Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Basel IV

2019-10-04T17:52:08Z

Gazamp: /* External links */ Added Portal:Banks

{{Basel II}}

'''Basel IV''' is a contested term<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/basel-committee-new-capital-adequacy-rules-by-howard-davies-2017-12|title=The Last Basel Round? by Howard Davies|last=Davies|first=Howard|date=2017-12-21|work=Project Syndicate|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en}}</ref> for the changes agreed in 2016 and 2017 to the international banking standards known as the [[Basel Accords]]. Regulators argue that these changes are simply completing the [[Basel III]] reforms, agreed in principle in 2010–11, although most of the Basel III reforms were agreed in detail at that time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regulators look ahead to 'Basel 4'|url=https://www.icaew.com/en/technical/financial-services/regulation-guidance/regulators-look-ahead-to-basel-4|publisher=ICAEW|accessdate=18 May 2014}}</ref> The Basel Committee (BCBS) itself calls them simply "finalised reforms".<ref>{{cite web|title=Sixteenth progress report on adoption of the Basel regulatory framework|url=https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d464.htm|publisher=BCBS|accessdate=31 May 2019}}</ref> Critics of the reform, in particular those from the banking industry, argue that Basel IV require a significant increase in capital and should be treated as a distinct round of reforms.<ref name=":0" />

==Requirements==
Basel IV introduces changes that limit the reduction in capital that can result from banks' use of internal models under the [[Internal ratings-based approach (credit risk)|Internal Ratings-Based approach]]. This includes:<ref>{{cite web|title=Basel 4 – Emerging from the mist|url=http://www.kpmg.com/lu/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/pages/basel-4-emerging-from-the-mist.aspx|publisher=KPMG|accessdate=18 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=South Africa: Basel 4 – Emerging From The Mist?|url=http://www.mondaq.com/x/265476/Financial+Services/Basel+4+Emerging+From+The+Mist|publisher=Mondaq|accessdate=18 May 2014}}</ref>
* A standardised floor, so that the capital requirement will always be at least 72.5% of the requirement under the [[Standardized approach (credit risk)|Standardized approach]];<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.deloitte.ch/banking/2017/12/five-things-to-remember-about-basel-iii.html|title=Five things to remember about Basel III - Banking blog|website=blogs.deloitte.ch|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-01-09}}</ref>
* A simultaneous reduction in standardised [[Risk-weighted asset|risk weights]] for low risk mortgage loans;<ref name=":1" />
* Requiring banks to meet higher maximum leverage ratios (an initial leverage ratio maximum is likely to be set as part of the completion of the Basel III package);
* A higher [[Leverage (finance)|leverage ratio]] for [[Systemically important financial institution|Global Systemically Important Banks]] (G-SIBs), with the increase equal to 50% of the risk adjusted capital ratio<ref name=":1" />
* More detailed disclosure of reserves and other financial statistics.
These reforms will take effect from January 2022 (with exception of the output floor, which is phased in, taking full effect only on 1 January 2027).<ref>{{cite web|title=Sixteenth progress report on adoption of the Basel regulatory framework|url=https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d464.htm|publisher=BCBS|accessdate=31 May 2019}}</ref>

British banks alone may have to raise another £50Bn in capital in order to meet Basel IV requirements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/uk-banks-capital-ratio-requirements-bank-england-505642|title=KPMG: UK Banks Facing New £50bn Capital Hole as 'Basel IV' Emerges |publisher=International Business Times |date=September 12, 2013|accessdate=18 May 2014}}</ref> The average [[Tier 1 capital|Common Equity Tier 1]] (CET1) capital ratio for major European banks is estimated to fall by 0.9%, with the biggest impact on banks in [[List of banks in Sweden|Sweden]] and [[List of banks in Denmark|Denmark]] of 2.5%–3%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://home.kpmg.com/xx/en/home/insights/2017/12/basel4-capital-and-strategic-planning-fs.html?a=b|title=Basel IV – capital and strategic planning|last=Nicolaus|first=David|date=2017-12-19|website=KPMG|language=en-us|access-date=2018-01-10}}</ref>

==History==
[[Basel III]] is an international regulatory framework for banks, developed by the [[Basel Committee on Banking Supervision]] (BCBS) in response to the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|financial crisis of 2007-08]]. It contains various rules on capital and liquidity requirements. The 2017 reforms (Basel IV) complement the initial Basel III. This set of rules has been adopted on 7 December 2017 (14 January 2019 for the adjustment to the market risk framework) and has to be implemented by 2022 (2027 for the output floor).<ref>{{cite web|title=Finalising Basel III - in brief|url=https://www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d424_inbrief.pdf|publisher=BCBS|accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Basel III Website|url=https://www.bis.org/bcbs/basel3.htm|publisher=BCBS|accessdate=16 July 2019}}</ref> As the BCBS does not have the power to issue legally binding regulation,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bis.org/bcbs/review_process.htm|title=Policy development and implementation review|author=|date=30 October 2015|website=www.bis.org|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> the Basel IV standards have to be implemented by national authorities.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [http://www.oecd.org/finance/financial-markets/45314422.pdf OECD: Thinking Beyond Basel III: Necessary Solutions for Capital and Liquidity]

