Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Tonga-Großfußhuhn

2011-11-07T15:27:30Z

FoxBot: r2.7.2) (Robot: Adding nl:Polynesisch boshoen

{{Taxobox
| name = Tongan Megapode
| image = MegapodiusPritchardiiBuller.jpg
| status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name= IUCN>BirdLife International 2004. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/141203/0 Megapodius pritchardii]. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ] Downloaded on 10 July 2007.</ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Aves]]
| ordo = [[Galliformes]]
| familia = [[Megapodiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Megapodius]]''
| species = ''M. pritchardii''
| binomial = ''Megapodius pritchardii''
| binomial_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1864
| synonyms = }}
The '''Tongan Megapode''' ('''''Megapodius pritchardii''''') is a species of [[bird]] in the megapode family [[Megapodiidae]], currently [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Tonga]]. The species is also known as the '''Polynesian Megapode''', and as the '''Niuafo'ou Megapode''' after the island of [[Niuafo'ou]] to which it was restricted for many years. The Tongan Megapode is the only remaining species of megapode in Tonga out of the four or five species that were present on the islands in prehuman times (as shown through the [[fossil]] record), and indeed the only species of megapode that survives in [[Polynesia]].<ref name = "Steadman">Steadman D, (2006). ''Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds'', University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77142-7 P.p. 291-292</ref> Similar extinctions occurred in [[Fiji]] and [[New Caledonia]], which apparently had three species in prehistory. The species itself once had a more widespread distribution, occurring across most of Tonga, [[Samoa]] and [[Niue]]. The cause of all these extinctions and declines was the arrival of humans on the islands, and the associated predation on adults and particularly eggs, as well as predation by [[introduced species]]. On Niuafo'ou the small human population and remoteness of its habitat probably saved the species.

Its natural [[habitat]] is tropical moist lowland [[forest]]s. On Niuafo'ou it is most common on the central caldera. The Tongan Megapode, like all megapodes, does not [[avian incubation|incubate]] its eggs by sitting on them; instead the species buries them in warm volcanic sands and soil and allows them to develop. On islands in former parts of its range without volcanoes it presumably created mounds of rotting vegetation and laid the eggs there.<ref name = "Steadman"/> The young birds are capable of flying immediately after hatching.<ref name = "Weir"/>
[[File:MegapodiusPritchardiiWolf.jpg|thumb|left]]
Today the Tongan Megapode is principally threatened by the same factors that caused its decline in the rest of Polynesia. Its eggs are still harvested by local people in spite of theoretical government protection, and some hunting still occurs. The species is apparently afforded some protection by the difficulty in reaching its habitat.<ref name = "Weir">Weir, D (1973) "[http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v085n01/p0079-p0082.pdf Status and Habits of Megapodius Pritchardii"]. ''Wilson Bulletin'' '''85''' (1): 79-82</ref> Because of the vulnerability of the single population an attempt was made to [[Translocation (Wildlife conservation)|translocate]] eggs of this species to new islands, [[Late (Tonga)|Late]] and [[Fonualei (volcano)|Fonualei]]. The translocation was successful on Fonualei and an estimated 350–500 birds now breed there, but surveys of Late subsequently found that the translocation there had failed.<ref>Birdlife International (2004) "[http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2004/08/polynesian_megapode.html Megapode survey too late]" Downloaded 29 July 2008</ref>

The binomial of this bird commemorates British consul [[William Thomas Pritchard]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=126&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet.]

[[Category:Megapodius]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1864]]

{{Galliformes-stub}}

[[ca:Megapodius pritchardii]]
[[es:Megapodius pritchardii]]
[[fr:Mégapode de Pritchard]]
[[hr:Tonganska kokošina]]
[[hu:Tongai ásótyúk]]
[[nl:Polynesisch boshoen]]
[[ja:トンガツカツクリ]]
[[to:Malau]]

Berlepschtinamu

2011-11-06T16:21:51Z

FoxBot: r2.7.2) (Robot: Adding nl:Berlepsch' tinamoe

{{Taxobox
| name = Berlepsch's Tinamou
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN" />
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Tinamiformes]]
| familia = [[Tinamidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Tinaminae]]
| genus = ''[[Crypturellus]]''
| species = '''''C. berlepschi'''''
| binomial = ''Crypturellus berlepschi''
| binomial_authority = [[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild|Rothschild]] 1897<ref>Brands, S. (2008)</ref>
}}

The '''Berlepsch's Tinamou''' ''Crypturellus berlepschi'' is a type of ground bird found in moist forest<ref name="BLI">BirdLife Interntaional (2008)(a)</ref> in northwestern [[Colombia]] and northwestern [[Ecuador]].<ref name="Clements">Clements, J (2007)</ref>
This bird is named after [[Hans von Berlepsch]] to commemorate him.

==Description==
Berlepsch's Tinamou is greyish-brown in color with reddish tinge to the crown and nape.

==Range and habitat==
This Tinamou lives in lowland moist forest in sub-tropical regions. It has also proven that it can survive in forests that have been logged.<ref name="BLI" /> Its range is northwestern [[Colombia]] to northwestern [[Ecuador]].<ref name="Clements" />

==Taxonomy==
The Berlepsch's Tinamou is a monotypic species.<ref name="Clements">Clements, J (2007)</ref> All Tinamou are from the family Tinamidae, and in the larger scheme are also [[Ratite]]s. Unlike other Ratites, Tinamous can fly, although in general, they are not strong fliers. All ratites evolved from prehistoric flying birds, and Tinamous are the closest living relative of these birds.<ref name="Davies">Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)</ref>

==Etymology==
''Crypturellus'' is formed from three [[Latin]] or [[Greek language|Greek]] words. ''kruptos'' meaning '''covered''' or '''hidden''', ''oura'' meaning '''tail''', and ''ellus'' meaning '''diminutive'''. Therefore ''Crypturellus'' means small hidden tail.<ref>Gotch, A. F. (1195)</ref> ''berlepschi'' comes form the [[Latin]] form of Berlepsch to commemorate [[Hans von Berlepsch]].

==Behavior==
Like other Tinamous, the Berlepsch's eats fruit off the ground or low-lying bushes. They also eat small amounts of [[invertebrates]], flower buds, tender leaves, seeds, and roots. The male incubates the eggs which may come from as many as 4 different females, and then will raise them until they are ready to be on their own, usually 2–3 weeks. The nest is located on the ground in dense brush or between raised root buttresses.<ref name="Davies" />

==Conservation==
The [[IUCN]] classifies the Berlepshch's Tinamou as [[Least Concern]],<ref name="IUCN">IUCN (2009)</ref> and it has an occurrence range of {{convert|60000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="BLI" />

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2008|id=141103|title=Crypturellus berlepschi|downloaded=08 Feb 2009}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=19&m=0 | title=Berlepsch's Tinamou - BirdLife Species Factsheet | accessdate=08 Feb 2009 | author=BirdLife International | year=2008(a)| work=Data Zone}}
* {{cite web| url= http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/51327.htm | title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Genus Crypturellus | accessdate=Feb 08 2009 | last='''Brands''' | first=Sheila | authorlink= | date=Aug 14 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon }}
* {{cite book |last1='''Clements''' |first1=James |title=The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World |edition=6 |year=2007 |publisher= Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY |isbn=978 0 8014 4501 9 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last='''Davies''' |first=S.J.J.F.|editor1-first=Michael |editor1-last= Hutchins|encyclopedia=Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia |title=Tinamous |edition=2 |year=2003 |publisher=Gale Group|volume=8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins |location=Farmington Hills, MI|isbn=0 7876 5784 0 |pages=57–59}}
* {{cite book |last1='''Gotch''' |first1=A. F. |title=Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals|year= 1995 |origyear=1979 |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York, NY|isbn=0 8160 3377 3|page=183|chapter=Tinamous}}

{{Tinamous}}

[[Category:Crypturellus]]
[[Category:Tinamiformes|*]]
[[Category:South American tinamous]]
[[Category:Birds of Ecuador|Tinamou, Berlepsch's]]
[[Category:Birds of Colombia|Tinamou, Berlepsch's]]

{{Tinamiformes-stub}}

[[az:Crypturellus berlepschi]]
[[br:Tinamou Berlepsch]]
[[ca:Tinamú de Berlepsch]]
[[es:Crypturellus berlepschi]]
[[fr:Tinamou de Berlepsch]]
[[hr:Berlepschov tinamu]]
[[it:Crypturellus berlepschi]]
[[hu:Berlepsch-tinamu]]
[[nl:Berlepsch' tinamoe]]

Joe Hahn

2011-09-21T16:06:14Z

FoxBot: Robot: Adding zh:喬瑟夫·漢恩

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Joe Hahn
| image = Joe Hahn.jpg
| caption = Hahn performing live as a part of Linkin Park at RaR 2001.
| image_size = 250
| landscape = Yes
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| Website = www.joehahn.com
| alias =
| Born = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1977|3|15}}<br>[[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]], [[United States|USA]]
| instrument = [[Phonograph|Turntables]], [[Sampler (musical instrument)|sampler]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]], [[backing vocals]]
| genre = [[Rap metal]], [[nu metal]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], [[electronica]]
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[music video director]], [[Painting|painter]]
| years_active = 1996-present
| label = [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
| associated_acts = [[Linkin Park]], [[Fort Minor]]
}}

'''Joseph "Joe" Hahn''' (born March 15, 1977), better known by his stage name, '''Mr. Hahn''', is an [[United States|American]] [[Turntablism|turntablist]] and [[film director|director]] best known as the [[Disc jockey|DJ]] and sampler for the band [[Linkin Park]].

==Personal Biography==

Joseph "Joe" Hahn was born the youngest of three children (he has two older sisters)<ref name="'Joe Hahn'">[http://www.lpamerican.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=32&lang=en 'Joe Hahn'] (2011) ''Linkin Park American''. Accessed 2011-02-18.</ref> on March 15, 1977 in [[Dallas, Texas]], but he grew up in [[Glendale, California]].<ref name="'Joe Hahn'"/><ref name=mc>[http://www.monstersandcritics.com/movies/news/article_1397174.php/Linkin_Park%E2%80%99s_Joseph_Hahn_releases_The_Seed_on_iTunes Linkin Park's Joseph Hahn releases The Seed on iTunes]. ''Monsters & Critics''. March 27, 2008. Retrieved on March 21, 2010.</ref> Hahn is a second generation [[Korean American]].<ref name=chosun>Han Hyun-Woo."[http://web.archive.org/web/20080415120848/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200310/200310230027.html A Band's Linkin Korea]". ''Chosun Ilbo''. October 23, 2003. Retrieved on March 21, 2010.</ref>

Hahn graduated from Herbert Hoover High School in Glendale in 1995. He then studied at the Art Center of College of Design in Pasadena but did not graduate.<ref>[http://www.fanpix.net/gallery/joseph-hahn-pictures.htm 'Joseph Hahn Pictures'] (2011) ''Fanpix.net''. Accessed 2011-02-18.</ref>

On February 15, 2005, Hahn married Karen Benedit; the couple divorced in 2009.<ref>[http://www.linkinlady.net/2005/05/karen.html 'Karen Benedit'] (May 3, 2005) ''Linkinlady.net''. Accessed 2011-02-18.</ref>

==Career Biography==

Hahn began [[deejaying]] in high school,<ref name=pdi>Marinel. R. Cruz. "[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B1s1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=kiUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=703,37182279&dq=hahn+pasadena+xero&hl=en Curse-free music for the young and the restless]". ''Philippine Daily Inquirer''. June 2, 2002. 27.</ref> and he studied illustration at the [[Art Center College of Design]] in [[Pasadena, California]].<ref name=mc/> In college, he met [[Mike Shinoda]], and joined his band Xero, which later became known as [[Linkin Park]].<ref name=pdi/>

Hahn and Shinoda guested in [[The X-Ecutioners]]' hit single "[[It's Goin' Down (X-Ecutioners song)|It's Going Down]]".<ref>Alex Pappademas. "[http://books.google.com/books?id=CleCKauyN34C&pg=PA70&dq=hahn+%22x-ecutioners%22&hl=en&ei=fcivS53wE4LeNc39wJkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=hahn%20%22x-ecutioners%22&f=false RK 101-LP: How to Succeed in Rock'N'Roll by Really, Really Trying]". ''Spin''. May 2003. 70.</ref> Hahn also guested in Shinoda's [[Fort Minor]] album ''[[The Rising Tied]]''.<ref>Corey Moss. "[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1511882/20051020/fort_minor.jhtml Linkin Park MC Gets Director With Flair For Video With Flares]". MTV. October 20, 2005. Retrieved on March 28, 2010.</ref>

Hahn has directed several of Linkin Park's music videos, such as those for "[[Numb (Linkin Park song)|Numb]]", "[[From the Inside (song)|From the Inside]]", "[[What I've Done]]", "[[Somewhere I Belong]]", "[[Pts.OF.Athrty]]", "[[New Divide]]", "[[Bleed it Out]]" and "[[Iridescent (song)|Iridescent]]".<ref name=jon/> He has also directed videos for [[Story of the Year]], [[Xzibit]], and [[Alkaline Trio]].<ref name=mc/> In a 2003 interview, he told [[MTV]] that film-making was his true passion, and that "doing the music [was] more of an extra thing".<ref name=jon>Jon Wiederhorn. "[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1476408/20030808/linkin_park.jhtml?headlines=true In The End, Linkin Park's Joseph Hahn Wants To Be A Filmmaker]". MTV. August 11, 2003. Retrieved on March 21, 2010.</ref>

Outside of his work in music, Hahn provided special effects work on ''[[The X-Files]]'' and the miniseries ''[[Frank Herbert's Dune]]''.<ref>Joe D'Angelo and Corey Moss. "[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1457200/20020826/linkin_park.jhtml Why Linkin Park, Disturbed, Foo Fighters Just Say No To Video Directors]". MTV. August 27, 2002. Retrieved on March 21, 2010.</ref> He also directed a short film called ''[[The Seed]]'',<ref>Steve Baltin. "[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7539972/linkin_dj_plants_seed Linkin DJ Plants 'Seed']. ''Rolling Stone''. August 9, 2005. Retrieved on March 21, 2010.</ref> and acquired the rights to produce a film adaption of [[China Miéville]]'s novel ''[[King Rat (1998 novel)|King Rat]]''.<ref>Corey Moss. "[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1479388/20030929/linkin_park.jhtml?headlines=true Linkin Park's Joseph Hahn To Take On 'King Rat']. MTV. September 29, 2003. Retrieved on March 21, 2010.</ref>

Recently, Hahn directed the trailer for the video game ''[[Medal of Honor (2010 video game)|Medal of Honor]]'', featuring Linkin Park's single "[[The Catalyst]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medalofhonor.com/linkinpark|title=Medal Of Honor Features Linkin Park "The Catalyst"|publisher=[[Electronic Arts|EA]]|accessdate=2010-07-28}}</ref> Hahn also directed the music video for "The Catalyst", which premiered on August 26, 2010, as well as the music video for Linkin Park's "[[Waiting for the End]]" and "[[Burning in the Skies]]".
On April 13, 2011, [[Mike Shinoda]] confirmed on his blog that the music video for "[[Iridescent]]" will be directed by Hahn.

