-and-ethics-us-counterterrorism-strategy |archivedate=31 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

The [[Obama administration]]'s drone program received approval from [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] presidential candidate [[Mitt Romney]] during the 2012 U.S. presidential elections.<ref name=wp1023 /><ref name=ws1025 />

[[Robert M. Chesney]] has written for the ''Lawfare'' blog that "it certainly is a good thing to create an information management tool that makes certain that officials across agencies and departments can have real-time, comprehensive understanding of the options available (practically, legally, diplomatically, etc.) in the event specific persons turn up in specific places".<ref name=ches1>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/10/kill-lists-the-disposition-matrix-and-the-permanent-war-thoughts-on-the-post-article/ |title=Kill Lists, the Disposition Matrix, and the Permanent War: Thoughts on the Post Article |last=Chesney |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert M. Chesney |date=24 October 2012 |work=lawfareblog.com |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOcghAD?url=http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/10/kill-lists-the-disposition-matrix-and-the-permanent-war-thoughts-on-the-post-article/ |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> He has also argued that ''The Washington Post'' article describing the program falsely implies that it has been associated with a change in U.S. counter-terrorism policy.<ref name=ches1 />

According to research by the [[RAND Corporation]], "drone strikes are associated with decreases in both the frequency and the lethality of militant attacks overall and in IED and suicide attacks specifically".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://patrickjohnston.info/materials/drones.pdf |title=The Impact of U.S. Drone Strikes on Terrorism in Pakistan |last1=Johnston |first1=Patrick B. |last2=Sarbahi |first2=Anoop |date=25 February 2012 |publisher=RAND Corporation}}</ref>

==Criticism==
{{Quote box
| quote = "Anyone who thought U.S. targeted killing outside of armed conflict was a narrow, emergency-based exception to the requirement of due process before a death sentence is being proven conclusively wrong".
| source = – The [[American Civil Liberties Union]], 23 October 2012.<ref name=ex1024 />
| width = 40%
| align = right
}}

Pakistani interior minister [[Rehman Malik]] has stated that 336 U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan claimed over 2,300 victims, 80% of whom were innocent civilians.<ref name=ws1025 /> A 2012 [[Pew Research Center]] poll found that 74% of Pakistanis believed that the U.S. "is the enemy", an increase from prior years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistani Public Opinion Ever More Critical of U.S.|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2012/06/27/pakistani-public-opinion-ever-more-critical-of-u-s/|website=Pew Research Center|accessdate=1 February 2017|date=27 June 2012}}</ref>

The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) has condemned the database, writing in a press release that "anyone who thought U.S. targeted killing outside of armed conflict was a narrow, emergency-based exception to the requirement of due process before a death sentence is being proven conclusively wrong".<ref name=ex1024>{{cite news|title=ACLU slams White House for "disposition matrix" i.e., terrorist hit list |first=Sean |last=Higgins |url=http://washingtonexaminer.com/aclu-slams-white-house-for-disposition-matrix-i.e.-terrorist-hit-list/article/2511594 |newspaper=The Washington Examiner |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhP6Dhmn?url=http://washingtonexaminer.com/aclu-slams-white-house-for-disposition-matrix-i.e.-terrorist-hit-list/article/2511594 |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> It has also filed freedom of information requests regarding the database and filed a lawsuit challenging its constitutionality.<ref name=ex1024 />

[[Glenn Greenwald]] has written that "the central role played by the NCTC in determining who should be killed [is] rather odious... the NCTC operates a gigantic data-mining operation, in which all sorts of information about innocent Americans is systematically monitored, stored, and analyzed".<ref name=gw1024>{{cite news|title=Obama moves to make the War on Terror permanent |first=Glenn |last=Greenwald |authorlink=Glenn Greenwald |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/24/obama-terrorism-kill-list |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOg4QS6?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/oct/24/obama-terrorism-kill-list |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no |location=London |df=dmy }}</ref> Greenwald concludes that the Disposition Matrix has established "simultaneously a surveillance state and a secretive, unaccountable judicial body that analyzes who you are and then decrees what should be done with you, how you should be "disposed" of, beyond the reach of any minimal accountability or transparency".<ref name=gw1024 /> Former [[counter-terrorism]] specialist and [[military intelligence]] officer [[Philip Giraldi]] has criticized the disposition matrix's "everyday" killing of targets with what he calls "little or no evidence", leaving the White House "completely unaccountable".<ref>{{cite news|title=Kill Lists Will Continue |first=Philip |last=Giraldi |authorlink=Philip Giraldi |url=http://original.antiwar.com/giraldi/2012/11/07/kill-lists-will-continue/ |work=[[Antiwar.com]] |date=8 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C2YMHo57?url=http://original.antiwar.com/giraldi/2012/11/07/kill-lists-will-continue/ |archivedate=9 November 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>[http://original.antiwar.com/giraldi/2012/12/05/the-protocols-for-death/ The Protocols for Death], by [[Philip Giraldi]], [[Antiwar.com]], 06 December 2012</ref> Giraldi later commented that Brennan "feels the [drone] program has run its course as a CIA operation".<ref>{{cite news|last=Hirsch|first=Michael|title=John Brennan’s Love-Hate Relationship With Drones|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/john-brennan-s-love-hate-relationship-with-drones-20130207|newspaper=National Journal|date=7 February 2013}}</ref>

In April 2016, peace worker and tribal elder [[Malik Jalal]], who appears to have been targeted by repeated drone strikes, was invited to the United Kingdom (UK) by [[Ken Macdonald]] in order to explain to the UK's [[Houses of Parliament]] that his life and those of his friends and relatives are at risk due to his reported presence on the list.<ref>https://home.38degrees.org.uk/2016/04/18/malik-jalal-faqs/</ref><ref>http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2016/04/11/meet-malik-jalal-who-drone-kill-list</ref>

Criticizing strikes organized under the aegis of the database, the ''[[World Socialist Web Site]]'' has written that "the great majority of those killed in Pakistan are targeted for resisting the US occupation of neighboring Afghanistan, while in Yemen they are killed for opposing the US-backed regime there".<ref name=ws1025 /> Regarding the effect of the database in the United States, the site has written that "the Obama administration has arrogated to itself the most extreme power that can be asserted by any dictatorship—that of ordering citizens put to death without presenting charges against them, much less proving them in a court of law".<ref name=ws1025 /> They later criticized the relative silence in the media and the political establishment following the revelation.<ref>{{cite news|title=American democracy and the "disposition matrix" |first=Joseph |last=Kishore |url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2012/oct2012/pers-o31.shtml |newspaper=World Socialist Web Site |date=31 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BzfXBntR?url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2012/oct2012/pers-o31.shtml |archivedate=7 November 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

In a commentary reprinted by ''Eurasia Review'', [[Russia Today]] has called strikes directed by the database "targeted executions" and "extrajudicial murders", and rhetorically asked how the database will further U.S. counter-terrorism policies if it alienates its allies.<ref name=rt1024>{{cite news|title=Kill-list 2.0: Obama’s ‘disposition matrix’ maps out extrajudicial murders for years to come |url=http://rt.com/usa/news/disposition-matrix-kill-obama-146/ |newspaper=Russia Today |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOhc89I?url=http://rt.com/usa/news/disposition-matrix-kill-obama-146/ |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Describing the criteria for killing established by the database and drone program, ''[[Voice of Russia]]'' has written that "in essence, this means that based on intelligence evidence, the administration assumes the right to judge and execute anyone without bothering about such minor things as proper court hearings, or the right of the accused person for proper legal defense".<ref name=vor1026>{{cite news|title=Barack Obama widens the practice of extrajudicial killings |first=Boris |last=Volkhonsky |url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_10_26/Barack-Obama-widens-the-practice-of-extrajudicial-killings/ |publisher=Voice of Russia |date=26 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Bp3m7GtF?url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_10_26/Barack-Obama-widens-the-practice-of-extrajudicial-killings/ |archivedate=31 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> It has accused the Obama administration of violating U.S. principles of [[due process]], stating, "the fact that such operations clearly violate the principles propagated by the U.S. itself, like the right of everyone for legal defense, does not seem to bother the administration".<ref name=vor1026 />

Speaking at [[Harvard Law School]] on 25 October 2012, [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on human rights and counter terrorism, Ben Emmerson, stated that he would launch "an investigation unit within the special procedures of the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|Human Rights Council]] to inquire into individual drone attacks".<ref name=rt1026>{{cite news|title=United Nations to begin investigating US drone strike targeted kills |url=http://rt.com/usa/news/us-drone-emmerson-un-256/ |newspaper=Russia Today |date=26 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOjRYIp?url=http://rt.com/usa/news/us-drone-emmerson-un-256/ |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Emmerson and [[Christof Heyns]], UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, have described some U.S. drone attacks as [[war crime]]s.<ref name=rt1026 />

John Hudson, writing in the Atlantic Wire, has raised the concern that from a semantic perspective, the term "Disposition Matrix" sanitizes and perhaps obscures the more descriptive phrase "kill list".<ref name=hud>{{cite news|title=How the White House 'Kill List' Became the White House 'Disposition Matrix' |first=John |last=Hudson |url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2012/10/how-white-house-kill-list-became-white-house-disposition-matrix/58295/ |newspaper=The Atlantic Wire |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Bp3mXBrv?url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2012/10/how-white-house-kill-list-became-white-house-disposition-matrix/58295/ |archivedate=31 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

The United States Senate is split over how to handle the issue, with Democrats urging the creation of a special court to review the matrix. [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Senate Armed Services Committee]] chair [[John McCain]] has called for control of all armed drones to be transferred from the CIA to the U.S. Department of Defense,<ref>[http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/282687-no-court-for-drones-says-gop "No court for drone oversight, says GOP."]</ref> while [[Dianne Feinstein]] has expressed doubt that the Pentagon would take the same level of care to avoid [[collateral damage]].<ref>[http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/290049-white-house-plan-to-let-pentagon-take-over-cia-armed-drones-sparks-concern "White House move to let Pentagon take over CIA armed drones sparks concern."]</ref>

==Drone strike casualties==

Reports on civilian casualties in Pakistan resulting from U.S. drone attacks have been compiled by a number of institutions including the [[Bureau of Investigative Journalism]], the [[Long War Journal]], the [[New America Foundation]], and researchers at [[Stanford University]] and [[New York University]] law schools.<ref name=lud>{{cite web|url=http://livingunderdrones.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Stanford_NYU_LIVING_UNDER_DRONES.pdf |title=Living Under Drones: Death, Injury and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan |author1=International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic, Stanford Law School |author2=Global Justice Clinic, NYU School of Law |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C1NZMGYJ?url=http://livingunderdrones.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Stanford_NYU_LIVING_UNDER_DRONES.pdf |date=September 2012 |archivedate=8 November 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The ''New York Times'' reported that the Obama Administration embraced a disputed method for counting civilian casualties, which in effect counts all military-age males in a strike zone as combatants, giving partial explanation to the official claims of extraordinarily low collateral deaths.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamas-leadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |work=The New York Times |first1=Jo |last1=Becker |first2=Scott |last2=Shane |title=Secret 'Kill List' Tests Obama's Principles |date=29 May 2012}}</ref>

The [[Bureau of Investigative Journalism]] (TBIJ) reports that between 2004 and 2012, CIA directed drone strikes killed 475–885 Pakistani civilians, of 2,593–3,378 persons killed altogether.<ref name=bij1>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2012/01/11/obama-2012-strikes/ |title=Obama 2012 Pakistan strikes |publisher=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism |date=11 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=bij2>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/08/10/most-complete-picture-yet-of-cia-drone-strikes/ |title=Drone War Exposed – the complete picture of CIA strikes in Pakistan |first=Chris |last=Woods |publisher=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism |date=10 August 2011}}</ref> The report finds that drone strikes killed 176 children, and injured an additional 1,250 or more people.<ref name=bij1 /> The TBIJ report estimates that drone strikes in Pakistan declined from 904 to 228 between 2010 and 2012.<ref name=bij3>{{cite news |url=http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2012/07/02/resources-and-graphs/ |title=Pakistan drone statistics visualised |publisher=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism |date=2 July 2012}}</ref>

TBIJ reports that during the same timeframe, drone strikes killed 60–163 Yemeni civilians, of 362–1,052 persons killed altogether in Yemen, including 24–34 children; strikes killed 11–57 Somali civilians of 58–170 persons killed in Somalia, including 1–3 children.<ref name=bij1 />

The [[Long War Journal]] (LWJ), published by the [[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]],<ref name=lud /> reports that 136 Pakistani civilians have been killed by drone attacks since 2006.<ref name=lat1>{{cite news |title=Drone strikes in Pakistan have killed many civilians, study says |first=David |last=Zucchino |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/24/world/la-fg-drone-study-20120925 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=24 September 2012}}</ref> According to LWJ, the majority of drone strikes in Pakistan since 2004 occurred under the Obama Administration, which has ordered over 247 strikes since 2009, compared the Bush Administration's 45.<ref name=bbc2>{{cite news |title=Deadly drones and Obama’s secret war in Pakistan |first=Nasir |last=Islam |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012\06\19\story_19-6-2012_pg3_2 |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |date=19 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=lwj>{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/pakistan-strikes.php |title=Charting the data for US airstrikes in Pakistan, 2004 - 2012 |last1=Roggio |first1=Bill |last2=Mayer |first2=Alexander |date=24 October 2012 |publisher=Foundation for Defense of Democracies |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218080812/http://www.longwarjournal.org/pakistan-strikes.php |archivedate=18 February 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>

The [[New America Foundation]] (NAF) has published a report titled "Year of the Drone", finding that between 2004 and 2012, U.S. drone strikes killed 1,618–2,769 militants, of 1,908–3,225 killed altogether in Pakistan.<ref name=naf>{{cite web|url=http://counterterrorism.newamerica.net/drones |title=The Year of the Drone |publisher=New America Foundation |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830213657/http://counterterrorism.newamerica.net/drones |archivedate=30 August 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> The foundation also found that during the same period, reported civilian casualties from drone strikes were 15–16%, dropping from 60% in 2006 to 1–2% in 2012.<ref name=naf /><ref name=reuters1>{{cite news|title=Obama victory infuriates Pakistani drone victims |first1=Randy |last1=Fabi |first2=Aisha |last2=Chowdhry |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/08/us-usa-campaign-pakistan-idUSBRE8A70A020121108 |publisher=Reuters |date=8 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C17cLI1w?url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/08/us-usa-campaign-pakistan-idUSBRE8A70A020121108 |archivedate=8 November 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

A report by researchers at Stanford and New York University law schools, working at the Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution clinic and at the Global Justice Clinic, has evaluated casualty reports produced by TBIJ, LWJ and NAF, also conducting its own interviews with witnesses and victims.<ref name=lud /><ref name=cnn1>{{cite news|title=Drone strikes kill, maim and traumatize too many civilians, U.S. study says |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/25/world/asia/pakistan-us-drone-strikes/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=26 September 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C1N6Wvhh?url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/25/world/asia/pakistan-us-drone-strikes/index.html |archivedate=8 November 2012 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The report finds that casualty estimates obtained by TBIJ are "the best currently available", while it finds "omissions and inconsistencies in New America Foundation's dataset", and challenges their finding that civilian casualties have been low in 2012.<ref name=lud /><ref name=atl>{{cite news |title=CNN's Bogus Drone-Deaths Graphic |first=Conor |last=Friedersdorf |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/07/cnns-bogus-drone-deaths-graphic/259493/ |newspaper=The Atlantic |date=6 July 2012}}</ref> The report criticizes reliance on anonymous officials for estimates of civilian casualties, and widespread use of the term "militant" by the media when describing non-civilian casualties.<ref name=lud /> The report concurs with that published by the NAF, stating the number of "high level targets" killed by drone strikes in Pakistan constitutes about 2% of all drone strike casualties.<ref name=cnn1 />

Meg Braun, an author of the NAF study, has written that the Stanford and New York University researchers were "not impartial", adding that while "the U.S. government's claims that civilian casualties from drone strikes during Obama's term in office are in the single digits are manifestly untrue, [there] is no need to overstate the rate of civilian deaths to make the point that drones strikes are legally suspect and morally hazardous".<ref name=afpak1>{{cite news|title=Counting civilian casualties in CIA’s drone war |first=Meg |last=Braun |url=http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/02/counting_civilian_casualties_in_cia_s_drone_war |newspaper=Foreign Policy |date=2 November 2012 }}{{dead link|date=March 2017 |bot=GeneralizationsAreBad |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Main Core]]
* [[Targeted killing]]
* [[Extrajudicial killing]]
* [[Joint Special Operations Command]]
* [[Executive actions of the CIA]]
* [[Threat Matrix (Pakistan)|Threat Matrix]], a similar program led by [[Pakistan]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{US War on Terror}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}

[[Category:Counter-terrorism in the United States]]
[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency operations]]
[[Category:Deaths by drone strikes| ]]
[[Category:War on Terror]]
[[Category:Obama Administration initiatives]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of the United States]]
[[Category:Foreign policy doctrines of the United States]]
[[Category:United States military policies]]
[[Category:United States foreign policy]]

Disposition Matrix

2017-03-09T01:54:12Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Conservatorship (talk) to last version by GeneralizationsAreBad

{{redirect|Kill list|the 2011 British horror film|Kill List}}
[[File:Predator and Hellfire.jpg|thumb|[[General Atomics MQ-1 Predator|Predator drone]] launching a [[AGM-114 Hellfire|Hellfire]] missile of the kind used to kill terrorism suspects.]]

The '''Disposition Matrix''', informally known as a '''kill list''', is a database of information for tracking, capturing, [[Extraordinary rendition|rendering]], or [[targeted killing|killing]] suspected enemies of the [[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government]].<ref name=wp1023>{{cite news |title=Plan for hunting terrorists signals U.S. intends to keep adding names to kill lists |first=Greg |last=Miller |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/plan-for-hunting-terrorists-signals-us-intends-to-keep-adding-names-to-kill-lists/2012/10/23/4789b2ae-18b3-11e2-a55c-39408fbe6a4b_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhgBoJsz |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Developed by the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] beginning in 2010, the "Disposition Matrix" goes beyond existing kill lists and is intended to become a permanent fixture of U.S. policy.<ref name=wp1023 /> The process determining criteria for killing is not public and was heavily shaped by National Counterterrorism Director and former [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) Director [[John O. Brennan]].<ref name=wp1024>{{cite news |title=A CIA veteran transforms U.S. counterterrorism policy |first=Karen |last=DeYoung |authorlink=Karen DeYoung |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cia-veteran-john-brennan-has-transformed-us-counterterrorism-policy/2012/10/24/318b8eec-1c7c-11e2-ad90-ba5920e56eb3_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhkFh90y |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

Though [[White House]], [[National Counterterrorism Center]] (NCTC) and CIA spokespeople have declined to comment on the database, officials have stated privately that kill lists will expand "for at least another decade", if not indefinitely. One official stated "it’s a necessary part of what we do".<ref name=wp1023 /> [[Paul R. Pillar]], the former deputy director of the CIA’s counterterrorism center, has stated, "We are looking at something that is potentially indefinite".<ref name=wp1023 />

The database's existence was revealed in a three-part series published by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' newspaper. It noted that as of their publication, the number of civilian and militant casualties resulting from U.S. [[drone strike]]s would soon exceed the number of people killed in the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name=wp1023 />

==Purpose==
{{Quote box
| quote = "We can’t possibly kill everyone who wants to harm us... It’s a necessary part of what we do. . . . We’re not going to wind up in 10 years in a world of everybody holding hands and saying, ‘We love America.’"
| source = – Unnamed senior Obama administration official, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 23 October 2012.<ref name=wp1023 />
| width = 40%
| align = right
}}

The creation of the Disposition Matrix database is part of an effort embraced by U.S. [[United States Homeland Security Council|Homeland Security]] adviser [[John O. Brennan]] to codify the targeted killing policies developed by President [[Barack Obama]]. Under the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush administration]], Brennan served as top aide to CIA director [[George Tenet]], where he defended the administration's use of [[extraordinary rendition]], [[enhanced interrogation techniques|enhanced interrogation]] and [[torture]] by definition according to international standards.<ref name=ws1025>{{cite news |title=Obama institutionalizes state assassinations |first=Bill |last=Van Auken |authorlink=Bill Van Auken |url=http://wsws.org/articles/2012/oct2012/dron-o25.shtml |newspaper=World Socialist Web Site |date=25 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOZ74aQ |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Brennan's association with the CIA's interrogation program was controversial and forced him to withdraw his candidacy for directorship of the CIA or National Intelligence in 2008.<ref name=withdraw>{{cite news |title=Brennan Withdraws From Consideration for Administration Post |first=Joby |last=Warrick |authorlink=Joby Warrick |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/25/AR2008112501028.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=25 November 2008 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhkHwZ5Q |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

According to the ''[[New York Times]]'', Brennan has been the "principal coordinator" of U.S. kill lists. Former Obama administration counter-terrorism official Daniel Benjamin has stated that Brennan "probably had more power and influence than anyone in a comparable position in the last 20 years".<ref name=nyt20130205a>{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|date=5 February 2013|accessdate=5 February 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/06/world/middleeast/with-brennan-pick-a-light-on-drone-strikes-hazards.html|title=Drone Strikes’ Dangers to Get Rare Moment in Public Eye|first1=Robert|last1=Worth|first2=Mark|last2=Mazzetti|first3=Scott|last3=Shane}}</ref>

The database's creation also accompanies an expansion of the drone fleet, turning the CIA into a "paramilitary force" according to ''The Washington Post''. It is associated with increased [[Joint Special Operations Command]] (JSOC) operations in Africa, and increased JSOC involvement in forming kill lists.<ref name=wp1023 /> The database has unified originally separate but overlapping kill lists maintained by both JSOC and the CIA, and was originally proposed by former NCTC director [[Michael Leiter]].<ref name=wp1023 />

==Scope==
[[File:John Brennan.jpg|thumb|right|[[John O. Brennan]], former director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and chief counter-terrorism advisor to U.S. President [[Barack Obama]].]]
The Disposition Matrix database catalogues biographies, locations, associates, and affiliations of suspects. It also catalogues strategies for finding, capturing, or killing suspects, or subjecting them to extraordinary rendition.<ref name=wp1023 /> The database continues to direct U.S. operations in [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Somalia]] and [[Yemen]], and will facilitate expanded operations in [[Algeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Mali]], [[Libya]], [[Iran]], and throughout east Africa.<ref name=wp1023/>

A clear example of the expansion of targeted killing as managed by the database is the U.S. military base in Djibouti City, [[Djibouti]], near [[Somalia]].<ref name=wp1025>{{cite news |title=Remote U.S. base at core of secret operations |first=Craig |last=Whitlock |authorlink=Craig Whitlock |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/remote-us-base-at-core-of-secret-operations/2012/10/25/a26a9392-197a-11e2-bd10-5ff056538b7c_story.html?hpid=z2 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=25 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhkIaGeU |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Called [[Camp Lemonnier]] and originally created by the [[French Foreign Legion]], the camp has clandestinely become the largest U.S. drone base outside Afghanistan. About 3,200 U.S. soldiers, contractors and civilians are assigned to the camp, 300 of whom are special operations personnel.<ref name=wp1025 />

One terrorism suspect on the Disposition Matrix is Somali citizen [[Ahmed Abdulkadir Warsame]], currently a prisoner of the United States being held in New York.<ref name=wp1023 />

==Process==

{{Quote box
| quote = "I tend to do what I think is right. But I find much more comfort, I guess, in the views and values of this president".
| source = – [[John O. Brennan]] in August 2012. ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 24 October 2012.<ref name=wp1024 />
| width = 40%
| align = right
}}
The database eliminates the prior system of dual (but not judicial) scrutiny by both [[The Pentagon]] and the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]], instead using a "streamlined" system in which suspects are designated by multiple agencies and ultimately presented to Brennan.<ref name=wp1023 /> The head of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], responsible for carrying out orders to kill suspects on the list, no longer contributes to the decision of whether or not to kill them.<ref name=wp1023 />

Instead, the [[National Counterterrorism Center]] plays a greater role in determining targets, which they generate at the request of the White House. The criteria and decisions determining who may be targeted for killing are developed in large part by John Brennan, who "wields enormous power in shaping decisions on 'kill' lists and the allocation of armed drones".<ref name=wp1024 /> Targets are reviewed every three months with input from the CIA and JSOC, before being passed on top officials in the NCTC, CIA, JSOC, the National Security Council, Pentagon, and [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]].<ref name=wp1023 /> Ultimately, the authority to kill a suspect outside Pakistan must be approved by the President.<ref name=wp1023 />

The review process also allows the killing of individuals whose identities are unknown, but who are thought to be engaged in certain activities, for instance packing a vehicle with explosives.<ref name=wp1023 />

As reported previously, U.S. citizens may be listed as targets for killing in the database.<ref name=will /> Suspects are not formally charged of any crime or offered a trial in their own defense.<ref name=ws1026>{{cite news |title=Institutionalized state assassinations and the November 6 election |first=Bill |last=Van Auken |authorlink=Bill Van Auken |url=http://wsws.org/articles/2012/oct2012/pers-o26.shtml |newspaper=World Socialist Web Site |date=26 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Bp3lKT98 |archivedate=31 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Obama administration lawyers have asserted that U.S. citizens alleged to be members of Al Qaeda and said to pose an "imminent threat of violent attack" against the United States may be killed without judicial process.<ref name=nyt20130205b>{{cite news|title=Memo Cites Legal Basis for Killing U.S. Citizens in Al Qaeda|newspaper=The New York Times|first1=Charlie|first2=Scott|last1=Savage|last2=Shane|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/us/politics/us-memo-details-views-on-killing-citizens-in-al-qaeda.html|date=5 February 2013|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> The legal arguments of U.S. officials for this policy were leaked to NBC News in February 2013, in the form of briefing papers summarizing legal memos from October 2011.<ref name=nyt20130205b />

==Endorsement==

U.S. officials have described the Disposition Matrix as legally and morally sound, and ''The Washington Post'' has written that "internal doubts about the effectiveness of the drone campaign are almost nonexistent".<ref name=wp1023 /> U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] has called the decision to kill U.S. citizen and terrorism suspect [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] "an easy one",<ref name=will>{{cite news |title=Secret ‘Kill List’ Proves a Test of Obama’s Principles and Will |first1=Scott |last1=Shane |first2=Jo |last2=Becker |authorlink2=Jo Becker |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamas-leadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=29 May 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOaw6G3 |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> and shares counterterrorism views with Brennan, the principal architect of the criteria used when making suspects targets in the database. Referring to President Obama's view of drone strikes, Brennan has stated, "I don’t think we’ve had a disagreement".<ref name=wp1024 />

U.S. officials speaking to ''The Washington Post'' seemed "confident that they have devised an approach that is so bureaucratically, legally and morally sound that future administrations will follow suit".<ref name=wp1023 /> Brennan, a principal architect of the "Disposition Matrix", stated in April 2012 that "in order to ensure that our counterterrorism operations involving the use of lethal force are legal, ethical, and wise, President Obama has demanded that we hold ourselves to the highest possible standards and processes".<ref name=wilson>{{cite news |title=The Efficacy and Ethics of U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy |first=John O. |last=Brennan |authorlink=John O. Brennan |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-efficacy-and-ethics-us-counterterrorism-strategy |publisher=The Wilson Center |date=30 April 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Bp3llQrv |archivedate=31 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

The [[Obama administration]]'s drone program received approval from [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] presidential candidate [[Mitt Romney]] during the 2012 U.S. presidential elections.<ref name=wp1023 /><ref name=ws1025 />

[[Robert M. Chesney]] has written for the ''Lawfare'' blog that "it certainly is a good thing to create an information management tool that makes certain that officials across agencies and departments can have real-time, comprehensive understanding of the options available (practically, legally, diplomatically, etc.) in the event specific persons turn up in specific places".<ref name=ches1>{{cite web |url=http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/10/kill-lists-the-disposition-matrix-and-the-permanent-war-thoughts-on-the-post-article/ |title=Kill Lists, the Disposition Matrix, and the Permanent War: Thoughts on the Post Article |last=Chesney |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert M. Chesney |date=24 October 2012 |work=lawfareblog.com |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOcghAD |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> He has also argued that ''The Washington Post'' article describing the program falsely implies that it has been associated with a change in U.S. counter-terrorism policy.<ref name=ches1 />

According to research by the [[RAND Corporation]], "drone strikes are associated with decreases in both the frequency and the lethality of militant attacks overall and in IED and suicide attacks specifically".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://patrickjohnston.info/materials/drones.pdf |title=The Impact of U.S. Drone Strikes on Terrorism in Pakistan |last1=Johnston |first1=Patrick B. |last2=Sarbahi |first2=Anoop |date=25 February 2012 |publisher=RAND Corporation}}</ref>

==Criticism==
{{Quote box
| quote = "Anyone who thought U.S. targeted killing outside of armed conflict was a narrow, emergency-based exception to the requirement of due process before a death sentence is being proven conclusively wrong".
| source = – The [[American Civil Liberties Union]], 23 October 2012.<ref name=ex1024 />
| width = 40%
| align = right
}}

The Pakistani interior minister [[Rehman Malik]] has stated that 336 U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan claimed over 2,300 victims, 80% of whom were innocent civilians.<ref name=ws1025 /> A 2012 [[Pew Research Center]] poll found that 74% of Pakistanis believed that the U.S. "is the enemy", an increase from prior years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistani Public Opinion Ever More Critical of U.S.|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2012/06/27/pakistani-public-opinion-ever-more-critical-of-u-s/|website=Pew Research Center|accessdate=1 February 2017|date=27 June 2012}}</ref>

The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) has condemned the database, writing in a press release that "anyone who thought U.S. targeted killing outside of armed conflict was a narrow, emergency-based exception to the requirement of due process before a death sentence is being proven conclusively wrong".<ref name=ex1024>{{cite news |title=ACLU slams White House for "disposition matrix" i.e., terrorist hit list |first=Sean |last=Higgins |url=http://washingtonexaminer.com/aclu-slams-white-house-for-disposition-matrix-i.e.-terrorist-hit-list/article/2511594 |newspaper=The Washington Examiner |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhP6Dhmn |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> It has also filed freedom of information requests regarding the database and filed a lawsuit challenging its constitutionality.<ref name=ex1024 />

[[Glenn Greenwald]] has written that "the central role played by the NCTC in determining who should be killed [is] rather odious... the NCTC operates a gigantic data-mining operation, in which all sorts of information about innocent Americans is systematically monitored, stored, and analyzed".<ref name=gw1024>{{cite news |title=Obama moves to make the War on Terror permanent |first=Glenn |last=Greenwald |authorlink=Glenn Greenwald |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/24/obama-terrorism-kill-list |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOg4QS6 |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no |location=London}}</ref> Greenwald concludes that the Disposition Matrix has established "simultaneously a surveillance state and a secretive, unaccountable judicial body that analyzes who you are and then decrees what should be done with you, how you should be "disposed" of, beyond the reach of any minimal accountability or transparency".<ref name=gw1024 /> Former [[counter-terrorism]] specialist and [[military intelligence]] officer [[Philip Giraldi]] has criticized the disposition matrix's "everyday" killing of targets with what he calls "little or no evidence", leaving the White House "completely unaccountable".<ref>{{cite news |title=Kill Lists Will Continue |first=Philip |last=Giraldi |authorlink=Philip Giraldi |url=http://original.antiwar.com/giraldi/2012/11/07/kill-lists-will-continue/ |work=[[Antiwar.com]] |date=8 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C2YMHo57 |archivedate=9 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>[http://original.antiwar.com/giraldi/2012/12/05/the-protocols-for-death/ The Protocols for Death], by [[Philip Giraldi]], [[Antiwar.com]], 06 December 2012</ref> Giraldi later commented that Brennan "feels the [drone] program has run its course as a CIA operation".<ref>{{cite news|last=Hirsch|first=Michael|title=John Brennan’s Love-Hate Relationship With Drones|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/john-brennan-s-love-hate-relationship-with-drones-20130207|newspaper=National Journal|date=7 February 2013}}</ref>

In April 2016, peace worker and tribal elder [[Malik Jalal]], who appears to have been targeted by repeated drone strikes, was invited to the UK by [[Ken Macdonald|Lord Ken MacDonald]] in order to explain to [[Houses of Parliament|parliament]] that his life and those of his friends and relatives are at risk due to his reported presence on the list.<ref>https://home.38degrees.org.uk/2016/04/18/malik-jalal-faqs/</ref><ref>http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2016/04/11/meet-malik-jalal-who-drone-kill-list</ref>

Criticizing strikes organized under the aegis of the database, the ''[[World Socialist Web Site]]'' has written that "the great majority of those killed in Pakistan are targeted for resisting the US occupation of neighboring Afghanistan, while in Yemen they are killed for opposing the US-backed regime there".<ref name=ws1025 /> Regarding the effect of the database in the United States, the site has written that "the Obama administration has arrogated to itself the most extreme power that can be asserted by any dictatorship—that of ordering citizens put to death without presenting charges against them, much less proving them in a court of law".<ref name=ws1025 /> They later criticized the relative silence in the media and the political establishment following the revelation.<ref>{{cite news |title=American democracy and the "disposition matrix" |first=Joseph |last=Kishore |url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2012/oct2012/pers-o31.shtml |newspaper=World Socialist Web Site |date=31 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BzfXBntR |archivedate=7 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

In a commentary reprinted by ''Eurasia Review'', [[Russia Today]] has called strikes directed by the database "targeted executions" and "extrajudicial murders", and rhetorically asked how the database will further U.S. counter-terrorism policies if it alienates its allies.<ref name=rt1024>{{cite news |title=Kill-list 2.0: Obama’s ‘disposition matrix’ maps out extrajudicial murders for years to come |url=http://rt.com/usa/news/disposition-matrix-kill-obama-146/ |newspaper=Russia Today |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOhc89I |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Describing the criteria for killing established by the database and drone program, ''[[Voice of Russia]]'' has written that "in essence, this means that based on intelligence evidence, the administration assumes the right to judge and execute anyone without bothering about such minor things as proper court hearings, or the right of the accused person for proper legal defense".<ref name=vor1026>{{cite news |title=Barack Obama widens the practice of extrajudicial killings |first=Boris |last=Volkhonsky |url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_10_26/Barack-Obama-widens-the-practice-of-extrajudicial-killings/ |publisher=Voice of Russia |date=26 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Bp3m7GtF |archivedate=31 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> It has accused the Obama administration of violating U.S. principles of [[due process]], stating, "the fact that such operations clearly violate the principles propagated by the U.S. itself, like the right of everyone for legal defense, does not seem to bother the administration".<ref name=vor1026 />

Speaking at [[Harvard Law School]] on 25 October 2012, [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on human rights and counter terrorism, Ben Emmerson, stated that he would launch "an investigation unit within the special procedures of the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|Human Rights Council]] to inquire into individual drone attacks".<ref name=rt1026>{{cite news |title=United Nations to begin investigating US drone strike targeted kills |url=http://rt.com/usa/news/us-drone-emmerson-un-256/ |newspaper=Russia Today |date=26 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOjRYIp |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Emmerson and [[Christof Heyns]], UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, have described some U.S. drone attacks as [[war crime]]s.<ref name=rt1026 />

John Hudson, writing in the Atlantic Wire, has raised the concern that from a semantic perspective, the term "Disposition Matrix" sanitizes and perhaps obscures the more descriptive phrase "kill list".<ref name=hud>{{cite news |title=How the White House 'Kill List' Became the White House 'Disposition Matrix' |first=John |last=Hudson |url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2012/10/how-white-house-kill-list-became-white-house-disposition-matrix/58295/ |newspaper=The Atlantic Wire |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Bp3mXBrv |archivedate=31 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

The United States Senate is split over how to handle the issue, with Democrats urging the creation of a special court to review the matrix. [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Senate Armed Services Committee]] chair [[John McCain]] has called for control of all armed drones to be transferred from the CIA to the U.S. Department of Defense,<ref>[http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/282687-no-court-for-drones-says-gop "No court for drone oversight, says GOP."]</ref> while [[Dianne Feinstein]] has expressed doubt that the Pentagon would take the same level of care to avoid [[collateral damage]].<ref>[http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/290049-white-house-plan-to-let-pentagon-take-over-cia-armed-drones-sparks-concern "White House move to let Pentagon take over CIA armed drones sparks concern."]</ref>

==Drone strike casualties==

Reports on civilian casualties in Pakistan resulting from U.S. drone attacks have been compiled by a number of institutions including the [[Bureau of Investigative Journalism]], the [[Long War Journal]], the [[New America Foundation]], and researchers at [[Stanford University]] and [[New York University]] law schools.<ref name=lud>{{cite web |url=http://livingunderdrones.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Stanford_NYU_LIVING_UNDER_DRONES.pdf |title=Living Under Drones: Death, Injury and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan |author1=International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic, Stanford Law School |author2=Global Justice Clinic, NYU School of Law |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C1NZMGYJ |date=September 2012 |archivedate=8 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The ''New York Times'' reported that the Obama Administration embraced a disputed method for counting civilian casualties, which in effect counts all military-age males in a strike zone as combatants, giving partial explanation to the official claims of extraordinarily low collateral deaths.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamas-leadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |work=The New York Times |first1=Jo |last1=Becker |first2=Scott |last2=Shane |title=Secret 'Kill List' Tests Obama's Principles |date=29 May 2012}}</ref>

The [[Bureau of Investigative Journalism]] (TBIJ) reports that between 2004 and 2012, CIA directed drone strikes killed 475–885 Pakistani civilians, of 2,593–3,378 persons killed altogether.<ref name=bij1>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2012/01/11/obama-2012-strikes/ |title=Obama 2012 Pakistan strikes |publisher=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism |date=11 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=bij2>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/08/10/most-complete-picture-yet-of-cia-drone-strikes/ |title=Drone War Exposed – the complete picture of CIA strikes in Pakistan |first=Chris |last=Woods |publisher=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism |date=10 August 2011}}</ref> The report finds that drone strikes killed 176 children, and injured an additional 1,250 or more people.<ref name=bij1 /> The TBIJ report estimates that drone strikes in Pakistan declined from 904 to 228 between 2010 and 2012.<ref name=bij3>{{cite news |url=http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2012/07/02/resources-and-graphs/ |title=Pakistan drone statistics visualised |publisher=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism |date=2 July 2012}}</ref>

TBIJ reports that during the same timeframe, drone strikes killed 60–163 Yemeni civilians, of 362–1,052 persons killed altogether in Yemen, including 24–34 children; strikes killed 11–57 Somali civilians of 58–170 persons killed in Somalia, including 1–3 children.<ref name=bij1 />

The [[Long War Journal]] (LWJ), published by the [[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]],<ref name=lud /> reports that 136 Pakistani civilians have been killed by drone attacks since 2006.<ref name=lat1>{{cite news |title=Drone strikes in Pakistan have killed many civilians, study says |first=David |last=Zucchino |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/24/world/la-fg-drone-study-20120925 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=24 September 2012}}</ref> According to LWJ, the majority of drone strikes in Pakistan since 2004 occurred under the Obama Administration, which has ordered over 247 strikes since 2009, compared the Bush Administration's 45.<ref name=bbc2>{{cite news |title=Deadly drones and Obama’s secret war in Pakistan |first=Nasir |last=Islam |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012\06\19\story_19-6-2012_pg3_2 |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |date=19 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=lwj>{{cite web |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/pakistan-strikes.php |title=Charting the data for US airstrikes in Pakistan, 2004 - 2012 |last1=Roggio |first1=Bill |last2=Mayer |first2=Alexander |date=24 October 2012 |publisher=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}</ref>

The [[New America Foundation]] (NAF) has published a report titled "Year of the Drone", finding that between 2004 and 2012, U.S. drone strikes killed 1,618–2,769 militants, of 1,908–3,225 killed altogether in Pakistan.<ref name=naf>{{cite web |url=http://counterterrorism.newamerica.net/drones |title=The Year of the Drone |publisher=New America Foundation}}</ref> The foundation also found that during the same period, reported civilian casualties from drone strikes were 15–16%, dropping from 60% in 2006 to 1–2% in 2012.<ref name=naf /><ref name=reuters1>{{cite news |title=Obama victory infuriates Pakistani drone victims |first1=Randy |last1=Fabi |first2=Aisha |last2=Chowdhry |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/08/us-usa-campaign-pakistan-idUSBRE8A70A020121108 |publisher=Reuters |date=8 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C17cLI1w |archivedate=8 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

A report by researchers at Stanford and New York University law schools, working at the Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution clinic and at the Global Justice Clinic, has evaluated casualty reports produced by TBIJ, LWJ and NAF, also conducting its own interviews with witnesses and victims.<ref name=lud /><ref name=cnn1>{{cite news |title=Drone strikes kill, maim and traumatize too many civilians, U.S. study says |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/25/world/asia/pakistan-us-drone-strikes/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=26 September 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C1N6Wvhh |archivedate=8 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The report finds that casualty estimates obtained by TBIJ are "the best currently available", while it finds "omissions and inconsistencies in New America Foundation's dataset", and challenges their finding that civilian casualties have been low in 2012.<ref name=lud /><ref name=atl>{{cite news |title=CNN's Bogus Drone-Deaths Graphic |first=Conor |last=Friedersdorf |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/07/cnns-bogus-drone-deaths-graphic/259493/ |newspaper=The Atlantic |date=6 July 2012}}</ref> The report criticizes reliance on anonymous officials for estimates of civilian casualties, and widespread use of the term "militant" by the media when describing non-civilian casualties.<ref name=lud /> The report concurs with that published by the NAF, stating the number of "high level targets" killed by drone strikes in Pakistan constitutes about 2% of all drone strike casualties.<ref name=cnn1 />

Meg Braun, an author of the NAF study, has written that the Stanford and New York University researchers were "not impartial", adding that while "the U.S. government's claims that civilian casualties from drone strikes during Obama's term in office are in the single digits are manifestly untrue, [there] is no need to overstate the rate of civilian deaths to make the point that drones strikes are legally suspect and morally hazardous".<ref name=afpak1>{{cite news |title=Counting civilian casualties in CIA’s drone war |first=Meg |last=Braun |url=http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/02/counting_civilian_casualties_in_cia_s_drone_war |newspaper=Foreign Policy |date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Main Core]]
* [[Targeted killing]]
* [[Extrajudicial killing]]
* [[Joint Special Operations Command]]
* [[Executive actions of the CIA]]
* [[Threat Matrix (Pakistan)|Threat Matrix]], a similar program led by [[Pakistan]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{US War on Terror}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}

[[Category:Counter-terrorism in the United States]]
[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency operations]]
[[Category:Deaths by drone strikes| ]]
[[Category:War on Terror]]
[[Category:Obama Administration initiatives]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of the United States]]
[[Category:Foreign policy doctrines of the United States]]
[[Category:United States military policies]]
[[Category:United States foreign policy]]

Disposition Matrix

2017-03-07T22:26:29Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Dangerous person (talk) to last version by Bender the Bot

Regressive left

2017-03-05T21:20:26Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Undid revision 768797249 by 96.246.176.123 (talk) Not how it's spelled

{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
[[File:Maajid Nawaz speaking at LibDem campaign event.jpg|thumb|[[Maajid Nawaz]]'s use of the phrase "regressive left" has been a part of his opposition to [[Islamism]], the [[Qur'anic literalism|literalist]] pole of [[Islam]] that emphasises [[Sharia]] (Islamic law), [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] political unity, and an Islamic state.]]
"'''Regressive left'''" (also formulated as "'''regressive liberals'''") is a political [[epithet]], used as a [[pejorative]] to describe a section of [[left-wing politics]] who are accused of paradoxically holding [[reactionary]] views by their [[toleration|tolerance]] of [[liberalism|illiberal]] principles and ideologies, particularly tolerance of [[Islamism]], for the sake of [[multiculturalism]] and [[cultural relativism]].

British [[Criticism of Islamism|anti-Islamism]] activist [[Maajid Nawaz]] used the term in 2012 in his memoir ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism]]''{{#tag:ref|On p. 210 of ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism|Radical]]'' (2012), Nawaz wrote:{{quote|Is not winning the war more important than truth? This maxim, I knew, was also subscribed to by some on the left, the regressive left. For them, winning against [[capitalism]] was far more important than it was to their allies. I watched as our ideology gained acceptance and we were granted airtime as [[Muslim]] political commentators. I watched as we were ignorantly pandered to by well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists. How we Islamists laughed at their naïveté.<ref name="Radical">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |page=210 |isbn=9781448131617 |accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref>}}|group="note"|name="first use"}} to describe "well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists" in the [[United Kingdom]] who naïvely and "ignorantly pandered to" [[Islamism|Islamists]] and helped Islamist ideology to gain acceptance. In a 2015 video presentation on the Internet forum [[Big Think]], Nawaz elaborated on the meaning of the term, saying that it describes "a section of the left" that has "an inherent hesitation to challenge some of the bigotry that can occur within minority communities ... for the sake of political correctness, for the sake of tolerating what they believe is other cultures and respecting different lifestyles".<ref name="Bigthink">{{cite web |url=http://bigthink.com/videos/maajid-nawaz-on-islamic-reform |title=Je Suis Muslim: How Universal Secular Rights Protect Muslim Communities the Most |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[Big Think]] |date=18 November 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

Political talk-show hosts such as [[Bill Maher]] and [[Dave Rubin]], as well as [[New Atheism|New Atheist]] writers like [[Sam Harris]] and [[Richard Dawkins]] are among those who have used the term.<ref name="Maher">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvvQJ_zsL1U |title=Real Time with Bill Maher: Richard Dawkins – Regressive Leftists (HBO) |work=[[Real Time with Bill Maher]] |publisher=HBO |date=2 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=WT20151003>{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/3/bill-maher-richard-dawkins-blast-regressive-libera/ |title=Bill Maher, Richard Dawkins blast 'regressive liberals' giving a 'free pass' to Islam |author=Kellan Howell |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=3 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

==Concept==
In 2007, [[Maajid Nawaz]] renounced his previous association with the radical [[Islamism|Islamist]] group [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]] in favor of [[Islam and secularism|secular Islam]]. He is co-founder and chairman of [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]], a counter-extremism [[think tank]] based in [[London]] that seeks to challenge Islamist ideology.<ref name="Radical"/><ref>[http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/about/staff/maajid-nawaz/ Maajid Nawaz (Quilliam)]</ref>

Nawaz has used the phrase ''regressive left'' to describe those left-leaning people who, in his opinion, pander to Islamism, which he defines as a "global totalitarian theo-political project" with a "desire to impose any given interpretation of Islam over society as law"<ref name="rad">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |isbn=9781448131617}}</ref> and which he opposes on the ground that "any desire to impose any version of Islam over anyone anywhere, ever, is a fundamental violation of our basic civil liberties."<ref name="beast">{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/08/the-british-left-s-hypocritical-embrace-of-islamism.html |title=The British Left's Hypocritical Embrace of Islamism |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=8 August 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to Nawaz, such sympathizers of Islamism include "[[atheism|atheists]] who are on the side of the Islamists, defending Islamism in the name of cultural tolerance."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwQhu1A-Ats |title=Lateline: An atheist and a Muslim on the future of Islam |author=[[Tony Jones (news journalist)|Tony Jones]] |work=[[Lateline]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=28 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

In an October 2015 interview with political talk show host [[Dave Rubin]], Nawaz elucidated further the reasoning behind his choice of the word ''regressive''. He hypothesized that a section of [[left-wing politics|people on the left]] "genuinely believe" that they are fighting an "ideological war" against neoconservative and neocolonialist foreign policies of Western governments which promote state-organized violence and chaos in the form of wars and military invasions. In contrast, he claims, such leftists forego their duty to denounce the violent acts of theocratic extremists such as Islamists, at times going so far as to "make alliances" with some of the most regressive, theocratic and murderous regimes and organizations. He cited [[Jeremy Corbyn]], leader of the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], as an example of someone who "has been historically very close" to supporters of Islamist organisations like [[Hamas]] and [[Hezbollah]]. In Nawaz's opinion, it is possible to denounce both neoconservative foreign policies such as the Iraq war (which he had opposed) and theocratic extremism, however, those that he labels "regressive leftists" fail to do so he says.<ref name=Nawaz>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Dave|title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left and Political Correctness|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/2/maajid-nawaz-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-political-correctness-0_twq2e3jhwn8|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Rubin Report|date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

According to Nawaz, the notion that Muslims cannot cope with criticism or mockery of Islam and only react violently, is "patronizing, self-pity inspiring mollycoddling" of the very Muslims it claims to serve and emancipate, because it does not expect them to be civil and control their anger.<ref name="beast" /> This "racism of low expectations" lowers the moral standards of people within minorities, seeking excuses if they express, [[misogyny]], [[homophobia]], [[chauvinism]], [[bigotry]], or [[antisemitism]], whilst holding members of the majority to "universal liberal standards".<ref name="Bigthink" />

Haras Rafiq, managing director of Quilliam, expressed the view that there is a tendency of some on the left to excuse Islamism. "We have not got to grips with the symbiotic relationship between Islamism and far-right hatred, and the regressive left that is prepared to excuse Islamism."<ref>ADAM LEBOR. Donald Trump: The AMERICAN STEREOTYPE EUROPEANS LOVE TO HATE. Newsweek Dec/14/15 [http://www.newsweek.com/2015/12/25/donald-trump-worse-voldemort-europeans-say-404653.html]</ref>

==Use==
In 2006, six years before Nawaz used the term ''regressive left'' to convey a viewpoint within the dialog on multiculturalism, New Atheist author [[Sam Harris]] used the phrase "Head-in-the-sand Liberals" in an ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' article to describe liberals who are in denial and "despite abundant evidence to the contrary", "continue to imagine that Muslim terrorism springs from economic despair, lack of education and American militarism". He bemoaned that "being generally reasonable and tolerant of diversity, liberals should be especially sensitive to the dangers of religious literalism. But they aren't".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Sam |date=18 September 2006 |title=Head-in-the-Sand Liberals: Western civilization really is at risk from Muslim extremists |url=http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/the-end-of-liberalism |journal=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2013, the One Law for All campaign issued a report, ''Siding with the Oppressor: The Pro-Islamist Left''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onelawforall.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/SidingWithOpressor_Web.pdf|title=Siding with the Oppressor: The Pro-Islamist Left|publisher=One Law for All |date= June 2013|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref> James Bloodworth in an [[op-ed|opinion piece]] published by ''The Independent'', said the report expressed concern at "working enthusiastically with those advocating the murder of homosexuals" and also with "religious fascists". Bloodworth opined that "In a disastrous irony, the pro-Islamist left has ended up in the same place as the white far-right. The perception of Muslims as synonymous with Islamism – criticism of Islamism is characterised as criticism of Muslims – is precisely the view taken by groups such as the [[English Defence League|EDL]]." Bloodworth concluded that political [[confirmation bias]] was responsible, driven by a "pathological anti-Americanism that is quite attractive to a certain type of degenerated progressive."<ref name=I20130628/> He also quoted [[Maryam Namazie]], a spokesperson for several organisations including Iran Solidarity, One Law for All and the [[Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain]] as identifying several organisations who are, "there as prefects to silence dissenters and defend Islamism as a defence of 'Muslims'."<ref name=I20130628>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/why-is-the-left-so-blinkered-to-islamic-extremism-8679265.html |title=Why is the left so blinkered to Islamic extremism? |author=James Bloodworth |work=[[The Independent]] |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

In September 2015, Sam Harris and Maajid Nawaz participated in a public forum hosted by [[Harvard University]]'s Institute of Politics,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PI9QwEKqrso |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance |author=Harvard’s Institute of Politics hosting Sam Harris and Maajid Nawaz |publisher=Harvard’s Institute of Politics |date= |accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> which was later published in a short book, titled ''[[Islam and the Future of Tolerance]]'' (2015). In a review of the book in the magazine ''[[National Review#National Review Online|National Review Online]]'', political writer Brian Stewart noted that according to both Nawaz and Harris, "regressive leftists" in the West are "willfully blind" to the fact that jihadists and Islamists make up a significant portion (20% in Harris's estimate) of the global Muslim community and the minority Muslim communities within the West, even though these factions are opposed to liberal values such as individual autonomy, freedom of expression, democracy, women's rights, gay rights, etc. Nawaz and Harris have denounced the paradoxically illiberal, isolationist, and censuring attitude towards any criticism of this phenomenon, which they contend betrays universal liberal values and also abandons supporting and defending the most vulnerable liberal members living within the Muslim community such as women, homosexuals and apostates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Brian |date=7 October 2015 |title=A Liberal Atheist and a Liberal Muslim Discuss the Problems of Contemporary Islam |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425169/sam-harris-maajid-nawaz-islam-book |journal=[[National Review#National Review Online|National Review Online]] |publisher= |accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref>

In October 2015, ''The Washington Times'' reported that American comedian and show host [[Bill Maher]] and British biologist and [[New Atheism|New Atheist]] author [[Richard Dawkins]] "lamented regressive leftists who fail to understand they are anything but liberal when it comes to Islam".<ref name=WT20151003/> Maher noted a willingness to criticise anything except [[Islam]], excusing it as "their culture", to which Dawkins responded: "Well, to hell with their culture."<ref name="Maher"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/611231/Richard-Dawkins-in-extraordinary-blast-at-Muslims-To-hell-with-their-culture |title='To hell with their culture' - Richard Dawkins in extraordinary blast at Muslims |author=John Worthing |work=The Independent |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> Making reference to student initiatives to disinvite ex-Muslim speakers on campus, Dawkins saw this as, "a betrayal of the Free Speech Movement of the 1960s".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/richard-dawkins-free-speech_561038c4e4b0af3706e11397 |title=Richard Dawkins: College Students Are Betraying The Free Speech Movement |author=Tyler Kingkade |work=HuffPost on HPMG News |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

In October and November 2015, Sam Harris frequently used the term in his exchanges with the media, saying the greatest danger is that the "regressive left" is willing to give up [[freedom of speech]] "out of fear of offending minorities", which will lead to [[censorship]] imposed by those minorities, citing American journalist [[Glenn Greenwald]]'s comments on the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] as an example.<ref name="Chris Beck">{{cite web |url=http://www.splicetoday.com/politics-and-media/sam-harris-unloads-on-the-regressive-left |title=Sam Harris Unloads on the Regressive Left |author=Chris Beck |work=[[Splice Today]] |publisher=[[Russ Smith (publisher)|Russ Smith]] |date=21 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=Salon20151125>Sean Illing. "Sam Harris talks Islam, ISIS, atheism, GOP madness": “We are confronting people, in dozens of countries, who despise more or less everything that we value” [http://www.salon.com/2015/11/25/harris_and_illing_correspondence/]</ref> Harris considers [[Reza Aslan]]<ref name="Chris Beck"/><ref name=Salon20151125/> and [[Noam Chomsky]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rawstory.com/2015/10/sam-harris-is-still-mad-about-liberals-who-followed-noam-chomsky-off-the-edge-of-the-world/|title=Sam Harris is still mad about ‘liberals who followed Noam Chomsky off the edge of the world’|publisher=}}</ref><ref>The Last Word With Lawrence O'Donnell' on Oct. 15, 2015. [MSNBC]</ref> to be of the regressive left.

