Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Humayun Azad

2010-08-04T23:45:40Z

Gallileo2k: no reference that he is a "former" muslim. rm per WP:V

{{Infobox Writer 
| name = Humayun Azad
| image = Dr.Azad.jpg|
| caption = Humayun Azad
| birthdate = {{Birth date|1947|04|28|mf=y}}
| birthplace = Rarhi Khal, [[Dhaka]] [[Bangladesh]]
| deathdate = {{death date|2004|08|11|mf=y}}
| deathplace = [[Munich]], [[Germany]].
| occupation = prolific [[Bengali language|Bangladeshi]] [[author]] and [[scholar]]
}}

'''Humayun Azad''' ([[Bangla]]: হুমায়ূন আজাদ) (Rarhi Khal, [[Dhaka]] [[Bangladesh]], 28 April 1947 - [[Munich]], [[Germany]], 11 August 2004) was a prolific [[Bengali language|Bangladeshi]] [[author]] and [[scholar]]. He wrote more than seventy titles. He was widely known for his anti-establishment, anti-religion and anti-military voice and was reputed for caustic remarks.



== Professional and literary life ==
After graduating from the [[University of Dhaka]] in ''[[Bengali language|Bengali]]'' language and literature, Humayun Azad, in 1976, obtained his PhD in [[linguistics]] from the [[University of Edinburgh]]. He later served as a teacher of [[Bangla|Bengali]] Language and literature at the [[University of Dhaka]] and in his early career produced pioneering works on Bangla linguistics, notably [[Bangla|Bengali]] [[syntax]]. He was regarded as a leading linguist of the one-thousand-year-old Bangla (Bengali) language.

Towards the end of 1980s, he started to write newspaper column focusing on contemporary socio-political issues. His commentaries continued throughout the 1990s and were later published as books as they grew in numbers. Through his writings of 1990s, he established himself as a freethinker and appeared to be an [[agnostic]]. He openly criticized in his works [[religious extremism]], as well as [[Islam]], the major religion in Bangladesh.

Professor Azad published the first comprehensive feminist book in [[Bangla|Bengali]] on the subject of women titled ''Naari'' (Bangla for 'Woman') in 1992. Largely akin to [[The Second Sex]] by [[Simone de Beauvoir]] in contents and ideas, ''Naari'' became a best-seller and earned Humayun Azad popularity as an author. In this work Azad painstakingly compiled the feminist ideas of the West that underlie the feminist contributions of the subcontinent's socio-political reformers and drew attention to the anti-women attitude of some acclaimed [[Bengali writers]] including [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. The work, critical of the patriarchal and male-chauvinistic attitude of religion towards women, attracted negative reaction from the conservatives. The [[Government of Bangladesh]] banned the book in 1995. The ban was eventually lifted in 2000, following a legal battle that Humayun Azad won in the High Court of the country.

== Assassination attempt ==
Azad had been fearing for his life ever since excerpts of his new novel, ''Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad'' (Pakistan's national anthem; Blessed be the Sacred Land) was first published in the Daily Ittefaq's Eid supplement in 2003. In that write-up he tried to expose the politics and ideology of Islamic fundamentalists of Bangladesh. After that book published he started receiving various threats from the fundamentalists. In an email to [[Mukto-mona]], an independent website, where he was then a member, Azad wrote, "The Ittefaq published a novel by me named Pak Sar Zamin Shaad Baad in its Eid issue in December 3. It deals with the condition of Bangladesh for the last two years. Now the (religious) fundamentalists are bringing out regular processions against me, demanding exemplary punishment. The attached two files with this letter will help you understand"<ref>[http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/humayun_azad/truncated_life_Dstar.htm Humayun Azad - A Truncated Life by Mustafa Zaman And Ahmede Hussain]</ref>,<ref>[http://mukto-mona.com/banga_blog/?p=2121 মুক্তমনা সম্পাদকের স্মৃতিতে হুমায়ুন আজাদ]</ref>.

On February 27, 2004, he became the victim of a vicious [[assassination]] attempt by assailants near the campus of the [[University of Dhaka]] during [[Bangla Academy]] book fair. A week prior to Dr Azad's assault, Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, one of the renouned religious leaders of Bangladesh demanded, in the parliament, that Dr Azad's political satire ''Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad'' be banned and demanded the introduction of the Blasphemy Act on the author <ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Daily Star Cover Story]</ref>.
Even though in 2006 the commander of Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB) admitted to the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) interrogators that his operatives carried out the attacks on writer Humayun Azad and another teacher of Rajshahi University in 2004 <ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/06/05/d6060501128.htm Daily Star news: JMB killed Humayun Azad, Rajshahi University teacher Prof Yunus, and another writer in Tangail]</ref>, the official position of Azad's attempt of assassination is still 'unidentified'.

=== Death ===
On August 11, 2004, Professor Azad died in his apartment in [[Munich]], [[Germany]], where he had moved just a week prior to conducting research on the nineteenth century German romantic poet [[Heinrich Heine]]. His body was brought home and he was put in his grave in Rarhikhal, his rural homeland.

== Literary Achievements ==
Literary career of Humayun Azad started with poetry. However, his poems did not show any notable poetic fervour. On the other hand his literary essays, particularly those based on original research, carried significant value.

He earned reputation as a newspaper columnist towards the end of 1980s. These were merciless attacks on social and political injustice, hypocrisy and corruption. He was uncowed in protesting military rule. His collected his critical remarks in a book styled ''Humayun Azader Probochonguccho'' which is apparently an influence of Flaubert's ''Dictionary of Accepted Ideas'' .

Publication of ''Naari'', a feminist work on woman, earned him general popularity and paved way for establishing himself in the literary world of Bangladesh. He started to write novels in 1990s which sold well. His writings show deep sense of hatred for politicians, military and the Islamists.

Nevertheless, his prose shows a well-knit and compact style of his own. His formation of sentence, choice of words and syntax are very characteristic of him. Although he often fell victim to the temptation of using fiction as a vehicle of conspicuous political and philosophical message, he distinguished himself with his catachrestic style and diction.

=== Awards ===
* [[Bangla Academy Award]]

== Quotations ==
* "Knowledge never springs from faith. It springs from doubt."
* "Nothing is more pleasurable than power."
* "Don't mention [[Taslima Nasrin]] to me - I may contract syphilis."
* "I didn't find more than five Bengalies, namely, Professor [[Abdur Razzaq]], [[Ahmad Sharif]], Shawkat Osman, poet [[Shamsur Rahman]] and painter [[Quamrul Hassan]] who deserved to be interviewed by me".
* "I have never referred [[Sheikh Mujib]] as ''Bangabandhu''. I have no idol."
* "[[Bengali Mussalmans]] are a bizarre nation. Dictators can spell them with wonders."
* "The sublime constitution of Bangladesh was slaughtered within one hour" (referring to the enactment of the 4th Amendment of the [[Bangladesh Constitution]] by the Parliament under the leadership of Sheikh Mujib, on 25 January 1975.
* "Not a single atheist is corrupt, but all religious men are corrupt".
* "President [[Ershad]] added many new dimensions to military dictatorship ; He made military dictatorship multi-dimensional".
* “The concept of (Father of the Nation) is objectionable to me (referring to Sheikh Mujib being called the Father of the Nation of Bangladesh established in 1971).

== Bibliography ==
=== Poetry ===
* Aloukik Ishtimar (অলৌকিক ইষ্টিমার) (1973)
* Jolo Chitabagh (জ্বলো চিতাবাঘ) (1980)
* Shob Kichu Noshtoder Odhikare Jabe (সব কিছু নষ্টদের অধিকারে যাবে) (1985)
* Jotoi Gobhire Jai Modhu Jotoi Uporay Jai Neel (যতোই গভীরে যাই মধু যতোই ওপরে যাই নীল) (1987)
* Ami Bachay Chilam Onnoder Shomoy (আমি বেঁচেছিলাম অন্যদের সময়ে) (1990)
* Humayun Azader Shreshtho Kobita (হুমায়ূন আজাদের শ্রেষ্ঠ কবিতা) (1993)
* Adhunik Bangla Kobita (আধুনিক বাংলা কবিতা) (1994)
* Kafone Mora Osrubindu (কাফনে মোড়া অশ্রুবিন্দু) (1998)
* Kabya Shonggroho (কাব্য সংগ্রহ) (1998)
* Chosha boi (1999)

=== Fictions ===
* Chappanno Hazar Borgomile (1994)  [http://worldcat.org/oclc/60043495 OCLC 60043495]
* Shob Kichu Bhenge Pore (1995)
* Manush Hishbe Amar Oporadhshomuho (1996)
* Jadukorer Mrittu (1996)
* Shuvobroto, Tar Shomporkito Shushomacher (1997)
* Rajnitibidgon (1998)
* Kobi Othoba Dondito Aupurush (1999)
* Nijer Shongge Nijer Jiboner Modhu (2000)
* Fali Fali Ko're Kata Chand (2001)
* Uponnashshonggroho-Ak (Collection of Novels, Vol.1) (2001)
* Sraboner Brishtite Roktojoba (2002)
* Uponnashshonggroho-Dui (Collection of Novels, Vol.2) (2001)
* Dosh Hazar Abong Aro Akti Dhorshon (2003)
* Pak Sar Jamin Saad Baad (2003) ISBN 984-401-769-6
* Ekti Khuner svapna (2004)

=== Criticism ===
* Rabindraprobondho/Rashtro O Shomajchinta (1973)
* Shamsur Rahman/Nishshonggo Sherpa (1983)
* Shilpokolar Bimanikikoron O Onnanno Probondho (1988)
* Bhasha-Andolon:Shahittik Potobhumi (1990)
* Naari (1992) (banned between November 19, 1995 and March 7, 2000)
* Protikkriashilotar Dirgho Chayar Niche (1992)
* Nibir Nilima (1992)
* Matal Torony (1992)
* Norokay Anonto Hritu (1992)
* Jolpai Ronger Andhokar (1992)
* Shimaboddhotar Shutro (1993)
* Adhar O Adhayo (1993)
* Amar Abishshash (1997)
* Parbotto Chattagram:Shobuj Paharer Bhetor Diye Probahito Hingshar Jhornadhara (1997)
* Nirbachito Probondho (1999)
* Mohabishsho (2000)
* Ditio Lingo (originated from Simone The Bevour) (2001)
* Amra Ki Ai Bangladesh Cheyechilam (2003)
*Amar Notun Jonmo (2005)ISBN 984-401-839-0

=== Linguistics ===
* Pronominalization in Bengali (1983)
* Bangla Bhashar Shotrumitro (1983)
* Bakkototto (1994)
* Bangla Bhasha Vol.1 (1984)
* Bangla Bhasha Vol.2 (1985)
* Tulonamulok O Oitihashik Bhashabiggan (1988)
* Arthobiggan (1999)

=== Teenage Literature ===
* Lal Neel Dipaboli Ba Bangla Shahitter Jiboni
* Fuler Gondhe Ghum Ashena (1985)
* Koto Nodi Shorobor Ba Bangla Bhashar Jiboni (1987)ISBN 984-401-017-9
* Abbuke Mone Pore (1989)ISBN 984-401-555-3
* Bukpokete Jonakipoka (1993)
* Amader Shohoray Akdol Debdut ( 1996)
* Andhokaray Gondhoraj (2003)

=== Others ===
* Humayun Azader Probochonguccho (1992)
* Shakkhatkar (1994)
* Attotayider Shonge Kothopokothon (1995)
* Bohumatrik Jotirmoy (1997)
* Rabindranath Thakurer Prothom Kobita ( 1997)
* Our Beautiful Bangladesh(2004)

== External links ==
*[http://www.bangladeshinovels.com/Humayun_Azad.htm A Critique on His Novels]
*[http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Zaman, Mustafa and Hussain, Ahmede (1 September 2004) "Humayun Azad: A Truncated Life" ''Star Weekend Magazine'' 4(11): p.1, The Daily Star, Dhaka] also at [http://web.archive.org/web/20040907033325/http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Internet Archive];
*[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA130022004?open&of=ENG-BGD Amnesty International's statement on the assassination attempt on Dr. Humayun Azad];
*[http://www.bangladeshinovels.com/Humayun_Azad.pdf A Bangla-language Critique on Humayun Azad]
*[http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/humayun_azad/Dharmanubhutir_Upakatha.pdf Dharmanubhutir Upakatha (A tale of religious sensitivity) - A Bangla article of Dr. Humayun Azad]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad, Humayun}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi writers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi linguists]]
[[Category:Bengali literature]]
[[Category:Bengali poetry]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Dhaka University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Dhaka University faculty]]

[[bn:হুমায়ুন আজাদ]]
[[fr:Humayun Azad]]

Humayun Azad

2009-12-07T19:13:26Z

Gallileo2k: unref cat, rm per BLP

{{Infobox Person
| image = 
| image_size = 150px |
| name = Humayun Azad
| caption = Humayun Azad
}}
'''Humayun Azad''' ([[Bangla]]: হুমায়ুন আজাদ) (Rarhi Khal, [[Dhaka]] [[Bangladesh]], [[28 April]], [[1947]] - [[Munich]], [[Germany]], [[11 August]], [[2004]]) was a prolific [[Bengali language|Bangladeshi]] [[author]] and [[scholar]]. He wrote more than seventy titles. He was widely known for his anti-establishment, anti-religion and anti-military voice and was reputed for caustic remarks.



== Professional and literary life ==
After graduating from the [[University of Dhaka]] in ''[[Bengali language|Bengali]]'' language and literature, Humayun Azad, in 1976, obtained his PhD in [[linguistics]] from the [[University of Edinburgh]]. He later served as a teacher of [[Bangla|Bengali]] Language and literature at the [[University of Dhaka]] and in his early career produced pioneering works on Bangla linguistics, notably [[Bangla|Bengali]] [[syntax]]. He was regarded as a leading linguist of the one-thousand-year-old Bangla (Bengali) language.

Towards the end of 1980s, he started to write newspaper column focusing on contemporary socio-political issues. His commentaries continued throughout the 1990s and were later published as books as they grew in numbers. Through his writings of 1990s, he established himself as a freethinker and appeared to be an [[agnostic]]. He openly criticized in his works [[religious extremism]], as well as [[Islam]], the major religion in Bangladesh.

Professor Azad published the first comprehensive feminist book in [[Bangla|Bengali]] on the subject of women titled ''Naari'' (Bangla for 'Woman') in 1992. Largely akin to [[The Second Sex]] by [[Simone de Beauvoir]] in contents and ideas, ''Naari'' became a best-seller and earned Humayun Azad popularity as an author. In this work Azad painstakingly compiled the feminist ideas of the West that underlie the feminist contributions of the subcontinent's socio-political reformers and drew attention to the anti-women attitude of some acclaimed [[Bengali writers]] including [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. The work, critical of the patriarchal and male-chauvinistic attitude of religion towards women, attracted negative reaction from the conservatives. The [[Government of Bangladesh]] banned the book in 1995. The ban was eventually lifted in 2000, following a legal battle that Humayun Azad won in the High Court of the country.

== Assassination attempt ==
Azad had been fearing for his life ever since excerpts of his new novel, ''Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad'' (Pakistan's national anthem; Blessed be the Sacred Land) was first published in the Daily Ittefaq's Eid supplement in 2003. In that write-up he tried to expose the politics and ideology of Islamic fundamentalists of Bangladesh. After that book published he started receiving various threats from the fundamentalists. In an email to [[Mukto-mona]], an independent website, where he was then a member, Azad wrote, "The Ittefaq published a novel by me named Pak Sar Zamin Shaad Baad in its Eid issue in December 3. It deals with the condition of Bangladesh for the last two years. Now the (religious) fundamentalists are bringing out regular processions against me, demanding exemplary punishment. The attached two files with this letter will help you understand"<ref>[http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/humayun_azad/truncated_life_Dstar.htm Humayun Azad - A Truncated Life by Mustafa Zaman And Ahmede Hussain]</ref>,<ref>[http://mukto-mona.com/banga_blog/?p=2121 মুক্তমনা সম্পাদকের স্মৃতিতে হুমায়ুন আজাদ]</ref>.

On [[February 27]], [[2004]], he became the victim of a vicious [[assassination]] attempt by assailants near the campus of the [[University of Dhaka]] during [[Bangla Academy]] book fair. A week prior to Dr Azad's assault, Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, one of the renouned religious leaders of bangladesh demanded, in the parliament, that Dr Azad's political satire ''Pak Sar Jamin Sad Bad'' be banned and demanded the introduction of the Blasphemy Act on the author <ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Daily Star Cover Story]</ref>.
Even though in 2006 the commander of Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB) admitted to the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) interrogators that his operatives carried out the attacks on writer Humayun Azad and another teacher of Rajshahi University in 2004 <ref>[http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/06/05/d6060501128.htm Daily Star news: JMB killed Humayun Azad, Rajshahi University teacher Prof Yunus, and another writer in Tangail]</ref>, the official position of Azad's attempt of assasination is still 'unidentified'.

=== Death ===
On [[August 11]], [[2004]], Professor Azad died in his apartment in [[Munich]], [[Germany]], where he had moved just a week prior to conducting research on the nineteenth century German romantic poet [[Heinrich Heine]]. His body was brought home and he was laid to eternal rest in Rarhikhal, his rural homeland.

== Literary Achievements ==
Literary career of Humayun Azad started with poetry. However, his poems did not show any notable poetic fervour. On the other hand his literary essays, particularly those based on original research, carried significant value.

He earned reputation as a newspaper columnist towards the end of 1980s. These were merciless attacks on social and political injustice, hypocrisy and corruption. He was uncowed in protesting military rule. His collected his critical remarks in a book styled ''Humayun Azader Probochonguccho'' which is apparently an influence of Flaubert's ''Dictionary of Accepted Ideas'' .

Publication of ''Naari'', a feminist work on woman, earned him general popularity and paved way for establishing himself in the literary world of Bangladesh. He started to write novels in 1990s which sold well. His writings show deep sense of hatred for politicians, military and the Islamists. In fiction he profusely used erotic themes which quickly appealed to the younger generation.

Nevertheless, his prose shows a well-knit and compact style of his own. His formation of sentence, choice of words and syntax are very characteristic of him. Although he often fell victim to the temptation of using fiction as a vehicle of conspicuous political and philosophical message, he distinguished himself with his catachrestic style and diction.

=== Awards ===
* [[Bangla Academy Award]]

== Quotations ==
* "Knowledge never springs from faith. It springs from doubt."
* "Nothing is more pleasurable than power."
* "Don't mention [[Taslima Nasrin]] to me - I may contract syphilis."
* "I didn't find more than five Bengalies, namely, Professor [[Abdur Razzaq]], [[Ahmad Sharif]], Shawkat Osman, poet [[Shamsur Rahman]] and painter [[Quamrul Hassan]] who deserved to be interviewed by me".
* "I have never referred [[Sheikh Mujib]] as ''Bangabandhu''. I have no idol."
* "[[Bengali Mussalmans]] are a bizarre nation. Dictators can spell them with wonders."
* "The sublime constitution of Bangladesh was slaughtered within one hour" (referring to the enactment of the 4th Amendment of the [[Bangladesh Constitution]] by the Parliament under the leadership of Sheikh Mujib, on 25 January 1975.
* "Not a single atheist is corrupt, but all religious men are corrupt".
* "President [[Ershad]] added many new dimensions to military dictatorship ; He made military dictatorship multi-dimensional".
* “The concept of (Father of the Nation) is objectionable to me (referring to Sheikh Mujib being called the Father of the Nation of Bangladesh established in 1971).

== Bibliography ==
=== Poetry ===
* Aloukik Ishtimar (1973)
* Jolo Chitabagh (1980)
* Shob Kichu Noshtoder Odhikare Jabe (1985)
* Jotoi Gobhire Jai Modhu Jotoi Uporay Jai Neel (1987)
* Ami Bachay Chilam Onnoder Shomoy (1990)
* Humayun Azader Shreshtho Kobita (1993)
* Adhunik Bangla Kobita (1994)
* Kafone Mora Osrubindu (1998)
* Kabya Shonggroho (1998)
* Chosha boi (1999)

=== Fictions ===
* Chappanno Hazar Borgomile (1994)  [http://worldcat.org/oclc/60043495 OCLC 60043495]
* Shob Kichu Bhenge Pore (1995)
* Manush Hishbe Amar Oporadhshomuho (1996)
* Jadukorer Mrittu (1996)
* Shuvobroto, Tar Shomporkito Shushomacher (1997)
* Rajnitibidgon (1998)
* Kobi Othoba Dondito Aupurush (1999)
* Nijer Shongge Nijer Jiboner Modhu (2000)
* Fali Fali Ko're Kata Chand (2001)
* Uponnashshonggroho-Ak (Collection of Novels, Vol.1) (2001)
* Sraboner Brishtite Roktojoba (2002)
* Uponnashshonggroho-Dui (Collection of Novels, Vol.2) (2001)
* Dosh Hazar Abong Aro Akti Dhorshon (2003)
* Pak Sar Jamin Saad Baad (2003) ISBN 984-401-769-6
* Ekti Khuner svapna (2004)

=== Criticism ===
* Rabindraprobondho/Rashtro O Shomajchinta (1973)
* Shamsur Rahman/Nishshonggo Sherpa (1983)
* Shilpokolar Bimanikikoron O Onnanno Probondho (1988)
* Bhasha-Andolon:Shahittik Potobhumi (1990)
* Naari (1992) (banned between November 19, 1995 and March 7, 2000)
* Protikkriashilotar Dirgho Chayar Niche (1992)
* Nibir Nilima (1992)
* Matal Torony (1992)
* Norokay Anonto Hritu (1992)
* Jolpai Ronger Andhokar (1992)
* Shimaboddhotar Shutro (1993)
* Adhar O Adhayo (1993)
* Amar Abishshash (1997)
* Parbotto Chattagram:Shobuj Paharer Bhetor Diye Probahito Hingshar Jhornadhara (1997)
* Nirbachito Probondho (1999)
* Mohabishsho (2000)
* Ditio Lingo (originated from Simone The Bevour) (2001)
* Amra Ki Ai Bangladesh Cheyechilam (2003)
*Amar Notun Jonmo (2005)ISBN 984-401-839-0

=== Linguistics ===
* Pronominalization in Bengali (1983)
* Bangla Bhashar Shotrumitro (1983)
* Bakkototto (1994)
* Bangla Bhasha Vol.1 (1984)
* Bangla Bhasha Vol.2 (1985)
* Tulonamulok O Oitihashik Bhashabiggan (1988)
* Arthobiggan (1999)

=== Teenage Literature ===
* Lal Neel Dipaboli Ba Bangla Shahitter Jiboni
* Fuler Gondhe Ghum Ashena (1985)
* Koto Nodi Shorobor Ba Bangla Bhashar Jiboni (1987)ISBN 984-401-017-9
* Abbuke Mone Pore (1989)ISBN 984-401-555-3
* Bukpokete Jonakipoka (1993)
* Amader Shohoray Akdol Debdut ( 1996)
* Andhokaray Gondhoraj (2003)

=== Others ===
* Humayun Azader Probochonguccho (1992)
* Shakkhatkar (1994)
* Attotayider Shonge Kothopokothon (1995)
* Bohumatrik Jotirmoy (1997)
* Rabindranath Thakurer Prothom Kobita ( 1997)
* Our Beautiful Bangladesh(2004)

== External links ==
*[http://www.bangladeshinovels.com/Humayun_Azad.htm A Critique on His Novels]
*[http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Zaman, Mustafa and Hussain, Ahmede (1 September 2004) "Humayun Azad: A Truncated Life" ''Star Weekend Magazine'' 4(11): p.1, The Daily Star, Dhaka] also at [http://web.archive.org/web/20040907033325/http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Internet Archive];
*[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA130022004?open&of=ENG-BGD Amnesty International's statement on the assassination attempt on Dr. Humayun Azad];
*[http://www.bangladeshinovels.com/Humayun_Azad.pdf A Bangla-language Critique on Humayun Azad]
*[http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/humayun_azad/Dharmanubhutir_Upakatha.pdf Dharmanubhutir Upakatha (A tale of religious sensitivity) - A Bangla article of Dr. Humayun Azad]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azad, Humayun}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi writers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi linguists]]
[[Category:Bengali literature]]
[[Category:Bengali poetry]]

[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]

[[Category:Converts to atheism from Islam]]
[[Category:Dhaka University faculty]]

[[bn:হুমায়ুন আজাদ]]
[[fr:Humayun Azad]]

Labeo rohita

2009-08-12T00:29:59Z

Gallileo2k: +img

{{Taxobox | name = Rohu
| image = Labeo rohita.JPG
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Cypriniformes]]
| familia = [[Cyprinidae]]
| genus = ''[[Labeo]]''
| species = '''''L. rohita'''''
| binomial = ''Labeo rohita''
| binomial_authority = [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Hamilton]], 1822
}}

'''Rohu''' (''Labeo rohita'') is a fish of the carp family [[Cyprinidae]], found commonly in rivers and freshwater lakes in and around [[South Asia]] and [[South-East Asia]]. It is a herbivore. It is treated as a delicacy on Orissa, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. In fact, the Kayastha community of Uttar Pradesh treats it as one of their most sacred foods:to be eaten on all auspicious occasions. In Hindi it is called Rehu. (Rawas is the Indian Salmon, which is quite different) It is called ''rohi'' in [[Oriya language|Oriya]], ''rui'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], ''rou'' in [[Assamese language|Ôxômiya]] and is popular in [[Thailand]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]] as well as the regions of [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]], [[Orissa]], [[Konkan]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] in [[India]]. It is a non-oily/white fish.

[[File:Fried Rohu in Bangladesh.jpg|right|thumb|Fried Rohu dish, [[Bangladesh]].]]
The [[Roe (egg)|roe]] of rohu is also considered as a delicacy by [[Oriyas]] and [[Bengalis]]. It is deep fried and served hot as an appetizer as part of an Oriya and Bengali meal. It is also stuffed inside [[pointed gourd]] to make ''potoler dolma'' which is a delicacy often prepared to satisfy the palate of the discerning guest. Rohu is also served deep fried in [[mustard oil]], as ''kalia'' which is a rich gravy made of concoction of spices and deeply browned onions and ''tok '', where the fish is cooked in a flavorful and tangy sauce made of [[tamarind]] and mustard. Rohu is also very popular in Northern India such as in the province of Punjab. It is a specialty of Lahori cuisine in Lahori fried fish where it is prepared with batter and spices. It is also a very popular food fish in [[Iraq]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}.

==Biology==

During the early stages of its lifecycle, it eats mainly [[zooplankton]], but as it grows, it eats more and more [[phytoplankton]], and as a juvenile or adult is a herbivorous column feeder, eating mainly phytoplankton and submerged vegetation. It has modified, thin hair-like [[gill rakers]], suggesting that it feeds by sieving the water.

It is diurnal and generally solitary. It reaches sexual maturity between two and five years. In nature, it spawns in the marginal areas of flooded rivers. When cultured, it does not breed in [[lentic]] environments, so [[induced spawning]] becomes necessary.

==References==
* {{ITIS|ID=163681|taxon=Labeo rohita|year=2006|date=30 January}}
*{{FishBase species|genus=Labeo|species=rohita|year=2005|month=November}}

[[Category:Labeo]]
[[Category:Appetizers]]
[[Category:Fish of Pakistan]]

[[bn:রুই]]
[[ca:Labeo rohita]]
[[fr:Labeo rohita]]
[[hi:रोहू मछली]]
[[it:Labeo rohita]]
[[nl:Rohu]]

Huma Abedin

2009-08-08T02:05:41Z

Gallileo2k: not a spouse (yet)

[[File:Hillary Clinton and Huma Abedin 1a.jpg|thumb|right|Abedin (left) with Hillary Clinton, August 2008.]]
'''Huma M. Abedin''' (born 1976) is an [[aide]] to [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]<ref name="mysterywoman">{{cite news
| last =Morgan
| first =Spencer
| title =Hillary's Mystery Woman: Who is Huma?
| work =[[The New York Observer]]
| date =[[2007-04-01]]
| url =http://www.observer.com/node/37040
| accessdate = 2007-07-12 }}</ref> who served as traveling chief of staff and "[[body man|body woman]]" during [[Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008|Clinton's campaign]] for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nomination in the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]].<ref>[http://niralimagazine.com/2007/08/hillarys-handler-huma-abedin/ Nirali Magazine | Hillary’s Handler: Huma Abedin]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/22/fashion/22candidates.html Campaign Chic: Not Too Cool, Never Ever Hot]</ref>

Abedin was born in [[Kalamazoo, Michigan|Kalamazoo]], [[Michigan]]. Her [[India]]n born father was a [[Muslim]] and Middle Eastern scholar who died when she was 17 years old, and her [[Pakistan]]i born mother is a professor in [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="mysterywoman"/> At the age of two, her family relocated to [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia. Abedin returned to the United States to attend [[George Washington University]]. She was elected to serve as President of the Pakistani Student Association at GW for the 1995-96 term, and with her Vice President, MS student Abbas Zaidi, lobbied in favor of the Pressler Amendment at Capitol Hill in the late summer of 1995.

Huma Abedin began working as an intern for the White House in 1996 and landed an assignment with the [[First Lady]]. She has since risen to the role of Hillary Clinton's right-hand woman. She currently works for Clinton at the [[United States Department of State|State Department]].<ref>http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0209/18642.html</ref>

She is currently engaged to Rep. [[Anthony Weiner]].<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2008/05/28/2008-05-28_yes_im_hot_for_hillary_clintons_body_wom.html Yes, I'm hot for Hillary Clinton's 'body woman,' Congressman Weiner admits]</ref>

==References==
{{Commonscat|Huma Abedin}}
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abedin, Huma}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Americans of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Pakistani Americans]]
[[Category:People from Kalamazoo, Michigan]]
[[Category:George Washington University alumni]]

{{US-poli-bio-stub}}

[[pt:Huma Abedin]]

India (Hauskatze)

2009-02-18T06:12:24Z

Gallileo2k: Undid revision 271518381 by WWGB (talk) I think the consensus in the talk page was for merge. I'll do it tomorrow

{{Mergewith|George W. Bush|date=February 2008}}
{{Mergewith|List of United States Presidential pets|date=October 2008}}
:''This article is about India, the cat. For other uses, see [[India (disambiguation)]].''
[[Image:IndioCat.jpg|right|thumb|200px|India.]]

'''India "Willie" Bush''' (c. 1990 – January 4, 2009) was a [[black cat]] owned by former [[U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] and [[First Lady]] [[Laura Bush]]. She lived with the Bush family for almost two decades.

The Bushes acquired India, an all black, female [[American Shorthair]],<ref name=upi> {{cite news |first=|last=|title='First Feline' India dead at 18 |url=http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2009/01/05/First_Feline_India_dead_at_18/UPI-86721231179731/ |work=[[United Press International]]|publisher=|date=2009-01-05 |accessdate=2009-01-07}}</ref> as a kitten in late 1991 or 1992 when twin daughters [[Barbara Pierce Bush|Barbara]] and [[Jenna Bush]] were 9. India remained with George and Laura Bush once their daughters left for college.<ref name=hc/> The cat moved with the Bushes to the [[White House]] from the [[Texas Governor's Mansion]] in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] in early 2001 following the inauguration of George W. Bush as president.<ref name=hc/>

There was some controversy reported in [[India]] as several people were upset with the cat's name. In the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]], for example, 101 dogs were reportedly renamed 'Bush' in protest to President Bush's cat being called India.<ref>Bush’s cat India provokes anger. (2004, July, 03). Deccan Herald. </ref> In July 2004, demonstrators in the southern Keralian city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] denounced the cat's name as an insult to the nation of [[India]] and even burned an [[effigy]] of President Bush in protest.<ref name=hc> {{cite news |first=Rick|last=Dunham|title=Dogs overshadow death of Bush family's cat |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/headline/features/6197327.html |work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|publisher=|date=2009-01-06 |accessdate=2009-01-07}}</ref> The Bushes did not change the cat's name in response to the demonstrations.<ref name=hc/>

In actuality, the cat is not named for the country of [[India]], yet rather for [[baseball]] player [[Rubén Sierra]] who was nicknamed "[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|El Indio]]", during his time with the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] when Bush owned the team.<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/india/ India's Official Biography]</ref> The name had reportedly been given to the family cat by daughter, [[Barbara Bush (daughter)|Barbara Bush]].<ref name=hc/>

Despite living at the White House with the First Family, India had been largely overshadowed in the media by two of the Bushes' more famous [[Scottish terrier]]s, [[Barney (dog)|Barney]] and [[Miss Beazley (dog)|Miss Beazley]]. However, she's seen in the Barneycam videos produced by the White House staff around Christmastime, her first being ''Where in the White House is Miss Beazley?'', where she was referred to as "Willie."<ref name=upi/> The dogs received significantly more media attention from the [[White House press corps]] during the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush presidency]].<ref name=hc/>

India died at the White House on January 4, 2009, at the age of 18.<ref name=cbs> {{cite news |first=Mark|last=Knoller|title=Death Of A White House Underdog: The Cat |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/01/05/couricandco/entry4700465.shtml |work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=|date=2009-01-05 |accessdate=2009-01-07}}</ref><ref>Gillman, Todd J., [http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/pets/stories/010608dnmetfirstpet.3e6aaec3.html Bush family cat dies at White House] [[Dallas Morning News]], 2009-01-05, retrieved 2009-01-05</ref> In a [[press release|statement]] to the press regarding India's death, [[Sally McDonough]], a spokesperson for First Lady Laura Bush, noted that the family was "deeply saddened" by their cat's death.<ref name=upi/> An excerpt of the statement released to the press stated, "India was a beloved member of the Bush family for almost two decades. She will be greatly missed."<ref name=upi/>

==See also==

*[[List of United States Presidential pets]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
The Bush family cat makes an appearance on p. 153 of the March 2008 ''[[Architectural Digest]]'', as "Willie", in the [[White House]]'s [[East Sitting Hall]].

==External links==
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/india/ Official Biography at WhiteHouse.gov]
* [http://www.presidentialpetmuseum.com/Pets/India.htm India at the Presidential Pet Museum]

{{George W. Bush}}

[[Category:2009 animal deaths]]
[[Category:George W. Bush]]
[[Category:Famous cats]]
[[Category:United States Presidential pets]]

{{cat-stub}}

[[ar:إنديا]]
[[fr:India (chat)]]
[[pt:India (gato)]]

Huma Abedin

2009-01-30T05:25:57Z

Gallileo2k: notable?

{{notability}}
[[File:Hillary Clinton and Huma Abedin 1a.jpg|thumb|right|Abedin (left) with Hillary Clinton, August 2008.]]
'''Huma M. Abedin''' is an [[aide]] to [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]<ref name="mysterywoman">{{cite news
| last =Morgan
| first =Spencer
| title =Hillary's Mystery Woman: Who is Huma?
| work =[[The New York Observer]]
| date =[[2007-04-01]]
| url =http://www.observer.com/node/37040
| accessdate = 2007-07-12 }}</ref> who served as traveling chief of staff and "[[body man|body woman]]" during [[Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008|Clinton's campaign]] for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nomination in the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]].<ref>[http://niralimagazine.com/2007/08/hillarys-handler-huma-abedin/ Nirali Magazine | Hillary’s Handler: Huma Abedin]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/22/fashion/22candidates.html Campaign Chic: Not Too Cool, Never Ever Hot]</ref>

Abedin was born in 1976 in [[Kalamazoo, Michigan|Kalamazoo]], [[Michigan]]. Her Indian born father was an [[Islam]]ic and Middle Eastern scholar who died when she was 17 years old, and her Pakistani born mother is a professor in [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="mysterywoman"/> At the age of two, her family relocated to [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]. Abedin returned to the United States to attend [[George Washington University]].

Huma Abedin began working as an intern for the White House in 1996 and landed an assignment with the [[First Lady]]. She has since risen to the role of Hillary Clinton's right-hand woman.

She is currently dating Rep. [[Anthony Weiner]].<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2008/05/28/2008-05-28_yes_im_hot_for_hillary_clintons_body_wom.html Yes, I'm hot for Hillary Clinton's 'body woman,' Congressman Weiner admits]</ref>

==References==
{{Commonscat|Huma Abedin}}
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abedin, Huma}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:Pakistani Americans]]
[[Category:People from Kalamazoo, Michigan]]

{{US-poli-bio-stub}}

[[pt:Huma Abedin]]

India (Hauskatze)

2009-01-11T23:17:16Z

Gallileo2k: Reverted edits by 24.188.204.121 (talk) to last version by GrouchoBot

{{Mergewith|George W. Bush|date=February 2008}}
{{Mergewith|List of United States Presidential pets|date=October 2008}}
:''This article is about India, the cat. For other uses, see [[India (disambiguation)]].''
[[Image:IndioCat.jpg|right|thumb|200px|India.]]

