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Star Wars: Das Erwachen der Macht

2014-04-29T18:43:48Z

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{{pp-semi-indef}}{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Star Wars Episode VII''}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Star Wars Episode VII
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[J. J. Abrams]]
| producer = J. J. Abrams [[Bryan Burk]] [[Kathleen Kennedy (film producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]]
| screenplay = J. J. Abrams [[Lawrence Kasdan]]
| story = [[George Lucas]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/star-wars-episode-7/207393/ |title=George Lucas and Kathleen Kennedy Talk STAR WARS: EPISODE VII | Collider | Page 207393 |publisher=Collider |date=November 20, 2013 |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mark Hamill]]
* [[Harrison Ford]]
* [[Carrie Fisher]]
* [[Anthony Daniels]]
* [[Peter Mayhew (actor)|Peter Mayhew]]
* [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]]
* [[John Boyega]]
* [[Adam Driver]]
* [[Oscar Isaac]]
* [[Andy Serkis]]
* [[Domhnall Gleeson]]
* Daisy Ridley
* [[Max von Sydow]]
}}
| music = [[John Williams]]
| cinematography = [[Daniel Mindel]]
| editing = [[Maryann Brandon]] [[Mary Jo Markey]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| studio = [[Walt Disney Pictures]]<ref name=OfficialA/> [[Lucasfilm]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Ben Quinn and agencies |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2012/oct/30/disney-lucasfilm-star-wars-deal |title=Disney to buy Star Wars production company Lucasfilm for $4bn | Film |publisher=The Guardian |date= October 30, 2012|accessdate=January 4, 2014 |location=London}}</ref> [[Bad Robot Productions]]<ref name=OfficialA>{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-is-being-kick-started-with-dynamite-jj-abrams-to-direct-star-wars-episode-vii.html |title=Star Wars Is Being Kick-Started with Dynamite |publisher=StarWars.com |date=January 25, 2013 |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/video/2012/oct/31/star-wars-lucasfilm-walt-disney-video |title=Star Wars franchise and Lucasfilm sold to Walt Disney – video | Film |publisher=theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2015|12|18}}
| budget = $200 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a538457/star-wars-episode-7-script-still-not-finalised.html|title=Star Wars Episode 7 script still not finalised|author=Hugh Armitage|date=December 16, 2013|website=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=January 2, 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''''Star Wars Episode VII''''' is an upcoming American [[Epic film|epic]] [[space opera]] film<ref name=VarietyApr2013>{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/2013/film/news/disney-planning-for-2015-2017-and-2019-openings-for-star-wars-1200380582|title=Star Wars Movies Coming in 2015, 2017 and 2019|last=McNary|first=Dave|work=Variety|date=April 17, 2013|accessdate=May 26, 2013}}</ref><ref name=StarWarsComOct2012>{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/new-star-wars-movies-announced-as-disney-enters-agreement-to-acquire-lucasfilm-ltd/index.html|title=New Star Wars Movies Announced as Disney Enters Agreement to Acquire Lucasfilm Ltd|work=StarWars.com|date=October 30, 2012|accessdate=May 25, 2013}}</ref> and the seventh film in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' film series. The film stars [[John Boyega]], Daisy Ridley, [[Adam Driver]], [[Oscar Isaac]], [[Andy Serkis]], [[Domhnall Gleeson]] and [[Max von Sydow]], with [[Harrison Ford]], [[Carrie Fisher]], [[Mark Hamill]], [[Anthony Daniels]], [[Peter Mayhew (actor)|Peter Mayhew]] and [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]] reprising their roles from previous films. Filming began in April 2014,<ref name="Appelo">{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-chief-reveals-star-wars-693950|title=Disney Chief Reveals 'Star Wars: VII' Casting Almost Complete, Says Film Is Already Shooting (Video)|last=Appelo|first=Tim|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 5, 2014|accessdate=April 6, 2014}}</ref> and will move to [[Pinewood Studios]] in [[England]] in the following month,<ref>{{cite web|author=Leonard Martinez |url=http://www.kvia.com/news/star-wars-episode-vii-to-begin-shooting-in-may/25036336 |title=Star Wars: Episode VII to begin filming in May |publisher=Kvia.com |date= |accessdate=April 6, 2014}}</ref> with a scheduled release date of December 18, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/07/star-wars-episode-vii-release-set-for-december-18-2015-breaking|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': Release set for December 18, 2015|last=Breznican|first=Anthony|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=November 7, 2013|accessdate=November 8, 2013}}</ref> It forms the first part of the planned [[Star Wars sequel trilogy|third trilogy]] of ''Star Wars'' films,<ref name=StarWarsComOct2012/> following chronologically in the series 35 years after 1983's ''[[Return of the Jedi]]''. It will be the first ''Star Wars'' film produced since [[The Walt Disney Company]] acquired ownership of [[Lucasfilm]].<ref name=StarWarsComOct2012/>

[[J. J. Abrams]] is attached to direct the film based on a screenplay written by himself and [[Lawrence Kasdan]], who acted as co-writer on ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' and ''Return of the Jedi''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/star-wars-episode-vii-j-j-abrams-lawrence-kasdan-to-pen-script|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': J.J. Abrams, Lawrence Kasdan to pen script|last=McIntyre|first=Gina|work=Los Angeles Times|date=October 24, 2013|accessdate=October 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/25/business/media/abrams-and-kasdan-take-over-writing-of-new-star-wars-movie.html|title=Abrams and Kasdan Take Over Writing of New 'Star Wars' Movie|last=Barnes|first=Brooks|work=New York Times|date=October 24, 2013|accessdate=October 24, 2013}}</ref> Originally, [[Academy Award]]-winning screenwriter [[Michael Arndt]] was attached to pen the screenplay after writing a 40-50 page treatment. Arndt has since dropped out of the production, and did not receive production credit.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kit|first=Borys|title=Writer Michael Arndt Exits 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/writer-michael-arndt-exits-star-650671|accessdate=October 24, 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=October 24, 2013}}</ref><ref name="OfficialCast" /> Producers include [[Kathleen Kennedy (film producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]] and Abrams' long-time collaborator [[Bryan Burk]].<ref name=StarWarsComOct2012/><ref name=StarWarsComJan2013>[http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-is-being-kick-started-with-dynamite-jj-abrams-to-direct-star-wars-episode-vii.html "Star Wars Is Being Kick-Started with Dynamite"], ''StarWars.com'', January 25, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2013.</ref> ''Star Wars'' creator [[George Lucas]] will act as creative consultant on ''Episode VII'' (and other new ''Star Wars'' films).<ref name=StarWarsVideoSeries>[http://starwars.com/news/a-discussion-about-the-future-of-star-wars/index.html "New Video Series: A Discussion About the Future of Star Wars"], ''StarWars.com'', October 30, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2013.</ref>

==Premise==
Set approximately thirty-five years after ''Return of the Jedi'' and the demise of [[Darth Vader]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theforce.net/story/front/Star_Wars_Episode_VII_Has_Begun_Filming_With_Casting_Almost_Complete_157254.asp|title=Star Wars Episode VII Has Begun Filming, With Casting Almost Complete|work=TheForce.net|date=April 6, 2014|accessdate=April 7, 2014}}</ref> the plot centers around a trio of young leads, along with characters from the previous installments.<ref name="MayTimeFrame">{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-episode-vii-set-to-roll-cameras-may-2014.html|title=STAR WARS: EPISODE VII SET TO ROLL CAMERAS MAY 2014|work=StarWars.com|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=April 7, 2014}}</ref> ''Episodes VII''-''IX'' will not feature any of the storylines or characters from the [[Star Wars Expanded Universe|Expanded Universe]], though elements could be included to become canon.<ref name="EUApril2014">{{cite news|last=Pirrello|first=Phil|title=New ‘Star Wars’ Trilogy Has No Ties to Expanded Universe, Lucasfilm Confirms|url=http://www.thewrap.com/new-star-wars-trilogy-no-ties-expanded-universe|accessdate=April 29, 2014|newspaper=The Wrap|date=April 25, 2014}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Mark Hamill]] as [[Luke Skywalker]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Harrison Ford]] as [[Han Solo]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Carrie Fisher]] as [[Princess Leia Organa]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Anthony Daniels]] as [[C-3PO]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Peter Mayhew (actor)|Peter Mayhew]] as [[Chewbacca]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]] as [[R2-D2]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[John Boyega]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Adam Driver]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Oscar Isaac]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Andy Serkis]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Domhnall Gleeson]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* Daisy Ridley<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Max von Sydow]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />

==Production==

===Background and writing===
Lucas had [[Film treatment|story treatments]] for ''Episode VII'' (as well as for ''VIII'' and ''IX'') which he turned over to Disney chairman [[Bob Iger]] around the time Lucasfilm was sold to Disney.<ref name="BloombergMar2013" /> During the previous 35 years Lucas had given many hints about the content of the sequel trilogy, including the following (sometimes contradictory) possibilities relevant to ''Episode VII'':
* [[R2-D2]] and [[C-3PO]] would be the only characters who might continue through all nine films (Lucas in 1980, 1981 and 1983).<ref name="PrevueLucas">Steranko, "George Lucas", ''Prevue'' #42, September–October 1980.</ref>
* The trilogy would deal with the rebuilding of the [[Galactic Republic|Republic]] (Lucas in 1980).<ref>Gerald Clarke. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924122,00.html "The Empire Strikes Back!"]. ''Time'', May 19, 1980. Retrieved September 26, 2012.</ref>
* "It's like a saga, the story of a group of people, a family" (Lucas in 1980).<ref name="PrevueLucas" />
* Luke would have a romantic relationship with a female love interest (Lucas in 1988).<ref name="Starlog127">Bill Warren. "George Lucas: Father of the Force". ''Starlog'' #127, February 1988.</ref>
* The main theme of the trilogy would be moral and philosophical problems, such as the necessity for moral choices and the wisdom needed to distinguish right from wrong, justice, confrontation, and passing on what you have learned (Lucas in 1983 and 1989).<ref name="TimeLucasLifeBackMay1983">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953916-3,00.html|title=I've Got to Get My Life Back Again|last=Clarke|first=Gerald|last2=Worrell|first2=Denise|date=May 23, 1983|work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
* The key actors, [[Mark Hamill]] as [[Luke Skywalker]], [[Harrison Ford]] as [[Han Solo]], and [[Carrie Fisher]] as [[Princess Leia]], would appear, in their 60s or 70s (Lucas in 1983).<ref name="TimeLucasLifeBackMay1983"/>

Interviewed in 2012 after the announcement of the new trilogy, Lucas biographer [[Dale Pollock]] said that he had, in the 1980s, read the outlines to 12 ''Star Wars'' episodes planned by Lucas, but had been required to sign a confidentiality agreement.<ref name="WrapOct2012">{{cite web |publisher=''The Wrap''|title='Star Wars' 7, 8 and 9 Are 'The Most Exciting,' Says George Lucas Biographer (Exclusive) |url=http://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/star-wars-7-8-and-9-are-most-exciting-says-george-lucas-biographer-exclusive-63006 |date=October 30, 2012 |accessdate=May 26, 2013 |last=Waxman |first=Sharon}}</ref> Pollock said:
* "The three most exciting stories were 7, 8 and 9. They had propulsive action, really interesting new worlds, new characters. I remember thinking, 'I want to see these 3 movies.'"
* The next film in the series would involve Luke Skywalker in his 30s and 40s.
* That he had little doubt Disney would use Lucas' outlines as the basis for the sequel trilogy. "That's in part what Disney bought."<ref name="WrapOct2012" />

Author [[Timothy Zahn]], whose ''Star Wars'' novel series, the [[Thrawn trilogy]], is set in the ''Star Wars'' [[Star Wars Expanded Universe|Expanded Universe]], was also interviewed in 2012.<ref name="ew-2012-11-03">{{cite web |publisher=''Entertainment Weekly''|title='Star Wars' sequel author Timothy Zahn weighs in on new movie plans – EXCLUSIVE |url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/11/02/star-wars-sequels-timothy-zahn/ |date=November 2, 2012 |accessdate=May 26, 2013 |first=Anthony |last=Breznican}}</ref> Zahn confirmed the sequel trilogy would not be based on the Thrawn novels, but said he had been briefed years before on Lucas' plans for the sequels (Zahn had discussions with Lucas before the first Thrawn novel was published in 1991). Zahn said, "The original idea as I understood it—and Lucas changes his mind off and on, so it may not be what he’s thinking right now—but it was going to be three generations. You’d have the original trilogy, then go back to Luke's father and find out what happened to him, and if there was another 7th, 8th or 9th film, it would be Luke's children."<ref name="ew-2012-11-03" /> However, in April 2014, it was confirmed that the sequel trilogy would not be based off of any Expanded Universe material.<ref name="EUApril2014" />

===Pre-production and design===
As creative consultant on the film, George Lucas' involvement includes attending story meetings. "I mostly say, 'You can't do this. You can do that,' ” he told ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''. "You know, 'The cars don't have wheels. They fly with antigravity.' There’s a million little pieces. Or I can say, 'He doesn’t have the power to do that, or he has to do this.' I know all that stuff."<ref name=BloombergMar2013 />

