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United-Airlines-Flug 173

2011-01-15T08:09:18Z

Format: /* Injuries */ tweak;re-org

{{Infobox Airliner accident
| name=United Airlines Flight 173
| date=December 28, 1978
| Type=[[Fuel exhaustion]]
| occurrence_type=Accident
| Site=[[Portland, Oregon]]
| coords={{coord|45.5225|-122.499722|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| Fatalities=10
| Injuries=24
| Aircraft Type=[[Douglas DC-8|McDonnell-Douglas DC-8-61]]
| Operator=[[United Airlines]]
|tail_number = [http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19781228-1 N8082U]
| Passengers=181
| Crew=8
| Survivors = 179
}}
'''United Airlines Flight 173''', registration N8082U,<ref name=asn>{{ASN accident|id=19781228-1|accessdate=2006-08-16}}</ref> was a [[Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8-61]] en route from [[Stapleton International Airport]] in [[Denver]] to [[Portland International Airport]] on December 28, 1978. When the landing gear was lowered, only two of the green landing gear indicator lights came on. The plane circled in the vicinity of Portland while the crew investigated the problem. After about one hour the plane ran out of fuel and crashed in a sparsely populated area near 158th and East Burnside Street, killing 10 and seriously injuring 24 of the 189 on board.

==Injuries==
Of the crew members two died, two sustained injuries classified by the [[National Transportation Safety Board]] (NTSB) as "serious", and four sustained injuries classified as "minor/none." Of the passengers, eight died, 21 had serious injuries, and 152 had minor or no injuries.<ref>"[http://libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/ntsb/aircraft-accident-reports/AAR79-07.pdf UNITED AIR LINES, INC. MCDONNELL-DOUGLAS DC-8-61, N8082U PORTLAND, OREGON : DECEMBER 28, 1978]." ''[[National Transportation Safety Board]]''. December 28, 1978. 9 (15/64). Retrieved on January 20, 2010.</ref>

==Crash investigation and report==

The NTSB investigation revealed that when the landing gear was lowered, a loud thump was heard. That unusual sound was accompanied by abnormal vibration and an abnormal yaw of the aircraft. The right main landing gear retract cylinder assembly had failed due to corrosion, and that allowed the right gear to free fall. Although it was down and locked, the rapid and abnormal free fall of the gear damaged a microswitch so severely that it failed to complete the circuit to the cockpit green light that tells the pilots that gear is down and locked. It was those unusual indicators (loud noise, vibration, yaw, and no green light) which led the captain to abort the landing, so that they would have time to diagnose the problem and prepare the passengers for an emergency landing. While the decision to abort the landing was correct, the accident occurred because the flight crew became so absorbed with diagnosing the problem that they failed to calculate a time when they needed to land to avoid [[fuel starvation]].

"The Safety Board believes that this accident exemplifies a recurring problem --a breakdown in cockpit management and teamwork during a situation involving malfunctions of aircraft systems in flight....Therefore, the Safety Board can only conclude that the flightcrew failed to relate the fuel remaining and the rate of fuel flow to the time and distance from the airport, because their attention was directed almost entirely toward diagnosing the landing gear problem."<ref name=ntsb>{{cite web|url=http://libraryonline.erau.edu/online-full-text/ntsb/aircraft-accident-reports/AAR79-07.pdf|title=NTSB Report (PDF)|publisher=NTSB (on archive.org)|accessdate=2009-06-19fix}}</ref>

The NTSB determined the following probable cause:<ref name=ntsb/><blockquote>"The failure of the captain to monitor properly the aircraft's fuel state and to properly respond to the low fuel state and the crewmember's advisories regarding fuel state. This resulted in [[fuel starvation|fuel exhaustion]] to all engines. His inattention resulted from preoccupation with a landing gear malfunction and preparations for a possible landing emergency."</blockquote>

The NTSB also determined the following contributing factor:<blockquote>"The failure of the other two flight crewmembers either to fully comprehend the criticality of the fuel state or to successfully communicate their concern to the captain."</blockquote>

==Aftermath==
As a result of this accident United Airlines instituted the industry's first [[Crew Resource Management|Crew Resource Management/Cockpit Resource Management]] (CRM) program for pilots, in 1980. The CRM program proved to be so successful that it is now used throughout the world.

Other aircraft accidents involving faulty landing gear indicator lights were [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 401]], which crashed while circling around the airport at Miami, on December 29, 1972, [[LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007]] and [[Scandinavian Airlines Flight 933|SAS Flight 993]], on January 13, 1969, which crashed into the ocean during an approach to LAX.

The Eastern crew became preoccupied with the nose gear indicator light problem and accidentally disconnected the autopilot, causing the aircraft to make a slow descent and crash into the Everglades. Further investigation revealed that the nose gear was down and locked. It was the same for the SAS flight, as the green light for the nose gear failed to illuminate, after the landing gear was lowered. The SAS cockpit crew became so occupied with attempting to diagnose the lack of a nose gear green light, that they allowed their rate of descent to increase, until that DC-8-62 crashed into the ocean, well short of the runway.

==See also==
* [[Air safety]]
* [[Lists of accidents and incidents on commercial airliners]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19781228-1 Aviation Safety Network for United 173]
*[http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1978/1978-76.htm Accident details] at [http://www.planecrashinfo.com/ planecrashinfo.com]
*[http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?regsearch=N8082U Photos of N8082U] at [http://www.airliners.net Airliners.net]
*[http://www.airdisaster.com/photos/ua173/photo.shtml Photos of Accident site] at [http://www.airdisaster.com AirDisaster.com]
* [http://www.airdisaster.com/investigations/ua173.shtml Airdisaster.com report]

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1978}}

[[Category:Accidents and incidents on commercial airliners in the United States]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents officially attributed to pilot error]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by fuel exhaustion]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1978]]
[[Category:In-flight airliner loss of all engines]]
[[Category:1978 in the United States]]
[[Category:United Airlines accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Disasters in Oregon]]
[[Category:History of Portland, Oregon]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-8]]

Drop Bear

2011-01-07T16:37:32Z

Format: uncover misleading pipe, since a snipe is real

{{about|the fictional animal||Dropbear (disambiguation)}}
A '''drop bear''' (or '''dropbear''') is a fictitious [[Australia]]n [[marsupial]].<ref>[http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/comments/dropbear.html Drop Bear entry] at [[Museum of Hoaxes]]</ref> Drop bears are commonly said to be unusually large, vicious, [[carnivorous]] [[koala]]s that inhabit treetops and attack their prey by dropping onto their heads from above.<ref>David Wood, "[http://www.countrynews.com.au/story.asp?TakeNo=200505025048382 Yarns spun around campfire]", in ''Country News'', byline May 2, 2005, accessed Apr. 4, 2008</ref> They are an example of local lore intended to frighten and confuse outsiders and amuse locals, similar to the [[jackalope]], [[hoop snake]], [[wild haggis]], or [[snipe hunt]].

It is often suggested that doing ridiculous things like having forks in the hair or [[Vegemite]] or toothpaste spread behind the ears will deter the creatures.<ref>''[[Canberra City News]]'', "Spreading the Myth", Aug. 6, 2003.</ref>

== In popular culture ==

*Drop bears appear in the novel ''[[The Last Continent]]'' by [[Terry Pratchett]]. In the novel, the wizard [[Rincewind]] travels through the Australia-like continent of [[Discworld geography#Fourecks|Fourecks]], and is attacked by most of the creatures while travelling through the desert. Rincewind is wearing the traditional pointed wizard's hat, which serves to protect Rincewind's head from the stunning blow of the bear, and stun the bear itself. When the first bear's attack is unsuccessful, a massive cadre of dropbears begins to fall from the trees out of sheer astonishment. When hearing about this later, the locals insist that drop bears do not really exist.
*''[[Escape Velocity Nova]]'', an Australian-designed 2002 computer game from Ambrosia Software, contains attacks from alleged drop bears in Auroran Empire space. These drop bears are actually young Auroran warriors in disguise. The game also features drop bear attacks and repellents. Purchase of the repellent, which cannot subsequently be discarded, dramatically increases the rate of drop bear attacks.
*A [[Bundaberg Rum]] ad features Australian male campers using stories about drop bears to lure attractive female backpackers into moving their tents close to them. The blonde backpackers are incredulous until the Bundy Rum bear (a large talking polar bear often featured in the company's advertising) drops out of a tree near the edge of the lake, destroying one of the girls' tents.
*In [[Warren Ellis]]'s comic ''[[Nextwave]]'', weaponized drop bears are deployed from an air-based military platform.<ref>[http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix4/dropbears.htm Drop bears] in the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe</ref>
*Australian cartoonist Ian Dalkin had a popular cartoon strip 'Derek the Drop-Bear' which ran in the ''Sydney Sun'', a defunct Sydney afternoon newspaper.{{Fact|date=June 2009}}
*Drop bears are one of the many enemies described in the [[D20 Modern]] source book [[Menace Manual]].
*The Australian Museum has an entry on Drop Bears on its website <ref>[http://australianmuseum.net.au/Drop-Bear Drop Bears] in the Australian Museum catalogue of Australian fauna</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Phantom kangaroo]]
* [[Fictional national animals]]
* [[Bunyip]]
* [[Yowie (cryptid)|Yowie]]
* [[Queensland Tiger]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Cryptozoology}}
[[Category:In-jokes]]
[[Category:Fictional life forms]]
[[Category:Australian folklore]]
[[Category:Australian legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Legendary mammals]]
[[Category:Australian culture]]
[[Category:Debunked cryptids]]
[[Category:Hoaxes in Australia]]

{{Australia-myth-stub}}

[[pl:Drop bear]]
[[tr:Drop bear]]

Bill Cosby – Die Superkanone

2010-12-10T22:22:44Z

Format: /* Reception */ remove 'although' <-- they are 2 separate things.