'''India "Willie" Bush''' (c. 1990 – January 4, 2009) was a [[black cat]] owned by [[U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] and [[First Lady]] [[Laura Bush]]. She lived with the Bush family for almost two decades.

The Bushes acquired India, an all black, female [[American Shorthair]],<ref name=upi> {{cite news |first=|last=|title='First Feline' India dead at 18 |url=http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2009/01/05/First_Feline_India_dead_at_18/UPI-86721231179731/ |work=[[United Press International]]|publisher=|date=2009-01-05 |accessdate=2009-01-07}}</ref> as a kitten in late 1991 or 1992 when twin daughters [[Barbara Pierce Bush|Barbara]] and [[Jenna Bush]] were 9. India remained with George and Laura Bush once their daughters left for college.<ref name=hc/> The cat moved with the Bushes to the [[White House]] from the [[Texas Governor's Mansion]] in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] in early 2001 following the inauguration of George W. Bush as president.<ref name=hc/>

There was some controversy reported in [[India]] as several people were upset with the cat's name. In the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]], for example, 101 dogs were reportedly renamed 'Bush' in protest to President Bush's cat being called India.<ref>Bush’s cat India provokes anger. (2004, July, 03). Deccan Herald. </ref> In July 2004, demonstrators in the southern Keralian city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] denounced the cat's name as an insult to the nation of [[India]] and even burned an [[effigy]] of President Bush in protest.<ref name=hc> {{cite news |first=Rick|last=Dunham|title=Dogs overshadow death of Bush family's cat |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/headline/features/6197327.html |work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|publisher=|date=2009-01-06 |accessdate=2009-01-07}}</ref> The Bushes did not change the cat's name in response to the demonstrations.<ref name=hc/>

In actuality, the cat is not named for the country of [[India]], yet rather for [[baseball]] player [[Rubén Sierra]] who was nicknamed "[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|El Indio]]", during his time with the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] when Bush owned the team.<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/india/ India's Official Biography]</ref> The name had reportedly been given to the family cat by daughter, [[Barbara Bush (daughter)|Barbara Bush]].<ref name=hc/>

Despite living at the White House with the First Family, India had been largely overshadowed in the media by two of the Bushes' more famous [[Scottish terrier]]s, [[Barney (dog)|Barney]] and [[Miss Beazley (dog)|Miss Beazley]].<ref name=upi/> The dogs received significantly more media attention from the [[White House press corps]] during the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush presidency]].<ref name=hc/>

India died at the White House on January 4, 2009, at the age of 18.<ref name=cbs> {{cite news |first=Mark|last=Knoller|title=Death Of A White House Underdog: The Cat |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/01/05/couricandco/entry4700465.shtml |work=[[CBS News]]|publisher=|date=2009-01-05 |accessdate=2009-01-07}}</ref><ref>Gillman, Todd J., [http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/pets/stories/010608dnmetfirstpet.3e6aaec3.html Bush family cat dies at White House] [[Dallas Morning News]], 2009-01-05, retrieved 2009-01-05</ref> In a [[press release|statement]] to the press regarding India's death, [[Sally McDonough]], a spokesperson for First Lady Laura Bush, noted that the family was "deeply saddened" by their cat's death.<ref name=upi/> An excerpt of the statement released to the press stated, "India was a beloved member of the Bush family for almost two decades. She will be greatly missed."<ref name=upi/>

==See also==

*[[List of United States Presidential pets]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
The Bush family cat makes an appearance on p. 153 of the March 2008 ''[[Architectural Digest]]'', as "Willie", in the [[White House]]'s [[East Sitting Hall]].

==External links==
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/india/ Official Biography at WhiteHouse.gov]
* [http://www.presidentialpetmuseum.com/Pets/India.htm India at the Presidential Pet Museum]

{{George W. Bush}}

[[Category:2009 animal deaths]]
[[Category:George W. Bush]]
[[Category:Famous cats]]
[[Category:United States Presidential pets]]

{{cat-stub}}

[[ar:إنديا]]
[[pt:India (gato)]]
[[ru:Индия (кошка)]]

India (Hauskatze)

2009-01-06T23:11:46Z

Gallileo2k: Reverted edits by 72.192.248.149 (talk) to last version by Qwghlm

{{Current|date=January 2009}}
{{Mergewith|George W. Bush|date=February 2008}}
{{Mergewith|List of United States Presidential pets|date=October 2008}}
:''This article is about India, the cat. For other uses, see [[India (disambiguation)]].''
[[Image:IndioCat.jpg|right]]
'''India "Willie" Bush''' (c. 1990 – January 4, 2009) was US President's [[George W. Bush]] and [[Laura Bush]]'s [[black cat]]. She lived with the Bush family for almost two decades.

There was some controversy reported in [[India]] as several people were upset with the cat's name. In the southern Indian state of Kerala, for example, 101 dogs were reportedly renamed 'Bush' in protest to President Bush's cat being called India.<ref>Bush’s cat India provokes anger. (2004, July, 03). Deccan Herald. </ref>

In actuality, the cat is not named for the country of [[India]], yet rather for [[baseball]] player [[Rubén Sierra]] who was nicknamed "[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|El Indio]]", during his time with the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] when Bush owned the team.<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/india/ India's Official Biography]</ref>

The Bushes acquired India as a kitten in late 1991 or 1992 when twin daughters [[Barbara Pierce Bush|Barbara]] and [[Jenna Bush]] were 9. She died on January 4, 2009, at the age of 18.<ref>Gillman, Todd J., [http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/pets/stories/010608dnmetfirstpet.3e6aaec3.html Bush family cat dies at White House] [[Dallas Morning News]], 2009-01-05, retrieved 2009-01-05</ref>

==See also==

*[[List of United States Presidential pets]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
The Bush family cat makes an appearance on p. 153 of the March 2008 ''[[Architectural Digest]]'', as "Willie", in the [[White House]]'s [[East Sitting Hall]].

==External links==
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/india/ Official Biography at WhiteHouse.gov]
* [http://www.presidentialpetmuseum.com/Pets/India.htm India at the Presidential Pet Museum]

{{George W. Bush}}

[[Category:2009 animal deaths]]
[[Category:George W. Bush]]
[[Category:Famous cats]]
[[Category:United States Presidential pets]]

{{cat-stub}}

[[ar:إنديا]]
[[ru:Индия (кошка)]]

India (Hauskatze)

2009-01-06T03:34:45Z

Gallileo2k: Reverted edits by 216.151.18.124 (talk) to last version by Davidwr

{{Current|date=January 2009}}
{{Mergewith|George W. Bush|date=February 2008}}
{{Mergewith|List of United States Presidential pets|date=October 2008}}
:''This article is about India, the cat. For other uses, see [[India (disambiguation)]].''
[[Image:IndioCat.jpg|right]]
'''India "Willie" Bush''' (c. 1990 – January 4, 2009) was US President's [[George W. Bush]] and [[Laura Bush]]'s [[black cat]]. She lived with the Bush family for almost two decades.

There was some controversy reported in [[India]] as several people were upset with the cat's name. In the southern Indian state of Kerala, for example, 101 dogs were reportedly renamed 'Bush' in protest to President Bush's cat being called India.<ref>Bush’s cat India provokes anger. (2004, July, 03). Deccan Herald. </ref>

In actuality, the cat is not named for the country of [[India]], yet rather for [[baseball]] player [[Ruben Sierra]] who was nicknamed "El Indio", during his time with the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] when Bush owned the team.<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/india/ India's Official Biography]</ref>

The Bushes acquired India as a kitten in late 1991 or 1992 when twin daughters [[Barbara Pierce Bush|Barbara]] and [[Jenna Bush]] were 9. She died on January 4, 2009 at the age of 18.<ref>Gillman, Todd J., [http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/pets/stories/010608dnmetfirstpet.3e6aaec3.html Bush family cat dies at White House] [[Dallas Morning News]], 2009-01-05, retrieved 2009-01-05</ref>

==See also==

*[[List of United States Presidential pets]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
The Bush family cat makes an appearance on p. 153 of the March 2008 ''[[Architectural Digest]]'', as "Willie", in the [[White House]]'s [[East Sitting Hall]].

==External links==
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/india/ Official Biography at WhiteHouse.gov]
* [http://www.presidentialpetmuseum.com/Pets/India.htm India at the Presidential Pet Museum]

{{George W. Bush}}

[[Category:2009 animal deaths]]
[[Category:George W. Bush]]
[[Category:Famous cats]]
[[Category:United States Presidential pets]]

{{cat-stub}}

[[ar:إنديا]]
[[ru:Индия (кошка)]]

India (Hauskatze)

2008-09-26T07:58:22Z

Gallileo2k: Undid revision 240867047 by 203.187.131.65 (talk) the proposal stands

{{Mergewith|George W. Bush|date=February 2008}}
:''This article is about India, the cat. For other uses, see [[India (disambiguation)]].''
[[Image:IndioCat.jpg|right]]
'''India "Willie" Bush''' is US President's [[George W. Bush]] and [[Laura Bush]]'s [[black cat]]. She has lived with the Bush family for more than ten years.

There was some controversy reported in [[India]] as several people were upset with the cat's name. In the southern Indian state of Kerala, for example, 101 dogs were reportedly renamed 'Bush' in protest to President Bush's cat being called India.<ref>Bush’s cat India provokes anger. (2004, July, 03). Deccan Herald. </ref>

In actuality, the cat is not named for the country of [[India]], yet rather for [[baseball]] player [[Ruben Sierra]] who was nicknamed "El Indio", during his time with the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)|Texas Rangers]] when Bush owned the team.<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/india/ India's Official Biography]</ref>

==See also==

*[[List of United States Presidential pets]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
The Bush family cat makes an appearance on p. 153 of the March 2008 ''[[Architectural Digest]]'', as "Willie", in the [[White House]]'s East Sitting Hall.

==External links==
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/india/ Official Biography at WhiteHouse.gov]
* [http://www.presidentialpetmuseum.com/Pets/India.htm India at the Presidential Pet Museum]

{{George W. Bush}}

[[Category:Persons connected to George W. Bush]]
[[Category:Famous cats]]
[[Category:United States Presidential pets]]

[[ar:إنديا]]

Shamsur Rahman

2008-08-24T07:22:24Z

Gallileo2k: Shamsur Rahman

[[Image:Shamsur Rahman.jpg|right|thumb|Shamsur Rahman]]
'''Shamsur Rahman''' ([[Bengalische Sprache|bengalisch]]: <big>শামসুর রাহমান</big>, {{IAST|Śāmsur Rāhmān}}; * [[24. Oktober]] [[1929]] in [[Dhaka]]; † [[17. August]] [[2006]] ebenda) war ein [[bangladesch]]ischer [[Dichter]], [[Journalist]] und Bürgerrechtler.

== Leben ==

Shamsur Rahman wurde als viertes von 13 Kindern geboren. Er begann mit 18 Jahren zu schreiben, nachdem er vom College in [[Dhaka]] abging. Rahman studierte [[Englische Literatur]] an der [[University of Dhaka]] und erwarb dort [[1953]] seinen [[Bachelor]]- und [[Master]]-Abschluss. Er hatte eine lange Karriere als Journalist und war Redakteur bei der Tageszeitung ''Dainik Bangla'' und der Wochenzeitung ''Bichitra''. Auf den politisch aktiven Intellektuellen wurde im Jahre 1999 von Anhängern der Terrorgruppe "[[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]]" (HuJI) ein Mordanschlag verübt.

Rahman schrieb mehr als 60 [[Poesie|Poesien]] in [[Bengalische Sprache|bengalischer Sprache]] und war einer der bedeutendsten Autoren in der bangladeschischen Literatur seiner Zeit. Einige seiner Werke wurden ins Englische übersetzt, wie beispielsweise “The Best Poems of Shamsur Rahman” (2005 in New Delhi) und “The Devotee, the Combatant: Selected Poems of Shamsur Rahman” (2000 in Dhaka).

Er starb an den Folgen eines Nieren- und Leberversagens.

== Werke (Auswahl) ==

*''Hariner Har''
*''Upanyasamagra''
*''Noyonar Uddeshe Golap''
*''Ikaruser Akash''
*''Niraloke Dibyarath''
*''Gorastane Kokiler Karun Ahban''
*''Kabitasamagra'' (2 Bände)

== Auszeichnungen ==

*''Bangla Academy Award'' ([[1969]])
*''Ekushey Padak'' ([[1977]])
*''Swadhinata Dibosh Award'' ([[1991]])

== Werke ==

Rahmans berühmtestes Werk ist wohl, das [[1971]], während des [[Bangladesch-Krieg|Unabhängigkeitskrieges in Bangladesch]], entstandene Gedicht: ''Swadhinata tumi'' (স্বাধীনতা তুমি, wörtlich: ''Unabhängigkeit, du'').

<big>'''স্বাধীনতা তুমি'''<br>
''স্বাধীনতা তুমি রবি ঠাকুরের অজর কবিতা, অবিনাশী গান''<br>
''স্বাধীনতা তুমি কাজী নজরুল, ঝাকড়া চুলের বাবরি দোলানো মহান পুরুষ''<br>
''সৃষ্টি সুখের উল্লাশে কাঁপা''<br>
</big>
<hr>

'''Swadhinata tumi'''<br>
''Swadhinata tumi [[Rabindranath Thakur|Rabi Thakur]]er ajar kabita, abinashi gan''<br>
''Swadhinata tumi [[Kazi Nazrul Islam|Kazi Nazrul]], jhakra chuler babri dolano mahan purush''<br>
''srishti-sukher ullashe kanpa''

== Weblinks ==

*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5260442.stm BBC News: ''Legendary Bangladeshi poet dies'' (engl.)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Shamsur}}
[[Kategorie:Mann]]
[[Kategorie:Bangladescher]]
[[Kategorie:Autor]]
[[Kategorie:Journalist]]
[[Kategorie:Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Literatur (Bengalisch)]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1929]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 2006]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Rahman, Shamsur
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=bangladeschischer Poet, Journalist und Bürgerrechtler
|GEBURTSDATUM=24. Oktober 1929
|GEBURTSORT=[[Dhaka]]
|STERBEDATUM=17. August 2006
|STERBEORT=[[Dhaka]]
}}

[[bn:শামসুর রাহমান]]
[[en:Shamsur Rahman]]
[[es:Shamsur Rahman]]

Hafen Chittagong

2008-07-10T19:33:06Z

Gallileo2k: Reverted edits by 71.107.66.33 (talk) to last version by CanisRufus

[[Image:PORT CTG TAZMEEM.JPG|right|thumb|Port of Chittagong]]
The '''Port of Chittagong''' is the largest seaport in [[Bangladesh]], located by the estuary of the [[Karnaphuli River]] in Patenga, near the city of [[Chittagong]]. It is a deepwater seaport dominated by trade in containerised manufactured products (especially ready made garments), raw materials and to a lesser extent passengers. It is one of the two main sea port of Bangladesh - most of the export and import of the country are handled via this port.
Window berthing system was introduced at the seaport on August 6 2007, enabling the sea port to provide the arrival and departure times of all ships. Two berths at the port terminal are kept in reserve for emergency. In 2006 the port handled 27 million tonnes of cargo and 0.8 million tonnes of containers <ref name="cpastat">{{cite web| url=http://www.cpa.gov.bd/statistical_info.html| title=cpastat}}</ref>.

==Early History==
The history of Chittagong port dates back to the fourth century B.C. Malayan history chronicles the journey of the sailor Buddha Gupta from Chittagong to Malaya in the 4th century B.C. <ref name="cpa">{{cite web| url=http://www.cpa.gov.bd/history.html| title=cpa}}</ref> The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea documents the existence of Chittagong port in the ancient times. Chittagong derives its name from the Arabic word Shetgang (Shet means delta and Gang the river). The Arab traders considered Chittagong to be the delta of the Ganges.

Chittagong port has been mentioned in the works of Ptolemy, Fa-hien, Hieu-en tsng, lbn Battuta. This was an important port used by the traders from the Middle East, China, Turkey, Europe to trade with this part of the world.

During the 9th century the activities of the port increased tremendously as the Arab traders started using the port as their base port. They used to call the port "Samunda". The port was under their control at the time.

The 16th century saw the arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]. Joaoda Silveria was the first Portuguese Captain to reach the port. He arrived with his ship “LOPO SOANA” in 1517. The Portuguese named the Port PORTE GRANDE (a great Port ). The records show that the Porte Grande offered easy access and safe anchorage to ships of 20 feet draught.

It remained a port during Moghul time. Later in early 19th century the British took control of the Chittagong port.The port of Chittagong became a natural outlet for the Northeastern regions of the then British-India that led to the enactment of Port Commissioner’s Act of 1887.
At that time the facilities of the port consisted of five wooden and one pontoon jetties. In the year 1889-90 the port handled exports totalling 1.25 lac tons <ref name="dailystar">{{cite web| url=http://thedailystar.net/2005/07/01/d507011902101.htm| title=dailystar}}</ref>.

==Facilities==

For Ocean-Going Vessels:
General Cargo Berths ----------------- 12
Container Berths --------------------- 8

Specialised Berths for Bulk handling:
Dolphin Oil Jetty (For POL) ---------- 1
Grain Silo Jetty --------------------- 1
Cement Clinker Jetty ----------------- 1
TSP Jetty ---------------------------- 1
CUFL Jetty --------------------------- 1
KAFCO Urea Jetty --------------------- 1
Ammonia Jetty ------------------------ 1
Repair Berths
Dry Dock Jetty ----------------------- 2
Mooring Berths
River Mooring ------------------------ 10

For Inland Coasters & Vesssels:
Jetty Berths (For (POL) -------------- 1
Concrete Berth (For Grain Handling) -- 1
Pontoon Berths (For POL) ------------- 3
Pontoon Berths (For Cement) ---------- 1
Single Point Mooring ----------------- 10

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/C_0219.htm Article on Chittagong Port], [[Banglapedia]]
*[http://www.cpa.gov.bd/ Chittagong Port Authority Website]

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Bangladesh|Chittagong|Seaports]]

[[bn:চট্টগ্রাম বন্দর]]
[[hi:चटगांव बंदरगाह]]

Verfassung der Islamischen Republik Pakistan

2008-05-09T20:17:33Z

Gallileo2k: Reverted edits by Misaq Rabab (talk) to last version by UnknownForEver

{{Politics of Pakistan}}
The '''Constituion of Pakistan''' ([[Urdu]]: آئین پاکستان ) is the supreme law of Pakistan. There have been several documents known as the Constitution of Pakistan. The Constitution of 1973 is the existing constitution, which provides for a [[parliamentary system]] with a [[President of Pakistan|President]] as [[head of state]] and popularly elected [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] as [[head of government]]. Pakistan has a [[bicameral legislature]] that consists of the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] (upper house) and the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] (lower house). Together with the President, the Senate and National Assembly make up a body called the [[Majlis-i-Shoora]] (Council of Advisors) or Parliament.<ref>[http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part3.ch2.html The Federation of Pakistan]</ref>

== The Government of India Act, 1935 ==
Under Section 8 of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, the Government of India Act, 1935 became, with certain adaptations, the working constitution of Pakistan. But the need of a constitution to be framed by the elected representatives of the people, was all the more necessary for the free people of a sovereign state. Therefore the first [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan|Constituent Assembly]] was formed under the Independence Act, 1947 and was entrusted with two separate functions:<ref>http://www.na.gov.pk/history.htm The Parliamentary History</ref>

* To frame a Constitution for the country, and
* To set as a Federal Legislative Assembly or Parliament until that Constitution came into effect.

The powers and functions of the central legislature under the Government of India Act, 1935, were conferred on the Constituent Assembly. The Constituent Assembly could, however, amend the Indian Independence Act, 1947 or the Government of India Act, 1935, and no Act of the British Parliament could be extended to Pakistan without legislation by the Constituent Assembly. The first Constituent Assembly originally consisted of 69 members; subsequently the number of members was increased to 79 (including 44 from East Bangal).<ref>http://www.na.gov.pk/history.htm The Parliamentary History</ref>

== Objectives Resolution ==
[[Image:Liaquat Ali Khan.jpg|thumb|right|Liaquat Ali Khan]]
The first big step in the framing of a constitution for Pakistan was taken by the Constituent Assembly on 12 March, 1949, when it passed a resolution on the 'Aims and Objectives of the Constitution', popularly known as the '''[[Objectives Resolution]]'''. It laid the foundation of the constitution and indicated the broad outline of its structure. The resolution was moved by Liaquat Ali Khan, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan.<ref>http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A054</ref> While moving the Resolution, he said: "Sir, I consider this to be a most important occasion in the life of this country, next in importance only to the achievement of independence, because by achieving independence we only won an opportunity of building up a country and its polity in accordance with our ideals. I would like to remind the house that the Father of the Nation, Quaid-i-Azam, gave expression of his feelings on this matter on many an occasion, and his views were endorsed by the nation in unmistakable terms, Pakistan was founded because the Muslims of this sub-continent wanted to build up their lives in accordance with the teachings and traditions of Islam, because they wanted to demonstrate to the world that Islam provides a panacea to the many diseases which have crept into the life of humanity today."<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_3.htm Islamic Pakistan</ref>

The resolution was debated for five days. The leading members of the government and a large number of non-Muslim members, especially from East Bengal, took a prominent part. Non-Muslim members expressed grave apprehensions about their position and role in the new policy.

Hindu members of the Constitutional Assembly argued that the Objectives Resolution differed with Jinnah's view in all the basic points. Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya said: "What I hear in this (Objectives) Resolution is not the voice of the great creator of Pakistan - the Quaid-i-Azam, nor even that of the Prime Minister of Pakistan the Honorable Mr. Liaquat Ali Khan, but of the Ulema of the land." Birat Chandra Mandal declared that Jinnah had "unequivocally said that Pakistan will be a secular state." Bhupendra Kumar Datta went a step further: ...were this resolution to come before this house within the life-time of the Great Creator of Pakistan, the Quaid-i-Azam, it would not have come in its present shape...."<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_3.htm</ref>

==The Constitution of 1956==
After nine years of efforts, Pakistan was successful in framing a constitution in 1956. The Constituent Assembly adopted it on 29 February, 1956, and it was enforced on 23 March, 1956, proclaiming Pakistan to be an '''Islamic Republic'''. The Constitution was lengthy and detailed; it contained 234 articles divided into thirteen parts and six schedules. The Constitution of 1956 provided for federal system with the principle of parity between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. The Federal Legislature was to perform like the British Parliament. The Centre was invested with such powers as to take unilateral action in emergency and it could influence the provincial autonomy.

The Constitution of 1956 provided for the parliamentary form of government, where real executive authority was vested in a cabinet, collectively responsible to the legislature. The cabinet was presided over by the Prime Minister. The Constitution declared that there would be only one house of parliament known as the National Assembly and equality between the two Wings (i.e. East Pakistan and West Pakistan) was maintained in it. The Governor General was replaced by a [[President of Pakistan|President]], who was to be elected by an Electoral College comprising of members of the National Assembly and Provincial Assembly.

Familiar democratic rights and freedoms such as freedom of speech and expression, of assembly and association, of movement and of profession were all provided in the Constitution, with the usual qualifications. With regards to civil rights, familiar rights such as rights of life, liberty and property were granted, again with the usual qualifications and safeguards. The judiciary was given power to enforce the fundamental rights and the courts were to decide if a law was repugnant to any provisions of the fundamental rights.

As per the Constitution, Urdu and Bengali were made national languages.<ref>http://pakistanspace.tripod.com/archives/56_00.htm</ref>

=== Islamic Provisions in the Constitution of 1956 ===
* The text of Objectives Resolution was repeated in the preamble of the Constitution of 1956 without any major change.
* The name '''Islamic Republic of Pakistan''' was selected for the state of Pakistan.
* All citizens of Pakistan were granted freedom to profess, practise and propogate '''any religion''' and the right to establish, maintain and manage religious institutions.
* According to the directive principles, steps were to be taken to enable the Muslims of Pakistan individually and collectively to order their lives in accordance with principles in Holy Quran and Sunnah.
* No law shall be enacted which is repugnant to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Quran and Sunnah and that existing laws shall be brought into confirmity with such injunctions. Whether a law was repugnant to Islam or not, would be decided by the National Assembly.
* Only a Muslim could be qualified for election as President.
* The President should set up an organisation for Islamic research and instruction in advanced studies to assist in the reconstruction of Muslims society on a truly Islamic basis.
* Teaching of the Holy Quran was to be made compulsory for Muslims.
* The purchase and sale of alcohol was banned and prostitution was prohibited.
* No person should be compelled to pay any special tax, the proceeds of which were to be spent on the propogation of any religion other than his own.
* The state should endeavour to strengthen the bonds of unity among Muslim countries.<ref>Pakistan Affairs, Gul Shahzad Sarwar</ref>

=== The First Martial Law and the Abrogation of the Constitution ===
On 7 October 1958, President Iskandar Mirza staged a coup d'état. He abrogated the 1956 constitution, imposed martial law and appointed General Mohammad Ayub Khan as the Chief Martial Law Administrator and Aziz Ahmad as Secretary General and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator. However, only three weeks later General Ayub -- who was openly questioning the authority of the government prior to the imposition of martial law -- deposed Iskandar Mirza on 27 October 1958 and assumed the presidency that practically formalized the militarization of the political system in Pakistan.<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_4.htm</ref>

== The Constitution of 1962 ==
[[Image:Ayubkhan.jpeg|thumb|right|Muhammad Ayub Khan]]
President General Ayub Khan appointed a Commission on 17 February 1960 to report on the future political framework. The Commission was headed by the former Chief Justice of Pakistan, Mr. Mohammad Shahabuddin, and had ten other members, five each from East Pakistan and West Pakistan, composed of retired judges, lawyers, industrialists and landlords. The report of the Constitution Commission was presented to President Ayub on 6 May 1961 and thoroughly examined by the President and his Cabinet. In January 1962, the Cabinet finally approved the text of the new constitution. It was promulgated by President Ayub on 1 March 1962 and finally came into effect on 8 June 1962. The Constitution contained 250 articles divided into twelve parts and three schedules.

As per the Constitution of 1962, Pakistan was renamed as 'Republic of Pakistan'. The word 'Islamic' was dropped in this constitution. The Constitution provided for federal system with the principle of parity between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Both the provinces would run their separate provincial governments. The responsibilities and authority of the centre and the provinces were clearly listed in the constitution. The Central Legislature had one house known as the National Assembly. There were 156 members of the National Assembly. The equality between the two wings were maintained in it.

The Constitution of 1962 provided Presidential form of Government, as opposed to the Parliamentary form of Government under the 1956 Constitution. The President, who must be a Muslim not less than 35 years of age and qualified for election as a memeber of the National Assembly was to be elected indirectly by an Electoral College in accordance with the provisions outlined in the Constitution itself. The Electoral College formed by not less than 80,000 Basic Democrats (B.D.), equally distributed between the two provinces. Under the Constitution of 1962, if the number of candidates for election to the office of President exceeds three, the Speaker of the National Assembly was to convene a joint session of the members of the National and Provincial Assemblies to select only three candidates for election, the remaining candidates then would not be eligible. This screening was not applicable to a person who was holding the office of the President i.e. if the sitting President was also a candidate the number of candidates would be four.

The term of the President was five years to act as Head of State as well as Chief Executive -- solely responsible for country's administration. Governor and Minister were appointed and removed by him. He was eligible to promulgate Ordinances and veto against legislated laws only overrideable by two-thirds of the National Assembly. However, the President was not empowered to dissolve the Assembly except at the cost of his office also. On a charge of violating the Constitution or gross misconduct the President might be impeached by the National Assembly for which one-third of the total members of the National Assembly must give written notice to the Speaker for the removal of the President. The President was to be removed from office if the resolution for impeachment was passed by votes of not less than three-fourths of the total members of the Assembly. A significant feature of the impeachment procedure was that if the resolution for removal of the President fails to obtain one-half of the total number of memebrs of the National Assembly the movers of the resolution would cease to tbe members of the Assembly.

There was no restriction of religion for a person holding the office of the Speaker of the National Assembly. Secondly, if the President resigns from his office or vote of no-confidence passes against him, then according to the Constitution the Speaker would act as the President of the State till the election of new President. Under these special circumstances, a non-Muslim might get the chance to be an acting President of Pakistan.

The Constitution of 1962 provided for elections of Central and Provincial Legislatures for a term of five years. The members of the Assemblies were elected by the Basic Democrats. The National Assembly was exclusively empowered to legislate for the central subjects. However, it could legislate on matters falling under provincial jurisdiction. The power to impose taxes was laid with the central legislature. The Assembly had to serve as a court in the cases of impeachment, conviction or declaring the President as incapacitated. It could amend the Constitution but with two-thirds majority. However, if President's veto was even over-ridden, he had the right to ask for the assent of the Electoral College. The procedure of the Provincial Assemblies was identical with that of the National Assembly.

Urdu and Bengali were recognised as national languages.<ref>Pakistan Affairs by Gul Shahzad Sarwar</ref>

=== Islamic Provisions in the Constitution of 1962 ===
* The preamble of the Constitution of 1962 was based on the Objectives Resolution.
* The Constitution laid down simply that the state of Pakistan shall be a republic under the name of '''Republic of Pakistan'''. The word 'Islamic' was dropped in this Constitution. But when the National Assembly met in June 1962, there was a demand that the word 'Islamic' should be re-introduced. There was some justification for this demand. If Islamic provisions were to be maintained there was no reason why the republic should not be designated an Islamic Republic. The first amendment (December 1962) therefore rectified this article.
* According to the principles of policy, steps were to be taken to enable the Muslims of Pakistan individually and collectively, to order their lives in accordance with the fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam, and should be provided with facilities whereby they may be enabled to understand the meaning of life according to those principles and concepts.
* No law shall be enacted which is repugnant to the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and Sunnah and all existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the Holy Quran and Sunnah.
* Only a Muslim could be qualified for the election as President.
* Teaching of the Quran and Islamiyat to the Muslims of Pakistan was made compulsory.
* Proper organisation of Zakat, Wakfs and Mosques were ensured.
* Practical steps were to be taken to eradicate social evils such as the use of alcohol, gambling, etc.
* A novel Islamic provision in the 1962 Constitution had introduced an 'Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology' to be appointed by the President. The functions of the Council was to make recommendations to the Government as to means which would enable and encourage the Muslims of Pakistan to order their lives in accordance with the principles and concepts of Islam and to examine all laws in force with a view to bring them into conformity with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and Sunnah.
* There shall be an organisation to be known as Islamic Research Institute, which shall be established by the President. The function of the Institute was to undertake Islamic Research and Instruction in Islam for the purpose of assisting in the reconstruction of Muslic society on a truly Islamic basis.
* The state should endeavour to strengthen the bonds of unity among Muslim countries.<ref>Pakistan Affairs by Gul Shahzad Sarwar</ref>

=== The Second Martial Law, Abrogation of the Constitution and the New Political Situation<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref> ===
The second martial law was imposed on March 25, 1969, when President Ayub Khan abrogated the Constitution of 1962 and handed over power to the Army Commander-in-Chief, General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan. On assuming the presidency, General Yahya Khan acceded to popular demands by abolishing the one-unit system in West Pakistan and ordered general elections on the principle of one man one vote.<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref>

General Yahya's regime made no attempt to frame a constitution. The expectations were that a new constituent assembly would be set up by holding a free and fair election. In order to hold the proposed elections, President Yahya Khan promulgated a Legal Framework Order on March 30, 1970 that also spelled out the fundamental principles of the proposed constitution and the structure and composition of the national and provincial assemblies.<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref>

In December, 1970 elections were held simultaneously for both the national and five provincial assemblies. By any criteria, elections were free and fair. There was no interference from the government; it maintained strict neutrality showing no favor or discrimination for or against any political parties. The members of the ruling council of ministers were debarred from participation in the elections. There were no allegations of rigging of the elections as is often alleged in elections held in the countries of the third world.<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref>

But the results of the first and the last general elections in united Pakistan were simply disastrous from the standpoint of national unity and demonstrated the failure of national integration. There was not a single national party in the country which enjoyed the confidence of the people of Pakistan, both East and West Pakistan. Two regional parties -- the Awami League (AL) under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in East Pakistan -- won 160 out of 162 seats allotted for East Pakistan. But in West Pakistan it could not secure a single seat and the percentage of votes secured by the Awami League in the four provinces of West Pakistan were: 0.07 (Punjab), 0.07 (Sindh) 0.2 (NWFP) and 1.0 (Baluchistan).<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref>

The Pakistan People's Party (PPP) under the leadership of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto won 81 out of 138 seats for West Pakistan. But the PPP did not even dare to set up a candidate in East Pakistan. The remaining 57 seats of West Pakistan were shared by seven parties and there were fifteen independent candidates. The PPP emerged as the single largest party in West Pakistan with majorities in Sindh and the Punjab; and the National Awami Party (NAP) together with their political ally, Jamiat-ul Ulema-i-Islam (of Maulana Mufti Mahmood) JUI, got clear majorities in Baluchistan and the NWFP. None of the West Pakistani political parties, like the PPP, could win a single seat in East Pakistan. The religious question played little or no part in the elections. There can be no doubt that in East Pakistan the principles which won the consensus of opinion was the single basic notion of autonomy.<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref>

The Awami League had fought the elections on the basis of their six points formula, which committed them to restructure the existing federal system in order to ensure maximum political autonomy for East Pakistan. Under this formula, only two portfolios -- Foreign Affairs and Defence -- would be retained by the central government. The PPP, on the other hand, was not willing to dilute the authority of the central government in-spite of assuring full provincial autonomy for all the provinces of Pakistan. The NAP and JUI coalition sided with the AL so that they might obtain maximum autonomy for their own provinces, i.e., Baluchistan and the NWFP.<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref>

The election results truly reflected the ugly political reality: the division of the Pakistani electorate along regional lines and political polarization of the country between the two wings, East and West Pakistan. In political terms, therefore, Pakistan as a nation stood divided as a result of the very first general elections in twenty-three years of its existence.<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref>

Thus the general elections of 1970 produced a new political configuration with three distinct centers of power:(i) the AL in East Pakistan: (ii) the PPP in Sindh and the Punjab; and (iii) the NAP-JUI in Baluchistan and the NWFP. At the top of all this was the fourth center of power, the armed forces with their spokesman, Yahya Khan.<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref>

There were two major claimants of power: Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. According to G W Chowdhury in his book 'The Last Days of United Pakistan', "both (the leaders) flourished on negative appeals to the illiterate voters of Pakistan, one by whipping up regional feeling against Punjabi domination and the other by whipping up militant national feelings against India. Neither had any constructive or positive approach." <ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm The Last Days of United Pakistan by G W Choudhury</ref> Mujib was apparently more interested in creating a separate state for Bengalis, Bangladesh since he had no trust in the ruling elite of West Pakistan.

On the other hand, Bhutto was more interested in getting power, no matter whether in a united or divided Pakistan. In fact he realized that in a united Pakistan, he had little chance of becoming either prime minister or president. According to GW Choudhury, "he realized from his discussions with Bhutto before and after the 1970 elections that if he had to make a choice between the two 'Ps (power or Pakistan), he would choose the former. He was more interested in getting a 21-gun salute as the head of the state than in the maintenance of the unity of Pakistan."<ref>The Last Days of United Pakistan by G.W. Choudhury</ref>

Negotiations were held between January and March 1971 between the two major regional leaders - Mujib and Bhutto - and the ruling military government under President Yahya Khan. But the tripartite negotiations for an agreed federal or even a confederal constitution was a dismal and total failure. Under the Legal Framework Order, the President was to decide when the Assembly was to meet. Once assembled it was to frame a new constitution within 120 days or stand dissolved. On 13 February, 1971, the President announced that the National Assembly was to meet at Dacca on 3 March. By this time the differences between the main parties to the conflict had already crystallized.<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref>

On December 22, 1970 the Secretary of the Awami League, Tajuddin Ahmed, claimed that his party having won an absolute majority had a clear mandate and was quiet competent to frame a constitution and to form a central government on its own. Sheikh Mujibur Rehman declared on January 3, 1971 that his party would not frame a constitution on its own, even though it had a majority. He refused, however, to negotiate on the Six Points, saying that they were now public property and no longer negotiable.<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref>

The crux of the conflict was that the majority party in the west, led by Bhutto, was convinced that a Federation based on the Six Points would lead to a feeble confederation in name only. At best it would lead to a feeble confederation and at worst it would result in the division of the country into two states. These fears were evidently shared by the military leaders in the west, including President Yahya Khan who had publicly described Sheikh Mujibur Rehman as the 'future Prime Minister of Pakistan' on January 14, 1971.<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref>

Bhutto announced on February 15 that his party would not attend the National Assembly unless there was 'some amount of reciprocity' from the Awami League. Sheikh Mujib replied at a press conference on February 21, asserting that 'Our stand is absolutely clear. The constitution will be framed on the basis of the Six Points'. He also denied that the Six Points would leave the central government at the mercy of the provinces and contended that they were designed only to safeguard provincial autonomy.<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref>

On February 28, Bhutto demanded that either the 120-day limit for the national Assembly be removed or the opening session be postponed, declaring that if it was held on March 3 as planned, there would be a general strike throughout West Pakistan. President Yahya Khan responded next day by postponing the Assembly meeting to March 25. The postponement of the National Assembly came as a shattering disillusionment to the Awami League and their supporters throughout East Pakistan. It was seen as a betrayal and as proof of the authorities of the West Pakistan to deny them the fruits of their electoral victory. This resulted in the outbreak of violence in East Pakistan. The Awami League launched a non-cooperation movement and virtually they controlled the entire province.<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref>

The National Assembly, however, could not even meet on March 25 due to widespread disturbances in East Pakistan where the army moved in on 26 March to control the situation. The civil disobedience movement later developed into a war of national liberation fully backed by the Indian army. As a result, Pakistani forces had to surrender to the Indian Army, and almost over 93,000 military personnel were taken as prisoners of war on December 16, 1971. Thus ended an important era of the largest Muslim state, Pakistan. A new and smaller Pakistan emerged on 16 December 1971.<ref>http://ghazali.net/book1/chapter_5.htm</ref>

Demoralized and finding himself unable to control the situation, General Yahya Khan surrendered power to Bhutto who was sworn-in on December 20, 1971 as President and as the (first civilian) Chief Martial Law Administrator.