Hahn became the first Korean American to receive a [[Grammy]] when the band won the 2002 award for [[Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance|Best Hard Rock Performance]].<ref name=chosun/><ref>Bobby Kim. "[http://yellowworld.org/arts_culture_media/265.html Linkin Park: Not Some Korean Kid's Name]". ''KoreAm Journal''. May 9, 2002. Retrieved on March 21, 2010.</ref>

==List of music videos directed by Hahn==
===Linkin Park===
*[[One Step Closer (Linkin Park song)|One Step Closer]]
*[[Papercut (song)|Papercut]]
*[[In the End]]
*[[Somewhere I Belong]]
*[[From the Inside (song)|From the Inside]]
*[[Breaking the Habit]]
*[[Numb (Linkin Park song)|Numb]]
*[[Leave Out All the Rest]]
*[[Bleed It Out]]
*[[Shadow of the Day]]
*[[What I've Done]]
*[[New Divide]]
*[[The Catalyst]]
*[[Burning in the Skies]]
*[[Waiting for the End]]
*[[Iridescent (song)|Iridescent]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=1060386}}
* [http://joehahn.com/ Joe Hahn Official Website]
* [http://joehahn.org/ Joe Hahn Fan Website]
* [http://linkinpark.com/profile/Joe Hahn's official LPN page from linkinpark.com]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=-xIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=%22joe+hahn%22+toys&lr=&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22joe%20hahn%22%20toys&f=false "Billboard" - Google Books]

{{Linkin Park}}

{{Persondata 
|NAME= Hahn, Joe
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=
|DATE OF BIRTH= March 15, 1977
|PLACE OF BIRTH= Dallas, Texas, USA
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
| NAME= Hahn, Joe
| DATE OF BIRTH= March 15, 1977
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn, Joe}}
[[Category:Linkin Park members]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:American musicians of Korean descent]]
[[Category:People from Dallas, Texas]]
[[Category:People from Glendale, California]]
[[Category:Musicians from Texas]]
[[Category:Musicians from California]]
[[Category:American DJs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American music video directors]]
[[Category:Special effects people]]

[[ar:جو هان]]
[[az:Co Han]]
[[bg:Джоузеф Хан]]
[[ca:Joseph Hahn]]
[[cs:Joe Hahn]]
[[da:Joe Hahn]]
[[et:Joe Hahn]]
[[es:Joe Hahn]]
[[fa:جو هان]]
[[fr:Joe Hahn]]
[[gl:Joe Hahn]]
[[ko:조지프 한]]
[[hr:Joe Hahn]]
[[id:Joe Hahn]]
[[it:Joseph Hahn]]
[[he:ג'ו האן]]
[[lt:Joseph Hahn]]
[[ms:Joe Hahn]]
[[nl:Joseph Hahn]]
[[ja:ジョー・ハーン]]
[[no:Joseph Hahn]]
[[uz:Joe Hahn]]
[[pl:Joseph Hahn]]
[[pt:Joe Hahn]]
[[ru:Хан, Джозеф]]
[[sk:Joseph Hahn]]
[[sl:Joe Hahn]]
[[fi:Joseph Hahn]]
[[sv:Joseph Hahn]]
[[th:โจ ฮาห์น]]
[[tr:Joe Hahn]]
[[uk:Джозеф Ган]]
[[vi:Joe Hahn]]
[[zh:喬瑟夫·漢恩]]

Deuteragonist

2011-06-16T15:25:44Z

FoxBot: robot Modifying: nl:Deuteragonist

In [[literature]], the '''''deuteragonist''''' (from {{lang-el|δευτεραγωνιστής}}, ''deuteragonistes'', second actor) is the second most important character, after the [[protagonist]] and before the [[tritagonist]].<ref name="deut1">Bartleby.com (2006). [http://www.bartleby.com/61/56/D0175600.html Deuteragonist]</ref> The deuteragonist may switch from being with or against the protagonist depending on the deuteragonist's own conflict/plot.

==History==
[[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[drama]] began with simply one actor, the protagonist, and a [[Greek chorus|chorus]] of dancers. The playwright [[Aeschylus]] introduced the deuteragonist; Aristotle says in his ''[[Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics]]''

<blockquote>
{{Polytonic|Καὶ τό τε τῶν ὑποκριτῶν πλῆθος ἐξ ἑνὸς εἰς δύο πρῶτος Αἰσχύλος ἤγαγε καὶ τὰ τοῦ χοροῦ ἠλάττωσε καὶ τὸν λόγον πρωταγωνιστεῖν παρεσκεύασεν}} (1449a15).<ref name="deut2">Perseus Digital Library (2006). [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Aristot.+Poet.+1449a Aristotle, ''Poetics'']</ref>
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
Thus it was Aeschylus who first raised the number of the actors from one to two. He also curtailed the chorus and gave the dialogue the leading part (1449a15).<ref name="deut2"/>
</blockquote>

Aeschylus' efforts brought the dialogue and interaction between characters to the forefront and set the stage for other playwrights of the era, like [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]], to produce many iconic plays.<ref name="deut3">TheatreHistory.com (2006). [http://www.theatrehistory.com/ancient/aeschylus001.html "Aeschylus and his Tragedies"]</ref>

==Drama==
Because Ancient Greek drama involved only three actors (the protagonist, deuteragonist, and tritagonist) plus the chorus, each actor often played several parts. For instance, in Sophocles' ''[[Oedipus the King|Oedipus Rex]]'', the protagonist would be [[Oedipus]], who is on stage in most acts, the deuteragonist would be [[Jocasta]] (Oedipus' mother and wife), as well as the Shepherd and Messenger. This would be because Jocasta is certainly a major role—acting opposite Oedipus many times and occupying a central part of the story—and because the Shepherd and Messenger are onstage when Jocasta is offstage.<ref name="deut4">Wayne S. Turney (2006). [http://www.wayneturney.20m.com/oedipus.htm Sophokles' ''Oedipus Rex'']</ref>

==Literature==
Literarily, the deuteragonist often assumes the role of "[[sidekick]]" to the protagonist. In [[Mark Twain]]'s ''[[The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'', the protagonist is [[Huckleberry Finn (character)|Huck]] and the deuteragonist, his constant companion, is [[List of characters in the Tom Sawyer series#Jim|Jim]]. In this story the tritagonist would be [[Tom Sawyer]].<ref name="deut5">Dr. L. Kip Wheeler (2006). [http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_T.html Literary Vocabulary]</ref> Conversely, the deuteragonist could also be a particularly visible [[antagonist]], normally whom the actual antagonist hides behind, for example [[Professor Quirrell]] in ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'', whom [[Voldemort]] (the actual antagonist) uses in order to have a human body.

==Television and film==
Many television series employ the use of a deuteragonist in order to weave a thicker plot and to advance the characterization of the protagonist through contrast. Examples include [[Barney Rubble]] from ''[[The Flintstones]]'', [[Michael Vaughn]] from ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]'', [[Prince Zuko]] from ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]'', [[Alphonse Elric]] from ''[[Fullmetal Alchemist]]'' and Suzaku Kururugi from ''[[Code Geass]]''.

==See also==
*[[Antagonist]]
*[[Sidekick]]

==References==
<div class="references-small">
*Cuddon, J.A., ed. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory.'' 3rd ed. Penguin Books: New York, 1991.
<references/>
</div>

{{reflist}}
{{Fiction writing}}

[[Category:Ancient Greek theatre]]
[[Category:Drama]]
[[Category:Protagonists by role]]

[[fr:Deutéragoniste]]
[[nl:Deuteragonist]]
[[pt:Deuteragonista]]

Deuteragonist

2011-06-16T15:25:02Z

FoxBot: robot Modifying: nl:Tritagonist

Sleep (Kommandozeilenbefehl)

2011-06-09T19:17:08Z

FoxBot: robot Adding: ro:Sleep (Unix)

{{lowercase}}
'''sleep''' is a [[Unix]] [[command line]] program that [[sleep (operating system)|suspends]] program execution for a specified period of time.
The sleep instruction suspends the calling [[process (computing)|process]] for at least the specified number of seconds (the default), minutes, hours or days.

==Usage==
<source lang="bash">
sleep '''number'''[suffix]...
or:
sleep option
</source>

Where '''number''' is a required [[floating point]] number, and suffix is an optional suffix to indicate the time period.

===Suffix===
'''s''' (seconds)
'''m''' (minutes)
'''h''' (hours)
'''d''' (days)

===Options===
'''--help''' display this help and exit
'''--version''' output version information and exit

==Examples==
<source lang="bash">
sleep 5
</source>
Causes the current terminal session to wait 5 seconds. The default unit is seconds.

<source lang="bash">
sleep 5h
</source>
Causes the current terminal session to wait 5 hours

<source lang="bash">
sleep 3h ; mplayer foo.mp3
</source>

Wait 3 hours then play foo.mp3

Note that '''<tt>sleep 5h30m</tt>''' and '''<tt>sleep 5h 30m</tt>''' are illegal since sleep takes only one value and unit as argument. However, '''<tt>sleep 5.5h</tt>''' is allowed. Consecutive executions of sleep can also be used.

<source lang="bash">
sleep 5h; sleep 30m
</source>

Sleep 5 hours, then sleep another 30 minutes.

Linux implementation of sleep allows to pass multiple arguments, therefore '''<tt>sleep 5h 30m</tt>''' will work on this system (note that a space separating hours and minutes is needed).

Possible uses for <tt>sleep</tt> include scheduling tasks and delaying execution to allow a process to start.

==See also==
*[[Sleep (operating system)]]

==External links==
*{{man|1|sleep||delay for a specified amount of time}}

{{unix commands}}

[[Category:Unix SUS2008 utilities]]
[[Category:Unix process and task management-related software]]

[[cs:Sleep]]
[[fr:Sleep (Unix)]]
[[hu:Sleep (Unix)]]
[[ja:Sleep (UNIX)]]
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Southend Pier

2011-06-07T19:33:31Z

FoxBot: robot Adding: ro:Digul Southend

{{Coord|51.525731|0.717461|display=title}}
{{Infobox pier
| name = Southend Pier
| image = Southend_Pier.jpg
| caption = Southend pier from the land
| carries = pedestrians, shuttle train, lifeboat crews/supplies
| spans = Thames Estuary
| locale = [[Essex]], UK
| type = Pleasure, [[RNLI]] lifeboat station
| maint = Southend Council
| design = [[James Brunlees]]
| construction = hardwood decking on iron piles
| owner = Southend Council
| length = {{convert|2158|m|ft}}
| open = 1830 (Iron pier, 1889)
| map_image = EnglandSouthend.png
| map_text = Southend
| map_width = 150px
| coordinates = {{mmukscaled|TQ884849|300|TQ884849 (shoreside)}}<br />{{mmukscaled|TQ897830|300|TQ897830 (pier head)}}
}}
'''Southend Pier''' is a major landmark in [[Southend-on-Sea]]. Extending 1.34 miles into the [[Thames Estuary]], it is the longest pleasure [[pier]] in the world. Sir [[John Betjeman]] once said that "the Pier is Southend, Southend is the Pier".<ref name=times>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article584196.ece Why it's not time for the end of the pier show], The Times, October 31, 2005 (Retrieved 20 July 2007)</ref> The pier is a Grade II [[listed building]].<ref>[http://www.southend.gov.uk/content.asp?content=1609 List of listed buildings] Southend-on-Sea Borough Council (Retrieved 20 July 2007)</ref>

== History ==
=== Creation {{anchor|Creation of the Pier}} ===
In the early 19th century, Southend was growing as a seaside holiday [[resort]]. At the time, it was thought that spending time by the sea was good for one's health, and since it was close to the capital, many [[London]]ers would come to Southend for this reason. However the coast at Southend consists of large [[mudflat]]s, so the sea is never very deep even at full tide (between four and six metres), and recedes over a mile from the beach at low tide. Large boats were unable to stop at Southend near to the beach and no boats at all were able to stop at low tide. This meant that many potential visitors would travel past Southend and go to [[Margate]], or other resorts where docking facilities were better.