{{Infobox Film | name =Leonard Part 6
| image = Leonard part six ver2.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Paul Weiland]]
| producer = [[Bill Cosby]]
| writer = Bill Cosby (story) [[Jonathan Reynolds]] (screenplay)
| starring = Bill Cosby [[Tom Courtenay]] [[Joe Don Baker]] [[Moses Gunn]] [[Gloria Foster]]
| music = [[Elmer Bernstein]]
| cinematography = [[Jan de Bont]]
| editing = [[Gerry Hambling]]
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released = December 18, 1987 (USA)
| runtime = 85 min
| language = English
| country = [[United States]]
| budget = $24 million<ref>Dick, Bernard F. (1992) "Columbia Pictures: Portrait of a Studio" (p. 46). [[The University Press of Kentucky]]. ISBN: 0-8131-1769-0. Retrieved on November 28, 2010.</ref>
| gross = [[United States dollar|$]]4,615,255 (USA)
}}

'''''Leonard Part 6''''' is a [[1987 in film|1987]] [[comedy film]] that parodies spy movies. It was directed by [[Paul Weiland]] and starred [[Bill Cosby]], who also produced the film and wrote its story. The movie also starred [[Joe Don Baker]] and [[Gloria Foster]], the latter of whom played the villain. The movie was filmed in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], and was rated [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system|PG]] by the [[Motion Picture Association of America]]. It is considered by many to be one of the [[List of films considered the worst|worst films of all time]], earning several [[Golden Raspberry Awards]]; indeed, Cosby himself denounced and disowned it in the press in the weeks leading up to its release.

==Synopsis==
Bill Cosby plays Leonard Parker, a former [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] spy. According to the opening sequence of the movie, the title refers to the idea that this film is actually the sixth installment of a series of films featuring the adventures of Leonard, as parts one through five were locked up in the interests of world security.

The movie starts with Parker being re-recruited by his former employers in the CIA to save the world from an evil [[vegetarianism|vegetarian]] who brainwashes animals to kill people. The film ends with Leonard infiltrating the vegetarian base, fending off the vegetarians with magic meat he received from a [[Romani people|Gypsy]], freeing the captive animals and flooding the base using Alka-Seltzer. He escapes by riding an ostrich on the roof of the building, with the ostrich flying him down.

==Reception==
The movie received overwhelming negative criticism.<ref>{{cite news|title= Confessions of a Film Masochist Nothing Explains `Leonard Part 6'-That's Why It's Fun |work= The Los Angeles Times|date=|url= http://articles.latimes.com/1988-01-24/entertainment/ca-38089_1_leonard-part|accessdate=2010-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Film: Bill Cosby's 'Leonard Part 6' |work= The New York Times|date=|url= http://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/18/movies/film-bill-cosby-s-leonard-part-6.html|accessdate=2010-11-09}}</ref> When the film was released in 1987, Bill Cosby said he was so disappointed with it that he publicly advised people to not waste their money to see it.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093405/trivia Leonard Part 6 (1987) - Trivia]</ref> Cosby attributed most of the movie's problems to first-time director Weiland, whom he felt was too young and inexperienced. Cosby himself was producer and writer of the story.

===Box Office===

The movie was a box office flop.<ref>{{cite news|title= Laughing Their Way to Bank Hollywood Accounts Swell From `Baby' and `Momma'|publisher= [[The Los Angeles Times]]|date=|url= http://articles.latimes.com/1988-01-06/entertainment/ca-22861_1/3|accessdate=2010-12-08}}</ref>

===Accolades===
The movie won three [[8th Golden Raspberry Awards|Golden Raspberry Awards]], for Worst Actor (Cosby), Worst Picture (beating out ''[[Ishtar (film)|Ishtar]]'', another film considered among the worst ever made), and Worst Screenplay (Jonathan Reynolds and Cosby). It was nominated for two more Razzie Awards, for Worst Supporting Actress (Foster) and Worst Director (Weiland). A few weeks after the ceremony, Cosby accepted his three Razzies on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]'s ''[[The Late Show (1986 TV series)|The Late Show]].'' He requested that the three Razzies he earned be specifically made out of 24 carat (99.99%) gold and Italian marble. For the [[2005]] Razzies, the movie earned a nomination in the Worst "Comedy" of Our First 25 Years category.

===Home media===
''Leonard Part 6'' was released by [[Columbia Pictures]] (now owned by [[Sony]]) on DVD, on April 26, 2005.

==See also==
{{Portal|Film}}
*[[List of films considered the worst]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{imdb title|id=0093405|title=Leonard Part 6}}

{{Paul Weiland}}
{{Razzie Award for Worst Picture}}
{{Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:Spy comedy films]]
[[Category:Parody films]]
[[Category:Directorial debut films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:American spy films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Worst Picture Golden Raspberry Award winners]]
[[Category:Worst Screenplay Golden Raspberry Award winners]]

[[it:Leonard salverà il mondo]]
[[no:Leonard Part 6]]

Arthur Bremer

2010-12-04T07:45:26Z

Format: /* Plans to assassinate Wallace */ remove 'however'

{{Refimprove|date=December 2008}}
{{Infobox criminal
|subject_name=Arthur Bremer
|image_name=
|image_size=
|image_caption=
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1950|8|21}}
|birth_place=[[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]]
|death_date=
|death_place=
|charge=[[Attempted murder]]
|conviction_penalty=53 years' imprisonment
|conviction_status=[[Paroled]]
|occupation=[[Janitor]]
|spouse=
|parents=William Bremer Sylvia Bremer
|children=
}}

'''Arthur Herman Bremer''' (born August 21, 1950) is an [[United States|American]] convicted for an assassination attempt on [[United States|U.S.]] [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] presidential candidate [[George Wallace]] on May 15, 1972 in [[Laurel, Maryland|Laurel]], [[Maryland]], leaving him paralyzed from the waist down, for the rest of his life. Bremer was found guilty and sentenced to 63 years (53 years after an appeal) in a Maryland prison for the shooting of Wallace and three bystanders.

After 35 years of incarceration, Bremer was released from prison on November 9, 2007.

==Early life==
Bremer was born in [[Milwaukee|Milwaukee, Wisconsin]], the third of four sons to William Bremer (1913–2002), who was a bread truck driver, and Sylvia Bremer (1915 – February 2007), a homemaker. His two elder siblings were illegitimate and their fathers were two different men. Bremer was raised by his [[working-class]] parents in the Milwaukee Southside, and lived in a dysfunctional household. He was alleged to have had a stormy relationship with both parents, though he was closer to his father. Bremer stated "I would escape my ugly reality by pretending that I was living with a television family and there was no yelling at home or no one to hit me."<ref>{{cite news | title=Arthur Bremer's Notes from the Underground | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,903517,00.html | work=time.com | publisher=Time | date=May 29, 1972 | accessdate=2009-06-07}}</ref>

At school, Bremer did well in English and history and displayed a talent for writing, although his grades were generally low. He scored 106 on an [[IQ test]] in high school, and 114 on a test he took after his failed assassination attempt.<ref name=Clarke>Clarke, James K. "American Assassins: The Darker Side of Politics". 1982.</ref>

School was an ordeal for Bremer because he did not make friends and was either [[bullying|bullied]] or simply ignored by other students. Bremer had written in his diary that "No English or history test was ever as hard, no math final exam ever as difficult as waiting in a school lunch line alone, waiting to eat alone ... while hundreds huddled & gossiped and roared, & laughed and stared at me ..." and "No one ever noticed me nor took interest in me as an individual with the need to receive or give love. In junior high school, I was an object of pure ridicule for my dress, withdrawal, and asocial manner. Dozens of times, I saw individuals laugh and smile more in ten to fifteen minutes than I did in all my life up to then."<ref>An Assassin's Diary published 1973, entry March 14, 1972</ref>

His [[first grade]] teacher wrote that it was a pleasure to have Bremer in class, but when he was in the [[third grade]] another teacher wrote that "Arthur has adjusted well in class but hasn't made an effort as of yet to play with the other children at recess."<ref>New York Times, May 21, 1972</ref> He was remembered for awkward laughter and not being able to engage in small talk with others. Bremer attended [[South Division High School]], where he briefly starred on the school's football team.