== The Constitution of 1973 -- The Existing Constitution ==
[[Image:Bhutto 1974.jpg|thumb|right|Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
After gaining power, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto invited the leaders of the parliamentary parties to meet him on 17 October, 1972, which resulted in an agreement known as the 'Constitutional Accord', after an intensive discussion. As per consultations floated by PPP, the National Assembly of Pakistan appointed a committee, of 25 members, on 17 April 1972, to prepare a draft of the permenant Constitution of Pakistan. Mohammad Ali Kasuri was the elected chairman of the Committee. On 20 October 1972, the draft bill for the Constitution of Pakistan was signed by leaders of all parliamentary groups in the National Assembly. A bill to provide a constitution for the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was introduced in the Assembly on 2 February 1973. The Assembly passed the bill unanimously on 19 April 1973 and endorsed by the acting President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto on 12 April 1973. The Constitution came into effect from 14 August 1973. On the same day, Bhutto took over as the Prime Minister and Choudhary Fazal-e-Elahi as the President of Pakistan.

This constitution represented a compromise consensus on three issues: the role of Islam; the sharing of power between the federal government and the provinces; and the division of responsibilities between the President and the Prime Minister, with a greatly strengthened position for the latter.

The Constitution provided for federal system. The Federal Legislature is to function like the British Parliament. In order to allay fears of the provinces concerning domination of the Centre, the constitution established a bicameral legislature with a Senate (the upper house), providing equal provincial representation, and a National Assembly (the lower house), allocating seats according to population.

Islam has been declared as the State religion. The Constitution named Pakistan as the '''Islamic Republic of Pakistan'''. Only a Muslim could become the President or the Prime Minister of Pakistan. No law repugnant to Islam shall be enacted and the present laws shall also be Islamised.

The President must be a Muslim not less than 45 years of age, elected by members of Parliament. He is to hold office for a term of five years. The President could be removed by the resolution of parliament of not less than two-thirds of the total membership. The President could issue ordinances when the Parliament is not in session. The President has the power of granting pardon and the right to be kept informed by the Prime Minister on all matters of internal and foreign policies.

The Constitution sets-forth the Parliamentary System of Government. The head of the Government, according to the Constitution, will be the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister and his Cabinet is accountable to the National Assembly for his actions. The Prime Minister would be elected by the majority of the National Assembly.

The Constitution of 1973 introduced a new institution known as the 'Council of Common Interests' consisting of Chief Ministers of the provinces and an equal number of Ministers of the Federal Government nominated by the Prime Minister. The Council could formulate and regulate the policy in the Part II of the Legislative List. In case of complaint of interference in water supply by any province the Council would look into the complaint.

Another major innovation in the Constitution of 1973 is the establishment of a National Finance Commission (NFC) consisting of the Federal and Provincial Finance Ministers and other members to advice on distribution of revenues between the federation and the provinces.

The Principels of Policy includes Islamic way of life, promotion of Local Government institutions, full participation of women in national life, protection of minorities, promotion of social and economic well being of the people, and strengthening the bonds with the Muslim world and to work for international peace.

Under the 1973 Constitution, Fundamental Rights include security of person, safeguards as to arrest and detention, prohibition of slavery and forced labour, freedom of movement, freedom of association, freedom of speech, freedom to profess religion and safeguards to religious institutions, non-discrimination in respect of access to public places and in service, preservation of language, script and culture. The judiciary enjoys full supermacy over the other organs of the State.

Urdu is the national language.<ref>http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/</ref>

=== Islamic Provisions in the Constitution of 1973 ===
* The name 'Islamic Republic of Pakistan' is selected for the state of Pakistan.
* Islam is declared as the state religion of Pakistan.
* Steps shall be taken to enable the Muslims of Pakistan, individually or collectively, to order their lives in accordance with the fundamental principles and basic concepts of Islam.
* Steps shall be taken to make the teaching of the Holy Quran and Islamiyat compulsory, to encourage and facilitate the learning of Arabic language and to secure correct and exact printing and publishing of the Holy Quran.
* Proper organisation of Zakat, Wakfs and Mosques are ensured.
* The state shall prevent prostitution, gambling and consumption of alcohol, printing, publication, circulation and display of obscene literature and advertisements.
* Only a Muslim could be qualified for the election as a President and a Prime Minister.
* All existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Quran and Sunnah and no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to such injunctions.
* A Council of Islamic Ideology shall be constituted referred to as the Islamic Council. The functions of the Islamic Council shall be to make recommendations to Parliament and the Provincial Assemblies about the ways and means of enabling and encouraging the Muslims of the Pakistan to order their lives in accordance with the principles of Islam.
* The President or the Governor of a province may, or if two-fifths of its total membership so requires, a House or a Provincial Assembly shall, refer to the Islamic Council for advice on any question as to whether a proposed law is or is not repugnant to the injunctions of Islam.
* For the first time, the Constitution of Pakistan gave definition of a Muslim which states: 'Muslim' means a person who believes in the unity and oneness of Almighty Allah, in the absolute and unqualified finality of the Prophethood of Mohammad (p.b.u.h.), the last of the prophets, and does not believe in , or recognise as a prophet or religious reformer, any person who claimed or claims to be a prophet, in any sense of the word or of any description whatsoever, after Mohammad.
* The state shall endeavor to strengthen the bonds of unity among Muslim countries.
* The Second Amendment (w.e.f. 17 September 1974) of 1973 Constitution declared the [[Qadiani|Qadianis]] or the [[Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam|Lahoris]] as non-Muslims.<ref>http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part9.html</ref>

=== Comparision with Previous Constitutions ===
With regard to provincial rights the 1973 constitution was in fact the most centralised of Pakistan's various constitutions. The Government of India Act of 1935, which Pakistan adopted as its first working constitution, granted the federal government 96 items of power. The 1956 constitution reduced that number to 49, and this was retained in the 1962 constitution. In 1973, however, it was then enlarged to 114.

== References ==
<references />
*{{loc}} - [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html Pakistan].
*[http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part2.ch1.html Fundamental Rights].
*[http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/ Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan].
*[http://www.infopak.gov.pk/constitution_pakistan.aspx Text of the Constitution of Pakistan].

==External links==
*[http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/ Full text of the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan with all amending documents]
*[http://www.pakistanconstitution-law.com/theconst_1973.asp Constitution of Pakistan, 1973]
*[http://www.pakistanconstitution-law.com/ Constitution and Legislative History of Pakistan]
*[http://free-pakistan.blogspot.com/2007/07/constitutional-amendments-required-to.html Constitutional Amendments Required to Ensure Pakistan's Progress as A Democratic State]

[[Category:1973 in law]]
[[Category:Constitution of Pakistan| ]]

[[it:Costituzione del Pakistan]]

India (Hauskatze)

2008-02-23T17:14:15Z

Gallileo2k: merge proposal

{{mergewith|George W. Bush}}
:''This article is about India, the cat. For other uses, see [[India (disambiguation)]].''
[[Image:IndioCat.jpg|right]]
'''India''' "Willie" Bush is US President's [[George W. Bush]] and [[Laura Bush]]'s black [[cat]]. He has lived with the Bush family for more than ten years.

There was some controversy reported in [[India]] as several people were upset with the cat's name. In the southern Indian state of Kerala, for example, 101 dogs were reportedly renamed 'Bush' in protest to President Bush's cat being called India. <ref>Bush’s cat India provokes anger. (2004, July, 03). Deccan Herald.</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of United States Presidential pets]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/india/ Official Biography at WhiteHouse.gov]
*[http://www.presidentialpetmuseum.com/Pets/India.htm India at the Presidential Pet Museum]

{{George W. Bush}}
{{cat-stub}}

[[Category:George W. Bush]]
[[Category:Famous cats]]
[[Category:United States Presidential pets]]

[[ar:إنديا]]

Humayun Azad

2007-11-25T02:17:17Z

Gallileo2k: needs refs

{{references}}
'''Humayun Azad''' ([[Bangla]]: হুমায়ুন আজাদ) (Rarhi Khal, [[Dhaka]] [[Bangladesh]], [[28 April]], [[1947]] - [[Munich]], [[Germany]], [[11 August]], [[2004]]) was a prolific [[Bengali language|Bangladeshi]] [[author]] and [[scholar]]. He wrote more than seventy titles. He was widely known for his anti-establishment, anti-religion and anti-military voice and was reputed for caustic remarks.



==Professional and literary life==
After graduating from the [[University of Dhaka]] in ''[[Bengali language]] and Literature'', Humayun Azad, in 1976, obtained his PhD in [[linguistics]] from the [[University of Edinburgh]]. He later served as a teacher of [[Bangla|Bengali]] Language and literature at the [[University of Dhaka]] and in his early career produced pioneering works on Bangla linguistics, notably [[Bangla|Bengali]] [[syntax]]. He was regarded as a leading linguist of the one-thousand-year-old Bangla (Bengali) language.

Towards the end of 1980s he started to write newspaper column focusing on contemporary socio-political issues. His commentaries continued throughout the 1990s and were later published as books as they grew in numbers. Through his writings of 1990s, he established himself as a freethinker and appeared to be an [[atheist]]. He fearlessly and openly criticized in his works [[religious extremism]], including [[Islam]], the major religion in Bangladesh.

Professor Humayun Azad published the first comprehensive feminist book in [[Bangla|Bengali]] on the subject of women titled ''Naari'' (Bangla for 'Woman') in 1992. Largely akin to [[The Second Sex]] by [[Simon De Beauvoir]] in contents and ideas, ''Naari'' became a best-seller and earned Humayun Azad popularity as an author. In this work Humayun Azad painstakingly compiled the feminist ideas of the West that underlie the feminist contributions of the subcontinent's socio-political reformers and drew attention to the anti-women attitude of some legendary [[Bengali writers]] including [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. The work, critical of the patriarchal and male-chauvinistic attitude of religions towards women, attracted negative reaction from conservative censors. The [[Government of Bangladesh]] banned the book in [[1995]]. The ban was eventually lifted in [[2000]], following a legal battle that Humayun Azad won in the High Court of the country.

==Assassination attempt==
On [[February 27]], [[2004]], he became the victim of a vicious [[assassination]] attempt by unidentified assailants near the campus of the [[University of Dhaka]]. An [[Islamist]] group named Jamayatul Mujahedin Bangladesh had taken the responsibility of the incident. But this has not yet been proven beyond a resonable doubt. As he was returning to his Fuller Road residence from the yearly book fair held at the [[Bangla Academy]] premises, the assailants stopped him on the road and hacked at his neck and face with machetes, cracking bombs to disperse the crowd who tried to rescue him. He subsequently fell into a coma for four days, but eventually survived after receiving intensive treatment at the Combined Military Hospital in [[Dhaka]]. He was then taken to Bumrungrad hospital in [[Bangkok]] for further treatment of his critically damaged face. The incident created a huge backlash among the progressive liberals in the society and the public in general who were appalled at the lack of security that made this attack on one of the most renowned scholars in the country possible. The students of the university were especially agitated at this heinous crime against their beloved teacher on their very own campus and marched in protest.

The assassination attempt took place following the publication of his [[novel]] ''Pak Sar Jamin Saad Baad'', a story based on religious groups in Bangladesh who collaborated with the Pakistani army during the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War|independence war]]. In it he tried to expose the attitudes and activities of the [[Islamist|Islamists]], [[Pakistan]] sympathizers and the nationalists in Bangladesh. He created a scenario that vividly portrayed the [[fanatic]] and barbaric nature of these groups. Afterwards, Dr. Azad expressed that he had suffered severe mental trauma since the attack, but he also vowed to continue writing against the rise of Muslim militants in Bangladesh.

Muslim scholars in Bangladesh, on the other hand, condemned the assassination attempt but simultaneously claimed that the novel injured the sentiments of the majority. They demanded that the novel be banned and a [[blasphemy]] law be passed so that no such book could be published in the future, a reaction not too dissimilar to their treatment of his earlier ''Naari''.

===Death===
On [[August 11]], [[2004]], Professor Azad died in his apartment in [[Munich]], [[Germany]], where he had moved just a week prior to conducting research on the nineteenth century German romantic poet [[Heinrich Heine]]. His body was brought home and he was laid to eternal rest in Rarhikhal, his rural homeland, after Islamic rituals.

==Literary Achievements==
Literary career of Humayun Azad started with poetry. However, his poems did not show any notable poetic fervour. On the other hand his literary essays, particularly those based on original research, carried significant value.

He earned reputation as a newspaper columnist towards the end of 1980s. These were merciless attacks on social and political injustice, hypocrisy and corruption. He was uncowed in protesting military rule. His collected his critical remarks in a book styled ''Humayun Azader Probochonguccho'' which is apparently an influence of Flaubert's ''Dictionary of Accepted Ideas'' .

Publication of ''Naari'', a feminist work on woman, earned him general popularity and paved way for establishing himself in the literary world of Bangladesh. He started to write novels in 1990s which sold well. His writings show deep sense of hatred for politicians, military and the Islamists. In fiction he profusely used erotic themes which quickly appealed to the younger generation.

Nevertheless, his prose shows a well-knit and compact style of his own. His formation of sentence, choice of words and syntax are very characteristic of him. Although he often fell victim to the temptation of using fiction as a vehicle of conspicuous political and philosophical message, he distinguished himself with his catachrestic style and diction.

===Awards===
* Bangla Academy Award.

== Quotations ==
* "Knowledge never springs from faith. It springs from doubt."
* "Nothing is more pleasurable than power."
* "Don't mention Taslima Nasrin to me - I may contract syphilis."
* "I didn't find more than five Bengalies, namely, Professor [[Abdur Razzaq]], [[Ahmad Sharif]], Shawkat Osman, poet [[Shamsur Rahman]] and painter [[Quamrul Hassan]] who deserved to be interviewed by me".
* "I have never referred [[Sheikh Mujib]] as ''Bangabandhu''. I have no idol."
* "[[Bengali Mussalmans]] are a bizarre nation. Dictators can spell them with wonders."
* "The sublime constitution of Bangladesh was slaughtered within one hour" (referring to the enactment of the 4th Amendment of the [[Bangladesh Constitution]] by the Parliament under the leadership of Sheikh Mujib, on 25 January 1975.
* "Not a single atheist is corrupt, but all religious men are corrupt".
* "President [[Ershad]] added many new dimensions to military dictatorship ; He made military dictatorship multi-dimensional".
* “The concept of (Father of the Nation) is objectionable to me (referring to Sheikh Mujib being called the Father of the Nation of Bangladesh established in 1971).

==Literary works==

===Poetry===
* Aloukik Ishtimar (1973)
* Jolo Chitabagh (1980)
* Shob Kichu Noshtoder Odhikare Jabe (1985)
* Jotoi Gobhire Jai Modhu Jotoi Uporay Jai Neel (1987)
* Ami Bachay Chilam Onnoder Shomoy (1990)
* Humayun Azader Shreshtho Kobita (1993)
* Adhunik Bangla Kobita (1994)
* Kafone Mora Osrubindu (1998)
* Kabya Shonggroho (1998)

===Fictions===
* Chappanno Hazar Borgomile (1994)  [http://worldcat.org/oclc/60043495 OCLC 60043495]
* Shob Kichu Bhenge Pore (1995)
* Manush Hishbe Amar Oporadhshomuho (1996)
* Jadukorer Mrittu (1996)
* Shuvobroto,Tar Shomporkito Shushomacher (1997)
* Rajnitibidgon (1998)
* Kobi Othoba Dondito Aupurush (1999)
* Nijer Shongge Nijer Jiboner Modhu (2000)
* Fali Fali Ko're Kata Chand (2001)
* Uponnashshonggroho-Ak (Collection of Novels,Vol.1) (2001)
* Sraboner Brishtite Roktojoba (2002)
* Uponnashshonggroho-Dui (Collection of Novels,Vol.2) (2001)
* Dosh Hazar Abong Aro Akti Dhorshon (2003)
* Pak Sar Jamin Saad Baad (2003) ISBN 984-401-769-6

===Criticism===
* Rabindraprobondho/Rashtro O Shomajchinta (1973)
* Shamsur Rahman/Nishshonggo Sherpa (1983)
* Shilpokolar Bimanikikoron O Onnanno Probondho (1988)
* Bhasha-Andolon:Shahittik Potobhumi (1990)
* Naari (1992) (banned between November 19,1995 and March 7,2000)
* Protikkriashilotar Dirgho Chayar Niche (1992)
* Nibir Nilima (1992)
* Matal Torony (1992)
* Norokay Anonto Hritu (1992)
* Jolpai Ronger Andhokar (1992)
* Shimaboddhotar Shutro (1993)
* Adhar O Adhayo (1993)
* Amar Abishshash (1997)
* Parbotto Chattagram:Shobuj Paharer Bhetor Diye Probahito Hingshar Jhornadhara (1997)
* Nirbachito Probondho (1999)
* Mohabishsho (2000)
* Ditio Lingo(originated from Simone The Bevour) (2001)
* Amra Ki Ai Bangladesh Cheyechilam (2003)
*Amar Notun Jonmo (2005)ISBN 984-401-839-0

===Linguistics===
* Pronominalization in Bengali (1983)
* Bangla Bhashar Shotrumitro (1983)
* Bakkototto (1994)
* Bangla Bhasha Vol.1 (1984)
* Bangla Bhasha Vol.2 (1985)
* Tulonamulok O Oitihashik Bhashabiggan (1988)
* Arthobiggan (1999)

===Teenage Literature===
* Lal Neel Dipaboli Ba Bangla Shahitter Jiboni
* Fuler Gondhe Ghum Ashena (1985)
* Koto Nodi Shorobor Ba Bangla Bhashar Jiboni (1987)ISBN 984-401-017-9
* Abbuke Mone Pore (1989)
* Bukpokete Jonakipoka (1993)
* Amader Shohoray Akdol Debdut( 1996)
* Andhokaray Gondhoraj (2003)

===Others===
* Humayun Azader Probochonguccho (1992)
* Shakkhatkar (1994)
* Attotayider Shonge Kothopokothon (1995)
* Bohumatrik Jotirmoy (1997)
* Rabindranath Thakurer Prothom Kobita( 1997)

==External links==
*[http://www.bangladeshinovels.com/Humayun_Azad.htm A Critique on His Novels]
*[http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Zaman, Mustafa and Hussain, Ahmede (1 September 2004) "Humayun Azad: A Truncated Life" ''Star Weekend Magazine'' 4(11): p.1, The Daily Star, Dhaka] also at [http://web.archive.org/web/20040907033325/http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Internet Archive];
*[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA130022004?open&of=ENG-BGD Amnesty International's statement on the assassination attempt on Dr. Humayun Azad];
*[http://www.bangladeshinovels.com/Humayun_Azad.pdf A Bangla-language Critique on Humayun Azad]
*[http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/humayun_azad/Dharmanubhutir_Upakatha.pdf Dharmanubhutir Upakatha (A tale of religious sensitivity) - A Bangla article of Dr. Humayun Azad]

[[Category:Bangladeshi writers|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Bengali writers|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi linguists|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Bengali poetry]]
[[Category:Bengali literature]]
[[Category:1947 births|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:2004 deaths|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Critics of Islam]]
[[bn:হুমায়ুন আজাদ]]
[[fr:Humayun Azad]]

Humayun Azad

2007-11-25T02:16:46Z

Gallileo2k: rm cat, not really true ...

'''Humayun Azad''' ([[Bangla]]: হুমায়ুন আজাদ) (Rarhi Khal, [[Dhaka]] [[Bangladesh]], [[28 April]], [[1947]] - [[Munich]], [[Germany]], [[11 August]], [[2004]]) was a prolific [[Bengali language|Bangladeshi]] [[author]] and [[scholar]]. He wrote more than seventy titles. He was widely known for his anti-establishment, anti-religion and anti-military voice and was reputed for caustic remarks.



==Professional and literary life==
After graduating from the [[University of Dhaka]] in ''[[Bengali language]] and Literature'', Humayun Azad, in 1976, obtained his PhD in [[linguistics]] from the [[University of Edinburgh]]. He later served as a teacher of [[Bangla|Bengali]] Language and literature at the [[University of Dhaka]] and in his early career produced pioneering works on Bangla linguistics, notably [[Bangla|Bengali]] [[syntax]]. He was regarded as a leading linguist of the one-thousand-year-old Bangla (Bengali) language.

Towards the end of 1980s he started to write newspaper column focusing on contemporary socio-political issues. His commentaries continued throughout the 1990s and were later published as books as they grew in numbers. Through his writings of 1990s, he established himself as a freethinker and appeared to be an [[atheist]]. He fearlessly and openly criticized in his works [[religious extremism]], including [[Islam]], the major religion in Bangladesh.

Professor Humayun Azad published the first comprehensive feminist book in [[Bangla|Bengali]] on the subject of women titled ''Naari'' (Bangla for 'Woman') in 1992. Largely akin to [[The Second Sex]] by [[Simon De Beauvoir]] in contents and ideas, ''Naari'' became a best-seller and earned Humayun Azad popularity as an author. In this work Humayun Azad painstakingly compiled the feminist ideas of the West that underlie the feminist contributions of the subcontinent's socio-political reformers and drew attention to the anti-women attitude of some legendary [[Bengali writers]] including [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. The work, critical of the patriarchal and male-chauvinistic attitude of religions towards women, attracted negative reaction from conservative censors. The [[Government of Bangladesh]] banned the book in [[1995]]. The ban was eventually lifted in [[2000]], following a legal battle that Humayun Azad won in the High Court of the country.

==Assassination attempt==
On [[February 27]], [[2004]], he became the victim of a vicious [[assassination]] attempt by unidentified assailants near the campus of the [[University of Dhaka]]. An [[Islamist]] group named Jamayatul Mujahedin Bangladesh had taken the responsibility of the incident. But this has not yet been proven beyond a resonable doubt. As he was returning to his Fuller Road residence from the yearly book fair held at the [[Bangla Academy]] premises, the assailants stopped him on the road and hacked at his neck and face with machetes, cracking bombs to disperse the crowd who tried to rescue him. He subsequently fell into a coma for four days, but eventually survived after receiving intensive treatment at the Combined Military Hospital in [[Dhaka]]. He was then taken to Bumrungrad hospital in [[Bangkok]] for further treatment of his critically damaged face. The incident created a huge backlash among the progressive liberals in the society and the public in general who were appalled at the lack of security that made this attack on one of the most renowned scholars in the country possible. The students of the university were especially agitated at this heinous crime against their beloved teacher on their very own campus and marched in protest.

The assassination attempt took place following the publication of his [[novel]] ''Pak Sar Jamin Saad Baad'', a story based on religious groups in Bangladesh who collaborated with the Pakistani army during the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War|independence war]]. In it he tried to expose the attitudes and activities of the [[Islamist|Islamists]], [[Pakistan]] sympathizers and the nationalists in Bangladesh. He created a scenario that vividly portrayed the [[fanatic]] and barbaric nature of these groups. Afterwards, Dr. Azad expressed that he had suffered severe mental trauma since the attack, but he also vowed to continue writing against the rise of Muslim militants in Bangladesh.

Muslim scholars in Bangladesh, on the other hand, condemned the assassination attempt but simultaneously claimed that the novel injured the sentiments of the majority. They demanded that the novel be banned and a [[blasphemy]] law be passed so that no such book could be published in the future, a reaction not too dissimilar to their treatment of his earlier ''Naari''.

===Death===
On [[August 11]], [[2004]], Professor Azad died in his apartment in [[Munich]], [[Germany]], where he had moved just a week prior to conducting research on the nineteenth century German romantic poet [[Heinrich Heine]]. His body was brought home and he was laid to eternal rest in Rarhikhal, his rural homeland, after Islamic rituals.

==Literary Achievements==
Literary career of Humayun Azad started with poetry. However, his poems did not show any notable poetic fervour. On the other hand his literary essays, particularly those based on original research, carried significant value.

He earned reputation as a newspaper columnist towards the end of 1980s. These were merciless attacks on social and political injustice, hypocrisy and corruption. He was uncowed in protesting military rule. His collected his critical remarks in a book styled ''Humayun Azader Probochonguccho'' which is apparently an influence of Flaubert's ''Dictionary of Accepted Ideas'' .

Publication of ''Naari'', a feminist work on woman, earned him general popularity and paved way for establishing himself in the literary world of Bangladesh. He started to write novels in 1990s which sold well. His writings show deep sense of hatred for politicians, military and the Islamists. In fiction he profusely used erotic themes which quickly appealed to the younger generation.

Nevertheless, his prose shows a well-knit and compact style of his own. His formation of sentence, choice of words and syntax are very characteristic of him. Although he often fell victim to the temptation of using fiction as a vehicle of conspicuous political and philosophical message, he distinguished himself with his catachrestic style and diction.

===Awards===
* Bangla Academy Award.

== Quotations ==
* "Knowledge never springs from faith. It springs from doubt."
* "Nothing is more pleasurable than power."
* "Don't mention Taslima Nasrin to me - I may contract syphilis."
* "I didn't find more than five Bengalies, namely, Professor [[Abdur Razzaq]], [[Ahmad Sharif]], Shawkat Osman, poet [[Shamsur Rahman]] and painter [[Quamrul Hassan]] who deserved to be interviewed by me".
* "I have never referred [[Sheikh Mujib]] as ''Bangabandhu''. I have no idol."
* "[[Bengali Mussalmans]] are a bizarre nation. Dictators can spell them with wonders."
* "The sublime constitution of Bangladesh was slaughtered within one hour" (referring to the enactment of the 4th Amendment of the [[Bangladesh Constitution]] by the Parliament under the leadership of Sheikh Mujib, on 25 January 1975.
* "Not a single atheist is corrupt, but all religious men are corrupt".
* "President [[Ershad]] added many new dimensions to military dictatorship ; He made military dictatorship multi-dimensional".
* “The concept of (Father of the Nation) is objectionable to me (referring to Sheikh Mujib being called the Father of the Nation of Bangladesh established in 1971).

==Literary works==

===Poetry===
* Aloukik Ishtimar (1973)
* Jolo Chitabagh (1980)
* Shob Kichu Noshtoder Odhikare Jabe (1985)
* Jotoi Gobhire Jai Modhu Jotoi Uporay Jai Neel (1987)
* Ami Bachay Chilam Onnoder Shomoy (1990)
* Humayun Azader Shreshtho Kobita (1993)
* Adhunik Bangla Kobita (1994)
* Kafone Mora Osrubindu (1998)
* Kabya Shonggroho (1998)

===Fictions===
* Chappanno Hazar Borgomile (1994)  [http://worldcat.org/oclc/60043495 OCLC 60043495]
* Shob Kichu Bhenge Pore (1995)
* Manush Hishbe Amar Oporadhshomuho (1996)
* Jadukorer Mrittu (1996)
* Shuvobroto,Tar Shomporkito Shushomacher (1997)
* Rajnitibidgon (1998)
* Kobi Othoba Dondito Aupurush (1999)
* Nijer Shongge Nijer Jiboner Modhu (2000)
* Fali Fali Ko're Kata Chand (2001)
* Uponnashshonggroho-Ak (Collection of Novels,Vol.1) (2001)
* Sraboner Brishtite Roktojoba (2002)
* Uponnashshonggroho-Dui (Collection of Novels,Vol.2) (2001)
* Dosh Hazar Abong Aro Akti Dhorshon (2003)
* Pak Sar Jamin Saad Baad (2003) ISBN 984-401-769-6

===Criticism===
* Rabindraprobondho/Rashtro O Shomajchinta (1973)
* Shamsur Rahman/Nishshonggo Sherpa (1983)
* Shilpokolar Bimanikikoron O Onnanno Probondho (1988)
* Bhasha-Andolon:Shahittik Potobhumi (1990)
* Naari (1992) (banned between November 19,1995 and March 7,2000)
* Protikkriashilotar Dirgho Chayar Niche (1992)
* Nibir Nilima (1992)
* Matal Torony (1992)
* Norokay Anonto Hritu (1992)
* Jolpai Ronger Andhokar (1992)
* Shimaboddhotar Shutro (1993)
* Adhar O Adhayo (1993)
* Amar Abishshash (1997)
* Parbotto Chattagram:Shobuj Paharer Bhetor Diye Probahito Hingshar Jhornadhara (1997)
* Nirbachito Probondho (1999)
* Mohabishsho (2000)
* Ditio Lingo(originated from Simone The Bevour) (2001)
* Amra Ki Ai Bangladesh Cheyechilam (2003)
*Amar Notun Jonmo (2005)ISBN 984-401-839-0

===Linguistics===
* Pronominalization in Bengali (1983)
* Bangla Bhashar Shotrumitro (1983)
* Bakkototto (1994)
* Bangla Bhasha Vol.1 (1984)
* Bangla Bhasha Vol.2 (1985)
* Tulonamulok O Oitihashik Bhashabiggan (1988)
* Arthobiggan (1999)

===Teenage Literature===
* Lal Neel Dipaboli Ba Bangla Shahitter Jiboni
* Fuler Gondhe Ghum Ashena (1985)
* Koto Nodi Shorobor Ba Bangla Bhashar Jiboni (1987)ISBN 984-401-017-9
* Abbuke Mone Pore (1989)
* Bukpokete Jonakipoka (1993)
* Amader Shohoray Akdol Debdut( 1996)
* Andhokaray Gondhoraj (2003)

===Others===
* Humayun Azader Probochonguccho (1992)
* Shakkhatkar (1994)
* Attotayider Shonge Kothopokothon (1995)
* Bohumatrik Jotirmoy (1997)
* Rabindranath Thakurer Prothom Kobita( 1997)

==External links==
*[http://www.bangladeshinovels.com/Humayun_Azad.htm A Critique on His Novels]
*[http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Zaman, Mustafa and Hussain, Ahmede (1 September 2004) "Humayun Azad: A Truncated Life" ''Star Weekend Magazine'' 4(11): p.1, The Daily Star, Dhaka] also at [http://web.archive.org/web/20040907033325/http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Internet Archive];
*[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA130022004?open&of=ENG-BGD Amnesty International's statement on the assassination attempt on Dr. Humayun Azad];
*[http://www.bangladeshinovels.com/Humayun_Azad.pdf A Bangla-language Critique on Humayun Azad]
*[http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/humayun_azad/Dharmanubhutir_Upakatha.pdf Dharmanubhutir Upakatha (A tale of religious sensitivity) - A Bangla article of Dr. Humayun Azad]

[[Category:Bangladeshi writers|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Bengali writers|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi linguists|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Bengali poetry]]
[[Category:Bengali literature]]
[[Category:1947 births|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:2004 deaths|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Critics of Islam]]
[[bn:হুমায়ুন আজাদ]]
[[fr:Humayun Azad]]

Zyklonsaison im Nordindik 2007

2007-11-15T02:55:16Z

Gallileo2k: /* Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr */ link main article Cyclone_Sidr

{{Ongoing weather|date=2007}}
{{HurricaneWarning|Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr}}
{{Infobox hurricane season
| Basin=NIO
| Year=2007
| First storm formed=[[May 3]], [[2007]]
| Last storm dissipated=''Season currently active''
| Strongest storm name=[[#Super Cyclonic Storm Gonu|Gonu]]
| Strongest storm pressure=920
| Strongest storm winds=130
| Average wind speed=3
| Total depressions=11
| Total storms=4 official, 6 unofficial
| Total hurricanes=2
| Fatalities=At least 1,098
| Damages=
| five seasons=[[2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2005]] [[2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2006]] '''2007''' [[2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2008]] 2009|}
}}
{| id="toc" style="float:right; margin-left:1.5em; clear:both; width:20em"
! colspan="5" | <big>[[India Meteorological Department|IMD]] Tropical Cyclone<br>Strength Classification</big> <ref>http://www.imd.gov.in/services/cyclone/impact.htm</ref>
|-
! Category !!Wind speed <small>(3-min)</small>
|-
| style="font-size: 75%" |
| [[Knot (speed)|Knots]] ([[Kilometres per hour|km/h]])
|-
| colspan="2" | <hr>
|- style="background: #{{storm colour|depression}}"
| '''Depression''' || ≤27 <br/>(≤51)
|- style="background: #{{storm colour|depression}}"
| '''Deep Depression''' || 28–33 <br>(52–61)
|- style="background: #{{storm colour|storm}}"
| '''Cyclonic Storm''' || 34–47 <br>(62–87)
|- style="background: #{{storm colour|STS}}"
| '''Severe Cyclonic<br>Storm ''' || 48–63<br> (88–117)
|- style="background: #{{storm colour|cat2}}"
| '''Very Severe<br>Cyclonic Storm''' || 64–119 <br>(118–221)
|- style="background: #{{storm colour|cat4}}"
| '''Super Cyclonic Storm''' || ≥120 <br>(≥222)
|}

The '''2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season''' is an ongoing event in the annual cycle of [[tropical cyclone]] formation. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern [[Indian Ocean]].

The scope of this article is limited to the Indian Ocean in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], east of the [[Horn of Africa]] and west of the [[Malay Peninsula]]. There are two main [[sea]]s in the North Indian Ocean - the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west of the [[Indian subcontinent]], abbreviated ''ARB'' by the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD); and the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east, abbreviated ''BOB'' by the IMD.

The official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre]] in this basin is the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD), while the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] releases unofficial advisories. The [[tropical cyclone scales|tropical cyclone scale]] for this basin is detailed on the right. On average, 4 to 6 storms form in this basin every season.<ref name="IMD">{{cite web|title=IMD Cyclone Warning Services: Tropical Cyclones|url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/services/cyclone/tropical-cyclone.htm}}</ref>

==Storms==
===Depression BOB 01===
An area of disturbed weather first formed east of the [[Malay Peninsula]] on [[April 26]]. It slowly consolidated, and the [[Thai Meteorological Department]] (TMD) designated the active low pressure cell as a tropical depression on [[May 1]] in the [[Gulf of Thailand]].<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5OYVtqA60</ref> Moving westwards, it made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in the coastal areas of [[Chumphon]], and then moved into the [[Andaman Sea]].<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5OYVzOINu</ref> The system strengthened slightly, and late on [[May 3]], the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) designated it as a depression. It then began to move northwards, and in the morning of [[May 5]], it made a second landfall on the coast of [[Rakhine State]] in [[Myanmar]]. The system weakened into an area of low pressure shortly after, and the IMD issued its last bulletin.