[[Category:Bank regulation]]

Saint Lucia Livre

2019-09-04T17:46:17Z

Gazamp: /* References */ Added Portal:Money

{{no footnotes|date=April 2018}}
The '''livre''' was the currency of [[Saint Lucia]] until 1814. The Saint Lucia livre was a French colonial currency, distinguished by the use of various cut Spanish and Spanish colonial coins. The livre was subdivided into 20 ''[[French sol|sous]]'', each of 12 ''[[French denier|deniers]]''. The ''escalin'' was worth 15 sous, with the ''stampee'' worth 3 sous 9 denier ({{1/4}} escalin). Until 1813, 12 escalins were equal to 8 [[Spanish real|reales]] (the [[Spanish dollar]]), after which 15 escalins equaled 8 reales. In 1851, [[Pound sterling|sterling]] was introduced for circulation.

Since the late 19th century, dollars have circulated on Saint Lucia, first the [[Saint Lucia dollar]], then the [[British West Indies dollar]], and currently the [[East Caribbean dollar]].

==Coins==
In 1798, coins were issued for 2, 3, 4 and 6 escalins. These were made from sixths, quarters, thirds and halves of 8 reales coins, on to which the letters "SL" were counterstamped.

The 1811 issue consisted of 3 stampee, 1, {{frac|1|1|2}} and 2 escalins coins. The first two were made from quarters and thirds of 2 reales coins, whilst the higher two denominations were made from quarters and thirds of 4 reales coins. The 3 stampees was counterstamped with a crenulated circle, whilst the 1, {{frac|1|1|2}} and 2 escalins were counterstamped with one, two and three circles, respectively.

The final issue, from 1813, consisted of 3 and 9 escalins. These coins were produced by cutting 8 reales coins into three parts, with the two outer parts, each consisting of one fifth of the coin, making the 3 escalins and the central part, consisting three-fifths, making the 9 escalins. They were all counterstamped with "S:Lucie".

==References==
{{Portal|Money}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{numis cite SCWC | date=1991}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Pound (currency)|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
[[Category:Economy of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:History of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:1814 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Currencies of the Caribbean]]

{{Money-unit-stub}}
{{SaintLucia-stub}}

Alice Schlesinger

2019-05-29T12:13:49Z

Gazamp: /* For Great Britain */ Added selection for the 2019 European Games

{{short description|Israeli-British judoka}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Alice Schlesinger
| image = Alice Hester Elizabeth Schlesinger.jpg
| image_size =
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| caption = Alice Schlesinger in 2012
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|5|26}}
| birth_place = [[Herzliya]], Israel
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| weight_lb = 139
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| weight_class = U63 kg
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| trainer = Pavel Musin
| rank =
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| occupation = [[Judoka]]
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{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport |Women's [[judo]]}}
{{MedalCountry |{{ISR}}}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[World Judo Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze |[[2009 World Judo Championships|2009 Rotterdam]] | –63 kg}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[European Judo Championships|European Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze |[[2008 European Judo Championships|2008 Lisbon]] | –63 kg}}
{{MedalBronze |[[2009 European Judo Championships|2009 Tbilisi]] | –63 kg}}
{{MedalBronze |[[2012 European Judo Championships|2012 Chelyabinsk]] | –63 kg}}
{{MedalCountry |{{GBR2}}}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[European Judo Championships|European Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze |[[2017 European Judo Championships|2017 Warsaw]] | [[2017 European Judo Championships – Women's 63 kg|–63 kg]]}}
{{MedalSport |Women's [[belt wrestling]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Summer Universiade]]}}
{{MedalGold |[[Belt wrestling at the 2013 Summer Universiade|2013 Kazan]] | –66 kg}}
{{MedalSport |Women's [[Sambo (martial art)|sambo]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[World Sambo Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold |[[Sambo at the 2013 World Championship|2013 St. Petersburg]] | –64 kg}}
{{MedalGold |[[Sambo at the 2014 World Championship|2014 Narita]] | –64 kg}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[European Sambo Championships|European Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold |[[Sambo at the 2014 European Championship|2014 Bucharest]] | –64 kg}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Summer Universiade]]}}
{{MedalGold |[[Sambo at the 2013 Summer Universiade|2013 Kazan]] | –64 kg}}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Alice Schlesinger''' ({{lang-he|אליס שלזינגר}}; born May 26, 1988) is an [[Israeli British|Israeli-British]] elite level [[judoka]] and [[Sambo (martial art)|sambo]] competitor. Born in [[Israel]], she competed for that country until 2014, but following a dispute with the national federation she now competes for [[Great Britain]], for whom she qualifies as she has citizenship through her English-born mother.