In November 2015, in an appearance on the talk radio show [[American Humanist Association|''The Humanist Hour'']], author and philosopher [[Peter Boghossian]] defined the term as a pejorative used to describe those on the left that have made the "strangest bedfellows" with the Islamists. According to him, the word "regressive" is used to contrast with the word "[[Progressivism|progressive]]" – the latter being the group that is egalitarian and wants to create systems of justice and [[racial equality]], while the former being a group that "[looks] for the worst in people... and [does] not extend hermeneutics of charity, or a charitable interpretation of anything anyone says, but uses it as a hammer to beat people down". In addition, he believes that "regressive leftists" have become "hyper-moralists" and champions of their perceived victims. He cites the historical wrongdoings, such as [[slavery in the United States]] and [[colonialism]] as a legitimate concern that has caused mistrust of anything Western and capitalistic. He also added that "there are people who have suffered and still suffer legitimate instances of racism, homophobia etc. The problem is that every time the word racist is just thrown around like that, that word loses its meaning. And it should have quite a sting. That should be a horrible word".<ref>{{cite podcast |url= http://thehumanist.com/multimedia/podcast/the-humanist-hour-175-the-regressive-left-and-safe-spaces-with-dr-peter-boghossian |title= The Humanist Hour #175: The "Regressive Left" and Safe Spaces, with Dr. Peter Boghossian|website=thehumanist.com|publisher= The Humanist Hour |host= Bo Bennett, Kim Ellington|date= 4 November 2015 |time= 4:08, 9:48, 0:10 |access-date= 7 January 2016}}</ref>

In December 2015, [[international relations]] researcher Elliot McArdle wrote in the online British magazine ''[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]]'' that some "so-called liberals/leftists" treat liberal Muslims like Nawaz and ex-Muslims like Namazie as "native informants", "traitors" or "[[no true Scotsman|not real Muslims]]", because such critics of Islam(ism), who have a Muslim background themselves, don't fit the desired narrative of Muslims as a homogeneous and oppressed group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McArdle |first=Elliot |date=4 December 2015 |title=The liberal racism faced by ex-Muslims |url=http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/the-liberal-racism-faced-by-ex-muslims/17702 |journal=[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]] |publisher=[[Brendan O'Neill (journalist)|Brendan O'Neill]] |accessdate=11 December 2015}}</ref>

In late 2015, talk show host Dave Rubin hosted discussions about the "regressive left" in several ''[[The Rubin Report]]'' segments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/8/milo-yiannopoulos-and-dave-rubin-discuss-gay-rights-and-cultural-libertarians-0_40xbq9svp490|title=Milo Yiannopoulos and Dave Rubin Discuss Gay Rights and Cultural Libertarians|publisher=Ora TV|accessdate=2015-10-08}}</ref> Rubin describes the regressive left as "the left's version of the [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]]," saying that the regressive left will damage the Democratic party in a similar way the Tea Party damages the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref name="Rubin7Oct">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzzLiJ6na1k |title=Dave Rubin: Regressives are the Left's Tea Party |work=[[The Rubin Report]] |publisher=The Rubin Report |date=7 October 2015 |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref>

Political commentator [[David Pakman]] supported the concept in his [[The David Pakman Show|talk show]], saying "there are liberals who do use [[cultural relativism]] and distaste for US foreign policy as an excuse to defend or at least minimize violence and injustice that they would certainly otherwise oppose". He has distanced himself from the term, saying that it's misused by conservatives to insult all liberals.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pakman|first=David|authorlink=David Pakman|title=Would David Appear on Drunken Peasants or Illiberal Podcasts?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMremqM8Q28|website=[[The David Pakman Show]]|date=11 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Pakman|first=David|authorlink=David Pakman|title=The Truth About the Regressive Left|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=315icKVWb6w|website=[[The David Pakman Show]]|date=14 April 2016}}</ref> Pakman suggests that the actual regressive leftists are leftists who use authoritarianism to enforce progressivism.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pakman|first=David|authorlink=David Pakman|title=Authoritarian Leftism: The ACTUAL "Regressive Left"|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCUrTMmtHbo|website=[[The David Pakman Show]]|date=21 June 2016}}</ref>

==Criticism==
In November 2015, psychiatrist Khwaja Khusro Tariq from ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' classified the term as an unsubstantiated [[ad hominem|''ad hominem'' attack]], stating that the harshest critics of Islam are courted by both liberal and conservative media in the U.S. He also stated the term has been directed towards Glenn Greenwald and Noam Chomsky, both of whom he said have never condoned violence or opined on the doctrine of Islam. He argued that there was no genuine inhibition on speaking against the religion.<ref>{{cite news |last= Tariq|first= Khwaja|date= 11 November 2015|title= "Regressive Liberals": The New Mantra of Islamophobia|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/khwaja-khusro-tariq/regressive-liberals-the-n_b_8597284.html|newspaper= Huffington Post|access-date= 9 January 2016}}</ref>

In March 2016, Joseph Burnstein, a ''[[BuzzFeed]]'' reporter on [[World Wide Web|web culture]], wrote that according to [[Google Trends]], interest in the term "shot up" in late 2015. He notes that instead of criticising "cultural tolerance gone too far", the phrase has "become a catch-all for any element of the dominant [[new media]] culture that the anti-[[social justice warrior|SJW]] internet doesn't like." He also suggests that even though the term can be sourced back to self-described liberal commentators like Nawaz, Maher and Dawkins, it is currently heavily used by [[alt-right]] people on Internet forums and social media as part of their rhetorical warfare.<ref>{{cite news |last= Burnstein|first= Joseph|date= 16 March 2016|title= The Rise Of The #Regressiveleft Hashtag |url=http://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/the-rise-of-the-regressiveleft-hashtag#.tf71OEVY1|newspaper= Buzzfeed|access-date= 12 April 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Cuckservative]]
*[[Islamic extremism]]
*[[Islamic terrorism]]
*[[Islamo-Leftism]]
*[[Moonbat]]
*[[Nanny state]]
*[[New antisemitism]]
*[[Red–green–brown alliance]]
*[[Sheeple]]
*[[Social justice warrior]]
*[[White guilt]]
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Human rights}}
{{Culture}}
{{Multiculturalism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Censorship]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islamism]]
[[Category:Criticism of political correctness]]
[[Category:Freedom of expression]]
[[Category:Islamism]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Progressivism]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]
[[Category:Relativism]]
[[Category:Words coined in the 2010s]]

Disposition Matrix

2017-02-27T02:00:47Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted to revision 767521784 by Bender the Bot (talk): RV, better before. (TW)

{{redirect|Kill list|the 2011 British horror film|Kill List}}
[[File:Predator and Hellfire.jpg|thumb|[[General Atomics MQ-1 Predator|Predator drone]] launching a [[AGM-114 Hellfire|Hellfire]] missile of the kind used to kill terrorism suspects.]]

The '''Disposition Matrix''', informally known as a '''kill list''', is a database of information for tracking, capturing, [[Extraordinary rendition|rendering]], or [[targeted killing|killing]] suspected enemies of the United States government.<ref name=wp1023>{{cite news |title=Plan for hunting terrorists signals U.S. intends to keep adding names to kill lists |first=Greg |last=Miller |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/plan-for-hunting-terrorists-signals-us-intends-to-keep-adding-names-to-kill-lists/2012/10/23/4789b2ae-18b3-11e2-a55c-39408fbe6a4b_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhgBoJsz |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Developed by the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] beginning in 2010, the "Disposition Matrix" goes beyond existing kill lists and is intended to become a permanent fixture of American policy.<ref name=wp1023 /> The process determining criteria for killing is not public and was heavily shaped by National Counterterrorism Director and former Director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] [[John O. Brennan]].<ref name=wp1024>{{cite news |title=A CIA veteran transforms U.S. counterterrorism policy |first=Karen |last=DeYoung |authorlink=Karen DeYoung |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cia-veteran-john-brennan-has-transformed-us-counterterrorism-policy/2012/10/24/318b8eec-1c7c-11e2-ad90-ba5920e56eb3_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhkFh90y |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

Though [[White House]], [[National Counterterrorism Center]] (NCTC) and CIA spokespeople have declined to comment on the database, officials have stated privately that kill lists will expand "for at least another decade", if not indefinitely. One official stated "it’s a necessary part of what we do."<ref name=wp1023 /> [[Paul R. Pillar]], the former deputy director of the CIA’s counterterrorism center, has stated, "We are looking at something that is potentially indefinite."<ref name=wp1023 />

The database's existence was revealed by a three part series published in ''[[The Washington Post]]''. The ''Post'' noted that as of their publication, the number of civilian and militant casualties resulting from American [[drone strike]]s would soon exceed the number of people killed in the [[September 11th attacks|September 11 attacks]].<ref name=wp1023 />

==Purpose==
{{Quote box
| quote = "We can’t possibly kill everyone who wants to harm us... It’s a necessary part of what we do. . . . We’re not going to wind up in 10 years in a world of everybody holding hands and saying, ‘We love America.’"
| source = – Unnamed senior Obama Administration official, ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 23 October 2012.<ref name=wp1023 />
| width = 40%
| align = right
}}

The creation of the Disposition Matrix database is part of an effort embraced by U.S. [[United States Homeland Security Council|Homeland Security]] adviser [[John O. Brennan]] to codify the targeted killing policies developed by President [[Barack Obama|Obama]]. Under the [[Presidency of George W. Bush]], Brennan served as top aide to CIA director [[George Tenet]], where he defended the administration's use of [[extraordinary rendition]], [[enhanced interrogation techniques|enhanced interrogation]] and [[torture]] by definition according to international standards.<ref name=ws1025>{{cite news |title=Obama institutionalizes state assassinations |first=Bill |last=Van Auken |authorlink=Bill Van Auken |url=http://wsws.org/articles/2012/oct2012/dron-o25.shtml |newspaper=World Socialist Web Site |date=25 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOZ74aQ |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Brennan's association with the CIA's interrogation program was controversial, and forced him to withdraw his candidacy for directorship of the CIA or National Intelligence in 2008.<ref name=withdraw>{{cite news |title=Brennan Withdraws From Consideration for Administration Post |first=Joby |last=Warrick |authorlink=Joby Warrick |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/25/AR2008112501028.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=25 November 2008 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhkHwZ5Q |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

According to the ''[[New York Times]]'', Brennan has been the "principal coordinator" of American kill lists. Former Obama administration counter-terrorism official Daniel Benjamin has stated that Brennan "probably had more power and influence than anyone in a comparable position in the last 20 years."<ref name=nyt20130205a>{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|date=5 February 2013|accessdate=5 February 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/06/world/middleeast/with-brennan-pick-a-light-on-drone-strikes-hazards.html|title=Drone Strikes’ Dangers to Get Rare Moment in Public Eye|first1=Robert|last1=Worth|first2=Mark|last2=Mazzetti|first3=Scott|last3=Shane}}</ref>

The database's creation also accompanies an expansion of the drone fleet, turning the CIA into a "paramilitary force" according to ''The Washington Post''. It is associated with increased [[Joint Special Operations Command]] (JSOC) operations in Africa, and increased JSOC involvement in forming kill lists.<ref name=wp1023 /> The database has unified originally separate but overlapping kill lists maintained by both JSOC and the CIA, and was originally proposed by former NCTC director [[Michael Leiter]].<ref name=wp1023 />

==Scope==
[[File:John Brennan.jpg|thumb|right|[[John O. Brennan]], former director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and chief counter-terrorism advisor to U.S. President [[Barack Obama]].]]
The Disposition Matrix database catalogues biographies, locations, associates, and affiliations of suspects. It also catalogues strategies for finding, capturing, or killing suspects, or subjecting them to extraordinary rendition.<ref name=wp1023 /> The database continues to direct American operations in [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Somalia]] and [[Yemen]], and will facilitate expanded operations in [[Algeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Mali]], [[Libya]], [[Iran]], and throughout east Africa.<ref name=wp1023/>

A clear example of the expansion of targeted killing as managed by the database is the U.S. military base in Djibouti City, [[Djibouti]], near [[Somalia]].<ref name=wp1025>{{cite news |title=Remote U.S. base at core of secret operations |first=Craig |last=Whitlock |authorlink=Craig Whitlock |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/remote-us-base-at-core-of-secret-operations/2012/10/25/a26a9392-197a-11e2-bd10-5ff056538b7c_story.html?hpid=z2 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=25 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhkIaGeU |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Called [[Camp Lemonnier]] and originally created by the [[French Foreign Legion]], the camp has clandestinely become the largest U.S. drone base outside Afghanistan. About 3,200 U.S. soldiers, contractors and civilians are assigned to the camp, 300 of whom are special operations personnel.<ref name=wp1025 />

One terrorism suspect on the Disposition Matrix is Somali citizen [[Ahmed Abdulkadir Warsame]], currently a prisoner of the United States being held in New York.<ref name=wp1023 />

==Process==

{{Quote box
| quote = "I tend to do what I think is right. But I find much more comfort, I guess, in the views and values of this president".
| source = – [[John O. Brennan]] in August 2012. ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 24 October 2012.<ref name=wp1024 />
| width = 40%
| align = right
}}
The database eliminates the prior system of dual (but not judicial) scrutiny by both [[The Pentagon]] and the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]], instead using a "streamlined" system in which suspects are designated by multiple agencies and ultimately presented to Brennan.<ref name=wp1023 /> The head of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], responsible for carrying out orders to kill suspects on the list, no longer contributes to the decision of whether or not to kill them.<ref name=wp1023 />

Instead, the [[National Counterterrorism Center|NCTC]] plays a greater role in determining targets, which they generate at the request of the White House. The criteria and decisions determining who may be targeted for killing are developed in large part by John Brennan, who "wields enormous power in shaping decisions on 'kill' lists and the allocation of armed drones".<ref name=wp1024 /> Targets are reviewed every three months with input from the CIA and JSOC, before being passed on top officials in the NCTC, CIA, JSOC, the National Security Council, Pentagon, and [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]].<ref name=wp1023 /> Ultimately, the authority to kill a suspect outside Pakistan must be approved by the President.<ref name=wp1023 />

The review process also allows the killing of individuals whose identities are unknown, but who are thought to be engaged in certain activities, for instance packing a vehicle with explosives.<ref name=wp1023 />

As reported previously, American citizens may be listed as targets for killing in the database.<ref name=will /> Suspects are not formally charged of any crime or offered a trial in their own defense.<ref name=ws1026>{{cite news |title=Institutionalized state assassinations and the November 6 election |first=Bill |last=Van Auken |authorlink=Bill Van Auken |url=http://wsws.org/articles/2012/oct2012/pers-o26.shtml |newspaper=World Socialist Web Site |date=26 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Bp3lKT98 |archivedate=31 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Obama administration lawyers have asserted that American citizens alleged to be members of Al Qaeda and said to pose an "imminent threat of violent attack" against the United States may be killed without judicial process.<ref name=nyt20130205b>{{cite news|title=Memo Cites Legal Basis for Killing U.S. Citizens in Al Qaeda|newspaper=The New York Times|first1=Charlie|first2=Scott|last1=Savage|last2=Shane|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/us/politics/us-memo-details-views-on-killing-citizens-in-al-qaeda.html|date=5 February 2013|accessdate=5 February 2013}}</ref> The legal arguments of US officials for this policy were leaked to NBC News in February 2013, in the form of briefing papers summarizing legal memos from October 2011.<ref name=nyt20130205b />

==Endorsement==

American officials have described the Disposition Matrix as legally and morally sound, and ''The Washington Post'' has written that "internal doubts about the effectiveness of the drone campaign are almost nonexistent".<ref name=wp1023 /> U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] has called the decision to kill American citizen and terrorism suspect [[Anwar al-Awlaki]] "an easy one",<ref name=will>{{cite news |title=Secret ‘Kill List’ Proves a Test of Obama’s Principles and Will |first1=Scott |last1=Shane |first2=Jo |last2=Becker |authorlink2=Jo Becker |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamas-leadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=29 May 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOaw6G3 |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> and shares counterterrorism views with Brennan, the principal architect of the criteria used when making suspects targets in the database. Referring to President Obama's view of drone strikes, Brennan has stated, "I don’t think we’ve had a disagreement".<ref name=wp1024 />

U.S. officials speaking to ''The Washington Post'' seemed "confident that they have devised an approach that is so bureaucratically, legally and morally sound that future administrations will follow suit".<ref name=wp1023 /> Brennan, a principal architect of the "Disposition Matrix", stated in April 2012 that "in order to ensure that our counterterrorism operations involving the use of lethal force are legal, ethical, and wise, President Obama has demanded that we hold ourselves to the highest possible standards and processes".<ref name=wilson>{{cite news |title=The Efficacy and Ethics of U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy |first=John O. |last=Brennan |authorlink=John O. Brennan |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-efficacy-and-ethics-us-counterterrorism-strategy |publisher=The Wilson Center |date=30 April 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Bp3llQrv |archivedate=31 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

The [[Obama Administration]]'s drone program received approval from [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] presidential candidate [[Mitt Romney]] during the 2012 U.S. presidential elections.<ref name=wp1023 /><ref name=ws1025 />

[[Robert M. Chesney]] has written for the ''Lawfare'' blog that "it certainly is a good thing to create an information management tool that makes certain that officials across agencies and departments can have real-time, comprehensive understanding of the options available (practically, legally, diplomatically, etc.) in the event specific persons turn up in specific places".<ref name=ches1>{{cite web |url=http://www.lawfareblog.com/2012/10/kill-lists-the-disposition-matrix-and-the-permanent-war-thoughts-on-the-post-article/ |title=Kill Lists, the Disposition Matrix, and the Permanent War: Thoughts on the Post Article |last=Chesney |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert M. Chesney |date=24 October 2012 |work=lawfareblog.com |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOcghAD |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> He has also argued that ''The Washington Post'' article describing the program falsely implies that it has been associated with a change in U.S. counter-terrorism policy.<ref name=ches1 />

According to research by the [[RAND Corporation]], "drone strikes are associated with decreases in both the frequency and the lethality of militant attacks overall and in IED and suicide attacks specifically."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://patrickjohnston.info/materials/drones.pdf |title=The Impact of U.S. Drone Strikes on Terrorism in Pakistan |last1=Johnston |first1=Patrick B. |last2=Sarbahi |first2=Anoop |date=25 February 2012 |publisher=RAND Corporation}}</ref>

==Criticism==
{{Quote box
| quote = "Anyone who thought U.S. targeted killing outside of armed conflict was a narrow, emergency-based exception to the requirement of due process before a death sentence is being proven conclusively wrong".
| source = – The [[American Civil Liberties Union]], 23 October 2012.<ref name=ex1024 />
| width = 40%
| align = right
}}

The Pakistani interior minister [[Rehman Malik]] has stated that 336 American drone strikes in Pakistan claimed over 2,300 victims, 80% of whom were innocent civilians.<ref name=ws1025 /> A 2012 [[Pew Research Center]] poll found that 74% of Pakistanis believed that the U.S. "is the enemy", an increase from prior years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistani Public Opinion Ever More Critical of U.S.|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2012/06/27/pakistani-public-opinion-ever-more-critical-of-u-s/|website=Pew Research Center|accessdate=1 February 2017|date=27 June 2012}}</ref>

The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) has condemned the database, writing in a press release that "anyone who thought U.S. targeted killing outside of armed conflict was a narrow, emergency-based exception to the requirement of due process before a death sentence is being proven conclusively wrong.”<ref name=ex1024>{{cite news |title=ACLU slams White House for "disposition matrix" i.e., terrorist hit list |first=Sean |last=Higgins |url=http://washingtonexaminer.com/aclu-slams-white-house-for-disposition-matrix-i.e.-terrorist-hit-list/article/2511594 |newspaper=The Washington Examiner |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhP6Dhmn |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> It has also filed freedom of information requests regarding the database and filed a lawsuit challenging its constitutionality.<ref name=ex1024 />

[[Glenn Greenwald]] has written that "the central role played by the NCTC in determining who should be killed [is] rather odious... the NCTC operates a gigantic data-mining operation, in which all sorts of information about innocent Americans is systematically monitored, stored, and analyzed".<ref name=gw1024>{{cite news |title=Obama moves to make the War on Terror permanent |first=Glenn |last=Greenwald |authorlink=Glenn Greenwald |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/24/obama-terrorism-kill-list |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOg4QS6 |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no |location=London}}</ref> Greenwald concludes that the Disposition Matrix has established "simultaneously a surveillance state and a secretive, unaccountable judicial body that analyzes who you are and then decrees what should be done with you, how you should be "disposed" of, beyond the reach of any minimal accountability or transparency".<ref name=gw1024 /> Former [[counter-terrorism]] specialist and [[military intelligence]] officer [[Philip Giraldi]] has criticized the disposition matrix's "everyday" killing of targets with what he calls "little or no evidence," leaving the White House "completely unaccountable."<ref>{{cite news |title=Kill Lists Will Continue |first=Philip |last=Giraldi |authorlink=Philip Giraldi |url=http://original.antiwar.com/giraldi/2012/11/07/kill-lists-will-continue/ |work=[[Antiwar.com]] |date=8 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C2YMHo57 |archivedate=9 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>[http://original.antiwar.com/giraldi/2012/12/05/the-protocols-for-death/ The Protocols for Death], by [[Philip Giraldi]], [[Antiwar.com]], 06 December 2012</ref> Giraldi later commented that Brennan "feels the [drone] program has run its course as a CIA operation."<ref>{{cite news|last=Hirsch|first=Michael|title=John Brennan’s Love-Hate Relationship With Drones|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/john-brennan-s-love-hate-relationship-with-drones-20130207|newspaper=National Journal|date=7 February 2013}}</ref>

In April 2016, peace worker and tribal elder [[Malik Jalal]], who appears to have been targeted by repeated drone strikes, was invited to the UK by [[Ken Macdonald|Lord Ken MacDonald]] in order to explain to [[Houses of Parliament|parliament]] that his life and those of his friends and relatives are at risk due to his reported presence on the list.<ref>https://home.38degrees.org.uk/2016/04/18/malik-jalal-faqs/</ref><ref>http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2016/04/11/meet-malik-jalal-who-drone-kill-list</ref>

Criticizing strikes organized under the aegis of the database, the ''[[World Socialist Web Site]]'' has written that "the great majority of those killed in Pakistan are targeted for resisting the US occupation of neighboring Afghanistan, while in Yemen they are killed for opposing the US-backed regime there".<ref name=ws1025 /> Regarding the effect of the database in the United States, the site has written that "the Obama administration has arrogated to itself the most extreme power that can be asserted by any dictatorship—that of ordering citizens put to death without presenting charges against them, much less proving them in a court of law".<ref name=ws1025 /> They later criticized the relative silence in the media and the political establishment following the revelation.<ref>{{cite news |title=American democracy and the "disposition matrix" |first=Joseph |last=Kishore |url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2012/oct2012/pers-o31.shtml |newspaper=World Socialist Web Site |date=31 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BzfXBntR |archivedate=7 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

In a commentary reprinted by ''Eurasia Review'', [[Russia Today]] has called strikes directed by the database "targeted executions" and "extrajudicial murders", and rhetorically asked how the database will further American counter-terrorism policies if it alienates its allies.<ref name=rt1024>{{cite news |title=Kill-list 2.0: Obama’s ‘disposition matrix’ maps out extrajudicial murders for years to come |url=http://rt.com/usa/news/disposition-matrix-kill-obama-146/ |newspaper=Russia Today |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOhc89I |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Describing the criteria for killing established by the database and drone program, ''[[Voice of Russia]]'' has written that "in essence, this means that based on intelligence evidence, the administration assumes the right to judge and execute anyone without bothering about such minor things as proper court hearings, or the right of the accused person for proper legal defense".<ref name=vor1026>{{cite news |title=Barack Obama widens the practice of extrajudicial killings |first=Boris |last=Volkhonsky |url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_10_26/Barack-Obama-widens-the-practice-of-extrajudicial-killings/ |publisher=Voice of Russia |date=26 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Bp3m7GtF |archivedate=31 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> It has accused the Obama Administration of violating American principles of [[due process]], stating, "the fact that such operations clearly violate the principles propagated by the U.S. itself, like the right of everyone for legal defense, does not seem to bother the administration".<ref name=vor1026 />

Speaking at [[Harvard Law School]] on 25 October 2012, [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on human rights and counter terrorism, Ben Emmerson, stated that he would launch "an investigation unit within the special procedures of the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|Human Rights Council]] to inquire into individual drone attacks".<ref name=rt1026>{{cite news |title=United Nations to begin investigating US drone strike targeted kills |url=http://rt.com/usa/news/us-drone-emmerson-un-256/ |newspaper=Russia Today |date=26 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BhOjRYIp |archivedate=26 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Emmerson and [[Christof Heyns]], UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, have described some American drone attacks as [[war crime]]s.<ref name=rt1026 />

John Hudson, writing in the Atlantic Wire, has raised the concern that from a semantic perspective, the term "Disposition Matrix" sanitizes and perhaps obscures the more descriptive phrase "kill list".<ref name=hud>{{cite news |title=How the White House 'Kill List' Became the White House 'Disposition Matrix' |first=John |last=Hudson |url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2012/10/how-white-house-kill-list-became-white-house-disposition-matrix/58295/ |newspaper=The Atlantic Wire |date=24 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Bp3mXBrv |archivedate=31 October 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

The United States Senate is split over how to handle the issue, with Democrats urging the creation of a special court to review the matrix. [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Senate Armed Services Committee]] chair [[John McCain]] has called for control of all armed drones to be transferred from the CIA to the U.S. Department of Defense,<ref>[http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/282687-no-court-for-drones-says-gop "No court for drone oversight, says GOP."]</ref> while [[Dianne Feinstein]] has expressed doubt that the Pentagon would take the same level of care to avoid [[collateral damage]].<ref>[http://thehill.com/blogs/defcon-hill/policy-and-strategy/290049-white-house-plan-to-let-pentagon-take-over-cia-armed-drones-sparks-concern "White House move to let Pentagon take over CIA armed drones sparks concern."]</ref>

==Drone strike casualties==

Reports on civilian casualties in Pakistan resulting from American drone attacks have been compiled by a number of institutions including the [[Bureau of Investigative Journalism]], the [[Long War Journal]], the [[New America Foundation]], and researchers at [[Stanford University]] and [[New York University]] law schools.<ref name=lud>{{cite web |url=http://livingunderdrones.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Stanford_NYU_LIVING_UNDER_DRONES.pdf |title=Living Under Drones: Death, Injury and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan |author1=International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic, Stanford Law School |author2=Global Justice Clinic, NYU School of Law |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C1NZMGYJ |date=September 2012 |archivedate=8 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The ''New York Times'' reported that the Obama Administration embraced a disputed method for counting civilian casualties, which in effect counts all military-age males in a strike zone as combatants, giving partial explanation to the official claims of extraordinarily low collateral deaths.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/world/obamas-leadership-in-war-on-al-qaeda.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |work=The New York Times |first1=Jo |last1=Becker |first2=Scott |last2=Shane |title=Secret 'Kill List' Tests Obama's Principles |date=29 May 2012}}</ref>

The [[Bureau of Investigative Journalism]] (TBIJ) reports that between 2004 and 2012, CIA directed drone strikes killed 475–885 Pakistani civilians, of 2,593–3,378 persons killed altogether.<ref name=bij1>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2012/01/11/obama-2012-strikes/ |title=Obama 2012 Pakistan strikes |publisher=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism |date=11 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=bij2>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2011/08/10/most-complete-picture-yet-of-cia-drone-strikes/ |title=Drone War Exposed – the complete picture of CIA strikes in Pakistan |first=Chris |last=Woods |publisher=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism |date=10 August 2011}}</ref> The report finds that drone strikes killed 176 children, and injured an additional 1,250 or more people.<ref name=bij1 /> The TBIJ report estimates that drone strikes in Pakistan declined from 904 to 228 between 2010 and 2012.<ref name=bij3>{{cite news |url=http://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/2012/07/02/resources-and-graphs/ |title=Pakistan drone statistics visualised |publisher=The Bureau of Investigative Journalism |date=2 July 2012}}</ref>

TBIJ reports that during the same timeframe, drone strikes killed 60–163 Yemeni civilians, of 362–1,052 persons killed altogether in Yemen, including 24–34 children; strikes killed 11–57 Somali civilians of 58–170 persons killed in Somalia, including 1–3 children.<ref name=bij1 />

The [[Long War Journal]] (LWJ), published by the [[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]],<ref name=lud /> reports that 136 Pakistani civilians have been killed by drone attacks since 2006.<ref name=lat1>{{cite news |title=Drone strikes in Pakistan have killed many civilians, study says |first=David |last=Zucchino |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/24/world/la-fg-drone-study-20120925 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=24 September 2012}}</ref> According to LWJ, the majority of drone strikes in Pakistan since 2004 occurred under the Obama Administration, which has ordered over 247 strikes since 2009, compared the Bush Administration's 45.<ref name=bbc2>{{cite news |title=Deadly drones and Obama’s secret war in Pakistan |first=Nasir |last=Islam |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012\06\19\story_19-6-2012_pg3_2 |newspaper=Daily Times |location=Pakistan |date=19 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=lwj>{{cite web |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/pakistan-strikes.php |title=Charting the data for US airstrikes in Pakistan, 2004 - 2012 |last1=Roggio |first1=Bill |last2=Mayer |first2=Alexander |date=24 October 2012 |publisher=Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}</ref>

The [[New America Foundation]] (NAF) has published a report titled "Year of the Drone", finding that between 2004 and 2012, American drone strikes killed 1,618–2,769 militants, of 1,908–3,225 killed altogether in Pakistan.<ref name=naf>{{cite web |url=http://counterterrorism.newamerica.net/drones |title=The Year of the Drone |publisher=New America Foundation}}</ref> The foundation also found that during the same period, reported civilian casualties from drone strikes were 15–16%, dropping from 60% in 2006 to 1–2% in 2012.<ref name=naf /><ref name=reuters1>{{cite news |title=Obama victory infuriates Pakistani drone victims |first1=Randy |last1=Fabi |first2=Aisha |last2=Chowdhry |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/08/us-usa-campaign-pakistan-idUSBRE8A70A020121108 |publisher=Reuters |date=8 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C17cLI1w |archivedate=8 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

A report by researchers at Stanford and New York University law schools, working at the Stanford International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution clinic and at the Global Justice Clinic, has evaluated casualty reports produced by TBIJ, LWJ and NAF, also conducting its own interviews with witnesses and victims.<ref name=lud /><ref name=cnn1>{{cite news |title=Drone strikes kill, maim and traumatize too many civilians, U.S. study says |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/25/world/asia/pakistan-us-drone-strikes/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=26 September 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C1N6Wvhh |archivedate=8 November 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The report finds that casualty estimates obtained by TBIJ are "the best currently available", while it finds "omissions and inconsistencies in New America Foundation's dataset", and challenges their finding that civilian casualties have been low in 2012.<ref name=lud /><ref name=atl>{{cite news |title=CNN's Bogus Drone-Deaths Graphic |first=Conor |last=Friedersdorf |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/07/cnns-bogus-drone-deaths-graphic/259493/ |newspaper=The Atlantic |date=6 July 2012}}</ref> The report criticizes reliance on anonymous officials for estimates of civilian casualties, and widespread use of the term "militant" by the media when describing non-civilian casualties.<ref name=lud /> The report concurs with that published by the NAF, stating the number of "high level targets" killed by drone strikes in Pakistan constitutes about 2% of all drone strike casualties.<ref name=cnn1 />

Meg Braun, an author of the NAF study, has written that the Stanford and New York University researchers were "not impartial", adding that while "the U.S. government's claims that civilian casualties from drone strikes during Obama's term in office are in the single digits are manifestly untrue, [there] is no need to overstate the rate of civilian deaths to make the point that drones strikes are legally suspect and morally hazardous".<ref name=afpak1>{{cite news |title=Counting civilian casualties in CIA’s drone war |first=Meg |last=Braun |url=http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/11/02/counting_civilian_casualties_in_cia_s_drone_war |newspaper=Foreign Policy |date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Main Core]]
* [[Targeted killing]]
* [[Extrajudicial killing]]
* [[Joint Special Operations Command]]
* [[Executive actions of the CIA]]
* [[Threat Matrix (Pakistan)|Threat Matrix]], a similar program led by [[Pakistan]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{US War on Terror}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}

[[Category:Counter-terrorism in the United States]]
[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency operations]]
[[Category:Deaths by drone strikes| ]]
[[Category:War on Terror]]
[[Category:Obama Administration initiatives]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of the United States]]
[[Category:Foreign policy doctrines of the United States]]
[[Category:United States military policies]]
[[Category:United States foreign policy]]

Regressive left

2017-01-24T01:36:40Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Undid revision 761648441 by 207.98.198.84 (talk) RV, pejorative

{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
[[File:Maajid Nawaz speaking at LibDem campaign event.jpg|thumb|[[Maajid Nawaz]]'s use of the phrase "regressive left" has been a part of his opposition to [[Islamism]], the [[Qur'anic literalism|literalist]] pole of [[Islam]] that emphasises [[Sharia]] (Islamic law), [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] political unity, and an Islamic state.]]
"'''Regressive left'''" (also formulated as "'''regressive liberals'''") is a political [[epithet]], used as a [[pejorative]] to describe a section of [[left-wing politics]] who are accused of paradoxically holding [[reactionary]] views by their [[toleration|tolerance]] of [[liberalism|illiberal]] principles and ideologies, particularly tolerance of [[Islamism]], for the sake of [[multiculturalism]] and [[cultural relativism]].

British [[Criticism of Islamism|anti-Islamism]] activist [[Maajid Nawaz]] used the term in 2012 in his memoir ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism]]''{{#tag:ref|On p. 210 of ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism|Radical]]'' (2012), Nawaz wrote:{{quote|Is not winning the war more important than truth? This maxim, I knew, was also subscribed to by some on the left, the regressive left. For them, winning against [[capitalism]] was far more important than it was to their allies. I watched as our ideology gained acceptance and we were granted airtime as [[Muslim]] political commentators. I watched as we were ignorantly pandered to by well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists. How we Islamists laughed at their naïveté.<ref name="Radical">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |page=210 |isbn=9781448131617 |accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref>}}|group="note"|name="first use"}} to describe "well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists" in the [[United Kingdom]] who naïvely and "ignorantly pandered to" [[Islamism|Islamists]] and helped Islamist ideology to gain acceptance. In a 2015 video presentation on the Internet forum [[Big Think]], Nawaz elaborated on the meaning of the term, saying that it describes "a section of the left" that has "an inherent hesitation to challenge some of the bigotry that can occur within minority communities ... for the sake of political correctness, for the sake of tolerating what they believe is other cultures and respecting different lifestyles".<ref name="Bigthink">{{cite web |url=http://bigthink.com/videos/maajid-nawaz-on-islamic-reform |title=Je Suis Muslim: How Universal Secular Rights Protect Muslim Communities the Most |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[Big Think]] |date=18 November 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

Political talk-show hosts such as [[Bill Maher]] and [[Dave Rubin]], as well as [[New Atheism|New Atheist]] writers like [[Sam Harris]] and [[Richard Dawkins]] are among those who have used the term.<ref name="Maher">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvvQJ_zsL1U |title=Real Time with Bill Maher: Richard Dawkins – Regressive Leftists (HBO) |work=[[Real Time with Bill Maher]] |publisher=HBO |date=2 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=WT20151003>{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/3/bill-maher-richard-dawkins-blast-regressive-libera/ |title=Bill Maher, Richard Dawkins blast 'regressive liberals' giving a 'free pass' to Islam |author=Kellan Howell |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=3 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

==Concept==
In 2007, [[Maajid Nawaz]] renounced his previous association with the radical [[Islamism|Islamist]] group [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]] in favor of [[Islam and secularism|secular Islam]]. He is co-founder and chairman of [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]], a counter-extremism [[think tank]] based in [[London]] that seeks to challenge Islamist ideology.<ref name="Radical"/><ref>[http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/about/staff/maajid-nawaz/ Maajid Nawaz (Quilliam)]</ref>

Nawaz has used the phrase ''regressive left'' to describe those left-leaning people who, in his opinion, pander to Islamism, which he defines as a "global totalitarian theo-political project" with a "desire to impose any given interpretation of Islam over society as law"<ref name="rad">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |isbn=9781448131617}}</ref> and which he opposes on the ground that "any desire to impose any version of Islam over anyone anywhere, ever, is a fundamental violation of our basic civil liberties."<ref name="beast">{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/08/the-british-left-s-hypocritical-embrace-of-islamism.html |title=The British Left's Hypocritical Embrace of Islamism |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=8 August 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to Nawaz, such sympathizers of Islamism include "[[atheism|atheists]] who are on the side of the Islamists, defending Islamism in the name of cultural tolerance."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwQhu1A-Ats |title=Lateline: An atheist and a Muslim on the future of Islam |author=[[Tony Jones (news journalist)|Tony Jones]] |work=[[Lateline]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=28 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

In an October 2015 interview with political talk show host [[Dave Rubin]], Nawaz elucidated further the reasoning behind his choice of the word ''regressive''. He hypothesized that a section of [[left-wing politics|people on the left]] "genuinely believe" that they are fighting an "ideological war" against neoconservative and neocolonialist foreign policies of Western governments which promote state-organized violence and chaos in the form of wars and military invasions. In contrast, he claims, such leftists forego their duty to denounce the violent acts of theocratic extremists such as Islamists, at times going so far as to "make alliances" with some of the most regressive, theocratic and murderous regimes and organizations. He cited [[Jeremy Corbyn]], leader of the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], as an example of someone who "has been historically very close" to supporters of Islamist organisations like [[Hamas]] and [[Hezbollah]]. In Nawaz's opinion, it is possible to denounce both neoconservative foreign policies such as the Iraq war (which he had opposed) and theocratic extremism, however, those that he labels "regressive leftists" fail to do so he says.<ref name=Nawaz>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Dave|title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left and Political Correctness|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/2/maajid-nawaz-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-political-correctness-0_twq2e3jhwn8|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Rubin Report|date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

According to Nawaz, the notion that Muslims cannot cope with criticism or mockery of Islam and only react violently, is "patronizing, self-pity inspiring mollycoddling" of the very Muslims it claims to serve and emancipate, because it does not expect them to be civil and control their anger.<ref name="beast" /> This "racism of low expectations" lowers the moral standards of people within minorities, seeking excuses if they express, [[misogyny]], [[homophobia]], [[chauvinism]], [[bigotry]], or [[antisemitism]], whilst holding members of the majority to "universal liberal standards".<ref name="Bigthink" />

Haras Rafiq, managing director of Quilliam, expressed the view that there is a tendency of some on the left to excuse Islamism. "We have not got to grips with the symbiotic relationship between Islamism and far-right hatred, and the regressive left that is prepared to excuse Islamism."<ref>ADAM LEBOR. Donald Trump: The AMERICAN STEREOTYPE EUROPEANS LOVE TO HATE. Newsweek Dec/14/15 [http://www.newsweek.com/2015/12/25/donald-trump-worse-voldemort-europeans-say-404653.html]</ref>

==Use==
In 2006, six years before Nawaz used the term ''regressive left'' to convey a viewpoint within the dialog on multiculturalism, New Atheist author [[Sam Harris]] used the phrase "Head-in-the-sand Liberals" in an ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' article to describe liberals who are in denial and "despite abundant evidence to the contrary", "continue to imagine that Muslim terrorism springs from economic despair, lack of education and American militarism". He bemoaned that "being generally reasonable and tolerant of diversity, liberals should be especially sensitive to the dangers of religious literalism. But they aren't".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Sam |date=18 September 2006 |title=Head-in-the-Sand Liberals: Western civilization really is at risk from Muslim extremists |url=http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/the-end-of-liberalism |journal=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2013, the One Law for All campaign issued a report, ''Siding with the Oppressor: The Pro-Islamist Left''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onelawforall.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/SidingWithOpressor_Web.pdf|title=Siding with the Oppressor: The Pro-Islamist Left|publisher=One Law for All |date= June 2013|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref> James Bloodworth in an [[op-ed|opinion piece]] published by ''The Independent'', said the report expressed concern at "working enthusiastically with those advocating the murder of homosexuals" and also with "religious fascists". Bloodworth opined that "In a disastrous irony, the pro-Islamist left has ended up in the same place as the white far-right. The perception of Muslims as synonymous with Islamism – criticism of Islamism is characterised as criticism of Muslims – is precisely the view taken by groups such as the [[English Defence League|EDL]]." Bloodworth concluded that political [[confirmation bias]] was responsible, driven by a "pathological anti-Americanism that is quite attractive to a certain type of degenerated progressive."<ref name=I20130628/> He also quoted [[Maryam Namazie]], a spokesperson for several organisations including Iran Solidarity, One Law for All and the [[Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain]] as identifying several organisations who are, "there as prefects to silence dissenters and defend Islamism as a defence of 'Muslims'."<ref name=I20130628>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/why-is-the-left-so-blinkered-to-islamic-extremism-8679265.html |title=Why is the left so blinkered to Islamic extremism? |author=James Bloodworth |work=[[The Independent]] |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

In September 2015, Sam Harris and Maajid Nawaz participated in a public forum hosted by [[Harvard University]]'s Institute of Politics,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PI9QwEKqrso |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance |author=Harvard’s Institute of Politics hosting Sam Harris and Maajid Nawaz |publisher=Harvard’s Institute of Politics |date= |accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> which was later published in a short book, titled ''[[Islam and the Future of Tolerance]]'' (2015). In a review of the book in the magazine ''[[National Review#National Review Online|National Review Online]]'', political writer Brian Stewart noted that according to both Nawaz and Harris, "regressive leftists" in the West are "willfully blind" to the fact that jihadists and Islamists make up a significant portion (20% in Harris's estimate) of the global Muslim community and the minority Muslim communities within the West, even though these factions are opposed to liberal values such as individual autonomy, freedom of expression, democracy, women's rights, gay rights, etc. Nawaz and Harris have denounced the paradoxically illiberal, isolationist, and censuring attitude towards any criticism of this phenomenon, which they contend betrays universal liberal values and also abandons supporting and defending the most vulnerable liberal members living within the Muslim community such as women, homosexuals and apostates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Brian |date=7 October 2015 |title=A Liberal Atheist and a Liberal Muslim Discuss the Problems of Contemporary Islam |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425169/sam-harris-maajid-nawaz-islam-book |journal=[[National Review#National Review Online|National Review Online]] |publisher= |accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref>

In October 2015, ''The Washington Times'' reported that American comedian and show host [[Bill Maher]] and British biologist and [[New Atheism|New Atheist]] author [[Richard Dawkins]] "lamented regressive leftists who fail to understand they are anything but liberal when it comes to Islam".<ref name=WT20151003/> Maher noted a willingness to criticise anything except [[Islam]], excusing it as "their culture", to which Dawkins responded: "Well, to hell with their culture."<ref name="Maher"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/611231/Richard-Dawkins-in-extraordinary-blast-at-Muslims-To-hell-with-their-culture |title='To hell with their culture' - Richard Dawkins in extraordinary blast at Muslims |author=John Worthing |work=The Independent |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> Making reference to student initiatives to disinvite ex-Muslim speakers on campus, Dawkins saw this as, "a betrayal of the Free Speech Movement of the 1960s".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/richard-dawkins-free-speech_561038c4e4b0af3706e11397 |title=Richard Dawkins: College Students Are Betraying The Free Speech Movement |author=Tyler Kingkade |work=HuffPost on HPMG News |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

In October and November 2015, Sam Harris frequently used the term in his exchanges with the media, saying the greatest danger is that the "regressive left" is willing to give up [[freedom of speech]] "out of fear of offending minorities", which will lead to [[censorship]] imposed by those minorities, citing American journalist [[Glenn Greenwald]]'s comments on the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] as an example.<ref name="Chris Beck">{{cite web |url=http://www.splicetoday.com/politics-and-media/sam-harris-unloads-on-the-regressive-left |title=Sam Harris Unloads on the Regressive Left |author=Chris Beck |work=[[Splice Today]] |publisher=[[Russ Smith (publisher)|Russ Smith]] |date=21 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=Salon20151125>Sean Illing. "Sam Harris talks Islam, ISIS, atheism, GOP madness": “We are confronting people, in dozens of countries, who despise more or less everything that we value” [http://www.salon.com/2015/11/25/harris_and_illing_correspondence/]</ref> Harris considers [[Reza Aslan]]<ref name="Chris Beck"/><ref name=Salon20151125/> and [[Noam Chomsky]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rawstory.com/2015/10/sam-harris-is-still-mad-about-liberals-who-followed-noam-chomsky-off-the-edge-of-the-world/|title=Sam Harris is still mad about ‘liberals who followed Noam Chomsky off the edge of the world’|publisher=}}</ref><ref>The Last Word With Lawrence O'Donnell' on Oct. 15, 2015. [MSNBC]</ref> to be of the regressive left.

In November 2015, in an appearance on the talk radio show [[American Humanist Association|''The Humanist Hour'']], author and philosopher [[Peter Boghossian]] defined the term as a pejorative used to describe those on the left that have made the "strangest bedfellows" with the Islamists. According to him, the word "regressive" is used to contrast with the word "[[Progressivism|progressive]]" – the latter being the group that is egalitarian and wants to create systems of justice and [[racial equality]], while the former being a group that "[looks] for the worst in people... and [does] not extend hermeneutics of charity, or a charitable interpretation of anything anyone says, but uses it as a hammer to beat people down". In addition, he believes that "regressive leftists" have become "hyper-moralists" and champions of their perceived victims. He cites the historical wrongdoings, such as [[slavery in the United States]] and [[colonialism]] as a legitimate concern that has caused mistrust of anything Western and capitalistic. He also added that "there are people who have suffered and still suffer legitimate instances of racism, homophobia etc. The problem is that every time the word racist is just thrown around like that, that word loses its meaning. And it should have quite a sting. That should be a horrible word".<ref>{{cite podcast |url= http://thehumanist.com/multimedia/podcast/the-humanist-hour-175-the-regressive-left-and-safe-spaces-with-dr-peter-boghossian |title= The Humanist Hour #175: The "Regressive Left" and Safe Spaces, with Dr. Peter Boghossian|website=thehumanist.com|publisher= The Humanist Hour |host= Bo Bennett, Kim Ellington|date= 4 November 2015 |time= 4:08, 9:48, 0:10 |access-date= 7 January 2016}}</ref>

In December 2015, [[international relations]] researcher Elliot McArdle wrote in the online British magazine ''[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]]'' that some "so-called liberals/leftists" treat liberal Muslims like Nawaz and ex-Muslims like Namazie as "native informants", "traitors" or "[[no true Scotsman|not real Muslims]]", because such critics of Islam(ism), who have a Muslim background themselves, don't fit the desired narrative of Muslims as a homogeneous and oppressed group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McArdle |first=Elliot |date=4 December 2015 |title=The liberal racism faced by ex-Muslims |url=http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/the-liberal-racism-faced-by-ex-muslims/17702 |journal=[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]] |publisher=[[Brendan O'Neill (journalist)|Brendan O'Neill]] |accessdate=11 December 2015}}</ref>

In late 2015, talk show host Dave Rubin hosted discussions about the "regressive left" in several ''[[The Rubin Report]]'' segments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/8/milo-yiannopoulos-and-dave-rubin-discuss-gay-rights-and-cultural-libertarians-0_40xbq9svp490|title=Milo Yiannopoulos and Dave Rubin Discuss Gay Rights and Cultural Libertarians|publisher=Ora TV|accessdate=2015-10-08}}</ref> In one he said,
{{quote|The reason I feel like naming them [the regressives] is so important, is because I now view these regressives as the left's version of the [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]]. The Tea Party went unchecked by the right until it was too late, and now the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is a fractured mess often only held together by its worst beliefs. I really believe these regressives are doing this to the left, and if we don't have the courage to stop them, then a year or two from now, we'll wonder why our system is screwed up even more than it is now.<ref name="Rubin7Oct">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzzLiJ6na1k |title=Dave Rubin: Regressives are the Left's Tea Party |work=[[The Rubin Report]] |publisher=The Rubin Report |date=7 October 2015 |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref>}}
Rubin's discussions included interviews with Peter Boghossian,{{fact?|date=January 2017}} [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]]{{fact?|date=January 2017}}, Maajid Nawaz,<ref name="Nawaz"/> [[Nick Cohen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/12/11/nick-cohen-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-free-speech-radical-islam-0_5a17hbvw846c|title=Nick Cohen and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left, Free Speech, Radical Islam|work=Ora TV}}</ref> and [[Douglas Murray (author)|Douglas Murray]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/11/6/douglas-murray-and-dave-rubin-talk-free-speech-isis-israel-full-interview-0_5i6uq59btmia|title=Douglas Murray and Dave Rubin Talk Free Speech, ISIS, Israel (Full Interview)|work=Ora TV}}</ref>

Political commentator [[David Pakman]] said in his [[The David Pakman Show|talk show]] that the notion of regressive left is valid and that nobody can deny that "there are liberals who do use [[cultural relativism]] and distaste for US foreign policy as an excuse to defend or at least minimize violence and injustice that they would certainly otherwise oppose". He further argued that the term is misused by conservatives.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pakman|first=David|authorlink=David Pakman|title=The Truth About the Regressive Left|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=315icKVWb6w|website=[[The David Pakman Show]]|date=14 April 2016}}</ref> Pakman suggests that the actual regressive leftists are leftists who use authoritarianism to enforce progressivism.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pakman|first=David|authorlink=David Pakman|title=Authoritarian Leftism: The ACTUAL "Regressive Left"|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCUrTMmtHbo|website=[[The David Pakman Show]]|date=21 June 2016}}</ref> However, because of the overuse and abuse of the term to insult all liberals, he has distanced himself from using the phrase ''regressive left''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pakman|first=David|authorlink=David Pakman|title=Would David Appear on Drunken Peasants or Illiberal Podcasts?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMremqM8Q28|website=[[The David Pakman Show]]|date=11 September 2016}}</ref>

==Criticism==
In November 2015, psychiatrist Khwaja Khusro Tariq from ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' classified the term as an unsubstantiated [[ad hominem|''ad hominem'' attack]], stating that the harshest critics of Islam are courted by both liberal and conservative media in the U.S. He also stated the term has been directed towards Glenn Greenwald and Noam Chomsky, both of whom he said have never condoned violence or opined on the doctrine of Islam. He argued that there was no genuine inhibition on speaking against the religion.<ref>{{cite news |last= Tariq|first= Khwaja|date= 11 November 2015|title= "Regressive Liberals": The New Mantra of Islamophobia|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/khwaja-khusro-tariq/regressive-liberals-the-n_b_8597284.html|newspaper= Huffington Post|access-date= 9 January 2016}}</ref>

In March 2016, Joseph Burnstein, a ''[[BuzzFeed]]'' reporter on [[World Wide Web|web culture]], wrote that according to [[Google Trends]], interest in the term "shot up" in late 2015. He notes that instead of criticising "cultural tolerance gone too far", the phrase has "become a catch-all for any element of the dominant [[new media]] culture that the anti-[[social justice warrior|SJW]] internet doesn't like." He also suggests that even though the term can be sourced back to liberal commentators like Nawaz, Maher and Dawkins, it is currently heavily used by [[alt-right]] people on Internet forums and social media as part of their rhetorical warfare.<ref>{{cite news |last= Burnstein|first= Joseph|date= 16 March 2016|title= The Rise Of The #Regressiveleft Hashtag |url=http://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/the-rise-of-the-regressiveleft-hashtag#.tf71OEVY1|newspaper= Buzzfeed|access-date= 12 April 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[White Guilt]]
*[[Social Justice Warrior]]
*[[Christian right]]
*[[Cuckservative]]
*[[Islamic extremism]]
*[[Islamo-Leftism]]
*[[Moonbat]]
*[[Nanny state]]
*[[New antisemitism]]
*[[Red–green–brown alliance]]
*[[Sheeple]]
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Human rights}}
{{Culture}}
{{Multiculturalism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Censorship]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islamism]]
[[Category:Criticism of political correctness]]
[[Category:Freedom of expression]]
[[Category:Islamism]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]
[[Category:Relativism]]
[[Category:Words coined in the 2010s]]

Hafizabad

2017-01-20T18:02:30Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Raighalib (talk) to last version by 39.38.147.122

{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}

{{Infobox settlement
|name = Hafizabad
|official_name = Hafizabad
|native_name = {{Nastaliq|حافظ آباد}}
|settlement_type = City

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|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Pakistan
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = Pakistan
|subdivision_type1 = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]]
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|population_total = 397000 (city population)
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'''Hafizabad''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]/{{lang-ur| حافظ آباد }}) is a city and [[tehsil]] of [[Hafizabad District]] in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]].

==Ancient history==
Hafizabad is an old city. In 327 BC, during Alexander's invasion of Punjab, the territory of the [[Sandal Bar]] (where Hafizabad is now located) was reported to be a well populated area. Large cities were located in this territory, and a lot of sub states were organised here under the presidency of [[maharajas]] and [[raja]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hafizabad: History|url=http://punjab.gov.pk/hafizabad_history|publisher=Government of the Punjab|accessdate=5 March 2014}}</ref>

In the 6th century, Hafizabad was visited by the famous Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]]. He moved to Sangla and stayed one night in a town, then called Jaipura, which was located near the village of Koriala {{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}.

==Medieval history==
From the beginning of the 7th century [[Rajput|Rajput kingdoms]] dominated Eastern portions of Pakistan and northern India. In 997 CE, [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi]], took over the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid dynasty]] empire established by his father, [[Sabuktigin|Sultan Sebuktegin]], In 1005 he conquered the [[Shahi]]s in [[Kabul]] in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of some western [[Punjab region]]. Eastern Regions of Punjab from Multan to the Rawalpindi in north (Including region of present-day Hafizabad) remained under [[Rajput]] rule until 1193. The [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]] later ruled the region. The Punjab region became predominately [[Muslim]] due to [[missionary]] [[Sufi]] saints whose [[dargah]]s dot the landscape of [[Punjab region]]. During the [[Delhi Sultanate]] period a big city was situated at the site of the present village of Mehdiabad. But afterwards this territory became unpopulated and jungle-like because of shortage of water and [[Pashtun people|Afghan]] incursions. This situation persisted until [[Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]]'s period. Hafizabad was formerly a place of some importance, and is mentioned in the [[Ain-i-Akbari]] as headquarters of a [[Palace|Mahal]]. Hafiz, the founder, was a favourite of emperor [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] Akbar.<ref name="IGI">[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_011.gif Hafizabad Town – Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 13, p. 5]</ref> [[Kharal|Ghalib Hussain Kharal ]]

==Independence==
The predominantly Muslim population supported [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] and [[Pakistan Movement]]. After the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, the minority [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s migrated to [[India]] while [[Muslim]] refugees from [[India]] settled in the Hafizabad. Most of the refugees have since settled and inter-married into the local population.

==Geography==

* Latitude of Hafizabad: 32,0667 (32°4′0.120″N)
* Longitude: 73,6833 (73°40′59.880″E)
* Altitude: 207 m
* Population 2012: (398922)(city population)

Hafizabad is {{convert|30|mi|km}} away in the west from Gujranwala. Connection with the city is by Gujranwala Road or Hafizabad Road. On the Wazirabad – Faisalabad Railway Section, Hafizabad is the eighth railway station. The distance to the city of Wazirabad is {{convert|37|mi|km}}. Basically it is an agricultural city. Since the construction of an interchange near [[Sukheke Mandi]], Hafizabad is now just 22 kilometres away from the [[M2 motorway (Pakistan)|M2 motorway]].

===Climate===

The district climate is hot during summer and during winter is cold. The Eastern has proximity of rain fall than western part. The monsoon season is from July to September. Fertile soil allow the cultivation of high quality rices. The average per month rainfall is between 50–75 millimeters.<ref>http://www.punjab.gov.pk/hafizabad</ref>

===Rivers===

The [[Chenab River]] originates in the snow-covered central range of the Himalayas. It receives numerous smaller streams from the lower hills which depend upon rainfall. It breaks out from a rocky gorge in the hills, six miles (10 km) to the north of Bajwat District.

Sialkot flows downward from Marala Headwork and enters [[Hafizabad District]] near Kot Kkamer, a village of Hafizabad Tehsil. It forms a natural boundary between Mandi Bahauddin and Hafizabad districts. An other very famous place is Head Sagar Complex in which an Irrigation Canal is passing over a link canal. It is a very common and interesting place for new visitors in Hafizabad.

== Industry ==
Major portion of the country's rice exports are from Hafizabad, which is sometimes referred to as the Land of Rice or City of Rice. Cotton power loom (weaving) is the second largest industry of Hafizabad. It is linked directly with the cotton market in Faisalabad and businessmen from Faisalabad deal directly with the cotton industry in Hafizabad. It plays an important role in the development of Hafizabad. This industry has been badly affected by the energy crisis.

Before the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, the per-annum income of Hafizabad just from rice was 15 million. Peshwar, Agra, Mithra, Calcutta, Karachi, and Sukker were Hafizabad's main clients. Up to 23 rice mills were there until the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of Pakistan.

== Agriculture ==

The following types of rice are cultivated in Hafizabad: Basmati 385, Basmati 386, Super Karnal, 1121 Sella, Ery Nine, Erey Six, Super Fan, and KS 282. White Pearl Rice is a famous rice brand of Hafizabad. Hafizabad and Jalalpur Bhattian grain market are considered to be the biggest grain rice export centres of the country.

== Livestock ==
[[File:Mono L&DD.jpg|alt=L&DD|thumb|133x133px|Hafizabad Livestock]]
Hafizabad richly diversified district in livestock population. According to last Cattle Census there are 57321 Buffaloes, 210033 Cattle, 25112 Sheep, 122215 Goats, 2885 Horses, 47197 Asses, 2806 Mules, 346 Camel and 456865 Domestic poultry.

There are Two Artificial Insemination Centers one at Tehseel Hafizabad and the other at Tehseel Pindi Bhtian. There are six working Civil Veterinary Hospitals at Hafizabad, Pindi Bhatin, Jallpur Bhatian, [[Sukheke Mandi]], Vanike and Soianwala. there are nine working Civil Veterinary Dispensaris at Wachke, Kot Sarwar,Dhunni, Madhrianwala, Chk Bhatti, Thatha Khairumatmal,Kot Nakka, Wadror and Ghubrika. Besides all this there are Civil Veterinary Centers at village level.

There are two Mobile Veterinary Dispensaries at Hafizabad and Pindi Bhatian Tehseel respectively.

District Livestock Department is headed by District Office Livstock with two Deputy Livestok Officers viz Breed Improvement and Animal Health. There are Two Additional Principal Veterinary Officers, One Senior Veterinary Officer and eighteen Veterianry Officers

== Saints Of District Hafizabad ==
* '''Hazrat Shah Sharmast Jilal U Din Bukhari:''' His mausoleum is located in east of Hafizabad. The Mughal emperor Akbar and Jahangir visited him.
* '''Hazrat Hafiz Syed Mustafa:''' He is a saint of Mughal era and each year on 24 of Har month the religious festival organised by the natives.
* '''Hazrat Shah Abdullah Ghaus:''' He was one of the most famous Sufi of Hafizabad. His shrine is in Garhi Awan the oldest settlement of the city.
* '''Shah Buban Bukhari:''' He is known as Baban Bukhari. There is one mosque within premises of his tomb named as Chah Bukhari.
* ''' Rehmat Khan Awan:''' He was the most renowned member of the Awan dynasty. Along with a great warrior, early ruler of Hafizabad, he was also a great soldier of his beloved ALLAH. He got his mystic treasure from Hazrat [[Sultan Bahoo]] and from Noon Sufi saint.
* '''Marwan Shah:''' He was born in 11th Hijri in the village of Jogi Jamkay. After demise of his father during early childhood he opted for profession of labouring. It is famous and known that during Shab e barat when he was watering the fields of his master the water became milk.
* '''Syed Niamat Ali Shah''': Noor Shah Sadar-u- Din was his father and Wali Qutab Imam of Begum Kot Lahore his brother. He came to Jalalpur for preaching Islam. He lived in the district and died at the age of 90. He is buried in Jalalpur and every year his urs is arranged on 15 ‘Har’(A month of ‘Bikrami’ year)
* '''Makhdoom Pir Syed Naubahaar Shah Bukhari:''' He was born in 1876 and died in 1978. He is the descendant of Syed Hazrat Jalaluddin Surkh Posh Bukhari(RA), Uch Sharif and his grandson Sajjada Nasheen Darbar-e-Jalalia, Makhdoom Jalaluddin also known as Hazrat Makhdoom Jahanian Jahan Gasht. His mausoleum is located at the border of district Hafizabad, 18 km on M3 from Pindi Bhattian to Faisalabad. His Urs is arranged on 26 & 27 ‘Jaith’(A month of ‘Bikrami’ year)
* '''Sain Sharif:''' Also known as Nanga Peer rests in the east of Garhi Awan graveyard. He departed from this world in near past and still remains a source of great attraction to his followers and believers of Sufism in Hafizabad.
* '''Sheikh Mosa Dud''': He was contemporary and devotees of Baba Fareed Gunj Shaker. It is stated that when once Hazrat Baba Fareed Gunjh Shaker was going for pilgrimage, he asked Sheikh Mosa Dud to come along with him but he apologised. When Hazrat Baba Fareed reached ‘Macca’ he saw that Mosa Dud was already there. That's' why the devotees of Fareed Shaker Gunj called him Mosa Dud. He is buried in Mehmood Pur, a slum of Jalalpur.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saints of Hafizabad|url=http://punjab.gov.pk/hafizabad_saint_district_hafizabad}}</ref>
* '''Sai Abdullah Qadri''': Kassoki Road, Hafizabad(Near Masjid Sobedaar wali)<ref>http://apnahafizabad.com/saints-of-district-hafizabad.html</ref>

==Education==
Over a period of time many new schools and colleges have been established in the district and the overall education standard has improved. The largest enrolment ratio of the Punjab is in Hafizabad and Rawalpindi. Literacy rate is 64% in males and 44% among females.