In May 2013, it was confirmed that the production of ''Episode VII'' would take place in the United Kingdom.<ref name=StarWarsComUKMay2013>{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star_wars_feature_film_production_returns_to_the_uk.html|title=Star Wars Feature Film Production Returns to the U.K.|work=starwars.com|date=May 10, 2013|accessdate=May 25, 2013}}</ref> Representatives from Lucasfilm met with the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], [[George Osborne]] to agree to produce ''Episode VII'' in the U.K.<ref name=StarWarsComUKMay2013 /> Beginning in September 2013, production spaces at the Bad Robot facility were converted for shooting of ''Episode VII'', for the benefit of shooting a minor portion of the film in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abramian|first=Alexandria|title=Source: J. J. Abrams Building 'Star Wars' Postproduction Facility in L.A. (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/star-wars-j-j-abrams-625516|accessdate=March 19, 2014|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=September 11, 2013}}</ref>

[[Simon Kinberg]] and [[Lawrence Kasdan]] are both "working with J. J. as consultants on ''Star Wars VII''," according to [[Bob Iger]] in February 2013.<ref>[http://video.cnbc.com/gallery/?play=1&video=3000146094 "Disney Plans Stand-Alone 'Star Wars' Films"], ''CNBC'', February 5, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</ref> Costume designer [[Michael Kaplan (costume designer)|Michael Kaplan]], who worked with Abrams on his ''Star Trek'' films, will be working on ''Episode VII''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/05/19/star-trek-costume-designer-joins-star-wars-vii-crew|title=Star Trek Costume Designer Joins Star Wars VII Crew|last=Butler|first=Tom|date=May 19, 2013|accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> Film editors [[Maryann Brandon]] and [[Mary Jo Markey]], also long-term collaborators with Abrams, have also been signed for ''Episode VII''.<ref>[http://www.studiodaily.com/2013/05/maryann-brandon-and-mary-jo-markey-on-cutting-star-trek-into-darkness/ "Maryann Brandon and Mary Jo Markey on Cutting Star Trek Into Darkness"], ''Studio Daily'', May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</ref> After several off-hand remarks on returning,<ref>{{cite web|last=Billington|first=Alex|title=John Williams Sounds Likely to Return for the New 'Star Wars' Trilogy|url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2013/john-williams-sounds-likely-to-return-for-the-new-star-wars-trilogy/|publisher=First Showing.net|accessdate=July 31, 2013|date=February 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carlson|first=Adam|title=J.J. Abrams says John Williams will do the next 'Star Wars' score, probably -- VIDEO|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/05/01/j-j-abrams-star-wars-john-williams/|accessdate=July 31, 2013|newspaper=Entertainment Weekly|date=May 1, 2013}}</ref> [[John Williams]] was confirmed to compose the score for ''Episode VII''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hayden|first=Erik|title=John Williams Confirmed to Score 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/star-wars-john-williams-confirmed-594396|accessdate=July 31, 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=July 27, 2013}}</ref>

In August 2013, it was announced that [[cinematographer]] [[Daniel Mindel]] will be shooting the film on [[35 mm film]] (specifically [[Eastman Kodak|Kodak]] [[Vision 3|5219]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/jj-abrams-hires-familiar-cinematographer-shoot-star-wars-episode-vii-35mm-film-112771|title=J.J. Abrams Hires 'Star Trek' Cinematographer to Shoot 'Star Wars: Episode VII' on 35MM Film|author=Jeff Sneider|publisher=The Wrap|date=August 22, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2013}}</ref> and that the film would rely on the employment of real locations and [[Miniature effect|scale models]] over [[computer-generated imagery]], in order to make the film aesthetically similar to the original ''Star Wars'' trilogy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2013/08/22/star-wars-episode-vii-film|title=Star Wars Episode VII to Use Film, Be More Like Original Trilogy|work=mashable.com|accessdate=September 7, 2013}}</ref>

On the film's official website, it was announced that both Abrams and Kasdan would be rewriting Arndt's script.<ref name="starwars.com">[http://starwars.com/news/master-filmmaking-team-announced-for-star-wars.html Master Filmmaking Team Announced for Star Wars: Episode VII]</ref> Also, several other film crew members were confirmed on October 24, 2013, including sound designer [[Ben Burtt]], director of photography [[Daniel Mindel]], production designers [[Rick Carter]] and Darren Gilford, costume designer [[Michael Kaplan (costume designer)|Michael Kaplan]], special effects supervisor [[Chris Corbould]], re-recording mixer [[Gary Rydstrom]], supervising sound editor [[Matthew Wood (sound editor)|Matthew Wood]], visual effects supervisor Roger Guyett, and executive producers Tommy Harper and Jason McGatlin.<ref>{{cite news|last=Olsen|first=Mark|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': Lawrence Kasdan's big move|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-lawrence-kasdan-jj-abrams-star-wars-episode-vii-20131024,0,7723323.story#axzz2jEHOv6Gr|accessdate=October 30, 2013|newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|date=October 24, 2013}}</ref>

In January 2014, Abrams confirmed that the script was complete.<ref name=WrapScript>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/j-j-abrams-says-star-wars-episode-vii-script-done-confirms-jesse-plemons-talks|last=Molloy|first=Tim|title=J.J. Abrams Says 'Star Wars Episode VII' Script Done, Confirms Jesse Plemons Talks|last=Molloy|first=Tim|work=The Wrap|date=January 19, 2014|accessdate=January 19, 2014}}</ref>

===Casting===
Though Lucas intimated that previous cast members Fisher, Ford and Hamill would return for the new film as early as March 2013,<ref name=BloombergMar2013>Devin Leonard, [http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-03-07/how-disney-bought-lucasfilm-and-its-plans-for-star-wars "How Disney Bought Lucasfilm—and Its Plans for 'Star Wars'"], ''Bloomberg Businessweek'', March 7, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</ref> their casting was not confirmed until April 29, 2014, at which point it was revealed that Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Mark Hamill, Anthony Daniels, Peter Mayhew, and Kenny Baker would all appear in Episode VII.<ref name="OfficialCast">{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-episode-7-cast-announced.html|title=STAR WARS: EPISODE VII CAST ANNOUNCED|publisher=Star Wars.com|date=April 29, 2014|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>

Casting for new character roles was the subject of much speculation. On March 30, 2014, actor [[Dominic Monaghan]] said during a interview that Abrams was looking for three unknown actors to play the leads in ''Episode VII'' and that rumors of bigger name stars were untrue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/showbiz/467708/Star-Wars-Episode-VII-JJ-Abrams-looking-at-cast-of-unknown-actors-like-original-trilogy|title=JJ Abrams looking at 'unknown actors' for Star Wars Episode VII like original trilogy cast|last=Dassanayake|first=Dion|work=Express|date=March 30, 2014|accessdate=March 30, 2014}}</ref>

[[Saoirse Ronan]],<ref>{{cite news |title = Saoirse Ronan Confirms She Did Audition For 'Star Wars: Episode VII' Role, But 'So Did Everyone' | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/01/saoirse-ronan-star-wars_n_4023967.html |date = October 1, 2013 | publisher = The Huffington Post| accessdate = October 1, 2013 | first=Matthew | last=Jacobs}}</ref> [[Michael B. Jordan]],<ref>{{cite news | title=Michael B. Jordan Confirms 'Star Wars' Rumor | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/10/michael-b-jordan-star-wars_n_4078714.html |date=October 10, 2013 | publisher=The Huffington Post | accessdate=November 3, 2013}}</ref> and [[Lupita Nyong'o]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://latino-review.com/2014/03/exclusive-oscar-winner-close-star-wars-episode-vii/|title=EXCLUSIVE: This Oscar Winner Is SO CLOSE to 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|last=Chavez|first=Kellvin|work=Latino Review|date=March 14, 2014|accessdate=March 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lupita-nyongo-meets-jj-abrams-688787|title=Lupita Nyong'o Meets With J.J. Abrams for 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|last=Kit|first=Borys|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=March 14, 2014|accessdate=March 17, 2014}}</ref> each are confirmed to have auditioned for the film.

Industry publications also reported [[Jesse Plemons]] was being considered for possibly playing playing Ben Skywalker, Luke's son;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starwarsunderworld.com/2014/01/rumors-jesse-plemons-is-ben-skywalker.html|title=Rumors: Jesse Plemons Cast As Ben Skywalker, Boba Fett Retcon, & More|last=Hart|first=Benjamin|work=The Star Wars Underworld|date=January 17, 2014|accessdate=January 18, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/10/jesse-plemons-star-wars_n_4578259.html|title=Jesse Plemons Reportedly Up For 'Star Wars' Role|last=Rosen|first=Christopher|work=The Huffington Post|date=January 10, 2014|accessdate=January 18, 2014}}</ref> [[Adam Driver]] for an unnamed villain;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/star-wars-villain-adam-driver-girls-1201121646|title='Star Wars': Adam Driver Near Deal to Play the Villain (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Kroll|first=Justin|work=Variety|date=February 26, 2014|accessdate=February 27, 2014}}</ref> and [[Maisie Richardson-Sellers]] for an unknown character.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/star-wars-episode-vii-speculation-693268|title='Star Wars: Episode VII' Speculation Centers on Unknown Oxford Actress|last=Kit|first=Borys|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 9, 2014|accessdate=April 9, 2014}}</ref>

On April 29, 2014, the cast for the film was officially announced.<ref name="OfficialCast">{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-episode-7-cast-announced.html|title=STAR WARS: EPISODE VII CAST ANNOUNCED|publisher=Star Wars.com|date=April 29, 2014|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>

===Filming===
On February 11, 2014, Abrams planned a six-month shooting schedule.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moviepilot.com/stories/2014/02/11/star-wars-7-plans-6-months-of-filming-from-may-1235930|title=Star Wars 7 plans 6 months of filming from May|last=Newton|first=Mark|work=Movie Pilot|date=February 11, 2014|accessdate=February 11, 2014}}</ref> On March 18, Disney and Lucasfilm announced that [[principal photography]] would begin in May at [[Pinewood Studios]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26639322|title=Episode VII filming to begin in UK in May|work=BBC News|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=March 18, 2014}}</ref> On March 22, an Icelandic website reported that pre-production filming would be taking place in [[Iceland]] prior to the start of official filming in May and that the site will only be used for landscape shots which will then be used for scenery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/03/22/star-wars-7-iceland-rumours-spark-rumours-of-return-to-hoth-4673234/|title=Star Wars 7 Iceland rumours spark speculation of return to Hoth|last=Westbrook|first=Caroline|work=Metro|date=March 22, 2014|accessdate=March 22, 2014}}</ref> On April 1, it was reported that the official start date for filming would be on May 14, 2014 with two weeks of shooting in [[Morocco]] and possibly in [[Tunisia]], both locations used in the previous films for [[Tatooine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://badassdigest.com/2014/04/01/episode-vii-shoots-april-14th-in-morocco/|title=EPISODE VII Shoots May 14th In Morocco|last=Faraci|first=Devin|work=Badass Digest|date=April 1, 2014|accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref> On April 2, 2014, [[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|Walt Disney Studios]] chairman [[Alan F. Horn|Alan Horn]] confirmed that filming had already begun.<ref name="Appelo"/> It turns out that a second-unit filming the desert scenes was already concluded earlier in April under some secrecy within the [[United Arab Emirates|U.A.E.]] [[Abu Dhabi (emirate)|emirate of Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/disney-confirms-that-star-wars-episode-7-is-filming-in-abu-dhabi-desert |title=Disney confirms that Star Wars: Episode 7 is filming in Abu Dhabi desert |last=Newbould |first=Chris |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=April 23, 2014|accessdate=April 25, 2014}}</ref> On April 20, it was revealed that in addition to 35mm film, segments of the film are being shot in the [[70 mm film|65mm]] IMAX format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinefex.com/blog/film-renaissance/ |title=Film Renaissance |last=Fordham |first=Joe |work=[[Cinefex]] Blog |date=April 20, 2014|accessdate=April 27, 2014}}</ref>

==Release==
In November 2013, the film was given a release date of December 18, 2015, which will make it the second film—following ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'', released in August 2008—not to be released in May, as the first six films were.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/07/star-wars-episode-vii-release-set-for-december-18-2015-breaking|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': Release set for December 18, 2015|last=Breznican|first=Anthony|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=November 7, 2013|accessdate=November 7, 2013}}</ref> In March 2014, Disney confirmed that ''Episode VII'' will be released in [[IMAX]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=116262|title=Disney to Release Avengers: Age of Ultron, Star Wars: Episode VII in IMAX|work=ComingSoon.net|date=March 20, 2014|accessdate=March 20, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2488496|Star Wars Episode VII}}

* ''[http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Star_Wars_Episode_VII Star Wars Episode VII]'' on [[Wookieepedia]]

{{Star Wars}}
{{Lucasfilm}}
{{J. J. Abrams}}

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Star Wars: Das Erwachen der Macht