The TMD issued heavy rain and flash flood warnings for western [[Provinces of Thailand|provinces]] during the system's passage over the [[Isthmus of Kra]]. In [[Ratchaburi Province]], disaster response teams prepared for the evacuation of settlements in mountaineous terrain on May 3.<ref>http://etna.mcot.net/query.php?nid=29216</ref> The next day, [[Prachuap Khiri Khan Province]] was declared a disaster zone after low-lying areas were flooded with waters up to one metre deep. In the [[Prachuap Khiri Khan|capital municipality]], a prison was inundated, necessitating the evacuation of prisoners to Ratchaburi. In addition, a portion of rail was flooded, but train services were not disrupted. In [[Surat Thani Province]], mudslides halted traffic in the municipal area. Multiple landslide warnings were also issued in other provinces. Northwestern provinces also braced for heavy rains following the system's second landfall.<ref>http://etna.mcot.net/query.php?nid=29232</ref>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Cyclonic Storm Akash===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Cyclonic Storm Akash<br>Tropical Cyclone 01B
| category=cat1
| type=tropical cyclone
| formed=[[May 13]]
| dissipated=[[May 15]]
| image=Akash 14 may 2007 0935Z.jpg
| highest winds=45 [[knot (speed)|kt]] <small>(3-min)</small>
| lowest pressure=988 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]<ref name="Akash">http://www.webcitation.org/5OqWZXlRX</ref>
}}
{{hurricane main|Cyclone Akash}}
On [[May 13]], the [[India Meteorological Department]] declared a depression over the east central Bay of Bengal. It formed on [[May 10]], and continued gradual intensification. The [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] issued a TCFA on [[May 13]] shortly before the IMD upgraded it to a depression. Later that day, the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical cyclone, designating it 01B. On [[May 14]], the IMD upgraded it to a deep depression, and six hours later it was designated the first cyclonic storm of the season, Akash. Akash continued to strengthen and the JTWC analysed it as having reached hurricane-force winds on [[May 14]]. It made landfall on the coast near the [[Bangladesh]]–[[Myanmar]] border early on [[May 15]], and weakened quickly inland.

Akash killed at least one fisherman, and left about 100 others missing. Crops were destroyed and power was cut as Akash neared the coast, and almost 80,000 people had to be evacuated to cyclone shelters.<ref>http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/s1923393.htm</ref> The seaport at [[Chittagong]] had to be closed, and all flights into and out of the city were cancelled.<ref>http://nation.ittefaq.com/artman/publish/article_36083.shtml</ref>

The heavy rains caused by outer bands of the cyclone before it made landfall limited play in Chittagong in the [[international cricket|international]] [[cricket]] match between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]].<ref>http://nation.ittefaq.com/artman/publish/article_36079.shtml</ref>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Super Cyclonic Storm Gonu===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Super Cyclonic Storm Gonu<br/>Tropical Cyclone 02A
| category=cat5
| type=tropical cyclone
| formed=[[June 1]]
| dissipated=[[June 7]]
| image=Gonu 04 jun 2007 0900Z.jpg
| track = Gonu 2007 track.png
| highest winds=130 [[knot (speed)|kt]] <small>(3-min)</small>
| lowest pressure=920 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]
}}
{{hurricane main|Cyclone Gonu}}
Gonu developed from a persistent area of convection in the eastern [[Arabian Sea]] on [[June 1]]. With a favorable upper-level environment and warm [[sea surface temperature]]s, it [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] to attain peak winds of 240 km/h (150 mph) on [[June 3]], as warned by the [[India Meteorological Department]]. Gonu weakened after encountering dry air and cooler waters, and late on [[June 5]] it made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] on the eastern-most tip of [[Oman]], becoming the strongest tropical cyclone to hit the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Intense cyclones like Gonu have been extremely rare over the Arabian Sea, as most storms in this area tend to be small and dissipate quickly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=14288|title=NASA Earth Observatory: Tropical Cyclone Gonu|date=2007-06-04|accessdate=2007-06-05|work=NASA}}</ref>

The cyclone caused about $4 billion in damage (2007 USD) and 49 deaths in [[Oman]], where the cyclone was considered the nation's worst natural disaster. Gonu dropped heavy rainfall near the eastern coastline, reaching up to 610 mm (24 inches) which caused flooding and heavy damage. In [[Iran]], the cyclone caused 23 deaths and $215 million in damage (2007 USD).
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Cyclonic Storm Yemyin===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Cyclonic Storm Yemyin<br/>Tropical Cyclone 03B
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| formed=[[June 21]]
| dissipated=[[June 26]]
| image=Cyclone 03B 26 jun 2007 0650Z.jpg
| highest winds=50 [[knot (speed)|kt]] <small>(1-min)</small>
| lowest pressure=≤990 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]
}}
{{hurricane main|Cyclone Yemyin}}
A [[low pressure area]] associated with the [[monsoon trough]] was first detected by the [[Naval Research Laboratory]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] on [[June 17]]. Over the next few days, it developed deep flaring convection near an exposed low-level circulation centre (LLCC) as it drifted in open sea.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PiHAO2KX</ref> Despite moderate to high vertical [[wind shear]], the disturbance produced [[atmospheric pressure|surface pressure]] falls of up to 2.7 [[millibar|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]) in [[Port Blair]], in the [[Andaman Islands]], on [[June 19]].<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PjPQ6WL4</ref> Convection persisted around the increasingly well-defined LLCC, and the disturbance continued to consolidate under favourable [[diffluence (meteorology)|diffluence]].<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PjPQ6WL4</ref><ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PjwZ4XDa</ref>

Early on [[June 21]], the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) declared the area a depression, 430 [[kilometre|km]] (270 [[mile|mi]]) east-southeast of [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="BOB03IMD01">http://www.webcitation.org/5Pl2aOcUc</ref> Several hours later, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] (TCFA), with winds near 30 [[knot (speed)|kt]] (55 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]], 35 [[miles per hour|mph]]).<ref name="BOB03TCFA">http://www.webcitation.org/5Pl4nJpC7</ref> The depression moved quickly west-northwest towards the northern Andhra Pradesh coast.<ref name="BOB03IMD01"/> A [[subtropical ridge]] to the north weakened the wind shear which had been paralysing the system, allowing for further intensification.<ref name="BOB03TCFA"/> Later that day, the IMD upgraded the system to a deep depression.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PlZIXv7H</ref> As convection organised with increasing ocean heat content, the JTWC issued its first warning on Tropical Cyclone 03B.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PlTDy9FR</ref>

The deep depression made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] near Kakinda early on [[June 22]] local time.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PmEtgsyb</ref> The JTWC issued its final advisory later, as the system began to weaken due to land interaction and wind shear.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5Pme3GnZU</ref> The next day, the IMD downgraded it to a depression while it crossed the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5Po29M4mA</ref> The final warning was issued on [[June 24]], despite the storm having moved into the [[Arabian Sea]]. The storm killed at least 140 people in [[India]],<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6239808.stm</ref> and another 213 people died in [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] from rains and winds that might have been associated with an outer band of the cyclone.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6233868.stm</ref> The [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]] (PMD) had warned of heavy rains and wind from the system as early as Friday [[June 22]].<ref name="Pakistan 03B">http://www.webcitation.org/5PsfixNqs</ref>

The JTWC noted in its Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean on [[June 24]] that strong [[Monsoon#South-West Summer Monsoon|monsoonal]] low-level flow contributed to increased cyclonic vorticity, with low vertical wind shear and warm [[sea surface temperatures]]. It warned that these factors could lead to a [[rapid deepening|rapid]] regeneration of the cyclone.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PpyFcKC8</ref> Early on [[June 25]], the JTWC issued the second TCFA for this system as its LLCC crossed the coast into the Arabian Sea.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5Pr0NM4Fb</ref> Shortly after, both the IMD<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PrCgkooe</ref> and the JTWC<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PrR8Vrj6</ref> resumed advisories on the depression.

As it moved northwest just off the [[Pakistan]]i coast, winds of about 26 [[knot (speed)|kt]] (48 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]], 30 [[miles per hour|mph]]) and a surface pressure of 990 mbar (hPa) were observed in [[Karachi]] near midday on [[June 25]].<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PrbCzNT4</ref> According to the PMD, the centre of the system reached within 90 km (55 mi) of Karachi.<ref name="Pakistan 03B"/> With favourable conditions and deep convection, the system intensified into a deep depression that day.<ref>ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/New-Delhi/2007062516.DEMS</ref> After further organization, it made its second landfall at about 0300 UTC [[June 26]] along the [[Makran]] coast, near [[Ormara]] and [[Pasni City|Pasni]], [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan province]], in southwestern [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Pakistan 03B"/><ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PststKwZ</ref><ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PstmCWco</ref> Upon reaching land, the cyclone began to weaken slowly,<ref>ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/GuamStuff/2007062615-WTIO.PGTW</ref> and the JTWC issued its last advisory late on [[June 26]].<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PuGtXmFM</ref>

The cyclone trapped 2 merchant ships: Al-Picaso and Lady Hamad, and 4 fishing boats: Al-Taif, Al-Noor, Sumbal Sultani and Al-Tariq, 100 [[nautical mile|nm]] (185 km, 115 mi) off [[Karachi]]. The [[Pakistan Navy]] rescued 56 sailors from the merchant ships and 36 fishermen from the fishing boats after they were detected by [[Breguet Atlantique]] aircraft.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PtxDsgHu</ref> The heavy downpour also flooded the Kech Korandi riverine, inundating the city of [[Turbat]] and causing more than 10,000 people to evacuate their houses.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5Pu0LcnLI</ref> At least 380 people died in [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]],<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/Pakistan/Pakistan_cyclone_death_toll_hits_380/articleshow/2168117.cms</ref> with another 250 dead in [[Sindh]] and 100 in the [[North-West Frontier Province]],<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=c411704a-e156-4ce1-8b73-4228330f0683&&Headline=Pakistan+cyclone+death+toll+hits+380</ref> and further rains associated with the remnants of the cyclone hampered rescue efforts. The cyclone affected at least 10 districts of Balochistan and 4 districts of Sindh, affecting the lives of atleas 1.5 million people. <ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5Q6H4vyWW</ref> Over 80 people were killed in floods associated with the remnants in [[Afghanistan]]. At least 2 million people were affected by the cyclone or indirectly by power cuts and water shortages in Balochistan.<ref name="Pakistan 03B-Mumbai 04B">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6258820.stm</ref>

The PMD referred to the deep depression as Tropical Cyclone Yemyin, the next name on the list at the time.<ref name="Pakistan 03B"/> The IMD did not operationally name the system, but the depression was upgraded to a cyclonic storm in post-analysis, and the IMD retroactively named it Yemyin.<ref name="03B note">At the time, the official WMO body responsible for tropical cyclones in the [[Arabian Sea]], the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD), did not name the storm. However, the IMD reassessed the system to have reached cyclonic storm strength, and [http://www.webcitation.org/5QzqpfB7g retroactively] named the storm Yemyin.</ref>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Deep Depression BOB 04===
{{infobox hurricane small
| name=Deep Depression BOB 04<br/>Tropical Cyclone 04B
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| formed=[[June 28]]
| dissipated=[[June 30]]
| image=04B 29 june 2007 0503Z.jpg
| highest winds=45 [[knot (speed)|kt]] <small>(1-min)</small>
| lowest pressure=≤989 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]
}}
On [[June 28]], an area of disturbed weather in the [[Bay of Bengal]] that had persisted as a well-marked [[low pressure area]] for two days became more organised.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PststKwZ</ref> The [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) noted the formation of a depression around 0000 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] (5:30 a.m. [[India Standard Time|IST]]) southeast of [[Puri]], [[Orissa]], [[India]]. The IMD also stated that the system intensified into a deep depression three hours later whilst remaining "practically stationary".<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PvpqZNmH</ref> The [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] shortly after, noting that observations from the eastern coast of [[India]] had recorded falls in [[atmospheric pressure|pressure]] corresponding with the system's development. Furthermore, an upper-level [[anticyclone]] had formed over the disturbance, which would maintain the favourable [[wind shear]] conditions.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5Pvq5HH2c</ref> The JTWC initiated advisories later that day,<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PwEJq3I0</ref> as the depression moved northwest towards the Orissa coast.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PwFN7qO6</ref> The depression made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] near Puri early on [[June 29]].<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PwtGu7Fb</ref> The JTWC then issued its last advisory later that day, as the system moved inland.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PxcNduGp</ref> Early on [[June 30]], with the system centred over [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]], the IMD downgraded the system to a depression,<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PygXbBiy</ref> and discontinued advisories 6 hours later.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PzBqgPKd</ref>

At 0600 UTC (11 a.m. [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]) on [[June 28]], the [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]] (PMD) issued its first advisory regarding the remnants of the system. The PMD stated that the remnants "had the potential" to cause widespread heavy rain with strong winds in [[Sindh]], [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier]] provinces. This could worsen conditions in areas already flooded by Tropical Cyclone Yemyin. <ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5PxlM4QSj</ref> In its fourth advisory on [[July 1]], the PMD warned about the "high probability" of the system moving westward towards southern Sindh (instead of northwestward as previously projected), and regenerating over the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5Q0T8juTq</ref> The remnants of Tropical Cyclone 04B were mentioned in a Significant Tropical Weather Advisory from the JTWC early on [[July 2]]. After crossing the [[Deccan Plateau]], convection was southwest of the centre, in the Arabian Sea, while multiple associated low-level circulation centres had yet to re-emerge, and were located in west-central India, north-northeast of [[Mumbai]]. The area had favourable upper-level divergence, but high vertical wind shear.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5Q1WOEUxJ</ref> Eventually, the circulation centre became fully exposed in unfavourable conditions, and the JTWC declared it "no longer suspect for development" later that day.<ref>ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/GuamStuff/2007070218-ABIO.PGTW</ref>

While it was over western India adjoining the Arabian Sea, the deep convection associated with the remnants of the cyclone brought heavy rains to [[Maharashtra]], causing disruptions in transport due to floods and high winds in Mumbai. [[Amravati district]], northeast of Mumbai, was also severly affected by floods.<ref name="Pakistan 03B-Mumbai 04B"/> At least 43 people were killed in the state, and in Mumbai 243 [[millimetre|mm]] (9.6 [[inch|in]]) of rain was recorded.<ref>http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=126&art_id=nw20070702101934617C152494</ref> 14 died in [[Gujarat]] state, and evacuations were conducted. Up to 462 mm (18.1 inches) of rain was received in [[Bharuch district]].<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Rains_claim_14_lives_in_Gujarat/articleshow/2167073.cms</ref>

===Deep Depression BOB 05===
On [[July 1]], the [[Naval Research Laboratory]] (NRL) began to track a developing disturbance in the north [[Bay of Bengal]]. Following the formation of a [[low pressure area]] and circulation centre, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) initiated advisories, declaring it a depression, as it was located about 150 [[kilometre|km]] (90 [[mile|mi]]) southeast of [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], in [[India]], along the [[Bangladesh]]i coast.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5Q7ikITsu</ref> The system was noted in the Significant Tropical Weather Advisory issued by the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) that same day. The JTWC commented that the consolidated circulation centre was already overland, in southwest Bangladesh.<ref>ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/GuamStuff/2007070409-ABIO.PGTW</ref> The next day, on [[July 5]], as the depression tracked northwestward into [[Ganges Basin|Gangetic]] West Bengal, the IMD upgraded it to a deep depression.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5Q7iSEKod</ref> It reached close to [[Bankura]] early on [[July 6]], moving westward.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5Q7t7hlw1</ref>

As the system weakened while over north [[Chhattisgarh]], the IMD downgraded it to a depression on [[July 7]].<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5Q9MhJ24L</ref> The IMD then discontinued bulletins on [[July 8]] as it weakened into a low pressure area over central [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5QC11PjuI</ref> However, early the next morning it reintensified into a depression near [[Shivpuri]], in northwestern Madhya Pradesh, and the IMD resumed advisories.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5QDA4wyhc</ref> Later that day, the IMD issued its final bulletin.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5QEOGCOJU</ref>

The depression caused heavy rains in Kolkata, with 16 casualties. Nearly 20% of the cumulative rainfall for the entire monsoon season fell in three days.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6272290.stm</ref>

<div style="clear:both;"></div>

===Deep Depression BOB 06===
On [[August 5]], a low pressure area that had lingered in the northwestern [[Bay of Bengal]] organised into a depression about 230 km southeast of Balasore. The depression formed just as [[2007 South Asian floods|monsoonal rains and floods]] had killed over 200 people in the area. It deepened slightly and was upgraded to a deep depression late that night local time as it moved towards [[Orissa]]. The deep depression continued moving west-northwest and made landfall in Orissa north of [[Paradip]] early the next morning near [[Cuttack]].

On [[August 7]], [[Pakistan Meteorological Department]] issued its first weather advisory regarding the probability of regeneration of the system in [[Arabian Sea]] after crossing the Indian state of [[Gujarat]],<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5QwDsh3rS</ref> but this never came to fruition.

===Depression BOB 07===
On [[September 21]], a low pressure area 230 km south-southeast of [[Puri]] was declared a depression by the IMD. The next day, it made landfall along the [[Orissa]] coast near Puri with winds around 45-55 km/h (30-35 mph).

===Depression BOB 08===
Late on [[October 27]], an area of weather 600 km east-southeast of [[Chennai]], [[India]] was designated Depression BOB 08/2007 by the IMD.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5Sv5Dc0Jw</ref> The depression degenerated into a low pressure area early on the 29th.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5SwmZ42dI</ref>

===Deep Depression ARB 02===
{{Infobox hurricane small
| name=Deep Depression ARB 02<br/>Tropical Cyclone 05A
| category=storm
| type=tropical storm
| formed=[[October 27]]
| dissipated=[[November 2]]
| image=Cyclone 05A 01 nov 2007 0655Z.jpg
| highest winds=>28 [[knot (speed)|kt]] <small>(3-min)</small>
| lowest pressure=989 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]
}}
On [[October 27]], a westward-moving disturbed area of weather formed about 885 nm east of [[Cape Guardafui]], [[Somalia]] was designated Depression ARB 02/2007 by the IMD.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5Sv5Dc0Jw</ref> The next day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center designated the depression as Tropical Cyclone 05A.<ref>ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/GuamStuff/2007102803-WTIO.PGTW</ref> Soon after, the IMD upgraded the depression to a deep depression.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5SvHEmIyU</ref> The Deep Depression did not develop and degenerated into a low pressure area on November 2nd as it moved further west.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5T3NFSMbH</ref> <ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5T3NJNQhw</ref> <ref>ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/GuamStuff/2007110203-WTIO.PGTW</ref>
<div style="clear: both"></div>

===Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr===
{{main|Cyclone_Sidr}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr<br>Tropical Cyclone 06B
|time=2100 [[UTC]] [[November 14]]
|location=[[latitude|17.0°N]] [[longitude|89.0°E]]<br/>650 km (405 mi) [[south|S]] of [[Kolkata]]
|image=Sidr 14 nov 2007 0445Z.jpg
|1sustained=130 kt (240 km/h, 150 mph)
|3sustained=100 kt (185 km/h, 115 mph)
|gusts=160 kt (295 km/h, 185 mph)
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|pressure=956 [[hPa]]
|movement=[[North|N]] at 9 kt (16 km/h, 10 mph)
}}
An area of disturbed weather developed near the [[Andaman Islands]] on [[November 9]]. It gradually became better organised as it passed to the south of the islands, and the system was designated Depression BOB 09 by the [[India Meteorological Department]] early on [[November 11]].<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5THCn2gZT</ref> The [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] upgraded it to Tropical Cyclone 06B at the same time.<ref>ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/GuamStuff/2007111109-WTIO.PGTW</ref> Later that day, it intensified into a deep depression as it moved slowly north-westward.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5THc14ltg</ref> The IMD upgraded the system to Cyclonic Storm Sidr early on [[November 12]].<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5THzSoKwN</ref> The system then began to intensify quickly as it moved slowly northwestward, and the IMD upgraded it to a severe cyclonic storm later that day<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5TIfWlbW7</ref> and a very severe cyclonic storm early the next day.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/5TJAaMgwa</ref>

As it intensified to a Category 4-equivalent cyclone on [[November 14]], thousands of emergency officials were put on standby in eastern [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] in advance of the storm's arrival. Massive evacuations of low-lying coastal areas also took place, although sheltering was only available for about 500,000 of the over 10 million residents of coastal areas.<ref>http://www.usatoday.com/weather/storms/2007-11-14-cyclone-sidr_N.htm?csp=34</ref> The IMD also issued a cyclone alert for [[Orissa]] and [[West Bengal]] on November 14.<ref>http://www.deepikaglobal.com/ENG3_sub.asp?ccode=ENG3&newscode=7553</ref>

====Current storm information====
As of 2100 UTC [[November 14]], the IMD reports Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr to be located near [[latitude|17.0°N]] [[longitude|89.0°E]], or about 650 [[Kilometre|km]] (405 [[mile|mi]]) south of [[Kolkata]]. The system has maximum 3-minute sustained winds of 100 kt (185 km/h, 115 mph), gusting to 110 kt (205 km/h, 125 mph). It has a minimum [[Atmospheric pressure|central pressure]] of 956 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[bar (unit)|mbar]]), and is moving north at 9 kt (16 km/h, 10 mph).

As of 1800 UTC [[November 14]], the JTWC reports Tropical Cyclone 06B (Sidr) to be located at 15.6°N 89.3°E. The system has maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 130 kt (240 km/h, 150 mph), gusting to 160 kt (295 km/h, 185 mph). It has a maximum associated [[ocean surface wave|wave height]] of 40 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]] (12.3 [[metre|m]]).

*See the [http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm latest IMD bulletin] on Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr.
*See the [https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/warnings/io0607web.txt latest JTWC advisory] on Tropical Cyclone 06B.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

==Timeline of recent events==
{{main|Timeline of the 2007 North Indian Ocean cyclone season}}

===October===
;[[October 27]]
:*1800 UTC - '''Depression BOB 08/2007''' forms about 600 km east-southeast of [[Chennai]], [[India]].
:*1800 UTC - '''Depression ARB 02/2007''' forms over the south-eastern [[Arabian Sea]].

;[[October 28]]
:*0300 UTC - The JTWC designates Depression ARB 02/2007 as '''Tropical Cyclone 05A'''.
:*0300 UTC - The IMD upgrades Depression ARB-02/2007 to '''Deep Depression ARB-02/2007'''.

;[[October 29]]
:*0300 UTC - Depression BOB 08/2007 degenerates into a low pressure area and advisories are discontinued.

===November===
;[[November 2]]
:*0300 UTC - Deep Depression ARB 02/2007 weakens into a depression.
:*1200 UTC - Depression ARB 02/2007 degenerates into a low pressure area.

;[[November 11]]
:*0900 UTC - The IMD designates an area of disturbed weather 200 km south-southwest of [[Port Blair]] as '''Depression BOB 09/2007'''.
:*0900 UTC - The JTWC designates Depression BOB 09/2007 as '''Tropical Cyclone 06B'''.
:*1800 UTC - The IMD upgrades Depression BOB 09/2007 to '''Deep Depression BOB 09/2007'''.

;[[November 12]]
:*0300 UTC - The IMD upgrades Deep Depression 09/2007 to '''Cyclonic Storm Sidr'''
:*1500 UTC - The IMD upgrades Cyclonic Storm Sidr to '''Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr'''.
:*1800 UTC - The IMD upgrades Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr to '''Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr'''.

==Storm names==
The next few unused names on the [[Lists of tropical cyclone names#North Indian Ocean|list of North Indian Ocean storm names]] are listed below, as well as names already used this season. The names are used sequentially and once only.

{| width="90%"
*[[Cyclone Akash|Akash]]
*[[Cyclone Gonu|Gonu]]
*[[Cyclone Yemyin|Yemyin]] <ref name="03B note"/>
*{{tcname active|Sidr}}
*{{tcname unused|Nargis}}
*{{tcname unused|Abe}}
*{{tcname unused|Khai Muk}}
|}

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
*[[List of North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons]]
*[[2007 Atlantic hurricane season]]
*[[2007 Pacific hurricane season]]
*[[2007 Pacific typhoon season]]
*[[2006-07 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
*[[2007-08 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
*[[2006-07 Australian region cyclone season]]
*[[2007-08 Australian region cyclone season]]
*[[2006-07 South Pacific cyclone season]]
*[[2007-08 South Pacific cyclone season]]

==References and notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

==External links==
*[http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cyclone.htm RSMC New Delhi cyclone warnings]
*[https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc.php Joint Typhoon Warning Center]
*[http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/static/cyclone-history-as.htm History of past cyclones in the Arabian Sea]

[[Category:North Indian cyclone seasons]]
[[Category:2007 North Indian cyclone season|*]]

[[zh:2007年北印度洋氣旋季]]

Foys See

2007-09-20T03:24:27Z

Gallileo2k: +

{{Infobox lake
| lake_name = Foy's Lake
| image_lake = Ctg_foys_lake_water_2003.jpg
| caption_lake =
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Chittagong]]
| coords =
| type = [[reservoir]]
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = Bangladesh
| length =
| width =
| area =
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities =
| frozen =
}}
'''Foy's Lake''' is a man-made [[lake]] in [[Chittagong]], [[Bangladesh]]. It was dug in 1924 and was named after the Railway engineer Foy. An amusement park, managed by the Concord group, is located here. The lake is next to [[Batali Hill]], the highest hill in Chittagong Metropolitan area.

[[Category:Lakes of Bangladesh]]

Hafen Chittagong

2007-07-06T15:57:05Z

Gallileo2k: +img

[[Image:PORT CTG TAZMEEM.JPG|right|thumb|Port of Chittagong]]
'''Port of Chittagong''', located by the estuary of the [[Karnaphuli River]] near the city of [[Chittagong]] in [[Chittagong District]] of [[Bangladesh]], is a deepwater seaport dominated by trade in containerised manufactured products (especially ready made garments), raw materials and to a lesser extent passengers. It is the main sea port of [[Bangladesh]]- most of the export and import of the country are handled via this port.

==External links==

*[http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/C_0219.htm Article on Chittagong Port], [[Banglapedia]]
*[http://www.cpa.gov.bd/home.htm Chittagong Port Authority Website]

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Bangladesh|Chittagong]]

{{Bangladesh-stub}}

[[bn:চট্টগ্রাম বন্দর]]

Foys See

2007-05-29T00:05:34Z

Gallileo2k: rm copyvio text taken from Banglapedia

[[Image:Ctg_foys_lake_water_2003.jpg|thumb|380px|Foy's Lake, Chittagong, Bangladesh.]]

'''Foy's Lake''' is a man-made lake in [[Chittagong]], [[Bangladesh]]. It was dug in 1924 and was named after the Railway engineer Foy. An amusement park, managed by the Concord group, is located here.

[[Category:Lakes of Bangladesh]]

India (Hauskatze)

2007-04-02T10:08:57Z

Gallileo2k: merge

{{merge|List of United States Presidential pets}}
:''This article is about India, the cat. For other uses, see [[India (disambiguation)]].''
[[Image:IndioCat.jpg|right]]
'''India''' "Willie" Bush is US President's [[George W. Bush]] and [[Laura Bush]]'s black cat. He has lived with the Bush family for more than ten years. He was named after [[Texas]] baseball player, [[Ruben Sierra]], also known as El [[Indio]]. There was some controversy reported in [[India]] as several people were upset with the cat's name.<ref>Bush’s cat India provokes anger. (2004, July, 03). Deccan Herald.</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of United States Presidential pets]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/india/ Official Biography at WhiteHouse.gov]
*[http://www.presidentialpetmuseum.com/Pets/India.htm India at the Presidential Pet Museum]
*[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july032004/n12.asp Response in India]

[[Category:George W. Bush]]
[[Category:Famous cats]]
[[Category:Historical cats]]

{{cat-stub}}

Asif Ali Zardari

2007-03-14T21:35:14Z

Gallileo2k: Reverted edits by 87.113.193.146 (talk) to last version by Khalidkhoso

'''Asif Ali Zardari''' ([[Urdu]]: '''آصف علی زرداری''') ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]:آصف علي زرداري)is the chief of the [[Zardari]] tribe and the husband of former [[Pakistan]]i [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]]. He served as a member of the National Assembly, and as environment minister during the second term of his wife's premiership. His last position in the government of [[Pakistan]] was as a senator until 1999 when the senate and assemblies were dissolved by Gen. [[Pervez Musharraf]] who took over the reins of the government in a coup against the then Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]].

In 1990, he was arrested on charges of [[blackmail]], based on allegations that he attached a bomb to a Pakistani businessman, Murtaza Bukhari, and forced him to withdraw money from his bank account [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4032997.stm]. However, the charges were not proven and he was released from prison in 1993 when [[Pakistan People's Party]] took power.

[[Image:Image-Rajiv Benazir Sonia .jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[Benazir Bhutto]] and [[Asif Zardari]] welcoming [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[Sonia Gandhi]] on their first visit to [[Pakistan]] in 1989.]]

During the final days of his wife’s second premiership, just before her government was dissolved by the then president, [[Farooq Leghari]], his brother in law [[Murtaza Bhutto]] was assassinated. He was subsequently arrested on murder charges in 1996. The verdict was set aside following a major scandal, when audio tapes titled 'murdering justice' were revealed. These tapes proved Zardari had nothing to do with the murder and the accountability bureau was blackmailing the judge to issue a guilty verdict.

He was kept in custody from [[1997]] to [[2004]] on charges ranging from corruption to murder, all of which were never proven. He was granted bail and released in November [[2004]] when a judge said the cases were all false.
[http://www9.sbs.com.au/theworldnews/region.php?id=99541&region=2]. However, he was re-arrested on [[21 December]] [[2004]] after his failure to attend a hearing in a murder trial in [[Karachi]]. He was charged with conspiracy in the [[1996]] killing of a judge and his son. These charges coincided with his plans to launch massive protests in the country.

Zardari is currently lives in NY but also has a home in Dubai. He is suffering from [[diabetes]] and a [[spinal ailment]] as a result of his prolonged imprisonment.

In August [[2004]], Zardari acknowledged owning a £4.35m estate in [[Surrey]], [[England]] (including a 20-room mansion and two farms on 365 acres, or 1.5 km², of land), which the Pakistani authorities allege was bought with the proceeds of corruption. Legal proceedings brought by the Government of Pakistan against Zardari to recover the sale proceeds of the property are continuing before the High Court of England and Wales. In October 2006 the English High Court dismissed Zardari's application to have the proceedings stopped on the basis that it did not have jurisdiction to hear the case. Zardari is presently seeking permission to appeal that decision.

Zardari has spent a total of 11 years in prison, without ever being convicted. He says that the charges are politically motivated.

==External links==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4032997.stm Profile: Asif Zardari]
* [http://www9.sbs.com.au/theworldnews/region.php?id=99541&region=2 Bhutto's husband released (SBS World News, Australia)]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1287768,00.html Bhutto's husband now admits owning £4m estate (''The Guardian'' of London)]

{{Pakistan-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Sindhi_people]]
[[Category:Baloch_people]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians|Zardari, asif ali]]
[[Category:Pakistani businesspeople|Zardari, asif ali]]
[[Category:Living people|Zardari, asif ali]]

Hari Singh

2007-03-14T21:30:40Z

Gallileo2k: rm speculation

Maharaja '''Hari Singh''' ([[1895]]–[[1961]]) GCSI, GCIE, KCIE, GCVO, KCVO was the last ruling [[Maharaja]] of the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] in [[India]].

Hari Singh was hostile towards the Congress, in part because of the close friendship between Abdullah and Nehru. He also opposed the Muslim League and its members' communalist outlook illustrated in their two-nation theory.

In [[1947]], Hari Singh chose to accede his kingdom to [[India]], although a majority of the kingdom's population was [[Muslim]]. [[Pakistan]] and India fought several wars over possession of the state.

He married Maharani Tara Devi (1910-1967), and had one son, the politician [[Karan Singh]].

[[Image:Kashmir treaty.jpg|thumb|The [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Treaty of Accession]] which shows Maharaja Hari Singh's accession of the state of Jammu and Kashmir to [[India]] ]]

==The royal house of Jammu and Kashmir==

The royal house of Kashmir trace their roots to the mythical [[Ikshvaku]] (Solar) Dynasty of [[Northern India]], the same clan in which, according to legend, [[Rama]] was born. Rama is the 'kuldevta' (family deity) of the Dogras.

According to legend, [[Raghuvanshi]] descendant, Agnigarba, who was living as a recluse, came to [[Nagarkote]] ([[Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]), in the [[Shivalik Hills]]. When the Raja of Kangra came to know about this person's ancestry, he offered him the hand of his daughter and a part of kingdom. The river Ravi was then the boundary of Nagarkote. Agnigarba crossed it and captured some villages in the [[Kathua]] area and declared himself as sovereign king.

After his death, his son Bayusharva (B.C. 1530-1500) married the princess of Parole (Kathua). The princess was known as Erwan and she died young. The Raja founded a city after her which is still found near Parole, though now a small village and at the 'Samadhi' of the queen, a `Mela' (fair) is held at every `Baisakhi' (13 or 14 April) every year. Bayusharva extended the boundaries up to the river Ujh. Bayusharva's great grandson, Bahulochan was enthroned after his death. He migrated from Erwan and built his fort on the banks of river Tawi. Bahulochan died in a bloody battle with Chadaras, Raja of Sialkot (Shayalkot) and his younger brother Jambulochan (B.C 1320-1290) ascended the throne. In those days the area beyond Tawi (the present city of Jammu) was used for hunting. Tradition has it that one day Jambulochan came to this area and while he was sitting behind a bush to ambush some bird or animal, he saw a lion( a tiger in some accounts) and a goat drinking water from the same pond. This peaceful coexistence encouraged him to found the city of Jammu, which some say is named after him.

One of his descendants, Raja Shaktikaran (B.C 1200-1177) introduced the Dogri Script for the first time. Another of his descendants, Jasdev founded the city of Jasrota on the bank of river Ujh, and another Raja, Karan Dev built a fort on the banks of the river Basantar. In the early centuries of the first millennium the area came under the sway of the [[Indo-Greeks]], with their capital at [[Sakala]] ([[Sialkot]]).

Among the rulers of Jammu was Raja Ranjit Dev (1728-1780), who introduced social reforms such as a ban on [[sati]] (immolation of the wife on the pyre of the husband) and female infanticide.

Later, under [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], the state became part of the [[Sikh Kingdom]] of the Punjab. Ranjit Singh rendered this state to his general, [[Gulab Singh]], who belonged to the Jamwal Rajput clan that ruled Jammu. He extended the boundaries of Jammu to western Tibet with the help of [[General Zorawar Singh]], who has been referred to by British Historians as the 'Napoleon of India'.Dogra rule extended beyond the Jammu Region and the Kashmir Valley to the Tibetan Buddhist Kingdom of Ladakh and the Emirates of [[State of Hunza|Hunza]], [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]] and [[State of Nagar|Nagar]]. After the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1846, Jammu again became an independent Rajput Kingdom under Maharaja Gulab Singh, as per the treaties signed between the [[United Kingdom|British]] and the [[Sikhs]].

[[Partab Singh of Kashmir|Maharaja Partab Singh]] (enthroned in 1855) saw the construction of Banihal Cart Road (B.C. Road) mainly to facilitate telegraph services.

==Hari Singh's reign==
The last ruler of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] was Maharaja Hari Singh, who ascended the throne in 1925. He made primary education compulsory in the State, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage and threw open places of worship for the low castes.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Hari Singh's reign saw the accession of Jammu & Kashmir to the newly independent [[Indian Union]] in 1947. He originally manoeuvered to maintain his independence by playing off [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] against each other. However, following an incursion by tribesmen from Pakistan in October [[1947]], Singh appealed to [[India]] for its help. He acceded to India, though there is considerable controversy over exactly at what point.

These events triggered the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first Indo-Pakistan War]]. Hari Singh retreated to Jammu and eventually left the state.

In 1951 Hari Singh's rule was terminated by the state government of Indian-administered Kashmir. His son Yuvraj (Crown Prince) [[Karan Singh]] was made 'Sadr-e-Riyasat' ('President of the Province') and Governor of the State in 1964.

==See also==

* [[List of topics on the land and the people of “Jammu and Kashmir”]]

==External links==

* [http://www.4dw.net/royalark/India/kashmir.htm Genealogy of the ruling chiefs of Jammu and Kashmir]
* [http://jammukashmir.nic.in/govt/cntit1.htm#1 Proclamation of May 1, 1951 on Jammu & Kashmir Constituent Assembly by Yuvraj (Crown Prince) Karan Singh from the Official website of Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India]
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/kashmir.html '''Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA'''; [[University of California at Berkeley]] Library Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list]

{{start}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Partab Singh of Kashmir|Partab Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Maharaja of Kashmir]]|years=1925-1949}}
{{s-aft|after=Title abolished}}
{{end}}

[[Category:Rajput chiefs]]
[[Category:Ruling Hindu clans]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Rajputs]]
[[Category:History of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian politicians|Singh, Hari]]
[[Category:Hindu politicians|Singh, Hari]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India|Singh, Hari]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire|Singh, Hari]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order|Singh, Hari]]
[[Category:1895 births|Singh, Hari]]
[[Category:1961 deaths|Singh, Hari]]

[[pl:Hari Singh]]

Humayun Azad

2007-03-08T12:56:48Z

Gallileo2k: link

'''Humayun Azad''' ([[Bangla]]: হুমায়ুন আজাদ) (Rari Khal, [[Bangladesh]], [[28 April]], [[1947]] - [[Munich]], [[Germany]], [[11 August]], [[2004]]) was a prolific [[Bangladeshi]] [[author]] and [[scholar]]. He wrote more than 70 books including 10 novels, 7 collections of poetry, 7 books of comparative literature and 2 books for children. Azad received the prestigious [[Bangla Academy Award ]] (1996) and the [[Shishu Academy]] Award for his contributions in both adult and children literature.