Judo World Championship bronze medalist (2009),<ref>''[http://www.alljudo.net/resultats-judo-608-rottyrdam-2009.html]''Rotterdam 2009</ref> bronze medalist of Judo European Championships (2008, 2009, 2012),<ref name="judoinside1">{{cite web |url=http://www.judoinside.com/judoka/view/31043/alice_schlesinger/ |title=Alice Schlesinger |publisher=JudoInside.com |date= |accessdate=November 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110224006/http://www.judoinside.com/judoka/view/31043/alice_schlesinger/ |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref> world champion in Sambo (2013, 2014),<ref>''[http://fondsambo.ru/news/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=28368 The 2nd day of the World Sambo Championship]''fondsambo.ru. November 2013</ref> world champion in [[Kurash]] (2013).<ref>''[http://kurash-ika.org/en/itogi-pervogo-dnya-chempionata-mira/ IX World Championships day one results]''Istanbul, Turkey, December 14, 2013</ref>

==Biography==
Schlesinger <ref>{{cite journal|last=Ramati|first=Stan|title=Israeli Sports|journal=Jewish Sports Review|date=September–October 2013|volume=9|issue=99|page=9}}</ref> was born and raised in [[Herzliya]], [[Israel]].<ref name="sports-reference1">{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sc/alice-schlesinger-1.html |title=Alice Schlesinger Biography and Olympic Results |publisher=Sports-reference.com |date=August 12, 2008 |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> Her brother introduced her to the sport as a child and her parents took her to competitions on weekends.<ref>[http://www.jta.org/2012/07/09/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/judokas-alice-schlesinger-and-arik-zeevi-power-israels-medal-hopes Judokas Alice Schlesinger and Arik Ze’evi power Israel’s medal hopes]</ref>
She is trained by her Israeli boyfriend/coach, Pavel Musin.<ref name="haaretz2">{{cite news|last=Talshir |first=Uri |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/sports/judo-killer-instinct-brings-schlesinger-the-bronze-1.282903 |title=Judo / Killer instinct brings Schlesinger the bronze |publisher=Haaretz |date=February 16, 2011 |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref>

==Judo career==

===For Israel===
Schlesinger has won two Israel national championships (including in 2004, at U57).<ref name="judoinside1"/> She also won Continental gold medals in the U17, U20, and U23 competitions.<ref name="judoinside1"/>

In July 2004, she won the European U17 Judo Championships, at U57, in Rotterdam, Netherlands.<ref name="judoinside1"/> In October 2004, she won a bronze medal at the U20 World Judo Championships, at U57, in [[Budapest]], Hungary.<ref name="judoinside1"/>

In July 2005, at the age of 17, Schlesinger competed in the [[2005 Maccabiah Games]], winning the gold medal by defeating the world champion and former Israeli [[Daniela Krukower]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3110999,00.html |title=Maccabiah day 1: Swimming records set |publisher=Ynetnews |author= |date=June 20, 1995 |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/868713441.html?dids=868713441:868713441&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+14%2C+2005&author=AARON+KAPLOWITZ&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Ze%27evi+cruises+to+judo+gold.+Schlesinger+topples+former+women%27s+world+champion&pqatl=google |title=Ze'evi cruises to judo gold. Schlesinger topples former women's world champion |publisher=The Jerusalem Post|author=Aaron Kaplowitz |date= July 14, 2005|accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> In October 2005, she won a bronze medal at the European U20 Judo Championships, at U63, in [[Zagreb]], Croatia.<ref name="judoinside1"/>

In September 2006, she won a silver medal at the European U20 Judo Championships, at U63, in [[Tallinn]], Estonia.<ref name="judoinside1"/><ref name="haaretz3">{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/sports/sports-shorts-1.196898 |title=Sports Shorts |publisher=Haaretz |date=February 16, 2011 |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1126049591.html?dids=1126049591:1126049591&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+11%2C+2006&author=Allon+Sinai&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Sports+in+brief&pqatl=google |title=Sports in brief |publisher=The Jerusalem Post|author=Allon Sinai |date= September 11, 2006|accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> Despite the medal, she said: "I had a mediocre tournament. I made mistakes in the final. I plan to go over those mistakes with my coach and correct what needs to be corrected".<ref name="haaretz3"/>