2014-04-29T18:25:25Z

Fluffernutter: /* Casting */ did that

{{pp-semi-indef}}{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Star Wars Episode VII''}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Star Wars Episode VII
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[J. J. Abrams]]
| producer = J. J. Abrams [[Bryan Burk]] [[Kathleen Kennedy (film producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]]
| screenplay = J. J. Abrams [[Lawrence Kasdan]]
| story = [[George Lucas]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/star-wars-episode-7/207393/ |title=George Lucas and Kathleen Kennedy Talk STAR WARS: EPISODE VII | Collider | Page 207393 |publisher=Collider |date=November 20, 2013 |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mark Hamill]]
* [[Harrison Ford]]
* [[Carrie Fisher]]
* [[Anthony Daniels]]
* [[Peter Mayhew (actor)|Peter Mayhew]]
* [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]]
* [[John Boyega]]
* [[Adam Driver]]
* [[Oscar Isaac]]
* [[Andy Serkis]]
* [[Domhnall Gleeson]]
* Daisy Ridley
* [[Max von Sydow]]
}}
| music = [[John Williams]]
| cinematography = [[Daniel Mindel]]
| editing = [[Maryann Brandon]] [[Mary Jo Markey]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| studio = [[Walt Disney Pictures]]<ref name=OfficialA/> [[Lucasfilm]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Ben Quinn and agencies |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2012/oct/30/disney-lucasfilm-star-wars-deal |title=Disney to buy Star Wars production company Lucasfilm for $4bn | Film |publisher=The Guardian |date= October 30, 2012|accessdate=January 4, 2014 |location=London}}</ref> [[Bad Robot Productions]]<ref name=OfficialA>{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-is-being-kick-started-with-dynamite-jj-abrams-to-direct-star-wars-episode-vii.html |title=Star Wars Is Being Kick-Started with Dynamite |publisher=StarWars.com |date=January 25, 2013 |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/video/2012/oct/31/star-wars-lucasfilm-walt-disney-video |title=Star Wars franchise and Lucasfilm sold to Walt Disney – video | Film |publisher=theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2015|12|18}}
| budget = $200 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a538457/star-wars-episode-7-script-still-not-finalised.html|title=Star Wars Episode 7 script still not finalised|author=Hugh Armitage|date=December 16, 2013|website=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=January 2, 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''''Star Wars Episode VII''''' is an upcoming American [[Epic film|epic]] [[space opera]] film<ref name=VarietyApr2013>{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/2013/film/news/disney-planning-for-2015-2017-and-2019-openings-for-star-wars-1200380582|title=Star Wars Movies Coming in 2015, 2017 and 2019|last=McNary|first=Dave|work=Variety|date=April 17, 2013|accessdate=May 26, 2013}}</ref><ref name=StarWarsComOct2012>{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/new-star-wars-movies-announced-as-disney-enters-agreement-to-acquire-lucasfilm-ltd/index.html|title=New Star Wars Movies Announced as Disney Enters Agreement to Acquire Lucasfilm Ltd|work=StarWars.com|date=October 30, 2012|accessdate=May 25, 2013}}</ref> and the seventh film in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' film series. The film stars [[John Boyega]], Daisy Ridley, [[Adam Driver]], [[Oscar Isaac]], [[Andy Serkis]], [[Domhnall Gleeson]] and [[Max von Sydow]], with [[Harrison Ford]], [[Carrie Fisher]], [[Mark Hamill]], [[Anthony Daniels]], [[Peter Mayhew (actor)|Peter Mayhew]] and [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]] reprising their roles from previous films. Filming began in April 2014,<ref name="Appelo">{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-chief-reveals-star-wars-693950|title=Disney Chief Reveals 'Star Wars: VII' Casting Almost Complete, Says Film Is Already Shooting (Video)|last=Appelo|first=Tim|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 5, 2014|accessdate=April 6, 2014}}</ref> and will move to [[Pinewood Studios]] in [[England]] in the following month,<ref>{{cite web|author=Leonard Martinez |url=http://www.kvia.com/news/star-wars-episode-vii-to-begin-shooting-in-may/25036336 |title=Star Wars: Episode VII to begin filming in May |publisher=Kvia.com |date= |accessdate=April 6, 2014}}</ref> with a scheduled release date of December 18, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/07/star-wars-episode-vii-release-set-for-december-18-2015-breaking|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': Release set for December 18, 2015|last=Breznican|first=Anthony|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=November 7, 2013|accessdate=November 8, 2013}}</ref> It forms the first part of the planned [[Star Wars sequel trilogy|third trilogy]] of ''Star Wars'' films,<ref name=StarWarsComOct2012/> following chronologically in the series 35 years after 1983's ''[[Return of the Jedi]]''. It will be the first ''Star Wars'' film produced since [[The Walt Disney Company]] acquired ownership of [[Lucasfilm]].<ref name=StarWarsComOct2012/>

[[J. J. Abrams]] is attached to direct the film based on a screenplay written by himself and [[Lawrence Kasdan]], who acted as co-writer on ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' and ''Return of the Jedi''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/star-wars-episode-vii-j-j-abrams-lawrence-kasdan-to-pen-script|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': J.J. Abrams, Lawrence Kasdan to pen script|last=McIntyre|first=Gina|work=Los Angeles Times|date=October 24, 2013|accessdate=October 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/25/business/media/abrams-and-kasdan-take-over-writing-of-new-star-wars-movie.html|title=Abrams and Kasdan Take Over Writing of New 'Star Wars' Movie|last=Barnes|first=Brooks|work=New York Times|date=October 24, 2013|accessdate=October 24, 2013}}</ref> Originally, [[Academy Award]]-winning screenwriter [[Michael Arndt]] was attached to pen the screenplay after writing a 40-50 page treatment. Arndt has since dropped out of the production, and did not receive production credit.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kit|first=Borys|title=Writer Michael Arndt Exits 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/writer-michael-arndt-exits-star-650671|accessdate=October 24, 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=October 24, 2013}}</ref><ref name="OfficialCast" /> Producers include [[Kathleen Kennedy (film producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]] and Abrams' long-time collaborator [[Bryan Burk]].<ref name=StarWarsComOct2012/><ref name=StarWarsComJan2013>[http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-is-being-kick-started-with-dynamite-jj-abrams-to-direct-star-wars-episode-vii.html "Star Wars Is Being Kick-Started with Dynamite"], ''StarWars.com'', January 25, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2013.</ref> ''Star Wars'' creator [[George Lucas]] will act as creative consultant on ''Episode VII'' (and other new ''Star Wars'' films).<ref name=StarWarsVideoSeries>[http://starwars.com/news/a-discussion-about-the-future-of-star-wars/index.html "New Video Series: A Discussion About the Future of Star Wars"], ''StarWars.com'', October 30, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2013.</ref>

==Premise==
Set approximately thirty-five years after ''Return of the Jedi'' and the demise of [[Darth Vader]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theforce.net/story/front/Star_Wars_Episode_VII_Has_Begun_Filming_With_Casting_Almost_Complete_157254.asp|title=Star Wars Episode VII Has Begun Filming, With Casting Almost Complete|work=TheForce.net|date=April 6, 2014|accessdate=April 7, 2014}}</ref> the plot centers around a trio of young leads, along with characters from the previous installments.<ref name="MayTimeFrame">{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-episode-vii-set-to-roll-cameras-may-2014.html|title=STAR WARS: EPISODE VII SET TO ROLL CAMERAS MAY 2014|work=StarWars.com|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=April 7, 2014}}</ref> ''Episodes VII''-''IX'' will not feature any of the storylines or characters from the [[Star Wars Expanded Universe|Expanded Universe]], though elements could be included to become canon.<ref name="EUApril2014">{{cite news|last=Pirrello|first=Phil|title=New ‘Star Wars’ Trilogy Has No Ties to Expanded Universe, Lucasfilm Confirms|url=http://www.thewrap.com/lucasfilm-confirms-new-star-wars-trilogy-free-expanded-universe|accessdate=April 26, 2014|newspaper=The Wrap|date=April 25, 2014}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Mark Hamill]] as [[Luke Skywalker]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Harrison Ford]] as [[Han Solo]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Carrie Fisher]] as [[Princess Leia Organa]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Anthony Daniels]] as [[C-3PO]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Peter Mayhew (actor)|Peter Mayhew]] as [[Chewbacca]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]] as [[R2-D2]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[John Boyega]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Adam Driver]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Oscar Isaac]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Andy Serkis]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Domhnall Gleeson]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* Daisy Ridley<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Max von Sydow]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />

==Production==

===Background and writing===
Lucas had [[Film treatment|story treatments]] for ''Episode VII'' (as well as for ''VIII'' and ''IX'') which he turned over to Disney chairman [[Bob Iger]] around the time Lucasfilm was sold to Disney.<ref name="BloombergMar2013" /> During the previous 35 years Lucas had given many hints about the content of the sequel trilogy, including the following (sometimes contradictory) possibilities relevant to ''Episode VII'':
* [[R2-D2]] and [[C-3PO]] would be the only characters who might continue through all nine films (Lucas in 1980, 1981 and 1983).<ref name="PrevueLucas">Steranko, "George Lucas", ''Prevue'' #42, September–October 1980.</ref>
* The trilogy would deal with the rebuilding of the [[Galactic Republic|Republic]] (Lucas in 1980).<ref>Gerald Clarke. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924122,00.html "The Empire Strikes Back!"]. ''Time'', May 19, 1980. Retrieved September 26, 2012.</ref>
* "It's like a saga, the story of a group of people, a family" (Lucas in 1980).<ref name="PrevueLucas" />
* Luke would have a romantic relationship with a female love interest (Lucas in 1988).<ref name="Starlog127">Bill Warren. "George Lucas: Father of the Force". ''Starlog'' #127, February 1988.</ref>
* The main theme of the trilogy would be moral and philosophical problems, such as the necessity for moral choices and the wisdom needed to distinguish right from wrong, justice, confrontation, and passing on what you have learned (Lucas in 1983 and 1989).<ref name="TimeLucasLifeBackMay1983">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953916-3,00.html|title=I've Got to Get My Life Back Again|last=Clarke|first=Gerald|last2=Worrell|first2=Denise|date=May 23, 1983|work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
* The key actors, [[Mark Hamill]] as [[Luke Skywalker]], [[Harrison Ford]] as [[Han Solo]], and [[Carrie Fisher]] as [[Princess Leia]], would appear, in their 60s or 70s (Lucas in 1983).<ref name="TimeLucasLifeBackMay1983"/>

Interviewed in 2012 after the announcement of the new trilogy, Lucas biographer [[Dale Pollock]] said that he had, in the 1980s, read the outlines to 12 ''Star Wars'' episodes planned by Lucas, but had been required to sign a confidentiality agreement.<ref name="WrapOct2012">{{cite web |publisher=''The Wrap''|title='Star Wars' 7, 8 and 9 Are 'The Most Exciting,' Says George Lucas Biographer (Exclusive) |url=http://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/star-wars-7-8-and-9-are-most-exciting-says-george-lucas-biographer-exclusive-63006 |date=October 30, 2012 |accessdate=May 26, 2013 |last=Waxman |first=Sharon}}</ref> Pollock said:
* "The three most exciting stories were 7, 8 and 9. They had propulsive action, really interesting new worlds, new characters. I remember thinking, 'I want to see these 3 movies.'"
* The next film in the series would involve Luke Skywalker in his 30s and 40s.
* That he had little doubt Disney would use Lucas' outlines as the basis for the sequel trilogy. "That's in part what Disney bought."<ref name="WrapOct2012" />

Author [[Timothy Zahn]], whose ''Star Wars'' novel series, the [[Thrawn trilogy]], is set in the ''Star Wars'' [[Star Wars Expanded Universe|Expanded Universe]], was also interviewed in 2012.<ref name="ew-2012-11-03">{{cite web |publisher=''Entertainment Weekly''|title='Star Wars' sequel author Timothy Zahn weighs in on new movie plans – EXCLUSIVE |url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/11/02/star-wars-sequels-timothy-zahn/ |date=November 2, 2012 |accessdate=May 26, 2013 |first=Anthony |last=Breznican}}</ref> Zahn confirmed the sequel trilogy would not be based on the Thrawn novels, but said he had been briefed years before on Lucas' plans for the sequels (Zahn had discussions with Lucas before the first Thrawn novel was published in 1991). Zahn said, "The original idea as I understood it—and Lucas changes his mind off and on, so it may not be what he’s thinking right now—but it was going to be three generations. You’d have the original trilogy, then go back to Luke's father and find out what happened to him, and if there was another 7th, 8th or 9th film, it would be Luke's children."<ref name="ew-2012-11-03" /> However, in April 2014, it was confirmed that the sequel trilogy would not be based off of any Expanded Universe material.<ref name="EUApril2014" />

===Pre-production and design===
As creative consultant on the film, George Lucas' involvement includes attending story meetings. "I mostly say, 'You can't do this. You can do that,' ” he told ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''. "You know, 'The cars don't have wheels. They fly with antigravity.' There’s a million little pieces. Or I can say, 'He doesn’t have the power to do that, or he has to do this.' I know all that stuff."<ref name=BloombergMar2013 />

In May 2013, it was confirmed that the production of ''Episode VII'' would take place in the United Kingdom.<ref name=StarWarsComUKMay2013>{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star_wars_feature_film_production_returns_to_the_uk.html|title=Star Wars Feature Film Production Returns to the U.K.|work=starwars.com|date=May 10, 2013|accessdate=May 25, 2013}}</ref> Representatives from Lucasfilm met with the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], [[George Osborne]] to agree to produce ''Episode VII'' in the U.K.<ref name=StarWarsComUKMay2013 /> Beginning in September 2013, production spaces at the Bad Robot facility were converted for shooting of ''Episode VII'', for the benefit of shooting a minor portion of the film in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abramian|first=Alexandria|title=Source: J. J. Abrams Building 'Star Wars' Postproduction Facility in L.A. (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/star-wars-j-j-abrams-625516|accessdate=March 19, 2014|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=September 11, 2013}}</ref>