In order to counter this trend local dignitaries pushed for a pier to be built. This would allow boats to reach Southend at all tides. The campaign was led by former [[Lord Mayor of the City of London]] Sir [[Heygate Baronets|William Heygate]], a resident of Southend. In 1829, Parliament passed an act giving authorisation for the construction of a pier at Southend. When Sir William brought the news back from London he was mobbed by enthusiastic crowds. {{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}

=== Wooden pier {{anchor|The wooden pier}} ===
Soon after authorisation was granted in 1829, the Lord Mayor of London laid the first foundations for the pier. By June 1830 a {{convert|600|ft|adj=on}} wooden pier was opened, based on [[oak]] piles. However this was still too short to be usable at low tide, so by 1833 it had been extended to three times its length and by 1848 was the longest pier in Europe at {{convert|7000|ft}}. It was sold by the original owners for £17,000 in 1846 after getting into financial difficulties.

By the 1850s the [[London, Tilbury and Southend Railway]] had reached Southend, and with it a great influx of visitors from east London. The many visitors took their toll on the wooden pier and in 1873 it was sold to the local board (the local government in place at the time).

In 1877 the board decided to replace the pier with a new iron pier. Part of the wooden structure of the old pier was used in the construction of a new mayoral chair in 1892.

=== Iron pier {{anchor|The Iron Pier}} ===
[[File:Pier Pavilion Southend on Sea Pier in 1923.jpg|thumb|left|Pier Pavilion in 1923. Destroyed by fire in 1959, it was replaced in 1962 by a bowling alley. This was destroyed by a fire in 1995. The area is now (2008) open decking.]]

The pier was designed by [[James Brunlees]], who had built the first iron pier at [[Southport]] in 1860. Work began in early 1887 and the new pier was opened to the public that summer, though it wasn't completed until 1889 at a cost of almost £70,000. It was an immediate success, so much so that demand outstripped the capabilities of the pier and a further extension was proposed. This extension was completed in November 1897 and formally opened the following January.

In 1892 Southend became a Municipal Borough and received an unofficial coat of arms. This depicted a three-masted ship on top of a shield showing an image of the pier, the church of St Mary the Virgin, a well in Prittlewell and the emblem of Essex county. The motto was 'forti nihil difficile', 'to the brave nothing is too difficult'. This coat of arms was replaced in 1915 after Southend was given County Borough status and an image of the pier is no longer included.<ref>[http://www.southchurchvillage.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=9 Coat of Arms] (Retrieved 9 April 2009)</ref>

An upper deck was added to the pierhead in 1907, and the pier was further extended in 1927. The construction work was undertaken by Peter Lind & Company who are still trading today. The work was carried out to accommodate larger steamboats. It was formally opened on 8 July 1929 by HRH [[Prince George, Duke of Kent]]. This part of the pier was named the Prince George Extension.

On 27 June 1931 the Pier was the scene of a tragic accident. Ernest Turner fell from, and was run over by, one of the electric trams on the railway and was killed instantly. Turner, who was 38, was one of a party of over 500 workers and family members on the annual works outing from Ansell's brewery in [[Birmingham]], where he worked as a brewer's [[drayman]]. The party had arrived at the pier having travelled down the [[River Thames]] from Tower Pier in [[London]] where they had arrived earlier that day. At the inquest, which was held two days later, the jury returned a verdict of accidental death.

The Pier's centenary was celebrated on 23 July 1935, rather than 1930, as this date reflects the date the [[Admiralty]] began to include Southend Pier on their navigation charts.

=== HMS ''Westcliff'' ===
During [[World War II]], Southend Pier was taken over by the Royal Navy and was renamed (along with the surrounding area) '''HMS ''Westcliff'''''. It was closed to the public from 9 September 1939.

Its purpose in the war was twofold. Firstly it served as a mustering point for convoys. Over the course of the war 3,367 convoys, comprising 84,297 vessels departed from HMS Westcliff. Secondly, it was Naval Control for the [[Thames Estuary]]. Notable in its career was the accidental sinking of the [[Liberty ship]] ''[[SS Richard Montgomery]]'' which, still containing several thousand tons of explosives, is visible from the North Kent coast and Southend beach at low tide, and continues to pose a threat to navigation over 60 years later.

=== Post-war history ===
[[File:Southend from Southend Pier.jpg|thumb|Southend from Southend Pier, 2005]]

In 1945 the pier reopened for visitors. Visitor numbers exceeded their pre-war levels, peaking at 5.75 million in 1949-1950.<ref>Matthews, P. (1995) ''The New Guinness Book of Records 1996'', Guinness Publishing Ltd.</ref> In the 1950s, more attractions on the pier opened including the Dolphin Cafe, Sun Deck Theatre, the Solarium Cafe and a Hall of Mirrors.

However the success was not to last. In 1959 a fire destroyed the pavilion located at the shore end of the pier. Over 500 people were trapped on the other side of the fire and had to be rescued by boat.

The pavilion was replaced by a ten-pin bowling alley in 1962, however by then British holidaymakers were turning to [[package holiday]]s abroad. The use of the pier slowly began to decline and with it the structure began to deteriorate. In 1971, after a child was injured on the pier, a survey was undertaken and over the course of the next decade repairs had to be made including much of the replacement of the pier walkway.

In 1976 a fire destroyed much of the pier head. The massive blaze was battled by fire fighters working on the pier and from boats, and even using a [[Pesticide|crop-spraying]] [[light aircraft]]. The following year the bowling alley was damaged in another fire, and a year after that, the railway was deemed unsafe and had to be closed.

In 1980 the council announced that the pier was to close. Protests led the council to allow the pier to remain open until a solution could be found. This happened in 1983 when the Historic Buildings Committee gave a grant to allow repairs to be made. The work commenced in 1984 and was completed eighteen months later, when [[Princess Anne]] named the two new pier trains (commissioned to replace trains scrapped in 1982) after Sir John Betjeman and Sir William Heygate. The total cost of the repair including new buildings and pier trains was £1.3 million.

However on June 20 in that year, the MV ''Kingsabbey'' crashed into the pier, severing the new pier head from the rest of the pier, destroying the boathouse used by the lifeboat service and causing major structural damage due to the destruction of iron piles and supporting girders. This left a 70-foot gap in the pier. While this was temporarily bridged to restore access, full repairs were not completed until 1989.

On June 7, 1995, the bowling alley burnt down. Fortunately, the pier museum and railway station were not severely damaged and access to the pier was reinstated three weeks later, with all the debris cleared in time for the summer of 1996.

=== 2005 fire ===
On 9 October 2005 a fire severely damaged much of the Old Pier Head including the railway station, pub, shell shop, snack bar and ice-cream shop.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/essex/4325430.stm fire]</ref>

Much of the wooden planking was destroyed, but the main iron structure was largely undamaged. Heat from the fire was so intense that the Pier Railway tracks buckled and trains can now only run to within approx. 15m of the old station.

The fire was thought to have started in the pub at around 10:45pm, but due to the extreme location and the damage (several buildings collapsed into the water), the cause has not yet been formally determined, although it is being treated as an accident<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/essex/4351378.stm treated as an accident]</ref> No one was injured, but fire-fighters encountered difficulties extinguishing the blaze as, due to the low tide, pumps installed on the pier were rendered ineffective. The Southend lifeboat crew were deployed to transport the first firefighters to the scene.

The pier reopened to the public on 1 December for the first time since the fire.

The pierhead station was destroyed in the blaze so a replacement with two platforms has been constructed to take the pier trains as close as possible to the area where the blaze took place.Access to the pierhead and RNLI gift shop and boathouse is now available walking past the temporary toilets and onto the area of restored pier after the earlier fire.
The pleasure steamers Waverley and Kingswear Castle are able to take and drop off passengers once more from the pierhead and autumn 2006 saw the tall ship Kershones visit again.

Shortly after the fire, pieces of charred pier planking have turned up for sale on [[eBay]] with the proceeds apparently going to the RNLI.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

=== 21st century {{anchor|The 21st century}} ===
[[File:Southend Pier - shore end.jpg|right|thumb|The new shoreward end of Southend Pier]]
In recent years Southend Council has invested in the pier to restore it as a visitor attraction. Funding for this has been coordinated by the "S-SHAPE" (Southend Seafront, High-street And Pier Enhancements) project with funding coming from European Objective 2 funding and National Government regeneration schemes.

The pier head was extensively redeveloped in 2000 creating a new sun deck and, in partnership with the [[RNLI]], a new lifeboat station was built. The new station is constructed in glass to give a strikingly modern style. It also houses a museum and giftshop relating to the history of the RNLI and lifeboats.

In 2003 the shoreward end of the pier was redeveloped in a similar style to the pier head. The pier bridge was raised to enable taller vehicles to pass under it (a recurring problem had been double decker buses getting stuck under the bridge) and a visitor centre/tourist information centre was built. This connected with the new Cliff Lift and redevelopment of Pier Hill that was constructed the following year.

===Design competition===
On 15 September 2009, Southend Borough Council announced the winner of a design contest for a new pier head - a Sweden-based architecture firm, White arkitekter.

The company's winning entry was a design called ''Sculpted by Wind and Wave'' and was chosen from
73 international and local entries. The contest was run by the [[Landscape Institute]] for the Council.<ref>[http://www.southend.gov.uk/news/default.asp?id=2973 Southed Borough Council news item] ''(Retrieved 15 September 2009)''</ref><ref>[http://www.worldlandscapearchitect.com/southend-pier-head-design-contest-winner-unveiled/ World Landscape Architect] ''(Retrieved 15 September 2009)''</ref>

== Railway {{anchor|The pier railway}} ==
[[File:Southend Pier railway-100D2763.JPG|thumb|Repainted train 'Sir William Heygate', approaching the shore terminus on 23 October 2006]]
{{main|Southend Pier Railway}}
The pier railway runs the length of Southend Pier, providing public passenger transport from the shore to the pier head. It operates every day the pier is open, providing a quarter or half hourly service.<ref name="sbcoh">{{cite web | url = http://www.southend.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?categoryID=200135&documentID=1014 | title = Opening Hours, Ticket Prices and Pier Train Information | work = www.southend.gov.uk | publisher = Southend-on-Sea Borough Council | accessdate = 2010-08-19}}</ref>

The original wooden pier built in 1830 employed a horse tramway to convey goods and visitors to the pier head. In 1890, with the construction of the iron pier, Cromptons installed an electric tramway. By 1891 the line ran the then full length of the pier and carriages were in use. The system expanded, until eventually, by 1930, four trains, each made up of seven carriages, were running on a double track. In 1949 the rolling stock was replaced with four new trains.<ref name=SPRW>{{cite web | url = http://www.greywall.demon.co.uk/rail/spr.html | title = Transport Miscellany article on the Southend Pier Railway | publisher = Greywall Productions | accessdate = 2010-08-19}}</ref>

In 1978 the electric railway closed, due to deterioration and the cost of repairs. It was reopened on 2 May 1986 using two new diesel trains on a simplified single track with a passing loop. Pier Head station was temporarily resited due to the fire in late 2005, until a new, modern structure was opened on the original site in September 2009.<ref>[http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/5208725.article Architect's Journal ''(retrieved 19 August 2010)'']</ref> It was then that for the first time in the pier's history, factory-assembled deck panels were used (contractor BAM Nuttall), mixing a variety of marine hardwoods such as Ekki and Angelim, all with sustainable [[Forest_Stewardship_Council|FSC]] certification from Ecochoice. Unlike the rest of the pier, this new solution improved safety, speed of works and environmental impact.

== Lifeboat station {{anchor|The lifeboat station}} ==
{{main|Southend-on-Sea lifeboat station}}
One of the Southend-on-Sea lifeboat station's two boathouses is located at the pierhead of Southend pier. It houses an [[Atlantic 75 class lifeboat]] and a smaller [[D class lifeboat]], both of which are launched by [[davit]] into the deep water adjoining the pier. The boathouse is a modern structure, which incorporates crew accommodation and offices, an RNLI shop, and a viewing gallery from which visitors can view the lifeboats. It is topped by a sun deck to which the public have access. Lifeboat crews use an electric buggy, complete with sirens and blue flashing lights, to access this boathouse along the pier from the shore.<ref name="soslfauos">{{cite web | url = http://www.southendlifeboat.org/station.html | title = Southend Lifeboat - About Us - Our Station | work = www.southendlifeboat.org | publisher = Royal National Lifeboat Institution | accessdate = 2010-08-19}}</ref>

A lifeboat has been stationed on the pier since 1879. Initially lifeboats were launched using davits, much as they are today. However in 1935, a new lifeboat house was erected at the pier head that provided a slipway for launching the lifeboat. This lasted until 1986, when the collision of the ''Kingsabbey'' with the pier destroyed the boathouse. A temporary boathouse was used until 2002, when the current boathouse opened.<ref name="soslfauos"/>

== In fiction {{anchor|The pier in fiction}} ==
*Southend Pier featured in the end credits of the British television series ''[[Minder (TV series)|Minder]]''. The sequence showed unscrupulous businessman [[Arthur Daley]] and his bodyguard (or "minder") walking down the pier. When they reach the end Arthur realises he has left his lighter at the far end and they proceed to walk the return journey. The comic implication is that he is too mean to pay for the train ride.