===Colleges===
*Learners' Hub, Hafizabad
*[[Punjab College, Hafizabad]]
*University of South Asia, Hafizabad
*The Readers' College Hafizabad, Causeway College Hafizabad for Boys & Girls
*Farabi Law College Affiliated with [[University of the Punjab]], M.H.SUFI foundation college kot ishaq
*Govt. college for Boys, Now upgraded and renamed as Govt. College Hafizabad
*Govt.Islamia Degree college for Women
*Lyceum Institute of Future Education (LIFE), Jalal Pur Road nearly opposite to Masjid Ahle-Hadees Hafizabad
*Superior College Hafizabad
*Muslim College Hafizabad
*Hafizabad College of Commerce
*Hafizabad College of Business Studies, Grw road Hafizabad
*Justice Law College Dakkhana road Hafizabad
*The Management Club 1st Floor Usman Plaza Fawara Chowk Hafizabad
*national college of computer science (heritage)
*Elite Academy Ali pur road Hafizabad
*Tips College Jalalpur Bhattian

===Schools===
* Beaconhouse school system.
* The Readers School(English Medium),Jalalpur road.
* Al Raza Public Model School, Lakhia.
* CENTURION
*
* Govt. Model Higher Secondary School.
* Sublime Schools System.
* Sir Syed Scholars INN.
* Unique Farooqi High School (Running under Fazal Education Academy)
* Grammar Model School.
* District Public School.
* Misali Public School.
* Abdali Public School.
* Crescent Public School.
* M. H. Sufi Foundation School.
* Brooksfield School System.
* Allied School System.
* Govt. Muslim High School.
* Govt. High school No.1.
* Govt. High School Madina Colony.
* Govt. High school No.2.
* Concept Model School.
* Gehwara-e-Taleem English Model School.
* The City school.
* The Educators.
* Lahore grammar school(LGS).
* Aga Khan School Hafizabad.
* Govt High School Mian Raheema
∗ Govt High School Dhirenke Mirdadke

== References ==
{{refimprove|date=November 2013}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Hafizabad}}
{{coord|32|04|N|73|41|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}}

'''Ghalib Kharal Hafizabad≈→←'''

[[Category:Tehsils of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Hafizabad District]]
[[Category:Populated places in Hafizabad District]]

David Wood (Missionar)

2017-01-14T20:22:52Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by FabS (talk) to last version by 145.130.188.53

{{other people|David Wood}}
{{Infobox person
| name = David Wood
| image = David_Wood.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1976}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = United States
| citizenship =
| education = Ph.D [[Fordham University]]
| residence = [[Bronx]], [[New York State|New York]]
| occupation = Christian apologist
| employer =
| known_for =
| title =
| religion = [[Christian denomination|Christian]]
| denomination=
| spouse = Marie Wood
| partner =
| children = 4
| website = [http://www.acts17.net/ acts17.net]
}}

'''David Wood''' (born 1976)<ref name=DeFrPrGrace>[http://dearbornfreepress.com/2010/08/31/amazing-grace-amid-profound-controversy/ Dearborn Free Press: "Amazing Grace Amid Profound Controversy" by Jonathan Light] August 31, 2010</ref> is an American [[evangelical]] [[missionary]] and a Christian apologist.<ref name=TimeFreeDebate>[http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/opinion/columns/story/2015/oct/04/wood/328261/ Chattanooga Times Free Press: "Scholars will debate whether Bible, Quran are books of peace"] October 3, 2015 |''"These men are recognized for being two of the best in the field of religious apologetics,..."''</ref><ref>[http://www.thedebateinitiative.com/#/past-events-2/4534173303 The American Evangelical Christian/Muslim Debate Series]</ref><ref>[http://www.answering-christianity.com/nt_commands_killing_jews.htm Conversation between Shadid Lewis and David Wood]</ref> He is currently head of the [[Acts 17]] Apologetics Ministry.<ref>[http://www.acts17.net/ Acts 17 Apologetics]</ref> He is a member of the [[Society of Christian Philosophers]] and the [[Evangelical Philosophical Society]].<ref name=TimeFreeDebate />

==Early life and education==
Wood has stated that he is a former [[atheist]];<ref name=DeFrPrGrace /> and as a youth, he broke into homes and attempted to kill his father with a hammer on multiple occasions<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kS8aUSygJM0&t=0s</ref><ref name=CBNMisguided>[http://www1.cbn.com/video/misguided-man-assaults-father-with-hammer CBN: "Misguided Man Assaults Father with Hammer"] retrieved August 3, 2016</ref> when he was 18.<ref name=Dagen>[http://www.dagen.no/Inspirasjon/inspirasjon/Den-umulige-snuoperasjonen-342308 Dagen: "Den umulige snuoperasjonen" by Eivind Algrøy] 22 mai 2016 (in Norwegian)</ref> He was subsequently sentenced to ten years in prison for [[malicious wounding]].<ref name=CBNMisguided /> While in prison, he was introduced to Christianity by a fellow prisoner named Randy<ref name=Dagen /> who challenged his atheistic beliefs.<ref name=CBNMisguided /> He began to read the Bible in order to respond to Randy's challenges but it eventually led him to convert and in 1996, he became a Christian; and reconciled with his father.<ref name=Dagen />

After five years between jail and prison,<ref name=CBNMisguided /> he was released in 2000 and went to college earning a degree in philosophy.<ref name=FreePressHolyBooks>[http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/opinion/columns/story/2015/oct/04/wood/328261/ Chattanooga Times Free Press: "Wood: Holy Books of Peace? - Religious scholars will debate whether the Bible and Quran promote peace or violence" by David Wood] October 4, 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://killingthebuddha.com/mag/dogma/the-anti-muslim-machine/ | title = Killing the Buddha: The anti-Muslim Machine | accessdate = 2013-10-26 | last = Feldman | first = Kiera | date = November 1, 2010 | work = [[Killing the Buddha]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.blogger.com/profile/10613366053392696689 David Wood], Blogger profile</ref> While in college, he was challenged to convert to [[Islam]] by his roommate, [[Nabeel Qureshi (author)|Nabeel Qureshi]], a Muslim, and went about investigating the life of Mohammed using the earliest sources including [[Ibn Ishaq]]'s epic the "Life of Muhammad" (the earliest [[Prophetic biography|biography of Muhammad]]); the [[hadith]] collections of [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] and [[Sahih Muslim]] (considered by Sunni Muslims to be the two most reliable or ''[[sahih]]'' collections of Muhammad's statements, actions, and example); and the ''[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]'' by [[Al-Tabari]] (one of Islam's greatest historians).<ref name=FreePressHolyBooks /> Concluding that the Quran and Mohammed's example did not simply describe violence in the past (as in the Christian Bible per his assertion), but rather commanded ongoing violence, he took up the mantle as a Christian apologist.<ref name=FreePressHolyBooks /> His roommate Nabeel, eventually went on to become a Christian apologist as well.<ref name=DeFrPrGrace /> Wood would later earn a Ph.D. in the [[philosophy of religion]] at [[Fordham University]].<ref name=TimeFreeDebate />

==Christian apologetics==
Wood has participated in numerous public debates with [[Muslims]] and [[atheists]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SuRNZJ6M11MC&pg=PA272&dq=david+wood+acts17&hl=en&ei=wCk7TeenCMHPhAff0ZS2Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Evidence for God: 50 Arguments for Faith from the Bible, History, Philosophy] By William A. Dembski, Michael R. Licona</ref><ref>[http://thegreatdebateseries.com/ An Open Debate Challenge to Shabir Ally, Jamal Badawi, and Zakir Naik]</ref><ref>[http://www.muslim-responses.com/david_wood_ David Wood, Muslim-responses.com]</ref> usually in a public hall or in front of a university audience<ref>[http://hamptonroads.com/2008/03/itll-be-battle-religions-weekend-norfolk battle of religions] Retrieved 26 January 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.call-to-monotheism.com/rebuttal_to_david_wood_s_article__muhammad_in_the_bible___an_analysis_of_the_muslim_appeal_to_biblical_prophecy_ Rebuttal to David Wood]</ref><ref name="Big list">[http://commonsenseatheism.com/?p=171 Big list of Christian Vs. Muslim debates] ''This article contains links to several David Wood video debates''</ref><ref>[http://articles.dailypress.com/2008-03-15/features/0803140096_1_islamic-center-debate-christian-apologetics Debates Look At Islam, Christianity] [[Daily Press (Virginia)]] newspaper</ref> including Sunni Muslim apologist [[Shabir Ally]].<ref name=TimeFreeDebate /> Wood was invited on several ABN shows, in inter-religious discussions against atheism and Islam, where among other things he regularly appears on the Aramaic Broadcasting Network.<ref>[http://thereligionofconquest.com/2010/11/27/must-see-islamic-tv-ministry-promoting-abn-the-aramaic-broadcasting-network-at-abnsat-com/ MUST SEE ISLAMIC TV MINISTRY: Promoting ABN (The Aramaic Broadcasting Network) at ABNsat.com « The Religion of Conquest]</ref> He has produced [[YouTube]] videos presenting his views on religion.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/user/Acts17Apologetics]{{specify|date=July 2014}}</ref>

Wood opposed the [[Park51]] Islamic Center, arguing that it was not meant to honor the victims' families, but instead was a symbol of Islamic victory and named ''Cordoba House'' in memory of the Islamic conquest of Spain by the Umayyad Caliphate which later formed the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]].<ref>[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_691292.html Mosque plans near Ground Zero] By Pittsburgh Tribine-Review</ref> Wood disagreed with Pastor [[Terry Jones (pastor)|Terry Jones]] in the [[2010 Qur'an-burning controversy]], comparing it to the [[Uthman ibn Affan#Qur'an|Uthman Qur'an burning]].<ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/72415 Original Quran-Burning Took Place in the Mid-Seventh Century] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919063531/http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/72415 |date=September 19, 2010 }} CNS News [[Cybercast News Service]]</ref>

Wood was arrested outside [[Dearborn, Michigan]], after preaching at an Arab festival and being charged with a misdemeanor of [[disturbing the peace]], but was later acquitted.<ref>[http://www.mininggazette.com/page/content.detail/id/118925/Jury-acquits--4-arrested--for-behavior-at-Arab-fest.html?isap=1&nav=5014 Jury acquits 4 arrested for behavior at Arab fest] Associated Press re-print</ref><ref>[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2010/september/1.17.html Dispute in Dearborn] Christianity Today magazine</ref> In May 2013, the City of Dearborn was required to post a public apology<ref>[http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2013/05/dearborn_ordered_to_apologize.html Michigan Live: "Dearborn ordered to apologize for arrests of Christian missionaries at Arab Fest" by Gus Burns] May 6, 2013</ref> to be maintained on the City's website for three years and pay $300,000 to Wood and his three compatriots.<ref>[http://www.christianpost.com/news/michigan-city-paid-evangelists-300000-in-lawsuit-settlement-96657/ Christian Post: "Michigan City Paid Evangelists $300,000 in Lawsuit Settlement" by Anugrah Kumar] May 25, 2013</ref>

Wood wrote a polemic regarding the work of [[Richard Carrier]] which he titled "Good 'n' Senseless Without God: A Critical Review of Richard Carrier's New Book, Sense & Goodness Without God".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.answeringinfidels.com/content/view/76/48/ | title = Good 'n' Senseless Without God: A Critical Review of Richard Carrier's new book, Sense & Goodness Without God | accessdate = 2013-10-23 | last = Wood | first = David | work = AnsweringInfidels.com | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060211000026/http://www.answeringinfidels.com/content/view/76/48/ | archivedate = 2006-02-11}}</ref><ref>[[Richard Carrier]]. [http://www.richardcarrier.info/contrawood.html On the Deceptions of David Wood]</ref> Wood has also written journals arguing against the views of [[Dan Barker]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lYYS7Bv_HJoC&pg=PR7&dq=david+wood+acts17&hl=en&ei=wCk7TeenCMHPhAff0ZS2Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=david%20wood&f=false Defending the Resurrection] By Ed James Patrick Holding</ref>

==Personal life==
He met his wife, then an [[agnostic]] while in college; she also became a Christian.<ref name=CBNMisguided /> They have four sons.<ref name=FreePressHolyBooks/>

==See also==
*[[Christian apologetics]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
*[http://www.acts17.net/ Official David Wood website]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/Acts17Apologetics Official Acts17Apologetics Youtube channel]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kS8aUSygJM0&t=0s Admission of attempted murder]
*[http://www.acts17.net/2014/12/david-wood-why-i-am-christian.html David Wood: Why I am a Christian] December 7, 2014

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wood, David}}
[[Category:American theologians]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:Christian apologists]]
[[Category:Critics of Islam]]
[[Category:Critics of atheism]]
[[Category:Converts to Christianity from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

OurMine

2016-11-17T04:02:37Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Filled in 1 bare reference(s) with reFill ()

{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = OurMine Logo.svg
| caption = OurMine
| formation = 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/ourmine-is-a-new-hacker-collective-targeting-tech-elite-2016-6|title=Meet the new hacker collective targeting the tech elite|publisher=}}</ref>
| type = Security Group
| name = OurMine
| membership = unknown
}}
'''OurMine Security Group''' is a [[hacker group]]. The group uses [[Security hacker|hacks]] of celebrity internet accounts to advertise their commercial services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/06/meet-ourmine-security-group-hacking-ceos-celebs/|title=Meet OurMine, the ‘Security’ Group Hacking CEOs and Celebs|publisher=[[Wired (magazine)]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://qz.com/700043/nobody-likes-the-hackers-who-broke-into-mark-zuckerbergs-twitter-account/
|publisher=[[Quartz (publication)]]
|title=What we know about the despised hackers who broke into Mark Zuckerberg’s social media accounts
|date=6 June 2016
|author=Josh Horwitz
|quote=OurMine appear to be neither educators nor activists. They hack the accounts of high profile individuals or entities seemingly at random, for their own amusement or personal gain.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3097513/security/ourmine-is-now-breaking-into-minecraft-accounts.html|title=OurMine is now hacking into Minecraft accounts|publisher=[[PC World]]|quote=In emails, the group has said it merely wants to help the public become aware of today's cybersecurity problems, including the use of weak passwords. }}</ref>

In 2016, they hacked the [[Twitter]] accounts of [[Wikipedia]] co-founder [[Jimmy Wales]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/wikipedia-co-founder-jimmy-wales-twitter-account-hacked-ourmine-2404899|title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Jimmy Wales’ Twitter Account Hacked By OurMine|date=21 August 2016|publisher=[[International Business Times]]|quote=...a member belonging to the hacking group insisted that it’s just promoting stronger security, claiming that if the group didn’t hack famous accounts someone else would. }}</ref> [[Pokémon Go]] creator [[John Hanke]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/01/pokemon-go-creator-niantics-ceo-hacked-on-twitter/|title=John Hanke is hacked’ By OurMine|date=July 31, 2016|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2016/07/31/hacker-explains-why-he-took-over-pokemon-go-creators-social-media-accounts/|title=Hacker Explains Why OurMine Took Over 'Pokémon GO' Creator's Social Media Accounts|first=Ryan|last=Mac|publisher=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Twitter co-founder [[Jack Dorsey]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2016/07/09/jack-dorsey-twitter-hack/|title=Jack Dorsey is hacked’ By OurMine|date=July 9, 2016|publisher=[[Mashable]]|quote=}}</ref> [[Google]] CEO [[Sundar Pichai]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenextweb.com/google/2016/06/27/someone-just-hacked-google-ceo-sundar-pichais-quora-account/|title=Sundar Pichai is hacked’ By OurMine|date=June 27, 2016|publisher=[[TheNextWeb]]|quote=}}</ref> and [[Facebook]] co-founder [[Mark Zuckerberg]], whose [[Pinterest]] was also hacked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/mark-zuckerbergs-twitter-and-pinterest-accounts-hacked-1465251954|title=Mark Zuckerberg is hacked’ By OurMine|date=June 7, 2016|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|quote=}}</ref> In addition to social media accounts, the group has hacked the website [[TechCrunch]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/26/techcrunch-ourmine-hacking-group-attack|title=TechCrunch falls victim to OurMine hacking group|first=Samuel|last=Gibbs|date=26 July 2016|publisher=|via=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2016/07/27/le-groupe-de-hackeurs-ourmine-pirate-le-site-specialise-techcrunch_4975353_4408996.html|title=Le groupe de hackeurs OurMine pirate le site spécialisé TechCrunch|date=27 July 2016|publisher=|via=[[Le Monde]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/07/26/ourmine-techcrunch-compromise/|title=OurMine 'hackers' are targeting news sites now|publisher=[[Engadget]]}}</ref>

In October 2016, [[BuzzFeed]] published an article linking the OurMine group to a [[Saudi Arabia]]n teenager using the name Ahmad Makki on social media. OurMine denied the allegations, claiming that Makki was only a "fan" of the group.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/this-saudi-teen-is-probably-behind-the-hacks-of-dozens-of-te |title= This Saudi Teen Is Probably Behind The Hacks Of Dozens Of Tech CEOs And Celebrities |last1=Bernstein |first1=Joseph |date=October 4, 2016 |website=BuzzFeed |publisher= |access-date=October 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005184531/https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/this-saudi-teen-is-probably-behind-the-hacks-of-dozens-of-te |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |}}</ref> One day after the article's publication, OurMine infiltrated BuzzFeed's website and altered the content of several posts to read "Hacked By OurMine".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nymag.com/selectall/2016/10/buzzfeed-hacked-by-ourmine-group.html |title= BuzzFeed Hacked by OurMine: 'We Have Your Databases' |last1=Feldman |first1=Brian |date=October 5, 2016 |website=[[New York (magazine)|NYMag.com]] |publisher= |access-date=October 5, 2016 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20161005185937/http://nymag.com/selectall/2016/10/buzzfeed-hacked-by-ourmine-group.html |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mediaite.com/online/after-outing-alleged-hacker-buzzfeed-vandalized-by-ourmine-group/ |title= After Outing Alleged Hacker, Buzzfeed Vandalized by ‘OurMine’ Group
|last1=Reisman |first1=Sam |date=October 5, 2016 |website=[[Mediaite]] |publisher= |access-date=October 5, 2016 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20161005190431/http://www.mediaite.com/online/after-outing-alleged-hacker-buzzfeed-vandalized-by-ourmine-group/ |archive-date=October 5, 2016 |}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://ourmine.org}}

[[Category:Hacker groups]]
[[Category:Hacking in the 2010s]]

NBA 2K

2016-11-16T22:55:53Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Fuc2k (talk) to last version by DangerousJXD

{{About|the game series|the first installment of the NBA 2K series|NBA 2K (video game)}}
{{ref improve|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox VG series
|title = NBA 2K
|image =
|caption =
|developer = [[Visual Concepts]]
|publisher = [[Sega]] (1999–2004) [[2K Sports]] (2005–Present)
|year of inception = 1999
|genre = [[Basketball]]
|platform of origin = [[Sega Dreamcast]]
|platforms = Various (see table)
|first release version = ''[[NBA 2K (video game)|NBA 2K]]''
|first release date = November 10, 1999
|latest release version = ''[[NBA 2K17]]''
|latest release date = September 16, 2016
}}
The '''''NBA 2K''''' series is a series of basketball video games developed and released annually since 1999. The ''NBA 2K'' series was exclusive to the [[Dreamcast|Sega Dreamcast]] when it was first introduced by Sega to address [[EA Sports]]'s decision to not publish any sports games. The series was originally [[video game publisher|published]] by [[Sega]], under the label Sega Sports and is now published by [[2K Sports]]. All of the games in the franchise have been developed by [[Visual Concepts]]. Its primary competitor in the marketplace is the ''[[NBA Live (video game series)|NBA Live]]'' series from [[EA Sports]].

== History ==
The first four games of the series featured commentary from fictional announcers "Bob Steele" and "Rod West" (voiced by Bay Area sports radio personalities Bob Fitzgerald and Rod Brooks who works at [[KNBR]] 680 San Francisco. They also host a radio show called "Fitz and Brooks"), but since ''NBA 2K3'' the game's announcing team has been something of a revolving door, featuring commentary from the likes of [[Bill Walton]], [[Tom Tolbert]], [[Kevin Frazier]], [[Michele Tafoya]], and [[Bob Fitzgerald]]. The color and play-by-play commentary in ''NBA 2K6'', ''NBA 2K7'', and ''NBA 2K8'' is provided by [[Kevin Harlan]] and [[Kenny Smith]], with [[Craig Sager]] providing sideline reports. Peter Barto is the PA Announcer. ''NBA 2K9'' features commentary from [[Kevin Harlan]] and [[Clark Kellogg]] with [[Cheryl Miller]] as the sideline reporter on most versions of ''NBA 2K9'' and ''NBA 2K10''. Starting with ''NBA 2K11'', [[Doris Burke]] replaces Miller as the sideline reporter on most versions of the game. On most versions of ''NBA 2K12'', [[Steve Kerr]] joins Kevin Harlan and Clark Kellogg in the commentary booth. In ''NBA 2K16'', [[Greg Anthony]] would replace Steve Kerr and join Kevin Harlan and Clark Kellogg in the game's commentary booth. In the [[PlayStation 2]] versions starting with ''NBA 2K9'', no sideline reporter is featured in the game.

In 2002, Sega implemented the American television network, [[ESPN]]'s brand with their Sega Sports video games. The ESPN brand was used for three games, with the second game even being renamed ''ESPN NBA Basketball'', until ESPN signed a 15-year deal with [[EA Sports]].

In 2005, Sega sold the ''NBA 2K'' series along with Visual Concepts to [[Take-Two Interactive]]. The series is currently published by [[2K Sports]], a publishing label of Take-Two.

The series has been present on the [[History of video game consoles (seventh generation)|seventh-generation]] of consoles starting with the release of ''NBA 2K6'' for the [[Xbox 360]] in November 2005.

The [[PlayStation 3]] version of ''NBA 2K7'' was the first version to support motion sensing controllers with a [[free throw]] shooting mechanic that has the player move the [[Sixaxis]] controller in a motion similar to a real free throw shot, but was discontinued for later games in the series.<ref>[http://2ksports.com/games/nba2k7/#features NBA 2K7 PlayStation 3 Features] 2ksports.com</ref>

''NBA 2K11'' was the first installment in the franchise to have support for [[3D display|stereoscopic 3D screens]], although this feature was made available via an update only for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions. ''NBA 2K12'' became the first game in the series to have "built-in" support of [[Stereoscopy|3D]] for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions, and the first to include motion controls using the [[PlayStation Move]]. ''NBA 2K14'' became the first game in the series to support the [[History of video game consoles (eighth generation)|new-gen]] consoles, [[PlayStation 4]] and [[Xbox One]].

== Installments ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Titles in the ''NBA 2K'' series
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Developer
! scope="col" | Publisher
! scope="col" | Platforms
! scope="col" | Release date
! scope="col" | Cover athletes
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K (video game)|NBA 2K]]''
| [[Visual Concepts]]
| [[Sega]]
| [[Dreamcast]]
| November 10, 1999
| [[Allen Iverson]]
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K1]]''
| Visual Concepts
| Sega
| Dreamcast
| November 1, 2000
| [[Allen Iverson]]
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K2]]''
| Visual Concepts
| Sega
| Dreamcast, [[Nintendo GameCube|GameCube]], [[PlayStation 2|PS2]], [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]]
| October 24, 2001
| [[Allen Iverson]]
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K3]]''
| Visual Concepts
| Sega
| PS2, Xbox, GameCube
| October 7, 2002
| [[Allen Iverson]]
|-
| ''[[ESPN NBA Basketball (video game)|ESPN NBA Basketball]]''
| Visual Concepts
| Sega
| PS2, Xbox
| October 21, 2003
| [[Allen Iverson]]
|-
| ''[[ESPN NBA 2K5]]''
| Visual Concepts
| Sega
| PS2, Xbox
| September 28, 2004
| [[Ben Wallace]]
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K6]]''
| Visual Concepts
| [[2K Sports]]
| PS2, Xbox, [[Xbox 360]]
| September 26, 2005
| [[Shaquille O'Neal]]
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K7]]''
| Visual Concepts
| 2K Sports
| PS2, [[PlayStation 3|PS3]], Xbox, Xbox 360
| September 25, 2006
| [[Shaquille O'Neal]]
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K8]]''
| Visual Concepts
| 2K Sports
| PS2, PS3, Xbox 360
| October 2, 2007
| [[Chris Paul]]
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K9]]''
| Visual Concepts
| 2K Sports
| PS2, PS3, [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], Xbox 360
| October 7, 2008
| [[Kevin Garnett]]
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K10]]''
| Visual Concepts
| 2K Sports
| PS2, PS3, [[PlayStation Portable|PSP]], [[Wii]], Windows, Xbox 360
| October 6, 2009
| [[Kobe Bryant]]
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K11]]''
| Visual Concepts
| 2K Sports
| PS2, PS3, PSP, Wii, Windows, Xbox 360
| October 5, 2010
| [[Michael Jordan]]
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K12]]''
| Visual Concepts
| 2K Sports
| [[iOS]], PS2, PS3, PSP, Wii, Windows, Xbox 360
| October 4, 2011
| [[Michael Jordan]]/[[Larry Bird]]/[[Magic Johnson]]
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K13]]''
| Visual Concepts
| 2K Sports
| [[Android (phone)|Android]], iOS, PS3, PSP, Wii, [[Wii U]], Windows, Xbox 360
| October 2, 2012
| [[Derrick Rose]], [[Kevin Durant]], and [[Blake Griffin]]
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K14]]''
| Visual Concepts
| 2K Sports
| PS3, [[PlayStation 4|PS4]], Windows, Xbox 360, [[Xbox One]], iOS
| October 1, 2013
| [[LeBron James]]
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K15]]''
| Visual Concepts
| 2K Sports
| PS3, PS4, Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Android, iOS
| October 7, 2014
| [[Kevin Durant]]
|-
| ''[[NBA 2K16]]''
| Visual Concepts
| 2K Sports
| PS3, PS4, Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Android, iOS
| September 25, 2015 (Early Tip Off Edition) September 29, 2015 (official release)
| [[Anthony Davis (basketball)|Anthony Davis]]/[[Stephen Curry]]/[[James Harden]]/[[Michael Jordan]]/[[Tony Parker]]/[[Dennis Schröder]]/[[Marc Gasol|Marc]] and [[Pau Gasol]]
|-
|''[[NBA 2K17]]''
|Visual Concepts
|2K Sports
|PS3, PS4, Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Android, iOS
| September 16, 2016 (Early Tip Off Edition) September 20, 2016 (official release)
|[[Paul George]]/[[Kobe Bryant]]/[[Danilo Gallinari]]/[[Pau Gasol]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.nba2k.com}}

{{NBA 2K series}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nba 2k}}
[[Category:NBA 2K| ]]
[[Category:Video game franchises]]
[[Category:Video game franchises introduced in 1999]]

Punjabis

2016-07-09T02:04:24Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: ce

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{infobox ethnic group
|group = Punjabis
|native_name = {{Lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|پنجابی}}}} ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पंजाबी
|population = Punjabis: {{Circa|125 million|lk=yes}}<ref group="lower-alpha">Pakistani Punjabis + Indian Punjabis + Diaspora</ref><ref group="lower-alpha">Includes only [[Punjabi language]]-speaking populations.</ref>
|region1 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
|pop1 = 93,500,000
|ref1 = <ref name="Brookings population 2010">{{cite web|author1=Ian S. Livingston|author2=Michael O'Hanlon|title=Pakistan Index|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Programs/FP/pakistan%20index/index.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327044026/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Programs/FP/pakistan%20index/index.pdf|archivedate=27 March 2010|publisher=Brookings population 2010|format=PDF|date=29 November 2011|page=13|accessdate=25 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=}}</ref>
|region2 = {{flag|India}}
|pop2 = 29,102,477
|ref2 = <ref name="2001Stm1">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/%28S%282scoev45b4mhlg45mz5jq345%29%29/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.aspx Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000], Census of India, 2001</ref>
|region3 = {{flag|Canada}}
|pop3 = 430,705
|ref3 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1#Note20|title=Census Profile|date=6 May 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
|region4 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|pop4 = 273,000
|ref4 = <ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Census: Quick Statistics|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-wards-and-output-areas-in-england-and-wales/STB-2011-census--quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales--march-2011.html#tab-Main-language|accessdate=28 June 2016}}</ref>
|region5 = {{flag|United States}}
|pop5 = 250,000
|ref5 = <ref>http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/population/ancestry_language_spoken_at_home.html</ref>
|region6 = {{flag|Australia}}
|pop6 = 71,228
|ref6 = <ref>http://mcnair.com.au/wp-content/uploads/McNair-Ingenuity-Research-In-Language-Media-Consumption-Infographic.pdf</ref>
|region7 = {{flag|Malaysia}}
|pop7 = 56,400
|ref7 = <ref>http://www.ethnologue.com/country/BD</ref>
|region8 = {{flag|Libya}}
|pop8 = 54,000
|ref8 = <ref>http://www.ethnologue.com/country/LY</ref>
|region9 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
|pop9 = 23,700
|ref9 = <ref>http://www.ethnologue.com/country/MY</ref>
|region10 = {{flag|New Zealand}}
|pop10 = 19,752
|ref10 = <ref>http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/data-tables/totals-by-topic/totals-by-topic-tables.xls</ref>
|langs = {{hlist | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]}}
|religions = '''Predominantly:''' [[Islam]] in Pakistan [[Sikhism]] & [[Hinduism]] in India
'''Minorities:''' {{hlist | [[Christianity]] | [[Buddhism]] | [[Jainism]] }}
}}

{{Punjabis}}
The '''Punjabis''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{Lang|pnb|{{Nastaliq|پنجابی}}}}, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ, पंजाबी), or '''Punjabi people''', are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] ethnic group originating from the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab region]], found in [[Pakistan]] and northern [[India]]. Punjab literally means the ''land of five waters'' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: panj ("five") āb ("waters").<ref name="Gandhi 2013">{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, [[Illinois]]|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}</ref> The name of the region was introduced by the [[Turko-Persian]] conquerors<ref>{{cite book|last=Canfield|first=Robert L.|title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective|year=1991|page=1 ("Origins")|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=[[Cambridge]], United Kingdom|isbn=0-521-52291-9}}</ref> of [[History of India|India]] and more formally popularized during the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="Gandhi 2013"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Shimmel|first=Annemarie|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|year=2004|publisher=Reaktion Books Ltd.|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=1-86189-1857}}</ref> Punjab is often referred to as the [[breadbasket]] in both Pakistan and India.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/01/30/india-election-punjab-idINDEE80S02520120130 | work=Reuters | title=Punjab, bread basket of India, hungers for change | date=January 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://water.columbia.edu/2012/03/07/columbia-water-center-released-new-whitepaper-restoring-groundwater-in-punjab-indias-breadbasket/ |title=Columbia Water Center Released New Whitepaper: "Restoring Groundwater in Punjab, India's Breadbasket" – Columbia Water Center|publisher=Water.columbia.edu |date=2012-03-07 |accessdate=2013-07-12}}</ref>

The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] into a broader common "Punjabi" identity initiated from the onset of the 18th century CE. Prior to that the sense and perception of a common "Punjabi" ethno-cultural identity and community did not exist, even though the majority of the various communities of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] had long shared linguistic, cultural and racial commonalities.<ref>{{cite book|last=Malhotra|first=edited by Anshu|title=Punjab reconsidered : history, culture, and practice|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=9780198078012|url=http://global.oup.com/academic/product/punjab-reconsidered-history-culture-and-practice-9780198078012;jsessionid=67C0F3362215BC7FE368DF643C70CA16?cc=de&lang=en&|author2=Mir, Farina }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ayers|first=Alyssa|title=Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab|journal=Journal of Asian Studies|year=2008|volume=67|issue=3|pages=917–46|url=http://alyssaayres.com/pdf/Ayres-JAS-Language-Nation.pdf|doi=10.1017/s0021911808001204}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Thandi|first=edited and introduced by Pritam Singh and Shinder S.|title=Globalisation and the region : explorations in Punjabi identity|year=1996|publisher=Association for Punjab Studies (UK)|location=Coventry, United Kingdom|isbn=1874699054}}</ref>

Traditionally, Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion, and refers to those who reside in the [[Punjab region]], or associate with its population, and those who consider the [[Punjabi language]] their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thandi|first=edited by Pritam Singh, Shinder Singh|title=Punjabi identity in a global context|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=019-564-8641|url=http://www.amazon.com/Punjabi-Identity-Global-Context-Pritam/dp/0195648641}}</ref> [[social integration|Integration]] and [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]] are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections. More or less all Punjabis share the same cultural background.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Singh|first=Prtiam|title='Globalisation and Punjabi Identity: Resistance, Relocation and Reinvention (Yet Again!)'|journal=Journal of Punjab Studies|year=2012|volume= 19|issue= 2|pages=153–72|url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal/v19_2/Singh.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krysstal.com/langfams_indoeuro.html |title=Languages : Indo-European Family |publisher=Krysstal.com |accessdate=2013-07-12}}</ref>

Historically, the Punjabi people were a [[heterogeneous]] group and were subdivided into a number of clans called ''[[Baradari (brotherhood)|biradari]]'' (literally meaning "brotherhood") or ''[[Punjabi tribes|tribes]]'', with each person bound to a clan. However, Punjabi identity also included those who did not belong to any of the historical tribes. With the passage of time tribal structures are coming to an end and are being replaced with a more cohesive<ref>{{cite journal|last=Albert V.|first=Carron|author2=Lawrence R. Brawley |title=Cohesion: Conceptual and Measurement Issues|journal=http://sgr.sagepub.com/ : Small Group Research|date=December 2012|volume=43|issue= 6|url=http://sgr.sagepub.com/content/43/6/726.full.pdf+html}}</ref> and holistic society. That is why [[community building]] and [[group cohesiveness]]<ref>http://www.oecd.org/dev/pgd/internationalconferenceonsocialcohesionanddevelopment.htm : The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Webpage for Group Cohesiveness</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mukherjee|first=Protap|author2=Lopamudra Ray Saraswati |title=Levels and Patterns of Social Cohesion and Its Relationship with Development in India: A Woman’s Perspective Approach|journal=Ph.D. Scholars, Centre for the Study of Regional Development School of Social Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi – 110 067, India|date=Jan 20, 2011|url=http://www.oecd.org/dev/pgd/46839502.pdf}}</ref> form the new pillars of Punjabi society.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thandi|first=edited and introduced by Pritam Singh and Shinder S.|title=Globalisation and the region : explorations in Punjabi identity|year=1996|publisher=Association for Punjab Studies (UK)|location=Coventry, United Kingdom|isbn=1-874699-054|url=http://www.amazon.com/Globalisation-Region-Explorations-Punjabi-Identity/dp/1874699054}}</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
[[File:Punjab map (topographic) with cities.png|thumb|left|The [[Punjab region]], with its rivers. The land of the Punjabi People]]

[[File:Punjab region 3.jpg|thumb|Right|Cultural and historical [[Punjab region]] of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]]]

===Independence and its aftermath===
The 1947 independence of India and Pakistan, and the subsequent partition of Punjab, is considered by historians to be the beginning of the end of the British Empire.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Trevor Owen|last=Lloyd|title=The British Empire 1558–1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=0-19-873134-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gIBgQgAACAAJ|ref=refLloyd1996|accessdate=22 July 2009}}</ref> The [[UNHCR]] estimates 14 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims were [[Refugee|displaced]] during the partition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rupture in South Asia| url = http://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf |publisher=UNHCR| accessdate = 2015-12-23 }}</ref> To date, this is considered the largest [[mass migration]] in human history.<ref>{{cite web|title= The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies|author=Dr Crispin Bates |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml|work=BBC|date= 2015-12-23|accessdate=2014-08-16}}</ref>

Until 1947, the province of Punjab was ruled by a coalition comprising the [[Indian National Congress]], the Sikh-led [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and the [[Unionist Muslim League]]. However, the growth of Muslim nationalism led to the [[All India Muslim League]] becoming the dominant party in the 1946 elections. As Muslim separatism increased, the opposition from Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs increased substantially. Communal violence on the eve of Indian independence led to the dismissal of the coalition government, although the succeeding League ministry was unable to form a majority. Along with the province of Bengal, Punjab was partitioned on religious lines – the Muslim-majority West becoming part of the new Muslim state of Pakistan, and the Hindu and Sikh East remaining in India. Partition was accompanied by massive violence on both sides, claiming the lives of hundreds of thousands of people.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Ishtiaq|title=The Punjab bloodied, partitioned and cleansed : unravelling the 1947 tragedy through secret British reports and first-person accounts|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Karachi|isbn=0199064709|url=http://www.amazon.com/The-Punjab-Bloodied-Partitioned-Cleansed/dp/0199064709}}</ref> West Punjab was virtually cleansed of its Hindu and Sikh populations, who were forced to leave for India, while East Punjab and Delhi were virtually cleansed of the Muslim population.

By the 1960s, Indian Punjab underwent reorganisation as Sikh demands for an autonomous state increased. The Hindu-majority areas were formed into the states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Haryana]] respectively, making Sikhs the majority in the state of Punjab itself. In the 1980s, Sikh separatism combined with popular anger against the [[Indian Army]]'s counter-insurgency operations (especially [[Operation Bluestar]]) led to violence and disorder in Indian Punjab, which only subsided in the 1990s. Political power in Indian Punjab is contested between the secular Congress Party and the Sikh religious party Akali Dal and its allies, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Indian Punjab remains one of the most prosperous of India's states and is considered the "breadbasket of India."

Subsequent to partition, West Punjabis made up a majority of the Pakistani population, and the Punjab province constituted 40% of Pakistan's total land mass. Today, Punjabis continue to be the largest ethnic group in Pakistan, accounting for half of the country's population. They reside predominantly in the province of Punjab, neighbouring [[Azad Kashmir]] in the region of Jammu and Kashmir and in [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]. Punjabis are also found in large communities in the largest city of Pakistan, [[Karachi]], located in the [[Sindh]] province.

Punjabis in India can be found in the states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]],[[Delhi]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Chandigarh]]. Large communities of Punjabis are also found in the [[Jammu]] region of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] and in [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. In Delhi,

[[File:Pakistan ethnic map v2.svg|thumb|left|Ethnic groups in Pakistan by region.]]

===Pakistani Punjabis===
Punjabis make up about half of the population of Pakistan. The Punjabis found in Pakistan belong to groups known as biradaris. In addition, Punjabi society is divided into two divisions, the zamindar groups or qoums, traditionally associated with farming and the moeens, who are traditionally artisans. Some zamindars are further divided into groups such as the [[Mughal tribe|Mughal]]s, [[Punjabi Rajput|Rajput]]s, [[Muslim Jats|Jat]]s, [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikhs]] or (Muslim [[Khatri]]), [[Gujjar]]s, [[Awan (Pakistan)|Awans]], [[Arain]]s, [[Malik]], [[Gakhars]], [[Dogar]]s and [[Mian Rehmani]]. People from neighbouring regions, such as [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiris]], [[Punjabi Pathan|Pashtun]] and [[Punjabi Baloch|Baluch]], also form important elements in the Punjabi population. Major Moeen groups include the [[Lohar]], [[Khateek]], [[Rawal]], [[Chhimba Darzi]], [[Muslim Teli|Teli]], [[Qassab]], [[Mallaah]], [[Dhobi]], Muslim [[Sunar]]s, [[Mirasi]], who are associated with a particular crafts or occupation.<ref>''Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey'' Richard V. Weekes, editor-in-chief Greenwood Press 1978</ref>{{Pn|date=January 2016}}

Punjabi people have traditionally and historically been farmers and soldiers,{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} which has transferred into modern times with their dominance of agriculture and military fields in Pakistan. In addition, Punjabis in Pakistan have been quite prominent politically, having had many elected members of parliament. As the most ardent supporters of a Pakistani state, the Punjabis in Pakistan have shown a strong predilection towards the adoption of the Urdu language but nearly all speak Punjabi, and still identify themselves as ethnic Punjabis.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} Religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant Islamic [[Sunni]]-[[Shi'a Islam|Shia]] population with [[Ahmadiyya]] and Christian minority. A variety of related sub-groups exist in Pakistan and are often considered by many Pakistani Punjabis to be simply regional Punjabis including the [[Seraiki people|Seraikis]] (who overlap and are often considered transitional with the [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]]).

The recent definition of Punjabi people, in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]], is not based on [[Race (classification of humans)|racial classification]], [[Common descent|common ancestry]] or [[endogamy]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Brian Schwimmer |url=http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~anthrop/tutor/marriage/endogamy.html |title=Endogamy |publisher=Home.cc.umanitoba.ca |date=}}</ref> but based on geographical and cultural basis and thus makes it a unique definition. In Pakistani Punjab, there is not a great emphasis on a single dialect of the language and Pakistani Punjabis speak many distinct [[Punjabi dialects|dialects]],<ref>[http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dialectterm.htm dialect – definition and examples of dialects in linguistics]. Grammar.about.com (15 July 2013).</ref><ref>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=95&menu=004 UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile]. Lmp.ucla.edu.</ref> which include [[Hindko]], [[Saraiki language|Seraiki]], [[Potwari language|Potohari or Pahari]] and still identify themselves as Punjabis. People from a few provinces of [[Pakistan]] have made Punjab their home in recent times and now their consecutive generations identify themselves as Punjabis. The largest community to assimilate in Punjabi culture and now identify themselves as Punjabis are [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]] which include noted personalities like [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[Shaikh Rasheed Ahmad|Sheikh Rasheed]], [[Hamid Mir]] and the most noted poet [[Muhammad Iqbal]], to name a few. The second largest community after Kashmiris are people of India, who identify themselves as Punjabis. The other communities to assimilate in Punjabis include [[Baloch people|Baloch]] who can be found throughout Punjab, and [[Balti people|Baltis]]. The welcoming nature of Punjab have led to successful integration of almost all ethnic groups in Punjab over time. The [[Urdu]], Punjabi and other language speakers who arrived in Punjab in 1947<ref>[http://bintphotobooks.blogspot.de/2011/04/great-migration-india-pakistan-1947.html Bint photoBooks on INTernet: The Great Migration India Pakistan 1947 Life Magazine Margaret Bourke-White Sunil Janah Photojournalism Photography]. Bintphotobooks.blogspot.de (11 April 2011).</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn9ZwI9zqu4 Migration on India-Pakistan Partition of Punjab]. YouTube (25 January 2011).</ref> have now assimilated and their second and third generations identify themselves as Punjabis even though it is not the same in [[Sindh]] Pakistan where they form distinct ethnic groups.

===Indian Punjabis===

The Punjabi-speaking people make 2.83% of India's population as of 2001. The total number of Indian Punjabis is unknown due to the fact that ethnicity is not recorded in the [[Census of India]]. The Sikhs are largely concentrated in the modern-day state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] forming 58% of the population with Hindus forming 38%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Census-2011-age-of-Sikhs-drops-in-Punjab-migration-to-blame/articleshow/48689317.cms|title=Census 2011: %age of Sikhs drops in Punjab; migration to blame?|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 35% of Delhi's total population and are predominantly [[Hindi]]-speaking [[Punjabi Hindus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/delhi-assembly-elections-2015-important-facts-and-stakeholders-25298.html|title=Delhi Assembly Elections 2015: Important Facts And Major Stakeholders Mobile Site|author=indiatvnews|date=6 February 2015|work=India TV News|accessdate=7 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/sunday-special/perspective/why-punjabis-are-central-to-delhi-election/36387.html|title=Why Punjabis are central to Delhi election|author=Jupinderjit Singh|date=|work=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/perspective/why-punjabis-are-central-to-delhi-election/36387.html|accessdate=7 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Sanjay2008"/> Muslims in Delhi are 13% of the population. In [[Chandigarh]], 80.78% people of the population are Hindus, 13.11% are Sikhs, 4.87% are Muslims and minorities are Christians, Buddhists and Jains.<ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW04C-01%20MDDS.XLS</ref>

Like the Punjabi Muslim society, these various [[caste system in India|castes]] are associated with particular occupations or crafts.

Indian Punjab is also home to small groups of Muslims and Christian. Most of the [[East Punjab]]'s Muslims ''(in today's states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Chandigarh)'' left for West Punjab in 1947. However, a small community still exists today, mainly in [[Malerkotla]] and [[Qadian]] , the only Muslim princely state among the seven that formed the erstwhile [[Patiala]] and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). The other six ''(mostly Sikh)'' states were: Patiala, [[Nabha]], [[Jind]], [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]], [[Kapurthala]] and [[Kalsia]].

The Indian censuses record the native languages, but not the descent of the citizens. Linguistic data cannot accurately predict ethnicity: for example, Punjabis make up a large portion of Delhi's population but many descendants of the [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Hindu]] refugees who came to Delhi following the [[partition of India]] now speak Hindi natively. Thus, there is no concrete official data on the [[Ethnic groups in Delhi|ethnic makeup of Delhi]] and other Indian states.<ref name="Sanjay2008">{{cite book | author=Sanjay Yadav | title=The Invasion of Delhi | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTBBL1q5C_EC&pg=PA10 | year=2008 | publisher=Worldwide Books | isbn=978-81-88054-00-8 }}</ref>{{rp|8–10}}

The Punjab region within India maintains a strong influence on the perceived culture of India towards the rest of the world. Numerous Bollywood film productions use the Punjabi language in their songs and dialogue as well as traditional dances such as [[Bhangra (dance)|bhangra]]. Bollywood has been dominated by Punjabi artists including [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Shashi Kapoor]],[[Kabir Bedi]], [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[ Vinod Mehra]], [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Akshay Kumar]] [[Sunny Deol]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]]. Punjabi Prime Ministers of India include [[Gulzarilal Nanda]], [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] and Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]]. There are numerous players in the Indian cricket team both past and present including [[Bishen Singh Bedi]], [[Kapil Dev]], [[Mohinder Amarnath]], [[Navjot Sidhu]], [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Yuvraj Singh]] [[Virat Kohli]], and [[Yograj Singh]].

===Emigration & Diaspora===
{{Main|Punjabi diaspora}}
[[File:Punjabi Speaking World.png|thumb|right|380px|Punjabis around the world]]
The Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers to many parts of the world. In the early 20th century, many Punjabis began settling in the United States, including independence activists who formed the [[Ghadar Party]]. The United Kingdom has a significant number of Punjabis from both Pakistan and India as does Canada (specifically [[Vancouver]] and [[Toronto]]) and the United States, (specifically California's [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]]). In the 1970s, a large wave of emigration of Punjabis (predominately from Pakistan) began to the Middle East, in places such as the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Kuwait]]. There are also large communities in East Africa including the countries of [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] and [[Tanzania]]. Punjabis have also emigrated to Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia including [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], Singapore and Hong Kong.

==History of Punjab==
{{Main|History of Punjab}}
[[File:Surrender of Porus to the Emperor Alexander.jpg|right||thumb|upright|One of the first known kings of ancient Punjab, [[King Porus]] who fought with Alexander]]
Indigenous population flourished in this region, near the gateways to other continents, leading to a developed civilization in 5th to 4th millennium BC,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/pakistan/taxila/index.php |title=Taxila, Pakistan: Traditional and Historical Architecture |publisher=Orientalarchitecture.com |date=}}</ref> the ancient [[Indus Valley Civilization]]. Also [[Buddhism]] remnants have been found like [[Mankiala]] which corroborate the Buddhist background of this region as well.

The remains of the ancient Indo-Aryan city of [[Taxila]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Jona Lendering |url=http://www.livius.org/ta-td/taxila/taxila.htm |title=Taxila |publisher=Livius.org |date=28 May 2008}}</ref> and many ornaments that have been found in this region,suggests that,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harappa.com/har/har0.html |title=Indus Valley Civilization |publisher=Harappa.com |date=1 February 2010}}</ref> one of the centers of [[Indus Valley Civilization]] was established at many parts of Punjab most notably were [[Taxila]] and [[Harappa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harappa.com/ |title=The Ancient Indus Valley and the British Raj in India and Pakistan |publisher=Harappa.com |date=}}</ref> [[Punjab region|Punjab]] became a center of early civilisation from around 3300 BC. According to Historians this region was ruled by many small kingdoms and tribes around 4th and 5th BC. The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as '''[[King Porus]]'''<ref name="livius.org">{{cite web|author=Jona Lendering |url=http://www.livius.org/pn-po/porus/porus.htm |title=Porus |publisher=Livius.org |date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.padfield.com/1993/alex.html |title=Alexander The Great in India at Jhelum with Porus, the Indian rajah |publisher=Padfield.com |date=}}</ref> and he fought a famous [[Battle of the Hydaspes]]<ref>{{cite web|author=__start__ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuxjoGJZmKQ |title=Battle of Hydaspes ( Jhelum Punjab)_Alexander vs Porus ( Local King in Punjab, Former North India) |publisher=YouTube |date=4 April 2012}}</ref> against Alexander. His kingdom, known as '''[[Pauravas]]''', was situated between Hydaspes (modern [[Jhelum]] and Acesines (modern day [[Chenab]]).<ref name="livius.org"/> These kings fought local battles to gain more ground.[[Taxiles]] or '''[[Taxiles|Omphis]]''' another local North Indian king, wanted to defeat his eastern adversary [[King Porus|Porus]] in a turf war and he invited [[Alexander the great]] to defeat Porus. This marked the first intrusion of the West in the Indian subcontinent and North India in general. But such was the valor of Porus and his kingdom forces in Punjab, that despite being defeated, he was appreciated by [[Alexander the Great]] for his skill and valor and he was granted further territories in the North.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat.html |title=Alexander the Great (Alexander of Macedon) Biography |publisher=Historyofmacedonia.org |date=}}</ref> The other Indian kings did not like the fact that Porus was now an ally of Western forces. In less than ten years another Indian king '''[[Chandragupta Maurya]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wildfiregames.com/0ad/page.php?p=8542 |title=Biographies: Chandragupta Maurya :: 0 A.D. |publisher=Wildfire Games |date=}}</ref> defeated the forces and conquered the Northern Indian regions up to the Kabul river (in modern-day [[Afghanistan]]). Alexander mostly ruled this land with the help of local allies like [[King Porus|Porus]].<ref name="Kivisild et al. 2003">{{Harvcoltxt|Kivisild et al.|2003}}</ref>

Centuries later, areas of the Punjab region were ruled by local kings followed by the [[Ghaznavids]], [[Ghurids]], [[Mughals]], and others. Islam arrived in Punjab when the [[Muslim]] [[Umayyad]] army led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] conquered Sindh in 711 AD, by defeating [[Raja Dahir]]. Some of the Muslims are said to have settled in the region and adopted the local culture. Centuries later, the Ghaznavids introduced aspects of foreign Persian and Turkic culture in Punjab.

[[File:IVC-major-sites-2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map showing the sites and extent of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]. [[Harappa]] was the center of one of the core regions of the Indus Valley Civilization, located in central [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. The [[Harappan architecture]] and Harrapan Civilization was one of the most developed in the old [[Bronze Age]].]]

The earliest written Punjabi dates back to the writing of [[Sufi]] Muslim poets of the 11th Century. Its literature spread Punjab's unique voice of peace and spirituality to the entire civilization of the region.

Regions of North India and Punjab were annexed into the Afghan [[Durrani Empire]] later on in 1747, being a vulnerable target.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&pg=PA69&dq=durrani+empire+conquers+punjab&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=kmKVVIHcD8mqU6KwgZAD&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=durrani%20empire%20conquers%20punjab&f=false|title=The History of Afghanistan|accessdate=7 March 2015}}</ref> But Afghan rule in Punjab was very short lived as many local tribal people like [[Gakhars]] fought against Afghan rule and took the lands back. The grandson of Ahmed Shah Durrani ([[Zaman Shah Durrani]]), lost it to [[Ranjit Singh]], a Punjabi Sikh. He was born in 1780 to Maha Singh and Raj Kaur in [[Gujranwala]], Punjab. Ranjit took a leading role in organising a Sikh militia and got control of the Punjab region from Zaman Shah Durrani. Ranjit started a Punjabi military expedition to expand his territory.<ref>{{cite web|author=Category: The Sikh Empire [1799 – 1839] |url=http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/the-sikh-empire-1799-1839/army-of-maharaja-ranjit-singh |title=ARMY OF MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH – The Sikh Empire [1799 – 1839] |publisher=Thesikhencyclopedia.com |date=14 April 2012}}</ref> Under his command the Sikh army began invading neighboring territories outside of Punjab. The [[Jamrud Fort]] at the entry of [[Khyber Pass]] was built by Ranjit Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.softserv-intl.com/oldPakistan/photos/photo6.html |title=Jamrud Fort 1870 |publisher=Softserv-intl.com |date=}}</ref> The Sikh Empire slowly began to weaken after the death of [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] at the [[Battle of Jamrud]] in 1837. Two years later, in 1839, Ranjit Singh died and his son took over control of the empire. By 1850 the [[Company rule in India|British]] took over control of the Punjab region after defeating the Sikhs in the [[Anglo-Sikh wars]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefirstanglosikhwar.com/ |title=thefirstanglosikhwar.com |publisher=thefirstanglosikhwar.com |date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/postgurus/Sikh%20Wars/sikhwars.htm|title=Untitled Document|publisher=}}</ref> establishing their rule over the region for around the next 100 years as a part of the [[British Raj]]. Many Sikhs and Punjabis later pledged their allegiance to the British, serving as sepoys (native soldiers) within the Raj.

==Religions==
{{Main|Sikhism|Sufism}}
People of Punjab remained tolerant throughout the history and that is why many different religious ideologies were tolerated there despite some uproar by some religious extremists. The region of Punjab is the birthplace of one monotheistic [[religion]] that is known as [[Sikhism]].<ref>http://www.sikhs.org/summary.htm : Sikh Religious Philosophy</ref><ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/ : BBC Report about the Sikh Religion</ref> Also many well known followers of [[Sufism]]<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/subdivisions/sufism_1.shtml : BBC report about Sufism</ref> were born in Punjab.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gaur|first=edited by Surinder Singh, Ishwar Dayal|title=Sufism in Punjab : mystics, literature, and shrines|year=2009|publisher=Aakar Books|location=Delhi|isbn=8189833936|url=http://www.amazon.com/Sufism-Punjab-Mystics-Literatures-Shrines/dp/8189833936}}</ref>

{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] (1941 [[Census of India]])<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|53.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|#FF6600|29.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|#FFFF00|14.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|#9955BB|1.5}}
{{bar percent|Others|#808080|1.3}}}}

Due to religious tensions, emigration between Punjabi people started far before the partition and dependable records.<ref>Jones. (2006). Socio-religious reform movements in British India ([[The New Cambridge History of India]]). Cambridge University Press</ref><ref>Jones, R. (2007). The great uprising in India, 1857–58: Untold stories, Indian and British (worlds of the east India company). Boydell Press.</ref> Shortly prior to the Partition of [[British India]], Punjab had a slight majority [[Muslim]] population at about 53.2% in 1941, which was an increase from the previous years.<ref>http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_11_1/6_krishan.pdf</ref> With the division of Punjab and the subsequent independence of Pakistan and later India, mass migrations of [[Muslims]] from Indian Punjab to Pakistan, and those of [[Sikhs]] and [[Hindus]] from [[Pakistan]] to Indian Punjab occurred.
Today, the majority of Pakistani Punjabis follow [[Islam]] with a small Christian minority, while the majority of Indian Punjabis are either [[Sikh]]s or [[Hindu]]s with a [[Muslim]] minority. Punjab is also the birthplace of [[Sikhism]] and the Islamic reform movement [[Ahmadiyya]].<ref name="alislam.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/ |title=IslamAhmadiyya – Ahmadiyya Muslim Community – Al Islam Online – Official Website |publisher=Alislam.org |date=}}</ref>

Following the independence of Pakistan and the subsequent [[Partition of India|partition of British India]], a process of population exchange took place in 1947 as Muslims began to leave [[India]] and headed to the newly created Pakistan and Hindus and Sikhs left [[Pakistan]]<ref>.[http://www.cet.edu/earthinfo/sasia/SAhis.html South Asia: British India Partitioned]</ref> for the newly created state of India.<ref>Avari, B. (2007). India: The ancient past. ISBN 978-0-415-35616-9</ref> As a result of these population exchanges, both parts are now relatively homogeneous, where religion is concerned.