[[Simon Kinberg]] and [[Lawrence Kasdan]] are both "working with J. J. as consultants on ''Star Wars VII''," according to [[Bob Iger]] in February 2013.<ref>[http://video.cnbc.com/gallery/?play=1&video=3000146094 "Disney Plans Stand-Alone 'Star Wars' Films"], ''CNBC'', February 5, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</ref> Costume designer [[Michael Kaplan (costume designer)|Michael Kaplan]], who worked with Abrams on his ''Star Trek'' films, will be working on ''Episode VII''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/05/19/star-trek-costume-designer-joins-star-wars-vii-crew|title=Star Trek Costume Designer Joins Star Wars VII Crew|last=Butler|first=Tom|date=May 19, 2013|accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> Film editors [[Maryann Brandon]] and [[Mary Jo Markey]], also long-term collaborators with Abrams, have also been signed for ''Episode VII''.<ref>[http://www.studiodaily.com/2013/05/maryann-brandon-and-mary-jo-markey-on-cutting-star-trek-into-darkness/ "Maryann Brandon and Mary Jo Markey on Cutting Star Trek Into Darkness"], ''Studio Daily'', May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</ref> After several off-hand remarks on returning,<ref>{{cite web|last=Billington|first=Alex|title=John Williams Sounds Likely to Return for the New 'Star Wars' Trilogy|url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2013/john-williams-sounds-likely-to-return-for-the-new-star-wars-trilogy/|publisher=First Showing.net|accessdate=July 31, 2013|date=February 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carlson|first=Adam|title=J.J. Abrams says John Williams will do the next 'Star Wars' score, probably -- VIDEO|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/05/01/j-j-abrams-star-wars-john-williams/|accessdate=July 31, 2013|newspaper=Entertainment Weekly|date=May 1, 2013}}</ref> [[John Williams]] was confirmed to compose the score for ''Episode VII''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hayden|first=Erik|title=John Williams Confirmed to Score 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/star-wars-john-williams-confirmed-594396|accessdate=July 31, 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=July 27, 2013}}</ref>

In August 2013, it was announced that [[cinematographer]] [[Daniel Mindel]] will be shooting the film on [[35 mm film]] (specifically [[Eastman Kodak|Kodak]] [[Vision 3|5219]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/jj-abrams-hires-familiar-cinematographer-shoot-star-wars-episode-vii-35mm-film-112771|title=J.J. Abrams Hires 'Star Trek' Cinematographer to Shoot 'Star Wars: Episode VII' on 35MM Film|author=Jeff Sneider|publisher=The Wrap|date=August 22, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2013}}</ref> and that the film would rely on the employment of real locations and [[Miniature effect|scale models]] over [[computer-generated imagery]], in order to make the film aesthetically similar to the original ''Star Wars'' trilogy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2013/08/22/star-wars-episode-vii-film|title=Star Wars Episode VII to Use Film, Be More Like Original Trilogy|work=mashable.com|accessdate=September 7, 2013}}</ref>

On the film's official website, it was announced that both Abrams and Kasdan would be rewriting Arndt's script.<ref name="starwars.com">[http://starwars.com/news/master-filmmaking-team-announced-for-star-wars.html Master Filmmaking Team Announced for Star Wars: Episode VII]</ref> Also, several other film crew members were confirmed on October 24, 2013, including sound designer [[Ben Burtt]], director of photography [[Daniel Mindel]], production designers [[Rick Carter]] and Darren Gilford, costume designer [[Michael Kaplan (costume designer)|Michael Kaplan]], special effects supervisor [[Chris Corbould]], re-recording mixer [[Gary Rydstrom]], supervising sound editor [[Matthew Wood (sound editor)|Matthew Wood]], visual effects supervisor Roger Guyett, and executive producers Tommy Harper and Jason McGatlin.<ref>{{cite news|last=Olsen|first=Mark|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': Lawrence Kasdan's big move|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-lawrence-kasdan-jj-abrams-star-wars-episode-vii-20131024,0,7723323.story#axzz2jEHOv6Gr|accessdate=October 30, 2013|newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|date=October 24, 2013}}</ref>

In January 2014, Abrams confirmed that the script was complete.<ref name=WrapScript>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/j-j-abrams-says-star-wars-episode-vii-script-done-confirms-jesse-plemons-talks|last=Molloy|first=Tim|title=J.J. Abrams Says 'Star Wars Episode VII' Script Done, Confirms Jesse Plemons Talks|last=Molloy|first=Tim|work=The Wrap|date=January 19, 2014|accessdate=January 19, 2014}}</ref>

===Casting===
Though Lucas intimated that previous cast members Fisher, Ford and Hamill would return for the new film as early as March 2013,<ref name=BloombergMar2013>Devin Leonard, [http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-03-07/how-disney-bought-lucasfilm-and-its-plans-for-star-wars "How Disney Bought Lucasfilm—and Its Plans for 'Star Wars'"], ''Bloomberg Businessweek'', March 7, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</ref> their casting was not confirmed until April 29, 2014, at which point it was revealed that Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Mark Hamill, Anthony Daniels, Peter Mayhew, and Kenny Baker would all appear in Episode VII.<ref name="OfficialCast">{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-episode-7-cast-announced.html|title=STAR WARS: EPISODE VII CAST ANNOUNCED|publisher=Star Wars.com|date=April 29, 2014|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>

Casting for new character roles was the subject of much speculation. On March 30, 2014, actor [[Dominic Monaghan]] said during a interview that Abrams was looking for three unknown actors to play the leads in ''Episode VII'' and that rumors of bigger name stars were untrue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/showbiz/467708/Star-Wars-Episode-VII-JJ-Abrams-looking-at-cast-of-unknown-actors-like-original-trilogy|title=JJ Abrams looking at 'unknown actors' for Star Wars Episode VII like original trilogy cast|last=Dassanayake|first=Dion|work=Express|date=March 30, 2014|accessdate=March 30, 2014}}</ref>

[[Saoirse Ronan]],<ref>{{cite news |title = Saoirse Ronan Confirms She Did Audition For 'Star Wars: Episode VII' Role, But 'So Did Everyone' | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/01/saoirse-ronan-star-wars_n_4023967.html |date = October 1, 2013 | publisher = The Huffington Post| accessdate = October 1, 2013 | first=Matthew | last=Jacobs}}</ref> and [[Michael B. Jordan]],<ref>{{cite news | title=Michael B. Jordan Confirms 'Star Wars' Rumor | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/10/michael-b-jordan-star-wars_n_4078714.html |date=October 10, 2013 | publisher=The Huffington Post | accessdate=November 3, 2013}}</ref> and [[Lupita Nyong'o]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://latino-review.com/2014/03/exclusive-oscar-winner-close-star-wars-episode-vii/|title=EXCLUSIVE: This Oscar Winner Is SO CLOSE to 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|last=Chavez|first=Kellvin|work=Latino Review|date=March 14, 2014|accessdate=March 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lupita-nyongo-meets-jj-abrams-688787|title=Lupita Nyong'o Meets With J.J. Abrams for 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|last=Kit|first=Borys|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=March 14, 2014|accessdate=March 17, 2014}}</ref> each are confirmed to have auditioned for the film.

Industry publications also reported [[Jesse Plemons]] was being considered for possibly playing playing Ben Skywalker, Luke's son;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starwarsunderworld.com/2014/01/rumors-jesse-plemons-is-ben-skywalker.html|title=Rumors: Jesse Plemons Cast As Ben Skywalker, Boba Fett Retcon, & More|last=Hart|first=Benjamin|work=The Star Wars Underworld|date=January 17, 2014|accessdate=January 18, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/10/jesse-plemons-star-wars_n_4578259.html|title=Jesse Plemons Reportedly Up For 'Star Wars' Role|last=Rosen|first=Christopher|work=The Huffington Post|date=January 10, 2014|accessdate=January 18, 2014}}</ref> [[Adam Driver]] for an unnamed villain;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/star-wars-villain-adam-driver-girls-1201121646|title='Star Wars': Adam Driver Near Deal to Play the Villain (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Kroll|first=Justin|work=Variety|date=February 26, 2014|accessdate=February 27, 2014}}</ref> and [[Maisie Richardson-Sellers]] for an unknown character.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/star-wars-episode-vii-speculation-693268|title='Star Wars: Episode VII' Speculation Centers on Unknown Oxford Actress|last=Kit|first=Borys|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 9, 2014|accessdate=April 9, 2014}}</ref>

On April 29, 2014, the cast for the film was officially announced.<ref name="OfficialCast">{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-episode-7-cast-announced.html|title=STAR WARS: EPISODE VII CAST ANNOUNCED|publisher=Star Wars.com|date=April 29, 2014|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>

===Filming===
On February 11, 2014, Abrams planned a six-month shooting schedule.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moviepilot.com/stories/2014/02/11/star-wars-7-plans-6-months-of-filming-from-may-1235930|title=Star Wars 7 plans 6 months of filming from May|last=Newton|first=Mark|work=Movie Pilot|date=February 11, 2014|accessdate=February 11, 2014}}</ref> On March 18, Disney and Lucasfilm announced that [[principal photography]] would begin in May at [[Pinewood Studios]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26639322|title=Episode VII filming to begin in UK in May|work=BBC News|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=March 18, 2014}}</ref> On March 22, an Icelandic website reported that pre-production filming would be taking place in [[Iceland]] prior to the start of official filming in May and that the site will only be used for landscape shots which will then be used for scenery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/03/22/star-wars-7-iceland-rumours-spark-rumours-of-return-to-hoth-4673234/|title=Star Wars 7 Iceland rumours spark speculation of return to Hoth|last=Westbrook|first=Caroline|work=Metro|date=March 22, 2014|accessdate=March 22, 2014}}</ref> On April 1, it was reported that the official start date for filming would be on May 14, 2014 with two weeks of shooting in [[Morocco]] and possibly in [[Tunisia]], both locations used in the previous films for [[Tatooine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://badassdigest.com/2014/04/01/episode-vii-shoots-april-14th-in-morocco/|title=EPISODE VII Shoots May 14th In Morocco|last=Faraci|first=Devin|work=Badass Digest|date=April 1, 2014|accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref> On April 2, 2014, [[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|Walt Disney Studios]] chairman [[Alan F. Horn|Alan Horn]] confirmed that filming had already begun.<ref name="Appelo"/> It turns out that a second-unit filming the desert scenes was already concluded earlier in April under some secrecy within the [[United Arab Emirates|U.A.E.]] [[Abu Dhabi (emirate)|emirate of Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/disney-confirms-that-star-wars-episode-7-is-filming-in-abu-dhabi-desert |title=Disney confirms that Star Wars: Episode 7 is filming in Abu Dhabi desert |last=Newbould |first=Chris |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=April 23, 2014|accessdate=April 25, 2014}}</ref> On April 20, it was revealed that in addition to 35mm film, segments of the film are being shot in the [[70 mm film|65mm]] IMAX format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinefex.com/blog/film-renaissance/ |title=Film Renaissance |last=Fordham |first=Joe |work=[[Cinefex]] Blog |date=April 20, 2014|accessdate=April 27, 2014}}</ref>

==Release==
In November 2013, the film was given a release date of December 18, 2015, which will make it the second film—following ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'', released in August 2008—not to be released in May, as the first six films were.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/07/star-wars-episode-vii-release-set-for-december-18-2015-breaking|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': Release set for December 18, 2015|last=Breznican|first=Anthony|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=November 7, 2013|accessdate=November 7, 2013}}</ref> In March 2014, Disney confirmed that ''Episode VII'' will be released in [[IMAX]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=116262|title=Disney to Release Avengers: Age of Ultron, Star Wars: Episode VII in IMAX|work=ComingSoon.net|date=March 20, 2014|accessdate=March 20, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2488496|Star Wars Episode VII}}

* ''[http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Star_Wars_Episode_VII Star Wars Episode VII]'' on [[Wookieepedia]]

{{Star Wars}}
{{Lucasfilm}}
{{J. J. Abrams}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2010s science fiction films]]
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[[Category:American films]]
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[[Category:Bad Robot Productions films]]
[[Category:Films directed by J. J. Abrams]]
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[[Category:Films shot in 35mm]]
[[Category:Films shot in Iceland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Morocco]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Arab Emirates]]
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[[Category:Film scores by John Williams]]
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Star Wars: Das Erwachen der Macht

2014-04-29T18:25:03Z

Fluffernutter: /* Casting */ serious pruning/rewrite, to condense outdated and undue info now that cast is known. Feel free to improve on this if I pruned too much