During [[adolescence]], Bremer was not rebellious and did not attract concern despite his emotional problems, which were overlooked because they did not involve transgressions on which authorities usually focus. Despite his problems, he graduated from high school on January 28, 1969.<ref>New York Times, May 17, 1972</ref>

==After school==

After graduating from high school, from September 1970 Bremer briefly attended [[Milwaukee Area Technical College]] where he studied aerial photography, art, writing and psychology. He dropped out after just one semester in college, where he was recalled as a "strange, aloof and argumentative"<ref>''Milwaukee Sentinel'', May 12, 1973</ref> student who "rarely talked to anybody."<ref>Eugene Register Guard - May 16, 1972</ref>

Bremer got a job as a busboy at the Milwaukee Athletic Club in 1969. Although his employer said he was a "very hard and dependable worker who kept himself to himself", in 1971, Bremer was demoted to kitchen work after customers complained that he talked to himself, and that "he whistled and marched in tune with music played in the dining room".<ref name="PPG">''Pittsburgh Post Gazette'', May 17, 1972</ref> Angered by his demotion, he complained to the program planner for the Milwaukee Commission on Community Relations. The complaint was investigated and dismissed. The planner wrote on November 8, "Mr Bremer is a young man who is rather withdrawn. Appears to bottle up anger but will sometimes let it go. I assess him bordering on paranoid whilst at the same time, conscientious in doing his job at the Athletic club."<ref name="PPG"/> After this, Bremer quit his job at the Athletic club.

Bremer got a part-time job working as a janitor at Story Elementary School from [[1 September]] 1970. He lasted almost 18 months, until he quit in February 1972.

On [[May 22]], 1971, his one known friend, Thomas Neuman, committed suicide after playing Russian Roulette.<ref>Palm Beach Post - May 21, 1972</ref>

On October 16, 1971, Bremer moved out of his parents' house after he fell out with them and moved into a three-room apartment at 2433 West Michigan Street, near [[Marquette University]], where he lived until a week before the assassination attempt. Those who lived in the same block said that Bremer was usually alone, with rarely any visitors.

On November 18, 1971, Bremer landed his first arrest for carrying a concealed weapon and for parking in a no-parking zone. A court-appointed psychiatrist declared Bremer mentally ill but [[sanity|sane]]. Bremer underwent [[psychotherapy]], and was released on a $38.50 fine on December 8, after pleading guilty to disorderly conduct.<ref name="PPG"/> Despite this, on January 13, 1972, Bremer went into the Casanova Gun Shop at 1601 West Greenfield Avenue in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and for $90 bought a snub-nosed .38-calibre revolver.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article4882338.ece | location=London | work=The Times | title=Loner gunman shoots Democrat maverick | date=October 5, 2008}}</ref>

==Brief relationship==

A week after his arrest, at the end of November 1971, Bremer began a brief relationship with 16-year-old Joan Pemrich, a [[freshman]] at South Division High School. Bremer, who had never had a girlfriend before, asked Pemrich out and she accepted. Their first date went well. They went to a museum, walked around [[Lake Michigan]] beach area and then went to a restaurant.<ref name=Clarke/> However, after this promising start, the relationship went downhill. Bremer displayed pornographic pictures to Pemrich and made graphic sex talk. He said he could help Pemrich with her hang-ups as he claimed to know a lot about psychology.<ref name=Clarke/> When Bremer was introduced to Pemrich's cousin, he made remarks about the girl's "big ass and boobs".<ref name=Clarke/>

Bremer's inappropriate behavior also showed itself at a [[Blood, Sweat and Tears]] concert. He kissed a woman not in his group while waiting to get into the concert. The woman promptly reported his action to a police officer who let Bremer off with a warning. During the concert, Bremer attempted to impress Pemrich and her friends by dramatically dancing in his seat. He then applauded the group when no one else was doing so, and swayed back and forth during the concert. After the concert, Bremer excitedly whispered to Pemrich that he was so sexually aroused he could hardly walk.<ref name=Clarke/>

Pemrich ended the relationship during the first days of 1972, because Bremer acted "goofy" and "weird". Bremer could not overcome this rejection, which resulted in his constantly calling her, stalking her, and on January 14, 1972, shaving his head, saying to her that "you make me feel as empty as my head". Joan's mother then threatened to call the police if Bremer continued to pester her.

After Bremer's arrest, Joan Pemrich expressed surprise at Bremer's actions, because she said he was not violent and never mentioned or talked about Wallace or politics during their time together.<ref>Life magazine - 26 May 1972></ref>

==Richard Nixon==

On [[March 1]], 1972, Bremer began [[An Assassin's Diary|his diary]] with the words, "It is my personal plan to assassinate by pistol either Richard Nixon or George Wallace. I intend to shoot one or the other while he attends a campaign rally for the Wisconsin Primary". Bremer's purpose was "to do SOMETHING BOLD AND DRAMATIC, FORCEFUL & DYNAMIC, A STATEMENT of my manhood for the world to see".<ref name=diary>''An Assassin's Diary'', published in 1973</ref> The following evening, Bremer attended an organizational meeting for Wallace at the Pfister Hotel in Milwaukee.

Although Bremer's main aim was to [[assassinate]] then-[[President of the United States|President]] Richard Nixon, on [[March 23]], Bremer attended a Wallace dinner and rally at [[Milwaukee]]'s Red Carpet Airport Inn. During the next two months, Bremer would trail Wallace, across the USA, travelling by car, plane, ferry and bus.

On April 4, Bremer attended a Wallace victory rally at the ballroom of the Holiday Inn, Milwaukee. Two days later, he flew to [[New York]] to visit a massage parlor in the hope of losing his [[virginity]] and stayed at the [[Waldorf-Astoria Hotel]]. On April 8, while preparing for a trip to [[Ottawa]], he put one of his guns, a [[Browning]] 9mm, under a mat in the trunk of his car, but it went down so deeply into the right wheel well that he could not get it back out again. It was removed a week after Bremer's arrest when the car was dismantled.

On April 11, Bremer travelled to [[Ottawa]] and stayed at the Lord Elgin Hotel. Two days later, Bremer, dressed in a business suit, wearing sunglasses and with a revolver in his pocket, hoped to assassinate Nixon but security was tight because of the presence of anti-[[Vietnam War]] protesters and Québécois nationalists. Ottawa police officers guarded the motorcade's path, making it impossible for anyone to get close to Nixon. Bremer was also unsure whether any bullets would go through the glass of Nixon's limousine. As a result, he did not open fire and the motorcade sped past unharmed. Bremer left Canada, staying at the [[Sheraton Hotels and Resorts|Sheraton]] Motor Inn in [[New Carrollton, Maryland]] for three days. After this he returned to Milwaukee, where he spent the following two weeks. On April 24, he wrote in his diary, "I'm as important as the start of WWI. I just need the little opening and a second of time".<ref name=diary/>

==Plans to assassinate Wallace==

Having realized it would be nearly impossible to assassinate Nixon, and having taken a ten day break from traveling and writing, on May 4, he decided that Wallace would have the "honor" of being his victim, even though his diary entries never showed the same enthusiasm as they did with regard to assassinating Nixon. The following day, he checked out two books from the public library in Milwaukee, both detailing the assassination of Senator [[Robert F. Kennedy]] by [[Sirhan Sirhan]]: [[Robert Blair Kaiser]]'s ''RFK Must Die'' and Aziz Shihab's ''Sirhan''.

On May 7, Bremer wrote, "They never heard of Wallace in Russia or anyplace. Editors will say: "Wallace dead? Who cares." If something big in Nam flares up, it'll end up at the bottom of the first page. He won't get more than three minutes on the network T.V. news."<ref name=diary/>

Despite his lack of enthusiasm for assassinating Wallace, on May 8, 1972, Bremer left his Milwaukee apartment for the final time. He spent the following week mainly in Michigan. That evening, he was spotted at a Wallace rally in [[Lansing]], Michigan. Two nights later, he attended a Wallace rally in [[Cadillac, Michigan|Cadillac]], [[Michigan]].

Bremer was photographed at a Wallace rally on the evening of May 13, in [[Kalamazoo, Michigan|Kalamazoo]]. He had a clear opportunity to shoot his target, but according to his diary, he didn't because he might have shattered some glass and blinded some "stupid 15-year-olds" who stood nearby. He made his final diary entry on May 14, 1972, when he travelled to Maryland with the words "My cry upon firing will be 'A penny for your thoughts'. Copyright 1972. All rights reserved. Arthur H. Bremer".