*The pier is mentioned in ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]''; after Ford and Arthur were thrown off a [[Vogon]] Construction ship and were picked up by the Improbability drive, on the starship Heart of Gold, Arthur remarks that it looks like they're standing "on the seafront at Southend". In the 1981 BBC TV adaptation however, neither the set used for the pier nor the view of the buildings on the shore look anything like Southend.

*The pier was featured on Episode 4 of the [[BBC]] show ''[[All Over the Place (children's television programme)|All Over the Place]]'', when a race took place between [[Johny Pitts]] running the length of the pier, and [[Ed Petrie]] on the pier railway. Petrie won by one minute and 40 seconds.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Southend Pier}}
*[http://www.southendpiermuseum.co.uk/ southendpiermuseum.co.uk] - Southend Pier Museum
*[http://www.southendpier.co.uk/ southendpier.co.uk] - Southend Pier and Foreshore
*[http://citytransport.info/S-Piera.htm citytransport.info/S-Piera.htm] - Internal and external photographs of the 1949 electric trains.

[[Category:Grade II listed buildings in Essex]]
[[Category:Piers in England]]
[[Category:Southend-on-Sea]]
[[Category:Narrow gauge railways in England]]
[[Category:Coastal Essex]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Essex]]

[[ro:Digul Southend]]

Køge–Ringsted Banen

2011-05-11T10:00:40Z

FoxBot: robot Tilføjer: nl:Spoorlijn Køge - Ringsted

[[Billede:Denmark Railways 1932 Køge-Ringsted Jernbane.jpg|thumb|Køge-Ringsted Banen]]
'''Køge-Ringsted Banen''' (KRB) var en dansk privatbane.

[[Køge]]-[[Ringsted]] [[4. august]] [[1917]] - [[31. marts]] [[1963]]
*Længde: 33,2 km
*[[Sporvidde]]: 1435 mm

Af [[Jernbanelov 8. maj 1894|jernbaneloven af 8. maj 1894]] fremgik en jernbane fra Køge til [[Borup]]. Denne blev senere ændret til Køge-[[Kværkeby]] og endelig i 1913 til Køge-Ringsted, hvorved banen fik karakter af havnebane for Ringsted.

Anlægsarbejdet startede i foråret 1915 og efter indvielsen trafikeredes banen med 2 tog i hver retning dagligt. Fra 1917 3 togpar dagligt. Alle stationer og remiser var tegnet af Køge-arkitekten [[Christian Sylow]].

I både Ringsted og Køge var banen ført ind på statsbanestationerne, men fra 1934 havde banen egen station i Køge - ''Køge Vest''. Stationsbygningen blev efter banens nedlæggelse og frem til den nye station skulle anlægges af hensyn til S-banens indførelse til Køge, anvendt som rutebilstation.

Driften blev i begyndelsen gennemført med to [[damplokomotiv]]er og fra 1937 med [[Triangelmotorvogne]], der i 1957 suppleredes med en brugt Scandia skinnebus indkøbt fra den nedlagte [[Vejle-Vandel-Grindsted Jernbane]].

Banen blev nedlagt i 1963, men det er stadig muligt at se spor af jernbanedæmningen forskellige steder i landskabet bl.a. øst for Lellinge.

== Stationer ==

(Efter stationsnavnet er afstanden i km fra Køge angivet)

*[[Køge Station|Køge]] [0]
*[[Køge Vest]]
*[[Lellinge]] [6]
*[[Yderholm]] [8]
*[[Bjæverskov]] [11]
*[[Gummersmark]] [14]
*[[Østervang (Gørslev Sogn)|Østervang]] [15]
*[[Nyvang (Gørslev Sogn)|Nyvang]] [18]
*[[Ørslev (Ringsted Kommune)|Ørslev]] [20]
*[[Farendløse]] [23]
*[[Sneslev]] [26]
*[[Havbyrd]] [29]
*[[Ringsted Station|Ringsted]] [33]

== Se også ==
*[[Danske jernbaner]]
*[[Nybygningsløsningen]]

== Eksterne henvisninger ==
*[http://earth.google.com/kmlpreview/#maptype=normal&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbbs.keyhole.com%2Fubb%2Fubbthreads.php%3Fubb%3Ddownload%26Number%3D768266/ Vis linjeføring i Google Maps]

[[Kategori:Jernbaneselskaber i Danmark]]
[[Kategori:Nedlagte jernbanestrækninger i Danmark]]

[[nl:Spoorlijn Køge - Ringsted]]

Mohammad Hafeez

2011-05-07T15:52:48Z

FoxBot: robot Adding: mr:मोहम्मद हफीझ

{{BLP sources|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| playername = Mohammad Hafeez
| image = Mohammad_hafeez.jpg
| country = Pakistan
| fullname = Mohammad Hafeez
| living = true
| dayofbirth = 17
| monthofbirth = 10
| yearofbirth = 1980
| placeofbirth = [[Sargodha]], [[Punjab (Pakistani province)|Punjab]]
| countryofbirth = [[Pakistan]]
| Nickname = Professor
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right arm [[off break]]
| international = true
| testdebutdate = 20 August
| testdebutyear = 2003
| testdebutagainst = Bangladesh
| testcap = 173
| lasttestdate = 15 January
| lasttestyear = 2011
| lasttestagainst = New Zealand
| odidebutdate = 3 April
| odidebutyear = 2003
| odidebutagainst = Zimbabwe
| odicap = 144
| lastodidate = 23 March
| lastodiyear = 2011
| lastodiagainst = West Indies
| odishirt =
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Tests]]
| matches1 = 15
| runs1 = 849
| bat avg1 = 31.44
| 100s/50s1 = 2/4
| top score1 = 104
| deliveries1 = 1128
| wickets1 = 8
| bowl avg1 = 60.25
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/31
| catches/stumpings1 = 5/-
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODIs]]
| matches2 = 69
| runs2 = 1516
| bat avg2 = 22.62
| 100s/50s2 = 2/7
| top score2 = 121
| deliveries2 = 2435
| wickets2 = 53
| bowl avg2 = 34.81
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = n/a
| best bowling2 = 3/17
| catches/stumpings2 = 26/-
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 140
| runs3 = 7671
| bat avg3 = 33.79
| 100s/50s3 = 16/38
| top score3 = 180
| deliveries3 = 10080
| wickets3 = 156
| bowl avg3 = 29.68
| fivefor3 = 4
| tenfor3 = 1
| best bowling3 = 8/57
| catches/stumpings3 = 121/-
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 157
| runs4 = 4918
| bat avg4 = 32.78
| 100s/50s4 = 6/31
| top score4 = 137*
| deliveries4 = 6745
| wickets4 = 141
| bowl avg4 = 33.73
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = n/a
| best bowling4 = 4/23
| catches/stumpings4 = 70/-
| date = 14 March
| year = 2011
| source = http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/41434.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Mohammad Hafeez''' (born October 17, 1980 in [[Sargodha]]) is a [[Pakistan]]i [[cricket]]er. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm offbreak bowler. Hafeez generally opens the batting and is also skilful boundary fielder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/41434.html |title=Player Profile: Mohammad Hafeez |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |accessdate=2010-08-12}}</ref>

==International career==
Hafeez was one of the several young all-rounders the [[Pakistani cricket team]] turned to after their poor [[Cricket World Cup]] display in 2003, in which they were eliminated in the first round.

Hafeez scored a half-century on his Test debut against [[Bangladeshi cricket team|Bangladesh]], and in his following Test hit a century. His form with bat and ball would then drop considerably and in late-2003 he was dropped from the Test squad, and soon after the ODI side. With strong domestic performances as well as good showings for the Pakistan A, he remained on the fringes of a recall in 2004. Hafeez returned to the ODI side in 2005 and despite not contributing with the bat, his bowling performances were impressive. In the 2006 Top End Series held in Australia, Hafeez smashed a century for Pakistan A. With Pakistan struggling to find a solid opening pair for Test cricket, Hafeez was recalled for the tour of England. His return to Test cricket was made at [[The Oval]] and he scored a fluent 95. Later that year in November, Hafeez retained his place in the side for their home series against the West Indies. After getting starts in the first two Test he would go on to score his 2nd Test century in the 3rd Test in [[Karachi]].

==2010 Recall and Good Form==
In 2010 he was recalled for the 3rd ICC World T20 Cup. he had poor form in it but showed signs of class batting. He was subsequently recalled again for the T20s and the ODIs on Pakistan's tour of England. He had some good scores in it and had some solid partnerships with opener Kamran Akmal.

Following this good form he was also in the squad that was selected to play South Africa in the UAE. After some impressive score in the opener slot, he was again rewarded with now a test call up. He had some decent scores in the test matches and bowled some tidy overs of offspin as well.

At the end of 2010 he was also selected for the party that would tour New Zealand. In all of the T20s he made some good scores including a 46.

In the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011, he started the tournament with a few poor scores with the bat, and was consistent with the ball. Especially 10 overs for just 26 runs against Australia and 2 wickets for 16 runs in quarter final. In the quarter-final against West Indies, Hafeez provided a major contribution to the team's victory with 2 wickets and 60*, receiving the player of the match award. Also in the semi final he scored 43 runs and took a wicket for 31 runs in 10 overs although Pakistan lost the match.

== One Day International Centuries ==
* In the column '''Runs''', * indicates being '''not out'''
* The column title '''Match''' refers to the '''Match Number''' of the player's career

{| class="wikitable"
|+ One Day International Centuries of Mohammad Hafeez
|-
! width="40" | !! width="50" | Runs !! width="50" | Match !! width="150" | Against !! width="200" | City/Country !! width="200" | Venue !! width="50" | Year
|-
| '''[1]''' || 115 || 61 || {{cr|NZL}} || [[Christchurch]], [[New Zealand]] || [[AMI Stadium]] || 2011
|-
| '''[2]''' || 121 || 76 || {{cr|WIN}} || [[Barbados]], [[West Indies]] || [[Kensington Oval]] || 2011
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pakistan Squad 2007 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2007 ICC World Twenty20}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2010 ICC World Twenty20}}
{{Pakistan Squad 2011 Cricket World Cup}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Mohammad, Hafeez
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 17 October 1980
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Sargodha]], [[Punjab (Pakistani province)|Punjab]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohammad, Hafeez}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistan One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Pakistan Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Sargodha cricketers]]
[[Category:Sui Gas Corporation of Pakistan cricketers]]
[[Category:Kolkata cricketers]]

[[mr:मोहम्मद हफीझ]]
[[ta:மொகமது ஹஃபீஸ்]]
[[ur:محمد حفیظ]]

Dawtaschen

2011-03-12T17:57:19Z

FoxBot: robot Modifying: hy:Դավթաշեն (վարչական շրջան)

:''For the town in Aragatsotn Province, see [[Davtashen, Aragatsotn]].''
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name =Davtashen<br>Դավթաշեն
|native_name =
|pushpin_map =Armenia
|mapsize =150px
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Armenia]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Armenia|Marz (Province)]]
|subdivision_name1 =[[Yerevan]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_footnotes =
|population_as_of = 2001
|population_total = 39,566
|population_density_km2 =
|timezone = 
|utc_offset = +4
|timezone_DST = 
|utc_offset_DST = +5
|latd=40 |latm=12 |lats=57 |latNS=N
|longd=44|longm=28 |longs=52 |longEW=E
|coordinates_display = title,inline
|coordinates_type = type:city_region:AM
|elevation_m = 1120
|area_code =
|website =
|image_skyline = Arargats&ArailerFromArabkir.jpg|
|image_caption = Davtashen with [[Mount Aragats]] and the Mount of Ara in the background
|imagesize = 300px
}}
'''Davtashen''' ({{lang-hy|Դավթաշեն}}; also, '''Davitashen''' and '''Davidashen''') is a district of [[Yerevan]], the capital of [[Armenia]]. It is located northwest of Yerevan's [[Arabkir (district)|Arabkir]] district, on the opposite side of the [[Hrazdan River]].