In October 2007, she won the European U20 Judo Championship, at U63, in [[Prague]], Czech Republic.<ref name="judoinside1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1360971761.html?dids=1360971761:1360971761&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Oct+07%2C+2007&author=ALLON+SINAI&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Israeli+Judoka+wins+gold&pqatl=google |title=Israeli Judoka wins gold |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |author=Allon Sinai|date= |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref>

She competed at the age of 20 on behalf of [[Israel at the 2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing, China, as a half-middleweight at [[Judo at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's 63 kg|U63]], and placed 13th, losing to French silver medalist [[Lucie Décosse]].<ref name="sports-reference1"/>

In April 2008 and April 2009, she won bronze medals at the [[2008 European Judo Championships]] and [[2009 European Judo Championships]], at U63, in [[Lisbon]], Portugal, and [[Tbilisi]], Georgia.<ref name="judoinside1"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Hipsh |first=Rami |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/sports/schlesinger-wins-bronze-medal-and-a-spot-in-beijing-1.243840 |title=Schlesinger wins bronze medal and a spot in Beijing|publisher=Haaretz |date=February 16, 2011 |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hipsh |first=Rami |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/sports/israel-finds-its-newest-judo-champion-1.274809 |title=Israel finds its newest judo champion |publisher=Haaretz |date=February 16, 2011 |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1926323971.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+18%2C+2009&author=JEREMY+LAST&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=The+Magnificent+Seven+of+2009.+Who+is+your+choice+for+this+year%27s+%27Post%27+Israeli+Sports+Personality+award%3F&pqatl=google |title=The Magnificent Seven of 2009. Who is your choice for this year's 'Post' Israeli Sports Personality award? |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |author=Jeremy Last |date= December 18, 2009|accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref>

In August 2009, she won a bronze medal in the [[2009 World Judo Championships]], at U63, in Rotterdam.<ref name="judoinside1"/><ref name="haaretz2"/><ref name="haaretz1">{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/sports/sports-shorts-1.2574|title=Sports Shorts |work=Haaretz |date=August 12, 2009 |author= David Marouani|accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1851582241.html?dids=1851582241:1851582241&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+30%2C+2009&author=ALLON+SINAI&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Shlesinger+wins+bronze+at+worlds&pqatl=google |title=Shlesinger wins bronze at worlds |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |author=Allon Sinai |date= |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> In November 2009 she won the European U23 Judo Championship, at U63, in [[Antalya]], Turkey.<ref name="judoinside1"/> The [[Olympic Committee of Israel]] selected her as its 2009 co-Athlete of the Year.<ref name="haaretz1"/>

In August 2011, Schlesinger was ranked 6th in the world in her weight class.<ref>{{cite news|last=Talshir |first=Uri |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/sports/judo-world-championships-schlesinger-and-gerbi-fail-against-their-nemeses-1.380756 |title=Judo / World Championships / Schlesinger and Gerbi fail against their nemeses |author= |publisher=Haaretz |date=February 16, 2011 |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref> In September 2011, she won a silver medal at a Grand Prix in [[Düsseldorf]], Germany, at U63. She lost only one match, in the finals by judges' decision to [[Yoshie Ueno]] of Japan, the world champion for the prior two years, after beating four opponents, including European champion [[Elisabeth Willeboordse]] of the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/sports/sports-shorts-1.326476 |title=Sports Shorts |author= |publisher=Haaretz |date=February 16, 2011 |accessdate=November 11, 2011}}</ref>

In July 2012 Schlesinger reached the quarter finals of the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] but lost to [[Urska Zolnir]] of [[Slovenia]].

Following the London Olympics, Schlesinger and the [[Israel Judo Association]] (IJA) became embroiled in a much publicized conflict. Schlesinger says that the IJA ordered her to put on weight so she could move up a weight class, to make room for [[Yarden Gerbi]] in the under-63 kg class. Her personal trainer's salary was also cut by the IJA. The IJA denies she was asked to change weight classes, and says it moved to a different, team-oriented coaching program which required Schlesinger to change coaches. As a result of the conflict, Schlesinger decided to stop competing for the Israeli national team, and to compete instead for Great Britain.<ref>''[http://www.jpost.com/Sports/Sinai-Says-Everyone-is-a-loser-in-row-between-Schlesinger-and-judo-association-336070 Sinai Says: Everyone is a loser in row between Schlesinger and judo association ]'' Allon Sinai.The Jerusalem Post. December 25, 2013</ref>

===For Great Britain===
In December 2014 the International Judo Federation confirmed that former Israeli Olympian Alice Schlesinger will now compete for [[Great Britain]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.facebook.com/AliceSchlesinger/posts/540639432745966 |title=Alice Schlesinger |author= |publisher=Official page |date=December 24, 2014 }}</ref>