==The shooting==
Bremer turned up in [[Wheaton, Maryland]], for a noon appearance which Wallace made at a shopping-center rally on May 15, 1972. He was dressed in dark glasses; patriotic red, white, and blue; and was wearing his new [[campaign button]] which said "WALLACE in '72". He strongly applauded Wallace, in contrast with many others present, who heckled and taunted the speaker. Two tomatoes were thrown at Wallace during the rally, but missed. Based on this reception, Wallace refused to shake hands with anyone present, denying Bremer the opportunity to carry out his plan.

At a second rally, which took place at [[Laurel Shopping Center]], 16 miles away in [[Laurel, Maryland]], there was minor heckling early on but it did not last. About 1,000 people were present; they were mostly quiet and it was generally a calm and friendly crowd. After he had finished speaking, Wallace shook hands with some of those present, against the advice of his Secret Service guards. At approximately 4:00 p.m., Bremer pushed his way forward, stuck his .38 revolver in Wallace's abdomen and opened fire, emptying the weapon before he could be subdued.<ref>http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_Wallaces_Shooter_to_Be_Released_Friday_10449.html</ref> He hit Wallace four times. Wallace lost a pint of blood and was in a mild state of shock. One bullet lodged in his spinal cord; the other bullets hit Wallace in the [[abdomen]] and [[chest]]. Three other people present were wounded unintentionally: [[Alabama]] [[State police|State Trooper]] Captain E C Dothard (Wallace's personal bodyguard), Dora Thompson (a campaign volunteer) and Nick Zarvos (a [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent). Zarvos was shot in the neck, and his [[Manner of articulation|speech]] was severely damaged following the shooting.

Bremer had a carefully chosen catchphrase of "A Penny For Your Thoughts!", which he had decided to yell as he shot Wallace. In the heat of the assassination attempt, however, he forgot to do so.<ref>''The crocodile man: a case of brain chemistry and criminal violence'' André Mayer & Michael Wheeler. p. 7</ref>

==Arrest==

After emptying his revolver, Bremer was wrestled to the ground by people at the rally and was punched and kicked by several people present, and was slightly injured before the police seized him.

After Bremer's arrest, his apartment was searched. Found were Wallace campaign buttons, a [[Confederate flag]], boxes of shells, old high school themed [[pornographic]] magazines, newspapers, [[Black Panther Party|Black Panther]] literature, a booklet entitled ''101 Things To Do in Jail'' and various newspaper clippings, including one on the difficulty of providing security for campaigning politicians. In Bremer's diary were comments such as "My country tis of thee land of sweet bigotry", "Never say colored, say Negro, so here is a negro card", "My blood is black", "Cheer up Oswald", "White collar, conservative, middle class, Republican, suburbanite robot", "A Thundering of hooves and out of the western sky came the colored man" and "If I live tomorrow then it will be a long time".

Police described Bremer's car as a "hotel on wheels". In it they found blankets, pillows, a blue steel, 9mm, 14-shot Browning Automatic Pistol, binoculars, a woman's umbrella, a tape recorder, a portable radio with police band, an electric shaver, photographic equipment, a 1972 copy of a ''Writer's Yearbook''.

==Trial And Conviction==

His subsequent [[Jury trial|trial]] in [[Upper Marlboro, Maryland|Upper Marlboro]], Maryland, was condensed to a five-day morning to twilight event to accommodate presiding Judge Ralph W. Powers' upcoming vacation plans, and held only two and a half months after Bremer shot Wallace. It began on [[July 31]], 1972. The defense argued that Bremer was a [[Schizophrenic]] and legally insane at the time of the shooting, and that he had "no emotional capacity to understand anything", but the jury rejected this argument after the prosecution countered that he was perfectly sane. Arthur Marshall, for the prosecution, told the court that Bremer, whilst disturbed and in need of psychiatric treatment, as well as being full of hate and feelings of intense humiliation, was sane, knew what he was doing, had been seeking glory and was still sorry that Wallace had not died. Marshall said that Bremer "knew he would be arrested.... He knew he would be on trial."

On August 4, 1972, the jury of six men and six women took just over an hour and a half to reach their verdict. Bremer was sentenced to 63 years in prison for shooting Wallace and three other people. After being convicted, when asked if he had anything to say, Bremer replied, "Well, Mr. Marshall mentioned that he would like society to be protected from someone like me. Looking back on my life I would have liked it if society had protected me from myself. That's all I have to say at this time". The sentence was reduced to 53 years on September 28 after an appeal.

==Aftermath==

One hundred and thirteen pages of Bremer's diary were published in 1973 as ''[[An Assassin's Diary]]'', from April 4, 1972, to the day before he shot Wallace and his subsequent arrest. In it, he states that he was not particularly opposed to Wallace's political agenda, which was notable for its pro-[[Racial segregation|segregationist]] stance, but that his primary motive was to become infamous and to gain notoriety.

The first half of Bremer's diary (pages 1–148) was found on August 26, 1980, where he had concealed it, heavily wrapped, at the foot of Milwaukee's 27th Street [[viaduct]]. It was dated from March 1 to April 3, 1972. In it, Bremer discussed his hatred for Nixon (Wallace was clearly a secondary target); fantasized about killing unnamed individuals who angered him, or opening fire at random at the corner of 3rd Street and Wisconsin Avenue downtown; and also confessed his admiration for [[Vel Phillips]], a pioneering black officeholder of Milwaukee (who was elected and serving as [[Secretary of State of Wisconsin]] when the diary was found).

Bremer served as the inspiration for the [[Travis Bickle]] character played by [[Robert DeNiro]], in ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' ([[1976 in film|1976]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wallace/sfeature/assasin.html|title=Portrait of an Assassin: Arthur Bremer|publisher=[[PBS]]|accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref> That film was subsequently called a motivating factor in [[John Hinckley, Jr.]]'s decision [[Reagan assassination attempt|to shoot]] President [[Ronald Reagan]].

Bremer's assassination attempt did not end Wallace's political career, let alone his life. Afterwards, Wallace was twice easily elected governor of Alabama, in 1974 and 1982. Neither did Bremer die in a hail of bullets as he hoped. While Bremer's actions in May 1972, and trial and conviction three months later, attracted media attention, he did not become as infamous as Lee Harvey Oswald or John Wilkes Booth, who were both successful assassins. Also, Booth's motives were political. Bremer's were not, and he faded into comparative obscurity.

However, the result of the assassination attempt, combined with changing circumstances, both Wallace's, and on the political stage, ended Wallace's national political career. It also played a large part in destroying Wallace's second marriage to Cornelia. They separated in June 1977 and divorced in January 1978.

Despite the existence of many conspiracy theories, no one other than Bremer has ever been charged in connection with the shooting. One reason for talk of a conspiracy stemmed from the fact that Bremer's 1971 income tax return stated that he had earned only $1,611, bringing up the question of how Bremer paid for his travels while stalking Nixon and later Wallace. Another theory was based on the owner of Bremer's apartment building allowing reporters into the alleged assassin's apartment the night of the shooting. Some journalists were later seen leaving with items from Bremer's apartment. According to "The Politics of Rage", a biography of Wallace by Dan T. Carter, Bremer had saved $1,500 dollars when he lived at home with his parents. By the time he shot Wallace, all he had left was $1.73. It appears this was how he financed his travels between March and May 1972.

Wallace forgave Bremer in August 1995 and wrote to him expressing the hope that the two could get to know each other better.<ref>[http://www.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/050406/wallace.shtml "Pope-Wallace meeting remembered"], ''[[The Decatur Daily]]'', [[Decatur, Alabama]]. April 6, 2005. ''URL retrieved on December 23, 2006''.</ref> Part of Wallace's letter said "Dear Arthur, your shooting me in 1972 caused me a lot of discomfort and pain. I am a born-again Christian. I love you. I have asked our Heavenly Father to touch your heart, and I hope that you will ask him for forgiveness of your sin so you can go to heaven like I am going to heaven. I hope that we can get to know each other better. We have heard of each other a long time" and "Please let [[Jesus Christ]] be your savior". Bremer did not reply. The former Alabama governor died on September 13, 1998.

==Sentence And Release==

Bremer served his sentence at the [[Maryland Correctional Institution - Hagerstown|Maryland Correctional Institution]] (MCI-H) in [[Hagerstown, Maryland]]. Bremer was placed in solitary confinement for 30 days after a fight in late October 1972. He was reprimanded after another fight in December 1972, and then placed in solitary again for 30 days after a third fight in February 1973. He had received a death threat in January 1973 from inside the prison for his actions, and there was an incident in February 1980 when he destroyed some property and was twice disciplined for this<ref>Times Daily - September 21, 1998</ref>. Apart from these incidents, Bremer neither caused, nor got into, any trouble during his incarceration.