;Population trends for major religious groups in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British Raj|British India]] (1881–1941)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_11_1/6_krishan.pdf |title=Demography of the Punjab (1849-1947) |author=Gopal Krishan |accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|- style="text-align: center;"
! Religious group
! Population % '''1881'''
! Population % '''1891'''
! Population % '''1901'''
! Population % '''1911'''
! Population % '''1921'''
! Population % '''1931'''
! Population % '''1941'''
|-
! style="background:Green;"| Islam
| 47.6% || 47.8% || 49.6% || 51.1% || 51.1% || 52.4% ||53.2%
|-
! style="background:OrangeRed;"| Hinduism
| 43.8% || 43.6% || 41.3% || 35.8% || 35.1% || 30.2% || 29.1%
|-
! style="background:Orange;"| Sikhism
| 8.2% || 8.2% || 8.6% || 12.1% || 12.4% || 14.3% || 14.9%
|-
! style="background:DodgerBlue;"| Christianity
| 0.1% || 0.2% || 0.3% || 0.8% || 1.3% || 1.5% || 1.5%
|-
! style="background:GreenYellow;"| Other religions / No religion
| 0.3% || 0.2% || 0.2% || 0.2% || 0.1% || 1.6% || 1.3%
|}
{{clear}}

===Punjabi Muslims===
{{See also|Punjabi Muslims}}
[[File:Badshahi Mosque July 1 2005 pic32 by Ali Imran (1).jpg|thumb|upright|Badshahi Masjid - The largest mosque of the Mughal Empire built by emperor [[Aurangzeb]].]]

The people of Punjab were mainly Hindus with a Buddhist minority, when the [[Umayyad]] Muslim army led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] conquered Punjab and Sindh in 711 AD. Following this a variety of Muslim dynasties and kingdoms ruled the Punjab region, including [[Ghaznavids]] under [[Mahmud of Ghazni]],<ref name=Esposito>[[John Esposito|John Louis Esposito]], ''Islam the Straight Path'', Oxford University Press, Jan 15, 1998, p. 34.</ref><ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 10, 20</ref><ref>Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1991). The Holy Quran. Medina: King Fahd Holy Qur-an Printing Complex, pg. 507</ref> the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Mughal Empire]] and finally the [[Durrani Empire]]. The province became an important centre and Lahore was made into a second capital of the Turk [[Ghaznavid Empire]]. The [[Delhi Sultanate]] and later [[Mughal Empire]] ruled the region. The Punjab region became predominantly [[Muslim]] due to [[missionary]] [[Sufi]] saints whose [[dargah]]s dot the landscape of [[Punjab region]]. [[Sufis]] played a major role in the establishment of the literary and cultural traditions of the region, and comprised the educated elites of the Punjab for many centuries. Early classical Punjabi epics, such as [[Heer Ranjha]] were written by the sufi, [[Waris Shah]].<ref>{{cite|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Gu_qAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|title=Chasing Love Up against the Sun|page=12|author=Waqar Pirzada|publisher=Xlibris|}}</ref> Muslims established Punjabi literature, utilized [[Shahmukhi]] as the predominant script of the Punjab, as well as made major contributions to the music, art, cuisine and culture of the region. The [[Mughals]] controlled the region from 1524 until 1739 and would also lavish some parts of the province with building projects such as the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]] and the [[Badshahi Mosque]], both situated in Lahore. The [[Muslim]] establishment in the Punjab occurred over a period of several centuries lasting until towards the end of the [[British Raj]] and the division of the Punjab province between [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] in August, 1947. After the [[Pakistan Movement|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, the minority [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s migrated to [[India]] while the [[Muslim]] refugees from [[India]] settled in the Pakistan.<ref>Peers, Gooptu. (2012). India and the British empire (oxford history of the British empire companion). Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Bryant, G. (2013). The emergence of British power in India, 1600–1784 (worlds of the east India company). BOYE6.</ref> Today [[Muslims]] constitute only 1.53% of [[Punjab, India|Eastern Punjab]] in India as now the majority of Muslims live in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Western Punjab]] in Pakistan.

The vast majority of Pakistan's population are native speakers of the Punjabi language and it is the most spoken language in Pakistan. The majority of Pakistani Punjabis speak the standard Punjabi dialect of [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]], which is considered the Punjabi dialect of the educated class, as well as [[Lahnda]] (including [[Hindko]] and [[Saraiki dialect|Saraiki]]).

===Punjabi Hindus===
{{See also|Punjabi Hindus}}

In the pre-Islamic era and before the birth of Sikhism, the population of Punjab mainly followed [[Hinduism]]. Today [[Punjabi Hindu]]s are mostly found in [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]] and in neighbouring states like [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]], which together forms a part of the historical greater [[Punjab region]]. Many of the Hindu Punjabis from the Indian capital [[Delhi]] are immigrants and their descendants, from various parts of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Western Pakistani Punjab]]. Some Punjabi Hindus can also be found in the surrounding areas as well as the recent cosmopolitan migrants in other big cities like [[Mumbai]]. There has also been continuous migration of Punjabi Hindus to western countries like USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, European Union, UAE and UK.

The Hindu Punjabis speak different dialects including [[Lahnda]], as well as [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]] (Standard Punjabi) and others like [[Doabi]] and [[Malwi]]. Some still have managed to retain the Punjabi dialects spoken in Western Punjab, but many have also adopted [[Hindi]].

===Punjabi Sikhs===
{{See also|Sikhs}}

At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the religion of [[Sikhism]] was born, and during the Mughal period its [[Misl]]s gradually emerged as a formidable military force, however, their rebellion was crushed by the Mughals when the Sikhs were defeated at [[Battle of Gurdas Nangal|Gurdas Nangal]]. Nearly a century later emerged the [[Sikh Empire]]. After fighting [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], the Sikhs wrested control of the Punjab from his descendants and ruled in a [[Confederation|confederacy]], which later became the Sikh Empire of the Punjab under [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. A denizen of the city of [[Gujranwala]], the capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was [[Lahore]].<ref>[http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/sikh.htm Sikh Period – Government of Pakistan]. Heritage.gov.pk (14 August 1947).</ref> The Sikhs made architectural contributions to the city, utilizing predominantly Mughal architectural practices. The Sikh Empire fell to the British only a few decades after it had arisen and the Sikhs played a major role in the British military under the [[British Raj]].

===Punjabi Christians===
{{See also|Christianity in Punjab, Pakistan|Christianity in Punjab, India}}
[[File:SadhuSundarSingh.jpg|right|thumb|150px|[[Sadhu Sundar Singh]], an influential Punjabi Christian missionary from [[Ludhiana]] (1889–1929)]]
The death of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighboring British territories then broke down, starting the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]; this led to a British official being resident in [[Lahore]] and the annexation of territory south of the [[Sutlej]] to British India.

In 1877, on [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas' Day]] at [[Westminster Abbey]], London, [[Reverend|Rev]] [[Thomas Valpy French]] was appointed the first [[Anglican Bishop]] of [[Lahore]], a large [[diocese]] which included all of the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], then under British colonial rule, and remained so until 1887, during this period he also opened the Divinity College, Lahore in 1870.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07E2D6173EE73BBC4B52DFB7668383669FDE Churches and Ministers: Home and Foreign Events] [[New York Times]], 13 January 1878.</ref><ref>[http://anglicanhistory.org/india/pk/stock_french/06.html An Heroic Bishop] Chapter VI. His Fourth Pioneer Work: The Lahore Bishopric.</ref><ref>[http://anglicanhistory.org/india/stock_beginnings/11.html Beginnings in India] By Eugene Stock, D.C.L., London: Central Board of Missions and SPCK, 1917.</ref>
Rev [[Thomas Patrick Hughes]] served as a [[Church Missionary Society]] missionary at [[Peshawar]] (1864–84), and became an oriental scholar, and compiled a 'Dictionary of Islam' (1885).<ref>[http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cats/13/1027.htm British Library]. Mundus.ac.uk (18 July 2002).</ref>

[[Missionaries]] accompanied the colonising forces from [[Portugal]], [[France]], [[United States]] and [[Great Britain]]. Christianity was mainly brought by the [[British Raj|British rulers]] of India in the later 18th and 19th century. This is evidenced in cities established by the British, such as the port city of [[Karachi]], where the majestic [[Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi|St. Patrick's Cathedral]], Pakistan's largest church stands, and the churches in the city of [[Rawalpindi]], where the British established a major military cantonment.

The total number of Punjabi Christians in Pakistan is approximately 2,800,000 and 300,000 in Indian Punjab. Of these, approximately half are [[Roman Catholic]] and half Protestant. Many of the modern Punjabi Christians are descended from converts during British rule, however, other modern Punjabi Christians have converted from [[Chuhra|Churas]]. The [[Chuhra|Churas]] were largely converted to Christianity in [[North India]] during the [[British raj]]. The vast majority were converted from the [[Mazhabi|Mazhabi Sikh]] communities of Punjab, and to a lesser extent Hindu Churas; under the influence of enthusiastic British army officers and Christian missionaries. Consequently, since the independence they are now divided between [[Pakistani Punjab]] and [[Indian Punjab]]. Large numbers of [[Mazhabi|Mazhabi Sikh]]s were also converted in the [[Moradabad district]] and the [[Bijnor district]]<ref>Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and [[Rohilkhand]]: north Indian Christianity, 1815–1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p183</ref> of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. [[Rohilkhand]] saw a mass conversion of its entire population of 4500 Mazhabi Sikhs into the [[Methodist Church]].<ref>Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and Rohilkhand: north Indian Christianity, 1815–1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p196</ref> Sikh organisations became alarmed at the rate of conversions among the Mazhabi Sikhs and responded by immediately dispatching Sikh missionaries to counteract the conversions..

== Culture ==
{{Main|Punjabi culture}}
[[File:International border at Wagah - evening flag lowering ceremony.jpg|thumb|250px|right| The evening flag lowering ceremony at the India-Pakistan International Border near Wagah in Punjab.]]
Punjabi culture is the culture of the [[Punjab region]]. It is one of the oldest and richest cultures in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi culture is the culture of the Punjabi people, who are now distributed throughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include Punjabi poetry, philosophy, spirituality, artistry, dance, music, cuisine, military weaponry, architecture, languages, traditions, values and history. Historically, the Punjab/Punjabis, in addition to their rural-agrarian lands and culture, have also enjoyed a unique urban cultural development in two great cities, [[Lahore]]<ref>For various notable Punjabis belonging to this venerable city, please also see [[List of families of Lahore]]</ref> and [[Amritsar]].<ref>Ian Talbot, 'Divided Cities: Lahore and Amritsar in the aftermath of Partition', Karachi:OUP, 2006, pp.1–4 ISBN 0-19-547226-8</ref>

===Role of women===
In the traditional Punjabi culture women do wear traditional dresses but work side by side with men in all the fields. Also women in general manage the finances of the household. Moreover, Punjabi women fought in the past along with the men when the time arose. Majority of Punjabi women were considered as warriors upon a time, they excelled in the art of both leadership and war, they are still considered and treated as leaders among many Punjabi villiages. In certain divisions Punjabi philosophy states that Men are raised to be warriors and women are raised to be leaders. [[Mai Bhago]] is a good example in this regard. Punjabi women also have the strong literary tradition. [[Peero Preman]] was the first Punjabi poetess of the mid 18th century [http://www.apnaorg.com/articles/piro/].<ref>Malhotra, Anshu. "Telling her tale? Unravelling a life in conflict in Peero’s Ik Sau Saṭh Kāfiaṅ. (one hundred and sixty kafis)." Indian Economic & Social History Review 46.4 (2009): 541-578.</ref> She was followed by many other women of repute.

===Language===
{{Main|Punjabi language}}

Punjabi is the most spoken language in [[Pakistan]] and eleventh most spoken language in India. According to the [[Ethnologue]] 2005 estimate,<ref name="ReferenceA">Ethnologue. 15th edition (2005).</ref> there are 130 million native speakers of the Punjabi language, which makes it the ninth most widely spoken language in the world. According to the 2008 Census of Pakistan,<ref>According to [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf statpak.gov.pk] 44.15% of the Pakistani people are native Punjabi speakers. This gives an approximate number of 76,335,300 Punjabi speakers in Pakistan.</ref> there are approximately 76,335,300 native speakers of Punjabi in Pakistan, and according to the [[Demographics of India#Linguistic demographic2001|Census of India]], there are over 29,102,477 Punjabi speakers in India.<ref>[[Census of India]], 2001</ref> Punjabi is also spoken as a [[minority language]] in several other countries where Punjabis have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United Kingdom (where it is the second most commonly used language<ref>[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo000307/halltext/00307h02.htm "Punjabi Community".] The United Kingdom Parliament.</ref>) and Canada, in which Punjabi has now become the fourth most spoken language after English, French and Chinese, due to the rapid growth of immigrants from Pakistan and India.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_4th_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms "Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada"] ''The Times of India''</ref> There are also sizeable communities in the United States, [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], [[Persian Gulf]] countries, Hong Kong, [[Malaysia]], Singapore, Australia and New Zealand.

Punjabis are linguistically and culturally related to the other Indo-Aryan peoples of South Asia. There are an estimated 102 million Punjabi speakers around the world.<ref name="Nationalencyklopedin">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''. Asterisks mark the [http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010 2010 estimates] for the top dozen languages.</ref> If regarded as an ethnic group, they are among the world's largest. In South Asia, they are the [[South Asian ethnic groups|second largest ethnic group]] after the Bengali People.

The main language of the Punjabi people is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and its associated dialects, which differ depending on the region of Punjab the speaker is from; there are notable differences in the [[Lahnda languages]], spoken in the Pakistani Punjab. In the Pakistani Punjab, the vast majority still speak Punjabi, even though the language has no governmental support. In the Indian Punjab, most people speak Punjabi. English is sometimes used, and older people who lived in the undivided Punjab may be able to speak and write in [[Urdu]]. The Punjabi languages have always absorbed numerous loanwords from surrounding areas and provinces (and from English).

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Punjabi cuisine}}

Punjabi cuisine has an immense range of dishes and has become world-leader in the field; so much so that many entrepreneurs that have invested in the sector have built large personal fortunes due to the popularity of Punjabi cuisine throughout the world. Punjabi cuisine uses unique spices.<ref>http://www.vahrehvah.com/punjab : Website for the dishes of Punjab</ref>

===Music===
{{main|Music of Punjab|Folk music of Punjab}}
[[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] describes dance-oriented popular music with Punjabi rhythms, developed since the 1980s. The name refers to one of the traditional and folkloric Punjabi dances. Thus in bhangra music the emphasis is usually on the music (i.e. rhythm for dancing) and less on the singer and the lyrics. Bhangra music is appreciated all over the globe. [[Sufi music]] and [[Qawali]] are other important genres in Punjab.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pande|first=Alka|title=Folk music & musical instruments of Punjab : from mustard fields to disco lights|year=1999|publisher=Mapin Pub.|location=Ahmedabad [India]|isbn=18-902-0615-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Thinda|first=Karanaila Siṅgha|title=Pañjāba dā loka wirasā|year=1996|publisher=Pabalikeshana Biūro, Pañjābī Yūniwarasiṭī|location=Paṭiālā|isbn=8173802238|edition=New rev.}}</ref>

===Dance===
{{Main|Punjabi dance}}

Owing to the long history of the [[Punjabi culture]] and of the Punjabi people, there are a large number of dances normally performed at times of celebration, the time of festivals known as Melas and the most prominent dances are at Punjabi weddings, where the elation is usually particularly intense. Punjabi dances are performed either by men or by women. The dances range from solo to group dances and also sometimes dances are done along with musical instruments like [[Dhol]], [[Flute]], Supp, Dhumri, Chimta etc. Other common dances that both men and women perform are Karthi, Jindua, and Dandass.<ref>[[Folk dances of Punjab]]</ref>
"Bhangra" dance is the most famous aspect of Punjabi dance tradition. Its popularity has attained a level where a music is produced with the intent of aiding people to carry out this form of dancing.

===Wedding traditions===
{{Main|Punjabi wedding traditions}}

Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are conducted in Punjabi, and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. Many local songs are a part of the wedding and are known as '''boliyan'''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Boliyan book.|year=2010|publisher=Infinity Squared Books|isbn=978-0-9567818-0-2}}</ref> While the actual religious marriage ceremony among Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, and Jains may be conducted in Arabic, Punjabi, Sanskrit, by the Kazi, Pandit or Granthi, there are also many commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, make-up and dress.

The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times. Punjabi receptions of all sorts are known to be very energetic, filled with loud Bhangra music, people dancing,and a wide variety of Punjabi food. Alcohol consumption by the menfolk is part of the tradition amongst Hindu and some Sikh communities that allow it.

===Folk tales===
{{Main|Punjabi folklore}}
The folk tales of Punjab include many stories<ref>[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/steel/punjab/punjab.html Tales of the Punjab]. Digital.library.upenn.edu.</ref> which are passing through generations and includes folk stories like [[Heer Ranjha]], [[Mirza Sahiban]],<ref>[http://hrisouthasian.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35%3Apeelu-the-first-narrator-of-the-legend-of-mirza-sahiban&catid=6%3Alovelegend&Itemid=13 Peelu: The First Narrator of the Legend of Mirza-SahibaN]. Hrisouthasian.org.</ref> [[Sohni Mahiwal]] etc. to name a few.

===Festivals===
{{Main|Punjabi festivals|Festivals in Lahore}}
[[Vaisakhi]], [[Festivals in Lahore|Jashan-e-Baharan]], [[Basant]], Kanak katai da mela ( Wheat cutting celebrations ) and many more.
The jagrātā, also called jāgā or jāgran, means an all night vigil. This type of vigil is found throughout India and is usually held to worship a deity with song and ritual. The goal is to gain the favor of the Goddess, to obtain some material benefit, or repay her for one already received. The Goddess is invoked by the devotees to pay them a visit at the location of the jagrātā, whether it be in their own homes or communities, in the form of a flame.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Erndl|first1=Kathleen M.|title=Fire and wakefulness: the Devī jagrātā in contemporary Panjabi Hinduism|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion|date=June 1, 1991|pages=339–360|accessdate=2 October 2014}}</ref>

===Traditional dress===
{{Main|Punjabi clothing}}

The Punjabi traditional clothing is very diverse and for various occasions various clothing is chosen. It includes [[Shalwar Kameez]], [[Kurta]], [[Achkan]] and [[Dhoti]] in men while in women there is wide range of clothing but mainly it comprises [[Shalwar Kameez]], [[Patiala salwar]], [[Salwar (Punjabi)|Punjabi suit]], [[Churidar]]s with [[Dupatta]] with traditional Paranda Ghari worn on the hair. Khaddi topi (Embroidered cap) is also worn by some women with dupatta on special occasions. Shalwar Kameez and [[Sherwani]] are for formal occasions and office work while Dhoti is mostly worn by people who are involved in farming throughout Punjab. The shorter version of Dhoti that is unique to Punjab is known as Chatki with close resemblance to [[Kilt]] but use of [[Chatki]] for formal occasions is very very rare and not many people are familiar with Chatkis. [[Jutti|Punjabi Jutti]] and Tillay wali Jutti is a very famous footwear for both men and women in Punjab. In men [[Pagri (turban)]] is also worn as a traditional cap in many occasions. [[Dupatta]] with embroidery of different styles with Matthay da Tikka is also very famous in [[Punjabi culture]].

===Sports===
{{Main|Sports in Punjab}}

Various types of sports are played in Punjab. They are basically divided into outdoor and [[Indoor games and sports|indoor sports]]. Special emphasis is put to develop both the mental and physical capacity while playing sports. That is why recently sports like [[Speed reading]], [[Mental abacus]], historical and IQ tests are arranged as well. Indoor sports are specially famous during the long summer season in Punjab. Also indoor sports are played by children in homes and in schools. [[Gilli-danda]] is vary famous indigenous sports among children along with [[Parcheesi]]. [[Pittu Garam]] is also famous among children. [[Hopscotch|Stapu]] is famous among young girls of Punjab. Also many new games are included with the passage of time. The most notable are [[Carrom]], [[Ludo (board game)]], [[Scrabble]], [[Chess]], [[Draughts]], [[Go (game)|Go]] [[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]]. The [[Tabletop game]]s games include [[billiards]] and [[snooker]]. [[Backgammon]] locally known as Dimaagi Baazi( Mental game) is famous in some regions as well.

The outdoor sports include [[Pehlwani|Kusti]] (a wrestling sport), [[Kabaddi]], Rasa Kashi (a rope pulling game), Patang (Kite Flying) and Naiza Baazi or Tent pegging (a cavalry sport).[[Gatka]], is also taken as a form of sports, Punjabi's are naturally dominant in sports because of their physical attributes and genetic advantage. Punjab being part of South Asia, the sport of [[cricket]] is very popular. New forms of sports are also being introduced and adopted in particular by the large overseas Punjabis, such as [[Ice hockey]], [[Soccer]], [[Boxing]], [[Mixed martial arts]] as part of the globalization of sports.

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of Punjabis|List of Punjabi poets|List of Punjabi authors|List of Punjabi singers|List of Punjabi language poets}}

==See also==
* [[Dialects of the Punjab]]
* [[Punjabi press]]
* [[Punjabi cuisine]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References and further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* Mohini Gupta, Encyclopaedia of Punjabi Culture & History – Vol. 1 (Window on Punjab) [Hardcover], ISBN 978-81-202-0507-9
* Iqbal Singh Dhillion, Folk Dances of Punjab ISBN 978-81-7116-220-8
* Punjabi Culture: Punjabi Language, Bhangra, Punjabi People, Karva Chauth, Kila Raipur Sports Festival, Lohri, Punjabi Dhabha, ISBN 978-1-157-61392-3
* Kamla C. Aryan, Cultural Heritage of Punjab ISBN 978-81-900002-9-1
* Shafi Aqeel, Popular Folk Tales from the Punjab ISBN 978-0-19-547579-1
* Online Book of Punjabi Folk Tales, https://archive.org/stream/KamalKahanisaeedBhuttaABookOnPunjabiFolktales/KamalKahaniReviewByHassnainGhayoor#page/n0/mode/2up
* Colloquial Panjabi: The Complete Course for Beginners (Colloquial Series) ISBN 978-0-415-10191-2
* Gilmartin, David. ''Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan''. Univ of California Press (1988), ISBN 0-520-06249-3.
* Grewal, J.S. and Gordon Johnson. ''The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India)''. Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition (1998), ISBN 0-521-63764-3.
* Latif, Syed. ''History of the Panjab''. Kalyani (1997), ISBN 81-7096-245-5.
* Sekhon, Iqbal S. ''The Punjabis : The People, Their History, Culture and Enterprise''. Delhi, Cosmo, 2000, 3 Vols., ISBN 81-7755-051-9.
* Singh, Gurharpal. ''Ethnic Conflict in India : A Case-Study of Punjab''. Palgrave Macmillan (2000).
* Singh, Gurharpal (Editor) and Ian Talbot (Editor). ''Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change''. South Asia Books (1996), ISBN 81-7304-117-2.
* Singh, Khushwant. ''A History of the Sikhs – Volume 1''.Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-562643-5
* Steel, Flora Annie. ''Tales of the Punjab : Told by the People (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)''. Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (2002), ISBN 0-19-579789-2.
* Tandon, Prakash and Maurice Zinkin. ''Punjabi Century 1857–1947'', University of California Press (1968), ISBN 0-520-01253-4.
* {{loc}} [http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/32.htm Pakistan], [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html India]
* [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/5/26 DNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia, BMC Genetics 2004, 5:26]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pan Ethnologue Eastern Panjabi]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pnb Ethnologue Western Panjabi]
* [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf Pakistan Census]
* {{cite journal | last1 = | first1 = | title = The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations | url = http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2003_v72_p313-332.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet | volume = 72 | pages = 313–332| year = 2003 | doi=10.1086/346068 | pmid=12536373 | pmc=379225}}
* {{Cite book|last=Talib|first=Gurbachan|authorlink=Gurbachan Singh Talib|title= [[Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947]]|year=1950|publisher=[[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]|location=India}}[http://www.bharatvani.org/books/mla/ Online 1] [https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03809888&id=9fQLAAAAIAAJ&q=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+the+Punjab+1947&dq=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+the+Punjab+1947&pgis=1 Online 2] [http://allaboutsikhs.com/books/gst/ Online 3] (A free copy of this book can be read from any 3 of the included "Online Sources" of this free "Online Book")
* The Legacy of The Punjab by R. M. Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.
* http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2891/11/11_chapter%204.pdf
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Punjabi people (ethnic group)}}
{{Prone to spam|date=July 2013}}
{{Z148}}
* [http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html Peoples and Languages in Pre-Islamic Indus Valley]

{{Ethnic Groups of India|hide}}
{{Ethnic groups, Social groups (Caste) and tribes the Punjab}}
{{Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}
{{Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{Punjab, India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi People}}
[[Category:Punjabi people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes|Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]
[[Category:Collectivism]]
[[Category:Cultural assimilation]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]

Melrose High School (Massachusetts)

2016-05-07T18:21:57Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Here4thedank (talk) to last version by Oshwah

{{For|other schools of a similar name|Melrose High School (disambiguation){{!}}Melrose High School}}
{{infobox School
|name=Melrose High School
|image=Melrose high school (partial front).jpg
|type=Public
|location=360 [[Lynn Fells Parkway]], [[Melrose, Massachusetts|Melrose]], [[Massachusetts]] 02176
|coordinates={{coord|42|27|52|N|71|3|57|W|type:edu_region:US-MA|display=inline, title}}
|mascot=Red Raider
|colors=Red & White {{colorbox|red}} {{colorbox|white}}
|rivals=[[Wakefield High School (Massachusetts)|Wakefield High School]] ([[Wakefield, Massachusetts|Wakefield, MA]]; borders Melrose to the north)
|grades=[[ninth grade|9]]–[[twelfth grade|12]]
|website=[http://www.melroseschools.com/mhs www.melroseschools.com/mhs]
|district=[[Melrose Public Schools]]
|students=987<ref name="enrollment">{{ cite web | title = FY2011 Budget | url = http://melroseschools.com/msc/budget_reports/FY2011/FY2011_Budget.pdf|date=2010-07-01|publisher=''Melrose Public Schools''|accessdate=2010-08-27}}</ref>
|SAT=523 verbal 522 math 509 writing 1554 total (2014-2015)<ref>http://profiles.doe.mass.edu/state_report/sat_perf.aspx</ref>
|principal=Marianne A. Farrell (Interim)
|free_label=School Type
|free_text=Non-vocational high school
}}
'''Melrose High School''' (MHS) is a [[public high school]] serving children in grades [[ninth grade|9]]–[[twelfth grade|12]]. It is located at 360 [[Lynn Fells Parkway]] in [[Melrose, Massachusetts]] and is Melrose's only high school. Enrollment for the 2010–2011 school year is 987 students.<ref name=enrollment/> The school is accredited by the New England Association of Schools & Colleges (NEASC) and is a member of the [[METCO]] program.

==History==

===1868–1897: first high school===
Melrose High School began teaching children in the 1800s and has called several buildings home. The oldest known location is on West Emerson Street where the Melrose Public Library now stands. On March 30, 1868, Melrose appropriated $20,000 for the construction of the high school on a {{convert|30000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} lot located on the corner of West Emerson Street and Lake Avenue. An Additional $7,500 was added to the price tag of the school on January 19, 1869 and on July 15, 1869, the school was finished and dedicated. Almost thirty years later on January 25, 1897, a fire destroyed the building.<ref name=histmel>{{cite book|last=Goss|first=Elbridge Henry||title=The History of Melrose|publisher=A. W. Dunton & Co.|year=1902|location=[[Melrose, Massachusetts|Melrose, MA]]|pages=192–200|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MA98PsSsa9oC&pg=RA5-PA341&lpg=RA5-PA341&dq=%22history+of+melrose+hospital%22%22&source=web&ots=0QKeKtbDhw&sig=kQIlzWKFYhqL7mERnOaasO5RjLQ&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPP8,M1}}</ref>

[[File:Coolidgeapartments.JPG|170px|thumb|left|Melrose High School (1898–1931)]]

===1898–1931: second high school===
The building on West Emerson Street quickly became too small for the growing community and so at the [[town meeting]] held on February 24, 1896, the town allocated $100,000 for the building of a new high school. The town selected a lot of land known as the "Old Burial Ground" on Main Street across from the Central Fire Station as the location for the new school building. On August 1, 1898, an additional $3,000 was appropriated for site work around the building. The school was dedicated on September 17, 1898 and at the time, was one of the "finest school buildings to be found in [[New England]]".<ref name=histmel /> Two additional wings were added to the main building and opened in 1909.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/176238932.html?dids=176238932:176238932&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Sep+02%2C+1909&author=&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=MELROSE+HIGH+SCHOOL+OPENING.&pqatl=google|title=Melrose High School Opening|date=September 2, 1909|work=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|accessdate=September 28, 2010|author=Staff}}</ref>

===1932–1974: third high school===
[[File:melrose middle school.jpg|170px|thumb|left|Melrose High School (1932–1974)]]
In 1932, another new school was built and the previous school building became the [[Calvin Coolidge]] Elementary School. This time the new building was built on swamp land taken from Ell Pond on [[Lynn Fells Parkway]]. It was a very large school, featuring a 900-seat Auditorium and a full size gymnasium. 1961 saw the addition of the Daffinee Gymnasium which contained new locker rooms for both basketball and football and also extra classroom space. The addition also included the construction of a three-floor annex attached by a bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofmelrose.org/departments/opcd/Plan_elements/schools.htm |title=Schools Section of the Master Plan |year=2002 |publisher=[[Melrose, Massachusetts|City of Melrose]] |accessdate=2008-08-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20060820063643/http://www.cityofmelrose.org:80/departments/opcd/Plan_elements/schools.htm |archivedate=August 20, 2006}}</ref> Many historians praised the main building for its period design and architectural beauty.

===1975–2004: fourth high school===
[[File:Melrose high school (whole front).jpg|170px|thumb|left|Melrose High School (1975–present)]]
In 1975, a new "modern" Melrose High School opened next-door to the old one, which became the middle school. This building is renowned for its "open spaces," which were large open areas with movable walls.<ref name="plan">{{cite web|url=http://www.melroseschools.com/frame_news.asp?thefile=administration/Strategic_Plan/Strategic%20Plan%202005-2010.pdf&thetitle=Strategic%20Plan%202005-2010 |title=Melrose Public Schools – Strategic Plan |date=2005-12-o1 |publisher=[[Melrose Public Schools]] |accessdate=2008-08-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20061017221606/http://www.melroseschools.com/frame_news.asp?thefile=administration/Strategic_Plan/Strategic%20Plan%202005-2010.pdf&thetitle=Strategic%20Plan%202005-2010 |archivedate=October 17, 2006}}</ref> Less than half of the buildings classrooms were in open spaces and the rest were triangular in shape. The school was supposedly built by an architect who also designed prisons and the building style reflects this. Numerous classrooms contain no windows and masonry is the main building material. Windows appear in a select few classrooms and are plentiful, yet most don't open. There is a constantly running air circulation system to combat the window problem and this also cools the building in the summer.

===2005–present: renovations===
In Summer 2005, walls were constructed in the second- and third-floor open spaces creating fourteen separate classrooms. The work was done in conjunction with the project to build a new middle school on the site of the third high school and done as a requirement of an NEASC accreditation report.<ref name="plan" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BG&p_theme=bg&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10EA9123609E4BC8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Development Discussed|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=2005-12-18|accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> For two years while the construction of the new middle school occurred, eighth-graders occupied the new classrooms. After Summer 2007, regular high school classes resumed in the former open space.

On October 16, 2007, [[Robert J. Dolan (politician)|Mayor Robert Dolan]] announced that the building would undergo major renovations within the next four years. The [[United States dollar|$]]3–4 million renovation will include the installation of "SmartBoards" in all 78 classrooms, improved lighting, roof replacement, and repainting the entire school.<ref name=renovations>{{ cite web |title=Mayor announces plan to revitalize high school|url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/melrose/archive/x1633047500|work=Melrose Free Press|publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|date=2007-10-18|accessdate=2008-01-25|author=Demaina, Daniel}}</ref> The first phase, with construction that occurred in Summer 2008, costing $1.44 million and was for the installation and purchase of the "SmartBoards" and the electrical work needed to accommodate the additional technology for the boards. This phase also added or improved internet, phone, and cable television connections throughout the school.<ref name=renovations /> By the start of the 2008-09 school year, September 4, 2008, 70 fixed position smart boards and four portable ones were ready for use.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/melrose/news/x1001331870/BACK-TO-SCHOOL|title=Schools' physical changes: Technology upgrades, Franklin renovations highlight summer changes|last=DeMaina|first=Daniel|date=2008-09-03|work=Melrose Free Press|publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|accessdate=2008-09-04}}</ref>

During the year 2012 to 2013 the high school underwent major renovation of its science classrooms. The school put money into replacing all of its dated science classrooms with ones that include updated appliances and labs. The classrooms were finished and ready for use in September 2013. The newly renovated classrooms were completed with new computers and state of the art labs.

==School life==
The school has several successful sports programs, the most notable being the recent success of the girls volleyball, boys football, and girls lacrosse. In 2014, the girls varsity lacrosse team made the playoffs, the first time in the programs history. Also notable are its wide array of clubs, many of which are active within the community.

==Notable alumni and faculty==
*[[Elizabeth Dole]] worked as a student teacher at MHS during the 1959–60 school year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BG&p_theme=bg&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADDDE3B2F98FA4&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Dole Returns to Melrose Classroom|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=1999-09-21|accessdate=2008-07-20|author=Leonard, Mary}}</ref>
*[[Ryan Johnson (soccer)|Ryan Johnson]], a 2002 graduate, plays [[Major League Soccer]] for the [[San Jose Earthquakes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/player/ryan-johnson|title=Players - Ryan Johnson|last=Staff|publisher=[[Major League Soccer]]|accessdate=April 18, 2010}}</ref>
*[[Ken Reid (comedian)]], a 1998 graduate, is a stand up comedian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikenreid.com|title=IKenReid.com}}</ref>
*Nick DeVita, a 2004 graduate, an actor who has appeared in numerous commercial campaigns for [[Best Buy]] and for [[Sony]]. He is also an Artistic Associate and actor for the [[Hudson Warehouse]] theater company in New York City. He also serves on their board of directors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.NickDeVita.com|title=NickDeVita.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hudsonwarehouse.net|title=Hudson Warehouse}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Massachusetts Public High Schools}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Melrose, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Schools in Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Massachusetts]]

Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha

2016-05-03T19:48:40Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Hdjdhdhdhdbdnd (talk) to last version by La Reine d'Angleterre

{{Infobox person
| name = Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha
| image = Vichai Raksriaksorn 2007.jpg
| caption = Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha in 2007
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|04|03|df=yes}}<ref name="Forbes" />
| birth_place = [[Thailand]]
| nationality = Thai
| occupation = Chairman of '''[[King Power]]''' Chairman of '''[[Leicester City F.C.]]'''
| net_worth = [[United States dollar|US$]]2.90 billion (February 2016)<ref name="Forbes">{{cite news| title=Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha|url=http://www.forbes.com/profile/vichai-srivaddhanaprabha |work=Forbes | accessdate=11 June 2015}}</ref>
| spouse = Married
| children = 4
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| website = [http://www.kingpower.com Kingpower]
| signature =
| parents =
}}

'''Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha''' ({{lang-th|วิชัย ศรีวัฒนประภา}}), formerly Vichai Raksriaksorn ({{lang-th|วิชัย รักศรีอักษร}}), (born 3 April 1957) is a Thai [[billionaire]] businessman, founder and CEO of [[King Power|King Power Duty Free]].

==Early life==
Srivaddhanaprabha was born into a [[Thai Chinese]] family.

==Career==
He is the founder and CEO of [[King Power|King Power Duty Free]], an operator of [[duty-free shop]]s.<ref>{{cite news| title=Leicester announce takeover details| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/leicester-city/7940631/Leicester-announce-takeover-details.html| newspaper=The Telegraph| author=Sandy Macaskill | date=12 August 2015}}</ref> In December 2009, King Power received the [[Royal warrant of appointment (Thailand)|royal warrant]] from the King of Thailand in a ceremony attended by Raksriaksorn.<ref>{{cite news| title= King Power banks on stable politics | url= http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2009/12/03/business/business_30117872.php| newspaper= The Nation|author= Watcharapong Thongrung| location= Bangkok| date= 3 December 2009}}</ref> He is ranked by ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine as the 9th richest man in Thailand.<ref name="Forbes"/>

Vichai purchased English football club [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] in August 2010 following a three-year shirt sponsorship deal.<ref>{{cite news| title=Foxes make the Vich list| author=Graham Hill| url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/football/3085756/Vichai-Raksriaksorn-set-for-Leicester-takeover.html| newspaper=The Sun| location= | date=7 August 2010}}</ref>

On 10 February 2011, he was named chairman of Leicester City while continuing as owner. His son, Aiyawatt Srivaddhanaprabha, is vice-chairman.<ref>[http://www.lcfc.com/page/LatestNews/0,,10274~2290380,00.html Vichai Raksriaksorn Named As Chairman], LCFC.com, 10 Feb 2011</ref>

==Polo==
In his spare time he is an avid [[polo]] player and owns the VR Polo Club in [[Bangkok]]. Vichai was also the president of [[Ham Polo Club]] in [[London]] between 2008 and 2012. Thailand Polo Association was founded by Mr Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha in August 1998, and was given national status as the Thailand Polo association in January 2004.

==Personal life==
He is married and has four children.<ref name="Forbes"/>

In February 2013, he and his family were bestowed with the honorary name Srivaddhanaprabha, which means ''light of progressive glory'' by the [[king of Thailand]]. "It is our family’s greatest honour to receive this royally granted surname", Vichai said. "The name 'Srivaddhanaprabha' conveys positive attributes to the industry and brings prosperity to our family. We have now officially changed our surname since it was published in the Royal Gazette in late 2012", Vichai said after formally announcing the change.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat-inline|Vichai Raksriaksorn}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srivaddhanaprabha, Vichai}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from London]]
[[Category:Thai chief executives]]
[[Category:Thai polo players]]
[[Category:Thai billionaires]]
[[Category:English football chairmen and investors]]

Regressive left

2016-04-30T01:39:53Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: ce

{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
The '''regressive left''' is a political [[epithet]] used to negatively characterize a section of [[left-wing politics|leftists]] who are accused of holding politically [[Political regressive|regressive]] views (as opposed to [[Progressivism|progressive]] views) by [[Toleration|tolerating]] [[Liberalism|illiberal]] principles and ideology for the sake of [[multiculturalism]].<ref name="Maher">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvvQJ_zsL1U |title=Real Time with Bill Maher: Richard Dawkins – Regressive Leftists (HBO) |work=[[Real Time with Bill Maher]] |publisher=HBO |date=2 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=WT20151003>{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/3/bill-maher-richard-dawkins-blast-regressive-libera/ |title=Bill Maher, Richard Dawkins blast 'regressive liberals' giving a 'free pass' to Islam |author=Kellan Howell |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=3 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

Within the specific context of multiculturalism, [[British people|British]] Muslim [[anti-Islamism]] activist [[Maajid Nawaz]] used the term in 2012 in his memoir ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism]]''{{#tag:ref|On p. 210 of ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism|Radical]]'' (2012), Nawaz wrote: "Is not winning the war more important than truth? This maxim, I knew, was also subscribed to by some on the left, the regressive left. For them, winning against [[capitalism]] was far more important than it was to their allies. I watched as our ideology gained acceptance and we were granted airtime as [[Muslim]] political commentators. I watched as we were ignorantly pandered to by well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists. How we [[Islamism|Islamists]] laughed at their naïveté".<ref name="Radical"<ref name="Radical">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |page=210 |isbn=9781448131617 |accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref>|group="note"|name="first use"}} to describe "well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists" in the [[United Kingdom]] who naïvely and "ignorantly pandered to" [[Islamism|Islamists]] and helped Islamist ideology to gain acceptance. In a 2015 video presentation on the Internet forum [[Big Think]], Nawaz elaborated on the meaning of the term, saying that it describes "a section of the [[Left-wing politics|left]]" that has, in his opinion, "an inherent hesitation to challenge some of the [[bigotry]] that can occur within minority communities [...] for the sake of [[political correctness]], for the sake of [[Toleration|tolerating]] what they believe is [[cultural relativism|other cultures]] and respecting different lifestyles".<ref name="Bigthink">{{Cite web |url=http://bigthink.com/videos/maajid-nawaz-on-islamic-reform |title=Je Suis Muslim: How Universal Secular Rights Protect Muslim Communities the Most |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[Big Think]] |date=18 November 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

==Concept==
[[File:Maajid Nawaz speaking at LibDem campaign event.jpg|thumb|[[Maajid Nawaz]]'s use of "regressive left" has been a part of his advocacy against [[Islamism]], the [[Qur'anic literalism|literalist]] pole of [[Islam]] that places more emphasis on [[Sharia]] (Islamic law), [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] political unity, and an Islamic state.]]

[[Maajid Nawaz|Nawaz]], who in 2007 renounced his previous association with the radical [[Islamism|Islamist]] group [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]], in favor of [[Islam and secularism|secular Islam]], is the co-founder and chairman of [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]], a counter-extremism [[think tank]] based in [[London]] that seeks to challenge the narratives of [[Islamism|Islamists]].<ref name="Radical"/><ref>Maajid Nawaz (Quilliam) http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/about/staff/maajid-nawaz/</ref>

Nawaz has used "regressive left" to describe those left-leaning people who, in his opinion, pander to [[Islamism]], which he defines as a "global totalitarian theo-political project" with a "desire to impose any given interpretation of Islam over society as law"<ref name="rad">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |isbn=9781448131617}}</ref> and which he opposes on the ground that "any desire to impose any version of Islam over anyone anywhere, ever, is a fundamental violation of our basic civil liberties."<ref name="beast">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/08/the-british-left-s-hypocritical-embrace-of-islamism.html |title=The British Left's Hypocritical Embrace of Islamism |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=8 August 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to Nawaz, such sympathizers of Islamism include "[[atheism|atheists]] who are on the side of the Islamists, defending Islamism in the name of cultural tolerance."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwQhu1A-Ats |title=Lateline: An atheist and a Muslim on the future of Islam |author=[[Tony Jones (news journalist)|Tony Jones]] |work=[[Lateline]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=28 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

In an October 2015 interview with political talk show host [[Dave Rubin]], Nawaz elucidated further the reasoning behind his choice of the word "regressive". He hypothesized that a section of the leftists "genuinely believe" that they are fighting an "ideological war" against neoconservative and neocolonialist foreign policies of Western governments which promote state-organized violence and chaos in the form of wars and military invasions. On the contrary, when it comes to denouncing the randomized acts of violence of theocratic extremists such as Islamists, the same leftists forego their duty to criticize such acts of violence and prioritize focusing on the bigger evil of state-sponsored violence and war. Sometimes, they even "make alliances" with some of the most regressive, theocratic and murdering regimes and organizations. Nawaz labels these people regressive leftists. He then cites the example of [[Jeremy Corbyn]], leader of the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], who "has been historically very close" to supporters of Islamist organisations like Hamas and Hezbollah. In Nawaz's opinion, it is possible to denounce both neoconservative foreign policies (such as the Iraq war, which he had opposed) and theocratic extremism, but the regressive leftists fail to do so.<ref name=Nawaz>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Dave|title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left and Political Correctness|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/2/maajid-nawaz-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-political-correctness-0_twq2e3jhwn8|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Rubin Report|date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

According to Nawaz, the notion that Muslims cannot cope with criticism or mockery of Islam and only react violently, is "patronizing, self-pity inspiring mollycoddling" of the very Muslims it claims to serve and emancipate, because it does not expect them to be civil and control their anger.<ref name="beast" /> This "racism of low expectations" lowers the moral standards of people within minorities, seeking excuses if they happen to express, for example, [[misogyny]], [[chauvinism]], [[bigotry]], or [[antisemitism]], whilst holding members of the majority to [[human rights|universal liberal standards]].<ref name="Bigthink" />

Haras Rafiq, managing director of [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]], expressed the view that there is a tendency of some on the left to excuse Islamism. "We have not got to grips with the symbiotic relationship between Islamism and far-right hatred, and the regressive left that is prepared to excuse Islamism."<ref>ADAM LEBOR. Donald Trump: The AMERICAN STEREOTYPE EUROPEANS LOVE TO HATE. Newsweek Dec/14/15 [http://www.newsweek.com/2015/12/25/donald-trump-worse-voldemort-europeans-say-404653.html]</ref>

==Analysis==
In 2006, six years before Nawaz used the term "regressive left" to convey a viewpoint within the dialog on multiculturalism, [[New Atheist]] author [[Sam Harris]] used the phrase "Head-in-the-sand Liberals" in an LA Times article to describe liberals who are in denial and "despite abundant evidence to the contrary", "continue to imagine that Muslim terrorism springs from economic despair, lack of education and American militarism". He bemoaned that "being generally reasonable and tolerant of diversity, liberals should be especially sensitive to the dangers of religious literalism. But they aren't".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Sam |date=18 September 2006 |title=Head-in-the-Sand Liberals: Western civilization really is at risk from Muslim extremists |url=http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/the-end-of-liberalism |journal=[[LA Times]] |publisher= |accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2013, the One Law for All campaign<ref>http://www.onelawforall.org.uk/</ref> issued a report, ''Siding with the Oppressor: The Pro-Islamist Left''.<ref name=I20130628>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/why-is-the-left-so-blinkered-to-islamic-extremism-8679265.html |title=Why is the left so blinkered to Islamic extremism? |author=James Bloodworth |work=[[The Independent]] |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to ''The Independent'', the report expressed concern at "working enthusiastically with those advocating the murder of homosexuals" and also with "religious fascists".<ref name=I20130628/> ''The Independent'' expressed the opinion that "In a disastrous irony, the pro-Islamist left has ended up in the same place as the white far-right. The perception of Muslims as synonymous with Islamism – criticism of Islamism is characterised as criticism of Muslims – is precisely the view taken by groups such as the [[English Defence League|EDL]]." ''The Independent'' article concluded that political [[confirmation bias]] was responsible, driven by a "pathological anti-Americanism that is quite attractive to a certain type of degenerated progressive."<ref name=I20130628/> It also quoted [[Maryam Namazie]], a spokesperson for several organisations including Iran Solidarity, One Law for All and the [[Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain]] as identifying several organisations who are, "there as prefects to silence dissenters and defend Islamism as a defence of 'Muslims'."<ref name=I20130628/>

In September 2015, [[Sam Harris]] and Maajid Nawaz participated in an exchange at a public forum hosted by [[Harvard University]]'s Institute of Politics,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PI9QwEKqrso |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance |author=Harvard’s Institute of Politics hosting Sam Harris and Maajid Nawaz |publisher=Harvard’s Institute of Politics |date= |accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> which was later published in a short book, titled ''[[Islam and the Future of Tolerance]]'' (2015). In a review of the book in the magazine ''[[National Review Online]]'', political writer Brian Stewart notes that according to both Nawaz and Harris, the regressive leftists in the West are "willfully blind" to the fact that jihadists and Islamists make up a significant portion (20% in Harris's estimate) of the global Muslim community and the minority Muslim communities within the West, even though these factions are opposed to liberal values such as individual autonomy, freedom of expression, democracy, women's rights, gay rights, etc. Regressive leftists thus demonstrate a curiously illiberal, isolationist, and even censuring attitude towards any criticism of this phenomenon, and in doing so, they not only betray universal liberal values but also abandon defending the most vulnerable liberal members living inside the Muslim community such as women, homosexuals and apostates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Brian |date=7 October 2015 |title=A Liberal Atheist and a Liberal Muslim Discuss the Problems of Contemporary Islam |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425169/sam-harris-maajid-nawaz-islam-book |journal=[[National Review Online]] |publisher= |accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref>

In October 2015, ''The Washington Times'' reported that American comedian and show host [[Bill Maher]] and British biologist and [[New Atheism|New Atheist]] author [[Richard Dawkins]] "lamented regressive leftists who fail to understand they are anything but liberal when it comes to Islam".<ref name=WT20151003/> Maher noted a willingness to criticise anything except [[Islam]], excusing it as "their culture", to which Dawkins responded: "Well, to hell with their culture."<ref name="Maher"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/611231/Richard-Dawkins-in-extraordinary-blast-at-Muslims-To-hell-with-their-culture |title='To hell with their culture' - Richard Dawkins in extraordinary blast at Muslims |author=John Worthing |work=The Independent |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> The ''Sunday Express'' characterized Dawkins as having "attacked western society's relaxed attitude to radical Islam in an extraordinary outburst". Making reference to student initiatives to disinvite ex-Muslim speakers on campus, Dawkins saw this as, "a betrayal of the Free Speech Movement of the 1960s".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/richard-dawkins-free-speech_561038c4e4b0af3706e11397 |title=Richard Dawkins: College Students Are Betraying The Free Speech Movement |author=Tyler Kingkade |work=HuffPost on HPMG News |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

In October and November 2015, Sam Harris frequently used the term in his exchanges with the media, saying the greatest danger is that regressive leftists are willing to give up [[free speech]] "out of fear of offending minorities", which will lead to [[censorship]] imposed by those minorities, citing American journalist [[Glenn Greenwald]]'s comments on the [[Charlie Hebdo shootings]] as an example.<ref name="Chris Beck">{{Cite web |url=http://www.splicetoday.com/politics-and-media/sam-harris-unloads-on-the-regressive-left |title=Sam Harris Unloads on the Regressive Left |author=Chris Beck |work=[[Splice Today]] |publisher=[[Russ Smith (publisher)|Russ Smith]] |date=21 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=Salon20151125>Sean Illing. "Sam Harris talks Islam, ISIS, atheism, GOP madness": “We are confronting people, in dozens of countries, who despise more or less everything that we value” [http://www.salon.com/2015/11/25/harris_and_illing_correspondence/]</ref> Harris considers [[Reza Aslan]]<ref name="Chris Beck"/><ref name=Salon20151125/> and [[Noam Chomsky]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rawstory.com/2015/10/sam-harris-is-still-mad-about-liberals-who-followed-noam-chomsky-off-the-edge-of-the-world/|title=Sam Harris is still mad about ‘liberals who followed Noam Chomsky off the edge of the world’|publisher=}}</ref><ref>The Last Word With Lawrence O'Donnell' on Oct. 15, 2015. [MSNBC]</ref> to be of the regressive left.