Since then, her accomplishments include a silver medal at the European Judo Open in Sofia, Bulgaria<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.britishjudo.org.uk/news/gemma-gibbons-and-alice-schlesinger-medal-in-europe |title=Gemma Gibbons and Alice Schlesinger medal in Europe |author= |publisher=British Judo |date=February 8, 2015 }}</ref>, a gold medal at the 2015 Grand Prix in Düsseldorf,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eju.net/schlesinger-remains-a-force-to-be-reckoned-with-3387 |title=SCHLESINGER REMAINS A FORCE TO BE RECKONED WITH |author= |publisher=European Judo Union |date=February 21, 2015 }}</ref> and a silver medal at the European Women's Judo Open in Prague.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ippon.org/cont_open_cze2015.php |title=European Open Prague 2015 |author= |publisher=European Judo Union|date=February 28, 2015 }}</ref>

At the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Olympics]], she beat [[Bak Ji-yun]] in the first round before losing to [[Anicka van Emden]] in the second round.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/judo-standings-ju-women-63-kg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820143738/https://www.rio2016.com/en/judo-standings-ju-women-63-kg|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2016-08-20|title=Women -63 kg|date=2016-08-20|access-date=2017-08-08}}</ref>

At the April 2017 European Championships in Warsaw, Poland, she won a bronze medal in the -63 kg.<ref>[https://www.shropshirestar.com/sport/2018/02/28/judoak-trio-named-in-gb-squad-for-european-championships/]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/sport/judo/39674693 European Championships 2017: GB's Natalie Powell wins bronze - BBC Sport]</ref>

In May 2019, Schlesinger was selected to compete at the [[2019 European Games]] in [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Team GB squad announcement for the European Games |url=https://www.teamgb.com/news/team-gb-squad-announcement-for-the-european-games |website=[[Team GB]] |accessdate=29 May 2019 |date=21 May 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sports in Israel]]
*[[List of Jews in sports#Judo|List of select Jewish judokas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{JudoInside}}
*{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sc/alice-schlesinger-1.html |title=Alice Schlesinger}}
*[https://www.facebook.com/groups/595010417251322 We support Alice Schlesinger Group (Facebook)]
*[https://sites.google.com/site/foraliceschlesinger/Alice-Schlesinger For Alice Schlesinger]

{{commons category|Alice Schlesinger}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schlesinger, Alice}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Israeli female judoka]]
[[Category:British Jews]]
[[Category:English female judoka]]
[[Category:Israeli people of British descent]]
[[Category:Olympic judoka of Israel]]
[[Category:Olympic judoka of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Judoka at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Judoka at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Judoka at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Jewish Israeli sportspeople]]
[[Category:Jewish martial artists]]
[[Category:People from Herzliya]]
[[Category:Maccabiah Games medalists in judo]]
[[Category:Maccabiah Games gold medalists for Israel]]
[[Category:Competitors at the 2005 Maccabiah Games]]

Benutzer:Gazamp

2019-04-22T17:28:33Z

Gazamp: Erschaffen meine Benutzerseite

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Lyra McKee

2019-04-22T17:19:24Z

Gazamp: /* Weblinks */ Addieren Sprache

[[Datei:Lyra McKee (33207175144) (cropped).jpg|mini|Lyra McKee (2017)]]
'''Lyra Catherine McKee''' (* [[31. März]] [[1990]] in [[Belfast]]; † [[18. April]] [[2019]] in [[Derry]]<ref>{{Literatur |Titel=Northern Ireland journalist killed by gunman during riot |Sammelwerk=Reuters |Datum=2019-04-19 |Online=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nireland-violence-idUSKCN1RV02A |Abruf=2019-04-21}}</ref>) war eine [[Nordirland|nordirische]] [[Journalist]]in, die sich vor allem mit den Auswirkungen des [[Nordirlandkonflikt]]es befasste. 2019 wurde McKee im Kontext von militanten Auseinandersetzungen mit der Polizei in Derry erschossen.