==Professional and literary life==
Dr. Azad got his doctorate degree in [[linguistics]] in 1976 at the [[University of Edinburgh]]. He later served as a professor of [[Bangla]] at the [[University of Dhaka]] and in his early career produced pioneering works on Bangla linguistics, notably Bangla [[syntax]]. He was regarded as the most important living linguist of the one-thousand-year-old Bangla language. Later in his career, especially during General [[Hossain Mohammad Ershad|Ershad]]'s rule, he became well-known as a liberal socio-political [[critic]] as he wrote biting commentaries against the dictatorship in local magazines. His commentaries continued throughout the 1990s and were later published as books as they grew in numbers. A freethinker and an [[atheist]], he fearlessly and openly criticized in his works the extremism in religions, including [[Islam]], the major religion in Bangladesh.

Dr. Azad also published the first comprehensive book in Bangla on the subject of women called ''Naari'' (Bangla for "Woman") in 1992. In this monumental tome, Azad painstakingly compiled the feminist ideas of the west that underlie the feminist contributions of the subcontinent's socio-political reformers and exposed the anti-women stance of some legendary Bengali writers including [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. The work, critical of the patriarchal and male-chauvinistic attitude of religions towards women, attracted negative reaction from conservative censors and the Bangladeshi Government banned the book in [[1995]]. The ban was eventually lifted in [[2000]], following a legal battle Azad won in the High Court.

==Assassination attempt==
On [[February 27]], [[2004]], he was the victim of a vicious [[assassination]] attempt by unidentified assailants in broad daylight on the campus of the University of Dhaka. As he was returning to his Fuller Road residence from the yearly book fair held at the Bangla Academy premises, the assailants stopped him on the road and hacked at his neck and face with machetes, using bombs to disperse the crowd who tried to rescue him. He subsequently fell into a coma for four days, but eventually survived after receiving intensive treatment at the Combined Military Hospital in [[Dhaka]]. He then went to [[Singapore]] for further treatment of his critically damaged face. The incident created a huge backlash among the progressive liberals in the society and the public in general who were appalled at the lack of security that made this attack on one of the most renowned scholars in the country possible. The students of the university were especially agitated at this heinous crime against their beloved teacher on their very own campus and marched in protest.

The assassination attempt took place following the publication of his [[novel]] ''Pak Sar Jamin Saad Baad'', a story based on religious groups in Bangladesh who collaborated with the Pakistani army during the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War|independence war]]. In it he tried to expose the attitudes and activities of the [[Islamist]]s and the nationalists in Bangladesh. He created a scenario that vividly portrayed the [[fanatic]] and barbaric nature of these groups. Afterwards, Dr. Azad expressed that he had suffered severe mental trauma since the attack, but he also vowed to continue writing against the rise of Islamists in Bangladesh.

Islamists in Bangladesh, on the other hand, condemned the assassination attempt but simultaneously claimed that the novel injured the sentiments of the majority. They demanded that the novel be banned and a [[blasphemy]] law be passed so that no such book could be published in the future, a reaction not too dissimilar to their treatment of his earlier ''Naari''.

==Death==
On [[August 11]], [[2004]], Dr. Azad was found dead in his apartment in [[Munich]], [[Germany]], where he had moved just a week prior to conduct research on the nineteenth century German romantic poet [[Heinrich Heine]]. Azad's family in Bangladesh refused to acknowledge the German police force's primary conclusions, which indicated a natural death. Before leaving his country Dr. Azad had written a [http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/humayun_azad/open_letter280704.htm heart rendering open letter] to the Prime Minister, leader of the main opposition, and his countrymen - his last literary composition which was published by [http://www.mukto-mona.com Mukto mona], a Bengali [[freethinker]]s’ forum, where Dr. Azad used to be a member.

==Literary works==
===Poetry Books===
* Aloukik Ishtimar (1973)
* jolo Chitabagh (1980)
* Shob Kichu Noshtoder Odhikare Jabe (1985)
* Jotoi Gobhire Jai Modhu Jotoi Uporay Jai Neel (1987)
* Ami Bachay Chilam Onnoder Shomoy (1990)
* Humayun Azader Shreshtho Kobita (1993)
* Adhunik Bangla Kobita (1994)
* Kafone Mora Osrubindu (1998)
* Kabya Shonggroho (1998)

===Novels and Stories===
* Chappanno Hazar Borgomile (1994)  [http://worldcat.org/oclc/60043495 OCLC 60043495]
* Shob Kichu Bhenge Pore (1995)
* Manush Hishbe Amar Oporadhshomuho (1996)
* Jadukorer Mrittu (1996)
* Shuvobroto,Tar Shomporkito Shushomacher (1997)
* Rajnitibidgon (1998)
* Kobi Othoba Dondito Aupurush (1999)
* Nijer Shongge Nijer Jiboner Modhu (2000)
* Fali Fali Ko're Kata Chand (2001)
* Uponnashshonggroho-Ak (Collection of Novels,Vol.1) (2001)
* Sraboner Brishtite Roktojoba (2002)
* Uponnashshonggroho-Dui (Collection of Novels,Vol.2) (2001)
* Dosh Hazar Abong Aro Akti Dhorshon (2003)
* Pak Sar Jamin Saad Baad (2003) ISBN 984-401-769-6

===Criticism===
* Rabindraprobondho/Rashtro O Shomajchinta (1973)
* Shamsur Rahman/Nishshonggo Sherpa (1983)
* Shilpokolar Bimanikikoron O Onnanno Probondho (1988)
* Bhasha-Andolon:Shahittik Potobhumi (1990)
* Naari (1992) (banned between November 19,1995 and March 7,2000)
* Protikkriashilotar Dirgho Chayar Niche (1992)
* Nibir Nilima (1992)
* Matal Torony (1992)
* Norokay Anonto Hritu (1992)
* Jolpai Ronger Andhokar (1992)
* Shimaboddhotar Shutro (1993)
* Adhar O Adhayo (1993)
* Amar Abishshash (1997)
* Parbotto Chattagram:Shobuj Paharer Bhetor Diye Probahito Hingshar Jhornadhara (1997)
* Nirbachito Probondho (1999)
* Mohabishsho (2000)
* Ditio Lingo(originated from Simone The Bevour) (2001)
* Amra Ki Ai Bangladesh Cheyechilam (2003)
*Amar Notun Jonmo (2005)ISBN 984-401-839-0

===Linguistics===
* Pronominalization in Bengali (1983)
* Bangla Bhashar Shotrumitro (1983)
* Bakkototto (1994)
* Bangla Bhasha Vol.1 (1984)
* Bangla Bhasha Vol.2 (1985)
* Tulonamulok O Oitihashik Bhashabiggan (1988)
* Arthobiggan (1999)

===Teenage Literature===
* Lal Neel Dipaboli Ba Bangla Shahitter Jiboni
* Fuler Gondhe Ghum Ashena (1985)
* Koto Nodi Shorobor Ba Bangla Bhashar Jiboni (1987)ISBN 984-401-017-9
* Abbuke Mone Pore (1989)
* Bukpokete Jonakipoka (1993)
* Amader Shohoray Akdol Debdut( 1996)
* Andhokaray Gondhoraj (2003)

===Other===
* Humayun Azader Probochonguccho (1992)
* Shakkhatkar (1994)
* Attotayider Shonge Kothopokothon (1995)
* Bohumatrik Jotirmoy (1997)
* Rabindranath Thakurer Prothom Kobita( 1997)

==External links==
*[http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Zaman, Mustafa and Hussain, Ahmede (1 September 2004) "Humayun Azad: A Truncated Life" ''Star Weekend Magazine'' 4(11): p.1, The Daily Star, Dhaka] also at [http://web.archive.org/web/20040907033325/http://www.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/09/01/cover.htm Internet Archive];
*[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA130022004?open&of=ENG-BGD Amnesty International's statement on the assassination attempt on Dr. Humayun Azad];
*[http://www.boi-mela.com/Booklist.asp?author=390 Useful website for Books regarding author Humayun Azad];

[[Category:Bangladeshi writers|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Bengali writers|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi linguists|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Atheists]]
[[Category:1947 births|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:2004 deaths|Azad, Humayun]]

[[bn:হুমায়ুন আজাদ]]
[[fr:Humayun Azad]]

Brick Lane

2007-01-20T21:23:42Z

Gallileo2k: dab

:''Brick Lane is also a novel by [[Monica Ali]] (named after this street), and was shortlisted for the [[2003]] [[Booker Prize|Man Booker Prize]].''
'''Brick Lane''' is a street in the [[East End of London]] and heart of the city's [[Sylheti]] [[Bangladeshi]] [[community]]. The area has now become known as '''Banglatown'''. As a community it has been the first destination of a number of previous waves of migrants, also being the former heart of the city's [[Jew]]ish community, and before that, of its [[Huguenot]] community.

[[Image:Brick Lane 2005.jpg|thumb|Brick Lane]]

There is also a Sunday market at Brick Lane, which like the one nearby at [[Petticoat Lane]], dates from when it was a Jewish community.

In the 20th century the Brick Lane area was important in the second wave of development of [[Anglo-Indian cuisine]], as families from countries such as [[Bangladesh]] (mainly the [[Sylhet Division|Greater Sylhet]] region) migrated to London to look for work. The [[curry]] houses of Brick Lane are known for their cheap and cheerful food, and for allowing customers to bring their own [[beer]] (often the curry house itself will not sell [[alcohol]] as most are run by [[Muslim]]s). More recently the area has also broadened to being a vibrant art and fashion student area, with considerable exhibition space. Each year most of the fine art and fashion courses exhibit their work near Brick Lane.

It has also been, since the late 1990s, the site of several of the city's best known [[night club]]s, notably [[93 Feet East]] and [[The Vibe Bar]], both built on the site of The [[Old Truman Brewery]], once the industrial centre of the area, now an office and entertainment complex, where indoor UpMarket of crammed stalls of art, design, fashion and one eclectic stand of printed matter (art, media, politics, fiction books), audio (Roma and other music) and video DVD (independent and art-house films) [[Balkan Depot]], every Sunday between 10am and 5pm.

Since 1999, the UK's leading showroom and store for young and independent designers, [[The Laden Showroom]], has been located at number 103. Next door at number 101 is [[Rokit]], London's leading vintage clothing store. Brick Lane also hosts several fashion designer sales and fashion shows during [[London Fashion Week]]. It is also home to one of the few remaining independent bookshops, Eastside Books, which specialises in local history.

Nearby buildings of interest include [[Christ Church, Spitalfields]], The Jamme Masjid or [[Great London Mosque]] on the corner of [[Fournier Street]], and the head office of [[Habitat (retailer)|Habitat]] on Princelet Street.

Brick Lane has been at the centre of protests against the proposed [[Crossrail]] project, which aims to build new underground railway lines. However, many residents and investors support the new projects as they believe this will increase property prices. This will also provide improved transport facilities for the [[2012 Olympic Games]], leading to further rises. This is also expected to result in poorer lower class communities living in the [[East End]] selling properties at high prices to buy more spacious homes further out from the city centre. Consequently, the traditional East End community of Brick Lane is likely to evolve into a combination of the [[middle class]]es, mostly financial city workers, and those from the art community.

The lane was used as the setting for [[The Killers (band)|The Killers]] video for "All These Things That I've Done".

Brick Lane features in the novels ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' by [[Salman Rushdie]] and ''[[Brick Lane (novel|Brick Lane]]'' by [[Monica Ali]]. Another notable book on the area is ''Salaam Brick Lane'' by Tarquin Hall [http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/collection/brick-lane/features/icons-meets-tarquin-hall].

==Transport==

Nearest tube stations:
* [[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street]]
* [[Aldgate East]]

Nearby places:
* [[Bishopsgate]]
* [[Aldgate]]
* [[Whitechapel]]
* [[Old Spitalfields market|Spitalfields Market]]
* [[Bethnal Green]]

==See also==

*[[Brick Lane Market]]
*[[Spitalfields]]

==External links==

*[http://www.visitbricklane.com/ Visit Brick Lane], aimed at tourists.
*[http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/britain/articles/2006/11/12/a_london_lane_stamped_with_hipness_variety/ The Boston Globe review of Brick Lane]

*[http://bricklane.omweb.org Neighbourhood website]
*[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=50163 Brick Lane] entry at the ''[[Survey of London]]'' (1957)
*[http://www.bricklanerestaurants.com/ Brick Lane restaurants].
*[http://pubsinlondon.net/BrickLane-Spitalfields/BrickLane.htm Brick Lane through the last two hundred years], including many genealogical pubs.

[[Category:Streets in London]]
[[Category:Districts of London]]
[[Category:Tower Hamlets]]
[[Category:Restaurants in London]]

{{UK-road-stub}}
{{London-geo-stub}}

[[da:Brick Lane]]
[[fa:خیابان بریک‌لین]]
[[no:Brick Lane]]

Miran Schah

2006-09-02T17:01:25Z

Gallileo2k: Reverted edits by 82.0.152.113 (talk) to last version by Basik

'''Miran Shah''' ([[1366]]-[[1408]]) was a son of [[Timur]], and a [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] governor during his father's lifetime.

Miran's Shah's first charge was a vast region centered around [[Qandahar]], which he was granted in [[1383]]. That same year, he destroyed a rebellion against Timurid authority by the [[Kartids]], then vassals of Timur in [[Khurasan]] under their leader Ghyas al-Din. To solidify control over the area, in [[1396]] he invited the remaining Kartid princes to a banquet and slew them.

In the winter of [[1386]] Miran Shah defeated an invading force of the [[Golden Horde]] that was on its way to [[Persian Empire|Persia]]. He captured several prisoners, but these were released under light conditions when handed over to Timur.

In [[1396]] Miran Shah was given control of [[Azerbaijan]], principally the cities of [[Soltaniyeh]], the former capital of the [[Ilkhan|Illkhans]], and [[Tabriz]]. In the summer of [[1398]] he marched from Tabriz with the goal of subduing the [[Jalayirids]] of [[Baghdad]], but was forced to call off the expedition. Meanwhile, rumors had come to Timur that his son was planning to betray him. The conqueror was also angry over Miran Shah's refusal to solve the problems of tax dodgers within his area, and over his son's inability to keep the important fortress of Alinjaq out of the hands of the Jalayirids. In [[1399]] Timur sent a force under his nephew Sulaiman Shah to summon Miran Shah. The latter came with Sulaiman Shah willingly back to his father, where he was deposed of his governorship and assigned to his father's company for four years. His friends and advisors were executed.

Because of mental difficulties caused by an accident, Miran Shah was not a candidate for succeeding Timur. In the struggle that followed Timur's death in [[1405]], his son Aba Bakr managed to oust Jalayirid forces from Tabriz and Miran Shah reestablished himself in Azerbaijan. At the same time, Miran Shah supported another son, [[Khalil Sultan (Timurid dynasty)|Khalil Sultan]], in his claims the throne. He marched with Aba Bakr in an attempt to reinforce Khalil, but eventually turned back. Meanwhile, he had to deal with the growing threat of the [[Black Sheep Turkmen]], under [[Qara Yusuf]]. The latter defeated Aba Bakr at [[Nakhichevan]] in [[1406]] and again at [[Sardrud]] in 1408. In the last battle, Miran Shah was killed.

The line of Miran Shah continued to play a prominent role in the remnants of the Timurid Empire, when [[Abu Sa'id (Timurid dynasty)|Abu Sa'id]] came to power in [[Transoxiana]]. He is also the ancestor of [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]].

In the North West of [[Pakistan]] there is an [[Independent Agency]] named Miran Shah, which connects Afghanistan and Pakistan.

==References==

*Peter Jackson (1986). ''The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume Six: The Timurid and Safavid Periods''. ISBN 0-521-20094-6

[[Category:1366 births]]
[[Category:1408 deaths]]

[[fr:Miran Shah]]

{{CAsia-hist-stub}}

Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy

2006-07-04T21:09:13Z

Gallileo2k: clarify, he is not a politician from Bangladesh, rather one from Bengal, India, and later east pakistan

[[Image:HS_Suhrawardy.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
'''Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy''' ([[September 8]], [[1892]] - [[December 5]], [[1963]]) was a politician from [[Bengal]] in undivided [[India]], and later in [[East Pakistan]], who served as [[Prime Minister|Prime Minister of Pakistan]] from [[1956]] until [[1957]], also known for his controversial role in the Direct Action day, and following riots in [[Bengal]] during the last days of India's freedom struggle, he was considered a favourite of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] who spoke well of him, he is also considered the first populist leader in Pakistan's history.

Suhrawardy was born to a prominent Muslim family in the town of Mindapore, [[West Bengal]]. Thoush his family did not identify as Bengali, and spanned the entire subcontinent speaking [[Urdu]], Suhrawardy broke ranks with many from his demographic and learnt Bengali and chose to identify himself with the politics and society of Bengal. He completed his undergraduate studies at [[St. Xavier's College]], and completed a masters degree at the [[University of Calcutta]]. Afterwards, he moved to the [[United Kingdom]] to attend [[Oxford University]] from where he became a lawyer and was called to bar at [[Gray's Inn]].

He returned to the [[subcontinent]] in [[1921]] where he became involved in politics in Bengal. Suhrawardy served as deputy mayor of [[Calcutta]], Minister of Labor, and Minister of Civil Supplies under [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] among other positions. In [[1946]], Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy established a [[Muslim League]] government in Bengal, being the only Muslim League government in India at the time.

The Muslim League Bengal Government declared August 16, 1946 to be a public holiday throughout Bengal, to celebrate the “[[Direct Action Day]]”.

Mobs rioted throughout Bengal resulting in huge loss of life and property.In [[Noakhali]] it was estimated that 4,000 hindus had lost their lives. Suhrawardy was directly and widely blamed for not preventing this huge carnage and trying to suppress the news of the same from the media.
In 1947 power was transferred from the [[Muslim League]] to [[Congress]],and Suhrawardy stepped down from Chief Ministership. Fearing revenge of Hindus against Muslims in [[Calcutta]], Suhrawardy sought help from [[Gandhi]], who was much respected by the Calcutta population. Gandhi was persuaded to stay and pacify tempers in Calcutta, but he agreed to do so, on one condition—that Shaheed Suhrawardy share the same roof with him so that they could appeal to Muslims and Hindus alike to live in peace in this greatest of all Indian cities. "Adversity makes strange bed-fellows," Gandhi remarked about this strange request in his prayer meeting.

Upon formation of [[Pakistan]], Suhrawardy maintained his work in politics, continuing to focus on Bengal or [[East Pakistan]] as it became after independence from the British. In [[1949]] he formed the East Pakistan Awami Muslim League, which would develop into the [[Awami League]].

In the [[1950s]], Suhrawardy worked to consolidate political parties in East Pakistan to balance the politics of [[West Pakistan]]. Under [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]], Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy would serve as Law Minister and later become the head of opposition parties.

In 1956, he was made Prime Minister by [[President|President of Pakistan]] [[Iskander Mirza]] after the resignation of [[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]]. Suhrawardy inherited a political schism that was forming in Pakistan between the Muslim League and newer parties, such as the [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican party]]. The schism was fed by the attempt to consolidate the four provinces of [[West Pakistan]] into one province, so as to balance the fact that East Pakistan existed as only one province. Despite this attempt at equality, the plan was opposed in West Pakistan, and the cause was taken up by The Muslim League and religious parties. Suhrawardy supported the plan, but the vast opposition to it stalled its progress.

In order to divert attention from the controversy over the "One Unit" plan as it was called, Suhrawardy tried to ease economic differences between East and West Pakistan. However, despite his intentions, such moves only led to more political friction, and was worsened when Suhrawardy tried to give more money to East Pakistan than West Pakistan from aid received. Such moves led to a threat of dismissal looming over Suhrwardy's head, and he resigned in 1957.

Disqualified from politics by the Military regime of Ayub Khan Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy died in Lebanon in 1963 officially due to complications from heart problems, some have alleged he was poisoned. He is buried at [[Suhrawardy Udyan]] in [[Dhaka]].

== See also ==
*[http://pakistanspace.tripod.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan]
*[[:Category:Prime Ministers of Pakistan]]
*[[List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan]]
*[[Politics of Pakistan]]

==References==
* Freedom at midnight by Dominique lapierre and larry collins
* Gandhi's Passion by Stanley Wolpert (Oxford University Press)

{{sequence|prev=[[Chaudhry Muhammad Ali]]|next=[[Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar|I.I. Chundrigar]]|list=[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]}}
{{PakistaniPMs}}
{{PakCreation}}

[[Category:Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:1892 births|Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed]]
[[Category:1963 deaths|Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Pakistan|Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed]]
[[Category:Leaders of Pakistan movement|Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed]]
[[Category:Leaders of All India Muslim League|Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed]]

Humayun Azad

2006-07-02T18:15:55Z

Gallileo2k: Reverted edits by Maksud3 (talk) to last version by 203.189.231.8

Fjodor Michailowitsch Dostojewski

2006-06-13T03:52:43Z

Gallileo2k: iw bn

[[Image:Dostoevsky 1872.jpg|framed|right|Fyodor Dostoevsky. Portrait by [[Vasily Perov]], 1872]]
'''Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky''' (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes [[Transliteration of Russian into English|transliterated]] '''Dostoyevsky''' {{Audio|ru-Dostoevsky.ogg|listen}}) ({{OldStyleDate|November 11|1821|October 30}} – {{OldStyleDate|February 9|1881|January 28}}) is considered one of the greatest of [[Russian literature|Russian writers]], whose works have had a profound and lasting effect on [[twentieth-century]] fiction. His works often feature characters living in poor conditions with disparate and extreme states of mind, and exhibit both an uncanny grasp of human [[psychology]] as well as penetrating analyses of the [[political|political]], [[social]] and [[spirituality|spiritual]] states of Russia of his time. Many of his best-known works are prophetic precursors to modern-day thoughts. He is sometimes considered to be a founder of [[existentialism]], most frequently for ''[[Notes from Underground]]'', which has been described by [[Walter Kaufmann]] as "the best overture for existentialism ever written".

== Biography ==

Fyodor was the second of seven children born to Mikhail and Maria Dostoevsky. Shortly after his mother died of [[tuberculosis]] in [[1837]], he and his brother Mikhail were sent to the Military Engineering Academy at [[St. Petersburg]]. In [[1839]] they lost their father, a retired military surgeon and a violent alcoholic, who served as a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor in [[Moscow]]. While not known for certain, it is believed that Mikhail Dostoevsky was murdered by his own [[serf]]s, who reportedly became enraged during one of Mikhail's drunken fits of violence, restrained him, and poured [[vodka]] into his mouth until he drowned. Another story was that Mikhail died of natural causes, and a neighboring landowner invented this story of a peasant rebellion so he could buy the estate inexpensively.

Dostoevsky was sent to the St. Petersburg Academy of Military Engineering and since he was not very good at mathematics, a subject he despised, he did not do very well. Instead, he focused on literature. His literary idol was [[Honore de Balzac]] and in [[1843]] even translated one of Balzac's greatest works, ''[[Eugenie Grandet]]'', into Russian. Dostoevsky started to write his own fiction around this time and in [[1846]], his first work, the epistolary short novel, ''[[Poor Folk]]'', was met with great acclaim especially by the liberal critic Vissarion Belinsky with his famous exclamation, "A new [[Nikolai Gogol|Gogol]] has arisen!"

Dostoevsky was arrested and imprisoned on [[April 23]] [[1849]] for engaging in revolutionary activity against [[Tsar]] [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nikolai I]]. On [[November 16]] that year he was [[death sentence|sentenced to death]] for anti-government activities linked to a liberal intellectual group, the [[Petrashevsky Circle]]. After a [[mock execution]] in which he was blindfolded and ordered to stand outside in freezing weather waiting to be shot by a [[firing squad]], Dostoevsky's sentence was commuted to a number of years of [[exile]] performing hard labor at a [[katorga]] prison camp in [[Omsk]], [[Siberia]]. The incidence of [[epilepsy|epileptic]] seizures, to which he was predisposed, increased during this period. He was released from prison in [[1854]], and was required to serve in the [[Siberian Regiment]]. Dostoevsky spent the following five years as a corporal (and later lieutenant) in the Regiment's Seventh Line Battalion stationed at the fortress of [[Semey|Semipalatinsk]] in [[Kazakhstan]].

This was a turning point in the author's life. Dostoevsky abandoned his earlier ideals and began to pay tribute to traditional Russian values. He became a Christian and a fierce critic of the [[Nihilist movement]]. He later formed a peculiar friendship with the conservative statesman [[Konstantin Pobedonostsev]]. He began an affair with, and later married, Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, the widow of an acquaintance in Siberia.

In [[1860]], he returned to St. Petersburg, where he ran a series of unsuccessful literary journals with his older brother Mikhail. Dostoevsky was devastated by his wife's death in [[1864]], followed shortly thereafter by his brother's death. He was financially crippled by business debts and the need to provide for his brother's widow and children. Dostoevsky sank into a deep [[depression (mood)|depression]], frequenting gambling parlors and accumulating massive losses at the tables.

Dostoevsky suffered from an acute gambling compulsion as well as from its consequences. By one account ''[[Crime and Punishment]]'', possibly his best known novel, was completed in a mad hurry because Dostoevsky was in urgent need of an advance from his publisher. He had been left practically penniless after a gambling spree. Dostoevsky wrote ''[[The Gambler]]'' simultaneously in order to satisfy an agreement with his publisher [[Stellovsky]] who, if he did not receive a new work, would have claimed the copyrights to all of Dostoevsky's writing.

Motivated by the dual wish to escape his creditors at home and to visit the casinos abroad, Dostoevsky traveled to Western Europe. There, he attempted to rekindle a love affair with Apollinaria (Polina) Suslova, a young university student with whom he had had an affair several years prior, but she refused his marriage proposal. Dostoevsky was heartbroken, but soon met Anna Grigorevna, a twenty-year-old [[stenographer]] whom he married in [[1867]]. This period resulted in the writing of his greatest books. From [[1873]] to [[1881]] he vindicated his earlier journalistic failures by publishing a monthly journal full of short stories, sketches, and articles on current events — the ''Writer's Diary''. The journal was an enormous success. Dostoevsky is also known to have influenced and been influenced by famous Russian Philosopher [[Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov]]. Some state Solovyov was the prototype of the character Alyosha Karamazov.

In [[1877]] Dostoevsky gave the keynote [[eulogy]] at the funeral of his friend, the poet [[Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov|Nekrasov]], to much controversy. In [[1880]], shortly before he died, he gave his famous [[Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin|Pushkin]] speech at the unveiling of the Pushkin monument in Moscow.

In his later years, Fyodor Dostoevsky lived for a long time at the resort of [[Staraya Russa]] which was closer to [[St Petersburg]] and less expensive than German resorts. He died on [[January 28]] ([[Julian calendar|O.S.]]), [[1881]] of a lung hemorrhage associated with [[emphysema]] and an [[epileptic seizure]] and was interred in [[Tikhvin Cemetery]] at the [[Alexander Nevsky Monastery]], [[St. Petersburg, Russia]]. Forty thousand mourning Russians attended his funeral.{{rf|1|IdiotIntro}} His tombstone reads "Verily, Verily, I say unto you, Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone: but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit." from John 12:24, which is also the epigraph of his final novel, ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]''.

== Works and influence ==
[[Image:450px-Grab-dostojewsky.jpg|thumb|Dostoevsky's tomb at the [[Alexander Nevsky Monastery]].]]

Dostoevsky's influence cannot be overemphasized;from [[Herman Hesse]] to [[Marcel Proust]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Albert Camus]], [[Ayn Rand]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Henry Miller]], [[Yukio Mishima]], [[Gabriel García Márquez]], [[Jack Kerouac]] and [[Joseph Heller]]. Virtually no great twentieth century writer escaped his long shadow (rare dissenting voices include [[Vladimir Nabokov]], [[Henry James]], [[Joseph Conrad]] and, more ambiguously, [[D.H. Lawrence]]). American novelist [[Ernest Hemingway]] also cited Dostoevsky in his autobiographic books, as a major influence on his work. Essentially a writer of myth (and in this respect sometimes compared to [[Herman Melville]]), Dostoevsky displayed a nuanced understanding of human psychology evident in his major works. He created an opus of immense vitality and almost hypnotic power characterized by the following traits: feverishly dramatized scenes (conclaves) where his characters are, frequently in scandalous and explosive atmosphere, passionately engaged in Socratic dialogues ''à la Russe''; the quest for God, the problem of Evil and suffering of the innocents haunt the majority of his novels; characters fall into a few distinct categories: humble and self-effacing [[Christianity|Christians]] ([[prince Myshkin]], [[Sonya Marmeladova]], [[Alyosha Karamazov]]), self-destructive [[nihilism|nihilists]] ([[Svidrigailov]], [[Smerdyakov]], [[Stavrogin]], the underground man), cynical debauchers ([[Fyodor Karamazov]]), rebellious intellectuals ([[Raskolnikov]], [[Ivan Karamazov]]); also, his characters are driven by ideas rather than by ordinary biological or social imperatives.

Dostoevsky's novels are compressed in time (many cover only a few days) and this enables the author to get rid of one of the dominant traits of [[realism (arts)|realist]] prose, the corrosion of human life in the process of the time flux — his characters primarily embody spiritual values, and these are, by definition, timeless. Other obsessive themes include [[suicide]], wounded pride, collapsed family values, spiritual regeneration through suffering (the most important motif), rejection of the West and affirmation of [[Russian Orthodoxy]] and [[Tsarism]]. Literary scholars such as [[Mikhail Bakhtin|Bakhtin]] have characterized his work as '[[polyphonic]]': unlike other novelists, Dostoevsky does not appear to aim for a 'single vision', and beyond simply describing situations from various angles, Dostoevsky engendered fully dramatic novels of ideas where conflicting views and characters are left to develop unevenly into unbearable crescendo.

By common critical consensus one among the handful of universal world authors, along with [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]], [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[Goethe|Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], [[Miguel de Cervantes]], [[Victor Hugo]] and a few others, Dostoevsky has decisively influenced twentieth century literature, [[existentialism]] and [[expressionism]] in particular.

==Notes==
{{ent|1|IdiotIntro}} Dostoevsky,Fyodor; Introduction- The Idiot, Wordsworth Ed. Ltd, 1996.

== Major works ==
* ''Бедные люди'' (''[[Poor Folk]]'') ([[1846]])
* ''Двойник. Петербургская поэма'' (''[[The Double: A Petersburg Poem]]'') ([[1846]])
* ''Неточка Незванова'' (''[[Netochka Nezvanova]]'') ([[1849]])
* ''Село Степанчиково и его обитатели'' (''[[The Village of Stepanchikovo]]'' or ''The Friend of the Family'') ([[1859]])
* ''Униженные и оскорбленные'' (''[[The Insulted and Humiliated]]'') ([[1861]])
* ''Записки из мертвого дома'' (''[[The House of the Dead (novel)|The House of the Dead]]'') ([[1860]])
* ''Скверный анекдот'' (''[[A Nasty Story]]'') ([[1862]])
* ''Записки из подполья'' (''[[Notes from Underground]]'' or ''Letters from the Underworld'') ([[1864]])
* ''Преступление и наказание'' (''[[Crime and Punishment]]'') ([[1866]])
* ''Игрок '' (''[[The Gambler (novella)|The Gambler]]'') ([[1867]])
* ''Идиот'' (''[[The Idiot (novel)|The Idiot]]'') ([[1868]])
* ''Бесы'' (''[[The Possessed]]'' or ''Demons'' or ''The Devils'') ([[1872]])
* ''Подросток'' (''[[The Raw Youth]]'' or ''The Adolescent'') ([[1875]])
* ''Братья Карамазовы'' (''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]'') ([[1880]])

== Short stories ==
* ''Белые ночи'' (''[[White Nights (short story)|White Nights]]'') ([[1848]])
* ''Елка и свадьба'' (''[[A Christmas Tree and a Wedding]]'') ([[1848]])
* ''Честный вор'' (''[[An Honest Thief]]'') ([[1848]])
* ''Сон смешного человека'' (''[[The Dream of a Ridiculous Man]]'') ([[1877]])
* ''[[The Peasant Marey]]'' ([[1876]])

== Trivia==
* Interestingly, Fyodor Dostoevsky and the other giant of 19th Century Russian literature, [[Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy]], never met in person, even though each praised (Dostoevsky remarked of Tolstoy's [[Anna Karenina]] that it was a "flawless work of art"), criticised (Tolstoy once denounced [[Crime and Punishment]] in the account in the [[Henri Troyat]] biography where Tolstoy is reported to have remarked loosely that, "Once you read the first few chapters you know pretty much how the novel will end up") and influenced the other. There was, however, a meeting arranged, but there was a confusion about where the meeting place was and they never rescheduled. Tolstoy reportedly burst into tears when he learnt of Dostoevsky's death. In their time, the two were considered by the Russian critics and public as the greatest novelists produced by their homeland.

* [[Nietzsche]] said of Jesus: "it is regrettable that no Dostoevsky lived near him." He also stated "Dostoevsky was the only psychologist from whom I had anything to learn: he belongs to the happiest windfalls of my life, happier even than the discovery of [[Stendhal]]". He said that ''Notes from the Underground'' "cried truth from the blood".

* Some quotes:
"The happiness of all of human kind is not worth one tear of an innocent child."
"If there is no God, everything is permitted."
"You can't shed a bit of blood without it turning into floods of blood."

==See also==
*[[Anti-Catholicism]]
*[[existentialism]]
*[[Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov]]
*[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]
*[[Mikhail Epstein]]
*[[Russian Orthodox Church]]
*[[Soren Kierkegaard]]
*[[entropy]]
*[[freewill]]
*[[determinism]]
*[[Negative theology| apophatic theology]]
*[[Albert Camus]]
*[[Jean-Paul Sartre]]

==External links and references==
{{wikisource|Author:Fyodor_Dostoevsky}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.FyodorDostoevsky.com FyodorDostoevsky.com] - The Definitive Dostoevsky fan site
* [http://Dostoyevsky.thefreelibrary.com/ Fyodor Dostoevsky's brief biography and works]
* {{gutenberg author| id=Fyodor+Dostoyevsky | name=Fyodor Dostoevsky}}
* [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Dostoyevsky%2c+ Selected Dostoevsky e-texts from Penn Librarys digital library project]
* [http://librivox.org/notes-from-the-underground-by-fyodor-dostoyevsky/ Free audiobook] of ''[[Notes from Underground]]'' from [http://librivox.org LibriVox]
* [http://ilibrary.ru/author/dostoevski/ Full texts of some Dostoevsky's works in the original Russian]
* [http://www.fmdostoyevsky.com Fyodor Dostoyevsky] - Biography, ebooks, quotations, and other resources
* ''Crime and Punishment,'' Fyodor Dostoevsky, translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. Vintage Classics, 1992, New York.
* ''Crime and Punishment,'' Fyodor Dostoevsky, translated by Constance Garnett, introduction by Joseph Frank. Bantam Books, 1987, New York.
*[http://www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/RUSS/Moscow/2001PhotoAlbum/StPetersburg/Dostoevsky_GogolSights/ Some photos of places and statues that are reminiscent of Dostoevsky and his work]
* [http://www.kiosek.com/dostoevsky/contents.html Dostoevsky Research Station]
* [http://www.emich.edu/public/history/moss/ ALEXANDER II AND HIS TIMES: A Narrative History of Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky]

[[Category:Russian novelists|Dostoevsky, Fyodor]]
[[Category:Russian short story writers|Dostoevsky, Fyodor]]
[[Category:Russian essayists|Dostoevsky, Fyodor]]
[[Category:People with epilepsy]]
[[Category:Deaths from emphysema|Dostoevsky, Fyodor]]
[[Category:1821 births|Dostoevsky, Fyodor]]
[[Category:1881 deaths|Dostoevsky, Fyodor]]

{{Link FA|nl}}

[[ar:فيودور دوستويفسكي]]
[[bg:Фьодор Достоевски]]
[[bn:ফিওদোর দস্তয়েভ্‌স্কি]]
[[bs:Fjodor Dostojevski]]
[[ca:Fiodor Dostoievski]]
[[cs:Fjodor Michajlovič Dostojevskij]]
[[da:Fjodor Mikhajlovitj Dostojevskij]]
[[de:Fjodor Michailowitsch Dostojewski]]
[[et:Fjodor Dostojevski]]
[[el:Φιοντόρ Ντοστογιέφσκι]]
[[es:Fiódor Dostoyevski]]
[[eo:Fjodor Dostojevskij]]
[[eu:Fjodor Dostojevsky]]
[[fa:فئودور داستایوسکی]]
[[fr:Fedor Dostoïevski]]
[[ko:표도르 도스토옙스키]]
[[hr:Fjodor Dostojevski]]
[[io:Fyodor Dostoyevski]]
[[id:Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]
[[it:Fëdor Mikhailovič Dostoevskij]]
[[he:פיודור מיכאילוביץ' דוסטויבסקי]]
[[ka:დოსტოევსკი, თედორე]]
[[lv:Fjodors Dostojevskis]]
[[lt:Fiodoras Dostojevskis]]
[[hu:Fjodor Mihajlovics Dosztojevszkij]]
[[mk:Фјодор Достоевски]]
[[nl:Fjodor Dostojevski]]
[[ja:フョードル・ドストエフスキー]]
[[nn:Fjodor Dostojevskij]]
[[no:Fjodor Dostojevskij]]
[[pl:Fiodor Dostojewski]]
[[pt:Fiódor Dostoiévski]]
[[ro:Fiodor Dostoievski]]
[[ru:Достоевский, Фёдор Михайлович]]
[[scn:Fëdor Mikhailovič Dostoevskij]]
[[sk:Fiodor Michajlovič Dostojevskij]]
[[sl:Fjodor Mihajlovič Dostojevski]]
[[sr:Фјодор Михајлович Достојевски]]
[[fi:Fjodor Dostojevski]]
[[sv:Fjodor Dostojevskij]]
[[tl:Fëdor Dostoevskij]]
[[vi:Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky]]
[[tr:Fyodor Mikailoviç Dostoyevski]]
[[uk:Достоєвський Федір Михайлович]]
[[wa:Fyodor Mixhaylovitch Dostoyevskiy]]
[[zh:费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基]]

Manipuri (Tanz)

2006-06-07T03:35:44Z

Gallileo2k: iw bn

[[Image:Manipuri stamp.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Stamp issued in honour of the Manipuri dance]]
[[Image:Manipuri.jpg|frame|right|Full Manipuri dance costume for Radha]]
'''Manipuri dance''' is one of the major [[Classical Indian dance|Indian classical dance forms]]. It originates from [[Manipur]], a state in the North-East state of India on the border with [[Myanmar]] (also known as Burma).