In November 2015, in an appearance on the talk radio show [[American Humanist Association|''The Humanist Hour'']], author, philosopher and atheist activist [[Peter Boghossian]] defined the term as a pejorative used to describe those on the left that have made the "strangest bedfellows" with the [[Islamists]]. According to him, the word "[[Political regressive|regressive]]" is used to contrast with the word "[[Progressivism|progressive]]" – the latter being the group that is egalitarian and wants to create systems of justice and [[racial equality]], while the former being a group that "[looks] for the worst in people... and [does] not extend hermeneutics of charity, or a charitable interpretation of anything anyone says, but uses it as a hammer to beat people down". In addition, he believes the regressive leftists have become "hyper-moralists" and champions of their perceived victims. He cites the historical wrongdoings, such as [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] in the U.S. and [[colonialism]] as a legitimate concern that has caused mistrust of anything Western and capitalistic. He also added that "there are people who have suffered and still suffer legitimate instances of racism, homophobia etc. The problem is that every time the word racist is just thrown around like that, that word loses its meaning. And it should have quite a sting. That should be a horrible word".<ref>{{cite podcast |url= http://thehumanist.com/multimedia/podcast/the-humanist-hour-175-the-regressive-left-and-safe-spaces-with-dr-peter-boghossian |title= The Humanist Hour #175: The "Regressive Left" and Safe Spaces, with Dr. Peter Boghossian|website= thehumanist.com |publisher= The Humanist Hour |host= Bo Bennett, Kim Ellington|date= 4 November 2015 |time= 4:08, 9:48, 0:10 |access-date= 7 January 2016}}</ref>

In December 2015, [[international relations]] researcher Elliot McArdle wrote in the online British magazine ''[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]]'' that some "so-called liberals/leftists" treat liberal Muslims like Nawaz and ex-Muslims like Namazie as "native informants", "traitors" or "[[no true Scotsman|not real Muslims]]", because such critics of Islam(ism), who have a Muslim background themselves, don't fit the desired narrative of Muslims as a homogeneous and oppressed group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McArdle |first=Elliot |date=4 December 2015 |title=The liberal racism faced by ex-Muslims |url=http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/the-liberal-racism-faced-by-ex-muslims/17702 |journal=[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]] |publisher=[[Brendan O'Neill (journalist)|Brendan O'Neill]] |accessdate=11 December 2015}}</ref>

In late 2015, liberal talk show host [[Dave Rubin]] hosted discussions about the "regressive left" in many of ''[[The Rubin Report]]'' show segments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/8/milo-yiannopoulos-and-dave-rubin-discuss-gay-rights-and-cultural-libertarians-0_40xbq9svp490|title=Milo Yiannopoulos and Dave Rubin Discuss Gay Rights and Cultural Libertarians|publisher=Ora TV|accessdate=2015-10-08}}</ref> He once said, "The reason I feel like naming them [the regressives] is so important, is because I now view these regressives as the left's version of the [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]]. The Tea Party went unchecked by the right until it was too late, and now the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is a fractured mess often only held together by its worst beliefs. I really believe these regressives are doing this to the left, and if we don't have the courage to stop them, then a year or two from now, we'll wonder why our system is screwed up even more than it is now."<ref name="Rubin7Oct">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzzLiJ6na1k |title=Dave Rubin: Regressives are the Left's Tea Party |work=[[The Rubin Report]] |publisher=The Rubin Report |date=7 October 2015 |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> In a series of interviews, Rubin analyzed this concept and its implications with [[Peter Boghossian]], and with [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], [[Maajid Nawaz]],<ref name="Nawaz"/> [[Nick Cohen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/12/11/nick-cohen-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-free-speech-radical-islam-0_5a17hbvw846c|title=Nick Cohen and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left, Free Speech, Radical Islam|work=Ora TV}}</ref> and [[Douglas Murray (author)|Douglas Murray]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/11/6/douglas-murray-and-dave-rubin-talk-free-speech-isis-israel-full-interview-0_5i6uq59btmia|title=Douglas Murray and Dave Rubin Talk Free Speech, ISIS, Israel (Full Interview)|work=Ora TV}}</ref>

In November 2015, psychiatrist Khwaja Khusro Tariq from ''[[Huffington Post]]'' classified the term as an unsubstantiated [[ad hominem|''ad hominem'' attack]], stating that the harshest critics of Islam are courted by both liberal and conservative media in the U.S. He also stated the term has been directed towards [[Glenn Greenwald]] and [[Noam Chomsky]], both of whom he said have never condoned violence or opined on the doctrine of Islam. He argued that there was no genuine inhibition on speaking against the religion.<ref>{{cite news |last= Tariq|first= Khwaja|date= 11 November 2015|title= "Regressive Liberals": The New Mantra of Islamophobia
|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/khwaja-khusro-tariq/regressive-liberals-the-n_b_8597284.html|newspaper= Huffington Post|access-date= 9 January 2016}}</ref>

In March 2016, Joseph Burnstein, a ''[[Buzzfeed]]'' reporter on [[world wide web|web]] culture, wrote that according to [[Google Trends]], interest in the term "shot up" in the fall of 2015. He notes that instead of criticising "cultural tolerance gone too far", the phrase has "become a catchall for any element of the dominant [[new media]] culture that the anti-[[Social Justice Warrior|SJW]] internet doesn't like." He also suggests that even though the term can be sourced back to liberal commentators like Nawaz, Maher and Dawkins, it is currently heavily used by [[alt-right]] people on Internet forums and social media as part of their rhetorical warfare.<ref>{{cite news |last= Burnstein|first= Joseph|date= 16 March 2016|title= The Rise Of The #Regressiveleft Hashtag
|url=http://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/the-rise-of-the-regressiveleft-hashtag#.tf71OEVY1|newspaper= Buzzfeed|access-date= 12 April 2016}}</ref> However, Lalo Dagach, Chilean atheist YouTuber and a contributor to the recently created free-speech-platform website "Unsafe Speech", claims that Burnstein's article is part of a pushback from the "regressive left" that conflates liberals with the right-wing and "tries to generalize the use of #RegressiveLeft as mostly negative by finding less than a handful of tweets by unpopular twitter users. One even using the hashtag to deny the reality of climate change, all the while Bernstein self-professing these tweets to be "typical" of the entire movement."<ref>{{cite web|title=Buzzfeeding The #RegressiveLeft|date=March 16, 2016|work=Unsafe Speech|url=http://www.unsafespeech.com/article/2016/3/16/buzzfeeding-the-regressiveleft}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Human rights}}
{{Culture}}
{{Multiculturalism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:21st-century neologisms]]
[[Category:Censorship]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islamism]]
[[Category:Criticism of political correctness]]
[[Category:Freedom of expression]]
[[Category:Islamism]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]
[[Category:Relativism]]
[[Category:Words coined in the 2010s]]

Lil Reese

2016-04-07T22:08:21Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Araww26 (talk) to last version by Worldbruce

{{pp-pc1}}

{{Infobox musical artist
|name= Lil Reese
|alias=
|image=
|image_size= 250px
|caption=
|background= solo_singer
|birth_name= Tavares Taylor
|birth_date= {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1993|1|6}}
|birth_place= [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States
|genre= [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
|occupation= [[Rapping|Rapper]]
|studio=
|associated_acts =[[Chief Keef]], [[Fredo Santana]], [[SD (rapper)|SD]], [[Lil Durk]], [[Lil Herb]], [[Lil Bibby]], [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]], [[Rick Ross]], [[Young Jeezy]], [[Twista]]
|years_active= 2010{{ndash}}present
|label= [[Def Jam]], [[Glory Boyz Entertainment]]
|website=
|notable_instruments =
}}

'''Tavares Taylor''' (born January 6, 1993), known by his stage name '''Lil Reese''' is an [[American people|American]] [[rapper]] from [[Chicago, Illinois]]. He is signed to label [[Def Jam Recordings]].<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/artists/lil-reese/ [[Def Jam] website].</ref>

==Music career==
Taylor gained recognition when [[Chief Keef]]'s hit "[[I Don't Like]]" featuring Lil Reese garnered widespread international attention. He then began to receive popularity through his music videos, including "Us" and "Beef". He then caught the eye of producer [[No I.D.]], who had produced albums or tracks for artists like Common, Kanye West and others, which led to Taylor signing with hip hop label [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Lil Reese, Chicago Rapper Signs With Def Jam Recordings! | url=http://www.islanddefjam.com/artist/news_single.aspx?nid=11506&artistID=7389 | date=July 2, 2012 | accessdate=November 17, 2012 | work=islanddefjam.com | author=}}</ref>

In November 2012 he released a remix from his song "Us" with [[Rick Ross]] and [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]] which later appeared on Rick Ross' mixtape ''[[The Black Bar Mitzvah]]''.<ref name="Rick Ross And Drake remix US">{{cite web | title=Rick Ross And Drake remix US | url=http://globalgrind.com/music/rick-ross-drake-lil-reese-us-remix-new-music | date=Oct 9, 2012 | accessdate=November 17, 2012 | work=Globalgrind.com | author=}}</ref> Taylor also created many songs with upandcoming music producers, such as [[Young Chop]]. He is also featured on [[Juelz Santana]]'s song "Bodies". In January 2013 Taylor released a remix to his song "Traffic" featuring [[Young Jeezy]] and [[Twista]]. On September 2, 2013, Lil Reese released his second solo mixtape ''[[Supa Savage]]'', featuring guest appearances from Chief Keef, [[Lil Durk]], [[Fredo Santana]], [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]] and [[Waka Flocka Flame]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2013/09/lil-reese-releases-supa-savage-mixtape/|title=Lil Reese Releases ‘Supa Savage’ Mixtape|author=|date=|work=XXL Mag|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref>

==Legal issues==
In May 2010, Reese pleaded guilty to burglary charges and was given two years of probation.<ref name="hiphopdxlil">{{cite web|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.23740/title.lil-reese-found-sleeping-in-car-arrested-on-a-warrant|title=Lil Reese Found Sleeping In Car, Arrested On A Warrant|author=HipHopDX|date=30 April 2013|work=HipHopDX|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref>

On October 24, 2012, a video allegedly showing Reese assaulting a woman was posted to the internet.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/15966048-418/lil-reese-rapper-involved-in-chief-keef-and-jojo-feud-tied-to-video-beating.html |title=Lil Reese tied to video beating |work=''suntimes.com'' |date=November 2, 2012 |accessdate=October 24, 2012 |author=BECKY SCHLIKERMAN |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121027012558/http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/15966048-418/lil-reese-rapper-involved-in-chief-keef-and-jojo-feud-tied-to-video-beating.html |archivedate=October 27, 2012 }}</ref> On April 28, 2013, Reese was arrested by Chicago Police on a warrant issued two days earlier, based on criminal trespass to a residence with persons present, battery, and mob action from the video incident from February 2012.<ref name="hiphopdxlil"/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-south-side-rapper-lil-reese-arrested-on-warrant-20130428,0,1948123.story | work=Chicago Tribune | first=Geoff | last=Ziezulewicz | title=South Side rapper Lil Reese arrested on warrant - chicagotribune.com | date=April 29, 2013}}</ref>

On June 23, 2013, Reese was arrested in Chicago and charged with [[motor vehicle theft]] after an incident on April 13, 2013, where he was not able to provide proof of ownership for a BMW 750Li.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24431/title.lil-reese-arrested-charged-with-auto-theft-|title=Lil Reese Arrested, Charged With Auto Theft|author=HipHopDX|date=24 June 2013|work=HipHopDX|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> However, the charge was later dropped. On July 13, 2013, Reese was arrested again in Chicago for [[marijuana]] possession, a violation of his probation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24676/title.lil-reese-arrested-for-drug-possession|title=Lil Reese Arrested For Drug Possession|author=HipHopDX|date=14 July 2013|work=HipHopDX|accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref>

==Discography==

=== Mixtapes ===
* ''Don't Like'' (Hosted by [[DJ Drama]] and DJ Cannon) (2012)
* ''[[Supa Savage]]'' (Hosted by DJ Scream) (2013)
* ''Straight Outta Chiraq'' (2015)
* ''[[Supa Savage 2]]'' (2015)
* ''300 Degrezz'' (2016)

=== Singles ===
====As a lead artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album/Mixtape
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Hot Rap Songs|US Rap]]
|-
! scope="row" | "Us"
| rowspan="2"| 2012
| — || — || —
| rowspan="2"| ''Don't Like''
|-
! scope="row" | "Traffic" (featuring [[Chief Keef]])
| — || — || —
|}

====As a featured artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles as featured performer, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] <ref name="US100">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=chief keef|chart=Hot 100}} | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: Hot 100 | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]] <ref name="USR&B">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=chief keef|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}} | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Rap Songs|US Rap]] <ref name="USRap">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=chief keef|chart=Rap Airplay}} | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: Rap Songs | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[I Don't Like]]" ([[Chief Keef]] featuring Lil Reese)
|| 2012
| 73 || 20 || 15
| ''[[Finally Rich]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "Bang Like Chop" ([[Young Chop]] featuring Chief Keef and Lil Reese)
|| 2014
| – || – || –
| ''Bang Like Chop''
|}

===Guest appearances===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" style="width:19em;" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Other artist(s)
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row"| "OVA"
| rowspan="6"| 2012
| [[Freddie Gibbs]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Off The Shits"
| [[Lil Durk]]
| ''I'm Still A Hitta''
|-
! scope="row"| "My Lil Niggas"
| [[Fredo Santana]], [[Chief Keef]]
| rowspan="2"| ''It's A Scary Site''
|-
! scope="row"| "Respect"
| Fredo Santana
|-
! scope="row"| "Don't Try It"
| [[Frenchie]]
| ''Concrete Jungle 2''
|-
! scope="row"| "Nobody Move"
| Jay Stonez
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Bodies"
| rowspan="6"| 2013
| [[Juelz Santana]]
| ''[[God Will'n]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "S.O.S. (Smash On Sight)"
|Cap1, [[Lil Durk]]
| ''T.R.U. 2 It''
|-
! scope="row"| "No Lackin"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vibe.com/article/new-mixtape-funkmaster-flex-who-you-mad-me-or-yourself |title=New Mixtape: Funkmaster Flex 'Who You Mad At? Me Or Yourself?' |publisher=Vibe |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 13, 2013}}</ref>
|[[Funkmaster Flex]], [[Waka Flocka Flame]], [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]]
| ''Who You Mad At? Me Or Yourself?''
|-
! scope="row"| "Competition"
| rowspan="2"| Lil Durk
| rowspan="2"| ''Signed To The Streets''
|-
! scope="row"| "Street Life"
|-
! scope="row"| "Gangway (Remix)"
| rowspan=2| Lil Herb
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| "On My Soul"
| rowspan="2"| 2014
| ''Welcome to Fazoland''
|-
! scope="row"| "On A T-Shirt"
| [[Plies (rapper)|Plies]]
| ''Purple Heart''
|-
! scope="row"| "Bad Habits"
| rowspan="6"| 2015
| Fredo Santana, Que
| rowspan="2"| Aint No Money Like Trap Money
|-
! scope="row"| "Go To War"
| Fredo Santana
|}

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==

{{wikimedia|collapsible=true|voy=no|species=no|wikt=no|v=no|c=Category:Lil Reese|d=Q2110116|n=no|q=no|s=no|b=no}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Hip hop}}

{{Def Jam}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Reese}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:African-American male rappers]]
[[Category:Def Jam Recordings artists]]
[[Category:Drill (music genre)]]
[[Category:Gangsta rappers]]
[[Category:Midwest hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:Rappers from Chicago, Illinois]]

Regressive left

2016-03-24T00:26:38Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Christopher550 (talk) to last version by Amateria1121

{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
The '''regressive left''' is a political [[epithet]] used to negatively characterize a section of [[left-wing politics|leftists]] who are accused of holding politically [[Political regressive|regressive]] views (as opposed to [[Progressivism|progressive]] views) by [[Toleration|tolerating]] [[Liberalism|illiberal]] principles and ideology for the sake of [[multiculturalism]].<ref name="Maher">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvvQJ_zsL1U |title=Real Time with Bill Maher: Richard Dawkins – Regressive Leftists (HBO) |work=[[Real Time with Bill Maher]] |publisher=HBO |date=2 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=WT20151003>{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/3/bill-maher-richard-dawkins-blast-regressive-libera/ |title=Bill Maher, Richard Dawkins blast 'regressive liberals' giving a 'free pass' to Islam |author=Kellan Howell |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=3 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> The implications of the term are controversial and contested, and as such its recognition and adoption have been limited.

Within the specific context of multiculturalism, [[British people|British]] liberal activist [[Maajid Nawaz]] used the term in 2012 in his memoir ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism]]''{{#tag:ref|On p. 210 of ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism|Radical]]'' (2012), Nawaz wrote: "Is not winning the war more important than truth? This maxim, I knew, was also subscribed to by some on the left, the regressive left. For them, winning against [[capitalism]] was far more important than it was to their allies. I watched as our ideology gained acceptance and we were granted airtime as [[Muslim]] political commentators. I watched as we were ignorantly pandered to by well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists. How we [[Islamism|Islamists]] laughed at their naïveté".<ref name="Radical"<ref name="Radical">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |page=210 |isbn=9781448131617 |accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref>|group="note"|name="first use"}} to describe "well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists" in [[Great Britain]] who naively and "ignorantly pandered to" [[Islamism|Islamists]] and helped Islamist ideology to gain acceptance. In a 2015 video presentation on the Internet forum [[Big Think]], Nawaz elaborated on the meaning of the term, saying that it describes "a section of the [[Left-wing politics|left]]" that has, in his opinion, "an inherent hesitation to challenge some of the [[bigotry]] that can occur within minority communities [...] for the sake of [[political correctness]], for the sake of [[Toleration|tolerating]] what they believe is [[cultural relativism|other cultures]] and respecting different lifestyles".<ref name="Bigthink">{{Cite web |url=http://bigthink.com/videos/maajid-nawaz-on-islamic-reform |title=Je Suis Muslim: How Universal Secular Rights Protect Muslim Communities the Most |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[Big Think]] |date=18 November 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

==Concept==
[[File:Maajid Nawaz speaking at LibDem campaign event.jpg|thumb|[[Maajid Nawaz]]'s use of "regressive left" has been a part of his advocacy against [[Islamism]], the [[Qur'anic literalism|literalist]] pole of [[Islam]] that places more emphasis on [[Sharia]] (Islamic law), [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] political unity, and an Islamic state.]]

[[Maajid Nawaz|Nawaz]], who in 2007 renounced his previous association with the radical [[Islamism|Islamist]] group [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]], in favor of [[Islam and secularism|secular Islam]], is the co-founder and chairman of [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]], a counter-extremism [[think tank]] based in [[London]] that seeks to challenge the narratives of [[Islamism|Islamists]].<ref name="Radical"/><ref>Maajid Nawaz (Quilliam) http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/about/staff/maajid-nawaz/</ref>

Nawaz has used "regressive left" to describe those left-leaning people who, in his opinion, pander to [[Islamism]], which he defines as a "global totalitarian theo-political project" with a "desire to impose any given interpretation of Islam over society as law"<ref name="rad">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |isbn=9781448131617}}</ref> and which he opposes on the ground that "any desire to impose any version of Islam over anyone anywhere, ever, is a fundamental violation of our basic civil liberties."<ref name="beast">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/08/the-british-left-s-hypocritical-embrace-of-islamism.html |title=The British Left's Hypocritical Embrace of Islamism |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=8 August 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to Nawaz, such sympathizers of Islamism include "[[atheism|atheists]] who are on the side of the Islamists, defending Islamism in the name of cultural tolerance."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwQhu1A-Ats |title=Lateline: An atheist and a Muslim on the future of Islam |author=[[Tony Jones (news journalist)|Tony Jones]] |work=[[Lateline]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=28 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

In an October 2015 interview with political talk show host [[Dave Rubin]], Nawaz elucidated further the reasoning behind his choice of the word "regressive". He hypothesized that a section of the leftists "genuinely believe" that they are fighting an "ideological war" against neoconservative and neocolonialist foreign policies of Western governments which promote state-organized violence and chaos in the form of wars and military invasions. On the contrary, when it comes to denouncing the randomized acts of violence of theocratic extremists such as Islamists, the same leftists forego their duty to criticize such acts of violence and prioritize focusing on the bigger evil of state-sponsored violence and war. Sometimes, they even "make alliances" with some of the most regressive, theocratic and murdering regimes and organizations. Nawaz labels these people regressive leftists. He then cites the example of [[Jeremy Corbyn]], leader of the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], who "has been historically very close" to supporters of Islamist organisations like Hamas and Hezbollah. In Nawaz's opinion, it is possible to denounce both neoconservative foreign policies (such as the Iraq war, which he had opposed) and theocratic extremism, but the regressive leftists fail to do so.<ref name=Nawaz>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Dave|title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left and Political Correctness|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/2/maajid-nawaz-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-political-correctness-0_twq2e3jhwn8|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Rubin Report|date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

According to Nawaz, the notion that Muslims cannot cope with criticism or mockery of Islam and only react violently, is "patronizing, self-pity inspiring mollycoddling" of the very Muslims it claims to serve and emancipate, because it does not expect them to be civil and control their anger.<ref name="beast" /> This "racism of low expectations" lowers the moral standards of people within minorities, seeking excuses if they happen to express, for example, [[misogyny]], [[chauvinism]], [[bigotry]], or [[antisemitism]], whilst holding members of the majority to [[human rights|universal liberal standards]].<ref name="Bigthink" />

Haras Rafiq, managing director of [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]], expressed the view that there is a tendency of some on the left to excuse Islamism. "We have not got to grips with the symbiotic relationship between Islamism and far-right hatred, and the regressive left that is prepared to excuse Islamism."<ref>ADAM LEBOR. Donald Trump: The AMERICAN STEREOTYPE EUROPEANS LOVE TO HATE. Newsweek Dec/14/15 [http://www.newsweek.com/2015/12/25/donald-trump-worse-voldemort-europeans-say-404653.html]</ref>

==Analysis==
In 2006, six years before Nawaz used the term "regressive left" to convey a viewpoint within the dialog on multiculturalism, [[New Atheist]] author [[Sam Harris]] used the phrase "Head-in-the-sand Liberals" in an LA Times article to describe liberals who are in denial and "despite abundant evidence to the contrary", "continue to imagine that Muslim terrorism springs from economic despair, lack of education and American militarism". He bemoaned that "being generally reasonable and tolerant of diversity, liberals should be especially sensitive to the dangers of religious literalism. But they aren't".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Sam |date=18 September 2006 |title=Head-in-the-Sand Liberals: Western civilization really is at risk from Muslim extremists |url=http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/the-end-of-liberalism |journal=[[LA Times]] |publisher= |accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2013, the One Law for All campaign<ref>http://www.onelawforall.org.uk/</ref> issued a report, ''Siding with the Oppressor: The Pro-Islamist Left''.<ref name=I20130628>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/why-is-the-left-so-blinkered-to-islamic-extremism-8679265.html |title=Why is the left so blinkered to Islamic extremism? |author=James Bloodworth |work=[[The Independent]] |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to ''The Independent'', the report expressed concern at "working enthusiastically with those advocating the murder of homosexuals" and also with "religious fascists".<ref name=I20130628/> ''The Independent'' expressed the opinion that "In a disastrous irony, the pro-Islamist left has ended up in the same place as the white far-right. The perception of Muslims as synonymous with Islamism – criticism of Islamism is characterised as criticism of Muslims – is precisely the view taken by groups such as the [[English Defence League|EDL]]." ''The Independent'' article concluded that political [[confirmation bias]] was responsible, driven by a "pathological anti-Americanism that is quite attractive to a certain type of degenerated progressive."<ref name=I20130628/> It also quoted [[Maryam Namazie]], a spokesperson for several organisations including Iran Solidarity, One Law for All and the [[Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain]] as identifying several organisations who are, "there as prefects to silence dissenters and defend Islamism as a defence of 'Muslims'."<ref name=I20130628/>

In September 2015, [[Sam Harris]] and Maajid Nawaz participated in an exchange at a public forum hosted by [[Harvard University]]'s Institute of Politics,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PI9QwEKqrso |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance |author=Harvard’s Institute of Politics hosting Sam Harris and Maajid Nawaz |publisher=Harvard’s Institute of Politics |date= |accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> which was later published in a short book, titled ''[[Islam and the Future of Tolerance]]'' (2015). In a review of the book in the magazine ''[[National Review Online]]'', political writer Brian Stewart notes that according to both Nawaz and Harris, the regressive leftists in the West are "willfully blind" to the fact that jihadists and Islamists make up a significant portion (20% in Harris's estimate) of the global Muslim community and the minority Muslim communities within the West, even though these factions are opposed to liberal values such as individual autonomy, freedom of expression, democracy, women's rights, gay rights, etc. Regressive leftists thus demonstrate a curiously illiberal, isolationist, and even censuring attitude towards any criticism of this phenomenon, and in doing so, they not only betray universal liberal values but also abandon defending the most vulnerable liberal members living inside the Muslim community such as women, homosexuals and apostates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Brian |date=7 October 2015 |title=A Liberal Atheist and a Liberal Muslim Discuss the Problems of Contemporary Islam |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425169/sam-harris-maajid-nawaz-islam-book |journal=[[National Review Online]] |publisher= |accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref>

In October 2015, ''The Washington Post'' reported that American comedian and show host [[Bill Maher]] and British biologist and [[New Atheism|New Atheist]] author [[Richard Dawkins]] "lamented regressive leftists who fail to understand they are anything but liberal when it comes to Islam".<ref name=WT20151003/> Maher noted a willingness to criticise anything except [[Islam]], excusing it as "their culture", to which Dawkins responded: "Well, to hell with their culture."<ref name="Maher"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/611231/Richard-Dawkins-in-extraordinary-blast-at-Muslims-To-hell-with-their-culture |title='To hell with their culture' - Richard Dawkins in extraordinary blast at Muslims |author=John Worthing |work=The Independent |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> The ''Sunday Express'' characterized Dawkins as having "attacked western society's relaxed attitude to radical Islam in an extraordinary outburst". Making reference to student initiatives to disinvite ex-Muslim speakers on campus, Dawkins saw this as, "a betrayal of the Free Speech Movement of the 1960s".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/richard-dawkins-free-speech_561038c4e4b0af3706e11397 |title=Richard Dawkins: College Students Are Betraying The Free Speech Movement |author=Tyler Kingkade |work=HuffPost on HPMG News |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

In October and November 2015, Sam Harris frequently used the term in his exchanges with the media, saying the greatest danger is that regressive leftists are willing to give up [[free speech]] "out of fear of offending minorities", which will lead to [[censorship]] imposed by those minorities, citing American journalist [[Glenn Greenwald]]'s comments on the [[Charlie Hebdo shootings]] as an example.<ref name="Chris Beck">{{Cite web |url=http://www.splicetoday.com/politics-and-media/sam-harris-unloads-on-the-regressive-left |title=Sam Harris Unloads on the Regressive Left |author=Chris Beck |work=[[Splice Today]] |publisher=[[Russ Smith (publisher)|Russ Smith]] |date=21 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=Salon20151125>Sean Illing. "Sam Harris talks Islam, ISIS, atheism, GOP madness": “We are confronting people, in dozens of countries, who despise more or less everything that we value” [http://www.salon.com/2015/11/25/harris_and_illing_correspondence/]</ref> Harris considers [[Reza Aslan]]<ref name="Chris Beck"/><ref name=Salon20151125/> and [[Noam Chomsky]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rawstory.com/2015/10/sam-harris-is-still-mad-about-liberals-who-followed-noam-chomsky-off-the-edge-of-the-world/|title=Sam Harris is still mad about ‘liberals who followed Noam Chomsky off the edge of the world’|publisher=}}</ref><ref>The Last Word With Lawrence O'Donnell' on Oct. 15, 2015. [MSNBC]</ref> to be of the regressive left.

In November 2015, in an appearance on the talk radio show [[American Humanist Association|''The Humanist Hour'']], author, philosopher and atheist activist [[Peter Boghossian]] defined the term as a pejorative used to describe those on the left that have made the "strangest bedfellows" with the [[Islamists]]. According to him, the word "[[Political regressive|regressive]]" is used to contrast with the word "[[Progressivism|progressive]]" - the latter being the group that is egalitarian and wants to create systems of justice and racial equality, while the former being a group that "[looks] for the worst in people... and [does] not extend hermeneutics of charity, or a charitable interpretation of anything anyone says, but uses it as a hammer to beat people down". In addition, he believes the regressive leftists have become "hyper-moralists" and champions of their perceived victims. He cites the historical wrongdoings, such as [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] in the U.S. and [[colonialism]] as a legitimate concern that has caused mistrust of anything Western and capitalistic. He also added that "there are people who have suffered and still suffer legitimate instances of racism, homophobia etc. The problem is that every time the word racist is just thrown around like that, that word loses its meaning. And it should have quite a sting. That should be a horrible word".<ref>{{cite podcast |url= http://thehumanist.com/multimedia/podcast/the-humanist-hour-175-the-regressive-left-and-safe-spaces-with-dr-peter-boghossian |title= The Humanist Hour #175: The “Regressive Left” and Safe Spaces, with Dr. Peter Boghossian|website= http://thehumanist.com/ |publisher= The Humanist Hour |host= Bo Bennett, Kim Ellington|date= 4 November 2015 |time= 4:08, 9:48, 0:10 |access-date= 7 January 2016}}</ref>

In December 2015, [[international relations]] researcher Elliot McArdle wrote in the online British magazine ''[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]]'' that some "so-called liberals/leftists" treat liberal Muslims like Nawaz and ex-Muslims like Namazie as "native informants", "traitors" or "[[no true Scotsman|not real Muslims]]", because such critics of Islam(ism), who have a Muslim background themselves, don't fit the desired narrative of Muslims as a homogeneous and oppressed group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McArdle |first=Elliot |date=4 December 2015 |title=The liberal racism faced by ex-Muslims |url=http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/the-liberal-racism-faced-by-ex-muslims/17702 |journal=[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]] |publisher=[[Brendan O'Neill (journalist)|Brendan O'Neill]] |accessdate=11 December 2015}}</ref>

In late 2015, liberal talk show host [[Dave Rubin]] hosted discussions about the "regressive left" in many of ''[[The Rubin Report]]'' show segments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/8/milo-yiannopoulos-and-dave-rubin-discuss-gay-rights-and-cultural-libertarians-0_40xbq9svp490|title=Milo Yiannopoulos and Dave Rubin Discuss Gay Rights and Cultural Libertarians|publisher=Ora TV|accessdate=2015-10-08}}</ref> He once said, "The reason I feel like naming them [the regressives] is so important, is because I now view these regressives as the left's version of the [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]]. The Tea Party went unchecked by the right until it was too late, and now the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is a fractured mess often only held together by its worst beliefs. I really believe these regressives are doing this to the left, and if we don't have the courage to stop them, then a year or two from now, we'll wonder why our system is screwed up even more than it is now."<ref name="Rubin7Oct">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzzLiJ6na1k |title=Dave Rubin: Regressives are the Left's Tea Party |work=[[The Rubin Report]] |publisher=The Rubin Report |date=7 October 2015 |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> In a series of interviews, Rubin analyzed this concept and its implications with [[Peter Boghossian]], and with [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], [[Maajid Nawaz]],<ref name=Nawaz>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Dave|title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left and Political Correctness|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/2/maajid-nawaz-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-political-correctness-0_twq2e3jhwn8|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Rubin Report|date=2 October 2015}}</ref> [[Nick Cohen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/12/11/nick-cohen-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-free-speech-radical-islam-0_5a17hbvw846c|title=Nick Cohen and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left, Free Speech, Radical Islam|work=Ora TV}}</ref> and [[Douglas Murray (author)|Douglas Murray]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/11/6/douglas-murray-and-dave-rubin-talk-free-speech-isis-israel-full-interview-0_5i6uq59btmia|title=Douglas Murray and Dave Rubin Talk Free Speech, ISIS, Israel (Full Interview)|work=Ora TV}}</ref>

In November 2015, psychiatrist Khwaja Khusro Tariq from ''[[Huffington Post]]'' classified the term as an unsubstantiated [[ad hominem|''ad hominem'' attack]], stating that the harshest critics of Islam are courted by both liberal and conservative media in the U.S. He also stated the term has been directed towards [[Glenn Greenwald]] and [[Noam Chomsky]], both of whom he said have never condoned violence or opined on the doctrine of Islam. He argued that there was no genuine inhibition on speaking against the religion. <ref>{{cite news |last= Tariq|first= Khwaja|date= 11 November 2015|title= "Regressive Liberals": The New Mantra of Islamophobia
|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/khwaja-khusro-tariq/regressive-liberals-the-n_b_8597284.html|newspaper= Huffington Post|access-date= 9 January 2016}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Human rights}}
{{Culture}}
{{Multiculturalism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:21st-century neologisms]]
[[Category:Censorship]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islamism]]
[[Category:Criticism of political correctness]]
[[Category:Freedom of expression]]
[[Category:Islamism]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]
[[Category:Relativism]]
[[Category:Words coined in the 2010s]]

Regressive left

2016-03-23T23:52:37Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted to revision 711354790 by KindaQuantum (talk): RV to last legit version... (TW)

{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
The '''regressive left''' is a political [[epithet]] used to negatively characterize a section of [[left-wing politics|leftists]] who are accused of holding politically [[Political regressive|regressive]] views (as opposed to [[Progressivism|progressive]] views) by [[Toleration|tolerating]] [[Liberalism|illiberal]] principles and ideology for the sake of [[multiculturalism]].<ref name="Maher">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvvQJ_zsL1U |title=Real Time with Bill Maher: Richard Dawkins – Regressive Leftists (HBO) |work=[[Real Time with Bill Maher]] |publisher=HBO |date=2 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=WT20151003>{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/3/bill-maher-richard-dawkins-blast-regressive-libera/ |title=Bill Maher, Richard Dawkins blast 'regressive liberals' giving a 'free pass' to Islam |author=Kellan Howell |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=3 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> The implications of the term are controversial and contested, and as such its recognition and adoption have been limited.

Within the specific context of multiculturalism, [[British people|British]] liberal activist [[Maajid Nawaz]] used the term in 2012 in his memoir ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism]]''{{#tag:ref|On p. 210 of ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism|Radical]]'' (2012), Nawaz wrote: "Is not winning the war more important than truth? This maxim, I knew, was also subscribed to by some on the left, the regressive left. For them, winning against [[capitalism]] was far more important than it was to their allies. I watched as our ideology gained acceptance and we were granted airtime as [[Muslim]] political commentators. I watched as we were ignorantly pandered to by well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists. How we [[Islamism|Islamists]] laughed at their naïveté".<ref name="Radical"<ref name="Radical">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |page=210 |isbn=9781448131617 |accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref>|group="note"|name="first use"}} to describe "well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists" in [[Great Britain]] who naively and "ignorantly pandered to" [[Islamism|Islamists]] and helped Islamist ideology to gain acceptance. In a 2015 video presentation on the Internet forum [[Big Think]], Nawaz elaborated on the meaning of the term, saying that it describes "a section of the [[Left-wing politics|left]]" that has, in his opinion, "an inherent hesitation to challenge some of the [[bigotry]] that can occur within minority communities [...] for the sake of [[political correctness]], for the sake of [[Toleration|tolerating]] what they believe is [[cultural relativism|other cultures]] and respecting different lifestyles".<ref name="Bigthink">{{Cite web |url=http://bigthink.com/videos/maajid-nawaz-on-islamic-reform |title=Je Suis Muslim: How Universal Secular Rights Protect Muslim Communities the Most |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[Big Think]] |date=18 November 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

==Concept==
[[File:Maajid Nawaz speaking at LibDem campaign event.jpg|thumb|[[Maajid Nawaz]]'s use of "regressive left" has been a part of his advocacy against [[Islamism]], the [[Qur'anic literalism|literalist]] pole of [[Islam]] that places more emphasis on [[Sharia]] (Islamic law), [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] political unity, and an Islamic state.]]

[[Maajid Nawaz|Nawaz]], who in 2007 renounced his previous association with the radical [[Islamism|Islamist]] group [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]], in favor of [[Islam and secularism|secular Islam]], is the co-founder and chairman of [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]], a counter-extremism [[think tank]] based in [[London]] that seeks to challenge the narratives of [[Islamism|Islamists]].<ref name="Radical"/><ref>Maajid Nawaz (Quilliam) http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/about/staff/maajid-nawaz/</ref>

Nawaz has used "regressive left" to describe those left-leaning people who, in his opinion, pander to [[Islamism]], which he defines as a "global totalitarian theo-political project" with a "desire to impose any given interpretation of Islam over society as law"<ref name="rad">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |isbn=9781448131617}}</ref> and which he opposes on the ground that "any desire to impose any version of Islam over anyone anywhere, ever, is a fundamental violation of our basic civil liberties."<ref name="beast">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/08/the-british-left-s-hypocritical-embrace-of-islamism.html |title=The British Left's Hypocritical Embrace of Islamism |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=8 August 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to Nawaz, such sympathizers of Islamism include "[[atheism|atheists]] who are on the side of the Islamists, defending Islamism in the name of cultural tolerance."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwQhu1A-Ats |title=Lateline: An atheist and a Muslim on the future of Islam |author=[[Tony Jones (news journalist)|Tony Jones]] |work=[[Lateline]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=28 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

In an October 2015 interview with political talk show host [[Dave Rubin]], Nawaz elucidated further the reasoning behind his choice of the word "regressive". He hypothesized that a section of the leftists "genuinely believe" that they are fighting an "ideological war" against neoconservative and neocolonialist foreign policies of Western governments which promote state-organized violence and chaos in the form of wars and military invasions. On the contrary, when it comes to denouncing the randomized acts of violence of theocratic extremists such as Islamists, the same leftists forego their duty to criticize such acts of violence and prioritize focusing on the bigger evil of state-sponsored violence and war. Sometimes, they even "make alliances" with some of the most regressive, theocratic and murdering regimes and organizations. Nawaz labels these people regressive leftists. He then cites the example of [[Jeremy Corbyn]], leader of the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], who "has been historically very close" to supporters of Islamist organisations like Hamas and Hezbollah. In Nawaz's opinion, it is possible to denounce both neoconservative foreign policies (such as the Iraq war, which he had opposed) and theocratic extremism, but the regressive leftists fail to do so.<ref name=Nawaz>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Dave|title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left and Political Correctness|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/2/maajid-nawaz-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-political-correctness-0_twq2e3jhwn8|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Rubin Report|date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

According to Nawaz, the notion that Muslims cannot cope with criticism or mockery of Islam and only react violently, is "patronizing, self-pity inspiring mollycoddling" of the very Muslims it claims to serve and emancipate, because it does not expect them to be civil and control their anger.<ref name="beast" /> This "racism of low expectations" lowers the moral standards of people within minorities, seeking excuses if they happen to express, for example, [[misogyny]], [[chauvinism]], [[bigotry]], or [[antisemitism]], whilst holding members of the majority to [[human rights|universal liberal standards]].<ref name="Bigthink" />

Haras Rafiq, managing director of [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]], expressed the view that there is a tendency of some on the left to excuse Islamism. "We have not got to grips with the symbiotic relationship between Islamism and far-right hatred, and the regressive left that is prepared to excuse Islamism."<ref>ADAM LEBOR. Donald Trump: The AMERICAN STEREOTYPE EUROPEANS LOVE TO HATE. Newsweek Dec/14/15 [http://www.newsweek.com/2015/12/25/donald-trump-worse-voldemort-europeans-say-404653.html]</ref>

==Analysis==
In 2006, six years before Nawaz used the term "regressive left" to convey a viewpoint within the dialog on multiculturalism, [[New Atheist]] author [[Sam Harris]] used the phrase "Head-in-the-sand Liberals" in an LA Times article to describe liberals who are in denial and "despite abundant evidence to the contrary", "continue to imagine that Muslim terrorism springs from economic despair, lack of education and American militarism". He bemoaned that "being generally reasonable and tolerant of diversity, liberals should be especially sensitive to the dangers of religious literalism. But they aren't".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Sam |date=18 September 2006 |title=Head-in-the-Sand Liberals: Western civilization really is at risk from Muslim extremists |url=http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/the-end-of-liberalism |journal=[[LA Times]] |publisher= |accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2013, the One Law for All campaign<ref>http://www.onelawforall.org.uk/</ref> issued a report, ''Siding with the Oppressor: The Pro-Islamist Left''.<ref name=I20130628>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/why-is-the-left-so-blinkered-to-islamic-extremism-8679265.html |title=Why is the left so blinkered to Islamic extremism? |author=James Bloodworth |work=[[The Independent]] |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to ''The Independent'', the report expressed concern at "working enthusiastically with those advocating the murder of homosexuals" and also with "religious fascists".<ref name=I20130628/> ''The Independent'' expressed the opinion that "In a disastrous irony, the pro-Islamist left has ended up in the same place as the white far-right. The perception of Muslims as synonymous with Islamism – criticism of Islamism is characterised as criticism of Muslims – is precisely the view taken by groups such as the [[English Defence League|EDL]]." ''The Independent'' article concluded that political [[confirmation bias]] was responsible, driven by a "pathological anti-Americanism that is quite attractive to a certain type of degenerated progressive."<ref name=I20130628/> It also quoted [[Maryam Namazie]], a spokesperson for several organisations including Iran Solidarity, One Law for All and the [[Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain]] as identifying several organisations who are, "there as prefects to silence dissenters and defend Islamism as a defence of 'Muslims'."<ref name=I20130628/>

In September 2015, [[Sam Harris]] and Maajid Nawaz participated in an exchange at a public forum hosted by [[Harvard University]]'s Institute of Politics,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PI9QwEKqrso |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance |author=Harvard’s Institute of Politics hosting Sam Harris and Maajid Nawaz |publisher=Harvard’s Institute of Politics |date= |accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> which was later published in a short book, titled ''[[Islam and the Future of Tolerance]]'' (2015). In a review of the book in the magazine ''[[National Review Online]]'', political writer Brian Stewart notes that according to both Nawaz and Harris, the regressive leftists in the West are "willfully blind" to the fact that jihadists and Islamists make up a significant portion (20% in Harris's estimate) of the global Muslim community and the minority Muslim communities within the West, even though these factions are opposed to liberal values such as individual autonomy, freedom of expression, democracy, women's rights, gay rights, etc. Regressive leftists thus demonstrate a curiously illiberal, isolationist, and even censuring attitude towards any criticism of this phenomenon, and in doing so, they not only betray universal liberal values but also abandon defending the most vulnerable liberal members living inside the Muslim community such as women, homosexuals and apostates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Brian |date=7 October 2015 |title=A Liberal Atheist and a Liberal Muslim Discuss the Problems of Contemporary Islam |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425169/sam-harris-maajid-nawaz-islam-book |journal=[[National Review Online]] |publisher= |accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref>

In October 2015, ''The Washington Post'' reported that American comedian and show host [[Bill Maher]] and British biologist and [[New Atheism|New Atheist]] author [[Richard Dawkins]] "lamented regressive leftists who fail to understand they are anything but liberal when it comes to Islam".<ref name=WT20151003/> Maher noted a willingness to criticise anything except [[Islam]], excusing it as "their culture", to which Dawkins responded: "Well, to hell with their culture."<ref name="Maher"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/611231/Richard-Dawkins-in-extraordinary-blast-at-Muslims-To-hell-with-their-culture |title='To hell with their culture' - Richard Dawkins in extraordinary blast at Muslims |author=John Worthing |work=The Independent |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> The ''Sunday Express'' characterized Dawkins as having "attacked western society's relaxed attitude to radical Islam in an extraordinary outburst". Making reference to student initiatives to disinvite ex-Muslim speakers on campus, Dawkins saw this as, "a betrayal of the Free Speech Movement of the 1960s".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/richard-dawkins-free-speech_561038c4e4b0af3706e11397 |title=Richard Dawkins: College Students Are Betraying The Free Speech Movement |author=Tyler Kingkade |work=HuffPost on HPMG News |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

In October and November 2015, Sam Harris frequently used the term in his exchanges with the media, saying the greatest danger is that regressive leftists are willing to give up [[free speech]] "out of fear of offending minorities", which will lead to [[censorship]] imposed by those minorities, citing American journalist [[Glenn Greenwald]]'s comments on the [[Charlie Hebdo shootings]] as an example.<ref name="Chris Beck">{{Cite web |url=http://www.splicetoday.com/politics-and-media/sam-harris-unloads-on-the-regressive-left |title=Sam Harris Unloads on the Regressive Left |author=Chris Beck |work=[[Splice Today]] |publisher=[[Russ Smith (publisher)|Russ Smith]] |date=21 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=Salon20151125>Sean Illing. "Sam Harris talks Islam, ISIS, atheism, GOP madness": “We are confronting people, in dozens of countries, who despise more or less everything that we value” [http://www.salon.com/2015/11/25/harris_and_illing_correspondence/]</ref> Harris considers [[Reza Aslan]]<ref name="Chris Beck"/><ref name=Salon20151125/> and [[Noam Chomsky]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rawstory.com/2015/10/sam-harris-is-still-mad-about-liberals-who-followed-noam-chomsky-off-the-edge-of-the-world/|title=Sam Harris is still mad about ‘liberals who followed Noam Chomsky off the edge of the world’|publisher=}}</ref><ref>The Last Word With Lawrence O'Donnell' on Oct. 15, 2015. [MSNBC]</ref> to be of the regressive left.

In November 2015, in an appearance on the talk radio show [[American Humanist Association|''The Humanist Hour'']], author, philosopher and atheist activist [[Peter Boghossian]] defined the term as a pejorative used to describe those on the left that have made the "strangest bedfellows" with the [[Islamists]]. According to him, the word "[[Political regressive|regressive]]" is used to contrast with the word "[[Progressivism|progressive]]" - the latter being the group that is egalitarian and wants to create systems of justice and racial equality, while the former being a group that "[looks] for the worst in people... and [does] not extend hermeneutics of charity, or a charitable interpretation of anything anyone says, but uses it as a hammer to beat people down". In addition, he believes the regressive leftists have become "hyper-moralists" and champions of their perceived victims. He cites the historical wrongdoings, such as [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] in the U.S. and [[colonialism]] as a legitimate concern that has caused mistrust of anything Western and capitalistic. He also added that "there are people who have suffered and still suffer legitimate instances of racism, homophobia etc. The problem is that every time the word racist is just thrown around like that, that word loses its meaning. And it should have quite a sting. That should be a horrible word".<ref>{{cite podcast |url= http://thehumanist.com/multimedia/podcast/the-humanist-hour-175-the-regressive-left-and-safe-spaces-with-dr-peter-boghossian |title= The Humanist Hour #175: The “Regressive Left” and Safe Spaces, with Dr. Peter Boghossian|website= http://thehumanist.com/ |publisher= The Humanist Hour |host= Bo Bennett, Kim Ellington|date= 4 November 2015 |time= 4:08, 9:48, 0:10 |access-date= 7 January 2016}}</ref>

In December 2015, [[international relations]] researcher Elliot McArdle wrote in the online British magazine ''[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]]'' that some "so-called liberals/leftists" treat liberal Muslims like Nawaz and ex-Muslims like Namazie as "native informants", "traitors" or "[[no true Scotsman|not real Muslims]]", because such critics of Islam(ism), who have a Muslim background themselves, don't fit the desired narrative of Muslims as a homogeneous and oppressed group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McArdle |first=Elliot |date=4 December 2015 |title=The liberal racism faced by ex-Muslims |url=http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/the-liberal-racism-faced-by-ex-muslims/17702 |journal=[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]] |publisher=[[Brendan O'Neill (journalist)|Brendan O'Neill]] |accessdate=11 December 2015}}</ref>

In late 2015, liberal talk show host [[Dave Rubin]] hosted discussions about the "regressive left" in many of ''[[The Rubin Report]]'' show segments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/8/milo-yiannopoulos-and-dave-rubin-discuss-gay-rights-and-cultural-libertarians-0_40xbq9svp490|title=Milo Yiannopoulos and Dave Rubin Discuss Gay Rights and Cultural Libertarians|publisher=Ora TV|accessdate=2015-10-08}}</ref> He once said, "The reason I feel like naming them [the regressives] is so important, is because I now view these regressives as the left's version of the [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]]. The Tea Party went unchecked by the right until it was too late, and now the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is a fractured mess often only held together by its worst beliefs. I really believe these regressives are doing this to the left, and if we don't have the courage to stop them, then a year or two from now, we'll wonder why our system is screwed up even more than it is now."<ref name="Rubin7Oct">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzzLiJ6na1k |title=Dave Rubin: Regressives are the Left's Tea Party |work=[[The Rubin Report]] |publisher=The Rubin Report |date=7 October 2015 |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> In a series of interviews, Rubin analyzed this concept and its implications with [[Peter Boghossian]], and with [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], [[Maajid Nawaz]],<ref name=Nawaz>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Dave|title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left and Political Correctness|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/2/maajid-nawaz-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-political-correctness-0_twq2e3jhwn8|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Rubin Report|date=2 October 2015}}</ref> [[Nick Cohen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/12/11/nick-cohen-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-free-speech-radical-islam-0_5a17hbvw846c|title=Nick Cohen and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left, Free Speech, Radical Islam|work=Ora TV}}</ref> and [[Douglas Murray (author)|Douglas Murray]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/11/6/douglas-murray-and-dave-rubin-talk-free-speech-isis-israel-full-interview-0_5i6uq59btmia|title=Douglas Murray and Dave Rubin Talk Free Speech, ISIS, Israel (Full Interview)|work=Ora TV}}</ref>

In November 2015, psychiatrist Khwaja Khusro Tariq from ''[[Huffington Post]]'' classified the term as an unsubstantiated [[ad hominem|''ad hominem'' attack]], stating that the harshest critics of Islam are courted by both liberal and conservative media in the U.S. He also stated the term has been directed towards [[Glenn Greenwald]] and [[Noam Chomsky]], both of whom he said have never condoned violence or opined on the doctrine of Islam. He argued that there was no genuine inhibition on speaking against the religion. <ref>{{cite news |last= Tariq|first= Khwaja|date= 11 November 2015|title= "Regressive Liberals": The New Mantra of Islamophobia
|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/khwaja-khusro-tariq/regressive-liberals-the-n_b_8597284.html|newspaper= Huffington Post|access-date= 9 January 2016}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

==See also==
* [[McCarthyism]]
* [[Un-American]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Human rights}}
{{Culture}}
{{Multiculturalism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:21st-century neologisms]]
[[Category:Censorship]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islamism]]
[[Category:Criticism of political correctness]]
[[Category:Freedom of expression]]
[[Category:Islamism]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]
[[Category:Relativism]]
[[Category:Words coined in the 2010s]]

Virginia Hall

2016-03-11T00:13:14Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by ... .I Am Me Kate. ... (talk) to last version by KasparBot

{{Infobox spy
| name = Virginia Hall
| nickname =
| image = Virginia Hall.jpg
| caption = Virginia Hall receiving the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] in 1945 from OSS chief [[William Joseph Donovan|General Donovan]]
| allegiance = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]] {{Flagicon|Free French Forces}} [[Free France]]
| service = [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] (1940–44) [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] (1944–45) [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] ([[Special Activities Division|SAD]]) (1951–66)
| serviceyears = 1940–1966
| rank =
| operation = [[Operation Jedburgh]]
| award = [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]]
| codename1 = Diane
| codename2 = Marie Monin
| codename3 = Germaine
| codename4 = Marie of Lyon
| codename5 = Camille
| codename6 = Nicolas<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |title=The People of the CIA ... — Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2007-featured-story-archive/the-people-of-the-cia.html |accessdate=2014-07-24}}</ref>
| codename7 =
| codename8 =
| codename9 =
| other = [[US Department of State]] (1931–39)
| birth_name = Virginia Hall
| birth_date = {{birth date|1906|04|06}}
| birth_place = Baltimore, Maryland
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1982|07|08|1906|04|06}}
| death_place = Rockville, Maryland
| death_cause = natural
| buried = [[Pikesville|Pikesville, Maryland]]
| height =
| nationality = {{flagicon|USA}} American
| religion =
| residence =
| parents ={{Plainlist|
* Edwin Lee Hall (1871–31)
*Barbara V Hall (1878–65)}}
| spouse = Paul Gaston Goillot
| children =
| occupation =
| alma_mater ={{Plainlist|
*Undergraduate:
*[[Radcliffe College]] (Harvard University)
*[[Barnard College]] (Columbia University)
*Graduate:
*[[American University]]}}
| signature =
}}

'''Virginia Hall Goillot''' [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (6 April 1906 – 8 July 1982<ref>{{Find a Grave |grid=14354228 |author=Benson, Kit and Morgan |date=May 21, 2006 |accessdate=2014-07-24}}</ref>) was an American [[spy]] with the British [[Special Operations Executive]] during [[World War II]] and later with the American [[Office of Strategic Services]] and the [[Special Activities Division]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. She was known by many aliases, including "Marie Monin", "Germaine", "Diane", "Marie of Lyon", "Camille",<ref>{{cite web |title=CIA Kids Page – History – Virginia Hall |url=https://www.cia.gov/cia/ciakids/history/vhall01.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061227213130/https://www.cia.gov/cia/ciakids/history/vhall01.html |archivedate=2006-12-27 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref><ref name="Daily Telegraph Page 15">{{cite web |url=http://www.campx.ca/georges-begue/Begue-1.html |newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph]] |date=January 29, 1994 |page=15 |title=Obituary of Georges Bégué |accessdate=2014-07-24}} [[Georges Bégué]]</ref> and "Nicolas".<ref name="cia.gov"/> The [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Germans]] gave her the nickname ''Artemis''. The [[Gestapo]] reportedly considered her "the most dangerous of all Allied spies".<ref>
Meyer,Roger (October 2008). "World War II's Most Dangerous Spy" ''[[The American Legion Magazine]]'' p. 54</ref>

==Early life==
Hall was born in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] and attended [[Roland Park Country School]] and then the prestigious [[Radcliffe College]] and [[Barnard College]] (Columbia University),<ref>[http://estonia.usembassy.gov/root/pdfs/history-articles/not-bad-for-a-girl-from-baltimore.pdf Curriculum]</ref> where she studied French, Italian and German. She wanted to finish her studies in Europe. With help from her parents, she travelled the Continent and studied in [[France]], [[Germany]], and [[Austria]], finally landing an appointment as a Consular Service clerk at the American Embassy in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] in 1931. Hall had hoped to join the Foreign Service, but suffered a setback around 1932 when she accidentally shot herself in the left leg while hunting in Turkey. The leg was later amputated from the knee down, and replaced with a wooden appendage which she named "Cuthbert". The injury foreclosed whatever chance she might have had for a diplomatic career, and she resigned from the Department of State in 1939. Thereafter she attended graduate school at [[American University]] in [[Washington, DC]].<ref>[http://photos.state.gov/libraries/estonia/99874/History%20stories/Not-Bad-for-a-Girl-from-Baltimore.pdf]</ref>

==World War II==
The coming of war that year found Hall in [[Paris]]. She joined the Ambulance Service before the fall of France and ended up in [[Vichy France|Vichy]]-controlled territory when the fighting stopped in the summer of 1940.

===Special Operations Executive===
Hall made her way to London and volunteered for Britain's newly formed [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE), which sent her back to Vichy in August 1941.
She spent the next 15 months there, helping to coordinate the activities of the [[French Resistance|French Underground]] in Vichy and the occupied zone of France. At the time she had the cover of a correspondent for the ''[[New York Post]]''.<ref name="Daily Telegraph Page 15"/>

When the Germans suddenly seized all of France in November 1942, Hall barely escaped to [[Spain]]. Rather whimsically, her artificial foot had its own codename ("Cuthbert"). According to Dr. Dennis Casey of the [[Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency|U.S. Air Force Intelligence Agency]], the French nicknamed her "la dame qui boite" and the Germans put "the limping lady" on their most wanted list.<ref>http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/030127/27heyday.hall.htm</ref> Before making her escape, she signalled to SOE that she hoped Cuthbert would not give trouble on the way. The SOE, not understanding the reference, replied, "If Cuthbert troublesome, eliminate him". Journeying back to London (after working for SOE for a time in Madrid), in July 1943 she was quietly made an honorary [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE).<ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/oss/art05.htm</ref>

===Office of Strategic Services===
[[File:French identification certificate for Marcelle Montagne, an alias of OSS agent Virginia Hall.jpg|thumb|French identification certificate for Marcelle Montagne forged by OSS]]
Virginia Hall joined the U.S. [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) Special Operations Branch in March 1944 and asked to return to occupied France. She hardly needed training in clandestine work behind enemy lines, and OSS promptly granted her request and landed her from a British [[Motor Torpedo Boat|MTB]] in [[Brittany]] (her artificial leg having kept her from parachuting in) with a forged French identification certificate for Marcelle Montagne. Codenamed "Diane", she eluded the [[Gestapo]] and contacted the [[French Resistance]] in central France. She mapped drop zones for supplies and commandos from England, found safe houses, and linked up with a [[Operation Jedburgh|Jedburgh team]] after the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Forces]] landed at [[Normandy]]. Hall helped train three battalions of Resistance forces to wage guerrilla warfare against the Germans and kept up a stream of valuable reporting until Allied troops overtook her small band in September. {{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

==Post war==
In 1950, Hall married OSS agent Paul Goillot. In 1951, she joined the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] working as an intelligence analyst on French parliamentary affairs. She worked alongside her husband as part of the [[Special Activities Division]].

Hall retired in 1966 to a farm in [[Barnesville, Maryland]].

==Death==
Virginia Hall Goillot died at the [[Shady Grove Adventist Hospital]] in [[Rockville, Maryland]] on 8 July 1982, aged 76.<ref>http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/virginia-hall/</ref> She is buried in the Druid Ridge Cemetery, [[Pikesville]], [[Baltimore County]], [[Maryland]].<ref>{{Find a Grave|14354228|Virginia Hall Goillot}}</ref>

==Awards==
For her efforts in France, General [[William Joseph Donovan]] in September 1945 personally awarded Hall a [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] — the only one awarded to a civilian woman in World War II.<ref>http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=512</ref><ref>http://blogs.archives.gov/todaysdocument/2011/05/12/may-12-virginia-hall-of-the-oss/</ref> President Truman wanted a public award of the medal; however Hall demurred, stating she was "Still operational and most anxious to get busy."

==Legacy==
Her story was told in ''The Wolves at the Door : The True Story of America's Greatest Female Spy'' by Judith L. Pearson (2005) The Lyons Press, ISBN 1-59228-762-X. 
A biography exists in French: [http://www.editions-fayard.fr/livre/fayard-241367-l-espionne-vincent-nouzille.htm ''L'Espionne. Virginia Hall, une Américaine dans la guerre''], by Vincent Nouzille (2007) Fayard (Paris), a book reviewed by British historian M.R.D. Foot in "Studies in Intelligence", Vol 53, N°1[https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no1/l2019espionne-virginia-hall-une-americaine-dans-la.html]. She was honoured again in 2006, at the French and British embassies for her courageous work.

==Sources==
*[[Marcus Binney]], ''The Women Who Lived for Danger: The Women Agents of SOE in the Second World War'', London, Hodder & Stoughton, 2002, ISBN 0-340-81840-9, pp. 111–38 ("Virginia Hall") and ''passim.''

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Virginia Hall}}
* [https://web.archive.org/20061220182624/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061210/ap_on_re_us/female_spy_remembered "Ambassadors to honor female ww1 spy"] by Ben Nuckols, [[Associated Press]], 10 December 2006.
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/oss/art05.htm Special Operations article] and [https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2007-featured-story-archive/the-people-of-the-cia.html Featured story about Virginia Hall on the CIA web site]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,3-2499682,00.html#cid=OTC-RSS&attr=World Times Online Article]
* Article by MRD Foot in Studies in Intelligence vol 53 N°1 [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no1/l2019espionne-virginia-hall-une-americaine-dans-la.html]

;Attribution
{{USGovernment|sourceURL=https://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/oss/art05.htm The People of the CIA ...Making an Impact: Virginia Hall}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hall, Virginia}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:American spies]]
[[Category:Female wartime spies]]
[[Category:New York Post people]]
[[Category:Special Operations Executive personnel]]
[[Category:French Resistance members]]
[[Category:World War II spies]]
[[Category:Female resistance members of World War II]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)]]
[[Category:American women in World War II]]
[[Category:People from Baltimore, Maryland]]
[[Category:Barnard College alumni|Barnard College alumnae]]
[[Category:Radcliffe College alumni|Radcliffe College alumnae]]
[[Category:American University alumni]]
[[Category:People of the Office of Strategic Services]]
[[Category:People of the Central Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:Analysts of the Central Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:Death in Maryland]]
[[Category:Burials at Druid Ridge Cemetery]]
[[Category:20th-century American writers]]
[[Category:American amputees]]

Assetto Corsa

2016-02-27T00:18:53Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Undid revision 707125829 by Rudski (talk) Please discuss on talk page, as per WP:BRD -- I am not sure what you mean.

{{Infobox video game
|title= Assetto Corsa
|collapsible=
|state=
|show image=
|image=Assetto Corsa cover.png
|caption=
|developer= [[Kunos Simulazioni]]
|publisher= Kunos Simulazioni [[505 Games]] (XONE, PS4)
|series=
|engine=
|platforms= [[Microsoft Windows]] [[PlayStation 4]] [[Xbox One]]
|released= '''Microsoft Windows''' Early Access: 8 November 2013 Full release: 19 December 2014 '''PS4, Xbox One''' 3 June 2016
|genre= [[Sim racing|Racing simulation]]
|modes= [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Assetto Corsa''''' ([[Italian language|Italian]] for "[[racing setup]]") is a [[sim racing]] [[video game]] developed by the [[Italy|Italian]] [[video game developer]] [[Kunos Simulazioni]]. It is designed with an emphasis on a realistic racing experience with support for extensive customisation and [[Mod (video gaming)|moddability]]. The game was first released through the [[Steam (software)|Steam]]'s Early Access program on 8 November 2013,<ref name="steam">{{cite web |url=http://store.steampowered.com/app/244210 |title=Assetto Corsa on Steam |publisher=[[Steam (software)|Steam]] |accessdate=8 November 2013}}</ref> while the final version of the game was released on 19 December 2014.

[[505 Games]] announced on 3 June 2015 that it would be bringing the game to [[Xbox One]] and [[PlayStation 4]] in 2016<ref name="GI"/> and on 20 January 2016 revealed the release date of 22 April 2016.<ref name="console_date">{{cite web|title=Assetto Corsa Console Announcement|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ql6ERnlKPss|accessdate=20 January 2016}}</ref> On 24 February 2016 it was announced that the console release was delayed to 3 June 2016<ref>{{cite web|title=Assetto Corsa delayed on PS4 and Xbox One|url=http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/assetto-corsa-delayed-on-ps4-and-xbox-one/0163008|accessdate=24 February 2016|ref=mcvuk_delay}}</ref>

==Development==
[[Kunos Simulazioni]] built ''Assetto Corsa'' on the experience acquired with the development of ''[[netKar Pro]]'' and ''[[Ferrari Virtual Academy]]''. Kunos Simulazioni acquired practical knowledge working closely to real [[motorsport]] as their R&D office is located on [[ACI Vallelunga Circuit|Vallelunga Circuit]]. The game includes renditions of international circuits (surveyed using both traditional and [[laser scanning]] technology), global car brands, racing prototypes, historic cars, single seaters and iconic cars.

''Assetto Corsa'' started development in 2010 with a driving school project for [[Automobile Club d'Italia]]. In 2011, Kunos moved to developing the game in [[Unity (game engine)|Unity engine]], however, due to constraints of external integrability – not being modding friendly, and due to long loading times, they decided to leave it. Eventually, they ended with building a completely in-house engine at the end of 2011.<ref name="indievault">{{cite web |url=http://www.indievault.it/2013/02/12/assetto-corsa-online-il-talk-di-kunos-alla-ggj/ |title=Assetto Corsa: online il talk di Kunos alla GGJ |last1=Lettera |first1=Vincenzo |date=12 February 2013 |publisher=Indie Vault |accessdate=8 November 2013}}</ref>

The game is coded in multiple programming languages. [[C++]] is used for the simulation part, and [[Go (programming language)|Go]] for multiplayer server. The user interface and launcher core is coded in [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], but the interface frontend in [[HTML]] to allow users to create interface modifications. [[Python (programming language)|Python]] can be used for developing plugins for retrieving simulation data in real time. [[Application programming interface|API]]s used are [[DirectX 11]] for graphics, [[FMOD]] for sound and [[Open Dynamics Engine|ODE]] for [[collision detection]] and [[physics engine|rigid body physics]].<ref name="indievault"/>

===Demo===
The ''Assetto Corsa Technology Preview'' was a playable benchmark that was released on 22 February 2013. It offered one car, [[Lotus Elise|Lotus Elise SC]], and one track, [[Autodromo dell'Umbria]] in [[Magione]], Italy, as well as two playing modes, free practice and time attack. The preview's main purpose was to allow users to get their first taste of the engine, test it, and report back feedback. The preview required a player to own a ''netKar Pro'' license.