== Leben ==
=== Jugend und Ausbildung ===
Lyra McKee wurde am 31. März 1990 im nordirischen Belfast geboren.<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Telegraph Obituaries |Titel=Lyra McKee, investigative journalist who wrote fearlessly about her native Northern Ireland – obituary |Sammelwerk=The Telegraph |Datum=2019-04-19 |ISSN=0307-1235 |Online=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/04/19/lyra-mckee-investigative-journalist-wrote-fearlessly-native/ |Abruf=2019-04-21}}</ref> Sie begann sich bereits in ihrer Jugend für Journalismus zu interessieren, mit 14 Jahren schrieb sie für die Schülerzeitung der von ihr besuchten ''St Gemma’s High School''. Mit 15 Jahren begann sie sich bei der gemeinnützigen Organisation ''Children’s Express'' (später Headliners) zu engagieren, die Jugendlichen vor allem Fähigkeiten im Bereich Journalismus beibringt.<ref name=":0">{{Internetquelle |autor=Rob Picheta CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/19/uk/lyra-mckee-northern-ireland-gbr-intl/index.html |titel=She dedicated herself to covering Northern Ireland. Murdered investigative journalist 'tirelessly pursued the truth' |abruf=2019-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.4ni.co.uk/northern-ireland-news/54486/north-belfast-student-wins-national-award |titel=North Belfast student wins national award |abruf=2019-04-21 |sprache=en-GB}}</ref> Später besuchte McKee die [[Birmingham City University]] und schloss ihr Studium des Online-Journalismus mit einem Master ab.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Katie Brooks |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/tributes-paid-former-birmingham-student-16155303 |titel=Tributes paid to former Birmingham student Lyra McKee shot dead in Derry |datum=2019-04-19 |abruf=2019-04-21}}</ref>

=== Journalistische Laufbahn ===
2014 erhielt McKee erstmals größere Aufmerksamkeit, nachdem sie einen Blogbeitrag mit dem Titel „Letter to my 14-year-old self“ („Brief an mein 14-jähriges Ich“) veröffentlicht hatte, in dem sie die Schwierigkeit beschrieb als homosexueller Mensch in Belfast aufzuwachsen. Später wurde dieser Blogbeitrag als Kurzfilm produziert.<ref>[http://staybeautifulfilms.co.uk/short-films/letter-to-my-14-year-old-self/ Letter to my 14 year old self - Short Film]</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Rosita Bol |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/lyra-mckee-on-growing-up-gay-in-belfast-i-used-to-bargain-with-god-not-to-send-me-to-hell-1.2950791 |titel=Lyra McKee on growing up gay in Belfast: ‘I used to bargain with God not to send me to hell’ |abruf=2019-04-21 |sprache=en}}</ref><ref>{{Literatur |Titel=The ceasefire suicides: Since the Good Friday Agreement, more people have died by taking their own lives than were killed in the Troubles. Why is this? And what can be done to prevent further deaths? |Sammelwerk=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |ISSN=0307-1235 |Online=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/the-ceasefire-suicides-since-the-good-friday-agreement-more-people-have-died-by-taking-their-own-lives-than-were-killed-in-the-troubles-why-is-this-and-what-can-be-done-to-prevent-further-deaths-36804919.html |Abruf=2019-04-21}}</ref>

McKee arbeitete als freie Journalistin für zahlreiche Medien.<ref name=":1">{{Literatur |Titel=Lyra McKee: A rising star of investigative journalism |Sammelwerk=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |ISSN=0307-1235 |Online=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/lyra-mckee-a-rising-star-of-investigative-journalism-38031344.html |Abruf=2019-04-21}}</ref> Unter anderem schrieb sie für ''Mosaic Science, [[The Belfast Telegraph]], [[Private Eye]] und [[BuzzFeed|Buzzfeed News]].'' Ebenso arbeitete sie für den Medien-Aggregator ''Mediagazer''. 2016 nannte das [[Forbes (Zeitschrift)|Forbes]]-Magazin McKee in ihrer Liste „30 under 30 in media“, aufgrund ihrer hervorragenden investigativen journalistischen Arbeit. McKee schrieb vor allem über die langjährigen Folgen des Nordirlandkonflikts, die im englischen Kontext nur „The Troubles“ (Die Unruhen) genannt werden. Unter anderem veröffentlichte sie einen Artikel mit dem Titel „Suicide of the Ceasefire Babies“ (Suizid der Kinder des Waffenstillstandes), in dem sie über eine hohe Anzahl an Teenager-Suiziden in Verbindung mit dem Nordirlandkonflikt schreibt.<ref name=":0" /> Sie selbst bezeichnete sich auch als „Kind des Waffenstillstandes“.<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Ralf Sotscheck |Titel=Nordirische Journalistin Lyra McKee: Eine unerschrockene Frau |Sammelwerk=Die Tageszeitung: taz |Datum=2019-04-20 |ISSN=0931-9085 |Online=https://www.taz.de/!5590227/ |Abruf=2019-04-21}}</ref>