According to 1997 parole records, psychological testing indicated releasing him would be risky. He argued in his June 1996 hearing that "Shooting segregationist dinosaurs wasn't as bad as harming mainstream politicians".<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/09/16/wallace.01/ "Mourners praise George Wallace at vigil"], Cable News Network, Inc. ([[CNN]]). September 16, 1998. ''URL retrieved on December 23, 2006''.</ref> Bremer was released from prison on Friday, November 9, 2007, at the age of 57, having served 35 years of his original sentence. His almost spotless prison record, apart from the February 1980 incident and three fights during the first six months of his sentence, qualified him for mandatory early release under Maryland law.<ref>{{cite news |first=Greg |last=Garland |title=Wallace assailant released from Md. prison |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/local/bal-bremer1109,0,52754.story |publisher=Baltimore Sun |date=2007-11-09 |accessdate=2007-11-09 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> His probation ends in 2025.

Conditions of his release include [[electronic monitoring]] and staying away from elected officials and candidates. He must undergo a [[mental health]] evaluation and receive treatment if the state deems it necessary, and may not leave the state without written permission from the state agency that will supervise him until the end of his probation.<ref>Smith, Maria. [http://www.times-news.com/local/local_story_319001802.html "Ministry Takes In Shooter"] ''Cumberland Times-News'', November 15, 2007</ref>

==References in popular culture==
* The most famous pop culture reference to Bremer is [[Martin Scorsese]]'s [[1976 in film|1976 film]] ''[[Taxi Driver]]''. The story is loosely based on Bremer's adult life, using much [[artistic license]].
* [[Peter Gabriel]] wrote a song, "[[Family Snapshot]]", based on ''[[An Assassin's Diary]]''.
* Bremer is briefly mentioned in [[Stephen Sondheim]]'s musical ''[[Assassins (musical)|Assassins]]'' as a placed member of the audience. When the John Wilkes Booth character addresses the audience in the scene titled [[November 22, 1963]] he asks, "Is Artie Bremer here tonight? Where is Artie Bremer?" The audience-placed Artie Bremer comically hollers out "It was a bum rap, my penis made me do it."
* Bremer was mentioned in one of [[Forrest Gump (character)|Forrest Gump]]'s flashbacks in the movie ''[[Forrest Gump (film)|Forrest Gump]]''.
* Bremer is referred to in a quote by Dan Aykroyd's character Vic in the 1981 film Neighbors: “But then, as Arthur Bremer once said: How many things go right in this crazy world?"

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/sept98/wallace051672.htm "Wallace Is Shot, Legs Paralyzed; Suspect Seized at Laurel Rally"], William Greider, ''[[Washington Post]]'', May 16, 1972
* [http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/analysis/back.time/9605/29/index.shtml "George Wallace's Appointment in Laurel"], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', May 29, 1972
* "Bremer case still a riddle because of Judge's haste" ([http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/49370674.html?dids=49370674:49370674&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jan+28%2C+1996&author=MICHAEL+OLESKER&pub=The+Sun&desc=Bremer+case+still+a+riddle+because+of+judge%27s+haste abstract]), Michael Olesker, ''[[Baltimore Sun]]'', January 28, 1996
* [http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=427037 "Failed Assassin Queues for Buffet"], ''[[National Post]]'', April 7, 2008


{{Persondata
|NAME= Bremer, Arthur
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Bremer, Arthur Herman
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Failed assassin
|DATE OF BIRTH= August 21, 1950
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bremer, Arthur}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people convicted of attempted murder]]
[[Category:Failed assassins]]
[[Category:People from Milwaukee, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:People paroled from life sentence]]
[[Category:People with schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Maryland]]

[[ar:آرثر هيرمان بريمر]]
[[fr:Arthur Herman Bremer]]
[[pl:Arthur Bremer]]
[[fi:Arthur Bremer]]

Drop Bear

2010-11-09T18:44:56Z

Format: remove redundant addition of more examples

{{about|the fictional animal||Dropbear (disambiguation)}}
A '''drop bear''' (or '''dropbear''') is a fictitious [[Australia]]n [[marsupial]].<ref>[http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/comments/dropbear.html Drop Bear entry] at [[Museum of Hoaxes]]</ref> Drop bears are commonly said to be unusually large, vicious, [[carnivorous]] [[koala]]s that inhabit treetops and attack their prey by dropping onto their heads from above.<ref>David Wood, "[http://www.countrynews.com.au/story.asp?TakeNo=200505025048382 Yarns spun around campfire]", in ''Country News'', byline May 2, 2005, accessed Apr. 4, 2008</ref> They are an example of local lore intended to frighten and confuse outsiders and amuse locals, similar to the [[jackalope]], [[hoop snake]], [[wild haggis]], or [[snipe hunt|snipe]].

It is often suggested that doing ridiculous things like having forks in the hair or [[Vegemite]] or toothpaste spread behind the ears will deter the creatures <ref>''[[Canberra City News]]'', "Spreading the Myth", Aug. 6, 2003.</ref>.

== In popular culture ==

*Drop bears appear in the novel ''[[The Last Continent]]'' by [[Terry Pratchett]]. In the novel, the wizard [[Rincewind]] travels through the Australia-like continent of [[Discworld geography#Fourecks|Fourecks]], and is attacked by most of the creatures while travelling through the desert. Rincewind is wearing the traditional pointed wizard's hat, which serves to protect Rincewind's head from the stunning blow of the bear, and stun the bear itself. When the first bear's attack is unsuccessful, a massive cadre of dropbears begins to fall from the trees out of sheer astonishment. When hearing about this later, the locals insist that drop bears do not really exist.
*''[[Escape Velocity Nova]]'', an Australian-designed 2002 computer game from Ambrosia Software, contains attacks from alleged drop bears in Auroran Empire space. These drop bears are actually young Auroran warriors in disguise. The game also features drop bear attacks and repellents. Purchase of the repellent, which cannot subsequently be discarded, dramatically increases the rate of drop bear attacks.
*A [[Bundaberg Rum]] ad features Australian male campers using stories about drop bears to lure attractive female backpackers into moving their tents close to them. The blonde backpackers are incredulous until the Bundy Rum bear (a large talking polar bear often featured in the company's advertising) drops out of a tree near the edge of the lake, destroying one of the girls' tents.
*In [[Warren Ellis]]'s comic ''[[Nextwave]]'', weaponized drop bears are deployed from an air-based military platform.<ref>[http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix4/dropbears.htm Drop bears] in the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe</ref>
*Australian cartoonist Ian Dalkin had a popular cartoon strip 'Derek the Drop-Bear' which ran in the ''Sydney Sun'', a defunct Sydney afternoon newspaper.{{Fact|date=June 2009}}
*Drop bears are one of the many enemies described in the [[D20 Modern]] source book [[Menace Manual]].

== See also ==
* [[Phantom kangaroo]]
* [[Fictional national animals]]
* [[Bunyip]]
* [[Yowie (cryptid)|Yowie]]
* [[Queensland Tiger]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Cryptozoology}}
[[Category:In-jokes]]
[[Category:Fictional life forms]]
[[Category:Australian folklore]]
[[Category:Australian legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Legendary mammals]]
[[Category:Australian culture]]
[[Category:Debunked cryptids]]
[[Category:Hoaxes in Australia]]

{{Australia-myth-stub}}

[[pl:Drop bear]]
[[tr:Drop bear]]

Straßenbahn Footscray

2010-08-07T22:03:20Z

Format: tighten2

{{MelbourneTramInfobox
| NAME=Moonee Ponds - Footscray
| IMAGE=
| NUMBER=82
| STOPS=64
| TIMETABLES=[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/route/view/1002 Link]
| MAP=[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/maps-stations-stops/metropolitan-trams/tram/1002 Link]
| 1=
}}
[[Tram]] route '''82''' is a public transport service in [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]. It runs from the corner of Leeds and Irving Streets near [[Footscray railway station, Melbourne|Footscray railway station]] in [[Footscray, Victoria|Footscray]] to the corner of Ascot Vale Road and Puckle Street (Moonee Ponds Junction) in [[Moonee Ponds, Victoria|Moonee Ponds]]. It is one of Melbourne's very few tram routes which does not travel through the [[Melbourne CBD]]. It is one of the last surviving routes from the Footscray tram network.

Due to being a suburban line with relatively low patronage services run infrequently. Most services terminate earlier at night than the rest of the tram network and weekend services run as infrequently as every 30 minutes.

Like most [[List of Melbourne tram routes|Melbourne tram routes]], route 82 operates entirely in [[Metcard]] ticketing '''Zone 1'''.

The route passes [[Highpoint Shopping Centre]] in [[Maribyrnong, Victoria|Maribyrnong]]. A short section (less than 50 metres) of the route is a [[light rail]] reserve track parallel to Wests Road, Maribyrnong.