==Gallery==
[[Image:Davtashen panorama.jpg|800px|thumb|center|<center>Davtashen Panorama</center>]]

<center>
<gallery widths="140px" heights="140px" perrow=3 caption="Arabkir">
</gallery>
</center>

== References ==
*{{GEOnet2|32FA881E71863774E0440003BA962ED3}}
*{{ArmenianCensus|82}}

[[Category:Populated places in Armenia]]
[[Category:Districts of Yerevan]]

{{City of Yerevan}}
{{Yerevan-geo-stub}}

[[eo:Davtaŝeno]]
[[fr:Davtachen]]
[[hy:Դավթաշեն (վարչական շրջան)]]
[[tr:Davtaşen]]

Adschapnjak

2011-03-12T12:09:48Z

FoxBot: robot Modifying: hy:Աջափնյակ (վարչական շրջան)

{{coord|40|11|57|N|44|28|14|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name =Ajapnyak<br/>Աջափնյակ
|native_name =
|pushpin_map =Armenia
|mapsize =175px
|coordinates_region = AM
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Armenia]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Armenia|Marz (Province)]]
|subdivision_name1 =[[Yerevan]]
|leader_title = Mayor of District
|leader_name = Rouben Hovsepian
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_footnotes =
|population_as_of = [[2007]]
|population_total =125,800
|population_density_km2 =
|timezone = 
|utc_offset = +4
|timezone_DST = 
|utc_offset_DST = +5
|latd=40 |latm=11 |lats=57 |latNS=N
|longd=44|longm=28 |longs=14 |longEW=E
|elevation_m =
|area_code =
|website =
|image_skyline = Overdone house in Yerevan.jpg
|image_caption = Silikyan neighborhood in Arabkir
}}
'''Ajapnyak''' ({{lang-hy|Աջափնյակ}}) is a [[district]] of the Armenian capital [[Yerevan]], with a population over 125,000. It is situated northwest of the city centre.

Its name, literally ''"right bank"'', refers to its location on the right bank of [[Hrazdan river]]. The administrative district of Ajapnyak has common borders with the districts of [[Arabkir District|Arabkir]], [[Davtashen]], [[Kentron District|Kentron]], and [[Malatia-Sebastia]]. On the outer border it is adjacent to [[Armavir Province|Armavir]], [[Aragatsotn Province|Aragatsotn]] and [[Kotayk Province|Kotayk]] regions.

The district lies on the right bank of Hrazadan river, thus securing its connection with the majority of Yerevan through the Kyevian Bridge. It is divided into a group of smaller areas (neighborhoods) such as Ajapnyak (central part), Norashen (Kvartal 16), Nazarbekian (Kvartal 17), Silikian (Yerkrord Gyugh), Lukashin, Vahakni, Anastasavan and Cheryomushki.

Among the main streets of the district are Gevorg Chaush street, Halabian street and Zovuni street.

== References ==
*{{GEOnet2|32FA88661A1C3774E0440003BA962ED3}}
*{{ArmenianCensus|82}}

{{City of Yerevan}}
{{Yerevan-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Districts of Yerevan]]

[[eo:Aĵapnjako]]
[[fr:Ajapnyak]]
[[hy:Աջափնյակ (վարչական շրջան)]]
[[ru:Ачапняк]]
[[tr:Acapnyak]]

Carnew Castle

2010-10-03T14:47:21Z

FoxBot: robot Adding: ga:Carn an Bhua

{{Infobox Place Ireland
| name = Carnew
| gaeilge = Carn an Bhua
| crest image =
| motto =
| map image = Ireland map County Wicklow Magnified.png
| pin coords = left: 47px; top: 105px
| north coord = 52.709722
| west coord = 6.495833
| irish grid = T013631
| area km2 =
| elevation m = 105
| province = [[Leinster]]
| county = [[County Wicklow]]
| population note = <ref>[http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=75478 CSO]</ref>
| town pop = 949
| rural pop =
| census yr = 2006
| web =
}}

'''Carnew''' ({{irish place name|Carn an Bhua|Victory mound}}) is a [[village]] in [[County Wicklow]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. It is the most southerly town in Wicklow situated just a mile from the border with [[County Wexford]]. For historical reasons it has often been described as "a Protestant enclave".<ref name=WDYTYA-graham-norton>{{cite web| url=http://www.bbcwhodoyouthinkyouaremagazine.com/episode/graham-norton |title=Who do you think you are: Graham Norton |publisher=Who Do You Think You Are Magazine |accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref>

==History==
For several centuries up to the 17th Century the [[O'Toole family|O'Toole's]] occupied Carnew Castle.<ref>{{cite web |last=Staff |url=http://www.goireland.com/wicklow/carnew-castle-attraction-castles-historical-id12242.htm |title=Carnew Castle |publisher=[http://www.goireland.com/about/about-us.htm goireland.com] |accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Patrick Laurance |last=O'Toole |year=1890 |title=History of the Clan O'Tool and other Leinster Septs |location=Dublin |publisher=M. H. Gill and son; New York, Benziger brothers; [etc., etc.]|page=[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofclanoto00otoo#page/217/mode/1up/search/carnew 117]}}</ref>

In the mid-18th century members of the [[Fitzwilliam]] family, who then owned much land in [[County Wicklow]], settled a large group of [[English people|English]] [[Protestants]] in the area.<ref name=WDYTYA-graham-norton/> Consequently Carnew was a [[Protestant]] and Royalist stronghold in [[Ireland]] throughout the 19th century{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}.

The [[Carnew massacre|Carnew Massacre]], in which 38 prisoners were summarily executed by the British garrison of Carnew Castle, took place in the local handball alley on [[25th May]] [[1798]] at the onset of the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798|1798 rebellion]].

The family of [[Irish people|Irish]] entertainer [[Graham Norton]] originally hailed from Carnew.<ref>[[Who Do You Think You Are? (British TV series)|Who Do You Think You Are?]], BBC, Series Four (2007)</ref>

==Sport==
Carnew has a [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] team, the Carnew Emmets. Their colours are blue and gold. They are the 2009 Wicklow senior hurling champions.<ref>[http://www.hoganstand.com/Wicklow/ArticleForm.aspx?ID=119229 Hoganstand.com]</ref> They provide a large number of members of the Wicklow senior hurling team. <ref>http://www.wicklowgaaonline.com/index.php/2010/05/wicklow-1-16-kildare-1-19/</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.wicklow.ie/win/carnew/index.htm Carnew community website]
* [http://wicklow.gaa.ie/Clubs/carnew04.htm Carnew GAA information at the Wicklow GAA website]

{{County Wicklow}}

[[Category:Towns and villages in County Wicklow]]

{{Wicklow-geo-stub}}

[[ga:Carn an Bhua]]
[[nl:Carnew]]
[[ru:Карнью]]

Byron Saxton

2010-10-01T18:39:21Z

FoxBot: robot Adding: nl:Bryan J. Kelly

{{Infobox wrestler
|name = Bryan J. Kelly
|image = Byron Saxton.jpg
|names = Bryan Kelly<ref name="OWOW"/><br />Byron Saxton<ref name="WWEbio"/>
|height = {{height|ft=6|in=0}}<ref name="OWOW"/><ref name="WWEbio"/>
|weight = {{convert|230|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<ref name="OWOW"/><ref name="WWEbio"/>
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|8|20}}<ref name="OWOW"/>
|birth_place = [[Burke, Virginia]]<ref name="OWOW"/>
|death_date =
|death_place =
|resides =
|billed = Burke, Virginia<ref name="WWEbio"/>
|trainer = [[Florida Championship Wrestling]]<ref name="OWOW"/>
|debut = 2003<ref name="OWOW"/>
|retired =
}}
'''Bryan Jesus Kelly'''<ref name="OWOW">{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/b/byron-saxton.html|title=Byron Kelly Profile|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> (born August 20, 1981) is an [[United States|American]] [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]], [[Manager (professional wrestling)|manager]], commentator and former [[journalist]]. He is currently signed to [[World Wrestling Entertainment]], working in their [[Farm team#Professional wrestling|developmental territory]], [[Florida Championship Wrestling]] (FCW) under the ring name '''Byron Saxton'''.<ref name="OWOW"/>

==Early life==
Kelly was raised in [[Burke, Virginia]] and [[Orlando, Florida]]. He studied at the [[University of Florida]], where he worked as a producer and a reporter for WRUF-AM, [[WUFT-FM]] and [[WUFT (TV)|WUFT-TV]].<ref name="WJXT">{{cite web|url=http://www.news4jax.com/station/4108384/detail.html|title=Bryan Kelly|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=news4jax.com}}</ref> Bryan worked for [[WJXT]] Channel 4 News in [[Jacksonville, Florida]] as an associate producer and was then promoted to work on [[camera]] as a [[Traffic reporting|traffic reporter]].<ref name="WWEbio">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/ecw/superstars/byronsaxton/bio/|title=Byron Saxton Bio|accessdate=2009-10-31|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}</ref><ref name="WJXT"/>

==World Wrestling Entertainment==
===Florida Championship Wrestling===
He signed a [[Farm team#Professional wrestling|developmental]] contract with [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] and was assigned to [[Florida Championship Wrestling]] (FCW). Kelly, at first using his real name, made his FCW debut on October 13, 2007, losing to [[Hade Vansen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2007/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2007) - October 13, 2007–Florida Championship Wrestling in New Port Richey, Florida at the Jewish Community Center|date=2007-10-13|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> His next appearance was just over a week later on October 23, when he lost to [[Nick Cvjetkovich|"The Carnival Freak" Sinn Bowdee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2007/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2007) - October 23, 2007–Florida Championship Wrestling in New Port Richey, Florida at the Bourbon Street Night Club|date=2007-10-23|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> Kelly competed sporadically in FCW over the next few months, winning a six-man tag team match against Vansen, [[Sheamus|Sheamus O'Shaunessy]] and Bowdee with [[Ezekiel Jackson|Rycklon Stephens]] and [[Neil Bzibziak|Chet Douglas]] as his partners, but losing a [[Professional wrestling match types#Variations of singles matches|singles match]] to [[Afa Anoa'i, Jr.|Afa Jr.]] a few weeks later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2007/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2007) - November 6, 2007–Florida Championship Wrestling in New Port Richey, Florida at the Bourbon Street Night Club|date=2007-11-06|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2007/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2007) - December 4, 2007–Florida Championship Wrestling in New Port Richey, Florida at the Bourbon Street Night Club|date=2007-12-04|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> He finished off 2007 with a win against [[Tommy Taylor (wrestler)|Tommy Taylor]] on December 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2007/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2007) - December 18, 2007–Florida Championship Wrestling in New Port Richey, Florida at the Bourbon Street Night Club|date=2007-12-18|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref>

[[File:Curt Hawkins and Byron Saxson.jpg|thumb|Saxton (right) with [[Curt Hawkins]] commentating in FCW.]]
Kelly started off 2008 with a win, defeating [[Steven Lewington|Steve Lewington]] on FCW's first show of the year on January 8.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - January 8, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in New Port Richey, Florida at the Bourbon Street Night Club|date=2008-01-08|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> His next match against Afa Jr., however, was ruled a [[Professional wrestling#No contest|no contest]] after [[TJ Wilson]] interfered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - January 15, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in New Port Richey, Florida at the Bourbon Street Night Club|date=2008-01-15|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> Kelly then began teaming with Rycklon, losing to the teams of [[Nick Nemeth]] and [[Rob Terry|Big Rob]], [[Jack Swagger|Jake Hager]] and [[Shawn McGrath|Shawn Osborne]], and [[Heath Miller (wrestler)|Heath Miller]] and Steve Lewington.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - January 22, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in New Port Richey, Florida at the Bourbon Street Night Club|date=2008-01-02|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - January 29, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in New Port Richey, Florida at the Bourbon Street Night Club|date=2008-01-29|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - February 5, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in New Port Richey, Florida at the Bourbon Street Night Club|date=2008-02-05|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> Another match on April 15, when Kelly and Rycklon faced [[Johnny Curtis]] and [[Gabe Tuft]] ended in a [[Professional wrestling#Countout|double countout]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - April 15, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in New Port Richey, Florida at the Bourbon Street Night Club|date=2008-04-15|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref>

On June 3, Kelly became a [[Manager (professional wrestling)|manager]], [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Promo|cutting a promo]] for [[Black Pain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - June 3, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in New Port Richey, Florida at Club Bourbon Street|date=2008-06-03|last=Westbrook|first=David|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> Kelly managed Black Pain regularly, accompanying him for matches, and also teaming occasionally with him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - August 26, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in New Port Richey, Florida at the Bourbon Street Night Club|date=2008-08-26|last=Cooper|first=Tony|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - July 12, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in Port Richey, Florida|date=2008-07-12|last=Cooper|first=Tony|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> On September 30, Kelly debuted a new [[ring name]], Byron Saxton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - September 30, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in Florida|date=2008-09-30|last=Wellington|first=Richard|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> With Black Pain, and the rest of his [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Stable|faction]], known as the Saxton Conglomerate or simply the Conglomerate, composed of [[Stu Bennett|Stu Sanders]] (later Lawrence Knight) and [[Tyrone Evans|Tyson Tarver]], Saxton began a feud with [[Kafu]], having the members of the Conglomerate face off against him in matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - October 23, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in Tampa, Florida|date=2008-10-23|last=Pritchard|first=Andrew|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - October 25, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in Florida|date=2008-10-25|last=Pritchard|first=Andrew|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - October 28, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in Florida|date=2008-10-28|last=Pritchard|first=Andrew|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> After this feud ended, the Conglomerate quickly began another one with [[Johnny Prime]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - October 30, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in Florida|date=2008-10-30|last=Pritchard|first=Andrew|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - November 6, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in Florida|date=2008-11-06|last=Pritchard|first=Andrew|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - November 13, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in Florida|date=2008-11-13|last=Pritchard|first=Andrew|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> In the course of this feud [[Kaleb O'Neal]] began teaming with Prime in order to help him out, however, O'Neal later [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Turn|turned]] on Prime and joined the Conglomerate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2008/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2008) - December 18, 2008–Florida Championship Wrestling in Tampa, Florida at the FCW Arena|date=2008-12-18|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2009/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2009) - January 22, 2009–Florida Championship Wrestling in Tampa, Florida at the FCW Arena|date=2009-01-22|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> In January 2009, Black Pain broke away from the Conglomerate, and changed his ring name to Sweet Papi Sanchez, prompting a feud with the remaining Conglomerate members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2009/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2009) - January 29, 2009–Florida Championship Wrestling in Tampa, Florida at the FCW Arena|date=2009-01-29|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2009/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2009) - February 5, 2009–Florida Championship Wrestling in Tampa, Florida at the FCW Arena|date=2009-02-05|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/fcw/_2009/|title=Florida Championship Wrestling (2009) - February 13, 2009–Florida Championship Wrestling in Tampa, Florida at the Florida State Fair|date=2009-02-13|accessdate=2009-04-21|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref> Since then, Saxton has associated himself with [[Brian Jossie|Abraham Saddam Washington]]. When [[Josh Mathews]] left FCW to commentate on ''[[ECW (WWE)|ECW]]'' full-time, Saxton began working as a commentator alongside [[Dusty Rhodes (wrestler)|Dusty Rhodes]].