The traditional Manipuri dance style embodies delicate, lyrical and graceful movements. The aim is to make rounded movements and avoid any jerks, sharp edges or straight lines. It is this which gives Manipuri dance its undulating and soft appearance. Of course, behind this outwardly soft impression lies a tough regime of body control.

In contrast with other Indian dance forms, the dancer’s feet should never strike the ground hard as this would interfere with the delicate flow of the body movements. Every time the dancer puts down his or her feet, even during vigorous steps, it is the front part of the feet which touch the ground first and ‘break the fall’. The ankle and knee joints are effectively used as shock absorbers.

The dancer’s feet are neither put down nor lifted up at the precise rhythmic points of the music but rather slightly earlier or later to express the same rhythmic points most effectively. This is possible because the way the feet move is viewed as a part of a composite movement of the whole body. Indeed, Manipuri dancers do not wear ankle bells, whose purpose in other Indian dances is to accentuate the beats tapped out by the feet.

Like the movements of the body and feet, the facial expressions in Manipuri dance should be subtle. The main bases of this dance style are devotion and grace.

The musical accompaniment for Manipuri dance comes from a percussion instrument called the pung, a singer, small cymbals, a stringed instrument called the pena and wind instrument such as a flute. The drummers are always male artistes and, after learning to play the pung, students are trained to dance with it while drumming. This dance is known as [[Pung cholom]].

Manipuri dance has had a very different evolution from other Indian classical dances. With its origins in Manipur, which is surrounded by mountain ranges and geographically isolated at the meeting point of the orient and mainland India, Manipuri dance developed its own specific aesthetics, values, conventions and ethics.

It was originally only performed in temples and continues to form an integral part of the religious and social fabric of Manipur. Manipuri dance, whether folk, classical or modern, is devotional in nature. The people of Manipur are very religious and are exclusively attached to the Hindu deities Radha and Krishna, who are often the main characters depicted in Manipuri dances. [[Ras Lila]] is one such Manipuri dance.

It is only since the early 20th century that Manipuri dance has been presented on stage. It became better known outside the region through the efforts of Rabindranath Tagore, the Bengali poet and philosopher who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. He fell in love with the dance when he first saw it in 1920.

Tagore brought Manipuri dance teachers to the university created by him in Santiniketan (150km north of Kolkata). Today, traditional Manipuri dance continues to be taught in Santiniketan, as it is in Manipur and Delhi.

==Further reading==
* ''Manipuri'' by R K Singhajit Singh, from the ''Dances of India'' series published by Wisdom Tree ([http://www.wisdomtreeindia.com]), ISBN 81-86685-15-4

==Manipuri Dance Links==
[http://manipuri.20m.com Manipuri Dance: Its history, origin and development]
[http://www.manipuri-dance.com Guru Singhajit Singh, Charu Matthur & Manipuri their dance troupe

==Manipuri Literature Link==
*[http://www.e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=MeiteiMayek.meetei_mayek_Poems.html../ Poetry in Manipuri]
*[http://www.imphal.cjb.net/imProcessor.asp?id=Meetei_Mayek_Poems&Fld=.miscellany9default3&idFld=Miscellany&idsubFld=Poems&subFld=.miscellany9poem9default3&ShowPage=.miscellany9poem9mmPoem9default3 Contemporary Poetry In Manipuri]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/seirangba_marup/ Seirangba Marup, the Yahoo Group of Manipuri Art and Literature]

==Resourceful Websites about Manipur and Manipuri==
* [http://www.e-pao.net/ E-Pao]
* [http://www.kanglaonline.com/ Kangla Online]
* [http://www.manipuronline.com/ Manipur Online]

[[Category:Classical Dances of India]]

[[bn:মণিপুরী (নৃত্য)]]
[[pl:Manipuri]]

India (Hauskatze)

2006-05-22T23:17:31Z

Gallileo2k: when did "president's cat" became encyclopedic???

{{#if:{{{nosubst|}}}|<div style="display:none;">}} {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|| |{{error:not substituted|AFD}}<div style="display:none;">}}{{#if:{{{nosubst|}}}|</div></div>}}
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'''This article is being considered for deletion''' in accordance with Wikipedia's [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion policy]].<br />
Please share your thoughts on the matter at '''[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/{{{1|India (cat)}}}|this article's entry]]''' on the [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion|Articles for deletion]] page.<br />
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India "Willie" Bush is [[George W. Bush]] and [[Laura Bush]]'s black cat.

{{cat-stub}}

[[Category:Famous cats]]
[[Category:Historical cats]]

Shilaidaha

2006-05-08T06:20:03Z

Gallileo2k: moved Shelidah to Shilaidaha: proper official name of the place

'''Shelidah''' ([[Bengali language|Bangla]]:শিলাইদহ) is a place in [[Kumarkhali Upazila]] of [[Kushtia District]] in [[Bangladesh]]. The place is famous for ''Shelidah Kuthibari''— a country house made by [[Dwarkanath Tagore]]. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] lived a part of life here and created some of his memorable poems while living here.

[[Category:Towns in Bangladesh]]

[[bn:শিলাইদহ]]
{{Bangladesh-geo-stub}}

Shilaidaha

2006-05-08T06:14:44Z

Gallileo2k: m link

Shilaidaha

2006-05-08T06:10:56Z

Gallileo2k: iw bn

'''Shelidah''' ([[Bengali language|Bangla]]:শিলাইদহ) is a place in [[Kumarkhali]] [[Upazila]] of [[Kushtia District]] in [[Bangladesh]]. The place is famous for ''Shelidah Kuthibari''— a country house made by [[Dwarkanath Tagore]]. [[Rabindranath Tagore]] lived a part of life here and created some of his memorable poems while living here.

[[Category:Towns in Bangladesh]]

[[bn:শিলাইদহ]]
{{Bangladesh-geo-stub}}

Benutzer:TaxonBot/ImpTest

2006-04-30T05:30:53Z

Gallileo2k: /* Bangladesh */ corrected name

This is a '''list of [[oil refinery|oil refineries]]'''. The [http://ogj.pennnet.com/ Oil and Gas Journal] also publishes a worldwide list of refineries annually in a country-by-country tabulation that includes for each refinery: location, crude oil daily processing capacity, and the size of each process unit in the refinery. For the U.S., the refinery list is further categorized state-by-state. The list usually appears in one of their December issues. It is about 45 pages in length and is updated each year with additions, deletions, name changes, capacity changes, etc.

{{listdev}}

==Oceania==

===[[Australia]]===
'''[[New South Wales]]'''
*[[Kurnell Refinery]], ([[Caltex]]), 117,000 bpd, '''[[Botany Bay]]'''
*[[Clyde Refinery]], ([[Royal Dutch Shell]]), 100,000 bpd, '''[[Clyde, New South Wales|Clyde]]'''
'''[[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]'''
*[[Geelong Refinery]], ([[Royal Dutch Shell]]), 130,000 bpd, '''[[Geelong, Victoria|Geelong]]
*[[Altona Refinery]], ([[ExxonMobil]]), 130,000 bpd, '''[[Altona, Victoria|Altona]]'''
'''[[Queensland]]'''
*[[Bulwer Island Refinery]], ([[BP]]), 73,000 bpd, '''[[Bulwer Island, Queensland|Bulwer Island]]'''
*[[Lytton Refinery]], ([[Caltex]]), 104,000 bpd, '''[[Lytton, Queensland|Lytton]]'''
'''[[South Australia]]'''
*[[Port Stanvac Refinery]], ([[ExxonMobil]]), 100,000 bpd, '''[[Port Stanvac, South Australia|Port Stanvac]]''' (currently mothballed)
'''[[Western Australia]]'''
*[[Kwinana Refinery]], ([[BP]]), 138,000 bpd, '''[[Kwinana, Western Australia|Kwinana]]'''

===[[New Zealand]]===
*[[Marsden Point Refinery]] ([[NZRC]]), 90,000 bpd

==Asia==

===[[Thailand]]===
*[[Bangchak Refinery]] ([[Bangchak Petroleum]]), 120,000 bpd

===[[Azerbaijan]]===
*[[Haydar Aliev Refinery]] ([[SOCAR]]), 200,000 bpd
*[[Azerineftyag Refinery]] ([[SOCAR]]), 239,000 bpd

===[[Bangladesh]]===
*[[Eastern Refinery]] ([[Petrobangla]]), 33,000 bpd

===[[China]]===
*[[Zhenhai Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 345,000 bpd
*[[Shanghai Gaoqiao Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 220,000 bpd
*[[Beijing Yanshan Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 165,000 bpd
*[[Qilu Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 195,000 bpd
*[[Jinling Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 265,000 bpd
*[[Maoming Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 265,000 bpd
*[[Tianjin Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 100,000 bpd
*[[CPCC Changling Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 100,000 bpd
*[[CPCC Guangzhou Branch Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 150,000 bpd
*[[Anqing Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 110,000 bpd
*[[Jingmen Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 100,000 bpd
*[[Luoyang Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 100,000 bpd
*[[Jiujiang Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 98,000 bpd
*[[Jinan Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 21,000 bpd
*[[Wuhan Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 80,000 bpd
*[[Cangzhou Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 70,000 bpd
*[[Beihai Company Refinery]] ([[Sinopec]]), 12,000 bpd
*[[Fushun Petrochemical Refinery]] ([[CNCP]]), 186,000 bpd
*[[Dalian Petrochemical Refinery]] ([[CNCP]]), 144,000 bpd
*[[Daqing Petrochemical Refinery]] ([[CNCP]]), 122,000 bpd
*[[Jilin Chemical Refinery]] ([[CNCP]]), 115,000 bpd
*[[Jinxi Refinery]] ([[CNCP]]), 112,000 bpd
*[[Lanzhou Refinery]] ([[CNCP]]), 112,000 bpd
*[[Dushanzi Refinery]] ([[CNCP]]) 120,000 bpd
*[[Jinzhou Petrochemical Refinery]] ([[CNCP]]), 112,000 bpd
*[[Urumqi Petrochemical Refinery]] ([[CNCP]]), 101,000 bpd
*[[Dalain Refinery]] ([[WEPEC]]), 200,000 bpd

Partial List

===[[India]]===
*[[Haldia Refinery]] ([[IOC]]), 116,000 bpd
*[[Panipat Refinery]] ([[IOC]]), 117,000 bpd
*[[Digboi Refinery]] ([[IOC]]), 13,000 bpd
*[[Gujarat Refinery]] ([[IOC]]), 68,000 bpd
*[[Barauni Refinery]] ([[IOC]]), 116,000 bpd
*[[Guwahati Refinery]] ([[IOC]]), 20,000 bpd
*[[Mathura Refinery]] ([[IOC]]), 156,000 bpd
*[[Bongaigaon Refinery]] ([[IOC]]), 48,000 bpd
*[[Manali Refinery]] ([[IOC]]), 185,000 bpd
*[[Jamnagar Refinery]] ([[Reliance Petroleum]]), 540,000 bpd
*[[Mumbai Refinery]] ([[HPCL]]), 107,000 bpd
*[[Visakhapatnam Refinery]] ([[HPCL]]), 150,000 bpd
*[[Mumbai Refinery Mahaul]] ([[BPCL]]), 135,000 bpd
*[[Nagapattnam Refinery]] ([[CPCL]]), 20,000 bpd
*[[Kochi Refinery]] ([[Kochi Refineries Ltd]]), 146,000 bpd
*[[Numaligarh Refinery]] ([[NRL]]), 58,000 bpd
*[[Mangalore Refinery]] ([[MRPL]]), 190,000 bpd
*[[Tatipaka Refinery]] ([[ONGC]]), 1,600 bpd
*[[Essar Refinery]] ([[Essar]]), 10.5 MTPA

===[[Indonesia]]===
*[[Soeharto Refinery]] ([[Pertamina]]), Unknown bpd
*[[Musi Refinery]] ([[Pertamina]]), 135,200 bpd
*[[Balongan Refinery]] ([[Pertamina]]), 125,000 bpd
*[[Dumai Refinery]] ([[Pertamina]]), 120,000 bpd
*[[Cilacap Refinery]] ([[Pertamina]]), 348,000 bpd
*[[Balikpapan Refinery]] ([[Pertamina]]), 260,000 bpd
*[[Sungai Pakning Refinery]] ([[Pertamina]]), 50,000 bpd
*[[Pangkalan Brandan Refinery]] ([[Pertamina]]), 5,000 bpd
*[[Cepu Refinery]] ([[Pertamina]]), 3,800 bpd
*[[Kasim Refinery]] ([[Pertamina]]), 10,000 bpd

===[[Japan]]===
*[[Sendai Complex Refinery]] ([[Tohoku Oil Co]]), 100,000 bpd
*[[Ichihara Refinery]] ([[Kyokuto Petroleum]]), 228,000 bpd
*[[Cosmo Refinery]] ([[Cosmo Oil]]), 228,000 bpd
*[[Showa Yokkaichi Refinery]] ([[Showa Yokkaichi/Shell]]), 220,000 bpd
*[[Kawasaki Refinery]] ([[Tonen Corp]]), 293,000 bpd
*[[Negishi Yokahama Refinery]] ([[NMOC]]), 385,000 bpd
*[[Toyama Refinery]] ([[NMOC]]), 60,000 bpd
*[[Kunan Refinery]] ([[NMOC]]), 50,000 bpd
*[[Sendai Refinery]] ([[NMOC]]), 145,000 bpd
*[[Muroran Refinery]] ([[NMOC]]), 180,000 bpd
*[[Mizushima Refinery]] ([[NMOC]]), 190,000 bpd
*[[Yokohama Refinery]] ([[NMOC]]) 115,000 bpd
*[[Osaka Refinery]] ([[NMOC]]) 115,000 bpd
*[[Marifu Refinery]] ([[NMOC]]) 127,000 bpd
*[[Wakayama Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]) 320,000 bpd
*[[Sakai Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]) 280,000 bpd
*[[Okinawa Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]) 190,000 bpd
*[[Kawasaki Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]) 592,000 bpd
*[[Chiba Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]) 176,000 bpd
*[[Keihin Refinery]] ([[Toa Oil/Shell]])
*[[Yamaguchi Refinery]] ([[Seibu Oil/Shell]])

Partial list

===[[Kazakhstan]]===
*[[Shymkent Refinery]] ([[PetroKazakhstan]]), 160,000 bpd
*[[Pavlodar Refinery]] ([[Kazmunaigaz]]), 162,600 bpd
*[[Atyrau Refinery]] ([[Kazmunaigaz]]), 104,400 bpd

===[[Malaysia]]===
*[[Melaka I Refinery]] ([[Petronas]]), 126,000 bpd
*[[Melaka II Refinery]] ([[Petronas/ConocoPhillips]]), 93,000 bpd
*[[Kertih Refinery]] ([[Petronas]]), 40,000 bpd
*[[Port Dickson Refinery]] ([[Royal Dutch Shell]]), 155,000 bpd
*[[Lutong Refinery]] ([[Royal Dutch Shell]]), 45,000 bpd. Has been closed.
*[[Esso Port Dickson Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]), 86,000 bpd

===[[Pakistan]]===
*[[Mid Country Refinery]] ([[PARCO]]), 100,000 bpd
*[[Karachi Refinery]] ([[Bosicor Pakistan Limited]]), 30,000 bpd
*[[Pakistan Refinery Limited]] ([[PRL]]),
*[[National Refinery Limited]] ([[NRL]]),
*[[Attock Refinery Limited]] ([[ARL]]),

===[[Philippines]]===
*[[Limay Refinery]] ([[Petron]]), 180,000 bpd
*[[Tabangao Refinery]] ([[Royal Dutch Shell]]), 120,000 bpd
*[[Batangas Refinery]] ([[Caltex(Chevron)]]), 86,000 bpd. Has been closed

===[[Singapore]]===
*[[ExxonMobil Jurong Island Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]), 605,000 bpd
*[[SRC Jurong Island Refinery]] ([[Singapore Refining Corporation]]), 285,000 bpd
*[[Shell Pulau Bukom Refinery]] ([[Royal Dutch Shell]]), 458,000 bpd

===[[South Korea]]===
*[[SK Corp Ulsan Refinery]] ([[SK Corp]]), 880,000 bpd
*[[S-Oil Ulsan Refinery]] ([[S-Oil]]), 500,000 bpd
*[[Yosu Refinery]] ([[LG-Caltex(Chevron)]]), 650,000 bpd
*[[Hanwha Inchon Refinery]] ([[Hanwha Energy]]), 340,000 bpd
*[[Hyundai Inchon Refinery]] ([[Hyundai]]), 275,000 bpd

===[[Taiwan]]===
*[[Talin Refinery]] ([[CPC]]), 300,000 bpd
*[[Kaohsiung Refinery]] ([[CPC]]), 270,000 bpd
*[[Taoyuan Refinery]] ([[CPC]]), 200,000 bpd
*[[Mailiao Refinery]] ([[Formosa]]), 450,000 bpd

==Africa==

===[[Algeria]]===
*[[Arzew Refinery]] ([[Sonatrach]]), 54,000 bpd
*[[El Harrach Refinery]] ([[Sonatrach]]), 59,000 bpd
*[[Skikda Refinery]] ([[Sonatrach]]), 323,000 bpd
*[[Hassi Messaoud Refinery]] ([[Sonatrach]]), 27,000 bpd

===[[Angola]]===
*[[Luanda Refinery]] ([[Petrofina]]), 39,000 bpd

===[[Cameroon]]===
*[[Limbe Refinery]] ([[SONARA]]), 42,000 bpd

===[[Congo]]===
*[[Pointe Noire Refinery]] ([[CORAF]]), 21,000 bpd

===[[Côte d'Ivoire]]===
*[[Abidjan Refinery]] ([[SMB]]), 65,000 bpd

===[[Egypt]]===
*[[Alexandria Refinery]] ([[MIDOR]]), 100,000 bpd
*[[Wadi Feiran Refinery]] ([[El Nasr Petroleum Company]]), 10,000 bpd
*[[Suez Refinery]] ([[El-Nasr Petroleum Company]]), 80,000 bpd
*[[Suez Refinery]] ([[El Suez Refining Company]]), 65,000 bpd
*[[Amerya Refinery]] ([[Alexandria Petroleum Company]]), 75,000 bpd
*[[El Mex Refinery]] ([[Alexandria Petroleum Company]]), 115,000 bpd
*[[Mostorod Refinery]] ([[Cairo Petroleum Refining Company]]), 145,000 bpd
*[[Tanta Refinery]] ([[Cairo Petroleum Refining Company]]), 35,000 bpd

===[[Gabon]]===
*[[Sogara Refinery]] ([[Total/Shell/Agip]]), 21,000 bpd

===[[Ghana]]===
*[[Tema Refinery]] ([[TORC]]), 45,000 bpd

===[[Kenya]]===
*[[Mombasa Refinery]] ([[Kenya Petroleum]]), 90,000 bpd

===[[Libya]]===
*[[Zawia Refinery]] ([[NOC]]), 120,000 bpd
*[[Ras Lanuf Refinery]] ([[NOC]]), 220,000 bpd
*[[El-Brega Refinery]] ([[NOC]]), 10,000 bpd
*[[Tobruk Refinery]] ([[NOC]]), 20,000 bpd
*[[Sarir Refinery]] ([[NOC]]), 10,000 bpd

===[[Morroco]]===
*[[Samir Mohammedia Refinery]] ([[Corral Holdings]]), 104,900 bpd
*[[Samir Sidi Kacem Refinery]] ([[Corral Holdings]]), 50,000 bpd

===[[Nigeria]]===
*[[Port Harcourt Refinery]] ([[PHRC]]), 210,000 bpd
*[[Warri Refinery]] ([[WRPG]]), 125,000 bpd
*[[Kaduna Refinery]] ([[KRPC]]), 110,000 bpd

===[[South Africa]]===
*[[Sapref Durban Refinery]] ([[Shell/BP]]), 172,000 bpd
*[[Petronas Durban Refinery]] ([[Petronas]]), 125,000 bpd
*[[Caltex Capetown Refinery]] ([[Caltex(Chevron)]]), 110,000 bpd
*[[Natref Sasolburg Refinery]] ([[Sasol/Total]]), 87,500 bpd

===[[Sudan]]===
*[[Khartoum Refinery]] ([[CNPC]]), 70,000 bpd
*[[El Gily Refinery]] ([[CNPC]]), 50,000 bpd
*[[Port Sudan Refinery]] ([[CNPC]]), 21,700 bpd
*[[El Obeid Refinery]] ([[CNPC]]), 10,000 bpd

===[[Tunisia]]===
*[[Bizerte Refinery]] ([[STIR]]), 34,000 bpd

==Middle East==

===[[Saudi Arabia]]===
*[[Riyadh Refinery]] ([[Saudi Aramco]]), 120,000 bpd
*[[Rabigh Refinery]] ([[Saudi Aramco]]), 400,000 bpd
*[[Yanbu' Refinery]] ([[Saudi Aramco]]), 170,000 bpd
*[[Jiddah Refinery]] ([[Saudi Aramco]]), 100,000 bpd
*[[Ras Tanura Refinery]] ([[Saudi Aramco]]), 325,000 bpd
*[[Aramco/Exxon Yanbu' Refinery]] ([[Saudi Aramco/ExxonMobile]]), 400,000 bpd
*[[Aramco/Shell Jubail Refinery]] ([[Saudi Aramco/Shell]]), 305,000 bpd
*[[Udahliyah Refinery]] ([[Saudi Aramco]])
*[[Uthmaniyah Refiinery]] ([[Saudi Aramco]])

===[[Iran]]===
*[[Abadan Refinery]] ([[NIOC]]), 400,000 bpd
*[[Arak Refinery]] ([[NIOC]]), 150,000 bpd
*[[Tehran Refinery]] ([[NIOC]]), 225,000 bpd
*[[Isfahan Refinery]] ([[NIOC]]), 265,000 bpd
*[[Tabriz Refinery]] ([[NIOC]]), 112,000 bpd
*[[Shiraz Refinery]] ([[NIOC]]), 40,000 bpd
*[[Lavan Refinery]] ([[NIOC]]), 20,000 bpd
*[[Bandar Abbas Refinery]] ([[NIOC]]), 232,000 bpd
*[[Kermanshah refinery]] ([[NIOC]]),21,000 bpd

===[[Iraq]]===
*[[Basrah Refinery]] ([[INOC]]), 126,000 bpd
*[[Daurah Refinery]] ([[INOC]]), 100,000 bpd
*[[Kirkuk Refinery]] ([[INOC]]), 27,000 bpd
*[[Baiji Salahedden Refinery]] ([[INOC]]), 140,000 bpd
*[[Baiji North Refinery]] ([[INOC]]), 150,000 bpd
*[[Khanaqin/Alwand Refinery]] ([[INOC]]), 10,500 bpd
*[[Samawah Refinery]] ([[INOC]]), 27,000 bpd
*[[Haditha Refinery]] ([[INOC]]), 14,000 bpd
*[[Muftiah Refinery]] ([[INOC]]), 4,500 bpd
*[[Gaiyarah Refinery]] ([[INOC]]), 4,000 bpd

===[[Israel]]===
*[[Haifa Refinery]] ([[Oil Refineries Ltd]]), 170,000 bpd
*[[Ashdod Refinery]] ([[Oil Refineries Ltd]]), 100,000 bpd

===[[Kuwait]]===
*[[Mina Al-Ahmadi Refinery]] ([[KNPC]]), 240,000 bpd
*[[Shuaiba Refinery]] ([[KNPC]]), 179,000 bpd
*[[Mina Abdullah Refinery]] ([[KNPC]]), 412,000 bpd

===[[Oman]]===
*[[Mina Al Fahal]] [[Oman Refinery Company]] (ORC) 85,000 bpd

===[[United Arab Emirates]]===
*[[Al-Ruwais Refinery]] ([[Abu Dhabi Oil Refining Company]]), 280,000 bpd
*[[Umm Al-Narr Refinery]] ([[Abu Dhabi Oil Refining Company]]), 90,000 bpd
*[[Jebel Ali Refinery]] ([[Emirate Oil]]), 120,000 bpd
*[[Hamriyah Sharjah Refinery]] ([[Sharjah Oil]]), 71,300 bpd
*[[Fujairah Refinery]] ([[Metro Oil]]), 70,000 bpd

===[[Qatar]]===
*[[Um Said Refinery]] ([[NODCO]]), 80,000 bpd

===[[Bahrain]]===
*[[Bapco Sitrah Refinery]] ([[Bapco]]), 360,000 bpd

==Latin America==

===[[Argentina]]===
*[[La Plata Refinery]] ([[Repsol YPF]]) 189,000 bpd
*[[Buenos Aires Refinery]] ([[Royal Dutch Shell]]) 110,000 bpd
*[[Lujan de Cuyo Refinery]] ([[Repsol YPF]]) 105,500 bpd
*[[Esso Campana Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]) 84,500 bpd
*[[San Lorenzo Refinery]] ([[Refisan S.A.]]) 38,000 bpd (start-up 1938)
*[[Plaza Huincul Refinery]] ([[Repsol YPF]]) 37,190 bpd (start-up 1919)
*[[Campo Duran Refinery]] ([[Refinor]]) 32,000 bpd
*[[Bahia Blanca Refinery]] ([[Petrobras Energia]]) 28,975 bpd

===[[Bolivia]]===
*[[Gualberto Villarael Cochabamba Refinery]] ([[Petrobras]]) 40,000 bpd
*[[Guillermo Elder Bell Santa Cruz Refinery]] ([[Petrobras]]) 20,000 bpd
*[[Carlos Montenegro Sucre Refinery]] ([[Refisur SA]]) 3,000 bpd

===[[Brazil]]===
*[[REFAP]] ([[Petrobras]] and [[Repsol YPF]]), [[Canoas]] 189,000 bpd
*[[RECAP]] ([[Petrobras]]), [[Mauá]] 53,000 bpd
*[[REPLAN]] ([[Petrobras]]), [[Paulínia]] 365,000 bpd
*[[REVAP]] ([[Petrobras]]), [[São José dos Campos]] 251,000 bpd
*[[RPBC]] ([[Petrobras]]), [[Cubatão]] 170,000 bpd
*[[REDUC]] ([[Petrobras]]), [[Duque de Caxias]] 242,000 bpd
*[[REMAN]] ([[Petrobras]]), [[Manaus]] 46,000 bpd
*[[Lubnor]] ([[Petrobras]]), [[Fortaleza]] 6,000 bpd
*[[REGAP]] ([[Petrobras]]), [[Betim]] 151,000 bpd
*[[REPAR]] ([[Petrobras]]), [[Araucária]] 189,000 bpd
*[[RLAM]] ([[Petrobras]]), [[São Francisco do Conde]] 323,000 bpd
*[[Refinaria Ipiranga]] ([[Ipiranga]]), [[Pelotas]] 12,500 bpd
*[[Refinaria Manguinhos]] ([[Grupo Peixoto de Castro]] and [[Repsol YPF]]), [[Rio de Janeiro]] 14,000 bpd

===[[Chile]]===
*[[BioBio Refinery]] ([[Empresa Nacional de Petroleo]]), 113,000 bpd (start-up 1966)
*[[Aconcagua Concon Refinery]] ([[Empresa Nacional de Petroleo]]), 97,650 bpd
*[[Gregorio Refinery]] ([[Empresa Nacional de Petroleo]]), 14,750 bpd

===[[Colombia]]===
*[[Barrancabaermeja-Santander Refinery]] ([[Ecopetrol]]), 242,000 bpd (start-up 1922)
*[[Cartagena Refinery]] ([[Ecopetrol]]), 79,000 bpd (start-up 1957)
*[[Apiay Refinery]] ([[Ecopetrol]]), 2,250 bpd
*[[Orito Refinery]] ([[Ecopetrol]]), 1,800 bpd
*[[Tibu Refinery]] ([[Ecopetrol]]), 1,800 bpd

===[[Costa Rica]]===
*[[Puerto Limón Refinery]] ([[Recope]]), 18,000 bpd (start-up 1965)

===[[Ecuador]]===
*[[Esmeraldas Refinery]] ([[Petroecuador]]), 110,000 bpd (start-up 1978)
*[[La Libertad Refinery]] ([[Petroecuador]]), 45,000 bpd
*[[Shushufindi Refinery]] ([[Petroecuador]]), 20,000 bpd

===[[El Salvador]]===
*[[Acajutla Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]) 22,000 bpd (start-up 1962)

===[[Nicaragua]]===
*[[Cuesta del Plomo-Managua]] ([[ExxonMobil]]) 20,900 bpd (start-up 1962)

===[[Paraguay]]===
*[[Villa Elisa Refinery]] ([[Petropar]]) 7,500 bpd

===[[Perú]]===
*[[Refinería La Pampilla Lima]] ([[Repsol YPF]]) 102,000 bpd
*[[Refinería de Talara]] ([[Petroperú]]) 60,000 bpd (start-up 1917)
*[[Refinería Iquitos Loreto]] ([[Petroperú]]) 10,500 bpd (start-up 1982)
*[[Refinería Conchan]] ([[Petroperú]]) 9,500 bpd (start-up 1961)
*[[Refinería Purcallpa]] ([[Maple Gas]]) 3,250 bpd
*[[Refinería El Milagro]] ([[Petroperú]]) 1,500 bpd (start-up 1994)

===[[Surinam]]===
*[[Paramaribo]] ([[Staatsolie]]) 7,000 bpd

===[[Uruguay]]===
*[[La Teja Montevideo Refinery]] ([[ANCAP]]) 40,000 bpd (start-up 1937)

===[[Venezuela]]===
*[[Centro de Refinación de Paraguaná]] (CRP) ([[PDVSA]]) 956,000 bdp (Amuay-Cardón-Bajo Grande) (start-up 1997)
**[[Amuay Refinery (CRP)]] ([[PDVSA]]) 635,000 bpd (start-up 1950)
**[[Cardón Refinery (CRP)]] ([[PDVSA]]) 305,000 bpd (start-up 1949)
**[[Bajo Grande Refinery (CRP)]] ([[PDVSA]]) 16,000 bpd (start-up 1956)
*[[Puerto La Cruz Refinery]] ([[PDVSA]]) 200,000 bpd (start-up 1950)
*[[El Palito Refinery]] ([[PDVSA]]) 130,000 bpd (start-up 1954)
*[[San Roque Refinery]] ([[PDVSA]]) 5,200 bpd

*[[Upgraders]] (Extra Heavy Oil Joint Ventures with [[PDVSA]] at Jose)
**[[Petrozuata]] ([[ConocoPhillips]] and [[PDVSA]]) 140,000 bpd (start-up 2000)
**[[Operadora Cerro Negro]] ([[ExxonMobil]], [[Veba Oel]], and [[PDVSA]]) 120,000 bpd (start-up 2001)
**[[Sincor]] ([[Total S.A.]], [[Statoil]], and [[PDVSA]]) 180,000 bpd (start-up 2001)
**[[Ameriven]] ([[ConocoPhillips]], [[ChevronTexaco]], and [[PDVSA]]) 190,000 bpd (start-up 2004)

==[[Caribbean]]==
===[[Aruba]]===
*[[Aruba Refinery]] ([[Valero]]) 275,000 bpd

===[[Cuba]]===
*[[Nico Lopez Refinery]] ([[Cupet]]) 122,000 bpd
*[[Hermanos Diaz Refinery]] ([[Cupet]]) 102,500 bpd
*[[Cienfuegos Refinery]] ([[Cupet]]) 76,000 bpd

===[[Netherlands Antilles]]===
*[[Refineria Isla]] ([[PDVSA]]) 320,000 bpd

===[[Trinidad and Tobago]]===
*[[Pointe-à-Pierre Refinery]] ([[Petrotrin]]) 165,000 bpd

===[[US Virgin Islands]]===
*[[St Croix Refinery]] ([[PDVSA/Amerada Hess]]) 494,000 bpd

==North America==
===[[Canada]]===
'''[[Newfoundland]]'''
* [[Come By Chance, Newfoundland and Labrador|Come by Chance]], ([[North Atlantic Refining]]), 105,000 bpd
'''[[Nova Scotia]]'''
* [[Dartmouth, Nova Scotia|Dartmouth]], ([[Imperial Oil]]), 89,000 bpd
'''[[New Brunswick]]'''
* [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]], ([[Irving Oil]]), 250,000 bpd
'''[[Quebec]]'''
* [[Montreal]], ([[Shell Canada]]), 130,000 bpd
* [[Montreal]], ([[Petro-Canada]]), 130,000 bpd
* [[Quebec City]], ([[Ultramar(Valero)]]), 215,000 bpd
'''[[Ontario]]'''
* [[Nanticoke, Ontario|Nanticoke]], ([[Imperial Oil]]), 118,000 bpd
* [[Sarnia, Ontario|Sarnia]], ([[Imperial Oil]]), 119,000 bpd
* [[Sarnia, Ontario|Sarnia]], ([[Sunoco]]), 70,000 bpd
* [[Corunna]], ([[Shell Canada]]), 72,000 bpd
'''[[Saskatchewan]]'''
* [[Lloydminster]], ([[Husky Energy]]), 25,000 bpd
* [[Regina]], ([[Co-operative Refineries Limited (CCRL)]]), 90,000 bpd
'''[[Alberta]]'''
* [[Strathcona]], ([[Imperial Oil]]), 195,000 bpd
* [[Scotford]], ([[Shell Canada]]), 100,000 bpd
* [[Edmonton]], ([[Petro-Canada]]), 135,000 bpd
'''[[British Columbia]]'''
* [[Burnaby]], ([[Chevron Corporation]]), 52,000 bpd
* [[Prince George, British Columbia|Prince George]], ([[Husky Energy]]), 10,800 bpd

===[[United States]]===
====[[Alabama]]====
*[[Tuscaloosa Refinery]] ([[Hunt Refining]]), [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]] 33,500 bpd
*[[Saraland Refinery]] ([[Shell Oil Company]]), [[Saraland, Alabama]] 80,000 bpd
*[[Mobile Refinery]] ([[Trigeant]]), [[Mobile, Alabama]] 16,700 bpd

====[[Alaska]]====
*[[Kenai Refinery]] ([[Tesoro]]), [[Kenai, Alaska]] 72,000 bpd
*[[Valdez Refinery]] ([[Petro Star]]), [[Valdez, Alaska]] 50,000 bpd
*[[North Pole Refinery]] ([[Petro Star]]), [[North Pole, Alaska]] 17,000 bpd
*[[Kuparuk Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Kuparuk, Alaska]] 14,400 bpd
*[[North Pole Refinery]] ([[Flint Hills Resources]]), [[North Pole, Alaska]] 210,000 bpd
*[[Prudhoe Bay Refinery]] ([[BP]]), [[Prudhoe Bay, Alaska]] 12,500 bpd