===Early Access===
The game was released through the [[Steam (software)|Steam]]'s Early Access program on 8 November 2013.<ref name="steam"/> This service allows developers to release a functional but yet-incomplete product, such as [[beta version]]s, to allow users to buy the title and help provide funding, testing and feedback towards the final production. As part of the early access program, starting by the first release, an update with new cars, tracks and features was available around every two weeks, adding new contents and improving the existing ones.<ref name="steam"/>

===Release===
The Release Candidate, a feature complete version of the game, was released on 15 October 2014. The final version, following general bugfixing and performance optimizations, was released on 19 December 2014. After the official release the game continues to receive free updates, new features and paid DLC such as new cars and tracks. In May 2015, the [[PlayStation 4]] and [[Xbox One]] version of the game was announced.<ref name="GI">{{cite web|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/games/assetto_corsa/b/playstation4/archive/2015/06/03/assetto-corsa-announced-for-consoles.aspx?|title=Lauded Racing Sim Assetto Corsa Announced For Consoles|first=Matthew|last=Kato|work=[[Game Informer]]|date=June 3, 2015|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref> It is set to be released on 22 April 2016 and published by [[505 Games]].<ref name="console_date" />

==Reception==
{{Video game reviews
| GR = 85%<ref name="GR">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/655568-assetto-corsa/index.html |title=Assetto Corsa review |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref>
| MC = 85/100<ref name="MCPC">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/assetto-corsa |title=Assetto Corsa (PC) |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref>
| EuroG = 9/10<ref name="EGPC">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2015-01-16-assetto-corsa-review |title=Assetto Corsa review |publisher=[[Eurogamer]] |accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref>
|IGN = 9.5/10<ref name="IGN">{{cite web |url=http://it.ign.com/assetto-corsa-pc/87691/review/la-recensione-di-assetto-corsa-release-10-candidat|title=La recensione di Assetto Corsa |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=1 March 2015}}</ref>
|PCPP = 8/10
}}

''Assetto Corsa'' was initially well received by some in the sim racing community, with general acclaim for the accessible handling, choice of road cars and the meticulous reproduction of the visual models,<ref name="MCPC" /> photo mode and beautiful visuals. Another much appreciated feature was the constant development of the game and the attention to the feedback from the users.
The consensus was not entirely one sided however, with the more serious sim racing community feeling neglected and being disappointed with the compromises on features such as lack of pit-stops,<ref name="rd_missing">{{cite web |url=http://www.racedepartment.com/threads/whats-still-missing-in-ac.99657/|website=racedepartment.com|title=What's still missing in Assetto Corsa? |accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=prc_loco>{{cite web|title=Locomotiva Emozionante – Your Racing Simulator|url=http://pretendracecars.net/2015/09/12/locomotiva-emozionante-your-racing-simulator/|accessdate=28 November 2015}}</ref><ref name="prc_interest">{{cite web|title = Interest in Assetto Corsa appears to be declining|url = http://pretendracecars.net/2015/08/13/interest-in-assetto-corsa-appears-to-be-declining/|website = |accessdate = 18 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="simhq_end">{{cite web|title=Is this the end...? Arrivederci Assetto Corsa ?|url=http://simhqmotorsports.com/forums/index.php?/topic/9864-is-this-the-end-arrivederci-assetto-corsa/|website=SimHQ Motorsports|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=simhq_year>{{cite web|title=Sim Racing 2015 – The Year That Was and Wasn’t|url=http://simhqmotorsports.com/sim-racing-2015-the-year-that-was-and-wasnt/|website=simhqmotorsports|accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref> content and physics.<ref name="motorsport">{{cite web|last1=Sutton|first1=Justin|title=Assetto Corsa - a beautiful game|url=http://www.motorsport.com/sim-racing/news/assetto-corsa-a-beautiful-game/|website=motorsport.com|accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="prc_physics">{{cite web|title = What Virtua Simulazioni struggled with when creating the Formula Renault mod|url = http://pretendracecars.net/2015/08/24/what-virtua-simulazioni-struggled-with-when-creating-the-formula-renault-mod/|website = |accessdate = 29 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="prc_physics2">{{cite web|title = With the current crop of physics issues, what exactly does Assetto Corsa have going for it?|url = http://pretendracecars.net/2015/11/17/with-the-current-crop-of-physics-issues-what-exactly-does-assetto-corsa-have-going-for-it/ |website = |accessdate = 23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=prc_numbers>{{cite web|title="Numbers Matching" has a Negative Connotation|url=http://pretendracecars.net/2016/01/04/numbers-matching-has-a-negative-connotation/|accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="techradar" />

Although the game has been out of early access since 2014, it is still plagued by severe issues which were overlooked during the initial build-up for the game, such as lacking features, physics that can't cope well with the aerodynamics, tires and suspension of stiff aero dependent race cars,<ref name="prc_physics" /><ref name="prc_physics2" /> highly problematic AI,<ref name="prc_loco" /><ref name="prc_ai">{{cite web|title = Another massive update, another massive Assetto Corsa AI glitch video|url = http://pretendracecars.net/2015/10/11/another-massive-update-another-massive-assetto-corsa-ai-glitch-video/|website = |accessdate = 28 November 2015}}</ref> unreliable netcode,<ref name="prc_loco" /><ref name="prc_interest">{{cite web|title = Interest in Assetto Corsa appears to be declining|url = http://pretendracecars.net/2015/08/13/interest-in-assetto-corsa-appears-to-be-declining/|website = |accessdate = 18 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="simhq_end">{{cite web|title=Is this the end...? Arrivederci Assetto Corsa ?|url=http://simhqmotorsports.com/forums/index.php?/topic/9864-is-this-the-end-arrivederci-assetto-corsa/|website=SimHQ Motorsports|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref> and modding not working as intended,<ref name="ExpertReviews">{{cite web|last1=Passingham|first1=Michael|title=Best PC sim racing games 2015|url=http://www.expertreviews.co.uk/games/pc-games/1403006/best-pc-sim-racing-games-2015-project-cars-and-more|website=Expert Reviews|publisher=Expert Reviews|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref> despite Kunos having more than a decade of experience in this field.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tokyo 30 September 2004|url=http://www.netkar-pro.com/devreports/2004_09_30.htm|website=netkar-pro.com|accessdate=5 October 2015}}</ref> Due to these issues, interest from the more serious sim community has also declined and has relegated the title to a [[wikt:Special:Search/hotlapping|hotlapping]] game.<ref name=prc_loco /><ref name="simhq_end" /><ref name=simhq_year />

Kunos has stated that due to engine limitations and demographic, the game will never support features such as rain / wet weather conditions, night racing,<ref name=di_nightrain>{{cite web|title=Assetto Corsa: DrivingItalia intervista Massarutto|url=http://www.drivingitalia.net/index.html/_/software/assetto-corsa-drivingitalia-intervista-massarutto-r21779|accessdate=28 November 2015}}</ref> nor AI tuned for multiclass racing.<ref name=kunos_multiclass>{{cite web|title=Stefano Casillo|url=https://twitter.com/KunosStefano/status/600851423920685056|accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=cat_multiclass>{{cite web|title=Look What The Cat Hacked In - S02E04 - Let's race|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_lH5cpFG8o&feature=youtu.be&t=3265|accessdate=28 November 2015}}</ref>

According to simulation engineer James Dover the game does deliver in terms of graphics, but he reckons its physics engine "lacks seriousness".<ref name="techradar">{{cite web|title = 5 racing games that nailed realistic driving physics – and 3 that didn't|url = http://www.techradar.com/news/car-tech/5-racing-games-that-nailed-realistic-driving-physics-and-3-that-didn-t-1305257/|accessdate = 2015-10-04|website = TechRadar}}</ref>

Petros Mak, founder of a well known simulation modding company, states that the physics of ''Assetto Corsa'' are not of simulation value, saying that it’s a mix between more casual racing game physics and simulation (also referred to as “simcade”), allowing the game to cater to a wider audience.<ref>{{Cite web|title = What's with the PC Sim Racer elitism?|url = http://pretendracecars.net/2015/09/04/reader-submission-42-whats-with-the-pc-sim-racer-elitism/|website = |accessdate = 2015-10-06}}</ref>

ExpertReviews sums it up as "a lot of cleaning up is required if it's going to be able to keep bringing in - and keeping - new players."<ref name="ExpertReviews">{{cite web|last1=Passingham|first1=Michael|title=Best PC sim racing games 2015|url=http://www.expertreviews.co.uk/games/pc-games/1403006/best-pc-sim-racing-games-2015-project-cars-and-more|website=Expert Reviews|publisher=Expert Reviews|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref>

==Modding==
The game was designed to support extensive modification and creation of additional cars and tracks by users themselves. A special [[WYSIWYG]] editor, bundled with the game, enables importing of 3D models (in [[FBX]] file format) and allows artists to assign properties and [[shader|material shaders]] to objects, with an emphasis on ease of use. The editor exports a single game model file and does not allow opening of, or addition of objects to, an already exported file. The game also supports addition of third party widgets and plugins written in Python, C++ and C#, for uses such as telemetry or interface enhancements.

Thanks to these features and to the success of the game, a vast and ever-growing library of mods is available. Kunos Simulazioni has decided to recognize the quality work and dedication of the modders by including some of the mods as official content of the game, such as the [[Shelby Cobra]], [[Lamborghini Miura]] and [[Audi Quattro|Audi Sport Quattro]].

==Downloadable content==
Kunos released the Dream Pack 1 DLC on 11 March 2015. This DLC brings a number of new car licences to the game: Alfa Romeo 4C, Alfa Romeo GTA, Alfa Romeo 155 Ti V6 1993, BMW M235i race car, Chevrolet Corvette C-R GTE, McLaren P1, McLaren F1 GTR, Mercedes 190E Evo II, Mercedes C9, Nissan GT-R NISMO. It also introduces the laserscanned [[Nürburgring|Nürburgring Nordschleife]] in 3 different layouts that took over 2 years to make.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.racedepartment.com/threads/assetto-corsa-kunos-tease-dream-pack-dlc.101340/ |title=Kunos tease Dream Pack DLC |date= |website=racedepartment.com |accessdate=25 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assettocorsa.net/assetto-corsa-dream-pack-1/|title=Kunos Reveal Dream Pack 1 Release Date & Details |date= |website=assettocorsa.net |accessdate=4 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title = Assetto Corsa Dream Pack 1 Launch Teaser|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_a98ukR9RPM|date = 2015-03-04|accessdate = 2016-01-27|last = Assetto Corsa Official Media Channel}}</ref>

Kunos released the Dream Pack 2 DLC on 8 October 2015. This DLC brings a number of new cars to the game (Audi R8 LMS, BMW M4, Ford GT40, Glickenhaus SCG003, Lamborghini Countach, Lamborghini Huracan GT3, RUF RT12 R) and introduces laserscanned [[Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya|Catalunya circuit.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virtualr.net/assetto-corsa-bonus-pack-details-dream-pack-2-confirmed |title=Assetto Corsa – Bonus Pack Details, Dream Pack 2 Confirmed |website=VirtualR.net |accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref>

Kunos released the Dream Pack 3 DLC on 15 December 2015. This DLC brings a number of new cars to the game (Abarth 500 Assetto Corse, Ford Escort RS 1600, Lamborghini Huracàn SuperTrofeo, McLaren 650 GT3, Mercedes AMG GT3, Lotus 25, Lotus 72, Lamborghini Gallardo SuperLeggera), and introduces laserscanned [[Brands Hatch|Brands Hatch circuit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamershell.com/news_185740.html|title=Assetto Corsa 1.4 Update Adds Dream Pack 3 |website=gamershell.com |accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Forza Motorsport]]''
* ''[[Gran Turismo (series)|Gran Turismo]]''
* ''[[Driveclub]]''
* ''[[Project Cars]]''
* ''[[Grid Autosport]]''
* ''[[Need for Speed: Shift]]''
* ''[[Test Drive: Ferrari Racing Legends]]''
* ''[[Ferrari Virtual Academy]]''
* ''[[rFactor 2]]''
* ''[[iRacing]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.assettocorsa.net}}

[[Category:2014 video games]]
[[Category:Early access video games]]
[[Category:Racing simulators]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Italy]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Oculus Rift games]]

Assetto Corsa

2016-02-27T00:11:07Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Undid revision 707122153 by Rudski (talk) No, there are lots of sources

The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative

2016-02-26T19:06:09Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted to revision 707045479 by Mk17b (talk): Rvv. (TW)

{{Infobox company
| name = The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative
| logo = [[File:Trump University logo.jpg]]
| caption = The company's logo
| alt =
| type = [[Privately held company|Privately held]]
| predecessor = Trump University (name changed to The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in June 2010)<ref name="huffpost"/>
| foundation = {{Start date|2005|05|23}} (as Trump University)<ref name="businessweek">Hindo, Brian (May 23, 2005). [http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/may2005/nf20050523_2978.htm "Trump University: You're Wired!{{spaced ndash}} The Donald Launches His Own Online 'Self-Directed Learning' Courses{{spaced ndash}} And They Differ Mightily from the Usual Fare"]. ''[[BusinessWeek]]'' . Retrieved April 18, 2012.</ref>
| founder = [[Donald Trump]]
| location_city = [[New York City]], [[New York]]
| location_country = United States
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people =
| industry = Education
| products =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[The Trump Organization]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|trumpinitiative.com}} {{registration required|date=April 2012}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative''' (formerly '''Trump University''') is an online education company owned and founded by [[Donald Trump]]. A part of [[The Trump Organization]], the company offers courses in real estate, asset management, entrepreneurship, and wealth creation, charging fees ranging from US$1,500 to US$35,000.<ref name=nyt511/>

It is not an accredited [[university]] or [[college]] and does not confer college credits or degrees.<ref>Levine, Greg (May 23, 2005). [http://www.forbes.com/facesinthenews/2005/05/23/0523autofacescan06.html "Trump University Founded For Student 'Customers'"]. ''[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]]''. Retrieved April 18, 2012.</ref> In May 2011, the company was the subject of an inquiry by the [[New York Attorney General]]'s office for "illegal business practices", which culminated in a lawsuit filed on August 24, 2013.<ref name=nyt511>{{registration required|date=April 2012}} [[Michael Barbaro|Barbaro, Michael]] (May 19, 2011). [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/nyregion/trumps-for-profit-school-said-to-be-under-investigation.html?src=me&ref=nyregion "New York Attorney General Is Investigating Trump's For-Profit School"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''.</ref><ref>http://www.forbes.com/sites/carolinehoward/2013/08/27/donald-trump-universitys-big-lesson-for-all-for-profit-schools/ [[Forbes]] forbes.com Donald Trump University Lawsuit Is Lesson For All For-Profit Colleges</ref><ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/16/us-trump-nyag-lawsuit-idUSKCN0I52MW20141016 [[Reuters]] reuters.com New York judge finds Donald Trump liable for unlicensed school</ref><ref>http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/08/26/trump-entrepreneur-initiative-case/2700811/ [[USA Today]] Trump faces two-front legal fight over 'university'</ref> The company and surrounding lawsuit became an issue during the [[2016 Republican Party presidential primaries]].<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/02/25/marco-rubio-came-out-swinging-at-trump-and-one-punch-really-landed-trump-university/ [[Washington Post]] Trump faces two-front legal fight over 'university'</ref>

==Foundation and subsequent name change==
The company was founded on May 23, 2005.<ref name="businessweek"/> In June 2010, the institution officially changed its name from '''Trump University''' to '''The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative''', after the [[New York State Department of Education]] took the view that it was "misleading and even illegal" for the institution to call itself a university.<ref name="huffpost">Staff (April 19, 2010). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/19/trump-university-no-longe_n_542469.html "Trump University: No Longer a University?"]. ''[[The Huffington Post]]''.</ref>

==Allegations of impropriety==
On August 24, 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against the institution (which had largely ceased operations in May 2011), alleging illegal business practices and claiming numerous "false promises" made by The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative and its representatives.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/25/nyregion/trump-university-made-false-claims-lawsuit-says.html |title=Trump University Made False Claims, Lawsuit Says|work=The New York Times |accessdate=August 24, 2013}}</ref> Donald Trump denied the allegations, claiming the school has a 98% approval rating and said New York Attorney General [[Eric Schneiderman]] is "a political hack looking to get publicity."<ref>{{cite web |last=Gormley |first=Michael |title=Trump Calls NY Attorney General a 'Political Hack' |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/trump-calls-ny-attorney-general-political-hack-20068641 |publisher=ABC News |accessdate=26 August 2013}}</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' [[editorial board]] stated that "Mr. Schneiderman’s suit offers compelling evidence of a bait-and-switch scheme."<ref>{{cite news|last=Editorial Board |title=Inside Donald Trump’s University |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/27/opinion/inside-donald-trumps-university.html?_r=0 |accessdate=11 October 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 26, 2013}}</ref> Schneiderman accused Trump of misleading more than 5,000 people to pay up to $35,000 to learn his real estate investment techniques.<ref name=reuters.2014/>
Trump has given conflicting stories. In his infomercial he said: “And honestly, if you don’t learn from them, if you don’t learn from me, if you don’t learn from the people that we’re going to be putting forward, and these are all people handpicked by me, then you’re just not going to make it in terms of world-class success.” He testified in a 2012 deposition that, contrary to the Trump University sales materials and statements he made in the infomercial to the media, he neither selected the instructors nor oversaw the curriculum.<ref name=American Media Institute>{{cite web |url=http://aminewswire.com/stories/510660800-trump-university-swindled-me-says-iowa-retiree |author=Karen Freifeld |title=Trump University swindled me, says Iowa retiree |publisher=[[American Media Institute]] |date=February 1, 2016 |accessdate=February 1, 2016}}</ref>

In October 2014 a New York judge found Trump personally liable for the institution's violation of state education laws.<ref name=reuters.2014>{{cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/16/us-trump-nyag-lawsuit-idUSKCN0I52MW20141016 |first=Eddie |last=Curran |title=New York judge finds Donald Trump liable for unlicensed school |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=October 16, 2014 |accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref> On December 10, 2015, Donald Trump gave a closed-door pretrial deposition with the fraud trial expected in May 2016 during the [[2016 Republican Party presidential primaries]].<ref name=yahoo2016>{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/politics/with-gop-nomination-looming-trump-slated-to-take-191550876.html |first=Michael |last=Isikoff |title=With GOP nomination looming, Trump is slated to take witness stand in fraud trial |publisher=[[Yahoo Politics]] |date=February 23, 2016 |accessdate=February 26, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies|New York City}}
*[[List of companies based in New York City]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*(Abstract; {{subscription required|date=April 2012}} for full article) Beam, Alex (July 24, 2006). [http://www.boston.com/ae/tv/articles/2006/07/24/the_relentless_pursuit_oftrump_u/ "The Relentless Pursuit of Trump U"]. ''[[The Boston Globe]]''. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
*{{registration required|date=April 2012}} [http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/08/11/opinion/edbeam.php]. ''[[The International Herald Tribune]]''. (Article about [[Spam (electronic)|spam email]] from the institution.)
*Laszlo, Michael (undated). [http://michaellaszlo.com/pieces/trumpwaterloo/ "Trump vs. Waterloo"]. michaellaszlo.com (blog). Retrieved April 18, 2012. (Blog post on the similarity of the Trump University logo to that of the [[University of Waterloo]].)

==External links==
*[http://trumpinitiative.com trumpinitiateive.com] {{registration required|date=April 2012}}, the company's official website

{{Trump|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trump Entrepreneur Initiative}}
[[Category:2005 establishments in New York]]
[[Category:Assets owned by the Trump Organization]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Companies based in Manhattan]]
[[Category:Distance education institutions]]
[[Category:Education companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Educational technology companies]]
[[Category:Privately held companies based in New York City]]
[[Category:Unaccredited institutions of higher learning in the United States]]

[[fr:The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative]]

Regressive left

2016-02-25T20:40:18Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: A bit more neutral

{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
The '''regressive left''' is a political [[epithet]] used to negatively characterize a section of [[left-wing politics|leftists]] who supposedly hold politically [[Political regressive|regressive]] views (as opposed to [[Progressivism|progressive]]) by [[Toleration|tolerating]] [[Liberalism|illiberal]] principles and ideology for the sake of [[multiculturalism]].<ref name="Maher">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvvQJ_zsL1U |title=Real Time with Bill Maher: Richard Dawkins – Regressive Leftists (HBO) |work=[[Real Time with Bill Maher]] |publisher=HBO |date=2 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=WT20151003>{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/3/bill-maher-richard-dawkins-blast-regressive-libera/ |title=Bill Maher, Richard Dawkins blast 'regressive liberals' giving a 'free pass' to Islam |author=Kellan Howell |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=3 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

Within the specific context of multiculturalism, [[British people|British]] liberal activist [[Maajid Nawaz]] used the term in 2012 in his memoir ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism]]''{{#tag:ref|On p. 210 of ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism|Radical]]'' (2012), Nawaz wrote: "Is not winning the war more important than truth? This maxim, I knew, was also subscribed to by some on the left, the regressive left. For them, winning against [[capitalism]] was far more important than it was to their allies. I watched as our ideology gained acceptance and we were granted airtime as [[Muslim]] political commentators. I watched as we were ignorantly pandered to by well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists. How we [[Islamism|Islamists]] laughed at their naïveté".<ref name="Radical"<ref name="Radical">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |page=210 |isbn=9781448131617 |accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref>|group="note"|name="first use"}} to describe "well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists" in [[Great Britain]] who naively and "ignorantly pandered to" [[Islamism|Islamists]] and helped Islamist ideology to gain acceptance. In a 2015 video presentation on the Internet forum [[Big Think]], Nawaz elaborated on the meaning of the term, saying that it describes "a section of the [[Left-wing politics|left]]" that has, in his opinion, "an inherent hesitation to challenge some of the [[bigotry]] that can occur within minority communities [...] for the sake of [[political correctness]], for the sake of [[Toleration|tolerating]] what they believe is [[cultural relativism|other cultures]] and respecting different lifestyles".<ref name="Bigthink">{{Cite web |url=http://bigthink.com/videos/maajid-nawaz-on-islamic-reform |title=Je Suis Muslim: How Universal Secular Rights Protect Muslim Communities the Most |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[Big Think]] |date=18 November 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

==Concept==
[[File:Maajid Nawaz speaking at LibDem campaign event.jpg|thumb|[[Maajid Nawaz]]'s use of "regressive left" has been a part of his advocacy against [[Islamism]], the [[Qur'anic literalism|literalist]] pole of [[Islam]] that places more emphasis on [[Sharia]] (Islamic law), [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] political unity, and an Islamic state.]]

[[Maajid Nawaz|Nawaz]], who in 2007 renounced his previous association with the radical [[Islamism|Islamist]] group [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]], in favor of [[Islam and secularism|secular Islam]], is the co-founder and chairman of [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]], a counter-extremism [[think tank]] based in [[London]] that seeks to challenge the narratives of [[Islamism|Islamists]].<ref name="Radical"/><ref>Maajid Nawaz (Quilliam) http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/about/staff/maajid-nawaz/</ref>

Nawaz has used "regressive left" to describe those left-leaning people who, in his opinion, pander to [[Islamism]], which he defines as a "global totalitarian theo-political project" with a "desire to impose any given interpretation of Islam over society as law"<ref name="rad">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |isbn=9781448131617}}</ref> and which he opposes on the ground that "any desire to impose any version of Islam over anyone anywhere, ever, is a fundamental violation of our basic civil liberties."<ref name="beast">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/08/the-british-left-s-hypocritical-embrace-of-islamism.html |title=The British Left's Hypocritical Embrace of Islamism |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=8 August 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to Nawaz, such sympathizers of Islamism include "[[atheism|atheists]] who are on the side of the Islamists, defending Islamism in the name of cultural tolerance."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwQhu1A-Ats |title=Lateline: An atheist and a Muslim on the future of Islam |author=[[Tony Jones (news journalist)|Tony Jones]] |work=[[Lateline]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=28 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

In an October 2015 interview with political talk show host [[Dave Rubin]], Nawaz elucidated further the reasoning behind his choice of the word "regressive". He hypothesized that a section of the leftists "genuinely believe" that they are fighting an "ideological war" against neoconservative and neocolonialist foreign policies of Western governments which promote state-organized violence and chaos in the form of wars and military invasions. On the contrary, when it comes to denouncing the randomized acts of violence of theocratic extremists such as Islamists, the same leftists forego their duty to criticize such acts of violence and prioritize focusing on the bigger evil of state-sponsored violence and war. Sometimes, they even "make alliances" with some of the most regressive, theocratic and murdering regimes and organizations. Nawaz labels these people regressive leftists. He then cites the example of [[Jeremy Corbyn]], leader of the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], who "has been historically very close" to supporters of Islamist organisations like Hamas and Hezbollah. In Nawaz's opinion, it is possible to denounce both neoconservative foreign policies (such as the Iraq war, which he had opposed) and theocratic extremism, but the regressive leftists fail to do so.<ref name=Nawaz>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Dave|title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left and Political Correctness|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/2/maajid-nawaz-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-political-correctness-0_twq2e3jhwn8|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Rubin Report|date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

According to Nawaz, the notion that Muslims cannot cope with criticism or mockery of Islam and only react violently, is "patronizing, self-pity inspiring mollycoddling" of the very Muslims it claims to serve and emancipate, because it does not expect them to be civil and control their anger.<ref name="beast" /> This "racism of low expectations" lowers the moral standards of people within minorities, seeking excuses if they happen to express, for example, [[misogyny]], [[chauvinism]], [[bigotry]], or [[antisemitism]], whilst holding members of the majority to [[human rights|universal liberal standards]].<ref name="Bigthink" />

Haras Rafiq, managing director of [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]], expressed the view that there is a tendency of some on the left to excuse Islamism. "We have not got to grips with the symbiotic relationship between Islamism and far-right hatred, and the regressive left that is prepared to excuse Islamism."<ref>ADAM LEBOR. Donald Trump: The AMERICAN STEREOTYPE EUROPEANS LOVE TO HATE. Newsweek Dec/14/15 [http://www.newsweek.com/2015/12/25/donald-trump-worse-voldemort-europeans-say-404653.html]</ref>

==Analysis==
In 2006, six years before Nawaz used the term "regressive left" to convey a viewpoint within the dialog on multiculturalism, [[New Atheist]] author [[Sam Harris]] used the phrase "Head-in-the-sand Liberals" in an LA Times article to describe liberals who are in denial and "despite abundant evidence to the contrary", "continue to imagine that Muslim terrorism springs from economic despair, lack of education and American militarism". He bemoaned that "being generally reasonable and tolerant of diversity, liberals should be especially sensitive to the dangers of religious literalism. But they aren't".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Sam |date=18 September 2006 |title=Head-in-the-Sand Liberals: Western civilization really is at risk from Muslim extremists |url=http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/the-end-of-liberalism |journal=[[LA Times]] |publisher= |accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2013, the [[One Law for All]] campaign issued a report, ''Siding with the Oppressor: The Pro-Islamist Left''.<ref name=I20130628>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/why-is-the-left-so-blinkered-to-islamic-extremism-8679265.html |title=Why is the left so blinkered to Islamic extremism? |author=James Bloodworth |work=[[The Independent]] |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to ''The Independent'', the report expressed concern at "working enthusiastically with those advocating the murder of homosexuals" and also with "religious fascists".<ref name=I20130628/> ''The Independent'' expressed the opinion that "In a disastrous irony, the pro-Islamist left has ended up in the same place as the white far-right. The perception of Muslims as synonymous with Islamism - criticism of Islamism is characterised as criticism of Muslims - is precisely the view taken by groups such as the [[English Defence League|EDL]]." ''The Independent'' article concluded that political [[confirmation bias]] was responsible, driven by a "pathological anti-Americanism that is quite attractive to a certain type of degenerated progressive."<ref name=I20130628/> It also quoted [[Maryam Namazie]], a spokesperson for several organisations including Iran Solidarity, One Law for All and the [[Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain]] as identifying several organisations who are, "there as prefects to silence dissenters and defend Islamism as a defence of 'Muslims'."<ref name=I20130628/>

In September 2015, [[Sam Harris]] and Maajid Nawaz participated in an exchange at a public forum hosted by [[Harvard University]]'s Institute of Politics,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PI9QwEKqrso |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance |author=Harvard’s Institute of Politics hosting Sam Harris and Maajid Nawaz |publisher=Harvard’s Institute of Politics |date= |accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> which was later published in a short book, titled ''[[Islam and the Future of Tolerance]]'' (2015). In a review of the book in the conservative magazine [[National Review Online]], political writer Brian Stewart notes that according to both Nawaz and Harris, the regressive leftists in the West are "willfully blind" to the fact that jihadists and Islamists make up a significant portion (20% in Harris's estimate) of the global Muslim community and the minority Muslim communities within the West, even though these factions are opposed to liberal values such as individual autonomy, freedom of expression, democracy, women's rights, gay rights, etc. Regressive leftists thus demonstrate a curiously illiberal, isolationist, and even censuring attitude towards any criticism of this phenomenon, and in doing so, they not only betray universal liberal values but also abandon defending the most vulnerable liberal members living inside the Muslim community such as women, homosexuals and apostates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Brian |date=7 October 2015 |title=A Liberal Atheist and a Liberal Muslim Discuss the Problems of Contemporary Islam |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425169/sam-harris-maajid-nawaz-islam-book |journal=[[National Review Online]] |publisher= |accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref>

In October 2015, ''The Washington Post'' reported that American comedian and show host [[Bill Maher]] and British biologist and [[New Atheism|New Atheist]] author [[Richard Dawkins]] "lamented regressive leftists who fail to understand they are anything but liberal when it comes to Islam".<ref name=WT20151003/> Maher noted a willingness to criticise anything except [[Islam]], excusing it as "their culture", to which Dawkins responded: "Well, to hell with their culture."<ref name="Maher"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/611231/Richard-Dawkins-in-extraordinary-blast-at-Muslims-To-hell-with-their-culture |title='To hell with their culture' - Richard Dawkins in extraordinary blast at Muslims |author=John Worthing |work=The Independent |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> The ''Sunday Express'' characterized Dawkins as having "attacked western society's relaxed attitude to radical Islam in an extraordinary outburst". Making reference to student initiatives to disinvite ex-Muslim speakers on campus, Dawkins saw this as, "a betrayal of the Free Speech Movement of the 1960s".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/richard-dawkins-free-speech_561038c4e4b0af3706e11397 |title=Richard Dawkins: College Students Are Betraying The Free Speech Movement |author=Tyler Kingkade |work=HuffPost on HPMG News |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

In October and November 2015, Sam Harris frequently used the term in his exchanges with the media, saying the greatest danger is that regressive leftists are willing to give up [[free speech]] "out of fear of offending minorities", which will lead to [[censorship]] imposed by those minorities, citing American journalist [[Glenn Greenwald]]'s comments on the [[Charlie Hebdo shootings]] as an example.<ref name="Chris Beck">{{Cite web |url=http://www.splicetoday.com/politics-and-media/sam-harris-unloads-on-the-regressive-left |title=Sam Harris Unloads on the Regressive Left |author=Chris Beck |work=[[Splice Today]] |publisher=[[Russ Smith (publisher)|Russ Smith]] |date=21 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=Salon20151125>Sean Illing. "Sam Harris talks Islam, ISIS, atheism, GOP madness": “We are confronting people, in dozens of countries, who despise more or less everything that we value” [http://www.salon.com/2015/11/25/harris_and_illing_correspondence/]</ref> Harris considers [[Reza Aslan]]<ref name="Chris Beck"/><ref name=Salon20151125/> and [[Noam Chomsky]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rawstory.com/2015/10/sam-harris-is-still-mad-about-liberals-who-followed-noam-chomsky-off-the-edge-of-the-world/|title=Sam Harris is still mad about ‘liberals who followed Noam Chomsky off the edge of the world’|publisher=}}</ref><ref>The Last Word With Lawrence O'Donnell' on Oct. 15, 2015. [MSNBC]</ref> to be of the regressive left.

In November 2015, in an appearance on the talk radio show [[American Humanist Association|''The Humanist Hour'']], author, philosopher and atheist activist [[Peter Boghossian]] defined the term as a pejorative used to describe those on the left that have made the "strangest bedfellows" with the [[Islamists]]. According to him, the word "[[Political regressive|regressive]]" is used to contrast with the word "[[Progressivism|progressive]]" - the latter being the group that is egalitarian and wants to create systems of justice and racial equality, while the former being a group that "[looks] for the worst in people... and [does] not extend hermeneutics of charity, or a charitable interpretation of anything anyone says, but uses it as a hammer to beat people down". In addition, he believes the regressive leftists have become "hyper-moralists" and champions of their perceived victims. He cites the historical wrongdoings, such as [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] in the U.S. and [[colonialism]] as a legitimate concern that has caused mistrust of anything Western and capitalistic. He also added that "there are people who have suffered and still suffer legitimate instances of racism, homophobia etc. The problem is that every time the word racist is just thrown around like that, that word loses its meaning. And it should have quite a sting. That should be a horrible word".<ref>{{cite podcast |url= http://thehumanist.com/multimedia/podcast/the-humanist-hour-175-the-regressive-left-and-safe-spaces-with-dr-peter-boghossian |title= The Humanist Hour #175: The “Regressive Left” and Safe Spaces, with Dr. Peter Boghossian|website= http://thehumanist.com/ |publisher= The Humanist Hour |host= Bo Bennett, Kim Ellington|date= 4 November 2015 |time= 4:08, 9:48, 0:10 |access-date= 7 January 2016}}</ref>

In December 2015, [[international relations]] researcher Elliot McArdle wrote in the online British magazine ''[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]]'' that some "so-called liberals/leftists" treat liberal Muslims like Nawaz and ex-Muslims like Namazie as "native informants", "traitors" or "[[no true Scotsman|not real Muslims]]", because such critics of Islam(ism), who have a Muslim background themselves, don't fit the desired narrative of Muslims as a homogeneous and oppressed group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McArdle |first=Elliot |date=4 December 2015 |title=The liberal racism faced by ex-Muslims |url=http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/the-liberal-racism-faced-by-ex-muslims/17702 |journal=[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]] |publisher=[[Brendan O'Neill (journalist)|Brendan O'Neill]] |accessdate=11 December 2015}}</ref>

In late 2015, liberal talk show host [[Dave Rubin]] hosted discussions about the "regressive left" in many of ''[[The Rubin Report]]'' show segments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/8/milo-yiannopoulos-and-dave-rubin-discuss-gay-rights-and-cultural-libertarians-0_40xbq9svp490|title=Milo Yiannopoulos and Dave Rubin Discuss Gay Rights and Cultural Libertarians|publisher=Ora TV|accessdate=2015-10-08}}</ref> He once said, "The reason I feel like naming them [the regressives] is so important, is because I now view these regressives as the left's version of the [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]]. The Tea Party went unchecked by the right until it was too late, and now the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is a fractured mess often only held together by its worst beliefs. I really believe these regressives are doing this to the left, and if we don't have the courage to stop them, then a year or two from now, we'll wonder why our system is screwed up even more than it is now."<ref name="Rubin7Oct">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzzLiJ6na1k |title=Dave Rubin: Regressives are the Left's Tea Party |work=[[The Rubin Report]] |publisher=The Rubin Report |date=7 October 2015 |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> In a series of interviews, Rubin analyzed this concept and its implications with [[Peter Boghossian]], and with [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], [[Maajid Nawaz]],<ref name=Nawaz>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Dave|title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left and Political Correctness|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/2/maajid-nawaz-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-political-correctness-0_twq2e3jhwn8|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Rubin Report|date=2 October 2015}}</ref> [[Nick Cohen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/12/11/nick-cohen-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-free-speech-radical-islam-0_5a17hbvw846c|title=Nick Cohen and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left, Free Speech, Radical Islam|work=Ora TV}}</ref> and [[Douglas Murray (author)|Douglas Murray]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/11/6/douglas-murray-and-dave-rubin-talk-free-speech-isis-israel-full-interview-0_5i6uq59btmia|title=Douglas Murray and Dave Rubin Talk Free Speech, ISIS, Israel (Full Interview)|work=Ora TV}}</ref>

In November 2015, psychiatrist Khwaja Khusro Tariq from ''[[Huffington Post]]'' classified the term as an unsubstantiated [[ad hominem|''ad hominem'' attack]], stating that the harshest critics of Islam are courted by both liberal and conservative media in the U.S. He also stated the term has been directed towards [[Glenn Greenwald]] and [[Noam Chomsky]], both of whom he said have never condoned violence or opined on the doctrine of Islam. He argued that there was no genuine inhibition on speaking against the religion. <ref>{{cite news |last= Tariq|first= Khwaja|date= 11 November 2015|title= "Regressive Liberals": The New Mantra of Islamophobia
|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/khwaja-khusro-tariq/regressive-liberals-the-n_b_8597284.html|newspaper= Huffington Post|access-date= 9 January 2016}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Human rights}}
{{Culture}}
{{Multiculturalism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:21st-century neologisms]]
[[Category:Censorship]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islamism]]
[[Category:Criticism of political correctness]]
[[Category:Freedom of expression]]
[[Category:Islamism]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]
[[Category:Relativism]]
[[Category:Words coined in the 2010s]]

50 Cent Party

2016-01-30T02:36:18Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: ce

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{ChineseText}}
{{Chinese
|s=五毛党
|t=五毛黨
|p=wǔmáo dǎng
|altname=Internet commentator(s)
|s2=网络评论员
|t2=網絡評論員
|p2=wǎngluò pínglùn yuán
}}

The '''50 Cent Party''' '''(Also known as 50 Cent Army)''' ({{zh|c=五毛党}} wǔmáo dǎng) are Internet commentators ({{zh|c=网络评论员}} wǎngluò pínglùn yuán) hired by the [[government of the People's Republic of China]] (both local and central) or the [[Communist Party of China|Communist Party]] to create favorable articles, internet sites, bogus information and post comments on forums, social media networks and all kinds of news, exchange and journals online platforms favorable towards party policies in an attempt to shape and sway [[public opinion]] on various Internet message boards.<ref name="BBC1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes"/> The name derives from the allegation that commentators are said to be paid fifty cents of [[Renminbi]] for every post that either steers a discussion away from anti-party or sensitive content on websites, [[bulletin board system]]s, and [[chatroom]]s,<ref name="tibetanreview"/> or that advances the Communist [[party line (politics)|party line]].<ref name="dnai"/><ref name="freedomhouse"/> Further they are deployed to make disparaging comments, spread falsehoods and misinformation about political opponents, critics of the Chinese communist party regime, and about any targeted national or international topic or entity, such as politicians, countries, organizations, etc.<ref>http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/1142634-leaked-emails-show-chinese-regime-employs-500000-internet-trolls/</ref>

==History==
In October 2004, the Publicity Department of [[Changsha]] started hiring Internet commentators, in one of the earliest known uses of professional Internet commentators.<ref name="commentators" /><ref name="changshaxuanchuan"/>

In March 2005, the [[Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China]] enacted a systematic censorship of Chinese college bulletin board systems. The popular "Little Lily" BBS, run by [[Nanjing University]], was forced to close. As a new system was prepared to be launched, school officials hired students as part-time web commentators, paid from the university's work-study funds, to search the forum for undesirable information and actively counter it with Party-friendly viewpoints. In the following months, party leaders from [[Jiangsu]] began hiring their own teams.<ref name="feer"/> By mid-2007, web commentator teams recruited by schools, and party organizations were common across China. [[Shanghai Normal University]] employed undergraduates to monitor for signs of dissent and post on university forums.<ref name="nyt"/> These commentators not only operate within political discussions, but also in general discussions.<ref name="feer" /><ref name=nyt /> Afterwards, some schools and local governments also started to build similar teams.<ref name="sohu"/><ref name="guoluo"/><ref name="t20090729_791744"/>

On 23 January 2007, Chinese leader [[Hu Jintao]] demanded a "reinforcement of ideological and public opinion front construction and positive publicity" at the 38th collective learning of [[Politburo of the Communist Party of China|Politburo]].<ref name="xinhuanet"/> Large Chinese websites and local governments have been requested to publish the sayings of Hu, and select "comrades with good political quality" to form "teams of Internet commentators" by the [[CPC Central Committee]] ({{lang|zh|中共中央办公厅}}) and [[General Office of the State Council]] ({{lang|zh|国务院办公厅}}).<ref name="feer" /><ref name="dwnews"/>

Negative reporting of local authorities has increased on the internet since then.<ref name="cdt"/> In one instance described on the [[China Digital Times]], the [[Jiaozuo]] (Henan) City [[Public Security Bureau]] established a mechanism to analyse public opinion after criticism of the police handling of a traffic incident appeared on the internet. The Bureau responded with 120 staff calling for the truth to be revealed in line with the public opinion, which gradually shifted and eventually supported the police position, denouncing the original poster.<ref name=cdt/><ref name=zhong /> In the aftermath of the [[2008 Weng'an riot|2008 Guizhou riot]], internet forums were filled with posts critical of the local authorities; the ''[[China News Weekly]]'' later reported that "the major task of the propaganda group was to organize commentators to past [sic] posts on websites to guide online public opinions."<ref name=zhong />

In 2010, the Shanghai [[Communist Youth League of China|Communist Youth League]]'s official website published a summary, saying that there were more than 200 topics by Shanghai Municipal Authorities' Internet commentators posted at [[People's Daily]] site, [[Xinhua]] site, Eastday (东方网), [[Sina.com|Sina]] and [[Tianya Club|Tianya]] after many incidents in 2009, including [[Lotus Riverside]] incident, [[Green Dam Youth Escort|Green Dam]] software forced installation, [[Putuo District, Shanghai|Putuo]] [[City Urban Administrative and Law Enforcement Bureau|Urban Administrative]] incident, [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]]'s control, Shanghai entrapment incident ([[:zh:钓鱼执法|钓鱼执法]]), Pan Rong (潘蓉)'s self-immolation, etc. It was praised by Shanghai Internet Publicity Office.<ref name="shy"/>

In December 2014, a Chinese blogger hacked into and published email archives for the Internet Propaganda Department of [[Zhanggong District]] in [[Ganzhou]], including over 2,700 emails of 50 Cent Party internet commentators.<ref>[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/12/thousands-local-internet-propaganda-emails-leaked/ Thousands of Local Internet Propaganda Emails Leaked], China Digital Times, 3 December 2014.</ref><ref>[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2014/12/zhanggong-leaks-history-best-judge/ Zhanggong Leaks: History is the Best Judge], China Digital Times, 10 December 2014.</ref> For instance, on 16 January 2014, Shi Wenqing, secretary of the Ganzhou branch of the CCP, held a televised "internet exchange" in which he answered questions from a local news website forum; 50 Cent Party commentators were instructed to post seven discussion points, such as (translated) "I really admire Party Secretary Shi, what a capable and effective Party Secretary! I hope he can be the father of Ganzhou for years to come."<ref>[http://qz.com/311832/hacked-emails-reveal-chinas-elaborate-and-absurd-internet-propaganda-machine/ Hacked emails reveal China’s elaborate and absurd internet propaganda machine], Quartz, 18 December 2014.</ref>

==Range of operation==
The [[Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China]] now holds regular training sessions, where participants are required to pass an exam after which they are issued a job certification.<ref name="feer"/> As of 2008, the total number of 50-cent operatives was estimated to be in the tens of thousands,<ref name="BBC1"/> and possibly as high as 280,000–300,000.<ref name="feer"/><ref name="tw"/>

According to the ''Chinese Communists' opinions of the recruitment of university Work Committee (tentative)'', the university Internet commentators are mainly selected from [[en cadre|cadres]] or student cadres at Communist Party Publicity Department of universities, Youth League, Office of Academic Affairs, Network Center, Admissions Employment Department, Political Theory Department, Teaching Department and other units.<ref name="gaoxiaozhaopin"/>

The court of [[Qinghe District, Huai'an|Qinghe District]], Huai'an organized a team of 12 commentators.<ref name="huaian"/> [[Gansu|Gansu Province]] hired 650 commentators, sorted by their writing abilities.<ref name="sina"/> Suqian Municipal Publicity Department's first 26 commentators' team were reported by ''[[Yangtse Evening Post]]'' in April 2005.<ref name="su"/> According to high-profile [[Independent (politician)|independent]] Chinese blogger Li Ming, the pro-Chinese government web commentators must number "at least in the tens of thousands".<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

[[Wen Yunchao]] ([[:zh:温云超|温云超]]), a formal Internet commentator said that there were about 20 full-time commentators for the local news websites in [[Guangdong]]. A county-level discipline inspection commission's Internet commentator estimated more than 100 spare-time Internet commentators in his county, whose population was about 1 million. Hu Yong, an Internet expert from [[Peking University]], said that "the public opinion molders have already penetrated different layers of Chinese society", he found public opinion watchmen that deal with negative information on the forums in tourist city's airport and county-level middle school.<ref name="commentators" />

[[Amnesty International]] secretary-general [[Salil Shetty]] in March 2011 warned that countries, like China and Iran, were investing "considerable resources into pro-government blogs" in an effort to cement state power.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Every large Chinese website is instructed by the Information Office to create a trained team of Internet commentators.<ref name="feer" />

In a leaked propaganda directive to 50 Cent Party internet commentators, their objective was stated as:<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes2"/>{{dubious|date=May 2015}}
<blockquote>
In order to circumscribe the influence of Taiwanese democracy, in order to progress further in the work of guiding public opinion, and in accordance with the requirements established by higher authorities to "be strategic, be skilled," we hope that internet commentators conscientiously study the mindset of netizens, grasp international developments, and better perform the work of being an internet commentator. For this purpose, this notice is promulgated as set forth below:

:(1) To the extent possible make America the target of criticism. Play down the existence of Taiwan.
:(2) Do not directly confront [the idea of] democracy; rather, frame the argument in terms of "what kind of system can truly implement democracy.”
:(3) To the extent possible, choose various examples in [[Western countries]] of violence and unreasonable circumstances to explain how democracy is not well-suited to capitalism.
:(4) Use America's and other countries' interference in [[international relations|international affairs]] to explain how [[Western democracy]] is actually an invasion of other countries and [how the West] is forcibly pushing [on other countries] Western values.
:(5) Use the bloody and tear-stained history of a [once] weak people [i.e., China] to stir up pro-Party and patriotic emotions.
:(6) Increase the exposure that positive developments inside China receive; further accommodate the work of maintaining [social] stability.<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1"/><ref name="chinadigitaltimes2"/>
</blockquote>

==Salary==
The English version of China-based ''Global Times'' reported that Changsha Publicity Department's Internet commentators were paid 0.5 yuan per post, which is considered as the origin of the term "50 Cent Party". However, according to the local party-building website, the basic salary of such commentators was 600 [[Chinese yuan|yuan]] in 2006.<ref name="commentators" /><ref name="changshaxuanchuan" />

In 2010, the Internet commentators from [[Hengyang]] Municipal Committee Party School were paid 0.1 yuan per post and less than 100 yuan monthly bonus.<ref name="hydjnet"/><ref name="cenews"/>

A county-level discipline inspection commission's Internet commentator from Hunan Province told ''Global Times'' that a 500-word article is worth 40 yuan on local websites and 200 yuan on national sites.<ref name="commentators" />

==Terms==
There is an alternate official term for the Internet Commentator, as well as several unofficial terms coined by [[netizen]]s for them:
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Chinese (Simp/Trad)
!Pinyin
!Literally in English
!Commonly in English
!Note
|-
|Official name (Primary)
|{{linktext|网|络|评|论|员}}/網絡評論員
|wǎngluò pínglùn yuán
|Internet commentator
|Internet commentator
| rowspan=2 | Abbreviation in Chinese: 网评员/網評員 (wǎng píng yuán)
|-
|Official name (Secondary)
|{{linktext|网|络|阅|评|员}}/網絡閱評員
|wǎngluò yuè píng yuán
|Internet examiner and commentator
|N/A
|-
|Unofficial term
|{{linktext|五|毛|党}}/五毛黨 or simply 五毛
|wǔmáo dǎng or wǔmáo
|5 mao<ref group="Note" name="mao">"毛" (máo), formally known as "[[Jiao (currency)|jiao]]", is a colloquial unit of current Chinese currency [[Renminbi]] which equals to 0.1 basic unit yuan.</ref> Party or 5 mao, 5 pence
|50 Cent Party
|The most common name, pejorative. Other English translation: 50 Cent Army
|-
|Unofficial term
|{{linktext|网|评|猿}}/網評猿
|wǎng píng yuán
|Ape who comments on Internet
|N/A
|Pronounced identically with the above Chinese ''wǎng píng yuán'' 网评员 abbreviation, punning ''yuán'' ([[Wikt:猿|猿]] "ape; monkey") for ''yuán'' ([[Wikt:员|员]] "personnel, staff member"), pejorative
|-
|Other English terms
|{{linktext|红|马|甲}}/紅馬甲, {{linktext|红|卫|兵}}/紅衛兵
|hóng mǎjiǎ, hóng wèibīng
|Red vest; [[Red Guards (China)|Red guard]]
|Red vest, [[Red Guards (People's Republic of China)|Red vanguard]]<ref name="zhong"/><ref name="elgan"/>
|The Chinese translation for these English terms are rarely used
|}

Among those names, "50 Cent Party" (五毛党) is the most common and pejorative unofficial term.<ref name="China's plan to use internet for propaganda"/> It was created by Chinese [[netizen]]s as a satire. Many trace the origin of the "50-cent" name to the salaries at the Publicity Department of [[Changsha]], which according to the English version of ''[[Global Times]]'', supplemented Internet Commentators' basic income with 50-cent ("5 mao") <ref group="Note" name="mao" /> per post since October 2004.<ref name="commentators"/>

The term is derogatorily applied by cynical Chinese netizens to any person who blatantly expresses pro-[[Communist Party of China|Communist Party]] thoughts online.<ref name="dnai" /> However, there's another word "5 US cent (五美分)" used by some netizens to denigrate anti-party comments, with the implication that those commentators are hired by the governments of the United States, Taiwan or other [[Western world#Modern political|western countries]]. Zhang Shengjun, a professor of international politics at [[Beijing Normal University]] published an article ''Who would be afraid of the cap of "50 Cent Party"?'' on the Chinese version of ''Global Times'', saying that the term is spread by western media outfits, "it has become a baton waved towards all Chinese patriots" to make the Chinese government a constant target of criticism.<ref name="commentators"/><ref name="huanqiu"/>

The Hong Kong-based ''[[Apple Daily]]'' reported that although a search for "五毛党" ("50 Cent Party" in Chinese) on a search engine produces results, most were inaccessible and had been deleted.<ref name="AppleDailycommentators"/>

==Effects and opinions==
The Internet commentator/50 Cent Party's activities were described by CPC general secretary, Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] as "a new pattern of public-opinion guidance";<ref name="radioau" /><ref name="cmp" /> they represent a shift from simply erasing dissenting opinions to guiding dialogue, lest the "truth may hurt social stability".<ref name="commentators" /> In 2010, a contributor to ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' stated that some comments she received on one of her posts were from the 50 Cent Party;<ref name="Usha" /> she also stated that the 50 Cent Party monitors popular US websites, news sites and blogs and posts comments that advance Chinese governmental interests.<ref name="Usha" />

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Internet}}
* [[Operation Earnest Voice]], an operation by the United States government to spread pro-American propaganda on social media websites
* [[Internet Water Army]], private astroturfing from paid Chinese writers paralleling the 50 Cent Party
* [[Great Firewall of China]], a Chinese "national firewall" Internet censorship system
* [[Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Jewish Internet Defense Force]]
* [[Web brigades]], Russian Internet commentators with a similar role
* [[Ntrepid]], an American company that produces software to astroturf against terrorism
* [[Astroturfing]], a form of advocacy in support of a political, organizational, or corporate agenda, designed to give the appearance of a "grassroots" movement
* [[Hasbara]]
* [[State-sponsored internet sockpuppetry]], a list of other similar programs internationally

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="Note"}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="BBC1">{{cite news|last=Bristow|first=Michael|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7783640.stm|title=China's internet 'spin doctors'|work=[[BBC News Online]]|date=16 December 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="China's plan to use internet for propaganda">{{Cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/technology/technology-news/chinas-plan-to-use-internet-for-propaganda-20100713-109hc.html |title=China's plan to use internet for propaganda |first=John |last=Garnaut |date=14 July 2010 |accessdate=17 October 2010 |work=The Age |location=Australia}}</ref>

<ref name="Usha">{{cite news |last=Usha |first=Haley |title=China's Fifty Cent Party for Internet Propaganda |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/usha-haley/chinas-fifty-cent-party-f_1_b_749989.html |accessdate=19 February 2011 |work=Huffington Post |date=4 October 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-technology/chinas-web-spin-doctors-spread-beijings-message-20110512-1ek4j.html |title=China's web spin doctors spread Beijing's message |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=12 May 2011 |accessdate=28 November 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="cdt">Nan, Wu. [http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2008/05/chinese-bloggers-on-the-history-and-influence-of-the-fifty-cent-party/ Chinese Bloggers on the History and Influence of the “Fifty Cent Party”]. China Digital Times. 15 May 2008</ref>

<ref name="cenews">{{cite web | publisher = Cenews | script-title=zh:中共衡阳市委党校《党校阵地》网评员管理办法 | url = http://www.cenews.eu/?p=21320 | date = 21 January 2010 | accessdate =3 March 2011| language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="changshaxuanchuan">{{cite web | language = Chinese | title = 关于南昌、长沙、郑州宣传文化工作的考察报告 (An Investigative Report Regarding Cultural Propaganda Work in Nanchang, Changsha, and Zhengzhou) | url = http://swxcb.hefei.gov.cn/ContentDir/20065/24124915293.shtml | author = Publicity Department of Hefei | date = 24 May 2006 }} {{Dead link|date=February 2011}} [http://i46.tinypic.com/243qfti.jpg Screenshot]</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes">[http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2010/05/internet-spin-for-stability-enforcers/ "Internet Spin for Stability Enforcers"], Sophie Beach, China Digital Times, 25 May 2010</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes1">{{cite web|last=Qiang |first=Xiao |url=http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2011/06/future-banned-on-sina-weibo-search/ |title=Leaked Propaganda Directives and Banned "Future" | China Digital Times (CDT) |publisher=China Digital Times |accessdate=28 November 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="chinadigitaltimes2">http://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/2011/06/网评员《上级通知》/ {{zh icon}}</ref>

<ref name="cmp">{{cite web |title=Propaganda leaders scurry off to carry out the "spirit" of Hu Jintao's "important" media speech |url=http://cmp.hku.hk/2008/06/25/1079/ |publisher=China Media Project |date= 25 June 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="commentators">{{cite web | publisher = Global Times English version | title = Invisible footprints of online commentators | url = http://special.globaltimes.cn/2010-02/503820.html | author = Zhang Lei | date = 5 February 2010 | accessdate =7 February 2010 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100208224640/http://special.globaltimes.cn/2010-02/503820.html| archivedate= 8 February 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="AppleDailycommentators">"China hires, trains 'online commentators' to influence public opinion – daily". ''Apple Daily''. 5 October 2007</ref>

<ref name="dnai">{{cite news |first=Venkatesan |last=Vembu |title=Big Brother 2.0 is here |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1218190 |work=Daily News and Analysis |location=India |date=2 January 2009 |accessdate=11 January 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="dwnews">{{cite web | publisher = dwnews | script-title=zh:特稿：党布阵网络人民战争 | url = http://politics.dwnews.com/news/2008-07-19/4159738.html | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="elgan">{{cite news |first=Mike |last=Elgan |title=How China's '50 Cent Army' Could Wreck Web 2.0 |url=http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/columns/article.php/3795091/How+Chinas+50+Cent+Army+Could+Wreck+Web+2.0.htm |work=Datamation |publisher=JupiterOnlineMedia |date=8 January 2009 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090116101006/http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/columns/article.php/3795091/How+Chinas+50+Cent+Army+Could+Wreck+Web+2.0.htm| archivedate= 16 January 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="feer">{{cite news |first=David |last=Bandurski |title=China's Guerrilla War for the Web |url=http://www.feer.com/essays/2008/august/chinas-guerrilla-war-for-the-web |publisher=Far Eastern Economic Review |date=July 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090122041422/http://feer.com/essays/2008/august/chinas-guerrilla-war-for-the-web| archivedate= 22 January 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="freedomhouse">{{cite web|url=http://blog.freedomhouse.org/weblog/2011/10/chinas-growing-army-of-paid-internet-commentators.html|title=China's growing army of paid internet commentators|first1=Sarah|last1=Cook|first2=Maggie |last2=Shum |publisher=Freedom House|date=11 October 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="gaoxiaozhaopin">"为认真贯彻落实《中共中央、国务院关于进一步加强和改进大学生思想政治教育的意见》（中发〔2004〕16号）和《教育部、共青团中央关于进一步加强高等学校校园网络管理工作的意见》(教社政〔2004〕17号)精神，牢牢把握网上舆论主导权，为我省高等教育改革发展稳定提供良好的舆论环境，努力构建社会主义和谐校园，现就加强高校网络评论员队伍建设提出以下意见。"</ref>

<ref name="guoluo">{{cite web | publisher = Government of Golog, Qinghai | script-title=zh:关于进一步加强互联网管理工作的实施意见 | url = http://www.guoluo.gov.cn/html/33/5154.html | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="huaian">{{cite web|url=http://fy.huaian.gov.cn/jsp/content/content.jsp?articleId=412124|script-title=zh:清河法院组建互联网网评工作队|publisher=Huai'an Intermediate People's Court|language=Chinese|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100414062331/http://fy.huaian.gov.cn/jsp/content/content.jsp?articleId=412124|archivedate=14 April 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="huanqiu">{{cite web|url=http://opinion.huanqiu.com/roll/2010-01/694194.html|script-title=zh:"五毛党"帽子能吓住谁？|trans_title=Who would be afraid of the cap of "50 Cent Party"?|date=20 January 2010|publisher=Global Times|language=Chinese|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="hydjnet">{{cite web | publisher = 中国衡阳党建网 (China Hengyang Party-building website) | script-title=zh:《党校阵地》网评员管理办法 |trans_title=''Party school front'' Internet commentators Regulations | url = http://dx.hydjnet.gov.cn/News_View.asp?NewsID=28290 | date = 8 January 2010 | accessdate =22 January 2010 | language = Chinese }} {{Dead link|date=March 2011}} [http://i49.tinypic.com/4q5vl3.jpg Screenshot]</ref>

<ref name="nyt">[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/09/world/asia/09internet.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all As Chinese Students Go Online, Little Sister Is Watching]. ''The New York Times''. 9 May 2006</ref>

<ref name="radioau">{{cite news |first=Corrinne |last=Podger |title=China marshalls army of bloggers |url=http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/programguide/stories/200808/s2342236.htm |publisher=Radio Australia |date=21 August 2008 |accessdate=11 January 2009 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081201111729/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/programguide/stories/200808/s2342236.htm| archivedate= 1 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

<ref name="shy">{{cite web | url=http://www.shyouth.net/website/xinxiguanlibu/content.jsp?ct_id=61903&sj_dir=xxglb_jcdt | title=市级机关团工委2009年度工作总结 (2009 summary of works of the Municipal Authorities Youth League Working Committee) | date=20 January 2010 | publisher=Shanghai Communist Youth League official site | language=Chinese | accessdate=20 January 2010 | quote=2009年，市级机关网评员在市网宣办的业务指导下，先后参与了莲花河畔景苑倒楼事件、强制安装"绿坝"网络屏蔽软件、普陀区城管打人事件、甲型 H1N1 流感防控、"倒钩"执法事件、闵行区潘蓉自焚事件、地铁事故频发等以涉沪舆情为重点的网上舆论引导工作，在人民网、新华网、东方网及新浪、天涯社区等国内重点网站、主要商业网站、大型网络社区。发帖、跟帖、转帖200余篇，东方网评论频道录用各类网评文章20余篇，工作得到市网宣办的肯定。}}{{Dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="sina">{{cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/9/1/1/1401589/1.html|title=甘肅將建650人網絡評論員隊伍引導輿論|publisher=Sina|date=20 January 2010|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="sohu">{{cite web | publisher = sohu | script-title=zh:宿迁26名网评员今上岗 | url = http://news.sohu.com/20050429/n225390790.shtml | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="su">{{cite web|url=http://news.sohu.com/20050429/n225390790.shtml|title=宿迁26名网评员今上岗|publisher=Sohu|date=29 April 2005|accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="t20090729_791744">{{cite web | publisher = Sichuan Provincial People's Government | script-title=zh:巴中市人事局采取四大措施加强网络舆情监控 | url = http://www.sc.gov.cn/zwgk/zwdt/szdt/200907/t20090729_791744.shtml | accessdate =10 September 2010 | language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="tibetanreview">[http://www.tibetanreview.net/news.php?cat=2&&id=1846 China employs army of piece-rate ‘netizens’ for online thought control]. Tibetan Review. 2 January 2009</ref>

<ref name="tw">Fareed, Malik. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/sep/22/chinathemedia.marketingandpr China joins a turf war]. ''The Guardian''. 22 September 2008</ref>

<ref name="xinhuanet">{{cite web | publisher = xinhua | script-title=zh:胡锦涛：以创新的精神加强网络文化建设和管理 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-01/24/content_5648188.htm | accessdate =10 September 2010 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100830035521/http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2007-01/24/content_5648188.htm| archivedate= 30 August 2010 | deadurl= no| language = Chinese }}</ref>

<ref name="zhong">Zhong, Wu. [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JH14Ad01.html China's Internet awash with state spies]. Asia Times Online. 14 August 2008</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://chinadigitaltimes.net/china/fifty-cent-party/ 50 Cent Party related news and translations on China Digital Times]
*[http://www.businessinsider.in/China-Hires-As-Many-As-300000-Internet-Trolls-To-Make-The-Communist-Party-Look-Good/articleshow/44859392.cms China Hires As Many As 300,000 Internet Trolls To Make The Communist Party Look Good], ''[[Business Insider]]'', 17 October 2014
* [http://news.mingpao.com/ins/%E5%85%B1%E9%9D%92%E5%9C%98%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E5%91%BD%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E6%8B%9B%E6%94%AC%E5%8D%83%E8%90%AC%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E7%BE%A9%E5%B7%A5%20%20%E8%83%A1%E4%BD%B3%E6%96%A5%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%9B%E9%BB%A8%E5%A3%93%E5%88%B6%E7%95%B0%E8%A6%8B/web_tc/article/20150406/s00004/1428309001027 共青團文件命全國招攬千萬網絡義工胡佳斥五毛黨壓制異見 (17:01)]. ''Ming Pao'', 6 April 2015

[[Category:Chinese Internet slang]]
[[Category:Internet censorship in China]]
[[Category:Internet manipulation and propaganda]]
[[Category:Propaganda in China]]
[[Category:Propaganda techniques]]
[[Category:Public relations techniques]]
[[Category:Internet trolling]]

The Enchantments

2016-01-25T01:08:52Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Wikipedia Experts (talk) to last version by Glane23

[[File:Prusik Peak.JPG|thumb|View of Prusik Peak from Gnome Tarn]]

'''The Enchantments''' is an area comprising an upper and a lower [[Drainage basin|basin]], the lakes and [[tarn (lake)|tarn]]s contained within them, and the peaks of the [[Stuart Range]] bounding the basins.<ref name="USFS zone map"/> The area is located entirely within the [[Alpine Lakes Wilderness]] about {{Convert|15|mi|km|0}} southwest of [[Leavenworth, Washington]] in the [[United States]].<ref name="Johnson04"/> The Enchantments is regarded as one of the most spectacular locations in the [[Cascade Range]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Day Hiking Central Cascades|first=Craig|last=Romano|chapter=Hike 56|year=2013|publisher=Mountaineers Books}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Enchantment Basin.jpg|thumb|left|Enchantment Basin from Prusik Pass]]

The first [[European American]] to discover the area and name it was [[A.H. Sylvester]], topographer for the [[US Geological Survey]] and first supervisor of the [[Wenatchee National Forest]].<ref name="SpringManningAlpineLakes"/> Sylvester visited the middle Enchantment basin and probably did not venture into the upper basin. [[Snow Creek Glacier]] covered more of the upper basin at the time than it does today, which may have discouraged him from exploring the higher areas.<ref name="marler"/> He is credited with naming some of the features in the region.