{{pp-semi-indef}}{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Star Wars Episode VII''}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Star Wars Episode VII
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[J. J. Abrams]]
| producer = J. J. Abrams [[Bryan Burk]] [[Kathleen Kennedy (film producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]]
| screenplay = J. J. Abrams [[Lawrence Kasdan]]
| story = [[George Lucas]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/star-wars-episode-7/207393/ |title=George Lucas and Kathleen Kennedy Talk STAR WARS: EPISODE VII | Collider | Page 207393 |publisher=Collider |date=November 20, 2013 |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mark Hamill]]
* [[Harrison Ford]]
* [[Carrie Fisher]]
* [[Anthony Daniels]]
* [[Peter Mayhew (actor)|Peter Mayhew]]
* [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]]
* [[John Boyega]]
* [[Adam Driver]]
* [[Oscar Isaac]]
* [[Andy Serkis]]
* [[Domhnall Gleeson]]
* Daisy Ridley
* [[Max von Sydow]]
}}
| music = [[John Williams]]
| cinematography = [[Daniel Mindel]]
| editing = [[Maryann Brandon]] [[Mary Jo Markey]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| studio = [[Walt Disney Pictures]]<ref name=OfficialA/> [[Lucasfilm]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Ben Quinn and agencies |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2012/oct/30/disney-lucasfilm-star-wars-deal |title=Disney to buy Star Wars production company Lucasfilm for $4bn | Film |publisher=The Guardian |date= October 30, 2012|accessdate=January 4, 2014 |location=London}}</ref> [[Bad Robot Productions]]<ref name=OfficialA>{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-is-being-kick-started-with-dynamite-jj-abrams-to-direct-star-wars-episode-vii.html |title=Star Wars Is Being Kick-Started with Dynamite |publisher=StarWars.com |date=January 25, 2013 |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/video/2012/oct/31/star-wars-lucasfilm-walt-disney-video |title=Star Wars franchise and Lucasfilm sold to Walt Disney – video | Film |publisher=theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2015|12|18}}
| budget = $200 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a538457/star-wars-episode-7-script-still-not-finalised.html|title=Star Wars Episode 7 script still not finalised|author=Hugh Armitage|date=December 16, 2013|website=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=January 2, 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''''Star Wars Episode VII''''' is an upcoming American [[Epic film|epic]] [[space opera]] film<ref name=VarietyApr2013>{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/2013/film/news/disney-planning-for-2015-2017-and-2019-openings-for-star-wars-1200380582|title=Star Wars Movies Coming in 2015, 2017 and 2019|last=McNary|first=Dave|work=Variety|date=April 17, 2013|accessdate=May 26, 2013}}</ref><ref name=StarWarsComOct2012>{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/new-star-wars-movies-announced-as-disney-enters-agreement-to-acquire-lucasfilm-ltd/index.html|title=New Star Wars Movies Announced as Disney Enters Agreement to Acquire Lucasfilm Ltd|work=StarWars.com|date=October 30, 2012|accessdate=May 25, 2013}}</ref> and the seventh film in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' film series. The film stars [[John Boyega]], Daisy Ridley, [[Adam Driver]], [[Oscar Isaac]], [[Andy Serkis]], [[Domhnall Gleeson]] and [[Max von Sydow]], with [[Harrison Ford]], [[Carrie Fisher]], [[Mark Hamill]], [[Anthony Daniels]], [[Peter Mayhew (actor)|Peter Mayhew]] and [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]] reprising their roles from previous films. Filming began in April 2014,<ref name="Appelo">{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-chief-reveals-star-wars-693950|title=Disney Chief Reveals 'Star Wars: VII' Casting Almost Complete, Says Film Is Already Shooting (Video)|last=Appelo|first=Tim|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 5, 2014|accessdate=April 6, 2014}}</ref> and will move to [[Pinewood Studios]] in [[England]] in the following month,<ref>{{cite web|author=Leonard Martinez |url=http://www.kvia.com/news/star-wars-episode-vii-to-begin-shooting-in-may/25036336 |title=Star Wars: Episode VII to begin filming in May |publisher=Kvia.com |date= |accessdate=April 6, 2014}}</ref> with a scheduled release date of December 18, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/07/star-wars-episode-vii-release-set-for-december-18-2015-breaking|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': Release set for December 18, 2015|last=Breznican|first=Anthony|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=November 7, 2013|accessdate=November 8, 2013}}</ref> It forms the first part of the planned [[Star Wars sequel trilogy|third trilogy]] of ''Star Wars'' films,<ref name=StarWarsComOct2012/> following chronologically in the series 35 years after 1983's ''[[Return of the Jedi]]''. It will be the first ''Star Wars'' film produced since [[The Walt Disney Company]] acquired ownership of [[Lucasfilm]].<ref name=StarWarsComOct2012/>

[[J. J. Abrams]] is attached to direct the film based on a screenplay written by himself and [[Lawrence Kasdan]], who acted as co-writer on ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' and ''Return of the Jedi''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/star-wars-episode-vii-j-j-abrams-lawrence-kasdan-to-pen-script|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': J.J. Abrams, Lawrence Kasdan to pen script|last=McIntyre|first=Gina|work=Los Angeles Times|date=October 24, 2013|accessdate=October 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/25/business/media/abrams-and-kasdan-take-over-writing-of-new-star-wars-movie.html|title=Abrams and Kasdan Take Over Writing of New 'Star Wars' Movie|last=Barnes|first=Brooks|work=New York Times|date=October 24, 2013|accessdate=October 24, 2013}}</ref> Originally, [[Academy Award]]-winning screenwriter [[Michael Arndt]] was attached to pen the screenplay after writing a 40-50 page treatment. Arndt has since dropped out of the production, and did not receive production credit.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kit|first=Borys|title=Writer Michael Arndt Exits 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/writer-michael-arndt-exits-star-650671|accessdate=October 24, 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=October 24, 2013}}</ref><ref name="OfficialCast" /> Producers include [[Kathleen Kennedy (film producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]] and Abrams' long-time collaborator [[Bryan Burk]].<ref name=StarWarsComOct2012/><ref name=StarWarsComJan2013>[http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-is-being-kick-started-with-dynamite-jj-abrams-to-direct-star-wars-episode-vii.html "Star Wars Is Being Kick-Started with Dynamite"], ''StarWars.com'', January 25, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2013.</ref> ''Star Wars'' creator [[George Lucas]] will act as creative consultant on ''Episode VII'' (and other new ''Star Wars'' films).<ref name=StarWarsVideoSeries>[http://starwars.com/news/a-discussion-about-the-future-of-star-wars/index.html "New Video Series: A Discussion About the Future of Star Wars"], ''StarWars.com'', October 30, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2013.</ref>

==Premise==
Set approximately thirty-five years after ''Return of the Jedi'' and the demise of [[Darth Vader]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theforce.net/story/front/Star_Wars_Episode_VII_Has_Begun_Filming_With_Casting_Almost_Complete_157254.asp|title=Star Wars Episode VII Has Begun Filming, With Casting Almost Complete|work=TheForce.net|date=April 6, 2014|accessdate=April 7, 2014}}</ref> the plot centers around a trio of young leads, along with characters from the previous installments.<ref name="MayTimeFrame">{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-episode-vii-set-to-roll-cameras-may-2014.html|title=STAR WARS: EPISODE VII SET TO ROLL CAMERAS MAY 2014|work=StarWars.com|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=April 7, 2014}}</ref> ''Episodes VII''-''IX'' will not feature any of the storylines or characters from the [[Star Wars Expanded Universe|Expanded Universe]], though elements could be included to become canon.<ref name="EUApril2014">{{cite news|last=Pirrello|first=Phil|title=New ‘Star Wars’ Trilogy Has No Ties to Expanded Universe, Lucasfilm Confirms|url=http://www.thewrap.com/lucasfilm-confirms-new-star-wars-trilogy-free-expanded-universe|accessdate=April 26, 2014|newspaper=The Wrap|date=April 25, 2014}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Mark Hamill]] as [[Luke Skywalker]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Harrison Ford]] as [[Han Solo]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Carrie Fisher]] as [[Princess Leia Organa]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Anthony Daniels]] as [[C-3PO]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Peter Mayhew (actor)|Peter Mayhew]] as [[Chewbacca]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]] as [[R2-D2]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[John Boyega]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Adam Driver]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Oscar Isaac]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Andy Serkis]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Domhnall Gleeson]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* Daisy Ridley<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Max von Sydow]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />

==Production==

===Background and writing===
Lucas had [[Film treatment|story treatments]] for ''Episode VII'' (as well as for ''VIII'' and ''IX'') which he turned over to Disney chairman [[Bob Iger]] around the time Lucasfilm was sold to Disney.<ref name="BloombergMar2013" /> During the previous 35 years Lucas had given many hints about the content of the sequel trilogy, including the following (sometimes contradictory) possibilities relevant to ''Episode VII'':
* [[R2-D2]] and [[C-3PO]] would be the only characters who might continue through all nine films (Lucas in 1980, 1981 and 1983).<ref name="PrevueLucas">Steranko, "George Lucas", ''Prevue'' #42, September–October 1980.</ref>
* The trilogy would deal with the rebuilding of the [[Galactic Republic|Republic]] (Lucas in 1980).<ref>Gerald Clarke. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924122,00.html "The Empire Strikes Back!"]. ''Time'', May 19, 1980. Retrieved September 26, 2012.</ref>
* "It's like a saga, the story of a group of people, a family" (Lucas in 1980).<ref name="PrevueLucas" />
* Luke would have a romantic relationship with a female love interest (Lucas in 1988).<ref name="Starlog127">Bill Warren. "George Lucas: Father of the Force". ''Starlog'' #127, February 1988.</ref>
* The main theme of the trilogy would be moral and philosophical problems, such as the necessity for moral choices and the wisdom needed to distinguish right from wrong, justice, confrontation, and passing on what you have learned (Lucas in 1983 and 1989).<ref name="TimeLucasLifeBackMay1983">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953916-3,00.html|title=I've Got to Get My Life Back Again|last=Clarke|first=Gerald|last2=Worrell|first2=Denise|date=May 23, 1983|work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
* The key actors, [[Mark Hamill]] as [[Luke Skywalker]], [[Harrison Ford]] as [[Han Solo]], and [[Carrie Fisher]] as [[Princess Leia]], would appear, in their 60s or 70s (Lucas in 1983).<ref name="TimeLucasLifeBackMay1983"/>

Interviewed in 2012 after the announcement of the new trilogy, Lucas biographer [[Dale Pollock]] said that he had, in the 1980s, read the outlines to 12 ''Star Wars'' episodes planned by Lucas, but had been required to sign a confidentiality agreement.<ref name="WrapOct2012">{{cite web |publisher=''The Wrap''|title='Star Wars' 7, 8 and 9 Are 'The Most Exciting,' Says George Lucas Biographer (Exclusive) |url=http://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/star-wars-7-8-and-9-are-most-exciting-says-george-lucas-biographer-exclusive-63006 |date=October 30, 2012 |accessdate=May 26, 2013 |last=Waxman |first=Sharon}}</ref> Pollock said:
* "The three most exciting stories were 7, 8 and 9. They had propulsive action, really interesting new worlds, new characters. I remember thinking, 'I want to see these 3 movies.'"
* The next film in the series would involve Luke Skywalker in his 30s and 40s.
* That he had little doubt Disney would use Lucas' outlines as the basis for the sequel trilogy. "That's in part what Disney bought."<ref name="WrapOct2012" />

Author [[Timothy Zahn]], whose ''Star Wars'' novel series, the [[Thrawn trilogy]], is set in the ''Star Wars'' [[Star Wars Expanded Universe|Expanded Universe]], was also interviewed in 2012.<ref name="ew-2012-11-03">{{cite web |publisher=''Entertainment Weekly''|title='Star Wars' sequel author Timothy Zahn weighs in on new movie plans – EXCLUSIVE |url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/11/02/star-wars-sequels-timothy-zahn/ |date=November 2, 2012 |accessdate=May 26, 2013 |first=Anthony |last=Breznican}}</ref> Zahn confirmed the sequel trilogy would not be based on the Thrawn novels, but said he had been briefed years before on Lucas' plans for the sequels (Zahn had discussions with Lucas before the first Thrawn novel was published in 1991). Zahn said, "The original idea as I understood it—and Lucas changes his mind off and on, so it may not be what he’s thinking right now—but it was going to be three generations. You’d have the original trilogy, then go back to Luke's father and find out what happened to him, and if there was another 7th, 8th or 9th film, it would be Luke's children."<ref name="ew-2012-11-03" /> However, in April 2014, it was confirmed that the sequel trilogy would not be based off of any Expanded Universe material.<ref name="EUApril2014" />

===Pre-production and design===
As creative consultant on the film, George Lucas' involvement includes attending story meetings. "I mostly say, 'You can't do this. You can do that,' ” he told ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''. "You know, 'The cars don't have wheels. They fly with antigravity.' There’s a million little pieces. Or I can say, 'He doesn’t have the power to do that, or he has to do this.' I know all that stuff."<ref name=BloombergMar2013 />

In May 2013, it was confirmed that the production of ''Episode VII'' would take place in the United Kingdom.<ref name=StarWarsComUKMay2013>{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star_wars_feature_film_production_returns_to_the_uk.html|title=Star Wars Feature Film Production Returns to the U.K.|work=starwars.com|date=May 10, 2013|accessdate=May 25, 2013}}</ref> Representatives from Lucasfilm met with the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], [[George Osborne]] to agree to produce ''Episode VII'' in the U.K.<ref name=StarWarsComUKMay2013 /> Beginning in September 2013, production spaces at the Bad Robot facility were converted for shooting of ''Episode VII'', for the benefit of shooting a minor portion of the film in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abramian|first=Alexandria|title=Source: J. J. Abrams Building 'Star Wars' Postproduction Facility in L.A. (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/star-wars-j-j-abrams-625516|accessdate=March 19, 2014|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=September 11, 2013}}</ref>