Neben ihrer journalistischen Tätigkeit war McKee als Buchautorin tätig; ihr erstes Sachbuch mit dem Titel „Angels with Blue Faces“ stand bei ihrem Tod kurz vor der Veröffentlichung.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Martin Doyle |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/lyra-mckee-lost-girl-of-the-troubles-1.3865869 |titel=Lyra McKee: Lost Girl of the Troubles |werk=The Irish Times |hrsg= |datum=2019-04-19 |abruf=2019-04-22 |sprache=en}}</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Tina Calder |url=https://excaliburpress.co.uk/2019/04/19/press-statement-ref-death-of-journalist-lyra-mckee/ |titel=Press Statement – REF: Death of journalist Lyra McKee |werk=Excalibur Press |datum=2019-04-19 |abruf=2019-04-21 |sprache=en-US}}</ref> Es behandelt den Mord an dem [[Robert Bradford (nordirischer Politiker)|Belfaster Abgeordneten Robert Bradford]] durch die [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Provisional IRA]] im Jahr 1981. McKee hatte für die Veröffentlichung ein Crowdfunding organisiert; das Buch soll im Verlag [[Excalibur Press]] erscheinen. Des Weiteren war die Veröffentlichung zweier weiterer Bücher mit dem Verlag [[Faber & Faber (Vereinigtes Königreich)|Faber & Faber]] vereinbart. Das erste davon sollte das Verschwinden zweier Schuljungen, Thomas Spence und John Rodgers, im Zuge des Nordirlandkonfliktes erforschen.<ref name=":1" />

Zum Zeitpunkt ihres Todes untersuchte McKee eine Reihe von nicht aufgeklärten Morden im Zuge des Nordirlandkonflikts.

=== Privat ===
Lyra McKee lebte in einer nicht-ehelichen Lebensgemeinschaft („Domestic partnership“) mit Sara Canning, einer Krankenschwester am Altnagelvin Area Hospital. McKee war nach Derry gezogen, um dort mit ihr zusammenzuleben.<ref>{{Literatur |Titel=Murdered journalist's 'dreams snuffed out' |Datum=2019-04-19 |Online=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-47990464 |Abruf=2019-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Susan McKay |Titel=Lyra McKee didn’t die in the cause of Irish ‘freedom’. She was Irish freedom {{!}} Susan McKay |Sammelwerk=The Guardian |Datum=2019-04-19 |ISSN=0261-3077 |Online=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/apr/19/lyra-mckee-writer-murder-derry-northern-ireland |Abruf=2019-04-21}}</ref>

== Tod ==
Am 18. April 2019 wurde Lyra McKee während Unruhen im Stadtteil Creggan in Derry erschossen.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/northern-ireland-shooting-journalist-dead-lyra-mckee-derry-what-happened-a8877561.html |titel=This is what happened last night during the violence in Derry |datum=2019-04-19 |abruf=2019-04-21 |sprache=en}}</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2019/04/all-promise-northern-ireland-s-post-conflict-generation-tribute-lyra-mckee |titel=“All the promise of Northern Ireland’s post-conflict generation”: a tribute to Lyra McKee |abruf=2019-04-21 |sprache=en}}</ref> Die Gewalt war ausgebrochen, nachdem die Polizei im Vorfeld der Gedenkparaden zum [[Osteraufstand]] Munition beschlagnahmt hatte. Die Unruhen fanden vor allem in der Straße ''Fanad Drive'' im Stadtteil Creggan statt. Jugendliche warfen Benzinbomben und setzten zwei Fahrzeuge in Brand. Nach Polizeiangaben feuerte ein Schütze dann bis zu zwölf Schüsse auf Polizisten ab. McKee, die auf dem Fanad Drive war und in der Nähe eines gepanzerten Polizeifahrzeugs stand, wurde dabei von den Schüssen verwundet. Handy-Filmmaterial und Überwachungsvideos der Polizei zeigen einen maskierten Schützen, der der „[[Real Irish Republican Army|Neuen IRA]]“ zugeschrieben wird, der das Feuer mit einer Pistole eröffnete. McKee wurde von der Polizei in einem gepanzerten Fahrzeug in ein Krankenhaus gebracht, wo sie starb.<ref name=":2">{{Literatur |Titel=Journalist shot dead during Derry rioting |Datum=2019-04-19 |Online=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-47985469 |Abruf=2019-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Rory Carroll, Patrick Greenfield |Titel=Northern Irish police call for peace in name of killed journalist |Sammelwerk=The Guardian |Datum=2019-04-19 |ISSN=0261-3077 |Online=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/19/derry-police-blame-dissident-republicans-for-journalist-death-lyra-mckee |Abruf=2019-04-21}}</ref> Die Polizei geht davon aus, dass republikanische Dissidenten, die bereits in den vergangenen Jahren mehrere Anschläge verübt hatten, die Täter waren.<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Julia Smirnova |Titel=Mord an Lyra McKee in Nordirland: Die Terrorerben der IRA |Datum=2019-04-20 |Online=https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article192214457/Mord-an-Lyra-McKee-in-Nordirland-Die-Terrorerben-der-IRA.html |Abruf=2019-04-21}}</ref> Das letzte Mal, dass ein Journalist im Vereinigten Königreich getötet wurde, war die Ermordung von [[Martin O’Hagan]] im Jahr 2001.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/press-releases/article/northern-ireland-freelance-journalist-lyra-mckee-shot-dead-during-riots.html |titel=Northern Ireland: Freelance journalist Lyra McKee shot dead during riots / IFJ |abruf=2019-04-21 |sprache=en}}</ref>