====[[Arkansas]]====
*[[El Dorado Refinery (Arkansas)|El Dorado Refinery]] ([[Lion Oil]]), [[El Dorado, Arkansas]] 70,000 bpd
*[[Smackover Refinery]] ([[Cross Oil]]), [[Smackover, Arkansas]] 6,800 bpd

====[[California]]====
*[[Bakersfield Refinery (Big West)|Bakersfield Refinery]] ([[Big West]]), [[Bakersfield, California]], 66,000 barrels per day
*[[Bakersfield Refinery (Kern Oil)|Bakersfield Refinery]] ([[Kern Oil]]), [[Bakersfield, California]], 25,000 bpd
*[[Bakersfield Refinery (San Joaquin)|Bakersfield Refinery]] ([[San Joaquin Refining Company]]), [[Bakersfield, California]], 24,300 bpd
*[[Benicia Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Benicia, California]], 144,000 bpd
*[[Carson Refinery]] ([[BP]]), [[Carson, California]], 260,000 bpd
*[[El Segundo Refinery]] ([[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]), [[El Segundo, California]], 260,000 bpd
*[[Golden Eagle Refinery]] ([[Tesoro]]), near [[Martinez, California]], 166,000 bpd
*[[Long Beach Refinery]] ([[Edgington Oil Company]]), [[Long Beach, California]], 26,000 bpd
*[[Martinez Refinery]] ([[Shell Oil Company]]), [[Martinez, California]], 154,900 bpd
*[[Oxnard Refinery]] ([[Tenby Inc]]), [[Oxnard, California]], 2,800 bpd
*[[Paramount Refinery]] ([[Paramount Petroleum]]), [[Paramount, California]], 50,000 bpd
*[[Richmond Refinery]] ([[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]), [[Richmond, California]], 242,901 bpd
*[[Rodeo San Francisco Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Rodeo, California]], 73,200 bpd
*[[Santa Maria Refinery (ConocoPhillips)|Santa Maria Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Santa Maria, California]], 41,800 bpd
*[[Santa Maria Refinery (Greka Energy)|Santa Maria Refinery]] ([[Greka Energy]]), [[Santa Maria, California]], 9,500 bpd
*[[South Gate Refinery]] ([[Lunday Thagard]]), [[South Gate, California]], 8,500 bpd
*[[Torrance Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]), [[Torrance, California]], 149,000 bpd
*[[Wilmington Asphalt Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Wilmington, California]], 5,900 bpd
*[[Wilmington Refinery (ConocoPhilips)|Wilmington Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Wilmington, California]], 133,100 bpd
*[[Wilmington Refinery (Shell)|Wilmington Refinery]] ([[Shell Oil Company]]), [[Wilmington, California]], 98,500 bpd
*[[Wilmington Refinery (Valero)|Wilmington Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Wilmington, California]], 149,000 bpd

====[[Colorado]]====
*[[Commerce City Refinery]] ([[Suncor]]), [[Commerce City, Colorado]] 60,000 bpd
*[[Commerce City Refinery]] ([[Colorado Refining Co]]), [[Commerce City, Colorado]] 27,000 bpd

====[[Delaware]]====
*[[Delaware City Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Delaware City, Delaware]] 175,000 bpd

====[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]====
*[[Savannah Refinery]] ([[Citgo]]), [[Savannah, Georgia]] (Asphalt Refinery) 28,000 bpd
*[[Douglasville Refinery]] ([[Young Refining]]), [[Douglasville, Georgia]] -- [http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/petroleum_supply_annual/psa_volume1/current/pdf/table_48.pdf shutdown 07/04]

====[[Hawaii]]====
*[[Kapolei Refinery]] ([[Tesoro]]), [[Ewa Beach, Hawaii]] 93,500 bpd
*[[Hawaii Refinery]] ([[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]), [[Honolulu, Hawaii]] 54,000 bpd

====[[Illinois]]====
*[[Lemont Refinery]] ([[Citgo]]), [[Lemont, Illinois]] 160,000 bpd
*[[Joliet Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]), [[Joliet, Illinois]] 238,000 bpd
*[[Hartford Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Hartford, Illinois]] [http://wh.conocophillips.com/about/reports/ar/r_m.htm (Currently being integrated with Wood River)]
*[[Robinson Refinery]] ([[Marathon Ashland Petroleum]]), [[Robinson, Illinois]] 192,000 bpd
*[[Wood River Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Roxana, Illinois]] 306,000 bpd

====[[Indiana]]====
*[[Whiting Refinery]] ([[BP]]), [[Whiting, Indiana]] 410,000 bpd
*[[Mount Vernon Refinery]] ([[Countrymark Co-op]]), [[Mount Vernon, Indiana]] 23,000 bpd

====[[Kansas]]====
*[[Coffeyville Refinery]] ([[Farmland Industries]]), [[Coffeyville, Kansas]] 112,000 bpd
*[[El Dorado Refinery (Kansas)|El Dorado Refinery]] ([[Frontier Oil]]), [[El Dorado, Kansas]] 103,000 bpd
*[[McPherson Refinery]] ([[National Cooperative Refinery Association|NCRA]]), [[McPherson, Kansas]] 81,200 bpd

====[[Kentucky]]====
*[[Catlettsburg Refinery]] ([[Marathon Ashland Petroleum]]), [[Catlettsburg, Kentucky]] 222,000 bpd
*[[Somerset Refinery]], [[Somerset, Kentucky]] 5,500 bpd

====[[Louisiana]]====
*[[Baton Rouge Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]), [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]] 494,000 bpd
*[[Belle Chasse Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Belle Chasse, Louisiana]] 250,000 -- offline
*[[Chalmette Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]), [[Chalmette, Louisiana]] 183,000 bpd
*[[Convent Refinery]] ([[Motiva Enterprises]]), [[Convent, Louisiana]] 255,000 bpd -- offline
*[[Cotton Valley Refinery]] ([[Calumet Lubricants]]), [[Cotton Valley, Louisiana]] 13,000 bpd
*[[Garyville Refinery]] ([[Marathon Ashland Petroleum]]), near [[Garyville, Louisiana]] 425,000 bpd -- partially offline
*[[Krotz Springs Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Krotz Springs, Louisiana]] 85,000 bpd
*[[Lake Charles Refinery (Citgo)|Lake Charles Refinery]] ([[Citgo]]), [[Lake Charles, Louisiana]] 425,000 -- operating
*[[Lake Charles Refinery (Calcasieu Refining)|Lake Charles Refinery]] ([[Calcasieu Refining]]), [[Lake Charles, Louisiana]] 30,000 bpd
*[[Meraux Refinery]] ([[Murphy Oil]]), [[Meraux, Louisiana]] 125,000 bpd -- offline
*[[Norco Refinery]] ([[Motiva Enterprises]]), [[Norco, Louisiana]] 242,000 bpd -- online
*[[Port Allen Refinery]] ([[Placid Refining]]), [[Port Allen, Louisiana]] 48,500 bpd
*[[Princeton Refinery]] ([[Calumet Lubricants]]), [[Princeton, Louisiana]] 8,300 bpd
*[[Shreveport Refinery]] ([[Calumet Lubricants]]), [[Shreveport, Louisiana]] 35,000 bpd
*[[St. Charles Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Norco, Louisiana]] 260,000 bpd
*[[Westlake Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Westlake, Louisiana]] 247,000 -- operating

====[[Michigan]]====
*[[Detroit Refinery]] ([[Marathon Ashland Petroleum]]), [[Detroit, Michigan]] 74,000 bpd

====[[Minnesota]]====
*[[Pine Bend Refinery]] ([[Flint Hills Resources]]), [[Rosemount, Minnesota]] 265,000 bpd
*[[St. Paul Park Refinery]] ([[Marathon Ashland Petroleum]]), [[St. Paul Park, Minnesota]] 70,000 bpd

====[[Mississippi]]====
*[[Lumberton Refinery]] ([[Hunt Southland Refining]]), [[Lumberton, Mississippi]] 5,800 bpd
*[[Pascagoula Refinery]] ([[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]), [[Pascagoula, Mississippi]] 325,000 bpd
*[[Vicksburg Refinery]] ([[Ergon (US)|Ergon]]), [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]] 23,000 bpd
*[[Rogerslacy Refinery]] ([[Hunt Southland Refining]]), [[Sandersville, Mississippi]] 11,000 bpd

====[[Montana]]====
*[[Billings Refinery (ConocoPhillips)|Billings Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Billings, Montana]] 58,000 bpd
*[[Billings Refinery (ExxonMobil)|Billings Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]), [[Billings, Montana]] 60,000 bpd
*[[Great Falls Refinery]] ([[Holly Corporation]] via Montana Refining), [[Great Falls, Montana]] 8,200 bpd
*[[Laurel Refinery]] ([[Cenex]]), [[Laurel, Montana]] 55,000 bpd

====[[Nevada]]====
*[[Eagle Springs Refinery]] ([[Foreland Refining]]), [[Eagle Springs, Nevada]] 1,700 bpd

====[[New Jersey]]====
*[[Bayway Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Linden, New Jersey]] 230,000 bpd
*[[Eagle Point Refinery]] ([[Sunoco]]), [[Westville, New Jersey]] 145,000 bpd
*[[Paulsboro Asphalt Refinery]] ([[Citgo]]), [[Paulsboro, New Jersey]] 51,000 bpd
*[[Paulsboro Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Paulsboro, New Jersey]] 160,000 bpd
*[[Perth Amboy Refinery]] ([[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]), [[Perth Amboy, New Jersey]] 80,000 bpd
*[[Port Reading Refinery]] ([[Amerada Hess Corporation|Hess]]), [[Port Reading, New Jersey]] 62,000 bpd

====[[New Mexico]]====
*[[Artesia Refinery]] ([[Holly Corporation]] via Navajo Refining), [[Artesia, New Mexico]] 75,000 bpd
*[[Bloomfield Refinery]] ([[Giant Industries]]), [[Bloomfield, New Mexico]] 16,800 bpd
*[[Gallup Refinery]] ([[Giant Industries]]), [[Gallup, New Mexico]] 26,000 bpd
*[[Lovington Refinery]] ([[Holly Corporation]]), [[Lovington, New Mexico]]

====[[North Dakota]]====
*[[Mandan Refinery]] ([[Tesoro]]), [[Mandan, North Dakota]] 58,000 bpd

====[[Ohio]]====
*[[Canton Refinery]] ([[Marathon Ashland Petroleum]]), [[Canton, Ohio]] 73,000 bpd
*[[Lima Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Lima, Ohio]] 158,400 bpd
*[[Toledo Refinery (BP)|Toledo Refinery]] ([[BP]]), [[Toledo, Ohio]] 160,000 bpd
*[[Toledo Refinery (Sunoco)|Toledo Refinery]] ([[Sunoco]]), [[Toledo, Ohio]] 160,000 bpd

====[[Oklahoma]]====
*[[Ardmore Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Ardmore, Oklahoma]] 74,700 bpd
*[[Ponca City Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Ponca City, Oklahoma]] 194,000 bpd
*[[Tulsa Refinery (Sinclair)|Tulsa Refinery]] ([[Sinclair Oil]]), [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]] 70,300 bpd
*[[Tulsa Refinery (Sunoco)|Tulsa Refinery]] ([[Sunoco]]), [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]] 83,200 bpd
*[[Wynnewood Refinery]], [[Wynnewood, Oklahoma]] 52,500 bpd

====[[Pennsylvania]]====
*[[Bradford Refinery]] ([[American Refining Group]]), [[Bradford, Pennsylvania]] 10,000 bpd
*[[Marcus Hook Refinery]] ([[Sunoco]]), [[Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania]] 175,000 bpd
*[[Philadelphia Refinery]] ([[Sunoco]]), [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] 335,000 bpd
*[[Trainer Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Trainer, Pennsylvania]] 185,000 bpd
*[[United Refining Company]], [[Warren, Pennsylvania]] 65,000 bpd
*[[Wamsutta Oil Refinery]] (historical), [[McClintocksville, Pennsylvania]]

====[[Tennessee]]====
*[[Memphis Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Memphis, Tennessee]] 180,000 bpd

====[[Texas]]====
*[[Baytown Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]), [[Baytown, Texas]] 557,000 bpd
*[[Big Spring Refinery]] ([[Alon USA]]), [[Big Spring, Texas]] 61,000 bpd
*[[Beaumont Refinery]] ([[ExxonMobil]]), [[Beaumont, Texas]] 348,500 bpd
*[[Borger Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Borger, Texas]] 146,000 bpd
*[[Corpus Christi Complex]] ([[Flint Hills Resources]]), [[Corpus Christi, Texas]] 288,000 bpd
*[[Corpus Christi Refinery (Citgo)|Corpus Christi Refinery]] ([[Citgo]]), [[Corpus Christi, Texas]] 156,000 bpd
*[[Corpus Christi West Refinery (Valero)|Corpus Christi West Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Corpus Christi, Texas]] 142,000 bpd
*[[Corpus Christi East Refinery (Valero)|Corpus Christi East Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Corpus Christi, Texas]] 115,000 bpd
*[[Deer Park Refinery]] ([[Shell Oil Company]]), [[Deer Park, Texas]] 333,700 bpd
*[[El Paso Refinery]] ([[Western Refining]]), [[El Paso, Texas]] 107,000 bpd
*[[Houston Refinery (Lyondell-Citgo)|Houston Refinery]] ([[Lyondell-Citgo]]), [[Houston, Texas]] 270,200 bpd
*[[Houston Refinery (Valero)|Houston Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Houston, Texas]] 83,000 bpd
*[[McKee Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Sunray, Texas]] 158,300 bpd
*[[Pasadena Refinery]] ([[Crown Central Petroleum]]), [[Pasadena, Texas]] 100,000 bpd
*[[Port Arthur Refinery (Total)|Port Arthur Refinery]] ([[Total Petrochemicals]]), [[Port Arthur, Texas]] 233,500 bpd
*[[Port Arthur Refinery (Motiva)|Port Arthur Refinery]] ([[Motiva Enterprises]]), [[Port Arthur, Texas]] 285,000 bpd
*[[Port Arthur Refinery (Valero)|Port Arthur Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Port Arthur, Texas]] 250,000 bpd
*[[San Antonio Refinery]] ([[Age Refining]]), [[San Antonio, Texas]] 10,300 bpd
*[[Sweeny Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Sweeny, Texas]] 229,000 bpd
*[[Texas City Refinery (BP)|Texas City Refinery]] ([[BP]]), [[Texas City, Texas]] 437,000 bpd
*[[Texas City Refinery (Marathon)|Texas City Refinery]] ([[Marathon Ashland Petroleum]]), [[Texas City, Texas]] 72,000 bpd
*[[Texas City Refinery (Valero)|Texas City Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Texas City, Texas]] 210,000 bpd
*[[Three Rivers Refinery]] ([[Valero]]), [[Three Rivers, Texas]] 90,000 bpd
*[[Tyler Refinery]] ([[Delek Refining Ltd.]]), [[Tyler, Texas]] 55,000 bpd

====[[Utah]]====
*[[North Salt Lake Refinery]] ([[Big West Oil]]), [[North Salt Lake, Utah]] 24,400 bpd
*[[Salt Lake City Refinery]] ([[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]), [[Salt Lake City, Utah]] 45,000 bpd
*[[Salt Lake City Refinery (Tesoro)|Salt Lake City Refinery]] ([[Tesoro]]), [[Salt Lake City, Utah]] 58,000 bpd
*[[Woods Cross Refinery (Holly)|Woods Cross Refinery]] ([[Holly Corporation]]), [[Woods Cross, Utah]] 26,000 bpd
*[[Woods Cross Refinery (Silver Eagle)|Woods Cross Refinery]] ([[Silver Eagle Refining]]), [[Woods Cross, Utah]] 10,200 bpd

====[[Virginia]]====
*[[Yorktown Refinery]] ([[Giant Industries]]), [[Yorktown, Virginia]] 58,600 bpd

====[[Washington]]====
*[[Tesoro Anacortes Refinery]] ([[Tesoro]]), [[Anacortes, Washington]] 108,000 bpd
*[[Shell Anacortes Refinery]] ([[Shell Oil Company]]), [[Anacortes, Washington]] 145,000 bpd
*[[BP Cherry Point Refinery]] ([[BP]]), [[Blaine, Washington]] 225,000 bpd
*[[ConocoPhillips Ferndale Refinery]] ([[ConocoPhillips]]), [[Ferndale, Washington]] 96,000 bpd
*[[Tacoma Refinery]] ([[U.S. Oil and Refining]]), [[Tacoma, Washington]] 35,000 bpd

====[[West Virginia]]====
*[[Newell Refinery]] ([[Ergon (US)|Ergon]]), [[Newell, West Virginia]] 19,400 bpd

====[[Wisconsin]]====
*[[Superior Refinery]] ([[Murphy Oil]]), [[Superior, Wisconsin]] 33,000 bpd

====[[Wyoming]]====
*[[Cheyenne Refinery]] ([[Frontier Oil]]), [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]] 46,000 bpd
*[[Evanston Refinery]] ([[Silver Eagle Refining]]), [[Evanston, Wyoming]] 3,000 bpd
*[[Evansville Refinery]] ([[Little America Refining]]), [[Evansville, Wyoming]] 24,500 bpd
*[[Newcastle Refinery]] ([[Wyoming Refining]]), [[Newcastle, Wyoming]] 12,500 bpd
*[[Sinclair Refinery]] ([[Sinclair Oil]]), [[Sinclair, Wyoming]] 66,000 bpd

===[[Mexico]]=== not part of the United States of America
*[[Minatitlan Refinery]] ([[Pemex]]) 170,000 bpd
*[[Cadereyta Refinery]] ([[Pemex]]) 292,000 bpd
*[[Tula Refinery]] ([[Pemex]]) 320,000 bpd
*[[Salamanca Refinery]] ([[Pemex]]) 236,000 bpd
*[[Ciudad Madero Refinery]] ([[Pemex]]) 190,000 bpd

==Europe==
===[[Austria]]===
* [[Schwechat Refinery]], ([[OMV]]), 175,000 bpd

===[[Belarus]]===
* [[Mozyr Refinery]], ([[Slavneft]]), 95,000 bpd
* [[Novopolotsk Refinery]], (Republic of [[Belarus]]), 88,000 bpd

===[[Belgium]]===
* [[Total Antwerp Refinery]], ([[Total S.A.|Total]]), 352,000 bpd
* [[ExxonMobil Antwerp Rrefinery]], ([[ExxonMobil]]), 270,000 bpd
* [[Antwerp N.V. Refinery]], ([[Petroplus]]), 35,000 bpd
* [[BRC Antwerp]] ([[Belgian Refining Corporation N.V.]]), 115,000 bpd

===[[Bulgaria]]===
* [[LUKOIL Neftochim Burgas]], ([[LUKOIL]]), 208,000 bpd

===[[Croatia]]===
* [[Sisak Refinery]], ([[INA Group]]), 61,000 bpd
* [[Rijeka Refinery]], ([[INA Group]]), 102,000 bpd

===[[Czech Republic]]===
* [[Kralup Refinery]], ([[Ceská Rafinérská]]), 55,000 bpd
* [[Litvinov Refinery]], ([[Ceská Rafinérská]]), 120,000 bpd

===[[Denmark]]===
* [[Kalundborg Refinery]], ([[Statoil]]), 110,000 bpd
* [[Fredericia Refinery]], ([[Royal Dutch Shell]]), 68,000 bpd

===[[Finland]]===
* [[Porvoo Refinery]], ([[Neste Oil Oyj]]), 160,000 bpd
* [[Naantali Refinery]], ([[Neste Oil Oyj]]), 40,000 bpd

===[[France]]===
* [[Gonfreville l'Orcher Refinery]], ([[Total S.A.|Total]]), 343,000 bpd
* [[Provence Refinery]], ([[Total S.A.|Total]]), 155,000 bpd
* [[Flandres Refinery]], ([[Total S.A.|Total]]), 160,000 bpd
* [[Donges Refinery]], ([[Total S.A.|Total]]), 231,000 bpd
* [[Feyzin Refinery]], ([[Total S.A.|Total]]), 119,000 bpd
* [[Grandpuits Refinery]], ([[Total S.A.|Total]]), 99,000 bpd
* [[Port Jérôme-Gravenchon Refinery]], ([[ExxonMobil]]), 270,000 bpd
* [[Fos-sur-Mer Refinery]], ([[ExxonMobil]]), 140,000 bpd
* [[Reichstett Refinery]], ([[Royal Dutch Shell]]), 77,000 bpd
* [[Petit Couronne Refinery]], ([[Royal Dutch Shell]]), ? bpd
* [[Berre L'Etang Refinery]], ([[Royal Dutch Shell]]), 80,000 bpd
* [[Lavera Marseilles Refinery]], ([[BP]]), 220,000 bpd

Partial List

===[[Germany]]===
*[[Schwedt Refinery]] ([[PCK Raffinerie(Shell/PDVSA/BP/AET]]), 210,000 bpd
*[[Ingolstadt Refinery]] ([[Bayernoil(OMV/Agip/PDVSA/BP)]]), 262,000 bpd
*[[Ruhr Oel Refinery]] ([[PDVSA/BP]]), 246,000 bpd
*[[Buna SOW Leuna Refinery]] ([[Dow Chemical]]), 222,000 bpd
*[[Wilhelmshaven Refinery]] ([[Louis Dreyfus Group]]), 220,000 bpd
*[[Rheinland Werk Godorf Cologne Refinery]] ([[Royal Dutch Shell]]), 162,000 bpd
*[[Mineraloelraffinerie Karlsruhe Refinery]] ([[MiRo(Shell/ExxonMobil/PDVSA/BP/Conoco)]]) 285,000 bpd
*[[Burghausen Refinery]] ([[OMV]]) 70,000 bpd
*[[Mitteldeutschland Spergau Refinery]] ([[Total S.A.|Total]]) 227,000 bpd
*[[Emsland Lingen Refinery]] ([[BP]]) 80,000 bpd
*[[Elbe Mineralölwerke Hamburg-Harburg Refinery]] ([[Royal Dutch Shell]])
*[[Erdölwerk Holstein Heide Refinery]] ([[Royal Dutch Shell]])

http://www.mwv.de/Raffinerien.html External list

===[[Greece]]===
* [[Aspropyrgos Refinery]], ([[Hellenic Petroleum]]), 135,000 bpd
* [[Elefsina Refinery]], ([[Hellenic Petroleum]]), 100,000 bpd
* [[Thessaloniki Refinery]], ([[Hellenic Petroleum]]), 66,500 bpd
* [[Corinth Refinery]], ([[Motor Oil Hellas]]), 100,000 bpd

===[[Hungary]]===
* [[Szazhalombatta Refinery]], ([[Mol]]), 161,000 bpd

===[[Ireland]]===
* [[Whitegate Refinery]], ([[ConocoPhillips]]), 71,000 bpd

===[[Italy]]===
* [[Esso Trecate, Novara Refinery]], ([[ExxonMobil 74.1%/ERG 25.9%]]), 200,000 bpd
* [[Esso Augusta Refinery]], ([[ExxonMobil]]), 190,000 bpd
* [[Sarroch Refinery]], ([[Saras SPA]]), 300,000 bpd
* [[Rome Refinery]], ([[Total 77.5%/ERG 22.5%]]), 90,000 bpd
* [[Falconara Marittima Ancona Refinery]], ([[APIOIL]]), 85,000 bpd
* [[Mantova Refinery]], ([[IESItaliana]]), 55,000 bpd
* [[Impianti Sud Refinery]], ([[ISAB ERG]]), 214,000 bpd
* [[Impianti Nord Refinery]], ([[ISAB ERG]]), 160,000 bpd
* [[Milazzo Refinery]], ([[ENI/Kuwait Petro]]) 80,000 bpd
* [[Sannazzaro de Burgondi Refinery]], ([[ENI]]) 160,000 bpd
* [[Gela Refinery]], ([[ENI]]) 100,000 bpd
* [[Taranto Refinery]], ([[ENI]]) 90,000 bpd
* [[Leghorn Livorno Refinery]], ([[ENI]]) 84,000 bpd
* [[Porto Marghera Venice Refinery]], ([[ENI]]) 70,000 bpd
* [[Cremona Refiney]], ([[Tamoil]]) 80,000 bpd
*Iplom [http://www.iplom.it] Busalla, Genoa

===[[Lithuania]]===
* [[Nafta Butinge Refinery]], ([[AB Mazeikiu]]), 263,000 bpd

===[[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]]===
* [[OKTA Skopje Refinery]], ([[Hellenic Petroleum]]), 50,000 bpd

===[[Norway]]===
* [[Slagen Refinery]], ([[ExxonMobil]]), 110,000 bpd
* [[Mongstad Refinery]], ([[Statoil]]), 200,000 bpd

===[[Poland]]===
* [[Plock Refinery]], ([[MRPW]]), 260,000 bpd
* [[Gdansk Refinery]], ([[Lotos]]), 120,000 bpd
* [[Czechowice Refinery]], ([[Lotos]]), 10,000 bpd

===[[Portugal]]===
* [[Porto Refinery]], ([[Galp Energia]]), 100,000 bpd
* [[Sines Refinery]], ([[Galp Energia]]), 200,000 bpd

===[[Romania]]===
* [[Arpechim Pitesti Refinery]], ([[Petrom/OMV]]), 70,000 bpd
* [[Astra Refinery]], ([[Interagro]]), 20,000 bpd
* [[Petrobrazi Ploiesti Refinery]], ([[Petrom/OMV]]), 90,000 bpd
* [[Petromidia Constanta Refinery]], ([[Rompetrol]]), 100,000 bpd
* [[Petrotel LUKoil Ploiesti Refinery]], ([[LUKOIL]]), 68,000 bpd
* [[Petrolsub Suplacu de Barcau Refinery]], ([[Petrom/OMV]]), 15,000 bpd
* [[RAFO Onesti Refinery]], ([[Calder A]]), 70,000 bpd
* [[Steaua Romana Campina Refinery]], ([[Omnimpex Chemicals]]), 15,000 bpd
* [[Vega Ploiesti Refinery]], ([[Rompetrol]]), 20,000 bpd

===[[Russia]]===
* [[OAO Angarsk Petrochemical Refinery]], ([[Yukos]]), 384,000 bpd
* [[OAO Syzran Refinery]], ([[Yukos]]), 213,400 bpd
* [[OAO Novokuibyshevsk Refinery]], ([[Yukos]]), 191,500 bpd
* [[OAO Kuibyshev Oil Refinery]], ([[Yukos]]), 139,800 bpd
* [[OAO Achinsk Refinery]], ([[Yukos]]), 131,000 bpd
* [[OAO Strezhevoy Refinery]], ([[Yukos]]), 5,400 bpd
* [[Volgograd Refinery]], ([[LUKOIL]]), 193,000 bpd
* [[Ukhta Refinery]], ([[LUKOIL]]), 72,000 bpd
* [[Perm Refinery]], ([[LUKOIL]]), 235,000 bpd
* [[Nizhny Refinery]], ([[LUKOIL]]), 292,000 bpd
* [[Ryazan Refinery]], ([[TNK-BP]]), 253,000 bpd
* [[Orsk Refinery]], ([[TNK-BP]]), 159,000 bpd
* [[Saratov Refinery]], ([[TNK-BP]]), 108,000 bpd
* [[Nizhnevartovsk Refinery]], ([[TNK-BP]]), 25,100 bpd
* [[Novo-Ufa Refinery]], ([[Bashneft]]), 380,000 bpd
* [[Ufaneftekhim Refinery]], ([[Bashneft]]), 250,000 bpd
* [[Salavatnefteorgsintez Refinery]], ([[Bashneft]]), 250,000 bpd
* [[Omsk Refinery]], ([[Sibneft]]), 380,000 bpd
* [[Moscow Refinery]], ([[Sibneft/Central Fuel Company]]), 213,000 bpd
* [[Kirishi Refinery]], ([[Surgutneftegas]]), 337,000 bpd
* [[YaNOS Yaroslavl Refinery]], ([[Slavneft]]), 132,000 bpd

===[[Slovakia]]===
* [[Slovnaft Bratislava Refinery]], ([[Mol]]), 110,000 bpd

===[[Spain]]===
* [[Bilbao Refinery]], ([[Repsol YPF]]), 220,000 bpd
* [[Puertollano Refinery]], ([[Repsol YPF]]), 140,000 bpd
* [[Tarragona Refinery]], ([[Repsol YPF]]), 160,000 bpd
* [[a Coruna Refinery]], ([[Repsol YPF]]), 120,000 bpd
* [[Cartagena Refinery]], ([[Repsol YPF]]), 100,000 bpd
* [[Tenerife Refinery]], ([[CEPSA]]), 90,000 bpd
* [[Palos de la Frontera Refinery]], ([[CEPSA]]), 100,000 bpd
* [[Gibraltar Refinery]], ([[CEPSA]]), 240,000 bpd
* [[Castellon Refinery]], ([[BP]]), 100,000 bpd

===[[Sweden]]===
* [[Nynaeshamn Refinery]] ([[Nynäs Petroleum]]), 90,000 bpd
* [[Preemraff Göteborg Refinery]] ([[Preem]]), 90,000 bpd
* [[Preemraff Lysekil Refinery]] ([[Preem]]), 210,000 bpd
* [[Shell Göteborg Refinery]], ([[Royal Dutch Shell]]), 70,000 bpd

===[[Switzerland]]===
* [[Cressier Refinery]], ([[Petroplus]]), 68,000 bpd
* [[Colleombery-Muraz Refinery]], ([[Tamoil]]), 45,000 bpd

===[[The Netherlands]]===
* [[Shell Pernis Refinery]], ([[Royal_Dutch_Shell]]), 416,000 bpd
* [[Botlek]] ([[ExxonMobil Refinery]] [[Rotterdam]] 195,000 bpd)
* [[Vlissingen Refinery]] ([[Total/DOW Chemical]]) 160,000 bpd
* [[Europoort]] ([[Q8]] 90,000 bpd, [[Nerefco]] (BP/Chevron) 400,000 bpd)

===[[Turkey]]===
* [[Central Anatolian Refinery]], ([[Tupras]]), 100,000 bpd
* [[Izmit Refinery]], ([[Tupras]]), 226,000 bpd
* [[Aliaga Refinery]], ([[Tupras]]), 200,000 bpd
* [[Batman Refinery]], ([[Tupras]]), 22,000 bpd

===[[Ukraine]]===
* [[Odessa Refinery]], ([[LUKOIL]]), 70,000 bpd
* [[LINOS Refinery]], ([[TNK-BP]]), 320,000 bpd
* [[Kherson Refinery]], ([[Allianz Oil]]), 36,000 bpd
* [[Kremenchuk Refinery]], ([[Ukrtatnafta]]) 180,000 bpd
* [[Drogobych Refinery]], ([[Ukrtransneft]]) 40,000 bpd
* [[Neftekhimik Prikarpatya Nadvirna Refinery]], ([[Ukrtransneft]]) 39,000 bpd

===[[United Kingdom]]===
* [[Lindsey Oil Refinery]], ([[Total S.A.|Total]]), 223,000 bpd
* [[Milford Haven Refinery]], ([[Total/Murco]]), 100,000 bpd
* [[Pembroke Refinery]], ([[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]), 210,000 bpd
* [[Stanlow Refinery]], ([[Royal Dutch Shell]]), 246,000 bpd
* [[Port Clarence Refinery]], ([[Petroplus]]), 117,000 bpd
* [[Fawley Southampton Refinery]], ([[ExxonMobil]]), 300,000 bpd
* [[Humber Refinery]], ([[ConocoPhillips]]), 221,000 bpd
* [[Coryton Refinery]], ([[BP]]), 208,000 bpd
* [[Grangemouth Refinery]], ([[Inovene (formerly BP)]]), 205,000 bpd

==External links==
*[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/_states_pet.html Energy Information Administration: U.S. Petroleum State Data]
*[http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/refinery_capacity_data/pdf/table_38.pdf EIA: U.S. Directory of Operable Petroleum Refineries]
*[http://www.energy.ca.gov/oil/refineries.html California's Oil Refineries]
*[http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php/Cat/0/Number/142111/page/ Google Earth Community Placemark]

[[Category:Oil refineries|*]]
[[Category:Petroleum]]

Shilaidaha

2006-04-14T06:51:17Z

Gallileo2k: copyedit+bangla text

Hafen Chittagong

2006-03-19T08:09:49Z

Gallileo2k: m cat

'''Port of Chittagong''' is the main sea port of [[Bangladesh]]. It is located at the estuary of the [[Karnaphuli River]] near the city of [[Chittagong]] in [[Chittagong District]]. Most of the export and import of Bangladesh are handled via this port.

==External links==

*[http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/C_0219.htm Article on Chittagong Port], [[Banglapedia]]

[[Category:Ports of Bangladesh]]

{{Bangladesh-stub}}

Hafen Chittagong

2006-03-19T08:09:33Z

Gallileo2k: create/ cat

Pakistan Navy

2006-02-10T01:32:15Z

Gallileo2k: /* External links */ rm link spam and broken links

{{Military Pakistan}}

The '''Pakistan Navy''' is the naval wing of the Pakistan military. Though not as significant as their other military divisions, it does play a vital role given the regional rivalry with [[India]].

==History==
The birth of the Royal Pakistan Navy came with the creation of [[Pakistan]] on [[14 August]] [[1947]]. Later it was renamed the Pakistan Navy (PN) to reflect the transformation to a [[republic]] in [[1956]]. As the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] involved fighting on land, it was in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] that the navy was involved in a conflict for the first time. However, apart from carrying out a bombardment of the coastal town of [[Dwaraka]] - codenamed [[Operation Dwarka]] - there was no significant action.

==Role in the 1971 war==
The Navy's role changed in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] when the military was caught in the thick of the battle. With [[East Pakistan]] having been surrounded on all three sides by the [[Indian Army]], the Navy was under immense pressure to protect the coast. Despite the isolated incidents including the sinking of an Indian frigate [[INS Khukri]] by the submarine [[PNS Hangor]], the Navy was largely overrun. The major threat from the much dreaded [[PNS Ghazi]] - the only long range [[submarine]] - was nullified when it sank in the [[Bay of Bengal]] thus enabling an easy blockade on East Pakistan. The damage inflicted by both [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]] on Pakistan Navy stood at 6 [[Gunboat]]s, one submarine, a [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]], a [[Destroyer]], 3 patrol crafts belonging to the [[coast guard]], 18 supply and communication vessels, with some more crafts damaged - including [[friendly fire]]. The total number of personnel losses came to about 1900 and 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in [[Dhaka]](Official Pakistan losses). In contrast the Indian Navy lost 212 personnel, a [[frigate]] (another frigate damaged) and a naval plane [[Breguet Alizé]] to the [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF). The eastern wing of Pakistan Navy was totally obliterated and following the capitulation of PAF and the surrender by [[A.A.K.Niazi]] the war ended in a swift defeat for Pakistan. The primary reason for this loss has been attributed to the central command's failure in defining a role for the Navy - or the military in general, in East Pakistan. Since then the Navy has sought to improve the structure and fleet by putting special emphasis on sub-surface warfare capability as it allows for the most efficient way to deny the control of Pakistani sea lanes to the adversary.

==The Atlantique Incident==
[[Image:Pakistani_Navy_jack.gif|right|frame|Pakistan Navy Flag]]
[[Image:Pakistan-navy.gif|right|frame|Pakistan Navy Coat of Arms]]
The [[Atlantique Incident]] was a major international incident on [[10 August]] [[1999]] where a Pakistan Navy plane ([[Breguet Atlantic]]) with 16 on board was shot down by Indian Airforce jets, citing border violation. It resulted in escalated tensions between the two neighbouring countries.

==Peacetime operations==
The Navy has been involved in some peacetime operations, most notably during the [[tsunami]] tragedy that struck on [[December 26]], [[2004]]. Pakistan sent vessels to [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Maldives]] to help in rescue and relief work.

==Personnel and command==
The [[Pakistan]] [[Navy]] has some 24,000 personnel. The force includes a small Naval Air Arm and the approximately 2,000 member [[paramilitary]] Maritime Security Agency, charged primarily with protecting Pakistan's exclusive economic zone([[EEZ]]). The naval reserve consists of about 5,000 personnel. Included in this is the Naval arm of the [[Special Services Group]], a marine [[commando]] unit stationed at Karachi. The NSSG or SSG(N) as its known is believed to number around 1,000 in troop strength.

The supreme commander of the Navy is the Chief of the Naval Staff. Admiral Shahid Karimullah is the current Chief of the Navy. Pakistan Navy recently began inducting women for combat positions apart from the existing administrative posts, becoming one of the few [[Islamic Republic]]s to do so.

The navy has four commands:
* COMPAK - the fleet;
* COMLOG - the logistics;
* COMFORNAV - naval installations in the north of Pakistan;
* COMKAR - naval headquarters and the only major base at [[Karachi]].