[[Simon Kinberg]] and [[Lawrence Kasdan]] are both "working with J. J. as consultants on ''Star Wars VII''," according to [[Bob Iger]] in February 2013.<ref>[http://video.cnbc.com/gallery/?play=1&video=3000146094 "Disney Plans Stand-Alone 'Star Wars' Films"], ''CNBC'', February 5, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</ref> Costume designer [[Michael Kaplan (costume designer)|Michael Kaplan]], who worked with Abrams on his ''Star Trek'' films, will be working on ''Episode VII''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/05/19/star-trek-costume-designer-joins-star-wars-vii-crew|title=Star Trek Costume Designer Joins Star Wars VII Crew|last=Butler|first=Tom|date=May 19, 2013|accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> Film editors [[Maryann Brandon]] and [[Mary Jo Markey]], also long-term collaborators with Abrams, have also been signed for ''Episode VII''.<ref>[http://www.studiodaily.com/2013/05/maryann-brandon-and-mary-jo-markey-on-cutting-star-trek-into-darkness/ "Maryann Brandon and Mary Jo Markey on Cutting Star Trek Into Darkness"], ''Studio Daily'', May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</ref> After several off-hand remarks on returning,<ref>{{cite web|last=Billington|first=Alex|title=John Williams Sounds Likely to Return for the New 'Star Wars' Trilogy|url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2013/john-williams-sounds-likely-to-return-for-the-new-star-wars-trilogy/|publisher=First Showing.net|accessdate=July 31, 2013|date=February 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carlson|first=Adam|title=J.J. Abrams says John Williams will do the next 'Star Wars' score, probably -- VIDEO|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/05/01/j-j-abrams-star-wars-john-williams/|accessdate=July 31, 2013|newspaper=Entertainment Weekly|date=May 1, 2013}}</ref> [[John Williams]] was confirmed to compose the score for ''Episode VII''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hayden|first=Erik|title=John Williams Confirmed to Score 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/star-wars-john-williams-confirmed-594396|accessdate=July 31, 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=July 27, 2013}}</ref>

In August 2013, it was announced that [[cinematographer]] [[Daniel Mindel]] will be shooting the film on [[35 mm film]] (specifically [[Eastman Kodak|Kodak]] [[Vision 3|5219]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/jj-abrams-hires-familiar-cinematographer-shoot-star-wars-episode-vii-35mm-film-112771|title=J.J. Abrams Hires 'Star Trek' Cinematographer to Shoot 'Star Wars: Episode VII' on 35MM Film|author=Jeff Sneider|publisher=The Wrap|date=August 22, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2013}}</ref> and that the film would rely on the employment of real locations and [[Miniature effect|scale models]] over [[computer-generated imagery]], in order to make the film aesthetically similar to the original ''Star Wars'' trilogy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2013/08/22/star-wars-episode-vii-film|title=Star Wars Episode VII to Use Film, Be More Like Original Trilogy|work=mashable.com|accessdate=September 7, 2013}}</ref>

On the film's official website, it was announced that both Abrams and Kasdan would be rewriting Arndt's script.<ref name="starwars.com">[http://starwars.com/news/master-filmmaking-team-announced-for-star-wars.html Master Filmmaking Team Announced for Star Wars: Episode VII]</ref> Also, several other film crew members were confirmed on October 24, 2013, including sound designer [[Ben Burtt]], director of photography [[Daniel Mindel]], production designers [[Rick Carter]] and Darren Gilford, costume designer [[Michael Kaplan (costume designer)|Michael Kaplan]], special effects supervisor [[Chris Corbould]], re-recording mixer [[Gary Rydstrom]], supervising sound editor [[Matthew Wood (sound editor)|Matthew Wood]], visual effects supervisor Roger Guyett, and executive producers Tommy Harper and Jason McGatlin.<ref>{{cite news|last=Olsen|first=Mark|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': Lawrence Kasdan's big move|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-lawrence-kasdan-jj-abrams-star-wars-episode-vii-20131024,0,7723323.story#axzz2jEHOv6Gr|accessdate=October 30, 2013|newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|date=October 24, 2013}}</ref>

In January 2014, Abrams confirmed that the script was complete.<ref name=WrapScript>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/j-j-abrams-says-star-wars-episode-vii-script-done-confirms-jesse-plemons-talks|last=Molloy|first=Tim|title=J.J. Abrams Says 'Star Wars Episode VII' Script Done, Confirms Jesse Plemons Talks|last=Molloy|first=Tim|work=The Wrap|date=January 19, 2014|accessdate=January 19, 2014}}</ref>

===Casting===
{{Cleanup|section|reason=Outdated information/speculation needs to be removed. Unreliable sources need to be removed. General copyediting of the entire section.|date=April 2014}}
Though Lucas intimated that previous cast members Fisher, Ford and Hamill would return for the new film as early as March 2013,<ref name=BloombergMar2013>Devin Leonard, [http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-03-07/how-disney-bought-lucasfilm-and-its-plans-for-star-wars "How Disney Bought Lucasfilm—and Its Plans for 'Star Wars'"], ''Bloomberg Businessweek'', March 7, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</ref> their casting was not confirmed until April 29, 2014, at which point it was revealed that Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Mark Hamill, Anthony Daniels, Peter Mayhew, and Kenny Baker would all appear in Episode VII.<ref name="OfficialCast">{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-episode-7-cast-announced.html|title=STAR WARS: EPISODE VII CAST ANNOUNCED|publisher=Star Wars.com|date=April 29, 2014|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>

Casting for new character roles was the subject of much speculation. On March 30, 2014, actor [[Dominic Monaghan]] said during a interview that Abrams was looking for three unknown actors to play the leads in ''Episode VII'' and that rumors of bigger name stars were untrue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/showbiz/467708/Star-Wars-Episode-VII-JJ-Abrams-looking-at-cast-of-unknown-actors-like-original-trilogy|title=JJ Abrams looking at 'unknown actors' for Star Wars Episode VII like original trilogy cast|last=Dassanayake|first=Dion|work=Express|date=March 30, 2014|accessdate=March 30, 2014}}</ref>

[[Saoirse Ronan]],<ref>{{cite news |title = Saoirse Ronan Confirms She Did Audition For 'Star Wars: Episode VII' Role, But 'So Did Everyone' | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/01/saoirse-ronan-star-wars_n_4023967.html |date = October 1, 2013 | publisher = The Huffington Post| accessdate = October 1, 2013 | first=Matthew | last=Jacobs}}</ref> and [[Michael B. Jordan]],<ref>{{cite news | title=Michael B. Jordan Confirms 'Star Wars' Rumor | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/10/michael-b-jordan-star-wars_n_4078714.html |date=October 10, 2013 | publisher=The Huffington Post | accessdate=November 3, 2013}}</ref> and [[Lupita Nyong'o]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://latino-review.com/2014/03/exclusive-oscar-winner-close-star-wars-episode-vii/|title=EXCLUSIVE: This Oscar Winner Is SO CLOSE to 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|last=Chavez|first=Kellvin|work=Latino Review|date=March 14, 2014|accessdate=March 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lupita-nyongo-meets-jj-abrams-688787|title=Lupita Nyong'o Meets With J.J. Abrams for 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|last=Kit|first=Borys|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=March 14, 2014|accessdate=March 17, 2014}}</ref> each are confirmed to have auditioned for the film.

Industry publications also reported [[Jesse Plemons]] was being considered for possibly playing playing Ben Skywalker, Luke's son;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starwarsunderworld.com/2014/01/rumors-jesse-plemons-is-ben-skywalker.html|title=Rumors: Jesse Plemons Cast As Ben Skywalker, Boba Fett Retcon, & More|last=Hart|first=Benjamin|work=The Star Wars Underworld|date=January 17, 2014|accessdate=January 18, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/10/jesse-plemons-star-wars_n_4578259.html|title=Jesse Plemons Reportedly Up For 'Star Wars' Role|last=Rosen|first=Christopher|work=The Huffington Post|date=January 10, 2014|accessdate=January 18, 2014}}</ref> [[Adam Driver]] for an unnamed villain;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/star-wars-villain-adam-driver-girls-1201121646|title='Star Wars': Adam Driver Near Deal to Play the Villain (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Kroll|first=Justin|work=Variety|date=February 26, 2014|accessdate=February 27, 2014}}</ref> and [[Maisie Richardson-Sellers]] for an unknown character.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/star-wars-episode-vii-speculation-693268|title='Star Wars: Episode VII' Speculation Centers on Unknown Oxford Actress|last=Kit|first=Borys|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 9, 2014|accessdate=April 9, 2014}}</ref>

On April 29, 2014, the cast for the film was officially announced.<ref name="OfficialCast">{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-episode-7-cast-announced.html|title=STAR WARS: EPISODE VII CAST ANNOUNCED|publisher=Star Wars.com|date=April 29, 2014|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>

===Filming===
On February 11, 2014, Abrams planned a six-month shooting schedule.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moviepilot.com/stories/2014/02/11/star-wars-7-plans-6-months-of-filming-from-may-1235930|title=Star Wars 7 plans 6 months of filming from May|last=Newton|first=Mark|work=Movie Pilot|date=February 11, 2014|accessdate=February 11, 2014}}</ref> On March 18, Disney and Lucasfilm announced that [[principal photography]] would begin in May at [[Pinewood Studios]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26639322|title=Episode VII filming to begin in UK in May|work=BBC News|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=March 18, 2014}}</ref> On March 22, an Icelandic website reported that pre-production filming would be taking place in [[Iceland]] prior to the start of official filming in May and that the site will only be used for landscape shots which will then be used for scenery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/03/22/star-wars-7-iceland-rumours-spark-rumours-of-return-to-hoth-4673234/|title=Star Wars 7 Iceland rumours spark speculation of return to Hoth|last=Westbrook|first=Caroline|work=Metro|date=March 22, 2014|accessdate=March 22, 2014}}</ref> On April 1, it was reported that the official start date for filming would be on May 14, 2014 with two weeks of shooting in [[Morocco]] and possibly in [[Tunisia]], both locations used in the previous films for [[Tatooine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://badassdigest.com/2014/04/01/episode-vii-shoots-april-14th-in-morocco/|title=EPISODE VII Shoots May 14th In Morocco|last=Faraci|first=Devin|work=Badass Digest|date=April 1, 2014|accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref> On April 2, 2014, [[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|Walt Disney Studios]] chairman [[Alan F. Horn|Alan Horn]] confirmed that filming had already begun.<ref name="Appelo"/> It turns out that a second-unit filming the desert scenes was already concluded earlier in April under some secrecy within the [[United Arab Emirates|U.A.E.]] [[Abu Dhabi (emirate)|emirate of Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/disney-confirms-that-star-wars-episode-7-is-filming-in-abu-dhabi-desert |title=Disney confirms that Star Wars: Episode 7 is filming in Abu Dhabi desert |last=Newbould |first=Chris |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=April 23, 2014|accessdate=April 25, 2014}}</ref> On April 20, it was revealed that in addition to 35mm film, segments of the film are being shot in the [[70 mm film|65mm]] IMAX format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinefex.com/blog/film-renaissance/ |title=Film Renaissance |last=Fordham |first=Joe |work=[[Cinefex]] Blog |date=April 20, 2014|accessdate=April 27, 2014}}</ref>

==Release==
In November 2013, the film was given a release date of December 18, 2015, which will make it the second film—following ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'', released in August 2008—not to be released in May, as the first six films were.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/07/star-wars-episode-vii-release-set-for-december-18-2015-breaking|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': Release set for December 18, 2015|last=Breznican|first=Anthony|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=November 7, 2013|accessdate=November 7, 2013}}</ref> In March 2014, Disney confirmed that ''Episode VII'' will be released in [[IMAX]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=116262|title=Disney to Release Avengers: Age of Ultron, Star Wars: Episode VII in IMAX|work=ComingSoon.net|date=March 20, 2014|accessdate=March 20, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2488496|Star Wars Episode VII}}

* ''[http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Star_Wars_Episode_VII Star Wars Episode VII]'' on [[Wookieepedia]]

{{Star Wars}}
{{Lucasfilm}}
{{J. J. Abrams}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2010s science fiction films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American science fiction films]]
[[Category:American science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Bad Robot Productions films]]
[[Category:Films directed by J. J. Abrams]]
[[Category:Films produced by J. J. Abrams]]
[[Category:Films shot in 35mm]]
[[Category:Films shot in Iceland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Morocco]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Film scores by John Williams]]
[[Category:IMAX films]]
[[Category:Lucasfilm films]]
[[Category:Pinewood Studios films]]
[[Category:Sequel films]]
[[Category:Space adventure films]]
[[Category:Star Wars films]]
[[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]]

Star Wars: Das Erwachen der Macht

2014-04-29T17:45:32Z

Fluffernutter: /* Casting */ update Kenny Baker appearance. Much of this "stuff will be announced soon" content ought to be cleared out now that the cast has been announced