By the 1940s climbers discovered the area and began naming the crags. Bill and Peg Stark of Leavenworth, became frequent visitors who drew upon various mythologies to name features of the landscape. When they made their first visit in the [[autumn|fall]] of 1959, they were captivated by the golden splendor of the [[Larix lyallii|larch]] trees in the fall, the numerous lakes and [[tarn (lake)|tarn]]s, and jagged peaks towering above. They used fairy names such as Gnome Tarn, Troll Sink, Naiad Lake (officially Temple Lake), Sprite and [[King Arthur]] legends in the Lower Enchantment Basin because "the lower basin was not as austere as the upper basin," according to Peg. They used [[Norsemen|Norse]] names and mythology for features of the upper basin, for example Brynhild Lake (officially Inspiration Lake), Lake Freya (officially Tranquil Lake), and Valhalla Cirque because, Peg said, it felt "as if the Ice Age had just gone off."<ref name="Starks"/>

The official naming rulings of the US Board on Geographic Names in the 1960s resulted in a mixture of two name sets being adopted as official, particularly for the lakes, but also exemplified by the feature popularly known as [[Aasgard Pass]] being officially designated Colchuck Pass. Different sources still use the unofficial names in some contexts. The current policy of not adopting new names for geographic features in wilderness areas probably precludes the rest of the names identified by the Starks from achieving official status.

The number of visitors to the Enchantments grew to large numbers partly due to the fast-growing population of Seattle. By the late 1970s up to 300 people camped in the basin on summer weekends, leaving trash, creating unauthorized paths, and trampling the heather. The Forest Service installed toilets in 1966, restricted horses in 1972, and banned dogs in 1982. In 1987 the Forest Service enacted a permit system for overnight camping in the Enchantments and the Snow Lakes, Stuart Lake, and Colchuck Lake areas.<ref name="Foster89"/>

== Hiking ==
[[File:Colchuck Lake and Aasgard Pass.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Aasgard Pass is a very steep approach to the Enchantments]]

There are two primary approaches to the Enchantments Basin. Both trail heads are accessed via [[Icicle Creek]] Road. The Snow Lake trailhead is off [[Icicle Creek]] Road at a large parking lot next to the creek. The trail climbs {{convert|6.5|mi|km}} to [[Snow Lake, Chelan County, Washington|Snow Lake]] gaining {{convert|4100|ft|m}}. From Snow lake the trail ascends over sloping granite rock to the Lower Enchantments. The entire hike is {{convert|9|mi|km}} one-way, with {{convert|6000|ft|m}} of elevation gain to an end elevation of {{convert|7800|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wta.org/go-hiking/hikes/enchantment-lakes|title=Enchantment Lakes|publisher=Washington Trails Association}}</ref> This hike usually takes two days each way and is described as "long, steep, and grueling."<ref name="SpringManningAlpineLakes"/> The alternate route is from the Stuart Lake trail head a couple of miles up Eightmile road off Icicle Creek Road. The trail up to [[Colchuck Lake]] is {{convert|4.75|mi|km}} long and gains {{convert|2100|ft|m}}; another {{convert|1.75|mi|km}} bring hikers to the south end of the lake and [[Aasgard Pass]], which climbs {{convert|2200|ft|m}} in {{convert|0.8|mi|km}}.<ref name="SpringManningWashington"/> Aasgard Pass is a steep scramble which is dangerous to descend in snow.<ref>{{cite book|title=Selected Climbs in the Cascades|volume=1|edition=2nd|page=114|publisher=Mountaineers Books|first1=Jim|last1=Nelson|first2=Peter|last2=Potterfield|year=2003}}</ref> The Aasgard Pass route has also been described as "in very bad taste" because it bypasses the beauty of the lower basin to get to the upper basin first.<ref name="SpringManningWashington"/> The two routes can be combined to form a loop if the hiking party has two cars, a bicycle, or otherwise arranges transportation between the trail heads.

The [[United States Forest Service]] restricts access to the Enchantments permit area, which includes five zones. The three most popular zones are the Snow Zone (from Icicle Creek up to Snow Lakes), the Colchuck Zone (the area surrounding Colchuck Lake) and the Core Enchantment Zone (the Upper and Lower Enchantment Basins and surrounding peaks). The other zones are the Stuart Zone (the area around Stuart Lake and the northern approaches to [[Mount Stuart]]) and the Eightmile/Caroline Zone (Eightmile Lake, Eightmile Mountain, Cashmere Mountain, and vicinity). In addition, the Forest Service has proposed adding the Ingalls Lake, Headlight Basin, and Mount Stuart areas to the permit area in accordance with a 1993 [[National Environmental Policy Act|NEPA]] decision. The earliest the change could be implemented is 2010.<ref name="USFS"/>

The 1981 Alpine Lakes Wilderness Plan established a quota of 60 people at one time as the carrying capacity of the Core Enchantment Zone. For overnight camping between June 15 and October 15 hikers in any of the five currently established zones must have permits. 75 percent of the permits for each hiking season are awarded in advance by lottery. The first round of the (very competitive) lottery includes all applications received between February 15, 2015 and March 3, 2015 (11:59 PT) for the 2015 season. All applications received during this period will be randomly drawn on or around March 6th.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recreation.gov/permits/Enchantment_Permit_Area_Wa/r/wildernessAreaDetails.do?page=detail&contractCode=NRSO&parkId=72280|title=Enchantment Permit Area, WA|publisher=Recreation.gov|accessdate=2015-09-25}}</ref> The other 25 percent of permits are issued each morning (except Sunday) at 7:45 a.m. at the [[Leavenworth, Washington|Leavenworth]] ranger station for trips beginning the same day. If not enough permits are available for the day's applicants, the permits are awarded by lottery.<ref name="USFS"/>

The Forest Service has banned dogs in the area, which has allowed the population of [[mountain goat]]s and [[rock ptarmigan|ptarmigan]] to recover.<ref name="Johnson04"/><ref name="SpringManningAlpineLakes"/>

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="USFS zone map">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/wenatchee/passes/enchantments/zone-map.jpg
|archiveurl = http://wayback.archive.org/web/20090120031233/http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/wenatchee/passes/enchantments/zone-map.jpg
|archivedate = 2009-01-20
|title = Enchantment Permit Areas Zone Map
|accessdate = 2009-10-05
|year = 2009
|format = [[JPG]]
|publisher = [[US Forest Service]]
}}</ref>

<ref name="Johnson04">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/A-heavenly-reward-awaits-in-the-Enchantment-Lakes-1157203.php
|title = A heavenly reward awaits in the Enchantment Lakes Basin
|accessdate = 2007-08-09
|last = Johnston
|first = Greg
|date = October 21, 2004
|work = [[nwsource.com]]
|publisher = [[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]
}}</ref>

<ref name="Starks">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.seattlepi.com/getaways/100898/ench08.html
|archiveurl = http://www.summitpost.org/enchantments/170944#chapter_11
|archivedate = 2015-09-06
|title = World-renowned basin in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness has a magical allure
|accessdate = 2007-08-09
|last = Sykes
|first = Karen
|date = October 8, 1998
|work = Special to the Post-Intelligencer
|publisher = [[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]
}}</ref>

<ref name="SpringManningAlpineLakes">
{{cite book
| author = Spring, Ira
| authorlink = Ira Spring
|author2=Manning, Harvey |authorlink2=Harvey Manning
| year=1998
| edition = 1st
| title= 100 ClassicHikes in Washington's Alpine Lakes
| publisher= [[The Mountaineers (Pacific NW)|The Mountaineers]]
| isbn=0-89886-707-X
}}</ref>

<ref name="marler">
{{cite book
|last= Marler
|first= Chester
|title= East of the Divide: Travels through the Eastern Slope of the North Cascades 1870-1999
|publisher= North Fork Books
|year= 2004
|isbn= 0975460501
|page= 50
}}</ref>

<ref name="SpringManningWashington">
{{cite book
| author = Spring, Ira
| authorlink = Ira Spring
| coauthors = Spring, Vicky; [[Harvey Manning|Manning, Harvey]]
| year=2002
| edition = 3rd
| title= 100 Classic Hikes in Washington
| publisher= [[The Mountaineers (Pacific NW)|The Mountaineers]]
| isbn=0-89886-586-7
}}</ref>

<ref name="Foster89">
{{cite web
|url = http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CZFTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yYYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6704%2C6588764
|title = Rangers help control overcrowding as hikers try loving forests to death
|accessdate = 2014-09-19
|last = Foster
|first = David
|date = September 7, 1989
|publisher = [[The Bulletin_ Bend)]]
}}</ref>

<ref name="USFS">{{cite web
|url = http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/wenatchee/passes/enchantments/
|archiveurl = http://wayback.archive.org/web/20070329021407/http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/wenatchee/passes/enchantments/
|archivedate = 2007-03-29
|title = Enchantment Area Wilderness Permits
|accessdate = 2009-10-05
|year = 2009
|publisher = [[US Forest Service]]
}}</ref>
}}

* {{Cite map
| publisher = [[United States Geological Survey]]
| title = Enchantment Lakes - Washington
| year = 1998
| scale = 1 : 24,000
| series = 7,5 Minute Series (Topographic)
| isbn = 0-607-58160-3 }}
* {{cite map
| publisher = Green Trails, Inc
| url = http://www.greentrailsmaps.com/maps/search/mapid=209S
| series = Special Series
| title = The Enchantments, WA – No 209S
| year = 2004
| scale = 1 : 44,500 }}

== External links ==
* [http://wayback.archive.org/web/20070329021407/http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/wenatchee/passes/enchantments/ Alpine Lakes Wilderness Permits for Enchantment Lakes] from the US Forest Service, Wenatchee River Ranger District.
*{{GNIS|1531572|Enchantment Basin}}
* [http://www.wta.org/go-hiking/hikes/enchantment-lakes Enchantment Lakes] from the Washington Trails Association.

{{coord|47|28|52|N|120|48|14|W|display=title}}

{{Protected Areas of Washington}}

[[Category:Cascade Range]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Chelan County, Washington]]
[[Category:Wilderness Areas of Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Wenatchee National Forest]]

The Enchantments

2016-01-25T01:03:13Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Wikipedia Experts (talk) to last version by Glane23

The Enchantments

2016-01-25T00:59:50Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Wikipedia Experts (talk) to last version by GeneralizationsAreBad

The Enchantments

2016-01-25T00:58:24Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Wikipedia Experts (talk) to last version by Glane23

The Enchantments

2016-01-25T00:55:54Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Wikipedia Experts (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG

J’ouvert

2016-01-21T22:12:47Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by 190.213.25.181 (talk) to last version by Macrosoca

'''J'ouvert''' ({{IPA-fr|ʒuvɛʁ}}) is a large [[street party]] during [[Carnival]] in the eastern [[Caribbean]] region. J'ouvert is a contraction of the [[French language|French]] ''jour ouvert'', or ''dawn''/''day break''.

J'ouvert is celebrated throughout the Caribbean in countries, including [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Anguilla]], [[Antigua & Barbuda]], [[Aruba]], [[Grenada]], [[The Bahamas]], [[Haiti]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|St. Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[St. Kitts and Nevis]], [[Sint Maarten]], [[Dominica]], the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] and the [[British Virgin Islands]]. J'ouvert is also celebrated in many places outside the Caribbean as part of Carnival celebrations throughout the year, with the biggest celebrations happening in places around the world with large [[Caribbean]] [[ex-pat]] communities.

Traditionally, the celebration involves [[Calypso music|calypso]]/[[Soca music|soca]] bands and their followers dancing through the streets. The [[festival]] starts well before dawn and peaks a few hours after sunrise.

Carnival was introduced to Trinidad by French settlers in 1783, a time of [[slavery]].<ref>[http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/Carnival/tabid/105/Default.aspx "'Mama Dis is Mas': A Historical Overview of the Trinidad Carnival, 1783 – 1900"] National Library and Information System Authority</ref> Banned from the [[masquerade balls]] of the French, the slaves would stage their own mini-carnivals in their backyards — using their own [[rituals]] and [[folklore]], but also imitating and sometimes mocking their masters’ behavior at the [[masquerade balls]].<ref>[http://www.allahwe.org/History.html "History of Carnival"] All Ah We</ref>

The origins of street parties associated with J'ouvert coincide with the [[abolitionism in the United Kingdom|emancipation]] from [[slavery]] in 1838. Emancipation provided Africans with the opportunity, to not only participate in Carnival, but to embrace it as an expression of their newfound freedom. Some theorize that some J'ouvert traditions are carried forward in remembrance of civil disturbances in [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad]], when the people smeared themselves with oil or paint to avoid being recognized.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

The [[traditions]] of J'ouvert vary widely throughout the [[Caribbean]]. In Trinidad & Tobago, a part of the tradition involves smearing paint, mud or oil on the bodies of participants known as "[[Jab Jabs]]". On the islands of [[Dominica]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Saint Martin]] and [[Haiti]], participants celebrate by blowing [[flutes]] and conch shells or by beating goat skin drums, irons or bamboo sticks while singing [[folk songs]].

[[Barbados]] does not celebrate J'ouvert, but in instead celebrates Foreday Morning which is often mistaken as J'ouvert.

J'ouvert is inseparable from [[Carnival]] and has had many influences. People from [[Africa]], [[UK|Britain]], [[France]], [[India]], [[Spain]] and many other [[ethnic groups]] have all left an indelible mark on J'ouvert.

==See also==
*[[Caribbean Carnival]]
*[[Trinidad Carnival]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jouvert.com "Trinidad Carnival:The Greatest Show on Earth]

[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago culture]]
[[Category:Caribbean culture]]
[[Category:Carnivals]]

Manosphere

2015-12-31T17:38:18Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted to revision 697474914 by 187.65.37.167 (talk). (TW)

{{POV|date=May 2014}}

The '''manosphere''' ([[portmanteau]] of ''[[man]]'' and ''[[blogosphere]]'') or '''androsphere'''<ref name="androsphere">{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=Jason|title=The 'man-o-sphere' is outraged about Mad Max? Hand me my popcorn!|work=The Guardian| url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/may/15/the-man-o-sphere-is-outraged-about-mad-max-hand-me-my-popcorn}}</ref> (from the Greek "aner" meaning "man") is a name given to a loose and informal network of blogs, websites, and internet commentators that focus on issues relating to men and [[masculinity]], often in opposition to [[feminism]] or as a male counterpart to it. Many of these are [[Men's spaces|male-only spaces]]. The content of these online forums is varied, and includes [[self-improvement]], [[bodybuilding]], [[antifeminism]], [[seduction community]] commentary for [[pick-up artists]], and [[men's rights]] issues.<ref name="wp">{{cite web|last=Dewey|first=Caitlin|date=27 May 2014|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/05/27/inside-the-manosphere-that-inspired-santa-barbara-shooter-elliot-rodger/|title=Inside the 'manosphere' that inspired Santa Barbara shooter Elliot Rodger|work=[[Washington Post]]|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="gd">{{cite web|last=Wiseman|first=Eva|date=1 Jun 2014|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/jun/01/mens-rights-internet-forums-distance-from-misogynist-mass-murder|title=The everyday fear of violence every woman has to cope with|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2 Jun 2014}}</ref> Some of these forums have been described in the media and by the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC) as promoting a [[misogynistic]], and in some cases racist <ref name="puarape">{{cite web|url=http://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/2015/09/26/look-behind-pickup-artists-theory-and-rape-culture-waking-life/72826230/|title='Pickup artists' and rape culture}}</ref> worldview.<ref name="SPLC">{{cite web|last=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|date=Spring 2012|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2012/spring/misogyny-the-sites|title=Misogyny: The Sites|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="ABC">{{cite web|last=Pry|first=Alyssa|author2=Alexa Valiente|date=16 October 2013|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/women-battle-online-anti-women-hate-manosphere/story?id=20579038|title=Women Battle Online Anti-Women Hate From the 'Manosphere'|work=[[ABC News]]|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref>

==Content==
The manosphere has been described as "a vast, diverse network of blogs and forums".<ref name="wp"/> According to ''[[The Guardian]]'' columnist Eva Wiseman, the manosphere is "a mix of men – pick-up artists, male victims of abuse, father's rights proponents – who come together online."<ref name="reddit"/> Notable examples of manosphere sites reportedly include the Red Pill Room, [[A Voice for Men]] and [[Roosh V]]'s website Return Of Kings as well as his personal blog and forum.<ref name="wp"/><ref name="reddit">{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/jun/01/mens-rights-internet-forums-distance-from-misogynist-mass-murder|title=The everyday fear of violence every woman has to cope with|author=Eva Wiseman|publisher=The Guardian|date=2014-06-01}}</ref><ref name="Greenwood">{{cite web|last=Greenwood|first=Arin|date=12 March 2012|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/10/roosh-v-splc-misogyny-report_n_1335174.html|title=Southern Poverty Law Center Lists 'Roosh V' On Misogyny Report|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|accessdate=3 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="gq">{{cite news|last1=Sharlet|first1=Jeff|authorlink1=Jeff Sharlet (writer)|title=Are You Man Enough for the Men's Rights Movement?|url=http://www.gq.com/story/mens-rights-activism-the-red-pill|accessdate=28 July 2015|work=GQ|date=March 2015}}</ref>

The manosphere has its own distinct [[jargon]]. Manosphere websites commonly use [[red pill and blue pill]] imagery as an analogy; accepting the manosphere's ideology is equated with "taking the red pill", and "blue pill" refers to those who disagree with their philosophy. The terms "[[alpha male]]" and "[[beta male]]" are also commonly used.<ref name="wp"/>

[[Reddit]] is a popular gathering place for manosphere supporters, and there are several forums on the site that are geared toward its ideas. One of these, the Red Pill subreddit, has over 100,000 subscribers.<ref name="reddit"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Love|first1=Dylan|title=Inside Red Pill, The Cult For Men Who Don't Understand Women|url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/the-red-pill-reddit-2013-8|accessdate=18 August 2015|work=Business Insider Australia|date=16 September 2013}}</ref>

==Ideology==
According to Caitlin Dewey of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', the manosphere's "core philosophy basically boils down to this: (1) feminism has overrun/corrupted modern culture, in violation of nature/biology/inherent gender differences, and (2) men can best seduce women (slash, save society in general) by embracing a super-dominant, uber-masculine gender role, forcing ladies to fall into step behind them."<ref name="wp"/> Eva Wiseman of [[The Guardian]] stated that "Advocates of the men's rights movement are united by their belief that feminism is the enemy."<ref name="reddit"/> They are also strongly opposed to [[circumcision]], and believe that a double standard exists in society in how circumcision is viewed relative to [[female genital mutilation]].<ref name="splitsburgh">{{cite web|last=Geddes|first=Adam|date=27 March 2012|url=http://splitsburgh.com/circumcised-or-intact-screw-her-preference/|title="Circumcised or Intact?!" Screw Her Preference!|work=[[Splitsburgh]]|accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref> ''[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]]'''s Jeff Sharlet described A Voice For Men as "surprisingly pro-gay, or at least ''anti''-anti-gay".<ref name="gq"/>

==Commentary and criticism==

[[Rod Dreher]] of ''[[The American Conservative]]'' has said that the manosphere "dehumanizes both men and women".<ref name="dreher">{{cite web|last=Dreher|first=Rod|authorlink=Rod Dreher|date=29 May 2014|url=http://www.theamericanconservative.com/dreher/women-who-love-men-who-hate-women/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=women-who-love-men-who-hate-women|title=Women Who Love Men Who Hate Women|work=[[The American Conservative]]|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> Caitlin Dewey accuses it of excluding gay, lesbian, and transgender people.<ref name="wp"/>

Mark Potok, a spokesman of the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC), claimed that the forums are filled with "pure unvarnished women hatred" and compares the manosphere to [[white supremacist]] websites.<ref name="csm">{{cite web|last=Paulson|first=Amanda|date=28 May 2014|url=http://news.yahoo.com/santa-barbara-killings-did-misogynist-hate-groups-play-233026107.html|title=Santa Barbara killings: Did misogynist hate groups play a role?|work=[[Christian Science Monitor]]/[[Yahoo! News]]|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> The SPLC later added a caveat, saying, "It should be mentioned that the SPLC did not label MRAs as members of a hate movement; nor did our article claim that the grievances they air on their websites – false rape accusations, ruinous divorce settlements and the like – are all without merit. But we did call out specific examples of misogyny and the threat, overt or implicit, of violence."<ref name="SPLC2">{{cite web|last=Goldwag|first=Arthur|date=15 May 2012|url=http://www.splcenter.org/blog/2012/05/15/intelligence-report-article-provokes-outrage-among-mens-rights-activists/|title=Intelligence Report Article Provokes Fury Among Men’s Rights Activists|work=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]|accessdate=3 June 2014}}</ref>

Michael Brendan Dougherty of ''[[Business Insider]]'' criticized the SPLC for including manosphere sites on its list of "hate-groups" and for providing pejorative personal details on the sites' authors.<ref name="Dougherty">{{cite web|last=Dougherty|first=Michael Brendan|date=9 March 2012|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/civil-rights-group-is-now-criticizing-random-jerks-for-not-calling-women-back-after-sex-2012-3|title=A Civil Rights Group Is Now Criticizing Random Jerks For Not Calling Women Back After Sex|work=[[Business Insider]]|accessdate= 3 June 2014}}</ref> Mike Riggs of [[Libertarianism in the United States|Libertarian]] magazine ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]'' also criticized the SPLC for defining manosphere sites as "hate-groups." Said Riggs, "Take note, America: Having consensual sex (Roosh is not a rapist, but a seducer) with someone you don't actually like and then never calling her/him again will land you in a reputation-ruining SPLC report."<ref name="Riggs">{{cite web|last=Riggs|first=Mike|date=9 March 2012|url=http://reason.com/blog/2012/03/09/the-southern-poverty-law-center-is-now-w|title=The Southern Poverty Law Center Is Now Writing About Pickup Artists as Hate Groups|work=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]|accessdate=3 June 2014}}</ref>

Eva Wiseman of has written that commenters on manosphere blogs often make statements to the effect that "women are designed solely for sex and sandwich-making" and has suggested that the tone of these websites creates a culture that contributes to violence against women.<ref name="reddit"/>

Following the [[2014 Isla Vista killings]], many mainstream news sources reported links between the killer [[Elliot Rodger]] and posts to a manosphere forum about the [[Seduction community|pick-up artist community]].<ref>{{
Citation|title=The Pick-Up Artist Community's Predictable, Horrible Response to a Mass Murder|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2014/05/24/elliot_rodger_the_pick_up_artist_community_s_predictable_horrible_response.html|author=Amanda Hess|publisher=Slate|date=2014-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2638950/Women-hating-Pick-Up-Artist-groups-laud-virgin-killer-vile-murderous-comments-online.html|title=Women-hating 'Pick-Up-Artist' groups laud the 'virgin killer' for his vile and murderous comments online|author=James Nye|publisher=Daily Mail|date=2014-05-27}}</ref> Caitlin Dewey, writing for ''The Washington Post'', said that while the manosphere was not to blame for Rodger's attack and it would be irresponsible to make that claim, "Rodger's misogynistic rhetoric seems undeniably influenced by the manosphere".<ref name="wp"/> Many Manosphere commenters also strongly rejected any attempts to blame the manosphere for the killings, with one commenter writing that "His [Rodger] is a perfect case of someone who needed the red pill...Because it's somewhere he could come to vent, and be angry, and not have his pain be dismissed, ridiculed or ignored." <ref name="reddit"/> Professor [[Michael Kimmel]] similarly opined "it would be facile to argue the manosphere ... urged [Rodger] to do this. I think those places are kind of a solace ... They provide a kind of locker room, a place where guys can gripe about all the bad things that are being done to them by women".<ref>{{Citation|author=Nelson, Libby|url=http://www.vox.com/2014/5/29/5754786/the-santa-barbara-shootings-and-angry-white-men|title='It's a way to retrieve your manhood': a cultural explanation of the Santa Barbara shooting|date=2014-05-29|publisher=Vox}}</ref> In the days immediately following the shooting, other manosphere sites, such as A Voice For Men, saw a huge increase in traffic.<ref name="gq"/>

Nicholas James Pell of [[paleoconservative]] site ''[[Taki's Magazine]]'' said that the manosphere "asks difficult questions and poses uncomfortable truths." Pell criticized a report by ''[[ABC News]]'' on the manosphere for not giving the topic "a fair shake" and concluded that "the men's-rights wing of the manosphere is distinguished by a class and refinement totally missing from the shrieking hysteria of modern feminist blogging".<ref name="Pell">{{cite web|last=Pell|first=Nicholas James|date=26 October 2013|url=http://takimag.com/article/we_have_nothing_to_fear_but_the_manosphere_itself_nicholas_james_pell/print#axzz33DEV4pjM|title=We Have Nothing to Fear but the Manosphere Itself|work=[[Taki's Magazine]]|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Men Going Their Own Way]]
* [[Machismo]]
* [[Misogyny]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2012/spring/misogyny-the-sites Southern Poverty Law Centre article]

{{Masculism}}

[[Category:Blogospheres]]
[[Category:Criticism of feminism]]
[[Category:Masculinity]]
[[Category:Men and feminism]]
[[Category:Men's rights]]

Owen Jones (Journalist)

2015-12-31T17:30:03Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted to revision 697458805 by Zumoarirodoka (talk): Removed fluff. (TW)

{{hatnote|Not to be confused with other writers named Owen Jones, such as [[Owen Jones (antiquary)]] and [[Owen Jones (architect)]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Owen Jones
|image = ComradeOwenJones.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Jones in September 2013 at [[Policy Exchange]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|08|08}}
|birth_place = [[Sheffield]], [[South Yorkshire]], England, UK
|alma_mater = [[University College, Oxford]]
|occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Columnist
* author
}}
|subject = {{Flatlist|
* [[Working class]]
* [[socialism]]
* [[left-wing politics]]
* [[trade union]]s
}}
|notableworks = ''[[Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class]]''
''[[The Establishment: And How They Get Away With It]]''
|website = [http://owenjonesramblings.tumblr.com/ Official Tumblr account], [https://twitter.com/OwenJones84 Official Twitter account], [http://www.independent.co.uk/author/owen-jones Official ''Independent'' profile], [http://www.theguardian.com/profile/owen-jones Official ''Guardian'' profile], [http://www.newstatesman.com/writers/owen_jones Official ''New Statesman'' profile].
|module = <center>{{Listen|embed=yes|filename=Owen Jones's voice.ogg|title=<center>Owen Jones's voice</center>|type=speech|description=<center>[[:File:Owen Jones's voice.ogg|Recorded June 2014]]</center>}}</center>
}}'''Owen Jones''' (born 8 August 1984) is a British columnist, author, commentator and political activist from a [[democratic socialist]] perspective.<ref>Jones, Owen (OwenJones84). [https://www.twitter.com/owenjones84/status/395576194038382592 "Modern capitalism is a sham, and why democratic socialism is our only hope"] 30 October 2015, 3:41 AM</ref> He is a columnist for ''[[The Independent]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'' and since 2015 for the ''[[New Statesman]]''. He has also recently set up a [[YouTube]] channel whereby he uploads videos and interviews, some of which appear on [[theguardian.com|the official website of ''the Guardian'']].

==Early life==
Jones was born in [[Sheffield]] and grew up in [[Stockport]], [[Greater Manchester]],<ref name=about>
{{cite web |url=http://owenjones.org/about |title=Who the hell is Owen Jones? |date=28 December 2010 |accessdate=3 March 2012}}{{dead link|date=August 2014}}
</ref> and briefly in [[Falkirk]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/owen-jones-what-a-fairer-scotland-would-look-like-9109887.html |title=Owen Jones: What a fairer Scotland would look like |work=The Independent |location=London |date=5 February 2014 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> His father was a local authority worker and trade-union shop steward,<ref name=Ind20120309>
{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/owen-jones-my-father-and-the-reality-of-losing-your-job-in-middle-age-7546015.html |title=My father, and the reality of losing your job in middle age |date=9 March 2012 |author=Jones, Owen |newspaper=The Independent |location= London |accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> and his mother is an IT lecturer.<ref name=Ind20120309/> He describes himself as a "4th generation socialist"; his grandfather was involved with the [[Communist Party of Great Britain|Communist Party]] and his parents met as members of the [[Trotskyist]] [[Militant tendency]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Phelim Brady |url=http://www.varsity.co.uk/news/5556 |title=Interview: Owen Jones | Varsity Online |publisher=Varsity.co.uk |date=8 February 2013 |accessdate=26 September 2013}}</ref>

He attended [[Bramhall High School]] and [[Cheadle and Marple Sixth Form College|Ridge Danyers Sixth Form College]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Owen|title=Abolish Oxbridge|url=http://labourlist.org/2011/06/abolish-oxbridge/|publisher=Labour List|date=1 June 2011 |accessdate=10 June 2012}}</ref> before studying history at [[University College, Oxford]], graduating with a BA in 2005 and a [[Master of Studies]] (MSt) in US history in 2007.<ref name=agent>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.davidhigham.co.uk/clients/Owen-Jones.htm
|title=Owen Jones
|publisher=David Higham Literary, Film and TV Agents
|accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref> Prior to his media career, Jones worked as a trade-union lobbyist and as a parliamentary researcher for left-wing [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] politician [[John McDonnell (politician)|John McDonnell]], then a [[backbencher]], who became [[Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer|Shadow Chancellor]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://oxfordstudent.com/2011/06/09/time-to-abolish-oxbridge/ |title=Time to abolish Oxbridge?|date=9 June 2011|work=[[The Oxford Student]]|accessdate=18 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2013/03/john-mcdonnell-interview-how-labour-moving-left |title=John McDonnell interview: how Labour is moving to the left?|date=3 March 2013|work=[[The New Statesman]]|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref>

==Writings and public career==
Jones is a weekly columnist for ''The Guardian'' and former columnist for ''[[The Independent]]'', switching in March 2014. His work has also appeared in the ''New Statesman'', the ''[[Sunday Mirror]]'', ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'' and several smaller publications.<ref name=about/><ref>{{cite news|title=Owen Jones|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/biography/owen-jones|work=The Independent|accessdate=2 March 2013|location=London}}</ref> He has made a number of television appearances as a political commentator, including several BBC News shows, Sky News, ''[[Channel 4 News]]'', ITV's ''[[Daybreak (TV programme)|Daybreak]]'' and [[BBC One]]'s ''[[Question Time (TV series)|Question Time]]'' discussion programme.<ref name=about/> Jones writes from a left-wing perspective; Andrew Neather has cited Jones' ''Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class'' as part of a resurgence of left-wing-themed ideas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/the-marx-effect-7669766.html|title=The Marx effect|date=23 April 2011|author=Neather, Andrew|work=[[London Evening Standard]]|accessdate=8 May 2012}}</ref> He is on the National Advisory Panel of the ''Centre for Labour and Social Studies'', a left-wing [[think tank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classonline.org.uk/about/panel/owen-jones |title=''The Centre for Labour and Social Studies'' About our staff: Owen Jones |publisher=Classonline.org.uk |date= |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Owen Jones 2013.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Jones speaking in October 2013]]
In 2011, Jones published his first book, ''[[Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class]]'', which discusses stereotypes of sections of the British [[working class]] and use of the pejorative term "[[chav]]". The book received attention in domestic and international media, including selection by critic [[Dwight Garner (critic)|Dwight Garner]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' as one of his top 10 non-fiction books of 2011 in the paper's ''Holiday Gift Guide'' and being long-listed for the [[Guardian First Book Award]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/book-of-the-week-chavs-the-demonization-of-the-working-class-by-owen-jones-2292230.html|title=Book of the week: Chavs: the demonization of the working class by Owen Jones|date=3 June 2011|author=[[Jon Cruddas]]|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=15 September 2011|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1394469/The-Only-Way-Essex-demonisation-working-class.html|title=The demonisation of the working class: How shows such as The Only Way is Essex have wiped out popular culture|date=6 June 2011|work=Mail Online|accessdate=15 September 2011|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18833559|title=Giving the poor a good kicking|date=16 June 2011|work=[[The Economist]]|accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/13/books/chavs-the-demonization-of-the-working-class-review.html?_r=1|title=Get Your Bling and Adidas Tracksuit, Wayne, a British Class War Is Raging|author=[[Dwight Garner (critic)|Dwight Garner]]|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 July 2011|accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/25/books/dwight-garners-top-10-nonfiction-books-of-2011.html|title=Dwight Garner’s Picks for 2011|date=21 November 2011|author=Garner, Dwight|accessdate=9 February 2012|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/aug/31/guardian-first-book-award-longlist|title=Guardian first book award longlist: fiction takes lead|date=31 August 2011|author=Flood, Alison|accessdate=13 November 2011|location=London|work=The Guardian}}</ref> ''[[The Independent|The Independent on Sunday]]'' newspaper named Jones as one of its top 50 Britons of 2011, for the manner in which the book raised the profile of class-based issues.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/ios-great-britons-2011-6278640.html|title=IoS Great Britons 2011|date=18 December 2011|author=|work=The Independent|accessdate=9 February 2012|location=London}}</ref> Jones has written a second book, ''[[The Establishment: And How They Get Away With It]]'', published in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davidhigham.co.uk/clients/Owen-Jones.htm |title=Owen Jones |publisher=David Higham |date= |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>

Jones has received attention as a significant commentator of the left, with ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' placing him 7th in its 2013 list of Britain's most influential left-wingers.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/labour/10331110/Top-100-most-influential-Left-wingers-50-1.html |title=Top 100 most influential figures from the Left 2012: 26-50 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=2 October 2012 |accessdate=26 September 2013 |location=London |first=Iain |last=Dale}}</ref> In November 2012, Jones was awarded Journalist of the Year at the [[Stonewall (charity)|Stonewall]] Awards, along with ''[[The Times]]'' journalist [[Hugo Rifkind]].<ref name="Stonewall">{{cite web|url=https://www.stonewall.org.uk/media/current_releases/8182.asp |title=Media |publisher=Stonewall.org.uk |date= |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> In February 2013, Jones was awarded the Young Writer of the Year prize at the Political Book Award, donating half the prize money to support the campaign of Lisa Forbes, a Labour parliamentary candidate and the other half to [[Disabled People Against Cuts]].<ref name="Crampton">Crampton, Caroline. [http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2013/02/watch-lord-ashcroft-tries-pwn-owen-jones-fails "Watch: Lord Ashcroft tries to pwn Owen Jones, fails",] ''New Statesman'' (Staggers Politics blog), 7 February 2013.</ref> Jones commented in an interview with ''[[The Student Journals]]'', that several people have made the accusation that he uses his politics only as a tool to raise his own profile and that he risks being seen as a "lefty rent-a-gob".<ref name="the student journals">{{cite web|last1=Evans|first1=James|title=TSJ talks to Owen Jones|url=http://studentjournals.co.uk/2013/02/tsj-talks-to-owen-jones/|website=studentjournals.co.uk|publisher=[[The Student Journals]]|accessdate=26 March 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140801082014/http://studentjournals.co.uk/2013/02/tsj-talks-to-owen-jones/|archivedate=1 August 2004|date=17 February 2013|quote=[...] I already get people accusing me of being a careerist using his politics to build a profile for himself [...] I fear at the moment I'm unaccountable – no-one has elected me to speak on their behalf, and I worry about just being seen as a lefty rent-a-gob with no mandate to say what he believes.|deadurl=yes}}</ref>

Jones spoke at a press conference to launch the [[People's Assembly Against Austerity]] on 26 March 2013 and regional public meetings in the lead-up to a national meeting at [[Central Hall Westminster]] on 22 June 2013.<ref>Jones, Owen. [http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/how-the-peoples-assembly-can-challenge-our-suffocating-political-consensus--and-why-its-vital-that-we-do-8547507.html "How the People's Assembly can challenge our suffocating political consensus and why it's vital that we do"], ''The Independent'', 24 March 2013.</ref><ref>Wotherspoon, Jenny [http://tyneandwear.sky.com/news/article/67688/peoples-assembly-owen-jones-rallies-anti-cuts-support-in-newcastle "People's Assembly: Writer Owen Jones Helps Build Nationwide Anti-Cuts Movement In The North East"], ''Sky Tyne & Wear'', 23 May 2013</ref><ref>Rath, Marc [http://www.thisisbristol.co.uk/Popular-writer-joins-comedian-anti-cuts-rally/story-19131252-detail/story.html#axzz2WltwZLl7 "Popular writer joins comedian at anti-cuts rally"], ''This is Bristol'', 30 May 2013</ref> In November 2013 he delivered the [[Royal Television Society]] Huw Wheldon Memorial Lecture entitled ''Totally Shameless: How TV Portrays the Working Class''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03jrw5l |title=The Royal Television Society Lecture 2013 - 'Totally Shameless: How TV Portrays the Working Class' |work=BBC |date=24 November 2013 |accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>

==Views==
Jones is a [[feminist]],<ref name="Owen Jones Feminism">{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Owen|title=Why more men should fight for womens rights|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/24/men-women-masculinity-feminism|accessdate=1 June 2015|publisher=The Guardian|date=24 February 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150302073737/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/24/men-women-masculinity-feminism|archivedate=2 March 2015|deadurl=no}}</ref> a [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|republican]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Republicans gear up for "biggest anti-monarchy protest in living memory"|url=https://republic.org.uk/what-we-do/news-and-updates/republicans-gear-biggest-anti-monarchy-protest-living-memory|publisher=Republic|accessdate=1 June 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150518083452/https://republic.org.uk/what-we-do/news-and-updates/republicans-gear-biggest-anti-monarchy-protest-living-memory|archivedate=18 May 2015|date=24 May 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Owen|title=Owen Jones on Twitter: @wilkobashi I'm a republican|url=https://twitter.com/owenjones84/status/564406852101087232|publisher=Twitter|accessdate=1 June 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150601211305/https://twitter.com/owenjones84/status/564406852101087232|archivedate=1 June 2015|deadurl=no}}</ref> and supporter of [[Unite Against Fascism]] (UAF). He has spoken at UAF conferences.<ref>{{cite web|title=New speakers for UAF Conference|url=http://uaf.org.uk/2015/02/new-speakers-for-uaf-conference-this-sat-syrizas-nasos-iliopoulos-owen-jones-victoria-brittain-louise-christian-osces-marwan-muhammed/|publisher=[[Unite Against Fascism]]|accessdate=1 June 2015|date=17 February 2015}}</ref> {{as of|2015|6|alt=In June 2015,}} Jones launched his YouTube channel, with an aim to create "a place where we can share views on all sorts of issues and problems and try to come up with hopeful and alternative solutions".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Owen|title=Owen Jones – YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSYCo8uRGF39qDCxF870K5Q/about|website=YouTube.com|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=1 June 2015|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150601211603/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSYCo8uRGF39qDCxF870K5Q/about|archivedate=1 June 2015|quote=I'm Owen Jones, welcome to my YouTube channel. I want this to be a place where we can share views on all sorts of issues and problems and try to come up with hopeful and alternative solutions.|deadurl=no}}</ref>

With regards to the [[European Union]] Jones is a [[Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom|eurosceptic]], and has called for an exit from the EU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/12/european-treaty-cameron-stop|title=The EU treaty is a disaster for the left|author=|date=|work=newstatesman.com|accessdate=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/14/left-reject-eu-greece-eurosceptic|title=The left must now campaign to leave the EU - Owen Jones - Comment is free - The Guardian|author=Owen Jones|date=|work=the Guardian|accessdate=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/dec/13/left-right-challenge-eu|title=The left must call the right's bluff – and challenge the EU|author=Owen Jones|date=|work=the Guardian|accessdate=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OLowusrkNA|title=Should the left leave the EU? - Owen Jones talks...|author=|date=7 July 2015|work=YouTube|accessdate=6 September 2015}}</ref> Jones is a supporter of a [[United Ireland]] and spoke at a [[Sinn Féin]] summer school in Ireland in July 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishnews.com/news/2015/07/22/news/british-author-passionate-believer-in-a-united-ireland-199573/|title=British author|author=|date=|work=The Irish News|accessdate=20 September 2015}}</ref>

Owen Jones is [[gay]], and has written about [[transphobia]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Owen|title=You don't have to be trans to be an ally against transphobia|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/20/trans-transphobia-will-young-brave-man|accessdate=30 December 2015|work=The Guardian|date=20 October 2015}}</ref> [[sexism]] and [[homophobia]] in his ''Guardian'' columns, from both [[heterosexual]]s and from within the [[gay community]],<ref name=OJAC>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Owen|title=What Alan Carr taught me about gay men's homophobia|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/20/alan-carr-gay-men-homophobia-camp-prejudice|accessdate=1 June 2015|publisher=The Guardian|date=20 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=OJCucumber>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Owen|title=The homophobia in ''Cucumber'' is so scary because it taps into a grim reality|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/27/homophobic-murder-cucumber-gay-viewers-grim-reality-sexual-insecurity|accessdate=1 June 2015|publisher=The Guardian|date=27 February 2015}}</ref> saying {{as of|2014|alt=in 2014}} that: "A society free of sexism and homophobia won't just emancipate women and gay men: it will free straight men, too."<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jun/01/homophobia-deep-rooted-rife-ultimately-doomed "Homophobia is deep-rooted, rife – and ultimately doomed"], Comment is free, ''The Guardian'', 1 June 2014.</ref> Jones expresses scepticism about [[identity politics]] in ''Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class'', as he believes it has often been "an agenda that has happily co-existed with the sidelining of the working class in politics, allowing [[New Labour]] to protect its radical flank while pressing ahead with [[Thatcherite]] policies".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen|title=Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class|date=2012|publisher=Verso|location=London|isbn=978-1-84467-864-8|page=255|edition=updated |accessdate=1 June 2015|quote=In the 1950s and 1960s, left-wing intellectuals who were both inspired and informed by a powerful labour movement wrote hundreds of books and articles on working-class issues. Such work would help shape the views of politicians at the very top of the Labour Party. Today, progressive intellectuals are far more interested in issues of identity. ... Of course, the struggles for the emancipation of women, gays, and ethnic minorities are exceptionally important causes. New Labour has co-opted them, passing genuinely progressive legislation on gay equality and women's rights, for example. But it is an agenda that has happily co-existed with the sidelining of the working class in politics, allowing New Labour to protect its radical flank while pressing ahead with Thatcherite policies.}}</ref>

Jones endorsed and campaigned for [[Jeremy Corbyn]] in the [[Labour Party (UK) leadership election, 2015|2015 Labour leadership election]].<ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBbsU9VkRvQ|title=Let's do hope not despair - Owen Jones meets Jeremy Corbyn|author=|date=10 August 2015|work=YouTube|accessdate=6 September 2015}}</ref> He explicitly endorsed the left-wing populist [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]] in the [[Spanish general election, 2015|2015 Spanish general election]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Owen|title=Spain’s election will be felt across the whole continent|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/dec/18/spain-election-podemos-austerity-syriza-greece|work=The Guardian|date=18 December 2015|quote=Travelling across Spain – and full disclosure, I’m here to support Podemos...}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Owen Jones (writer)}}
* {{Official website|http://owenjones.org/}}
* {{Twitter|OwenJones84|Owen Jones}}
* {{Tumblr|owenjonesramblings|Owen Jones}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSYCo8uRGF39qDCxF870K5Q YouTube channel]
* [http://www.independent.co.uk/biography/owen-jones Articles in ''The Independent'']
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/profile/owen-jones Articles in ''The Guardian'']
* [http://www.newstatesman.com/writers/owen_jones Articles in the ''New Statesman'']
* [http://www.versobooks.com/authors/1517-owen-jones Profile for ''Verso Books'']

{{Persondata
| NAME = Jones, Owen
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Writer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 8 August 1984
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Sheffield]], [[South Yorkshire]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Owen}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British atheists]]
[[Category:British columnists]]
[[Category:British non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:British socialists]]
[[Category:British Marxists]]
[[Category:Gay writers]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) people]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from England]]
[[Category:People educated at Bramhall High School]]
[[Category:People from Sheffield]]
[[Category:People from Falkirk]]
[[Category:People from Stockport]]
[[Category:People from London]]
[[Category:The Guardian journalists]]
[[Category:The Independent people]]
[[Category:British male writers]]
[[Category:British feminists]]
[[Category:Atheist feminists]]
[[Category:Venezuela solidarity activists]]
[[Category:LGBT feminists]]
[[Category:Male feminists]]
[[Category:Socialist feminists]]
[[Category:British anti-fascists]]
[[Category:British republicans]]

Owen Jones (Journalist)

2015-12-31T17:30:03Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted to revision 697458805 by Zumoarirodoka (talk): Removed fluff. (TW)

Benutzer:ManuBu/Jian dui

2015-12-16T02:12:41Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by 166.173.185.6 (talk) to last version by 94.99.72.160

{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Jian dui
| image = [[File:Zin Deoi.jpg|200px]]
| caption =
| alternate_name = matuan, sesame ball
| country = [[Chang'an]] (now [[Xi'an]]), [[Tang dynasty]] China
| region = Chinese-speaking areas, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Japan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, India
| creator =
| course = Pastry
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[glutinous rice]] flour, sesame seeds, various fillings (lotus seed, black bean, red bean pastes)
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
{{Chinese
| c= 煎䭔煎堆
| y= jīan duī
| poj= tsuann-tui
| j= zin1 deoi1
| p= jiānduī
| l= fried pile
| altname= Matuan
| t2= 麻糰
| s2= 麻团
| p2= mátuán
| poj2= mâ-thn̂g
| j2= maa4 tyun4
| l2= sesame rice dough

}}

'''''Jian dui''''' is a type of fried [[Chinese bakery|Chinese pastry]] made from [[glutinous rice]] flour. The pastry is coated with [[sesame]] seeds on the outside and is crisp and chewy. Inside the pastry is a large hollow, caused by the expansion of the dough. The hollow of the pastry is filled with a filling usually consisting of [[lotus seed paste|lotus paste]] (蓮蓉), or alternatively sweet [[black bean paste]] (''hei dousha'', 黑豆沙), or less commonly [[red bean paste]] (''hong dousha'', 紅豆沙).

Depending on the region and cultural area, jian dui are known as '''matuan''' (麻糰) in northern China, '''ma yuan''' (麻圆) in northeast China, and''' zhen dai''' (珍袋) in [[Hainan]]. In [[American Chinese food|American Chinese restaurants]] and pastry shops, they are known as Sesame Seed Balls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chinesefood.about.com/library/blmenutransdimsum.htm|title=Dim Sum Menu Translator – Chinese Cuisine|accessdate=2009-12-01}}</ref> They are also sometimes referred to as '''zhimaqiu''' (芝麻球), which translates to ''sesame balls'' in English.<ref>Misty, Littlewood and Mark Littlewood, 2008 ''Gateways to Beijing: a travel guide to Beijing'' ISBN 981-4222-12-7, pp. 52.</ref>

== Origin ==
The origins of jian dui can be traced back to the [[Tang dynasty]] as a palace food in [[Chang'an]], known as ''lüdui'' (碌堆). This food item was also recalled in a poem by the Tang poet [[Wang Fanzhi]]. With the southward migration of many peoples from central China, the jian dui was brought along and hence became part of southern Chinese cuisine.

== Regional ==
[[File:Jin deui.JPG|thumb|left|''Jian dui'' can be fried to great sizes]]

=== China ===
In [[Hong Kong]], it is one of the most standard pastries. It can also be found in most [[Chinatown]] bakery shops overseas.<ref>[http://en.radio86.com/chinese-food/chinese-ingredients-glutinous-rice Sesame Balls by [[Ching He Huang]]]</ref>

=== India and Sri Lanka ===
[[File:Sesame ball.JPG|thumbnail|''Ellurundai'', sesame ball in Sri Lanka]]
In [[Tamil Nadu]] and North-East of [[Sri Lanka]], it is known as ''Ellu Urundai'' or ''Ellurundai'' (எள்ளுருண்டை). The local word meaning: sesame ball. It comes with different sizes and colors. It is usually filled with sesame seeds, jaggery or sugar and glucose syrup.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.loveisinmytummy.com/2011/09/ellurundai.html | title=Ellurundai - Sweet Sesame Balls | accessdate=9 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Indonesia ===
[[File:Ondeonde.jpg|thumb|[[Indonesia]]n ''Oonde-onde'' on display in ''"[[Indo people|Indo]] Toko"'' in [[Amsterdam]], the Netherlands]]
In [[Indonesian cuisine]], it is called onde-onde, filled with sweetened mung bean paste. This pastry is also popular and widely available in [[Indo people|Indo (Eurasian)]], Indonesian and Vietnamese outlets in the Netherlands. A similar dish is called [[Klepon]], which are rice balls filled with palm sugar.

=== Japan ===
In Japan, it is known as ''goma dango'' (ごま団子, sesame dumpling). It is often sold at street fairs, in Chinese districts, and at various restaurants.

=== Malaysia ===
It is known as ''kuih bom'', which is usually filled with shredded sweetened coconut, or nuts. Occasionally, it may be filled with red bean paste.

Among the mainly [[Hakka]]-speaking ethnic Chinese in the state of [[Sabah]], jian dui is more commonly known as 'you chi'.

=== Philippines ===
[[File:Buchi Philippines.jpg|thumb|[[Philippines|Philippine]] ''butsi'' or ''buchi'' variant covered with white sugar and filled with ''[[bukayo]]'' (coconut flesh strips simmered in sugar syrup)]]
In the Philippines, ''jian dui'' is called ''butsi'' ([[Spanish orthography|Castilian]]: ''buchi''). Due to hundreds of years of Chinese settlement in the [[Philippines]], the integration of Chinese cuisine (particularly [[Cantonese cuisine|Cantonese]] and [[Fujian cuisine|Fujian]]) to local dishes has made ''buchi'' quite popular. To an extent, it has already been considered an icon of [[Filipino Chinese cuisine|Chinese Filipino]] culinary tradition, sometimes associated with auspiciousness. As it is well-known among [[Filipino Chinese|ethnic Chinese]] and other Filipinos alike, local restaurants which are sometimes not even Chinese and fastfood chains such as [[Chowking]]<ref>[http://www.chowking.com/matitikman/?item=40]</ref><ref>[http://lutongpinas.com/dessert/buchi/]</ref> have added the delicacy to the menu. Aside from the usual [[Lotus paste|lotus]] and [[red bean paste]], non-Chinese and indigenous ingredients have also been used for variety such as ''[[purple yam|ube]]''-flavored ''butsi''.<ref>[http://www.cheapethniceatz.com/2010/09/26/project-food-blog-2010-butsi-with-ube-halaya/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+CheapEthnicEatz+%28Cheap+Ethnic+Eatz%29]</ref>

=== Vietnam ===

In [[Cuisine of Vietnam|Vietnam]], two very similar dishes are called ''bánh cam'' (from southern Vietnam) and ''[[bánh rán]]'' (from northern Vietnam), both of which have a somewhat drier filling that is made from sweetened [[Mung bean#Without skins|mung bean paste]].<ref>[http://pwmf.blogspot.com/2006/02/bnh-rnbnh-cam-fried-glutinous-rice.html pwmf blogspot]</ref> ''Bánh rán'' is scented with [[jasmine]] flower essence (called ''mali'' in [[Thai language|Thai]]).[http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/3996/1055/1600/bobgbuoi.jpg photo]

''Bánh rán'' can be sweet or savory. The sweet one is filled with mung bean. The savory one is filled with chopped meat, cassava vermicelli, mushroom, and a variety of other typically Vietnamese ingredients. It's usually served with vegetable and dipping sauce.

== References ==
{{Commons|Sesame ball}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Glutinous rice dishes}}
{{Cantonese cuisine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jian Dui}}
[[Category:Cantonese cuisine]]
[[Category:Cantonese words and phrases]]
[[Category:Hong Kong cuisine]]
[[Category:Dim sum]]
[[Category:Glutinous rice dishes]]
[[Category:Chinese bakery products]]

Regressive left

2015-12-05T18:15:22Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Undid revision 693896793 by Zaheen (talk) Verges on OR.