===ECW===
In October 2009, the ''[[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown]]'' [[color commentator]], [[Jim Ross]], suffered a [[Bell's palsy]] attack, resulting in a shuffle of the other commentators. [[Matt Striker]] was moved from ''[[ECW (WWE)|ECW]]'' to ''SmackDown'', and Saxton was called up to ''ECW'' as a commentator, working alongside Josh Matthews.<ref name="ecw">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestleview.com/news2009/1256705768.php?style=dark|title=Changes with WWE commentary|date=2009-10-28|last=Martin|first=Adam|accessdate=2009-10-28|publisher=WrestleView}}</ref> He debuted on the October 27 episode.<ref name="ecw"/> He continued his job for many more months.

In February 2010, Vince McMahon had announced that ''ECW'' was to be cancelled, and in its place, he debuted ''[[WWE NXT]]''. Because of the cancellation, Saxton became a free agent. He has since returned to FCW.

==In wrestling==
*'''Wrestlers [[Manager (professional wrestling)|managed]]'''
**Black Pain
**Kaleb O'Neal
**[[Stu Bennett|Lawrence Knight]]
**[[Tyrone Evans|Tyson Tarver]]

==Championships and accomplishments==
*'''Southern Championship Wrestling'''
**SCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Chris Nelson<ref name="OWOW"/>

*'''United States Championship Wrestling'''
**USCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)<ref name="OWOW"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Professional wrestling}}
* [http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/b/bryan-kelly.html Online World of Wrestling profile]

{{World Wrestling Entertainment employees}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelly, Bryan J.}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:American professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Professional wrestling announcers]]
[[Category:Professional wrestling managers and valets]]

[[nl:Bryan J. Kelly]]
[[pt:Bryan J. Kelly]]

Chiddingly

2010-08-03T07:51:01Z

FoxBot: robot Adding: nl:Chiddingly

{{Infobox UK place
| official_name=Chiddingly
| country=England
| region=South East England
| static_image=
| static_image_caption=<small></small>
| area_footnotes=<ref name=ESiF>{{cite web |url=http://www.eastsussexinfigures.org.uk/webview/ |title=East Sussex in Figures |accessdate=2008-04-26 |publisher=East Sussex County Council}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 =17.6
| population = 1,006
| population_ref = (Parish-2007) <ref name=ESiF />
| population_density= {{Pop density mi2 to km2|148|precision=0|abbr=yes}}
| os_grid_reference=TQ543142
| latitude=50.91
| longitude=0.19
| post_town=LEWES
| postcode_area=BN
| postcode_district=BN8
| dial_code=01825
| constituency_westminster=[[Wealden (UK Parliament constituency)|Wealden]]
| london_distance={{convert|43|mi}} [[Boxing the compass|NNW]]
| shire_district=[[Wealden]]
| shire_county=[[East Sussex]]
| website=http://www.chiddingly.gov.uk/
}}

'''Chiddingly''' ({{pron-en|ˈtʃɪdɪŋlaɪ}} "Chidding-lye") is a village and [[civil parish]] in the [[Wealden]] District of [[East Sussex]], some five miles (8 km) northwest of [[Hailsham]]. The parish is rural in character: it includes the village of Chiddingly and a collection of [[Hamlet (place)|hamlets]]: the largest of these being Muddles Green and Thunder's Hill; others being Gun Hill, Whitesmith, Golden Cross, Broomham and Upper Dicker.<ref>[http://www.chiddingly.gov.uk/History/Parish%20Maps.html Map showing location of Chiddingly]</ref> It covers {{convert|7|sqmi|km2}} of countryside. Of the more than 340 dwellings in the parish, over fifty have the word "Farm" in their postal address.

==Geography==
The parish is in the Low [[Weald]]. Like [[Rome]], it is founded upon seven [[hill]]s: Burgh Hill; Thunders Hill; Holmes Hill; Scrapers Hill; Stone Hill; Pick Hill; and Gun Hill,<ref>[http://www.chiddingly.gov.uk/Parochial%20History%20of%20Chiddingly/Part%201.html Parochial history of Chiddingly]</ref> the latter being on the [[A22 road]] in the south of the parish. Tributaries of the [[River Cuckmere]] flow both north and south of the village.

==History==
The presence of low-grade [[Iron ore#Magnetite_banded_iron_deposits|iron ore]] in the [[Hastings Beds|local sandstone]] supported [[Roman Britain|Roman]] [[mining]] and [[smelting]] in the area.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}

The [[Domesday Book]] of 1086 refers to ''Cetelingei'': the final ''-ly'' of the name shows it to have had [[Anglo-Saxon language|Saxon]] origins. There is a large number of [[manorialism|manorial]] buildings in the parish, including Chiddingly Place.

==Points of interest==
[[Burgh Hill Farm Meadow]] is a [[Sites of Special Scientific Interest|Site of Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSI) within the parish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/special/sssi/sssi_details.cfm?sssi_id=1001647 |title=Natural England - SSSI |accessdate=2008-05-29|publisher=English Nature}}</ref> This is a hedgerow-surrounded meadow of an uncommon grassland type.

The [[Church of England]] [[parish church]] at Chiddingly is of unknown date and dedication, but references to it occur from the [[13th century]].<ref>[http://www.chiddinglychurch.org.uk/ Chiddingly parish church]</ref> Today the parish is part of a united [[Benefice#Church_of_England|benefice]] with the neighbouring parish of [[East Hoathly with Halland|East Hoathly]]. A [[Congregational church|Congregational]] [[chapel]] was founded in Chiddingly 1901.

Chiddingly has a [[primary school]].<ref>[http://www.chiddingly.ik.org/ Chiddingly Primary School]</ref>.

The annual Chiddingly Festival includes various entertainments around the village.<ref>[http://www.chiddinglyfestival.co.uk/ Chiddingly Festival]</ref> Chiddingly has four [[public houses]]: The Six Bells Inn in the village, The Gun Inn, The Golden Cross Inn, and The Inn on the Park at Golden Cross. Chiddingly has a [[village hall]].

In 1971 the [[film director]] Philip Trevelyan made the [[documentary film]] ''[[The Moon and the Sledgehammer]]''<ref>[http://www.themoonandthesledgehammer.com/ ''The Moon and the Sledgehammer'' official website]</ref> about the Page [[family]] who lived in a [[Woodland|wood]] outside the village and operated two [[traction engine]]s: an [[William Allchin Ltd|Allchin]]<ref>[http://www.allchin.net/traction/index.html Allchin Files about Wm. Allchin traction engines]</ref> and a [[John Fowler & Co.|Fowler]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

<gallery>
File:Chiddingly Church - geograph.org.uk - 59873.jpg|{{center|Chiddingly Church}}
File:Chiddingly Church.jpg|{{center|Chiddingly Church}}
File:Dicker Mill House, Golden Cross - geograph.org.uk - 177461.jpg|{{center|Dicker Mill House, Golden Cross}}
File:Golden Cross Inn, Golden Cross - geograph.org.uk - 177459.jpg|{{center|Golden Cross Inn, Golden Cross}}
</gallery>

==External links==
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/East_Sussex/Chiddingly/}}
* {{Commonscat-inline}}

{{Wealden}}

[[Category:Local government in East Sussex]]
[[Category:Villages in East Sussex]]
[[Category:Wealden]]

[[nl:Chiddingly]]

Frating

2010-08-02T22:38:38Z

FoxBot: robot Adding: nl:Frating

{{infobox UK place|
|country = England
|static_image=
|official_name= Frating
|latitude= 51.86042
|longitude= 1.02219
|population = 551
|shire_district= [[Tendring]]
|shire_county = [[Essex]]
|region= East of England
|constituency_westminster=
|post_town=
|postcode_district=
|postcode_area=
|dial_code=
|os_grid_reference= TM082223
|hide_services= yes
|static_image = [[File:Frating Village Hall - geograph.org.uk - 123147.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption= <small>Frating Village Hall</small>
}}

'''Frating''' is a village and small [[civil parish]] of the [[Tendring]] district of [[Essex]]. It is about {{convert|8|km}} east of [[Colchester]] and {{convert|15|km}} northwest of [[Clacton-on-Sea]]. The parish includes the settlements of Frating Green and Hockley.

The parish church (dedication not recorded) is now a private house. The living was a rectory shared with [[Thorrington]].

==Nearby places==
{| border=1 cellspacing=2 cellpadding=2
|-
| [[Sigma Phi Epsilon]]
| [[Elmstead Market]] || [[Great Bromley]] || [[Little Bentley]]
|-
|align=center| [[Wivenhoe]] ||align=center| '''Frating''' || [[Great Bentley]]
|-
|align=center| [[Alresford, Essex|Alresford]] || [[Brightlingsea]] || [[St Osyth]]
|}

==External links==
*[http://www.archipel.demon.co.uk/Tendring/frating.html Extract from History, Gazetteer, and Directory of the County of Essex by William White published in 1848]

{{essex-geo-stub}}

[[category:villages in Essex]]
[[Category:Tendring]]

[[nl:Frating]]

Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi

2009-12-15T11:14:04Z

FoxBot: robot Adding: nl:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, ru:Джатой, Гулам Мустафа, sd:غلام مصطفيٰ خان جتوئي

{{Infobox Prime Minister
| name = Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi
| image =
| imagesize = 200px
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1931|08|14}}
| birth_place = New Jatoi village, [[Nawabshah District]], [[Sindh]], [[British India]]
| office = 13th [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
| president = [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]
| term_start = [[6 August]] [[1990]]
| term_end = [[6 November]] [[1990]]
| predecessor = [[Benazir Bhutto]]
| successor = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]]
}}
'''Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi''' ([[Urdu]]: '''غلام مصطفیٰ جتوئی''') (born [[14 August]] [[1931]]) is a [[Pakistan]]i politician, and was [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] for 3 months, from [[August 6]], 1990 to [[November 6]], 1990.

==Early life==
Jatoi was born in the Province of [[Sindh]]. He was the eldest of four brothers, and his grandfather, [[Khan Bahadur Imam Bux Khan Jatoi]], was a member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly in 1923, 1927 and 1931. At the time there were only 4 members representing the entire Province of Sindh.

Jatoi was educated at [[Karachi Grammar School]] and passed his senior Cambridge. In 1952, he went to [[England]] for his bar at law, but had to return home within one year due to his father's serious illness.

==Politics==
Jatoi was elected to the first Provincial Assembly of [[West Pakistan]] in 1958, and was re-elected in 1965. He has also serves as Chairman District Board of Nawabshah District in 1952, holding the distinction of being the youngest District Board Chairman on the sub-continent.

Jatoi joined Pakistan People's Party in March 1969. In 1970, he was elected to the [[National Assembly]] on PPP ticket. He held the Portfolios of Political Affairs, Ports and Shipping, Communications, Natural Resources, Railways & Telecommunications in the Federal Government headed by Prime Minister [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]]. In 1973, he was elected [[Chief Minister of Sindh]], and held this office till 1977. He has the distinction of being the longest serving Chief Minister of Sindh since the birth of Pakistan. After the imposition of [[Martial Law]], Jatoi remained associated with the [[Movement for Restoration of Democracy]] (MRD). Twice he was arrested in 1983 and 1985.

Later, he founded the [[National Peoples Party]]. A number of political heavyweights from all over the country were brought into the National People’s Party, launched under the chairmanship of Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi. Among them were [[Ghulam Mustafa Khar]], [[Haneef Ramay]], S[[M Zafar]], [[Hamid Raza Gilani]], [[Malik Hamid Sarfraz]], [[Ghaus Bux Raeesani]], [[Kamal Azfar]], [[Mian Sajid Pervaiz]], [[Nafees Siddiqui]], [[Rana Muhammad Haneef]], [[Akhtar Hussain Shah]], [[Rabbani Khar]] and [[Aftab Shah Gilani]]. An attractive manifesto was prepared and the party was expected to shoot into prominence in no time due to the declining popularity of the Peoples Party at the time.

The NPP and the PML, then headed by [[Muhammad Khan Junejo]], along with 7 other political parties, contested the 1988 elections from the platform of the [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]]. The PPP won the bout, though with a thin majority.