The route overlaps route [[Melbourne tram route 57|57]] between the intersection of Maribyrnong Road and Union Road, [[Ascot Vale, Victoria|Ascot Vale]], and Raleigh Road and Wests Road, [[Maribyrnong, Victoria|Maribyrnong]].

==Maps and timetables==
*[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/route/view/1002 Official timetables]
*[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/maps-stations-stops/metropolitan-trams/tram/1002 Official route map]
*[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/maps_stations_stops/metropolitan_trams Official tram network map]
*[http://www.railmaps.com.au/melbourn.htm Melbourne tram and train network map from railmaps.com.au]

{{MelbourneTramRoutes}}

[[Category:Tram routes in Melbourne|082]]

Straßenbahn Footscray

2010-08-07T22:01:12Z

Format: tidy tighten

{{MelbourneTramInfobox
| NAME=Moonee Ponds - Footscray
| IMAGE=
| NUMBER=82
| STOPS=64
| TIMETABLES=[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/route/view/1002 Link]
| MAP=[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/maps-stations-stops/metropolitan-trams/tram/1002 Link]
| 1=
}}
[[Tram]] route '''82''' is a public transport service in [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]. It runs from the corner of Leeds Street and Irving Street in [[Footscray, Victoria|Footscray]] to the corner of Ascot Vale Road and Puckle Street (Moonee Ponds Junction) in [[Moonee Ponds, Victoria|Moonee Ponds]]. It is one of Melbourne's very few tram routes which does not travel through the [[Melbourne CBD]].

Due to being a suburban line with relatively low patronage services run infrequently. Most services terminate earlier at night than the rest of the tram network and weekend services run as infrequently as every 30 minutes.

Like most [[List of Melbourne tram routes|Melbourne tram routes]], route 82 operates entirely in [[Metcard]] ticketing '''Zone 1'''.

The route links [[Footscray railway station, Melbourne|Footscray railway station]] and [[Highpoint Shopping Centre]] in [[Maribyrnong, Victoria|Maribyrnong]]. A short section (less than 50 metres) of the route is a [[light rail]] reserve track parallel to Wests Road, Maribyrnong.

The route overlap route [[Melbourne tram route 57|57]] between the intersection of Maribyrnong Road and Union Road, [[Ascot Vale, Victoria|Ascot Vale]], and Raleigh Road and Wests Road, [[Maribyrnong, Victoria|Maribyrnong]].

It is one of the last surviving routes from the Footscray tram network.

==Maps and timetables==
*[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/route/view/1002 Official timetables]
*[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/maps-stations-stops/metropolitan-trams/tram/1002 Official route map]
*[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/maps_stations_stops/metropolitan_trams Official tram network map]
*[http://www.railmaps.com.au/melbourn.htm Melbourne tram and train network map from railmaps.com.au]

{{MelbourneTramRoutes}}

[[Category:Tram routes in Melbourne|082]]

Straßenbahn Footscray

2010-08-07T21:55:41Z

Format: better word

{{MelbourneTramInfobox
| NAME=Moonee Ponds - Footscray
| IMAGE=
| NUMBER=82
| STOPS=64
| TIMETABLES=[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/route/view/1002 Link]
| MAP=[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/maps-stations-stops/metropolitan-trams/tram/1002 Link]
| 1=
}}
[[Tram]] route '''82''' is a public transport service in [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]. It runs from the corner of Leeds Street and Irving Street in [[Footscray, Victoria|Footscray]] to the corner of Ascot Vale Road and Puckle Street (Moonee Ponds Junction) in [[Moonee Ponds, Victoria|Moonee Ponds]]. It is one of Melbourne's very few tram routes which does not travel through the [[Melbourne CBD]].

Due to being a suburban line, services run infrequently with most services terminating earlier at night than the rest of the tram network, and weekend services running as infrequently as every 30 minutes. Part of this is because the line has a low patronage level despite links with the [[Footscray railway station, Melbourne|Footscray station]], and [[Highpoint Shopping Centre]].

Like most [[List of Melbourne tram routes|Melbourne tram routes]], route 82 operates entirely in [[Metcard]] ticketing '''Zone 1'''.

The route runs along Leeds Street, Hopkins Street, Droop Street and Ballarat Road in [[Footscray, Victoria|Footscray]], Gordon Street, River Street, Rosamond Road and Williamson Road in [[Maribyrnong, Victoria|Maribyrnong]]. It then runs along a very short (less than 500 metres) section of [[light rail]] reserve track parallel to Wests Road, then runs along Raleigh Road in Maribyrnong, [[Maribyrnong Road]] in [[Ascot Vale, Victoria|Ascot Vale]], and Ascot Vale Road in [[Moonee Ponds, Victoria|Moonee Ponds]] where it terminates at the corner of Puckle Street.

It overlaps with tram route [[Melbourne tram route 57|57]] between the intersection of Maribyrnong Road and Union Road, [[Ascot Vale, Victoria|Ascot Vale]], and Raleigh Road and Wests Road, [[Maribyrnong, Victoria|Maribyrnong]].

This route is one of the two suburban tram routes that do not head into the city, and is also one of the last surviving routes from the Footscray tram network.

==Maps and timetables==
*[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/route/view/1002 Official timetables]
*[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/maps-stations-stops/metropolitan-trams/tram/1002 Official route map]
*[http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/maps_stations_stops/metropolitan_trams Official tram network map]
*[http://www.railmaps.com.au/melbourn.htm Melbourne tram and train network map from railmaps.com.au]

{{MelbourneTramRoutes}}

[[Category:Tram routes in Melbourne|082]]

Chiko Roll

2010-02-20T23:32:09Z

Format: /* Chiko Roll Chick */ moderate wording

[[Image:Chiko roll in bag handheld.jpg|thumb|Chiko roll in bag]]
[[Image:Golden Chiko roll.jpg|thumb|Golden Chiko roll on display at the [[Museum of the Riverina]]]]
The '''Chiko Roll''' is an Australian savoury snack, inspired by the [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] [[egg roll]] and [[spring roll]]s. It was designed to be easily eaten on the move without a plate or cutlery. The Chiko roll consists of boned [[mutton]], [[celery]], [[cabbage]], [[barley]], [[rice]], [[carrot]] and [[spices]] in a tube of [[egg (food)|egg]], [[flour]] and [[dough]] which is then deep-fried. The wrap was designed to be unusually thick so it would survive handling at [[Australian rules football|Football]] matches. It was originally called a "Chicken roll" despite not containing any [[chicken]] then later renamed "Chiko Roll". At the peak of their popularity in the 1960s and 1970s, tens of millions of Chiko Rolls were sold annually in Australia, and the product has been described as an Australian cultural icon.<ref name=newscom>[http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,26278,23256892-5007192,00.html Chiko's search for roll model], news.com.au website.</ref><ref name=nostalgia>[http://video.msn.com/?mkt=en-au&brand=ninemsn&tab=m164&mediaid=120838&from=39&vid=55F463B3-8881-457E-B0BA-07B2B7E8A581&playlist=videoByTag:mk:en-AU:vs:0:tag:aunews_auaca:ns:MSNVideo_Top_Cat:ps:10:sd:-1:ind:1:ff:8A "Chiko Roll Nostalgia"], TV story from the [[Nine Network]]'s [[A Current Affair]] news magazine program.</ref><ref name=adb>[http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150243b.htm McEncroe, Francis Gerard (Frank)] - David Dunstan, Australian Dictionary of Biography Online.</ref>

==History==
The Chiko Roll was developed by [[Frank McEncroe]], a [[boilermaker]] from [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]] who turned to catering at football matches and other outdoor events.<ref>{{cite web
|title = The Chiko Roll: aussie snack icon
|url = http://www.wagga.nsw.gov.au/www/html/2443-the-gold-chiko-roll.asp
|publisher = Museum of the Riverina
|work = Wagga Wagga City Council
|accessdate = 2008-07-25
}}</ref> In 1950, McEncroe saw a competitor selling Chinese chop suey rolls outside [[Richmond Cricket Ground]] and decided to add a similar product to his own line. McEncroe felt that the Chinese rolls were too flimsy to be easily handled in an informal outdoor setting, and hit upon the idea of a much larger and more robust roll that would provide a quick meal that was both reasonably substantial and easily handled. The result was the Chiko Roll, which debuted at the [[Wagga Wagga]] Agriculture Show in 1951<ref name="Chiko"/><ref>{{cite web
|title = Fun Facts
|url = http://www.waggaguide.com.au/?id=funfacts
|publisher = Wagga Wagga Guide
|accessdate = 2008-04-03
}}</ref>.<ref name="chickochick"/>

In the 1960s McEncroe moved to Melbourne with his family where he began to manufacture the rolls with the help of a sausage machine. As the product became more popular, McEncroe moved to a larger factory with more modern equipment in North Essendon and later merged with a local company called Floyd's Iceworks to form Frozen Food Industries Pty Ltd. The new company went public in 1963.