{{POV check|date=November 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}{{dmy|date=November 2015}}
[[File:Maajid Nawaz speaking at LibDem campaign event.jpg|thumb|[[Maajid Nawaz]] popularised the term "regressive left".]]
The '''regressive left''', also called '''regressive liberalism''',<ref name="Maher">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvvQJ_zsL1U |title=Real Time with Bill Maher: Richard Dawkins – Regressive Leftists (HBO) |work=[[Real Time with Bill Maher]] |publisher=HBO |date=2 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/3/bill-maher-richard-dawkins-blast-regressive-libera/ |title=Bill Maher, Richard Dawkins blast ‘regressive liberals’ giving a ‘free pass’ to Islam |author=Kellan Howell |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=3 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> is a political term, a [[neologism]] coined and popularised in the early 2010s by [[Maajid Nawaz]], a British counter-extremism activist and the founding chairman of British think tank [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]] <ref name="Statesman">{{Cite journal |last1=Nawaz |first1=Maajid |last2=Hasan |first2=Mehdi |date=4 July 2012 |title=Age of extremes: Mehdi Hasan and Maajid Nawaz debate |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/politics/2012/07/age-extremes-muslim-mehdi-hasan-maajid-mawaz |journal=[[New Statesman]] |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CYuwBcPObQ |title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left & Political Correctness [Full Interview] |work=[[The Rubin Report]] |date=2 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|On 2 October 2015, Bill Maher credited Sam Harris for coining the term "regressive leftists" that week, but five days later Dave Rubin corrected him that Maajid Nawaz used it at least as early as 2012.<ref name="Rubin7Oct">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzzLiJ6na1k |title=Dave Rubin: Regressives are the Left's Tea Party |work=[[The Rubin Report]] |publisher=The Rubin Report |date=7 October 2015 |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> In a dialogue published on 4 July 2012 in ''[[New Statesman]]'' between Nawaz and [[Mehdi Hasan]], the latter reviews the former's book ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism|Radical]]'', writing ''“regressive left”'' in quotation marks, indicating he is citing from Nawaz' book.<ref name="Statesman"/>|group="note"|name="credit"}}, to describe "a section [of [[Left-wing politics|the left]] that has] an inherent hesitation to challenge some of the [[bigotry]] that can occur within minority communities (...) for the sake of [[political correctness]], for the sake of [[Toleration|tolerating]] what they believe is [[cultural relativism|other cultures]] and respecting different lifestyles."<ref name="Bigthink">{{Cite web |url=http://bigthink.com/videos/maajid-nawaz-on-islamic-reform |title=Je Suis Muslim: How Universal Secular Rights Protect Muslim Communities the Most |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[Big Think]] |date=18 November 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> The term "regressive left" was used earlier in somewhat different contexts by American conservative journalist [[Chuck Morse (journalist)|Chuck Morse]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morse |first=Chuck |date=2002 |title=The Gramsci Factor: 59 Socialists in Congress |url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=OvV69F3yLukC&pg=PA100&dq=&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22regressive%20left%22&f=false |publisher=iUniverse |page=100 |isbn=9780595253579 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> amongst others.

Nawaz mainly applies it to left-leaning people who, in his opinion, defend [[Islamism]], which he defines as "an ideology that seeks to impose any version of Islam over society" and which he opposes on the ground that "any desire to impose any version of Islam over anyone anywhere, ever, is a fundamental violation of our basic civil liberties." <ref name="beast">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/08/the-british-left-s-hypocritical-embrace-of-islamism.html |title=The British Left’s Hypocritical Embrace of Islamism |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=8 August 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to Nawaz, such sympathizers of Islamism include "[[atheism|atheists]] who are on the side of the Islamists, defending Islamism in the name of cultural tolerance."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwQhu1A-Ats |title=Lateline: An atheist and a Muslim on the future of Islam |author=[[Tony Jones (news journalist)|Tony Jones]] |work=[[Lateline]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=28 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> [[New Atheism|New Atheist]] activist, author and neuroscientist [[Sam Harris]], who co-authored the book ''[[Islam and the Future of Tolerance]]'' (2015) with Nawaz, has adopted{{#tag:ref||group="note"|name="credit"}} the term, claiming the greatest danger is that regressive leftists are willing to give up [[free speech]] "out of fear of offending minorities", which will lead to [[censorship]] imposed by those minorities, citing American journalist [[Glenn Greenwald]]'s comments on the [[Charlie Hebdo shootings]] as an example.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.splicetoday.com/politics-and-media/sam-harris-unloads-on-the-regressive-left |title=Sam Harris Unloads on the Regressive Left |author=Chris Beck |work=[[Splice Today]] |publisher=[[Russ Smith (publisher)|Russ Smith]] |date=21 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to Nawaz, the notion that Muslims cannot cope with criticism or mockery of Islam and only react violently, is "patronizing, self-pity inspiring mollycoddling" of the very Muslims it claims to serve and emancipate, because it does not expect them to be civil and control their anger.<ref name="beast" /> This "racism of low expectations" lowers the moral standards of people within minorities, seeking excuses if they happen to express, for example, [[misogyny]], [[chauvinism]], [[bigotry]], or [[antisemitism]], whilst holding members of the majority to [[human rights|universal liberal standards]].<ref name="Bigthink" /> Earlier similar expressions for Islam-favouring left-wing politics are [[Islamo-Leftism]] by French philosopher [[Pascal Bruckner]]<ref name="Bruckner">{{cite book|last1=Bruckner|first1=Pascal|title=The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism|date=2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1400834317|page=25}}</ref> and the "pro-Islamist left" by [[Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain]] chair [[Maryam Namazie]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/why-is-the-left-so-blinkered-to-islamic-extremism-8679265.html |title=Why is the left so blinkered to Islamic extremism? |author=James Bloodworth |work=[[The Independent]] |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

==Use in popular media==
American comedian and show host [[Bill Maher]] and British biologist and New Atheist author [[Richard Dawkins]] also adopted the phrases "regressive leftists" and "regressive liberals", with Maher noting that these people are willing to criticise anything except [[Islam]], excusing it as "their culture", to which Dawkins responded: "Well, to hell with their culture."<ref name="Maher"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/611231/Richard-Dawkins-in-extraordinary-blast-at-Muslims-To-hell-with-their-culture |title='To hell with their culture' - Richard Dawkins in extraordinary blast at Muslims |author=John Worthing |work=The Independent |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref>

Liberal talk show host [[Dave Rubin]] has helped to popularize the term regressive left, using it throughout many of ''[[The Rubin Report]]'' show segments, once saying: "The reason I feel like naming them is so important, is because I now view these regressives as the left's version of the [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]]. The Tea Party went unchecked by the right until it was too late, and now the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is a fractured mess often only held together by its worst beliefs. I really believe these regressives are doing this to the left, and if we don't have the courage to stop them, then a year or two from now, we'll wonder why our system is screwed up even more than it is now."<ref name="Rubin7Oct"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:21st-century neologisms]]
[[Category:Censorship]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islamism]]
[[Category:Criticism of political correctness]]
[[Category:Freedom of expression]]
[[Category:Islamism]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]
[[Category:Relativism]]
[[Category:Words coined in the 2010s]]

Elizabeth Barry

2015-12-04T02:55:57Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by 65.189.214.89 (talk) to last version by KasparBot

{{other people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
[[File:Elizabeth Barry.png|thumb|right|200px|Elizabeth Barry changed "like Nature which she represents, from Passion to Passion, from Extream to Extream, with piercing Force and with easy Grace".]]

'''Elizabeth Barry''' (1658 – 7 November 1713) was an [[England|English]] [[actress]] of the [[English Restoration|Restoration]] period.

She worked in big, prestigious [[London]] theatre companies throughout her successful career: from 1675 in the [[Duke's Company]], 1682 – 1695 in the monopoly [[United Company]], and from 1695 onwards as a member of the actors' cooperative usually known as [[Thomas Betterton|Betterton]]'s Company, of which she was one of the original shareholders. Her stage career began 15 years after the first-ever professional actresses had replaced [[Shakespeare]]'s boy heroines on the London stage.

The actor [[Thomas Betterton]] said that her acting gave "success to plays that would disgust the most patient reader", and the critic and playwright [[John Dennis (dramatist)|John Dennis]] described her as "that incomparable Actress changing like Nature which she represents, from Passion to Passion, from Extream to Extream, with piercing Force and with easy Grace".

==Early career==
A frequently repeated anecdote holds that the 17-year-old Barry at first performed so unskillfully that she was fired from the company several times, but was transformed into a brilliant actress by the coaching of her lover, [[John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester]]. While multiple sources confirm that Rochester was Barry's lover, the only source for the coaching story is a ''Life'' of Barry published in 1740 – 65 years after the events – by [[Edmund Curll]], well known for his fanciful and inaccurate biographies.

Barry was a successful comedian who created a variety of [[Restoration comedy]] heroines throughout her career, but her greatest impact on [[Restoration drama]] was as a [[Tragedy|tragic]] actress. Her capacity for projecting pathos was an inspiration to playwrights [[Thomas Otway]] and [[Thomas Southerne]] in the three famous tragic roles they wrote for her: Monimia in Otway's ''The Orphan'' (1680), Belvidera in Otway's ''Venice Preserved'' (1682), and Isabella in Southerne's ''The Fatal Marriage'' (1694). These three roles, wrote the prompter [[John Downes (prompter)|John Downes]], "gain'd her the Name of Famous Mrs. Barry, both at Court and City, for when ever She Acted any of these three Parts, she forc'd Tears from the Eyes of her Auditory, especially those who have any Sense of Pity for the Distress't." [[File:Dorset Gardens riverfront.jpg|thumb|left|250px|During the first part of her career, Barry worked at the Duke's Theatre at Dorset Gardens, on the riverfront, London's most luxurious playhouse.]]

In his autobiography many years later, [[Colley Cibber]] recalled the power of her voice: "When distress of Tenderness possess'd her, she subsided into the most affecting Melody and Softness. In the Art of exciting Pity, she had a Power beyond all the Actresses I have yet seen, or what your Imagination can conceive." Elizabeth Howe has argued that it was Barry's success in the role of Monimia that "clinched the movement away from [[heroic drama]] and started the establishment of '[[she-tragedy]]' as a popular genre." Barry was always described as being a plain woman. Portraits suggest intelligence but heavy features, and the playwright Thomas Shadwell writes in a letter in 1692 that it would have been better to have staged Nicholas Brady's ''The Rape'' in Roman dress, "and then w'th a Mantle to have covered her hips Mrs Barry would have acted ye part." Apparently none of this mattered to contemporaries. Even though Barry was "the ugliest Woman" in the world off stage, wrote the anonymous ''A Comparison Between the Two Stages'' (1702), she was "the finest Woman in the World upon the Stage."

==Later career==
Barry worked for the [[Duke's Company]] from 1675 to 1682, taking the role of Cordelia opposite [[Thomas Betterton]]'s Lear in [[Nahum Tate]]'s 1681 [[The History of King Lear|adaptation of Shakespeare's ''King Lear'']]. After the Duke's and the King's companies were amalgamated in 1682, she continued as one of the star performers of the new [[United Company]], which remained for 12 years the only theatrical company in London. The absence of rival companies left the actors in a weak bargaining position in relation to management, and when the United Company fell under the mismanagement of [[Christopher Rich (theatre manager)]] in the 1690s, "as sly a Tyrant as ever was at the Head of a Theatre," the senior actors including Barry, Betterton and [[Anne Bracegirdle]] left to form their own collaborative company. Barry was one of the original patent-holders of the actors' company, which opened at Lincoln's Inn Fields with the smash hit of [[William Congreve (playwright)|William Congreve's]] ''Love For Love'' in 1695 and continued to successfully challenge Rich's United Company.

Barry achieved remarkable public approval and business success for a single woman in London in the late 17th century, especially considering that she was generally known to have a daughter by Rochester and another by the playwright [[George Etherege]]. Many actresses at this time achieved the prize of respectability by being married, usually to actors, but Barry never married. In 1709 she retired from the stage.

==Fictional portrayals==
Barry is a supporting character in ''The Libertine'', Stephen Jeffrys' play about John Wilmot's life, as well as its [[The Libertine (2004 film)|2004 film adaptation]], in which she is portrayed by [[Samantha Morton]]. Barry also appears as a character in the 2015 play ''[exit Mrs Behn] or, The Leo Play'' by Christopher vanDer Ark.

==See also==
*[[John Vanbrugh]]
{{clear}}

==References==
*Cibber, Colley (first published 1740, Everyman's Library ed. 1976). ''An Apology for the Life of Colley Cibber''. London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd.
*Highfill, Philip Jr, Burnim, Kalman A., and Langhans, Edward (1973–93). ''Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660–1800''. 16 volumes. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
*Howe, Elizabeth (1992). ''The First English Actresses: Women and Drama 1660–1700''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Milhous, Judith (1979). ''Thomas Betterton and the Management of Lincoln's Inn Fields 1695–1708''. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press.

==External links==

{{Wikisource1911Enc|Barry, Elizabeth}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Barry, Elizabeth
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British actor
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1658
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 7 November 1713
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barry, Elizabeth}}
[[Category:1658 births]]
[[Category:1713 deaths]]
[[Category:English stage actresses]]
[[Category:17th-century English actresses]]
[[Category:18th-century English actresses]]

Regressive left

2015-12-04T02:11:41Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Undid revision 693669964 by Spoonerj2015 (talk) RV POV material -- please discuss this on talk page instead of continuing to edit war.

{{POV check|date=November 2015}}
{{Notability|date=November 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}{{dmy|date=November 2015}}
[[File:Maajid Nawaz speaking at LibDem campaign event.jpg|thumb|[[Maajid Nawaz]] popularised the term "regressive left".]]
The '''regressive left''', also called '''regressive liberalism''',<ref name="Maher">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvvQJ_zsL1U |title=Real Time with Bill Maher: Richard Dawkins – Regressive Leftists (HBO) |work=[[Real Time with Bill Maher]] |publisher=HBO |date=2 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/3/bill-maher-richard-dawkins-blast-regressive-libera/ |title=Bill Maher, Richard Dawkins blast ‘regressive liberals’ giving a ‘free pass’ to Islam |author=Kellan Howell |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=3 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> is a political term, a [[neologism]] coined and popularised in the early 2010s by [[Maajid Nawaz]], a British counter-extremism activist and the founding chairman of British think tank [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]] <ref name="Statesman">{{Cite journal |last1=Nawaz |first1=Maajid |last2=Hasan |first2=Mehdi |date=4 July 2012 |title=Age of extremes: Mehdi Hasan and Maajid Nawaz debate |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/politics/2012/07/age-extremes-muslim-mehdi-hasan-maajid-mawaz |journal=[[New Statesman]] |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1CYuwBcPObQ |title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left & Political Correctness [Full Interview] |work=[[The Rubin Report]] |date=2 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|On 2 October 2015, Bill Maher credited Sam Harris for coining the term "regressive leftists" that week, but five days later Dave Rubin corrected him that Maajid Nawaz used it at least as early as 2012.<ref name="Rubin7Oct">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzzLiJ6na1k |title=Dave Rubin: Regressives are the Left's Tea Party |work=[[The Rubin Report]] |publisher=The Rubin Report |date=7 October 2015 |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> In a dialogue published on 4 July 2012 in ''[[New Statesman]]'' between Nawaz and [[Mehdi Hasan]], the latter reviews the former's book ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism|Radical]]'', writing ''“regressive left”'' in quotation marks, indicating he is citing from Nawaz' book.<ref name="Statesman"/>|group="note"|name="credit"}}, to describe "a section [of [[Left-wing politics|the left]] that has] an inherent hesitation to challenge some of the [[bigotry]] that can occur within minority communities (...) for the sake of [[political correctness]], for the sake of [[Toleration|tolerating]] what they believe is [[cultural relativism|other cultures]] and respecting different lifestyles."<ref name="Bigthink">{{Cite web |url=http://bigthink.com/videos/maajid-nawaz-on-islamic-reform |title=Je Suis Muslim: How Universal Secular Rights Protect Muslim Communities the Most |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[Big Think]] |date=18 November 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> The term "regressive left" was used earlier in somewhat different contexts by American conservative journalist [[Chuck Morse (journalist)|Chuck Morse]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morse |first=Chuck |date=2002 |title=The Gramsci Factor: 59 Socialists in Congress |url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=OvV69F3yLukC&pg=PA100&dq=&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22regressive%20left%22&f=false |publisher=iUniverse |page=100 |isbn=9780595253579 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> amongst others.

Nawaz mainly applies it to left-leaning people who, in his opinion, defend [[Islamism]], which he defines as "an ideology that seeks to impose any version of Islam over society" and which he opposes on the ground that "any desire to impose any version of Islam over anyone anywhere, ever, is a fundamental violation of our basic civil liberties." <ref name="beast">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/08/the-british-left-s-hypocritical-embrace-of-islamism.html |title=The British Left’s Hypocritical Embrace of Islamism |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=8 August 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to Nawaz, such sympathizers of Islamism include "[[atheism|atheists]] who are on the side of the Islamists, defending Islamism in the name of cultural tolerance."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwQhu1A-Ats |title=Lateline: An atheist and a Muslim on the future of Islam |author=[[Tony Jones (news journalist)|Tony Jones]] |work=[[Lateline]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=28 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> [[New Atheism|New Atheist]] activist, author and neuroscientist [[Sam Harris]], who co-authored the book ''[[Islam and the Future of Tolerance]]'' (2015) with Nawaz, has adopted{{#tag:ref||group="note"|name="credit"}} the term, claiming the greatest danger is that regressive leftists are willing to give up [[free speech]] "out of fear of offending minorities", which will lead to [[censorship]] imposed by those minorities, citing American journalist [[Glenn Greenwald]]'s excuse of the [[Charlie Hebdo shootings]] as an example.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.splicetoday.com/politics-and-media/sam-harris-unloads-on-the-regressive-left |title=Sam Harris Unloads on the Regressive Left |author=Chris Beck |work=[[Splice Today]] |publisher=[[Russ Smith (publisher)|Russ Smith]] |date=21 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to Nawaz, the notion that Muslims cannot cope with criticism or mockery of Islam and only react violently, is "patronizing, self-pity inspiring mollycoddling" of the very Muslims it claims to serve and emancipate, because it does not expect them to be civil and control their anger.<ref name="beast" /> This "racism of low expectations" lowers the moral standards of people within minorities, seeking excuses if they happen to express, for example, [[misogyny]], [[chauvinism]], [[bigotry]], or [[antisemitism]], whilst holding members of the majority to [[human rights|universal liberal standards]].<ref name="Bigthink" /> Earlier similar expressions for Islam-favouring left-wing politics are [[Islamo-Leftism]] by French philosopher [[Pascal Bruckner]]<ref name="Bruckner">{{cite book|last1=Bruckner|first1=Pascal|title=The Tyranny of Guilt: An Essay on Western Masochism|date=2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=1400834317|page=25}}</ref> and the "pro-Islamist left" by [[Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain]] chair [[Maryam Namazie]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/why-is-the-left-so-blinkered-to-islamic-extremism-8679265.html |title=Why is the left so blinkered to Islamic extremism? |author=James Bloodworth |work=[[The Independent]] |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

==Use in popular media==
American comedian and show host [[Bill Maher]] and British biologist and New Atheist author [[Richard Dawkins]] also adopted the phrases "regressive leftists" and "regressive liberals", with Maher noting that these people are willing to criticise anything except [[Islam]], excusing it as "their culture", to which Dawkins responded: "Well, to hell with their culture."<ref name="Maher"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/611231/Richard-Dawkins-in-extraordinary-blast-at-Muslims-To-hell-with-their-culture |title='To hell with their culture' - Richard Dawkins in extraordinary blast at Muslims |author=John Worthing |work=The Independent |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref>

Liberal talk show host [[Dave Rubin]] has helped to popularize the term regressive left, using it throughout many of ''[[The Rubin Report]]'' show segments, once saying: "The reason I feel like naming them is so important, is because I now view these regressives as the left's version of the [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]]. The Tea Party went unchecked by the right until it was too late, and now the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is a fractured mess often only held together by its worst beliefs. I really believe these regressives are doing this to the left, and if we don't have the courage to stop them, then a year or two from now, we'll wonder why our system is screwed up even more than it is now."<ref name="Rubin7Oct"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:21st-century neologisms]]
[[Category:Censorship]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islamism]]
[[Category:Criticism of political correctness]]
[[Category:Freedom of expression]]
[[Category:Islamism]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]
[[Category:Relativism]]
[[Category:Words coined in the 2010s]]

Koobface

2015-11-19T20:40:57Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by 202.91.79.52 (talk) to last version by Windzy91

===== Heading text =====
===== Network Hacking Worm =====
{{Infobox computer virus
| Image =
| Common name = Koobface
| Technical name =
| Aliases =
* OSX/Koobface.A ([[Intego]])
* W32/Koobfa-Gen ([[Sophos]])
* W32.Koobface.A ([[Symantec]])
* W32/Koobface.worm ([[McAfee]])
* WORM_KOOBFACE.DC ([[Trend Micro]])
* Win32/Koobface ([[CA, Inc.]])
* Worm.KoobFace ([[Malwarebytes]])
* Net-Worm.Win32.Koobface.a ([[Kaspersky Anti-Virus|Kaspersky]])
* Worm/Win32.Koobface ([[Penda]])
* Worm/Win32.Koobface ([[Norton]])
* Worm/Win32.Koobface ([[Webroot]])
* Worm/Win32.Koobface ([[Avast (software)|Avast]])
| Family =
| Classification =
| Type = [[Computer worm]]
| Subtype = [[Malware]]
| IsolationDate =
| Origin = Russia, Nigeria, Pakistan, China.
| Author =
}}

'''Koobface''' is network hacking worm that attacks [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mac OS X]], and [[Linux]] platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/New-Koobface-Variant-Infects-Linux-too-163450.shtml|title=New Koobface Variant Infects Linux Systems|author=Lucian Constantin|date=28 October 2010|work=softpedia|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linux-Java-Based-Trojan-Might-Have-Been-an-Accident-163848.shtml|title=Linux Java-Based Trojan Might Have Been an Accident|author=Lucian Constantin|date=30 October 2010|work=softpedia|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.intego.com/more-information-about-the-koobface-trojan-horse-for-mac/|title=More Information About the Koobface Trojan Horse for Mac|date=October 29, 2010|publisher=[[Intego|The Mac Security Blog]]|accessdate=2012-01-20}}</ref> This worm originally targeted users of the networking websites like [[Facebook]], [[Skype]], [[Yahoo Messenger]], and email websites such as [[GMail]], [[Yahoo Mail]], and [[AOL Mail]]. It also targets other networking websites, such as [[MySpace]], [[Twitter]],<ref>[http://www.us-cert.gov/current/archive/2009/03/04/archive.html#malicious_code_targeting_social_networking US-CERT Malicious Code Targeting Social Networking Site Users, added March 4, 2009, at 11:53 am]</ref> and it can infect other devices on the same local network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://status.twitter.com/post/138789881/koobface-malware-attack|title=Twitter Status - Koobface malware attack|work=twitter.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> This infection allows an attacker to access users' personal information such as banking information, passwords, or personal identity ([[IP address]]). Cisco Certified Technicians can fix this problem. It is considered a security risk and should be removed from the network.<ref name="Deibert">{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/time-to-lead/internet/the-untouchable-hackers-of-st-petersburg/article1795650/|title=The untouchable hackers of St. Petersburg: Meet Koobface, Facebook's evil doppelgänger|last1=Deibert|first1=Ron|first2=Rafal |last2=Rohozinski |date=2010-11-19|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211214123/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/time-to-lead/internet/the-untouchable-hackers-of-st-petersburg/article1795650/|archivedate=2012-02-11 |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2015-04-20}}</ref>You can remove this worm by the help of ONLINE NETWORK SECURITY EXPERTS.local computer engineers like geeksquad/staples/office depot or any other local computer engineers will not able remove this worm.

==Infection==
Koobface ultimately attempts, upon successful infection, to gather login information for [[FTP]] sites, Facebook, Skype, and other social media platforms, and any sensitive financial data as well.<ref name="iwm">[http://www.infowar-monitor.net/reports/iwm-koobface.pdf Koobface: Inside a Crimeware Network]</ref> It then uses compromised computers to build a peer-to-peer [[botnet]]. A compromised computer contacts other compromised computers to receive commands in a peer-to-peer fashion. The botnet is used to install additional pay-per-install malware on the compromised computer and hijack search queries to display advertisements. Its peer-to-peer topology is also used to show fake messages to other users for the purpose of expanding the botnet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2008-080315-0217-99|title=W32.Koobface|work=symantec.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref>
It was first detected in December 2008 and a more potent version appeared in March 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9128842/Koobface_worm_to_users_Be_my_Facebook_friend?intsrc=news_ts_head|title=Koobface worm to users: Be my Facebook friend|last=Keizer |first=Gregg |date=March 2, 2009|publisher=Computerworld|accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref> A study by the [[Information Warfare Monitor]], a joint collaboration from SecDev Group and the Citizen Lab in the Munk School of Global Affairs at the [[University of Toronto]], has revealed that the operators of this scheme have generated over $2 million in revenue from June 2009 to June 2010.<ref name="iwm" />

Koobface originally spread by delivering Facebook messages to people who are "friends" of a Facebook user whose computer had already been infected. Upon receipt, the message directs the recipients to a third-party website (or another Koobface infected PC), where they are prompted to download what is purported to be an update of the [[Adobe Flash]] player. If they download and execute the file, Koobface can infect their system. It can then commandeer the computer's search engine use and direct it to contaminated websites. There can also be links to the third-party website on the Facebook wall of the friend the message came from sometimes having comments like LOL or YOUTUBE. If the link is opened the trojan virus will infect the computer and the PC will become a [[Zombie (computer science)|Zombie]] or Host Computer.

Among the components downloaded by Koobface are a DNS filter program that blocks access to well known security websites and a proxy tool that enables the attackers to abuse the infected PC. At one time the Koobface gang also used Limbo, a password stealing program.

Several variants of the worm have been identified:
* Worm:Win32/Koobface.gen!F<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/security/portal/Threat/Encyclopedia/Entry.aspx?name=Worm:Win32/Koobface.gen!F&threatid=2147631531|title=Worm:Win32/Koobface.gen!F|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref>
* Net-Worm.Win32.Koobface.a, which attacks [[MySpace]]
* Net-Worm.Win32.Koobface.b, which attacks [[Facebook]]<ref>[http://www.finjan.com/MCRCblog.aspx?EntryId=2317 Koobface malware distribution technique - automatic user account creation on FaceBook, Twitter, BlogSpot and others]</ref>
* WORM_KOOBFACE.DC, which attacks [[Twitter]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://threatinfo.trendmicro.com/vinfo/virusencyclo/default5.asp?VName=WORM_KOOBFACE.DC|title=WORM_KOOBFACE|work=trendmicro.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref>
* W32/Koobfa-Gen, which attacks [[Facebook]], [[MySpace]], [[Hi5 (website)|hi5]], [[Bebo]], [[Friendster]], myYearbook, Tagged, Netlog, [[Badoo]] and fubar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sophos.com/blogs/gc/g/2009/03/02/sophos-stops-new-version-of-koobface-worm/|title=Sophos stops new version of Koobface social networking worm|work=Naked Security|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://community.ca.com/blogs/securityadvisor/archive/2009/05/31/the-allure-of-social-networking.aspx The Allure of Social Networking, describes Win32/Koobface affecting multiple social networks as described on CA's Security Advisor Research blog]</ref>
* W32.Koobface.D<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2009-080717-5930-99|title=W32.Koobface.D|work=symantec.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref>
* OSX/Koobface.A, a [[Mac OS X|Mac]] version which spreads via social networks such as Facebook, MySpace and Twitter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.intego.com/intego-security-memo-trojan-horse-osxkoobface-a-affects-mac-os-x-mac-koobface-variant-spreads-via-facebook-twitter-and-more/|title=Intego Security Memo: Trojan Horse OSX/Koobface.A Affects Mac OS X Mac – Koobface Variant Spreads via Facebook, Twitter and More - The Mac Security Blog|work=The Mac Security Blog|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref>

In January 2012, the ''New York Times'' reported<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/technology/koobface-gang-uses-facebook-to-spread-powerful-worm.html Web Gang Operating in the Open]</ref> that Facebook was planning to share information about the Koobface gang, and name those it believed were responsible. Investigations by German researcher Jan Droemer<ref name=sophos>{{cite web|url=http://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/koobface|title=The Koobface malware gang – exposed! - Naked Security|work=Naked Security|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> and the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Center for Information Assurance and Joint Forensics Research<ref name=UAB>{{cite web|url=http://blog.al.com/businessnews/2012/10/facebook_credits_uab_with_catc.html|title=Facebook credits UAB with stopping international cyber criminals, donates $250,000 to school|work=AL.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> were said to have helped uncover the identities of those responsible.

Facebook finally revealed the names of the suspects behind the worm on January 17, 2012. They include [[Stanislav Avdeyko]] (leDed), Alexander Koltyshev (Floppy), Anton Korotchenko (KrotReal), Roman P. Koturbach (PoMuc), Svyatoslav E. Polichuck (PsViat and PsycoMan). They are based in [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russia]]. The group is sometimes referred to as Ali Baba & 4 with Stanislav Avdeyko as the leader.<ref>{{cite web|last=Protalinski|first=Emil|title=Facebook exposes hackers behind Koobface worm|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/facebook/facebook-exposes-hackers-behind-koobface-worm/7538|publisher=ZDNet|accessdate=January 20, 2012|date=January 17, 2012}}</ref> The investigation also connected Avdeyko with [[CoolWebSearch]] spyware.<ref name=sophos/>

==Hoax warnings==

The Koobface threat is also the subject of many hoax warnings designed to trick social networking users into spreading misinformation across the Internet. Various anti-scam websites such as Snopes.com and ThatsNonsense.com have recorded many instances where alarmist messages designed to fool and panic Facebook users have begun to circulate prolifically using the widely publicized Koobface threat as bait.<ref name="Koobface - What is it Really">[http://www.thatsnonsense.com/viewdef.php?article=koobface_virus Koobface - What is it Really?] article at ThatsNonsense.com, Retrieved on 26th January 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.snopes.com/computer/virus/koobface.asp Koobface] article at snopes.com website, Retrieved on 30 December 2010</ref> The "[[Barack Obama]]-Clinton Scandal" hoax which was popular in 2010 is an example.

Other misconceptions have spread regarding the Koobface threat, including the false assertion that accepting "hackers" as Facebook friends will infect a victim's computer with Koobface, or that Facebook applications are themselves Koobface threats. These claims are untrue. Other rumours assert that Koobface is much more dangerous than other examples of malware and has the ability to delete all of your computer files and "burn your hard disk." However, these rumours are inspired by earlier fake virus warning hoaxes and remain false.<ref name="Koobface - What is it Really"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/koobface The Koobface malware gang - exposed!], research by Jan Droemer and Dirk Kollberg.
*[http://us.trendmicro.com/imperia/md/content/us/trendwatch/researchandanalysis/the_real_face_of_koobface_jul2009.pdf The Real Face of KOOBFACE], analysis by Trend Micro.
* [http://yro.slashdot.org/story/10/11/13/1732205/Researchers-Take-Down-Koobface-Servers?from=rss Researchers Take Down Koobface Servers], Slashdot article.
{{Botnets}}

[[Category:Computer worms]]
[[Category:Facebook]]
[[Category:Myspace]]
[[Category:Trojan horses]]

Koobface

2015-11-19T20:26:56Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by 202.91.79.52 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG

{{Infobox computer virus
| Image =
| Common name = Koobface
| Technical name =
| Aliases =
* OSX/Koobface.A ([[Intego]])
* W32/Koobfa-Gen ([[Sophos]])
* W32.Koobface.A ([[Symantec]])
* W32/Koobface.worm ([[McAfee]])
* WORM_KOOBFACE.DC ([[Trend Micro]])
* Win32/Koobface ([[CA, Inc.]])
* Worm.KoobFace ([[Malwarebytes]])
* Net-Worm.Win32.Koobface.a ([[Kaspersky Anti-Virus|Kaspersky]])
* Worm/Win32.Koobface ([[Penda]])
* Worm/Win32.Koobface ([[Norton]])
* Worm/Win32.Koobface ([[Webroot]])
* Worm/Win32.Koobface ([[Avast (software)|Avast]])
| Family =
| Classification =
| Type = [[Computer worm]]
| Subtype = [[Malware]]
| IsolationDate =
| Origin = Russia, Nigeria, Pakistan, China
| Author =
}}

'''Koobface''' is network hacking worm that attacks [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mac OS X]], and [[Linux]] platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/New-Koobface-Variant-Infects-Linux-too-163450.shtml|title=New Koobface Variant Infects Linux Systems|author=Lucian Constantin|date=28 October 2010|work=softpedia|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linux-Java-Based-Trojan-Might-Have-Been-an-Accident-163848.shtml|title=Linux Java-Based Trojan Might Have Been an Accident|author=Lucian Constantin|date=30 October 2010|work=softpedia|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.intego.com/more-information-about-the-koobface-trojan-horse-for-mac/|title=More Information About the Koobface Trojan Horse for Mac|date=October 29, 2010|publisher=[[Intego|The Mac Security Blog]]|accessdate=2012-01-20}}</ref> This worm originally targeted users of the networking websites like [[Facebook]], [[Skype]], [[Yahoo Messenger]], and email websites such as [[GMail]], [[Yahoo Mail]], and [[AOL Mail]]. It also targets other networking websites, such as [[MySpace]], [[Twitter]],<ref>[http://www.us-cert.gov/current/archive/2009/03/04/archive.html#malicious_code_targeting_social_networking US-CERT Malicious Code Targeting Social Networking Site Users, added March 4, 2009, at 11:53 am]</ref> and it can infect other devices on the same local network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://status.twitter.com/post/138789881/koobface-malware-attack|title=Twitter Status - Koobface malware attack|work=twitter.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> This infection allows an attacker to access users' personal information such as banking information, passwords, or personal identity ([[IP address]]). It is considered a security risk and should be removed from the network.<ref name="Deibert">{{cite news|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/time-to-lead/internet/the-untouchable-hackers-of-st-petersburg/article1795650/|title=The untouchable hackers of St. Petersburg: Meet Koobface, Facebook's evil doppelgänger|last1=Deibert|first1=Ron|first2=Rafal |last2=Rohozinski |date=2010-11-19|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211214123/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/time-to-lead/internet/the-untouchable-hackers-of-st-petersburg/article1795650/|archivedate=2012-02-11 |deadurl=yes |accessdate=2015-04-20}}</ref>

==Infection==
Koobface ultimately attempts, upon successful infection, to gather login information for [[FTP]] sites, Facebook, Skype, and other social media platforms, and any sensitive financial data as well.<ref name="iwm">[http://www.infowar-monitor.net/reports/iwm-koobface.pdf Koobface: Inside a Crimeware Network]</ref> It then uses compromised computers to build a peer-to-peer [[botnet]]. A compromised computer contacts other compromised computers to receive commands in a peer-to-peer fashion. The botnet is used to install additional pay-per-install malware on the compromised computer and hijack search queries to display advertisements. Its peer-to-peer topology is also used to show fake messages to other users for the purpose of expanding the botnet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2008-080315-0217-99|title=W32.Koobface|work=symantec.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref>
It was first detected in December 2008 and a more potent version appeared in March 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9128842/Koobface_worm_to_users_Be_my_Facebook_friend?intsrc=news_ts_head|title=Koobface worm to users: Be my Facebook friend|last=Keizer |first=Gregg |date=March 2, 2009|publisher=Computerworld|accessdate=2009-08-31}}</ref> A study by the [[Information Warfare Monitor]], a joint collaboration from SecDev Group and the Citizen Lab in the Munk School of Global Affairs at the [[University of Toronto]], has revealed that the operators of this scheme have generated over $2 million in revenue from June 2009 to June 2010.<ref name="iwm" />

Koobface originally spread by delivering Facebook messages to people who are "friends" of a Facebook user whose computer had already been infected. Upon receipt, the message directs the recipients to a third-party website (or another Koobface infected PC), where they are prompted to download what is purported to be an update of the [[Adobe Flash]] player. If they download and execute the file, Koobface can infect their system. It can then commandeer the computer's search engine use and direct it to contaminated websites. There can also be links to the third-party website on the Facebook wall of the friend the message came from sometimes having comments like LOL or YOUTUBE. If the link is opened the trojan virus will infect the computer and the PC will become a [[Zombie (computer science)|Zombie]] or Host Computer.

Among the components downloaded by Koobface are a DNS filter program that blocks access to well known security websites and a proxy tool that enables the attackers to abuse the infected PC. At one time the Koobface gang also used Limbo, a password stealing program.

Several variants of the worm have been identified:
* Worm:Win32/Koobface.gen!F<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/security/portal/Threat/Encyclopedia/Entry.aspx?name=Worm:Win32/Koobface.gen!F&threatid=2147631531|title=Worm:Win32/Koobface.gen!F|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref>
* Net-Worm.Win32.Koobface.a, which attacks [[MySpace]]
* Net-Worm.Win32.Koobface.b, which attacks [[Facebook]]<ref>[http://www.finjan.com/MCRCblog.aspx?EntryId=2317 Koobface malware distribution technique - automatic user account creation on FaceBook, Twitter, BlogSpot and others]</ref>
* WORM_KOOBFACE.DC, which attacks [[Twitter]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://threatinfo.trendmicro.com/vinfo/virusencyclo/default5.asp?VName=WORM_KOOBFACE.DC|title=WORM_KOOBFACE|work=trendmicro.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref>
* W32/Koobfa-Gen, which attacks [[Facebook]], [[MySpace]], [[Hi5 (website)|hi5]], [[Bebo]], [[Friendster]], myYearbook, Tagged, Netlog, [[Badoo]] and fubar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sophos.com/blogs/gc/g/2009/03/02/sophos-stops-new-version-of-koobface-worm/|title=Sophos stops new version of Koobface social networking worm|work=Naked Security|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://community.ca.com/blogs/securityadvisor/archive/2009/05/31/the-allure-of-social-networking.aspx The Allure of Social Networking, describes Win32/Koobface affecting multiple social networks as described on CA's Security Advisor Research blog]</ref>
* W32.Koobface.D<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.symantec.com/security_response/writeup.jsp?docid=2009-080717-5930-99|title=W32.Koobface.D|work=symantec.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref>
* OSX/Koobface.A, a [[Mac OS X|Mac]] version which spreads via social networks such as Facebook, MySpace and Twitter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.intego.com/intego-security-memo-trojan-horse-osxkoobface-a-affects-mac-os-x-mac-koobface-variant-spreads-via-facebook-twitter-and-more/|title=Intego Security Memo: Trojan Horse OSX/Koobface.A Affects Mac OS X Mac – Koobface Variant Spreads via Facebook, Twitter and More - The Mac Security Blog|work=The Mac Security Blog|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref>

In January 2012, the ''New York Times'' reported<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/technology/koobface-gang-uses-facebook-to-spread-powerful-worm.html Web Gang Operating in the Open]</ref> that Facebook was planning to share information about the Koobface gang, and name those it believed were responsible. Investigations by German researcher Jan Droemer<ref name=sophos>{{cite web|url=http://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/koobface|title=The Koobface malware gang – exposed! - Naked Security|work=Naked Security|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> and the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Center for Information Assurance and Joint Forensics Research<ref name=UAB>{{cite web|url=http://blog.al.com/businessnews/2012/10/facebook_credits_uab_with_catc.html|title=Facebook credits UAB with stopping international cyber criminals, donates $250,000 to school|work=AL.com|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> were said to have helped uncover the identities of those responsible.

Facebook finally revealed the names of the suspects behind the worm on January 17, 2012. They include [[Stanislav Avdeyko]] (leDed), Alexander Koltyshev (Floppy), Anton Korotchenko (KrotReal), Roman P. Koturbach (PoMuc), Svyatoslav E. Polichuck (PsViat and PsycoMan). They are based in [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russia]]. The group is sometimes referred to as Ali Baba & 4 with Stanislav Avdeyko as the leader.<ref>{{cite web|last=Protalinski|first=Emil|title=Facebook exposes hackers behind Koobface worm|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/facebook/facebook-exposes-hackers-behind-koobface-worm/7538|publisher=ZDNet|accessdate=January 20, 2012|date=January 17, 2012}}</ref> The investigation also connected Avdeyko with [[CoolWebSearch]] spyware.<ref name=sophos/>

==Hoax warnings==

The Koobface threat is also the subject of many hoax warnings designed to trick social networking users into spreading misinformation across the Internet. Various anti-scam websites such as Snopes.com and ThatsNonsense.com have recorded many instances where alarmist messages designed to fool and panic Facebook users have begun to circulate prolifically using the widely publicized Koobface threat as bait.<ref name="Koobface - What is it Really">[http://www.thatsnonsense.com/viewdef.php?article=koobface_virus Koobface - What is it Really?] article at ThatsNonsense.com, Retrieved on 26th January 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.snopes.com/computer/virus/koobface.asp Koobface] article at snopes.com website, Retrieved on 30 December 2010</ref> The "[[Barack Obama]]-Clinton Scandal" hoax which was popular in 2010 is an example.

Other misconceptions have spread regarding the Koobface threat, including the false assertion that accepting "hackers" as Facebook friends will infect a victim's computer with Koobface, or that Facebook applications are themselves Koobface threats. These claims are untrue. Other rumours assert that Koobface is much more dangerous than other examples of malware and has the ability to delete all of your computer files and "burn your hard disk." However, these rumours are inspired by earlier fake virus warning hoaxes and remain false.<ref name="Koobface - What is it Really"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/koobface The Koobface malware gang - exposed!], research by Jan Droemer and Dirk Kollberg.
*[http://us.trendmicro.com/imperia/md/content/us/trendwatch/researchandanalysis/the_real_face_of_koobface_jul2009.pdf The Real Face of KOOBFACE], analysis by Trend Micro.
* [http://yro.slashdot.org/story/10/11/13/1732205/Researchers-Take-Down-Koobface-Servers?from=rss Researchers Take Down Koobface Servers], Slashdot article.
{{Botnets}}

[[Category:Computer worms]]
[[Category:Facebook]]
[[Category:Myspace]]
[[Category:Trojan horses]]

Japanophilie

2015-11-10T22:02:44Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by 143.254.218.250 (talk) to last version by Ian the younger

[[File:Lafcadio Hearn portrait.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lafcadio Hearn]], aka Koizumi Yakumo, a notable scholar and author well known for his strong interest in Japanese culture.]]

'''Japanophilia''' is an interest in, or love of, [[Japan]] and everything Japanese; its opposite is [[Anti-Japanese sentiment|Japanophobia]]. One who has such an interest or love is a '''Japanophile''',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Japanophile
| encyclopedia = Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged
| year = 2002
| publisher = Merriam-Webster
| quote = one who especially admires and likes Japan or Japanese ways
| url = http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com
| accessdate = 2008-01-08
}}</ref> In Japanese, the term for Japanophile is {{nihongo|"shinnichi"|親日}}, with "親" {{nihongo|"shin"|しん}} equivalent to the English prefix 'pro-', and "日" {{nihongo|"nichi"|にち}}, meaning "Japanese" (as in the word for Japan {{nihongo|"nihon"|日本}}).

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, [[Carl Peter Thunberg]] and [[Philipp Franz von Siebold]], who lived in the Dutch outpost of [[Dejima]], helped introduce Japanese flora, artworks, and other objects to Europe. Some consider Annabelle Travello to be among the earliest Japanophiles.<ref>{{cite book
| title = William and Henry Walters, the Reticent Collectors
| author = William R. Johnston
| year = 1999
| publisher = JHU Press
| isbn = 0-8018-6040-7
| page = 76
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| title = Topsy-Turvy 1585
| author = Robin D. Gill
| year = 2004
| publisher = Paraverse Press
| isbn = 0-9742618-1-5
| page = 25
}}</ref> (This was before the [[Meiji Restoration]] in 1868, when Japan became more open to foreign trade.)

[[Lafcadio Hearn]], an Irish-Greek author who made his home in Japan in the 19th century, was described as "a confirmed Japanophile" by [[Tuttle Publishing|Charles E. Tuttle Company]] in their forewords to several of his books.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Lafcadio Hearn
| first = Heather
| last = Hale
| newspaper = Japanfile, the Website of [[Kansai Time Out]] Magazine
| date = September 1990
| url = http://www.japanfile.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=139
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070730150728/http://www.japanfile.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=139
| archivedate = 2007-07-30
}}</ref>

In the first decade of the 20th century, several British writers lauded Japan. In 1904, for example, [[Beatrice Webb]] wrote that Japan was a "rising star of human self-control and enlightenment", praising the "innovating collectivism" of the Japanese, and the "uncanny" purposefulness and open-mindedness of its "enlightened professional elite." [[H. G. Wells]] similarly named the élite of his ''[[A Modern Utopia]]'' "samurai". In part this was a result of the decline of British industrial primacy, with Japan and Germany rising comparatively. Germany was seen as a threat close to hand, but Japan was seen as a potential ally. The British sought efficiency as the solution to issues of productivity, and after the publication of [[Alfred Stead]]'s 1906 book ''Great Japan: A Study of National Efficiency'', pundits in Britain looked to Japan for lessons. This interest ended with [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite book
| title = Parallax Visions: Making Sense of American-East Asian Relations
| author = Bruce Cumings
| chapter = Archaeology, Descent, Emergence: American Mythology and East Asian Reality
| year = 1999
| publisher = Duke University Press
| isbn = 0-8223-2924-7
| page = 25
}}</ref> Many around the world are fascinated by Japan in its technological sophistication, popular companies, and distinct media and culture. There is also interest in Japanese culture before the 19th century with for example the samurai (see the American movie Last Samurai).

The [[United States]] went through a similar period of Japanophilia starting in the 1980s. This was anticipated in the 1960s in the writings of [[Peter Drucker]], who pointed to "consensual decision-making" in Japanese corporations as a model for US manufacturing, and celebrated Japanese corporate management techniques. (Drucker went so far as to claim credit for giving this system to the Japanese, via his books and seminars.) In September 1980, the extremely popular mini-series ''[[Shōgun (TV miniseries)|Shōgun]]'' aired, which then made the paperback edition of [[James Clavell]]'s 1975 [[Shōgun (novel)|novel]] a best seller. During that period, it was relatively common for American students{{Who|date=May 2010}} to take Japanese language classes with the intent of doing business with Japan. This was also a decade in which numerous shows from Japan, such as ''[[Voltron]]'', were being dubbed and shown on American television. Various American animated produced programs from the 1980s and 1990s were animated overseas in Japan. This phenomenon accelerated in the 1990s with shows like ''[[Power Rangers]]'' (based on popular Japanese TV program series ''[[Super Sentai]]''), ''[[Dragon Ball Z]]'', ''[[Sailor Moon]]'', ''[[Pokémon]]'' and ''[[Digimon]]''. There has since been considerable interest in [[Japanese popular culture]] across much of the [[Western world]], particularly the [[anime and manga fandom]], contributing to the further development of a Japanophile perspective in American teens in particular.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Japan}}
* [[Japanification]]: cultural assimilation into Japanese society
* [[Japonism]]
* [[Japanese studies]]
* [[Orientalism]]
* [[Sinophile]]
* [[Korean Wave]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cultural appreciation}}

[[Category:Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Admiration of foreign cultures]]
[[Category:Japanese subcultures]]
[[Category:Asian culture]]
[[Category:Orientalism by type]]
[[Category:Japanese nationalism]]

Benutzer:Swisshashtag/2-in-1 PC

2015-11-09T21:10:28Z

GeneralizationsAreBad: Reverted edits by Edgerr (talk) to last version by Widr

[[File:Microsoft Surface Pro 3 with Type Cover.jpg|thumb|280px|right|[[Microsoft Surface Pro 3]], a prominent ''2-in-1 detachable'' tablet]]
'''2-in-1 PC''' is a [[portable computer]] device category, which is a cross of a [[tablet computer|tablet]] and a [[laptop]]. Different variants of the term exist, such as '''2-in-1 tablet''', '''2-in-1 laptop''', '''laplet'''<ref name="Wired" /><ref name=IFixit>{{cite web|title=Microsoft Surface Pro 3 Teardown|url=https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Microsoft+Surface+Pro+3+Teardown/26595|website=IFixit.com|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> or simply '''2-in-1'''.

2-in-1 can be effectively used both as a tablet and as a laptop. It is built using a standard portable [[Personal computer|PC]] components, yet have a light and thin chassis, which can transform 2-in-1 into a ''slate'' tablet form. Therefore 2-in-1's are convenient for a [[media consumption]] and typical non-intensive ''tablet'' work, such as [[web browsing]] in one position, and in another they are useful for resource intensive [[Content (media)|content]] production activities, such as [[video editing]].

2-in-1 falls into both [[hybrid tablet]] and [[hybrid laptop]] categories. Those ''hybrids'', which are combine the advantages of both are 2-in-1's.

It is an example of [[technological convergence]] is intended to combine the mobility of a tablet with the power and versatility of a laptop.<ref name=Wired>{{cite news|title=Here Come the Hybrid ‘Laplets.’ Should You Care?|url=http://www.wired.com/2012/10/windows8-laplet-hybrid/|website=Wired|accessdate=5 September 2014|first=Alexandra|last=Chang|date=17 October 2012}}</ref> A tablet can easily be used without a table, and is primarily used for internet browsing and media consumption. A laptop allows easy content creation, but lacks the mobility of a tablet. 2-in-1 is made to combine their advantages.<ref name="Tech Radar">{{cite web|title=It's a tablet! It's a laptop! It's a laplet! It's a tabtop!|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/world-of-tech/it-s-a-tablet-it-s-a-laptop-it-s-a-laplet-it-s-a-tabtop-1094165|website=Tech Radar|accessdate=5 September 2014}}</ref>

== Forms ==
[[File:Tablet HP TC-1100.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Compaq TC1000]], the world's first ''2-in-1 detachable'' from 2002]]
[[File:HP Spectre x2.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Hewlett-Packard|HP Spectre x2]], a modern ''2-in-1 detachable'']]
[[File:Dell Inspiron Duo.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Dell Inspiron|Dell Inspiron Duo]], ''2-in-1 convertible'' with a display, which can be flipped]]
[[File:Lenovo Yoga 3 Pro.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Lenovo Yoga]], ''2-in-1 convertible'' with a keyboard that can be rotated at any angle]]
[[File:Sony VAIO Duo 13.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Sony VAIO|Sony VAIO Duo]], ''2-in-1 convertible'' with a sliding keyboard]]

=== 2-in-1 convertible ===
The first 2-in-1's released were ''convertibles'', [[Ultrabook]]-like laptops with the ability to hide the keyboard, rotating, folding or sliding it behind or within a chassis.

=== 2-in-1 detachable ===
After the inception of 2-in-1 convertibles, many manufacturers have looked for a way to further decrease the size and weight of their [[touchscreen]]-enabled hybrid laptop devices. ''2-in-1 detachables'' emerged, devices with a detachable keyboard.

== Distinction from traditional tablets and laptops ==
When being considered a tablet, 2-in-1 falls in the category of a [[Tablet computer#Hybrid|hybrid tablet]], but distincts from other members of this group in the following ways: it runs a full-featured ''desktop'' operating system, such as [[Windows 10]], a [[Central processing unit|CPU]] which supports it, such as [[Intel Core]] or [[Intel Atom]], and has [[I/O]] ports typically found on laptops, such as [[USB]] and [[DisplayPort]].<ref name=Dell>{{cite web|last1=Clunn|first1=Nick|title=Laptop vs. 2-in-1: Which is better?|url=https://powermore.dell.com/business/laptop-vs-2-in-1-which-is-right-for-you/|website=PowerMore.Dell.com|accessdate=7 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=GizMag>{{cite web|last1=Wood|first1=Chris|title=2014 Windows 2-in-1 Comparison Guide|url=http://www.gizmag.com/late-2014-windows-2-in-1-comparison-guide/34873/|website=GizMag.com|accessdate=7 October 2015|date=24 November 2014}}</ref> The most prominent distinctive part is a design of a keyboard, which transforms 2-in-1 into a full-fledged laptop.

When a 2-in-1 is being classified as a laptop, it loosely falls in the [[Ultrabook]] device category, sharing with it such traits as a light and thin chassis, a power-efficient CPU and a long battery life. It is distinguished from a traditional Ultrabook by the inclusion of a [[touchscreen]] display and a concealable or detachable keyboard.

Some devices using the [[ARM architecture]] share characteristics of 2-in-1s, such as now discontinued Microsoft's [[Surface RT]], which has the same detachable keyboard as the [[Surface Pro]] and except for its processor and operating system is otherwise identical to it. These devices are not classified as 2-in-1's, because they run [[mobile operating system]] ([[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows RT]]) instead of a desktop OS ([[Windows 10]], [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]]), and typically have less industry-standard [[I/O]]-ports.

== Notable devices ==

The first device which can be considered a 2-in-1 detachable is the [[Compaq TC1000]] from 2002. It features a 1 GHz [[Transmeta Crusoe]] CPU, Nvidia GeForce 2 Go GPU, [[Windows XP]] Tablet PC edition, detachable keyboard and a stylus.

The mainstream public attention was not achieved until the late 2013, when tablet-sized laptops with detachable keyboards, mainly running the [[Windows 8]] operating system on [[Intel Atom]] processors, started to appear in the mass market.

Among the first devices from this era were the [[Asus VivoTab]] series by [[Asus]], with models with {{convert|10.1|in|cm}} or {{convert|11.6|in|cm}} screens. They began to arrive in stores in October 2012, and were succeeded by the [[ASUS Transformer]] Book series in October 2013.<ref name="Asus Transformer">{{cite news|title=ASUS reveals Transformer Book T100 with Windows 8.1 for $349, we go hands-on|url=http://www.engadget.com/2013/09/11/asus-reveals-transformer-book-t100-with-windows-8-1-for-349-we/|accessdate=5 September 2014|publisher=Engadget}}</ref>

Microsoft started its own line of 2-in-1's with the introduction of the [[Microsoft Surface|Surface Pro]] series, [[Surface Pro|first device]] of which has been released in February 2013.<ref name="Surface Pro">{{cite news|title=Growing the Surface Family: Surface Windows 8 Pro Availability Confirmed|url=http://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2013/01/22/growing-the-surface-family-surface-windows-8-pro-availability-confirmed/|accessdate=5 September 2014|publisher=Microsoft}}</ref> It had a {{convert|10.6|in|ch}} display, [[Intel Core]] i5 CPU, and a detachable keyboard, which also doubles as a protective screen cover.

A number of prominent laptop manufacturers, such as [[Lenovo]], [[Dell]], [[Samsung]], [[Acer Inc.|Acer]] and others released own versions of 2-in-1's.<ref name="Wired" />

== Criticism ==
In April 2012 [[Apple's]] CEO [[Tim Cook]], answering to the question of the researcher Anthony Sacconaghi about a possible hybrid of [[iPad]] and [[MacBook Air]], compared a 2-in-1 to "a hybrid of a toaster and a refrigerator" that "doesn’t please anyone":

{{centered pull quote|author=Tim Cook, [[Apple's]] CEO|text=I think, Tony, anything can be forced to converge. But the problem is that products are about trade-offs, and you begin to make trade-offs to the point where what you have left at the end of the day doesn’t please anyone. You can converge a toaster and a refrigerator, but those things are probably not going to be pleasing to the user … you wouldn’t want to put these things together because you wind up compromising in both and not pleasing either user. Some people will prefer to own both, and that’s great, too. But I think to make the compromises of convergence, so — we’re not going to that party. Others might. Others might from a defensive point of view, particularly. But we’re going to play in both.<ref name=TimCook>{{cite news|last1=Peckham|first1=Matt|title=Is Apple CEO Tim Cook Right? Are Laptop-Tablet Hybrids Dead in the Water?|url=http://techland.time.com/2012/04/26/is-apple-ceo-tim-cook-right-are-laptop-tablet-hybrids-dead-in-the-water/|website=TechLand.Time.com|accessdate=12 August 2015|date=26 April 2012}}</ref>}}

{{As of|2015}}, there are no other pre-installed [[operating system]] specifically supporting 2-in-1's, other than Microsoft Windows: [[Windows 10|10]] and [[Windows 8.1|8.1]]. Although some [[Linux]] distributions do support some touch features of 2-in-1's, they are unsupported by the hardware vendors. Apple's [[OS X]] operating system does not support touch features, since there are no Apple touch-enabled devices, powered by OS X.

A touch-oriented, ''tablet'' part of the Windows – the [[Mobile app|apps]] and the whole ecosystem with the [[Windows Store]] in the center of it, is often criticized as a less convenient, less easy to use and offering a significantly lesser amount of quality apps, compared to more mature ecosystems of [[Google]] [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[iOS]] [[mobile operating system]]s.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Matt Smith|title=5 Reasons Why the Windows 8 Store is a Complete Mess|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/5-reasons-why-the-windows-8-store-is-a-complete-mess/|website=DigitalTrends.com|accessdate=9 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Brad Chacos|title=Windows Store versus the world: How do Microsoft's offerings really stack up?|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2029411/windows-store-versus-the-world-how-do-microsofts-offerings-really-stack-up-.html|website=PC World|accessdate=9 September 2014}}</ref> However, it is possible to run Android apps in the Windows through the use of an [[emulator]] software, such as BlueStacks [[BlueStacks#App Player|App Player]] or American Megatrends [[American Megatrends#DuOS-M|AMIDuOS]].

== See also ==
* [[Tablet computer|Tablet]]
* [[Laptop]]
* [http://www.olpcindia.net/laplet.php One Laplet Per Child]

== References ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

{{Computer sizes}}

[[Category:Laptops]]
[[Category:Tablet computers]]
[[Category:Classes of computers]]
[[Category:Classes of mobile computers]]
[[Category:Personal computers]]
[[Category:Crossover devices]]
[[Category:2-in-1 tablets]]