==Interim Prime Minister==
He was the Founder President of [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI) formed in 1988. In 1989, he was elected to the [[National Assembly]] in by-elections from [[Kot Addu]]. Jatoi was subsequently elected leader of the combined opposition parties in the National Assembly in 1989.

Mr. Jatoi was appointed Prime Minister after the dismissal of the [[Benazir]] government on corruption and incompetence charges by President [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]. In protest at the autocratic tendencies of the [[Nawaz Sharif]], the then Prime Minister, Mr. Jatoi joined hands with the opposition lead by [[Benazir Bhutto]] in launching a movement against the Sharif government, resulting in its dismissal in 1993.

The NPP contested the 1993 elections and later joined the Benazir Bhutto government as a coalition partner till the Governments dismissal in 1996 by the PPP President Farooq Leghari. In the 2002 general election, it was the dominant partner in a new group called the National Alliance which was chaired by him. The [[National Alliance (Pakistan)|National Alliance]] won 16 seats in the national Assembly, 16 seats in the [[Sindh Assembly]] and 3 Senate Seats.

In the [[Pakistani general election, 2008|2008 electio]]n his son Ghulam Murtaza Khan Jatoi won election in NA-211 [[Naushahro Feroze]]-I under the banner of the National Peoples Party, defeating the runner-up PPP candidate and holding the seat won in 2002 by Dr. Abdul Ghaffar Khan Jatoi under the National Alliance banner. His other son, Arif Mustafa Jatoi (Former Food and Agriculture Minister) won PS-19 and another son, Masroor Jatoi won PS-23, both Provincial Assembly Seats and Senator Asif Mustafa Jatoi. This has set a record wherein four sons are simultaneously present in all three Legislative forums, i.e. Provincial Assembly, National Assembly and Senate.

==Personal life==
Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi has five sons and three daughters: Murtaza Jatoi, Masroor Jatoi, Tariq Jatoi (Deceased), Arif Mustafa Jatoi, and Asif Mustafa Jatoi.
==External links==
*[http://therepublicofrumi.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan]

{{start box}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Chief Minister of Sindh]]|
years=1973 – 1977|
before=[[Mumtaz Bhutto]]|
after=[[Ghous Ali Shah]]}}

{{succession box |title=[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] (caretaker)|
years=1990|
before=[[Benazir Bhutto]]|
after=[[Nawaz Sharif]]}}
{{end}}

{{PakistaniPMs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatoi, Ghulam Mustafa}}
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Baloch people]]
[[Category:Pakistani people]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Sindh]]
[[Category:Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Sindh politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1931 births]]

[[fr:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]
[[nl:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]
[[ru:Джатой, Гулам Мустафа]]
[[simple:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]
[[sd:غلام مصطفيٰ خان جتوئي]]
[[ur:غلام مصطفی جتوئی]]

Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi

2009-12-11T14:33:14Z

FoxBot: robot Adding: nl:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, ru:Джатой, Гулам Мустафа, sd:غلام مصطفيٰ خان جتوئي

{{Infobox Prime Minister
| name = Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi
| image =
| imagesize = 200px
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1931|08|14}}
| birth_place = New Jatoi village, [[Nawabshah District]], [[Sindh]], [[British India]]
| office = 13th [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
| president = [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]
| term_start = [[6 August]] [[1990]]
| term_end = [[6 November]] [[1990]]
| predecessor = [[Benazir Bhutto]]
| successor = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]]
}}
'''Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi''' ([[Urdu]]: '''غلام مصطفیٰ جتوئی''') (born [[14 August]] [[1931]]) is a [[Pakistan]]i politician, and was [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] for 3 months, from [[August 6]], 1990 to [[November 6]], 1990.

==Early life==
Jatoi was born in the Province of [[Sindh]]. He was the eldest of four brothers, and his grandfather, [[Khan Bahadur Imam Bux Khan Jatoi]], was a member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly in 1923, 1927 and 1931. At the time there were only 4 members representing the entire Province of Sindh.

Jatoi was educated at [[Karachi Grammar School]] and passed his senior Cambridge. In 1952, he went to [[England]] for his bar at law, but had to return home within one year due to his father's serious illness.

==Politics==
Jatoi was elected to the first Provincial Assembly of [[West Pakistan]] in 1958, and was re-elected in 1965. He has also serves as Chairman District Board of Nawabshah District in 1952, holding the distinction of being the youngest District Board Chairman on the sub-continent.

Jatoi joined Pakistan People's Party in March 1969. In 1970, he was elected to the [[National Assembly]] on PPP ticket. He held the Portfolios of Political Affairs, Ports and Shipping, Communications, Natural Resources, Railways & Telecommunications in the Federal Government headed by Prime Minister [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]]. In 1973, he was elected [[Chief Minister of Sindh]], and held this office till 1977. He has the distinction of being the longest serving Chief Minister of Sindh since the birth of Pakistan. After the imposition of [[Martial Law]], Jatoi remained associated with the [[Movement for Restoration of Democracy]] (MRD). Twice he was arrested in 1983 and 1985.

Later, he founded the [[National Peoples Party]]. A number of political heavyweights from all over the country were brought into the National People’s Party, launched under the chairmanship of Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi. Among them were [[Ghulam Mustafa Khar]], [[Haneef Ramay]], S[[M Zafar]], [[Hamid Raza Gilani]], [[Malik Hamid Sarfraz]], [[Ghaus Bux Raeesani]], [[Kamal Azfar]], [[Mian Sajid Pervaiz]], [[Nafees Siddiqui]], [[Rana Muhammad Haneef]], [[Akhtar Hussain Shah]], [[Rabbani Khar]] and [[Aftab Shah Gilani]]. An attractive manifesto was prepared and the party was expected to shoot into prominence in no time due to the declining popularity of the Peoples Party at the time.

The NPP and the PML, then headed by [[Muhammad Khan Junejo]], along with 7 other political parties, contested the 1988 elections from the platform of the [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]]. The PPP won the bout, though with a thin majority.

==Interim Prime Minister==
He was the Founder President of [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI) formed in 1988. In 1989, he was elected to the [[National Assembly]] in by-elections from [[Kot Addu]]. Jatoi was subsequently elected leader of the combined opposition parties in the National Assembly in 1989.

Mr. Jatoi was appointed Prime Minister after the dismissal of the [[Benazir]] government on corruption and incompetence charges by President [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]. In protest at the autocratic tendencies of the [[Nawaz Sharif]], the then Prime Minister, Mr. Jatoi joined hands with the opposition lead by [[Benazir Bhutto]] in launching a movement against the Sharif government, resulting in its dismissal in 1993.

The NPP contested the 1993 elections and later joined the Benazir Bhutto government as a coalition partner till the Governments dismissal in 1996 by the PPP President Farooq Leghari. In the 2002 general election, it was the dominant partner in a new group called the National Alliance which was chaired by him. The [[National Alliance (Pakistan)|National Alliance]] won 16 seats in the national Assembly, 16 seats in the [[Sindh Assembly]] and 3 Senate Seats.

In the [[Pakistani general election, 2008|2008 electio]]n his son Ghulam Murtaza Khan Jatoi won election in NA-211 [[Naushahro Feroze]]-I under the banner of the National Peoples Party, defeating the runner-up PPP candidate and holding the seat won in 2002 by Dr. Abdul Ghaffar Khan Jatoi under the National Alliance banner. His other son, Arif Mustafa Jatoi (Former Food and Agriculture Minister) won PS-19 and another son, Masroor Jatoi won PS-23, both Provincial Assembly Seats and Senator Asif Mustafa Jatoi. This has set a record wherein four sons are simultaneously present in all three Legislative forums, i.e. Provincial Assembly, National Assembly and Senate.

==Personal life==
Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi has six sons and three daughters: Murtaza Jatoi, Masroor Jatoi, Tariq Jatoi (Deceased), Arif Mustafa Jatoi, Asif Mustafa Jatoi and Kashif Alikhan Jatoi.

==External links==
*[http://therepublicofrumi.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan]

{{start box}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Chief Minister of Sindh]]|
years=1973 – 1977|
before=[[Mumtaz Bhutto]]|
after=[[Ghous Ali Shah]]}}

{{succession box |title=[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] (caretaker)|
years=1990|
before=[[Benazir Bhutto]]|
after=[[Nawaz Sharif]]}}
{{end}}

{{PakistaniPMs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatoi, Ghulam Mustafa}}
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Baloch people]]
[[Category:Pakistani people]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Sindh]]
[[Category:Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Sindh politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1931 births]]

[[fr:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]
[[nl:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]
[[ru:Джатой, Гулам Мустафа]]
[[simple:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]
[[sd:غلام مصطفيٰ خان جتوئي]]
[[ur:غلام مصطفی جتوئی]]

Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi

2009-11-21T19:18:33Z

FoxBot: robot Adding: nl:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi Modifying: sd:غلام مصطفيٰ خان جتوئي

{{Infobox Prime Minister
| name = Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi
| image =
| imagesize = 200px
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1931|08|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = New Jatoi village, [[Nawabshah District]], [[Sindh]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|11|20|1931|8|14|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[London]], [[UK]]
| office = 13th [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
| president = [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]
| term_start = 6 August 1990
| term_end = 6 November 1990
| predecessor = [[Benazir Bhutto]]
| successor = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| party = [[National Peoples Party]]
}}
'''Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi''' ([[Urdu]]: '''غلام مصطفیٰ جتوئی''') (n 14 August 1931 – 20 November 2009<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=90373&Itemid=2 |title=Ex Prime Minister Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi passes away |agency=[[Associated Press of Pakistan]] |date=21 November 2009 |accessdate=21 November 2009}}</ref>) was a [[Pakistan]]i politician, and was [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] for 3 months, from 6 August 1990 to 6 November 1990.

==Early life==
Jatoi was born in the Province of [[Sindh]]. He was the eldest of four brothers, and his grandfather, [[Khan Bahadur Imam Bux Khan Jatoi]], was a member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly in 1923, 1927 and 1931. At the time there were only 4 members representing the entire Province of Sindh.

Jatoi was educated at [[Karachi Grammar School]] and passed his senior Cambridge. In 1952, he went to [[England]] for his bar at law, but had to return home within one year due to his father's serious illness.

==Politics==
Jatoi was elected to the first Provincial Assembly of [[West Pakistan]] in 1958, and was re-elected in 1965. He has also serves as Chairman District Board of Nawabshah District in 1952, holding the distinction of being the youngest District Board Chairman on the sub-continent.

Jatoi joined Pakistan People's Party in March 1969. In 1970, he was elected to the [[National Assembly]] on PPP ticket. He held the Portfolios of Political Affairs, Ports and Shipping, Communications, Natural Resources, Railways & Telecommunications in the Federal Government headed by Prime Minister [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]]. In 1973, he was elected [[Chief Minister of Sindh]], and held this office till 1977. He has the distinction of being the longest serving Chief Minister of Sindh since the birth of Pakistan. After the imposition of [[Martial Law]], Jatoi remained associated with the [[Movement for Restoration of Democracy]] (MRD). Twice he was arrested in 1983 and 1985.

Later, he founded the [[National Peoples Party]]. A number of political heavyweights from all over the country were brought into the National People’s Party, launched under the chairmanship of Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi. Among them were [[Ghulam Mustafa Khar]], [[Haneef Ramay]], S[[M Zafar]], [[Hamid Raza Gilani]], [[Malik Hamid Sarfraz]], [[Ghaus Bux Raeesani]], [[Kamal Azfar]], [[Mian Sajid Pervaiz]], [[Nafees Siddiqui]], [[Rana Muhammad Haneef]], [[Akhtar Hussain Shah]], [[Rabbani Khar]] and [[Aftab Shah Gilani]]. An attractive manifesto was prepared and the party was expected to shoot into prominence in no time due to the declining popularity of the Peoples Party at the time.

The NPP and the PML, then headed by [[Muhammad Khan Junejo]], along with 7 other political parties, contested the 1988 elections from the platform of the [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]]. The PPP won the bout, though with a thin majority.

==Interim Prime Minister==
He was the Founder President of [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI) formed in 1988. In 1989, he was elected to the [[National Assembly]] in by-elections from [[Kot Addu]]. Jatoi was subsequently elected leader of the combined opposition parties in the National Assembly in 1989.

Mr. Jatoi was appointed Prime Minister after the dismissal of the [[Benazir]] government on corruption and incompetence charges by President [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]. In protest at the autocratic tendencies of the [[Nawaz Sharif]], the then Prime Minister, Mr. Jatoi joined hands with the opposition lead by [[Benazir Bhutto]] in launching a movement against the Sharif government, resulting in its dismissal in 1993.

The NPP contested the 1993 elections and later joined the Benazir Bhutto government as a coalition partner till the Governments dismissal in 1996 by the PPP President Farooq Leghari. In the 2002 general election, it was the dominant partner in a new group called the National Alliance which was chaired by him. The [[National Alliance (Pakistan)|National Alliance]] won 16 seats in the national Assembly, 16 seats in the [[Sindh Assembly]] and 3 Senate Seats.

In the [[Pakistani general election, 2008|2008 electio]]n his son Ghulam Murtaza Khan Jatoi won election in NA-211 [[Naushahro Feroze]]-I under the banner of the National Peoples Party, defeating the runner-up PPP candidate and holding the seat won in 2002 by Dr. Abdul Ghaffar Khan Jatoi under the National Alliance banner. His other son, Arif Mustafa Jatoi (Former Food and Agriculture Minister) won PS-19 and another son, Masroor Jatoi won PS-23, both Provincial Assembly Seats and Senator Asif Mustafa Jatoi. This has set a record wherein four sons are simultaneously present in all three Legislative forums, i.e. Provincial Assembly, National Assembly and Senate.