{{pp-semi-indef}}{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Star Wars Episode VII''}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Star Wars Episode VII
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[J. J. Abrams]]
| producer = J. J. Abrams [[Bryan Burk]] [[Kathleen Kennedy (film producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]]
| screenplay = J. J. Abrams [[Lawrence Kasdan]]
| story = [[George Lucas]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/star-wars-episode-7/207393/ |title=George Lucas and Kathleen Kennedy Talk STAR WARS: EPISODE VII | Collider | Page 207393 |publisher=Collider |date=November 20, 2013 |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[John Boyega]]
* Daisy Ridley
* [[Adam Driver]]
* [[Oscar Isaac]]
* [[Andy Serkis]]
* [[Domhnall Gleeson]]
* [[Max von Sydow]]
* [[Harrison Ford]]
* [[Carrie Fisher]]
* [[Mark Hamill]]
* [[Anthony Daniels]]
* [[Peter Mayhew (actor)|Peter Mayhew]]
* [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]]
}}
| music = [[John Williams]]
| cinematography = [[Daniel Mindel]]
| editing = [[Maryann Brandon]] [[Mary Jo Markey]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| studio = [[Walt Disney Pictures]]<ref name=OfficialA/> [[Lucasfilm]]<ref>{{cite news|author=Ben Quinn and agencies |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2012/oct/30/disney-lucasfilm-star-wars-deal |title=Disney to buy Star Wars production company Lucasfilm for $4bn | Film |publisher=The Guardian |date= October 30, 2012|accessdate=January 4, 2014 |location=London}}</ref> [[Bad Robot Productions]]<ref name=OfficialA>{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-is-being-kick-started-with-dynamite-jj-abrams-to-direct-star-wars-episode-vii.html |title=Star Wars Is Being Kick-Started with Dynamite |publisher=StarWars.com |date=January 25, 2013 |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/video/2012/oct/31/star-wars-lucasfilm-walt-disney-video |title=Star Wars franchise and Lucasfilm sold to Walt Disney – video | Film |publisher=theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2015|12|18}}
| budget = $200 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a538457/star-wars-episode-7-script-still-not-finalised.html|title=Star Wars Episode 7 script still not finalised|author=Hugh Armitage|date=December 16, 2013|website=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=January 2, 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''''Star Wars Episode VII''''' is an upcoming American [[Epic film|epic]] [[space opera]] film<ref name=VarietyApr2013>{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/2013/film/news/disney-planning-for-2015-2017-and-2019-openings-for-star-wars-1200380582|title=Star Wars Movies Coming in 2015, 2017 and 2019|last=McNary|first=Dave|work=Variety|date=April 17, 2013|accessdate=May 26, 2013}}</ref><ref name=StarWarsComOct2012>{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/new-star-wars-movies-announced-as-disney-enters-agreement-to-acquire-lucasfilm-ltd/index.html|title=New Star Wars Movies Announced as Disney Enters Agreement to Acquire Lucasfilm Ltd|work=StarWars.com|date=October 30, 2012|accessdate=May 25, 2013}}</ref> and the seventh film in the ''[[Star Wars]]'' film series. The film stars [[John Boyega]], Daisy Ridley, [[Adam Driver]], [[Oscar Isaac]], [[Andy Serkis]], [[Domhnall Gleeson]] and [[Max von Sydow]], with [[Harrison Ford]], [[Carrie Fisher]], [[Mark Hamill]], [[Anthony Daniels]], [[Peter Mayhew (actor)|Peter Mayhew]] and [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]] reprising their roles from previous films. Filming began in April 2014,<ref name="Appelo">{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-chief-reveals-star-wars-693950|title=Disney Chief Reveals 'Star Wars: VII' Casting Almost Complete, Says Film Is Already Shooting (Video)|last=Appelo|first=Tim|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 5, 2014|accessdate=April 6, 2014}}</ref> and will move to [[Pinewood Studios]] in [[England]] in the following month,<ref>{{cite web|author=Leonard Martinez |url=http://www.kvia.com/news/star-wars-episode-vii-to-begin-shooting-in-may/25036336 |title=Star Wars: Episode VII to begin filming in May |publisher=Kvia.com |date= |accessdate=2014-04-06}}</ref> with a scheduled release date of December 18, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/07/star-wars-episode-vii-release-set-for-december-18-2015-breaking|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': Release set for December 18, 2015|last=Breznican|first=Anthony|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=November 7, 2013|accessdate=November 8, 2013}}</ref> It forms the first part of the planned [[Star Wars sequel trilogy|third trilogy]] of ''Star Wars'' films,<ref name=StarWarsComOct2012/> following chronologically in the series 35 years after 1983's ''[[Return of the Jedi]]''. It will be the first ''Star Wars'' film produced since [[The Walt Disney Company]] acquired ownership of [[Lucasfilm]].<ref name=StarWarsComOct2012/>

[[J. J. Abrams]] is attached to direct the film based on a screenplay written by himself and [[Lawrence Kasdan]], who acted as co-writer on ''[[The Empire Strikes Back]]'' and ''Return of the Jedi''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/star-wars-episode-vii-j-j-abrams-lawrence-kasdan-to-pen-script|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': J.J. Abrams, Lawrence Kasdan to pen script|last=McIntyre|first=Gina|work=Los Angeles Times|date=October 24, 2013|accessdate=October 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/25/business/media/abrams-and-kasdan-take-over-writing-of-new-star-wars-movie.html|title=Abrams and Kasdan Take Over Writing of New 'Star Wars' Movie|last=Barnes|first=Brooks|work=New York Times|date=October 24, 2013|accessdate=October 24, 2013}}</ref> Originally, [[Academy Award]]-winning screenwriter [[Michael Arndt]] was attached to pen the screenplay after writing a 40-50 page treatment. Arndt has since dropped out of the production, and did not receive production credit.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kit|first=Borys|title=Writer Michael Arndt Exits 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/writer-michael-arndt-exits-star-650671|accessdate=October 24, 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=October 24, 2013}}</ref><ref name="OfficialCast" /> Producers include [[Kathleen Kennedy (film producer)|Kathleen Kennedy]] and Abrams' long-time collaborator [[Bryan Burk]].<ref name=StarWarsComOct2012/><ref name=StarWarsComJan2013>[http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-is-being-kick-started-with-dynamite-jj-abrams-to-direct-star-wars-episode-vii.html "Star Wars Is Being Kick-Started with Dynamite"], ''StarWars.com'', January 25, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2013.</ref> ''Star Wars'' creator [[George Lucas]] will act as creative consultant on ''Episode VII'' (and other new ''Star Wars'' films).<ref name=StarWarsVideoSeries>[http://starwars.com/news/a-discussion-about-the-future-of-star-wars/index.html "New Video Series: A Discussion About the Future of Star Wars"], ''StarWars.com'', October 30, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2013.</ref>

==Premise==
Set approximately thirty-five years after ''Return of the Jedi'' and the demise of [[Darth Vader]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theforce.net/story/front/Star_Wars_Episode_VII_Has_Begun_Filming_With_Casting_Almost_Complete_157254.asp|title=Star Wars Episode VII Has Begun Filming, With Casting Almost Complete|work=TheForce.net|date=April 6, 2014|accessdate=April 7, 2014}}</ref> the plot centers around a trio of young leads, along with characters from the previous installments.<ref name="MayTimeFrame">{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-episode-vii-set-to-roll-cameras-may-2014.html|title=STAR WARS: EPISODE VII SET TO ROLL CAMERAS MAY 2014|work=StarWars.com|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=April 7, 2014}}</ref> ''Episodes VII''-''IX'' will not feature any of the storylines or characters from the [[Star Wars Expanded Universe|Expanded Universe]], though elements could be included to become canon.<ref name="EUApril2014">{{cite news|last=Pirrello|first=Phil|title=New ‘Star Wars’ Trilogy Has No Ties to Expanded Universe, Lucasfilm Confirms|url=http://www.thewrap.com/lucasfilm-confirms-new-star-wars-trilogy-free-expanded-universe|accessdate=26 April 2014|newspaper=The Wrap|date=25 April 2014}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[John Boyega]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* Daisy Ridley<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Adam Driver]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Oscar Isaac]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Andy Serkis]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Domhnall Gleeson]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Max von Sydow]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Harrison Ford]] as [[Han Solo]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Carrie Fisher]] as [[Princess Leia Organa]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Mark Hamill]] as [[Luke Skywalker]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Anthony Daniels]] as [[C-3PO]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Peter Mayhew (actor)|Peter Mayhew]] as [[Chewbacca]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />
* [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]] as [[R2-D2]]<ref name="OfficialCast" />

==Production==

===Background and writing===
Lucas had [[Film treatment|story treatments]] for ''Episode VII'' (as well as for ''VIII'' and ''IX'') which he turned over to Disney chairman [[Bob Iger]] around the time Lucasfilm was sold to Disney.<ref name="BloombergMar2013" /> During the previous 35 years Lucas had given many hints about the content of the sequel trilogy, including the following (sometimes contradictory) possibilities relevant to ''Episode VII'':
* [[R2-D2]] and [[C-3PO]] would be the only characters who might continue through all nine films (Lucas in 1980, 1981 and 1983).<ref name="PrevueLucas">Steranko, "George Lucas", ''Prevue'' #42, September–October 1980.</ref>
* The trilogy would deal with the rebuilding of the [[Galactic Republic|Republic]] (Lucas in 1980).<ref>Gerald Clarke. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924122,00.html "The Empire Strikes Back!"]. ''Time'', May 19, 1980. Retrieved September 26, 2012.</ref>
* "It's like a saga, the story of a group of people, a family" (Lucas in 1980).<ref name="PrevueLucas" />
* Luke would have a romantic relationship with a female love interest (Lucas in 1988).<ref name="Starlog127">Bill Warren. "George Lucas: Father of the Force". ''Starlog'' #127, February 1988.</ref>
* The main theme of the trilogy would be moral and philosophical problems, such as the necessity for moral choices and the wisdom needed to distinguish right from wrong, justice, confrontation, and passing on what you have learned (Lucas in 1983 and 1989).<ref name="TimeLucasLifeBackMay1983">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,953916-3,00.html|title=I've Got to Get My Life Back Again|last=Clarke|first=Gerald|last2=Worrell|first2=Denise|date=May 23, 1983|work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}</ref>
* The key actors, [[Mark Hamill]] as [[Luke Skywalker]], [[Harrison Ford]] as [[Han Solo]], and [[Carrie Fisher]] as [[Princess Leia]], would appear, in their 60s or 70s (Lucas in 1983).<ref name="TimeLucasLifeBackMay1983"/>

Interviewed in 2012 after the announcement of the new trilogy, Lucas biographer [[Dale Pollock]] said that he had, in the 1980s, read the outlines to 12 ''Star Wars'' episodes planned by Lucas, but had been required to sign a confidentiality agreement.<ref name="WrapOct2012">{{cite web |publisher=''The Wrap''|title='Star Wars' 7, 8 and 9 Are 'The Most Exciting,' Says George Lucas Biographer (Exclusive) |url=http://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/star-wars-7-8-and-9-are-most-exciting-says-george-lucas-biographer-exclusive-63006 |date=October 30, 2012 |accessdate=May 26, 2013 |last=Waxman |first=Sharon}}</ref> Pollock said:
* "The three most exciting stories were 7, 8 and 9. They had propulsive action, really interesting new worlds, new characters. I remember thinking, 'I want to see these 3 movies.'"
* The next film in the series would involve Luke Skywalker in his 30s and 40s.
* That he had little doubt Disney would use Lucas' outlines as the basis for the sequel trilogy. "That's in part what Disney bought."<ref name="WrapOct2012" />

Author [[Timothy Zahn]], whose ''Star Wars'' novel series, the [[Thrawn trilogy]], is set in the ''Star Wars'' [[Star Wars Expanded Universe|Expanded Universe]], was also interviewed in 2012.<ref name="ew-2012-11-03">{{cite web |publisher=''Entertainment Weekly''|title='Star Wars' sequel author Timothy Zahn weighs in on new movie plans – EXCLUSIVE |url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/11/02/star-wars-sequels-timothy-zahn/ |date=November 2, 2012 |accessdate=May 26, 2013 |first=Anthony |last=Breznican}}</ref> Zahn confirmed the sequel trilogy would not be based on the Thrawn novels, but said he had been briefed years before on Lucas' plans for the sequels (Zahn had discussions with Lucas before the first Thrawn novel was published in 1991). Zahn said, "The original idea as I understood it—and Lucas changes his mind off and on, so it may not be what he’s thinking right now—but it was going to be three generations. You’d have the original trilogy, then go back to Luke's father and find out what happened to him, and if there was another 7th, 8th or 9th film, it would be Luke's children."<ref name="ew-2012-11-03" /> However, in April 2014, it was confirmed that the sequel trilogy would not be based off of any Expanded Universe material.<ref name="EUApril2014" />

===Pre-production and design===
As creative consultant on the film, George Lucas' involvement includes attending story meetings. "I mostly say, 'You can't do this. You can do that,' ” he told ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''. "You know, 'The cars don't have wheels. They fly with antigravity.' There’s a million little pieces. Or I can say, 'He doesn’t have the power to do that, or he has to do this.' I know all that stuff."<ref name=BloombergMar2013 />