By 1965 most Australian [[Take-out|takeaway]] restaurants and [[Fish and chips#Fish and chip shops|fish and chip shops]] carried Chiko Rolls<ref name="Chiko"/>, with the marketing slogan 'Grab a Chiko' signifying the ease with which shop owners could take a Chiko Roll from the freezer and pop it into a fryer and slide it into its own trade mark bag. At the height of their popularity in the 1970s, 40 million Chiko Rolls were being sold Australia-wide each year and more than one million were exported to Japan.<ref name=adb/>.Also there not so good

Increasing competition in the Australian takeaway food market in recent decades has seen a decline in the profile of the Chiko Roll, but they are still widely available at fish and chips shops and supermarkets across Australia.

===Chiko Roll Chick===
Since the 1950s, Chiko Rolls have been advertised by an iconic "girl on a motorbike" (also known as the "Chiko Roll Chick") theme. The girl is usually photographed straddling a [[Harley Davidson]] motorcycle, holding the Chiko Roll near her crotch in a phallic gesture. The accompanying slogan is "Couldn't you go a Chiko Roll?".<ref name="Chiko">{{cite web
|title = The Chiko Roll
|url = http://www.upfromaustralia.com/chikoroll.html
|publisher = Up From Australia
|accessdate = 2008-04-03
}}</ref><ref>[http://www.simplot.com.au/news.asp?pgID=81 Chiko still on a roll fifty years on], Simplot Australia website.</ref> The company subsequently indicated a desire to promote the product using a more wholesome, "girl next door" image.<ref name=newscom/><ref name=nostalgia/> On 17 July 2008 the new advertising poster was unveiled at the Wagga Wagga Showgrounds.<ref name="chickochick">{{cite news | last = Davies | first = Laura | title = Chiko chick is back | work = Fairfax Media | publisher = The Daily Advertiser | date = 2008-07-18 | url = http://dailyadvertiser.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/general/chiko-chick-is-back/845038.aspx | accessdate = 2008-07-18}}</ref>

==Present==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2008}}
Since 1995 the Chiko brand has been owned by [[Simplot|Simplot Australia]] and today has expanded its products to include: [[MexCHIKO Rolls]], [[Corn Fritters]], [[Corn Jacks]], [[fish cakes]], [[Seafood Roll]]s and [[dim sim]]s. All Chiko Rolls are now manufactured in [[Bathurst, New South Wales|Bathurst]], [[New South Wales]], Australia on a specifically designed machine that produces the pastry and filling at the same time in long rolls. They are then automatically sliced and then the distinctive ends are folded.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.chiko.com.au/ Chiko Website]
*[http://www.simplotfoodservice.com.au/ Simplot Foodservice Website]
**[http://www.simplotfoodservice.com.au/Products.asp?ID=289 Chiko Roll Ingredients and Nutrition Information]
*[http://www.simplot.com.au/products.asp?pgID=46 Chiko - Simplot]
*[http://australianflavour.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=54 Chiko Roll - Australian Flavour]

[[Category:Australian snack foods]]
[[Category:Australian culture]]
[[Category:Australian brands]]
[[Category:Appetizers]]

Chiko Roll

2010-02-20T23:30:34Z

Format: less contentious/specific wording

[[Image:Chiko roll in bag handheld.jpg|thumb|Chiko roll in bag]]
[[Image:Golden Chiko roll.jpg|thumb|Golden Chiko roll on display at the [[Museum of the Riverina]]]]
The '''Chiko Roll''' is an Australian savoury snack, inspired by the [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] [[egg roll]] and [[spring roll]]s. It was designed to be easily eaten on the move without a plate or cutlery. The Chiko roll consists of boned [[mutton]], [[celery]], [[cabbage]], [[barley]], [[rice]], [[carrot]] and [[spices]] in a tube of [[egg (food)|egg]], [[flour]] and [[dough]] which is then deep-fried. The wrap was designed to be unusually thick so it would survive handling at [[Australian rules football|Football]] matches. It was originally called a "Chicken roll" despite not containing any [[chicken]] then later renamed "Chiko Roll". At the peak of their popularity in the 1960s and 1970s, tens of millions of Chiko Rolls were sold annually in Australia, and the product has been described as an Australian cultural icon.<ref name=newscom>[http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/story/0,26278,23256892-5007192,00.html Chiko's search for roll model], news.com.au website.</ref><ref name=nostalgia>[http://video.msn.com/?mkt=en-au&brand=ninemsn&tab=m164&mediaid=120838&from=39&vid=55F463B3-8881-457E-B0BA-07B2B7E8A581&playlist=videoByTag:mk:en-AU:vs:0:tag:aunews_auaca:ns:MSNVideo_Top_Cat:ps:10:sd:-1:ind:1:ff:8A "Chiko Roll Nostalgia"], TV story from the [[Nine Network]]'s [[A Current Affair]] news magazine program.</ref><ref name=adb>[http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150243b.htm McEncroe, Francis Gerard (Frank)] - David Dunstan, Australian Dictionary of Biography Online.</ref>

==History==
The Chiko Roll was developed by [[Frank McEncroe]], a [[boilermaker]] from [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]] who turned to catering at football matches and other outdoor events.<ref>{{cite web
|title = The Chiko Roll: aussie snack icon
|url = http://www.wagga.nsw.gov.au/www/html/2443-the-gold-chiko-roll.asp
|publisher = Museum of the Riverina
|work = Wagga Wagga City Council
|accessdate = 2008-07-25
}}</ref> In 1950, McEncroe saw a competitor selling Chinese chop suey rolls outside [[Richmond Cricket Ground]] and decided to add a similar product to his own line. McEncroe felt that the Chinese rolls were too flimsy to be easily handled in an informal outdoor setting, and hit upon the idea of a much larger and more robust roll that would provide a quick meal that was both reasonably substantial and easily handled. The result was the Chiko Roll, which debuted at the [[Wagga Wagga]] Agriculture Show in 1951<ref name="Chiko"/><ref>{{cite web
|title = Fun Facts
|url = http://www.waggaguide.com.au/?id=funfacts
|publisher = Wagga Wagga Guide
|accessdate = 2008-04-03
}}</ref>.<ref name="chickochick"/>

In the 1960s McEncroe moved to Melbourne with his family where he began to manufacture the rolls with the help of a sausage machine. As the product became more popular, McEncroe moved to a larger factory with more modern equipment in North Essendon and later merged with a local company called Floyd's Iceworks to form Frozen Food Industries Pty Ltd. The new company went public in 1963.

By 1965 most Australian [[Take-out|takeaway]] restaurants and [[Fish and chips#Fish and chip shops|fish and chip shops]] carried Chiko Rolls<ref name="Chiko"/>, with the marketing slogan 'Grab a Chiko' signifying the ease with which shop owners could take a Chiko Roll from the freezer and pop it into a fryer and slide it into its own trade mark bag. At the height of their popularity in the 1970s, 40 million Chiko Rolls were being sold Australia-wide each year and more than one million were exported to Japan.<ref name=adb/>.Also there not so good

Increasing competition in the Australian takeaway food market in recent decades has seen a decline in the profile of the Chiko Roll, but they are still widely available at fish and chips shops and supermarkets across Australia.

===Chiko Roll Chick===
Since the 1950s, Chiko Rolls have been advertised by an iconic "girl on a motorbike" (also known as the "Chiko Roll Chick") theme. The girl is usually photographed straddling a [[Harley Davidson]] motorcycle, holding the Chiko Roll near her crotch in a phallic gesture. The accompanying slogan is "Couldn't you go a Chiko Roll?".<ref name="Chiko">{{cite web
|title = The Chiko Roll
|url = http://www.upfromaustralia.com/chikoroll.html
|publisher = Up From Australia
|accessdate = 2008-04-03
}}</ref><ref>[http://www.simplot.com.au/news.asp?pgID=81 Chiko still on a roll fifty years on], Simplot Australia website.</ref> Subsequently, however, the company indicated a desire to promote the product using a more wholesome, "girl next door" image.<ref name=newscom/><ref name=nostalgia/> On 17 July 2008 the new Chiko Chick and Chiko poster was unveiled at the Wagga Wagga Showgrounds.<ref name="chickochick">{{cite news | last = Davies | first = Laura | title = Chiko chick is back | work = Fairfax Media | publisher = The Daily Advertiser | date = 2008-07-18 | url = http://dailyadvertiser.yourguide.com.au/news/local/news/general/chiko-chick-is-back/845038.aspx | accessdate = 2008-07-18}}</ref>