Die britische Premierministerin [[Theresa May]] nannte den Mord „schockierend und sinnlos“. Sie sagte, McKee „starb, als sie mit viel Mut ihre Arbeit machte“.<ref name=":2" /> Der [[Taoiseach|Premierminister]] der Republik Irland [[Leo Varadkar]] sagte: „Unsere Solidarität gilt auch den Menschen von Derry und allen Journalistinnen und Journalisten. Wir können nicht zulassen, dass diejenigen, die Gewalt, Angst und Hass propagieren wollen, uns in die Vergangenheit zurückziehen."<ref name=":2" /> Der irische Präsident [[Michael D. Higgins]] sagte: „Der Tod eines Journalisten ist – zu jeder Zeit und in jedem Teil der Welt – ein Angriff auf die Wahrheit selbst.“<ref name=":2" />

Die Führer der wichtigsten politischen Parteien Nordirlands, die [[Democratic Unionist Party|DUP]], [[Sinn Féin]], [[Ulster Unionist Party|UUP]], [[Social Democratic and Labour Party|SDLP]], [[Alliance Party of Northern Ireland|Alliance Party]] und [[Green Party (Irland)|Green Party]], gaben eine gemeinsame Erklärung ab, in der sie die Ermordung von McKee verurteilten und sie als „einen Angriff auf alle Menschen dieser Gesellschaft, einen Angriff auf den Frieden und die demokratischen Prozesse“ bezeichneten und sagten, es sei ein „sinnloser und vergeblicher Versuch, die in den letzten 20 Jahren erzielten Fortschritte zu zerstören, die die überwältigende Unterstützung der Menschen überall finden“. Sie bekräftigten ferner ihre Unterstützung für die nordirische Polizei, die das eigentliche Ziel des Waffenangriffs waren.<ref name=":2" />

Eine Mahnwache am Ort ihrer Ermordung fand am 19. April 2019 statt. Eine zweite Mahnwache fand im [[Belfast City Hall|Rathaus von Belfast]] statt.<ref name=":2" />

Am 20. April 2019 nahm die Polizei zwei Männer im Alter von 18 und 19 Jahren wegen des Verdachts der Beteiligung an dem Mord an McKee fest;<ref>{{Literatur |Titel=Two men arrested over McKee killing |Datum=2019-04-20 |Online=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-47996258 |Abruf=2019-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Literatur |Titel=Lyra McKee murder: two teenagers arrested in connection with shooting |Sammelwerk=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk |ISSN=0307-1235 |Online=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/lyra-mckee-murder-two-teenagers-arrested-in-connection-with-shooting-38033890.html |Abruf=2019-04-21}}</ref> jedoch wurden die beiden Männer am folgenden Tag ohne Anklageerhebung wieder freigelassen.<ref>''[https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/mord-an-lyra-mckee-polizei-laesst-festgenommene-teenager-wieder-frei/24241784.html Mord an Lyra McKee: Polizei lässt festgenommene Teenager wieder frei]'', [[Der Tagesspiegel|tagesspiegel.de]], erschienen und abgerufen am 21. April 2019.</ref>

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=22&v=5ymU-5Y3rkY TEDx-Talk von Lyra McKee] (auf Youtube, 2017, englisch)
* [https://jonmitchell.net/work/lyra-mckee-journalism-podcast Podcast mit Lyra McKee] (2013, englisch)
* {{IMDb|nm8461421}}

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{SORTIERUNG:McKee, Lyra}}
[[Kategorie:Journalist (Vereinigtes Königreich)]]
[[Kategorie:Investigativjournalist]]
[[Kategorie:Person im Nordirlandkonflikt]]
[[Kategorie:Autor]]
[[Kategorie:Sachliteratur]]
[[Kategorie:LGBT-Aktivist]]
[[Kategorie:Mordopfer]]
[[Kategorie:Kriminalfall 2019]]
[[Kategorie:Kriminalfall im Vereinigten Königreich]]
[[Kategorie:Person (Derry)]]
[[Kategorie:Brite]]
[[Kategorie:Nordire]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1990]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 2019]]
[[Kategorie:Frau]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=McKee, Lyra
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=McKee, Lyra Catherine (vollständiger Name)
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=nordirische Journalistin
|GEBURTSDATUM=31. März 1990
|GEBURTSORT=[[Belfast]]
|STERBEDATUM=18. April 2019
|STERBEORT=[[Derry]]
}}