==Personal life==
Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi has six sons and three daughters: Murtaza Jatoi, Masroor Jatoi, Tariq Jatoi (deceased), Arif Mustafa Jatoi, Asif Mustafa Jatoi and Kashif Alikhan Jatoi.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://therepublicofrumi.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan]
*[http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/16-veteran-politician-mustafa-jatoi-dies-hs-07 Dawn: Veteran politician Mustafa Jatoi dies]

{{start box}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Chief Minister of Sindh]]|
years=1973 – 1977|
before=[[Mumtaz Bhutto]]|
after=[[Ghous Ali Shah]]}}

{{succession box |title=[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] (caretaker)|
years=1990|
before=[[Benazir Bhutto]]|
after=[[Nawaz Sharif]]}}
{{end}}

{{PakistaniPMs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatoi, Ghulam Mustafa}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Baloch people]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians]]
[[Category:Chief Ministers of Sindh]]
[[Category:Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Sindh politicians]]

[[fr:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]
[[nl:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]
[[simple:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]
[[sd:غلام مصطفيٰ خان جتوئي]]
[[ur:غلام مصطفی جتوئی]]

Dezembermorde

2009-01-23T07:10:37Z

FoxBot: robot Anders: :af:Desember-moorde

De '''Decembermoorden''' is de gangbare term voor het op [[8 december]] [[1982]]<ref>[http://www.volkskrant.nl/buitenland/article1040111.ece/Decembermoorden_mogelijk_eerder Decembermoorden_mogelijk_dag_eerder], Volkskrant 5 juli 2008</ref> ombrengen van vijftien tegenstanders van het militaire regime in [[Suriname]]. In Suriname, en bij de [[Surinamers]] in Nederland, heeft deze gebeurtenis diepe sporen achtergelaten. De Nederlandse regering bevroor uit protest de ontwikkelingshulp aan Suriname.

==De moorden==
De vijftien werden door militairen op het terrein van [[Fort Zeelandia (Suriname)|Fort Zeelandia]] in de hoofdstad [[Paramaribo]] doodgeschoten. De militairen stonden onder het bevel van de toenmalige legerleider [[Desi Bouterse]]. Onder de slachtoffers waren advocaten, journalisten en militairen. Sommigen waren kort daarvoor gearresteerd, anderen zaten al maanden gevangen. Een zestiende gearresteerde, de vakbondsleider [[Fred Derby]], werd onverwacht vrijgelaten. Hij deed op [[8 december]] [[2000]] verslag van zijn ervaringen.

De omstandigheden waaronder de vijftien personen omkwamen, zijn tot op heden nooit volkomen opgehelderd. De militaire leiding verklaarde dat de vijftien, van wie een deel in de nacht ervoor was gearresteerd, waren "neergeschoten op de vlucht". Andere lezingen spreken van martelingen, moord, standrechtelijke executies en van de aanwezigheid van Desi Bouterse zelf, hoewel deze ontkent persoonlijk bij deze gebeurtenissen aanwezig te zijn geweest. Wel heeft hij formele verantwoordelijkheid toegegeven.

==Nasleep en juridisch proces==
Het heeft vele jaren geduurd, voordat door de Surinaamse overheid de eerste officiële juridische stappen werden ondernomen om de zaak op te helderen. Na de moorden zijn de lichamen begraven zonder dat een [[lijkschouwing]] was verricht, en ook is er geen gerechtelijk onderzoek begonnen.

===Verenigde Naties===
In 1983 dienden de nabestaanden van acht van de slachtoffers verzoeken in bij het [[VN-Comité voor de Rechten van de Mens]] om een mening te geven: de executies waren in strijd met het [[Internationaal Verdrag inzake Burgerrechten en Politieke Rechten]] (IVBPR), en zij meenden dat hun binnen Suriname geen rechtsmiddelen meer ter beschikking stonden. Hoewel de Surinaamse regering er toen op aandrong het verzoek niet ontvankelijk te verklaren, heeft het Comité geoordeeld dat de 15 slachtoffers "op willekeurige wijze van het leven waren beroofd" in strijd met artikel 6 van het (IVBPR), en riep het Suriname op de moorden te onderzoeken en de verantwoordelijken te vervolgen.<ref>[http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/0a4d10d5f037b88ac1256b1700498130?Opendocument Bijlage bij ''Communications Nos. 146/1983 and 148 - 154/1983''] van het VN-comité voor de rechten van de mens, 4 april 1985</ref>

In 1984 bracht een [[Speciale Rapporteur]] van de [[Mensenrechtenraad van de Verenigde Naties|Commissie voor de Mensenrechten]] van de VN, [[Amos Wako]], een bezoek aan Suriname en Nederland in verband met de Decembermoorden. De Rapporteur concludeerde dat in de nacht van 8 op 9 december 1982 "standrechtelijke of willekeurige executies hadden plaatsgevonden", die "een traumatisch effect" hadden gehad op de Surinaamse bevolking.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/reports/E_CN_4_1985_17.pdf Rapport van de Speciale Rapporteur S. Amos Wako], Annex V, pag. 16 (documentnummer E/CN.4/1985/17)</ref>

===Verdeeldheid binnen Suriname===
Het niet onderzoeken van de Decembermoorden heeft geleid tot verdeeldheid binnen Suriname: velen meenden dat een onafhankelijk onderzoek en de vervolging van de schuldigen,noodzakelijk waren om de situatie in Suriname te verbeteren. Anderen zagen het als een "afgesloten hoofdstuk" en vonden dat Suriname vooruit moest kijken.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

===Gerechtelijk onderzoek===
Op [[1 november]] [[2000]], ruim een maand voor het aflopen van de [[verjaring]]stermijn, is alsnog een gerechtelijk vooronderzoek gestart, onder leiding van rechter-commissaris [[Albert Ramnewash]]. In december [[2002]] gaf Ramnewash opdracht tot lijkschouwing op de stoffelijke resten van de slachtoffers. Omdat Suriname niet over de benodigde expertise beschikte, werd het [[Nederlands Forensisch Instituut]] (NFI) ingeschakeld. In augustus [[2004]] droeg het NFI de resultaten van het forensisch onderzoek over aan het Surinaamse onderzoeksteam.

Aanvankelijk werd verwacht dat Bouterse nog in 2004 in Suriname terecht zou moeten staan. Begin december 2004 was echter slechts het vooronderzoek afgerond. Rechter-commissaris Ramnewash droeg de resultaten over aan het Openbaar Ministerie, dat verplicht was de 34 verdachten in de zaak binnen enkele weken te laten weten of zij zullen worden vervolgd. Op 24 december 2004 kregen de verdachten een kennisgeving van vervolging.

Pas in [[2007]] bood Bouterse zijn excuses aan voor de moorden. Tegelijk pleitte hij voor amnestie voor de daders en hun medeplichtigen. Bouterse stelde slechts "politiek verantwoordelijk" te zijn voor de moorden; hij zou niet zelf aanwezig zijn geweest. In oktober 2007 werd uit verklaringen van twee ooggetuigen, onder wie een lijfwacht van Roy Horb, bekend dat Bouterse wel degelijk in Fort Zeelandia aanwezig was tijdens de moorden, en de slachtoffers kort voor hun dood in zijn kamer heeft ontvangen. Ook zouden de moorden al een maand eerder zijn voorbereid. Aanvankelijk zou het regime-Bouterse van plan zijn geweest om de tegenstanders op zee dood te schieten. Hiervan was vervolgens afgezien.

Op [[30 november]] [[2007]] is het proces begonnen voor een [[krijgsraad]] in marinebasis Boxel te [[Domburg (Suriname)|Domburg]]. Van de verdachten waren onder andere [[Marcel Zeeuw]], [[Etienne Boerenveen]] en [[Arthy Gorré]] aanwezig. Hoofdverdachte [[Desi Bouterse]] liet verstek gaan. Zijn advocaat [[Irwin Kanhai]] betoogde dat zijn cliënt niet door een krijgsraad maar door een rechtbank zou moeten worden berecht. Het proces werd in april [[2008]] opgeschort. Er hadden toen vijf zittingen plaatsgevonden, die voornamelijk waren gewijd aan pogingen van de advocaten van de verdachten om de krijgsraad niet-ontvankelijk te laten verklaren.

Op [[3 juli]] [[2008]] werd het proces hervat. Naast de militairen Etienne Boerenveen en Arthy Gorré, waren de burgers [[Dick de Bie]] en [[Iwan Krolis]] opgeroepen als verdachte. Enige tientallen personen waren opgeroepen als getuige. Bouterses voormalige secretaresse Eleonora Graanoogst zou voor Bouterse belastende verklaringen hebben afgelegd. Nieuw oponthoud ontstond echter doordat Bouterses advocaat een wrakingsverzoek indiende tegen de president van de Krijgsraad, [[Cynthia Valstein-Montnor]]. Dit verzoek was eind december 2008 nog niet behandeld. Twee andere wrakingsverzoeken werden niet-ontvankelijk verklaard<ref>[http://surinaams.caribiana.nl/onderwerpenuitsuriname/car20081206_sanches-zitting Geen zitting Krijgsraad meer in 2008] Wereldomroep, 6-12-2008</ref>.

==De vijftien slachtoffers==

*[[John Baboeram]], advocaat
*[[Bram Behr]], journalist
*[[Cyrill Daal]], vakbondsleider
*[[Kenneth Gonçalves]], advocaat
*[[Eddy Hoost]], advocaat
*[[André Kamperveen]], journalist, oud-minister
*[[Gerard Leckie]], universitair docent
*[[Sugrim Oemrawsingh]], universitair docent
*[[Lesley Rahman]], journalist
*[[Surendre Rambocus]], militair
*[[Harold Riedewald]], advocaat
*[[Jiwansingh Sheombar]], militair
*[[Jozef Slagveer]], journalist
*[[Robby Sohansingh]], zakenman
*[[Frank Wijngaarde]], journalist (met Nederlandse nationaliteit)

==De verdachten==
Bij aanvang van het proces eind november 2007 was de lijst met verdachten teruggebracht tot de volgende 25 personen<ref>[http://www.nrc.nl/nieuwsthema/decembermoorden/article827458.ece/Wie_zijn_de_verdachten NRC Nieuwsthema]</ref>:
{{Kolommen2|Kolom1=
*[[Errol Alibux]]
*[[Dick de Bie]]
*[[Etienne Boerenveen]]
*[[Desi Bouterse]]
*[[Benny Brondenstein]]
*[[Winston Caldeira]]
*[[Wim Carbière]]
*[[Steven Dendoe]]
*[[Iwan Dijksteel]]
*[[Roy Esajas]]
*[[Ernst Gefferie]]
*[[Arthy Gorré]]
*[[John Hardjoprajitno]]
|Kolom2=
*[[Orlando Heidanus]]
*[[Kenneth Kempes]]
*[[Iwan Krolis]]
*[[Lucien Lewis]]
*[[Harvey Naarendorp]]
*[[John Nelom]]
*[[Edgar Ritfeld]]
*[[Ruben Rozendaal]]
*[[Badrissein Sital]]
*[[Jimmy Stolk]]
*[[Imro Themen]]
*[[Marcel Zeeuw]]
}}

== Herdenkingen ==
De Decembermoorden worden jaarlijks op verschillende plaatsen herdacht, onder andere bij het Surinaams consulaat te Amsterdam. In de zuidmuur van de [[Mozes en Aäronkerk (Amsterdam)|Mozes en Aäronkerk]] te Amsterdam zit een plaquette met de namen van de vijftien slachtoffers.

== Roman ==
[[Edgar Cairo]] schreef direct in de dagen volgend op de Decembermoorden de roman ''De smaak van Sranan Libre''. Er verscheen fragment van in [[Het Parool]], maar het boek zelf verscheen pas eind 2007 bij uitgeverij In de Knipscheer.

==Referenties==
{{references|85%}}

==Literatuur==
*Sariman, Jan: ''[[De Decembermoorden in Suriname: verslag van een ooggetuige]].'' Met een nawoord van Chin A Sen, Uitg. Het Wereldvenster, Bussum 1983. (ISBN 90-293-9435-8)
*Oltmans, Willem: ''Willem Oltmans in gesprek met Desi Bouterse'', Uitg. Jan Mets, Amsterdam 1984.(ISBN 90-70509-5-6)
*Boerboom, Harmen en Joost Oranje: ''De 8-december-moorden. Slagschaduw over Suriname'', Uitg. [[BZZTôH]], 's-Gravenhage 1992. (ISBN 90-6291-762-3)

==Externe links==
* [http://www.decembermoorden.com/ Website over de Decembermoorden]
* [http://www.waterkant.net/special/8december2.html Freddy Derby doet 18 jaar na dato verslag]
* [http://surinaams.caribiana.nl/dossiers/car_proces_dec_moorden/ Decembermoordendossier bij de Wereldomroep]

[[Categorie:Bloedbad]]
[[Categorie:1982]]
[[Categorie:Decembermoorden| ]]

[[af:Desember-moorde]]
[[en:December murders]]