==Present==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2008}}
Since 1995 the Chiko brand has been owned by [[Simplot|Simplot Australia]] and today has expanded its products to include: [[MexCHIKO Rolls]], [[Corn Fritters]], [[Corn Jacks]], [[fish cakes]], [[Seafood Roll]]s and [[dim sim]]s. All Chiko Rolls are now manufactured in [[Bathurst, New South Wales|Bathurst]], [[New South Wales]], Australia on a specifically designed machine that produces the pastry and filling at the same time in long rolls. They are then automatically sliced and then the distinctive ends are folded.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.chiko.com.au/ Chiko Website]
*[http://www.simplotfoodservice.com.au/ Simplot Foodservice Website]
**[http://www.simplotfoodservice.com.au/Products.asp?ID=289 Chiko Roll Ingredients and Nutrition Information]
*[http://www.simplot.com.au/products.asp?pgID=46 Chiko - Simplot]
*[http://australianflavour.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=54 Chiko Roll - Australian Flavour]

[[Category:Australian snack foods]]
[[Category:Australian culture]]
[[Category:Australian brands]]
[[Category:Appetizers]]

Nigger in the Woodpile

2008-09-06T22:34:38Z

Format: /* Australia */ not notable, unreferenced, and -I Believe- untrue... so deleted

A '''nigger in the woodpile''' (or '''fence''') is an English [[figure of speech]] formerly commonly used in the [[United States]] and elsewhere. It means ''"some fact of considerable importance that is not disclosed - something suspicious or wrong"''.

Less commonly it may refer to an ''"undisclosed black ancestry"''.

==Origin==
Both the 'fence' and 'woodpile' variants developed about the same time in the period of 1840-50 when the [[Underground Railroad]] was flourishing successfully, and although the evidence is slight it is presumed that they derived from actual instances of the concealment of [[fugitive slaves]] in their flight north under piles of firewood or within hiding places in stone fences<ref>Heavens to Betsy" (1955, Harper & Row) by Charles Earle Funk </ref>

==Film==
An American film comedy entitled "A Nigger in the woodpile" was released in 1904.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0232190/ IMDb entry]</ref>
The film [[Another Thin Man]] contains a visual play on the phrase, when a black dog is seen emerging from a woodpile, after having (presumably) fathered a number of children from the female mate to [[Asta]] the canine co-star of the film. (The phrase itself is not used.) [[And Then There Were None]] (originally published as ''[[Ten Little Niggers]]'') has numerous scenes in a woodshed, which may be an oblique reference to this phrase.

In ''[[My Little Chickadee]]'' (1940) [[W. C. Fields]] remarks, "Hmm. There's an Ethiopian in the fuel supply."

==Literature==
In Agatha Christie's They Do It With Mirrors, Inspector Curry asks the phrase of Miss Marple in relation to Gina's white GI husband, Wally.

== Recent usage==
===United Kingdom===
In the UK in recent years, the occasional use of this phrase by public figures has normally been followed by an apology.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/01/25/ustandard125.xml ''Insurance boss apologises for racist remark'' Daily Telegraph, Jan 25, 2007] - phrase used by an executive of [[Standard Life]]</ref> <ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article335041.ece ''BBC apologises for general's 'racist remark' in radio interview'', The Independent, Dec 24, 2005] - phrase used by General [[Patrick Cordingley]]</ref> <ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,628596,00.html Gary Younge, ''Not while racism exists'', The Guardian, Jan 7, 2002] - use attributed to [[Germaine Greer]]</ref>
* 2007, Bedfordshire County counciller Rhys Goodwin, stepped down as chairman of the environment and economic development committee: "...During a debate on heavy goods vehicle traffic in the county, he wanted to argue that a particular problem in Bedfordshire is the amount of trucks on the roads connected with quarrying. But he used the unfortunate figure of speech before sheepishly rephrasing his point.'<ref>[http://www.bedfordtoday.co.uk/bed-news/Councillor-quits-over-race-clanger.3517770.jp "Councillor quits over race clanger", www.bedfordtoday.co.uk, 23 November 2007]</ref> Goodwin, who was 74 at the time, said: ''"There was no racist intent at all. For 50 years of my life that was common parlance, with no more a derogatory connotation than the symbol on a jar of marmalade."''<ref>[http://www.mk-news.co.uk/bedsonsunday-news/DisplayArticle.asp?ID=237123 "'Racist' remark gets support", Bedfordshire on Sunday]</ref>
* 2008, Lord Dixon Smith, Conservative frontbencher, used the phrase in a debate on the Housing and Regeneration Bill: "Of course, the nigger in the woodpile, as the noble Baroness, Lady Hamwee, has already pointed out, is that it still incorporates what I call the hangover of the new towns legislation." He immediately apologised to the House. His Lordship, also in his seventies, later commented to journalists that the phrase had been "in common parlance when I was younger".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7497097.stm"Peer's apology over racist phrase"]</ref>

===Ireland===
In November, 2007, in relation to a debate on the Gaelic Players Association, [[Fine Gael]] Senator Paul Coughlan asked "Can the leader kick it into play and give members an update? Who is the nigger in the woodpile?". There was no call for an apology.

===Australia===
David Lord, an ABC News Radio presenter was forced to apologise after using the expression. On 22 February 2007, [[Alan Jones (radio broadcaster)|Alan Jones]], another radio presenter, was heard to use the same phrase <ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/s1898662.htm Media Watch: Alan Moans (16/04/2007)]</ref>. There was no call for an apology.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
*
* "I Hear America Talking" by Stuart Berg Flexner (Von Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 1976).
==External links==
*[http://loc.harpweek.com/LCPoliticalCartoons/DisplayCartoonMedium.asp?MaxID=&UniqueID=4&Year=1860&YearMark= Racist parody of Republican platform] from 1860 Presidential campaign, in ''[[Harper's Weekly]]''
*[http://www.utpjournals.com/product/utq/714/714_cariou.htm Epistemology of the Woodpile], ''[[University of Toronto]] Quarterly''
*[http://hnn.us/articles/1828.html#11130301 History News Network blog post] about origins of term
*[http://hnn.us/articles/1368.html#11180302 History News Network blog post] about a recent controversy

[[Category:English phrases]]

Chiko Roll

2008-02-02T23:01:43Z

Format: /* History */

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2006}}
[[Image:Chiko roll in bag handheld.jpg|thumb|Chiko roll in bag]]
The '''Chiko Roll''' or '''CHIKO Roll''' is an Australian savoury snack developed by [[Francis McEnroe]], a [[boilermaker]] from [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]], and first appeared at the [[Wagga Wagga]] Show in 1951. It was inspired by the [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] [[egg roll]] and [[spring roll]]s and was designed to be able to be eaten with one hand whilst drinking a [[beer]] with the other. The Chiko roll consists of boned [[mutton]], [[celery]], [[cabbage]], [[barley]], [[rice]], [[carrot]] and [[spices]] in a tube of [[egg (food)|egg]], [[flour]] and [[dough]] which is then deep-fried. The wrap was designed to be unusually thick so it would survive transport to [[Australian rules football|Football]] matches. It was originally called a "Chicken roll" despite not containing any [[chicken]] then later renamed "Chiko Roll".

==History==
Since the 1950s, Chiko rolls have been advertised by an iconic "girl on a motorbike" (also known as the "Chicko Roll Chick"{{fact}}) theme. The girl is usually photographed straddling a large motorcycle, holding the Chiko roll near her crotch in a phallic gesture. The accompanying slogan is "Couldn't you go a Chiko Roll?".

By 1965 most Australian [[takeaway]] restaurants and [[Fish and chips#Fish and chip shops|fish and chip shops]] carried Chiko Rolls, with the marketing 'Grab a Chiko' signifying the ease with which shop owners could take a Chiko roll from the freezer (frozen distribution of Chicko rolls was made possible ever since the factory was located near the [[Floyd Family Iceworks]] in [[Coburg, Victoria|Coburg]], who together with Frank McEnroe formed Frozen Food Industries) and pop it into a fryer and slide it into its own trade mark bag.

==Present==
Since 1995 the Chiko brand has been owned by [[Simplot|Simplot Australia]] and today has expanded its products to include: [[MexCHIKO Rolls]], [[Corn Fritters]], [[Corn Jacks]], [[Fish Cakes]], [[Seafood Roll]]s and [[dim sim]]s. All Chiko Rolls are now manufactured in [[Bathurst, New South Wales]], Australia on a specifically designed machine that produces the pastry and filling at the same time in long rolls. They are then automatically sliced and then the distinctive ends are folded.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.simplot.com.au/products.asp?pgID=46 Chiko Roll - Simplot]
*[http://australianflavour.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=54 Chiko Roll - Australian Flavour]
**[http://www.simplotfoodservice.com.au/products.asp?productID=130 Ingredients and Nutrition Information]; distributor site

[[Category:Australian snack foods]]
[[Category:Australian inventions]]
[[Category:Australian brands]]
[[Category:Appetizers]]