The other naval bases are [[Ormara]], [[Pasni_City|Pasni]], [[Gwadar]] and [[Jiwani]].

==The fleet==
In mid-[[2005]] the Pakistan Navy had more than 50 vessels of various kinds. Pakistan is also one of the 12 countries in the world that manufactures submarines indegenously. The [[Agosta]] class submarines with the help of [[France|French]] engineers was built at Karachi port. There is also talk of building a nuclear capable submarine.

====Submarines====
A total of 8 main submarines plus 3 midget submarines, MG110 are in the Naval inventory. These include:
[[Image:PNS Ghazi 134 DN-SC-92-03633.JPEG|350px|thumb|]]

* 2 of the 3 Khalid-class (Agosta 90Bs) with the 3rd one with AIP in the works.
* 3 Agostas
* 3 Daphnes

This sub-surface capability of the PN is the most effective detterrance against the IN. All of the Pakistani SSKs have been equipped with AshMs which can be fired while submerged. The 3 Khalid class boats are Exocet AshM capable, while the older Agostas and Daphnes have been equipped with US Harpoon AshMs making the PN submarine force the most capable in the South Asian region.

====Destroyers====
There are 10 destroyers in the navy. The names given to the frigates are either [[Mughal]] emperors or famous [[Muslim]] rulers.

====Frigates====
[[Image:PNS-Badr-F184.jpg|thumb|right|300px|PNS Badr (F184) steams along side [[USS Tarawa (LHA-1)]] in November of [[2005]]]]
There are a total of 8 frigates. The frigates are mainly ex-British ''Amazon'' class ([[PNS Babur]]) and [[Leander class frigate|''Leander'' class]] (including PNS ''Zulfiquar'' and PNS ''Shamsher'').

====Others====
Apart from the above the Navy possesses:

*6 patrol boats
*2 French Eridien mine-hunter vessels
*4 small attack crafts
*12 auxiliary crafts.

It also has 25 naval aircraft at its immediate disposal. The [[Dassault_Mirage#Mirage_5_.2F_Milan_.2F_Mirage_50_.2F_Mirage_3NG|Dassault Mirage 5]] is one of the premier fighters in the naval kitty equiped with Exocet AshM in anti-surface warfare role. The Mirages are dedicated for Naval support but are part of and flown by PAF personnel. Other Navy planes are [[Fokker F27]], Lockheed [[P-3 Orion]] and [[Breguet Atlantique]]. The US has provided additional Orions which in total will number around 11. All of the PN Orions are equipped with Harpoon AshMs and also have the ability to carry Chinese AshM C-802s.

Pakistan has always relied on stealth and prides itself on its [[submarine]]s. However the financial crunch and the Pressler Amendment has hindered its ability to match the growing military capability of its neighbour, India. Since the late [[1990s]] and from [[2000]], the Pakistan Navy stepped up its efforts to modernize its surface, submerged, and aerial fleet, as well as weapons inventory. The induction of the P-3C Orion along with many proposed additions like Oliver Perry Class Frigates from USA is expected to bolster the Navy.

==See also==
* [[Pakistan Coast Guard]]
* [[Operation Trident (Indo-Pakistani War)|Operation Trident]]

==References==
* {{Web reference | title=Orbat | work=Naval and Maritime Security Agency Warship Names 1947-2005 | URL=http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/pakistan/warshipnames.html | date=June 22 | year=2005}}

*{{Book reference | Author=[[Tariq Ali]] | Title=Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State | Publisher=Penguin Books Ltd | Year=1983 | ID=ISBN 0140224017}}

*{{Web reference | title=Maritime Awareness and Pakistan Navy | work=Defence Notes by Commander (Retd) Muhammad Azam Khan | URL=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/maritime.htm | date= May 16 | year=2005}}

*{{Web reference | title=DAMAGE ASSESMENT - 1971 INDO-PAK NAVAL WAR | work=B. Harry | URL=http://www.orbat.com/site/cimh/navy/kills(1971)-2.pdf | date=May 16 | year=2005}}

*{{Web reference | title=Military Losses in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War | work=Venik | URL=http://www.aeronautics.ru/archive/vif2_project/indo_pak_war_1971.htm | date=May 30 | year=2005}}

==External links==

*[http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/ Pakistan Navy's official site]
*[http://flagspot.net/flags/pk~nav.html Ranks and Insignia in Navy]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy-intro.htm Global Security Organization]

{{Military of Pakistan}}
[[Category:Pakistan Navy]]

Pola Uddin, Baroness Uddin

2005-12-24T07:50:33Z

Gallileo2k: moved Manzila Uddin, Baroness Uddin to Manzila Pola Uddin

[[The Right Honourable]] '''Manzila Pola Uddin, Baroness Uddin''' (born [[17 July]] [[1959]]) is a [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] member of the [[House of Lords]]. She was made a [[Life Peer]] in [[1998]] and became the first [[Muslim]] woman in the House of Lords.

She previously worked in [[Local Government]].

{{UK-noble-stub}}
Manzila Uddin was born in 1959 in [[Bangladesh]] and grew up in London. She was raised to the peerage as '''Baroness Uddin''', of Bethnal Green in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, in [[1998]].

She received her education at University of North London, where she earned a Diploma in social work. With her husband, Komar Uddin, she has four sons and one daughter.

Lady Uddin's career background includes being a Youth and Community worker at a YWCA, Liaison Officer for Tower Hamlets Social Services, and Manager of Tower Hamlets Women's Health Project.

She is a member of the EOP Implementation Committee, and a trustee of St Katherine's and Shadwell Trust. Lady Uddin has special interests in education, health, children, local government, equal opportunities among others.

[[Category:1959 births|Uddin, Manzila]]
[[Category:Life peers|Uddin, Manzila]]
[[Category:UK Labour Party politicians|Uddin, Manzila]]

Malwa

2005-11-15T06:16:12Z

Gallileo2k: /* Modern */ move "captain" to description rather than name

<table align="right" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1">
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2"><font size=4>Malwa</font>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="2">[[Image:malwa.jpg|275px]]
<tr><td>'''[[Language]]'''<td>[[Malvi language|Malvi]]
<tr><td>'''[[Demographics of India|Largest city]]'''<td>[[Indore]]<br> [http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=22.42_N_75.54_E_type:city 22.42° N 75.54° E ]
<tr><td>'''[[Area]]'''<td>[[1 E11 m²|81,767 km<sup>2</sup>]]
<tr><td>'''[[Population]]'''<td>18,889,000 ([[2001]])
<tr><td>'''[[Birth rate]]'''<td>31.6 (2001)
<tr><td>'''[[Death rate]]'''<td>10.3 (2001)
<tr><td>'''[[Infant mortality rate]]'''<td>93.8 (2001)
</table>

'''Malwa''' ([[Malvi]]: ''माळवा'') is a region of western [[India]], lying in the western part of [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[states and territories of India|state]]. It lies at the headwaters of the [[Chambal | Chambal River]] and its tributaries, the [[Kali Sindh River|Kali Sindh]] and the [[Parbati River (Madhya Pradesh)|Parbati]]. The region includes the districts of [[Neemuch]], [[Mandsaur]], [[Shajapur]], [[Rajgarh]], [[Ratlam]], [[Ujjain]], [[Dewas]], [[Indore]], [[Dhar]], [[Jhabua]], [[Banswara]] ([[Rajasthan]]), [[Chittorgarh]] (Rajasthan), and [[Jhalawar]] (Rajashtan). [[Ujjain]] is the ancient center of the region, and [[Indore]] is presently the largest city, and commercial center.

==History==
[[Image:I_india_ujjain_4634v_o.jpg|right|thumb|Coin showing [[Karttikeya]] and [[Lakshmi]] (Ujjain, circa 150 - 75 BC)]]
The name Malwa is derived from the ancient [[Aryan]] tribe of ''Malavas'' about whom very little is known, apart from the fact that they founded the [[Bikram Sambat|Vikrama Samvat]], an era dating from [[57|57 BCE]] widely used in India, which is popularly associated with the king [[Vikramaditya]]. The position of the Malwa or ''Moholo'' mentioned by [[Xuanzang|Hiuen Tsang]] (7th century) is plausibly assigned to [[Gujarat]]{{ref|EncyclopBr}}.

===Ancient Period===
Ujjain ([[Greek language|Greek]]: ''Ozene'',[[Sanskrit]]:''उज्जैन''), also known historically as ''Ujjaiyini'' and ''Avanti'' emerged as the first important center in the Malwa region during India's second wave of [[urbanization]] in the seventh century BCE (the first wave being the [[Indus Valley Civilization]]). Around c. [[600 BCE]], an earthen rampart was built around Ujjain, enclosing a city of considerable size. Ujjain was the center of the kingdom of Avanti, which emerged c. [[500 BCE]] as an important kingdom of western India until its conquest by the [[Maurya empire]] in the mid-fourth century BCE. [[Ashoka]], who was later a Mauryan emperor, was governor of Ujjain in his youth. Ujjain was major trade center during the first century CE.

The [[Gupta]] period was the golden age in the history of Malwa, with Ujjain as its capital. [[Kalidasa]], [[Aryabhata]], [[Varahamihira]] were all based in Ujjain which emerged as a major center of learning, especially for [[astronomy]] and [[mathematics]]. [[Chandragupta Vikramaditya]] is the most famous king from this period. Around [[500|500 CE]], Malwa reemerged from the dissolving [[Gupta]] empire as a separate kingdom, and in [[528| 528 CE]] [[Yasodharman]] of Malwa defeated the [[Hun]]s who had invaded India from the northwest.

From the mid-tenth century, Malwa was ruled by the [[Paramara]] clan of [[Rajput]]s, who established a capital at [[Dhar]]. King [[Bhoj]], who ruled from about [[1010]] to [[1060]], was known as the great [[polymath]] philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover [[philosophy]], [[poetry]], [[medicine]], [[veterinary science]], [[phonetics]], [[yoga]], and [[archery]]. Under his rule, Malwa became an intellectual center of India. Bhoj also founded the city of [[Bhopal]] to secure the eastern part of his kingdom. His successors ruled until about [[1200]], when Malwa was conquered by the [[Delhi Sultanate]].

===Medieval Period===
[[Image:Hushang gold tanka 50.gif|right|thumb| Coin from the time of Malwa Sultan Husam al-Din [[Hoshang Shah]] (1405-1435)]]
The sacking of Delhi by the [[Mongol]] conqueror [[Timur]] in the early fifteenth century caused the breakup of the sultanate into smaller states, and in [[1401]] [[Dilawar Khan]], previously Malwa's governor under the rule of Delhi, declared himself sultan of Malwa, and started the ''Malwa Sultanate''. He established a capital at [[Mandu]], high in the [[Vindhya Range]], overlooking the [[Narmada River]] valley. His son and successor [[Hoshang Shah]] (1405-1435) embellished Mandu. Hoshang Shah's son Ghazni Khan ruled for only a year, and was suceeded by Sultan Mahmud Khalji (1436-1469), first of the [[Khalji]] sultans of Malwa, who expanded the state to include portions of [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], and the [[Deccan]]. The [[Muslim]] sultans invited [[Rajputs]] to settle in the country. In the early 1500's the sultan sought the aid of the sultans of [[Gujarat]] to counter the growing power of the Rajputs, while the Rajputs sought the aid of the [[Sesodia]] Rajput kings of [[Mewar]]. Gujarat stormed Mandu in [[1518]] and [[1531]], and shortly thereafter the Malwa sultanate collapsed. The [[Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] captured Malwa in [[1562]], and made it a province of his empire. Mandu was abandoned by the seventeenth century.

===Modern Period===
[[Image:Holkar.GIF|right|thumb| Coin from the time of Jaswant Rao Holkar of Indore 1798-1811 AD]]
As the Mughal state weakened after [[1700]], the [[Maratha]]s raided Malwa. Malhar Rao [[Holkar]] (1694-1766) became leader of Maratha armies in Malwa in [[1724]], and in [[1733]], the Maratha [[Peshwa]] granted him control of most of the region, which was formally ceded by the Mughals in [[1738]]. Another Maratha general, Anand Rao [[Panwar]], established himself as the raja of Dhar in [[1742]], and two Panwar brothers became rajas of [[Dewas]]. At the end of the 18th century Malwa became a cockpit for fighting between the rival Maratha powers, and the headquarters of the [[Pindari]]s or irregular plunderers. The Pindaris were rooted out by the campaign of [[Lord Hastings]], and further order was establied under [[Sir John Malcolm]] {{ref|EncyclopBr}}. The Holkar dynasty ruled Malwa from [[Indore]] and [[Maheshwar]] on the Narmada until [[1818]], when the Marathas were defeated by the British in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], and the Holkars of Indore became [[princely state]] of the [[British Raj]]. The [[British Empire|British]] ''Malwa Agency'' had an area of 8919 sq. m. with a population (1901) of 1,054,753. It comprised the states of [[Dewas]] (senior and junior branch), [[Jaora]], [[Ratlam]], [[Sitamau]] and [[Sailana]], together with a large portion of [[Gwalior]], parts of [[Indore]] and [[Tonk]], and about 35 petty estates and holdings. The headquarters of the political agent were at [[Neemuch]] {{ref|EncyclopBr}}. Upon Indian independence in 1947, the Holkars and other princely rulers acceded to India, and most of Malwa became part of the new state of [[Madhya Bharat]], which was merged into [[Madhya Pradesh]] in 1956.

''See also:'' [[Rulers of Malwa]], [[History of India]]

==Geography==
The ''Malwa'' region occupies a plateau located in western Madhya Pradesh and southeastern [[Rajasthan]], with [[Gujarat]] lying in the west. To the south and east is the [[Vindhya Range]], and to the north is the [[Bundelkhand]] upland. The plateau itself is an extension of the [[Deccan Traps]], formed between 60 and 68 [[geologic timescale|million years ago]],[http://www.mantleplumes.org/Deccan.html][http://ksgeo.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jp/~iwata/personal/Deccan-e.htm] at the end of the [[Cretaceous]] [[Geologic period|period]]. The gases released in the process may have played a role in the [[extinction]] of the [[dinosaur]]s. The average elevation of Malwa is 500 metres about sea level. The volcanic origin accounts for the black cotton soil of varying thickness, which is ideal for cultivation of [[cotton]] which is an important cash crop. The plateau generally slopes is towards the north. The most important river of Malwa is the [[Chambal]], which is the tributary of [[Yamuna]]. Thus, most of the northern part of the plateau is in the [[Ganga Basin]]. Other important river basins are [[Mahi River|Mahi]] and [[Narmada]] river basins. The [[Shipra River]] is of historical importance because of the [[Kumbh Mela|Simhasth mela]] held every 12 years. Malwa has mild and pleasant weather due to its elevation, and a cool morning wind known as ''karaman'' and evening breeze known as ''Shab-e-Malwa'' makes the summers less harsh and so much more tolerable.

''See also:'' [[Geography of India]]

==Economy==
[[Image:scan00051542542.jpg|right|thumb|Children in an opium field in Malwa]]
The region has been one of the important producers of [[opium]] in the world. It was opium that first integrated the Malwa economy along with the western Indian ports with [[China]], bringing in international [[capitalism]] in the region. Malwa opium was a challenge to the monopoly of the [[British East India Company|East India Company]], which used to supply [[Bengal]] opium to China. This led the British company to impose many restrictions on production of and trade in Malwa opium, and eventually the drug was pushed underground. When smuggling went out of control, the [[British Empire|British]] made the rules more liberal. Today, the region is still one of the largest producer of licit opium in the world. The region is predominantly agricultural and about 80% of the population depends on agriculture for its livelihood. The [[black soil]] of the Malwa region is good for cultivation of cotton and textile is an important industry. Many mills are located in [[Ujjain]], [[Nagda]], and [[Indore]].

== Culture ==
The culture of Malwa has had a lot of influences from [[Gujarat]]i and [[Rajasthani]] culture due to geographic proximity.
=== Language ===
{{main| Malvi}}
The main language of Malwa is ''[[Malvi]]'', with more than a million speakers. This Indo-European language is further classified as Indo-Aryan. The language is also sometimes known as Malavi, Ujjaini, etc. Malvi is classified with the [[Rajasthani languages]], with [[Nimadi]], spoken in the [[Nimar]] region of Madhya Pradesh and in [[Rajasthan]], being its closest cousin. The dialects of Malvi are, in alphabetical order, [[Bachadi]], [[Bhoyari]], [[Dholewari]], [[Hoshangabadi]], [[Jamral]], [[Katiyai]], [[Malvi Proper]], [[Patvi]], [[Rangari]], [[Rangri]] and [[Sondwari]]. About 55% of the population of Malwa can converse in [[Hindi]], which is the official language of the Madhya Pradesh state, and literacy rate in second language (Hindi) is about 40%.{{ref|Ethnologue}}

=== Food ===
[[Image:bati.jpg|frame|Traditional Malwa cuisine]]
The traditional Malwa food has elements of both [[Gujarat]]i and [[Rajasthan]]i cuisine. Traditionally, [[Jowar]] was the major food crop, but with [[green revolution]] in India, [[wheat]] has replaced jowar as the most important food crop. Most people have a [[vegetarian]] diet. Since the climate is mostly dry throughout the year, most people sustain on stored foods like pulses, and vegetables are rare. A typical snack of Malwa is the ''bhutta ri kees'' (made with grated corn roasted in [[ghee]] and later cooked in milk with spices). ''Chakki ri shaak'' is made of wheat dough which is washed under running water, steamed and then used in a gravy of curd. The traditional bread of Malwa is called ''bati/bafla'', which essentially is a small round ball of wheat flour roasted in a traditional way, over cakes made of cow-dung. ''Bati'' is typically eaten with dal (pulses). The ''baflas'' are dripping with ghee and are soaked with dal. The ''amli ri kadhi'' is ''kadhi'' made with [[tamarind]] instead of [[yogurt]]. Sweet cakes made of wheat called ''tapu'' are prepared during religious festivities. Sweet cereal called ''thulli'' is also typically eaten with milk or yoghurt. Traditional dessert include like ''mawa-bati'' (milk-based sweet), ''khoprapak'' (coconut-based sweet), ''[[shrikhand]]'' (yogurt based) and ''malpua''.

=== Music ===
''[[Lavani]]'' music is popular in southern Malwa, which came through the [[Maratha]]s. The ''Nirguni Lavani'' (philosophical) and the ''Shringari Lavani'' (erotic) are the two types. The [[Bhil]]s have their own folk songs, which are always accompanied by dance. The folk musical modes of Malwa depend on four to five notes. In rare cases, six notes are employed. The devotional music of the ''Nirguni'' cult is popular all over Malwa. Legends about ''Raja'' [[Bhoj]] and ''Bijori'', the ''Kanjar'' girl and the tale of ''Balabau'' are popular folk songs. Insertions known as ''Stobha'' are popular in Malwa music. This can occur in four ways: the ''Matra stobha'' (syllable insertion), ''Varna stobha'' (letter insertion), ''Shabda stobha'' (word insertion) and ''Vakya stobha'' (sentence insertion.)

=== Literature ===
[[Image: Meghdut.jpg|thumbnail|Indian postage stamp showing a passage from [[Kalidasa]]'s [[Meghaduuta]]]]
Malwa was the center of Sanskrit literature during and after the Gupta period. The most famous playwright of Malwa is [[Kalidasa]]. His first surviving play is ''Malavikagnimitra'' or ''Malavika'' and ''Agnimitra''. Kalidasa's second play, generally considered his masterpiece, is the ''Shakuntala'' which tells the story of king, ''Dushyanta'', who falls in love with a girl of lowly birth, the lovely Shakuntala. The last of Kalidasa's surviving plays is ''Vikramorvashe'' or ("''Urvashi'' Conquered by Valor"). Kalidasa also wrote two surviving epic poems ''[[Raghuvamsha]]'' ("Dynasty of Raghu") and ''Kumarasambhava'' ("Birth of the War God"), as well as the lyric ''[[Meghaduuta]]'' ("Cloud Messenger"). He is generally considered to be the greatest Indian writer of any epoch.

=== Dance ===
''[[Swang]]'' is a popular dance form in Malwa. Its roots can be traced back to the origins of the Indian theatre tradition. Since women did not participate in the dance-drama form, men enacted their roles. ''Swang'' incorporates suitable theatrics and mimicry accompanied by song and dialogue. It is dialogue-oriented rather than movement-oriented.

=== Painting ===
''Mandana'' wall and floor paintings are the best known painting traditions of Malwa. White drawings stand out in contrast to the red clay and cow dung mixture base material. Peacocks, cats, lions, goojari, bawari, [[swastika]] and chowk are some motifs of this style. ''Sanjhya'' is a ritual wall painting done by young girls during the period when ancestors are remembered and offered ritual oblation by Hindus {{ref|Paintings}}. Malwa miniature paintings specialize in their attractive brushwork.
In 17th-century, a school of Rajasthani miniature painting known as ''Malwa painting'' was centred largely in Malwa and Bundelkhand. The school was conservative, and little development is seen from the earliest examples, such as the ''Rasikapriya'' (a poem analyzing the love sentiment) series dated 1636 and the ''Amaru Sataka'' (a Sanskrit poem of the late 17th century), now in the Prince of Wales Museum ([[Mumbai]]). The paintings from this school are based on rigorously flat compositions, black and chocolate-brown backgrounds, figures shown against a solid colour patch, and architecture painted in lively colour.

=== Festivals ===
[[Image:simmela.jpg|right|thumb|Simhastha Mela, Ujjain]]
The biggest festival of Malwa is undoubtedly the [[Kumbh Mela|Simhastha mela]] held every 12 years, in which more than a million pilgrims take a holy dip in river [[Shipra]]. ''Gana-gour'' is celebrated in honour of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]. The history of the festival goes back to ''Rano Bai'' whose parental house was in Malwa and she was married in Rajasthan. Rano Bai was so much attached to Malwa that she did not like staying in Rajasthan. After marriage she could come to Malwa only once a year, and Gana-Gour symbolizes the coming back of Rano Bai to Malwa. The festival is observed by the women of Malwa once in the month of Bhadra and again in the month of Chaitra. ''Ghadlya'' festival is celebrated by the girls of Malwa, who gather to visit every house of the village in the evenings, carrying earthen pots with holes for the light from oil lamps inside to come out. The girls recite songs connected with Ghadlya in front of every house, and in return get foodstuff or coins. The ''Gordhan'' festival is celebrated on the sixteenth day in the month of Kartika. The [[Bhil]]s of Malwa sing to the cattle some anecdotal songs, known as Heeda, while the women sing the ''Chandrawali'' song, associated with [[Krishna]]'s romance.

=== Fairs ===
The most popular fairs occur in the months of [[Phalguna]], [[Chaitra]], [[Bhadra]], [[Ashvin]] and [[Kartik]]. The Chaitra fair held at Biaora and the Gal Yatras held at over two dozen villages of Malwa are remarkable. Many fairs are held in the 10th day of the month of [[Bhadra]], to mark the birth of [[Tejaji]]. The ''Triveni Mela'' is held at [[Ratlam]] and other remarkable fairs take place in Kartika at [[Ujjain]], Mandhata (Nimad), Naya Gaon, etc.

== Tourism ==
Major tourist destinations in Malwa include the fort town of [[Mandu]] on Vindhya range. It was originally the fort capital of the Parmar rulers. Towards the end of the 13th century, it came under the sway of the Sultans of Malwa, the first of whom named it Shadiabad - 'city of joy'. [[Ujjain]] is one of the most important [[Hindu]] pilgrimage centres, with its hundreds of historical temples. The [[Kumbh Mela|Simhastha kumbh]] mela begins on the full moon day in Chaitra (April), it continues into Vaishakha (May), until the next full moon day every twelve years. [[Indore]] is an important cultural centre with a lot of architecture due to the [[Maratha]]s. [[Chittorgarh]] has a massive hilltop fort, which is a depiction of [[Rajput]] culture and values.

==Important Cities==
[[Ujjain]]
[[Indore]]
[[Dhar]]
[[Ratlam]]
[[Mandsaur]]
[[Mhow]]
[[Dewas]]
[[Hoshangabad]]
[[Shajapur]]
[[Neemuch]]
[[Jhalawar]]

== Famous People ==

===Historical===

* [[Kalidasa]] (c 100? BC - c 400? AD) [[Sanskrit]] [[playwright]]
* [[Chandragupta Vikramaditya]] (375 - 415 ) Legendary King
* [[Varahamihira]] (505 - 587) Astronomer and Mathematician
* [[Siddhasena]]
* [[Bhartrihari]] (570-651?)
* [[Brahmagupta]] (598 - 668) Mathematician
* [[Bhoj]] (1010 - 1060) King
* [[Bhaskara]] (1114 -1185) Mathematician
* [[Dhanvantari]]

===Modern===

* Dr. B. R. [[Ambedkar]] (1891 - 1956 ) Activist and Politician
* [[Lata Mangeshkar]] (1928 - ) Playback Singer
* [[Salman Khan]] ( 1965) Actor
* Col [[C K Naidu]] Army Colonel
* [[Mushtaq Ali]] Cricketer, former captain of [[Indian cricket team]]

{{listdev}}

==In Fiction==
In the [[Belisarius series]] by [[David Drake]] and [[Eric Flint]], the people of Malwa are chosen by malicious beings from the future to change the course of history. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] general [[Belisarius]] is set against them by a creature sent by a benevolent group of future beings.

==See also==
* [[Madhya Pradesh ]]
* [[ Rajasthan ]]

==External links==

* [http://www215.pair.com/sacoins/public_html/malwa_main.htm Malwa Sultanate Coins]
* [http://www.mptourism.com/ Madhya Pradesh Tourism]

==References ==
# {{note|EncyclopBr}} [http://35.1911encyclopedia.org/M/MA/MALWA.htm Malwa in Encyclopedia Britannica 1911 Edition]
# {{note|Ethnologue}} [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mup Ethnologue]
# {{note|Paintings}} [http://ignca.nic.in/nl002903.htm Paintings of Mewar and Malwa]

[[Category:Plateaus]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Historical Indian regions]]
[[Category:Malwa]]
[[fr:Mâlvâ]]
[[ja:マールワ]]
[[sv:Malwa]]

Shehzad Roy

2005-11-11T23:20:37Z

Gallileo2k: Reverted edits by 202.176.228.67 to last version by Ragib

[[Image:Shehzad2.jpg|framepx|right|thumb|Shehzad Roy]]
'''Shehzad Roy''' is one the very famous Pop singers hailing from [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]].He became a huge hit when he debuted in [[1995]] with a boisterous and revolutionary approach to Pakistani Pop.In the late 1990s,he became one of the most popular singers in [[South Asia]].

Shehzad has been dedicated to the building up of '''Zindagi Trust''', the NGO which springs from his passion for helping impoverished and uneducated children.Roy once said;
:“I feel so sad when I see some child working, or on the streets, not going to school. The Trust is my best effort to do something about that.”

The programme has 25 schools across the country and uses unique teaching methods along with incentives to entice children to attend. If children pass daily assessments, they are rewarded Rs20. “Some people say its wrong to bribe children to be in school,” says Shehzad, “but well-off kids are rewarded for their marks all the time. There is no reason poor children should not have the same support.”

Shehzad uses the proceeds from his concerts to support Zindagi Trust, but has been spending his time making the organization more self-sufficient. For his efforts, Shehzad was awarded the prestigious ''"Tamgha-i-Imtiaz"'', the youngest person and only pop singer to ever be honoured by this prestigious Presidential recognition of efforts to help the impoverished of Pakistani society.

Shehzad’s newest album ''"Buri Baat Hai"'' released in [[2005]] is still fresh and new, with plenty of tracks to please a range of rhythmical and lyrical tastes. And, for those seeking an even broader stroke, The Best of Shehzad Roy offers a sampling of his classics, along with an interview and moving documentary about Zindagi Trust.

With his full lips that make female fans swoon, clever songs and a moving commitment to a cause, Shehzad Roy is one of the most exciting people on Pakistan’s entertainment scene.

== Albums ==
*Zindagi (1995)
*Darshan (1997)
*Teri Soorat (1999)
*Rab Jaanay (2002)
*Buri Baat Hai (2005)

== Links ==

* [http://www.zindagitrust.org/home.asp Zindagi Trust to Educate Pakistan]
* [http://www.shehzadroy.com/ Official Shehzad Roy Website]

[[Category: Pakistani singers|Roy, Shehzad]]

{{Pakistan-stub}}

Shehzad Roy

2005-10-29T16:51:14Z

Gallileo2k: rm redundant cat

Shehzad Roy

2005-10-25T06:09:13Z

Gallileo2k: rm redundant cat

[[Image:Shehzad2.jpg|framepx|right|thumb|Shehzad Roy]]
'''Shehzad Roy''' is one the very famous Pop singers hailing from [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]].He became a huge hit when he debuted in [[1995]] with a boisterous and revolutionary approach to Pakistani Pop.In the late 1990s,he became one of the most popular singers in [[South Asia]].

Shehzad has been dedicated to the building up of '''Zindagi Trust''', the NGO which springs from his passion for helping impoverished and uneducated children.Roy once said;
:“I feel so sad when I see some child working, or on the streets, not going to school. The Trust is my best effort to do something about that.”

The programme has 25 schools across the country and uses unique teaching methods along with incentives to entice children to attend. If children pass daily assessments, they are rewarded Rs20. “Some people say its wrong to bribe children to be in school,” says Shehzad, “but well-off kids are rewarded for their marks all the time. There is no reason poor children should not have the same support.”

Shehzad uses the proceeds from his concerts to support Zindagi Trust, but has been spending his time making the organization more self-sufficient. For his efforts, Shehzad was awarded the prestigious ''"Tamgha-i-Imtiaz"'', the youngest person and only pop singer to ever be honoured by this prestigious Presidential recognition of efforts to help the impoverished of Pakistani society.

Shehzad’s newest album ''"Buri Baat Hai"'' released in [[2005]] is still fresh and new, with plenty of tracks to please a range of rhythmical and lyrical tastes. And, for those seeking an even broader stroke, The Best of Shehzad Roy offers a sampling of his classics, along with an interview and moving documentary about Zindagi Trust.

With his full lips that make female fans swoon, clever songs and a moving commitment to a cause, Shehzad Roy is one of the most exciting people on Pakistan’s entertainment scene.

== Albums ==
*Zindagi (1995)
*Darshan (1997)
*Teri Soorat (1999)
*Rab Jaanay (2002)
*Buri Baat Hai (2005)

[[Category: Pakistani singers|Roy, Shehzad]]

{{Pakistan-stub}}

Shehzad Roy

2005-10-20T01:11:24Z

Gallileo2k: m cat

[[Image:Shehzad2.jpg|framepx|right|thumb|Shehzad Roy]]
'''Shehzad Roy''' is one the very famous Pop singers hailing from [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]].He became a huge hit when he debuted in [[1995]] with a boisterous and revolutionary approach to Pakistani Pop.In the late 1990s,he became one of the most popular singers in [[South Asia]].

Shehzad has been dedicated to the building up of '''Zindagi Trust''', the NGO which springs from his passion for helping impoverished and uneducated children.Roy once said;
:“I feel so sad when I see some child working, or on the streets, not going to school. The Trust is my best effort to do something about that.”

The programme has 25 schools across the country and uses unique teaching methods along with incentives to entice children to attend. If children pass daily assessments, they are rewarded Rs20. “Some people say its wrong to bribe children to be in school,” says Shehzad, “but well-off kids are rewarded for their marks all the time. There is no reason poor children should not have the same support.”

Shehzad uses the proceeds from his concerts to support Zindagi Trust, but has been spending his time making the organization more self-sufficient. For his efforts, Shehzad was awarded the prestigious ''"Tamgha-i-Imtiaz"'', the youngest person and only pop singer to ever be honoured by this prestigious Presidential recognition of efforts to help the impoverished of Pakistani society.

Shehzad’s newest album ''"Buri Baat Hai"'' released in [[2005]] is still fresh and new, with plenty of tracks to please a range of rhythmical and lyrical tastes. And, for those seeking an even broader stroke, The Best of Shehzad Roy offers a sampling of his classics, along with an interview and moving documentary about Zindagi Trust.

With his full lips that make female fans swoon, clever songs and a moving commitment to a cause, Shehzad Roy is one of the most exciting people on Pakistan’s entertainment scene.

== Albums ==
*Zindagi (1995)
*Darshan (1997)
*Teri Soorat (1999)
*Rab Jaanay (2002)
*Buri Baat Hai (2005)

[[Category: Pakistani singers|Roy, Shehzad]]

{{Pakistan-stub}}

Humayun Azad

2005-03-08T01:42:36Z

Gallileo2k: wikification

'''Humayun Azad''' (Rari Khal, [[Bangladesh]], [[28 April]], [[1947]] - [[Munich]], [[Germany]], [[11 August]], [[2004]]) was a prolific [[Bangladeshi]] [[author]] and [[scholar]]. He wrote more than 70 books including 10 novels, 7 collections of poetry, 7 books of comparative literature and 2 books for children. Azad received the prestigious [[Bangla Academy]] Award (1996) and the [[Shishu Academy]] Award for his contributions in both adult and children literature.
[[Image:HumayunAzad.jpg|right|200px|Dr. Humayun Azad]]
Dr. Azad got his doctorate degree in [[linguistics]] in 1976 at the [[University of Edinburgh]]. He later served as a professor of [[Bangla]] at the [[University of Dhaka]] and in his early career produced pioneering works on Bangla linguistics, notably Bangla [[semantics]]. He was regarded as the most important living linguist of the one-thousand-year-old Bangla language. Later in his career, especially during General [[Hossain Mohammad Ershad|Ershad]]'s rule, he became well-known as a liberal socio-political [[critic]] as he wrote biting commentaries against the dictatorship in local magazines. His commentaries continued throughout the 1990s and were later published as books as they grew in numbers. A freethinker and an [[atheist]], he fearlessly and openly criticized in his works the extremism in religions, including [[Islam]], the major religion in Bangladesh.

Dr. Azad also published the first comprehensive book in Bangla on the subject of women callled ''Naari'' (Bangla for "Woman") in 1992. In this monumental tome, Azad painstakingly compiled the feminist ideas of the west that underlie the feminist contributions of the subcontinent's socio-political reformers and exposed the anti-women stance of some legendary Bengali writers including [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. The work, critical of the patriarchal and male-chauvinistic attitude of religions towards women, attracted negative reaction from conservative censors and the Bangladeshi Government banned the book in [[1995]]. The ban was eventually lifted in [[2000]], following a legal battle Azad won in the High Court.

On [[February 27]], [[2004]], he was the victim of a vicious [[assassination]] attempt by unidentified assailants in broad daylight on the campus of the University of Dhaka. As he was returning to his Fuller Road residence from the yearly book fair held at the Bangla Academy premises, the assailants stopped him on the road and hacked at his neck and face with machetes and later used bombs to disperse the crowd who tried to rescue him. He subsequently fell into a life-threatening coma for four days, but eventually survived after receiving intensive treatment at the Combined Military Hospital in [[Dhaka]]. He then went to [[Singapore]] for further treatment of his critically damaged face. The incident created a huge backlash among the progressive liberals in the society and the public in general who were apalled at the lack of secuity that made this attack on one of the most renowned scholars in the country possible. The students of the university were especially agitated at this heinous crime against their beloved teacher on their very own campus and marched processions in protest.

The assassination attempt took place following the publication of his [[novel]] ''Pak Sar Jamin Saad Baad'', a story based on religious groups in Bangladesh who collaborated with the Pakistani army during the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War|independence war]]. In it he tried to expose the attitudes and activities of the [[Islamist]]s and the nationalists in Bangladesh. He simulated a scenario that vividly portrayed [[fanatic]] and barbaric nature of these groups. Afterwards, Dr. Azad expressed that he had suffered severe mental trauma since the attack, but he also vowed to continue writing against the rise of Islamists in Bangladesh.

Islamists in Bangladesh, on the other hand, condemned the assassination attempt but simultaneously claimed that the novel injured the sentiments of the majority. They demanded that the novel be banned and a [[blasphemy]] law be passed so that no such book could be published in the future, a reaction not too dissimilar to their treatment of his earliier ''Naari''.

On [[August 11]], [[2004]], Dr. Azad was found dead in his apartment in [[Munich]], [[Germany]], where he had moved just a week prior to conduct research on the nineteenth century German romantic poet [[Heinrich Heine]]. Azad's family in Bangladesh refused to acknowledge the German police force's primary conclusions, which indicated a natural death.

==Exteral Link==

*[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA130022004?open&of=ENG-BGD Amnesty International's statement on the assasination attempt on Dr. Humayun Azad]

[[Category:Bangladeshi people|Azad, Humayun]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[fr:Humayun Azad]]