In May 2013, it was confirmed that the production of ''Episode VII'' would take place in the United Kingdom.<ref name=StarWarsComUKMay2013>{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star_wars_feature_film_production_returns_to_the_uk.html|title=Star Wars Feature Film Production Returns to the U.K.|work=starwars.com|date=May 10, 2013|accessdate=May 25, 2013}}</ref> Representatives from Lucasfilm met with the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], [[George Osborne]] to agree to produce ''Episode VII'' in the U.K.<ref name=StarWarsComUKMay2013 /> Beginning in September 2013, production spaces at the Bad Robot facility were converted for shooting of ''Episode VII'', for the benefit of shooting a minor portion of the film in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abramian|first=Alexandria|title=Source: J. J. Abrams Building 'Star Wars' Postproduction Facility in L.A. (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/star-wars-j-j-abrams-625516|accessdate=19 March 2014|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=11 September 2013}}</ref>

[[Simon Kinberg]] and [[Lawrence Kasdan]] are both "working with J. J. as consultants on ''Star Wars VII''," according to [[Bob Iger]] in February 2013.<ref>[http://video.cnbc.com/gallery/?play=1&video=3000146094 "Disney Plans Stand-Alone 'Star Wars' Films"], ''CNBC'', February 5, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</ref> Costume designer [[Michael Kaplan (costume designer)|Michael Kaplan]], who worked with Abrams on his ''Star Trek'' films, will be working on ''Episode VII''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/05/19/star-trek-costume-designer-joins-star-wars-vii-crew|title=Star Trek Costume Designer Joins Star Wars VII Crew|last=Butler|first=Tom|date=May 19, 2013|accessdate=May 19, 2013}}</ref> Film editors [[Maryann Brandon]] and [[Mary Jo Markey]], also long-term collaborators with Abrams, have also been signed for ''Episode VII''.<ref>[http://www.studiodaily.com/2013/05/maryann-brandon-and-mary-jo-markey-on-cutting-star-trek-into-darkness/ "Maryann Brandon and Mary Jo Markey on Cutting Star Trek Into Darkness"], ''Studio Daily'', May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</ref> After several off-hand remarks on returning,<ref>{{cite web|last=Billington|first=Alex|title=John Williams Sounds Likely to Return for the New 'Star Wars' Trilogy|url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2013/john-williams-sounds-likely-to-return-for-the-new-star-wars-trilogy/|publisher=First Showing.net|accessdate=July 31, 2013|date=February 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Carlson|first=Adam|title=J.J. Abrams says John Williams will do the next 'Star Wars' score, probably -- VIDEO|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/05/01/j-j-abrams-star-wars-john-williams/|accessdate=July 31, 2013|newspaper=Entertainment Weekly|date=May 1, 2013}}</ref> [[John Williams]] was confirmed to compose the score for ''Episode VII''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hayden|first=Erik|title=John Williams Confirmed to Score 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/star-wars-john-williams-confirmed-594396|accessdate=July 31, 2013|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=July 27, 2013}}</ref>

In August 2013, it was announced that [[cinematographer]] [[Daniel Mindel]] will be shooting the film on [[35 mm film]] (specifically [[Eastman Kodak|Kodak]] [[Vision 3|5219]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/jj-abrams-hires-familiar-cinematographer-shoot-star-wars-episode-vii-35mm-film-112771|title=J.J. Abrams Hires 'Star Trek' Cinematographer to Shoot 'Star Wars: Episode VII' on 35MM Film|author=Jeff Sneider|publisher=The Wrap|date=August 22, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2013}}</ref> and that the film would rely on the employment of real locations and [[Miniature effect|scale models]] over [[computer-generated imagery]], in order to make the film aesthetically similar to the original ''Star Wars'' trilogy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2013/08/22/star-wars-episode-vii-film|title=Star Wars Episode VII to Use Film, Be More Like Original Trilogy|work=mashable.com|accessdate=September 7, 2013}}</ref>

On the film's official website, it was announced that both Abrams and Kasdan would be rewriting Arndt's script.<ref name="starwars.com">[http://starwars.com/news/master-filmmaking-team-announced-for-star-wars.html Master Filmmaking Team Announced for Star Wars: Episode VII]</ref> Also, several other film crew members were confirmed on October 24, 2013, including sound designer [[Ben Burtt]], director of photography [[Daniel Mindel]], production designers [[Rick Carter]] and Darren Gilford, costume designer [[Michael Kaplan (costume designer)|Michael Kaplan]], special effects supervisor [[Chris Corbould]], re-recording mixer [[Gary Rydstrom]], supervising sound editor [[Matthew Wood (sound editor)|Matthew Wood]], visual effects supervisor Roger Guyett, and executive producers Tommy Harper and Jason McGatlin.<ref>{{cite news|last=Olsen|first=Mark|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': Lawrence Kasdan's big move|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-lawrence-kasdan-jj-abrams-star-wars-episode-vii-20131024,0,7723323.story#axzz2jEHOv6Gr|accessdate=October 30, 2013|newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|date=October 24, 2013}}</ref>

In January 2014, Abrams confirmed that the script was complete.<ref name=WrapScript>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/j-j-abrams-says-star-wars-episode-vii-script-done-confirms-jesse-plemons-talks|last=Molloy|first=Tim|title=J.J. Abrams Says 'Star Wars Episode VII' Script Done, Confirms Jesse Plemons Talks|last=Molloy|first=Tim|work=The Wrap|date=January 19, 2014|accessdate=January 19, 2014}}</ref>

===Casting===
{{Cleanup|section|reason=Outdated information/speculation needs to be removed. Unreliable sources need to be removed. General copyediting of the entire section.|date=April 2014}}
In an interview with ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'' in March 2013, Lucas as much as revealed that Fisher, Ford and Hamill would appear in ''Episode VII''. "We had already signed Mark and Carrie and Harrison—or we were pretty much in final stages of negotiation. So I called them to say, 'Look, this is what's going on [with the Disney-Lucasfilm sale],'" Lucas said, before adding, "Maybe I'm not supposed to say that. I think they want to announce that with some big whoop-de-do, but we were negotiating with them. I won’t say whether the negotiations were successful or not."<ref name=BloombergMar2013>Devin Leonard, [http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-03-07/how-disney-bought-lucasfilm-and-its-plans-for-star-wars "How Disney Bought Lucasfilm—and Its Plans for 'Star Wars'"], ''Bloomberg Businessweek'', March 7, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</ref> Hamill confirmed similar information to ''[[Entertainment Tonight|ETOnline.com]]'' in February 2013, saying, "They're talking to us. George wanted to know whether we'd be interested. ... we haven't signed any contracts." Hamill said he knew nothing about the storyline.<ref>David Weiner, [http://www.etonline.com/movies/130759_Mark_Hamill_on_Star_Wars_VII_Sushi_Girl_Spinoff_Movies/ "Mark Hamill Muses on New 'Star Wars': 'Go Retro'"], ''ETonline.com'', February 20, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2013.</ref> In March 2013, Fisher apparently said she had been signed for the film,<ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.palmbeachillustrated.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.details&ArticleId=2886 | title = Q&A with Carrie Fisher | work =Palm Beach Illustrated| location = Florida | first = Jennifer | last = Pfaff | date = Undated | accessdate = March 6, 2013}}</ref> but when this was reported, her representative said that Fisher had been joking and nothing had been announced.<ref>{{cite news |title = Carrie Fisher as an 'elderly' Princess Leia? Not so fast | url = http://marquee.blogs.cnn.com/2013/03/06/carrie-fisher-as-an-elderly-princess-leia-not-so-fast |date = March 6, 2013 | publisher = CNN | accessdate = March 7, 2013}}</ref> In September 2013, [[Robert Englund]], actor and longtime friend of Mark Hamill, said that Hamill was currently working out in the gym. Englund stated "Mark now — they’ve got Mark in the gym, because Mark’s coming back as Luke Skywalker. They’ve got him doing his sit-ups." It was previously reported that both Hamill and Fisher had been assigned nutritionists and personal trainers to work with ahead of production. Producers were said to be fine with the shape that Ford was currently in.<ref>{{cite web |title = Star Wars actor Mark Hamill in training for Episode 7, says friend| url = http://metro.co.uk/2013/09/16/star-wars-actor-mark-hamill-in-training-for-episode-7-says-friend-4025274/|date = September 16, 2013 | publisher = Metro| accessdate = September 16, 2013}}</ref>

In September 2013, casting calls were held in the UK for "Male, 7 ft. to 7.3 ft. tall with a slim/thin build and upright posture. Not too worked out or too 'thick set' especially in the shoulders. Broad facial features would be a bonus" leading to speculation that the calls were for a new actor to play the role of [[Chewbacca]]. However, Chewbacca's original actor [[Peter Mayhew]] has expressed interest in reprising his role, despite medical conditions relating to his [[gigantism]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Original Chewbacca actor Peter Mayhew wants role in Star Wars Episode 7 | url = http://metro.co.uk/2013/09/25/original-chewbacca-actor-peter-mayhew-wants-role-in-star-wars-episode-7-4108028/ |date = September 25, 2013 | publisher = Metro UK | accessdate = September 26, 2013}}</ref>

On October 1, 2013, 19-year-old actress [[Saoirse Ronan]] confirmed that she auditioned for a role. However, she also said "so has everyone" when asked about her audition and that the producers would "chop off her head with a [[lightsaber]]" if she revealed any more information.<ref>{{cite news |title = Saoirse Ronan Confirms She Did Audition For 'Star Wars: Episode VII' Role, But 'So Did Everyone' | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/01/saoirse-ronan-star-wars_n_4023967.html |date = October 1, 2013 | publisher = The Huffington Post| accessdate = October 1, 2013 | first=Matthew | last=Jacobs}}</ref> The actress later said she did not get the role she auditioned for.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/saoirse-ronan-says-she-didnt-get-the-star-wars-role-she-auditioned-for-calls-fantastic-four-rumors-just-that-20131106 |title=Saoirse Ronan Says She Didn't Get The 'Star Wars' Role She Auditioned For, Calls 'Fantastic Four' Rumors Just That | The Playlist |publisher=Blogs.indiewire.com |date= |accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref> On October 10, 2013, actor [[Michael B. Jordan]] also confirmed that he auditioned for a role in the film.<ref>{{cite news | title=Michael B. Jordan Confirms 'Star Wars' Rumor | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/10/michael-b-jordan-star-wars_n_4078714.html |date=October 10, 2013 | publisher=The Huffington Post | accessdate=November 3, 2013}}</ref>

On November 19, 2013, producers announced [[R2-D2]] as the first confirmed character in the movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starwarsblog.starwars.com/2013/11/19/r2-d2-is-in-star-wars-episode-7-and-hes-fan-made|title=R2-D2 Is in Star Wars: Episode VII, and He's Fan-Made | Star Wars Blog|work=Starwarsblog.starwars.com|date=November 19, 2013|accessdate=January 4, 2014}}</ref> [[Kenny Baker (English actor)|Kenny Baker]], who played the character in the previous six films, will return for the sequel.<ref name="OfficialCast"/>

As of January 2014, many websites have been reporting that actor [[Jesse Plemons]], best known for his work on ''[[Breaking Bad]]'', has become a strong frontrunner to be one of the main new stars of the upcoming trilogy possibly playing Ben Skywalker, Luke's son.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starwarsunderworld.com/2014/01/rumors-jesse-plemons-is-ben-skywalker.html|title=Rumors: Jesse Plemons Cast As Ben Skywalker, Boba Fett Retcon, & More|last=Hart|first=Benjamin|work=The Star Wars Underworld|date=January 17, 2014|accessdate=January 18, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/10/jesse-plemons-star-wars_n_4578259.html|title=Jesse Plemons Reportedly Up For 'Star Wars' Role|last=Rosen|first=Christopher|work=The Huffington Post|date=January 10, 2014|accessdate=January 18, 2014}}</ref> On January 19, 2014, Plemons denied the rumors during an interview at the [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]], saying, "Yeah, I think it's just one of those crazy rumors".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starwarsunderworld.com/2014/01/jesse-plemons-says-episode-vii-casting.html|title=Jesse Plemons Says Episode VII Casting Rumor is "Crazy"|last=Jones|first=Dominic|work=The Star Wars Underworld|date=January 19, 2014|accessdate=January 19, 2014}}</ref>{{better source|date=January 2014}} Abrams, however, confirmed that he personally met and read with Plemons, something he rarely does. Abrams said, "He is one of the actors that we've talked to. It's not often that I read about actors that I'm going to be meeting. I get to read articles about actors who were going to come in, so I get to see someone and say, 'Oh, I read that I was going to see you. It's very nice to see you.' It's usually agents talking to people about what's happening. It's just a lot of noise"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starwarsunderworld.com/2014/01/abrams-confirms-episode-vii-script-is.html|title=Abrams Confirms Episode VII Script is Complete, Talks Plemons, IMAX, and Rumors|last=Jones|first=Dominic|work=The Star Wars Underworld|date=January 19, 2014|accessdate=January 19, 2014}}</ref>{{better source|date=January 2014}}

Abrams stated in a January 19, 2014 interview that casting would be announced "soon" and indicated that "I look forward to that so that we can get past it and we can get on with it."<ref name=USAT>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2014/01/20/star-wars-episode-vii-jj-abrams-believe/4653261|title=With script done, 'Star Wars' filming planned for May|last=Keveney|first=Bill|work=USA Today|date=January 20, 2014|accessdate=January 20, 2014}}</ref>

On January 21, 2014, in an interview with ''[[TV Guide]]'', Carrie Fisher further confirmed the involvement of the original cast by saying "as for the next ''Star Wars'' film, myself, Harrison Ford and Mark Hamill are expected to report to work in March or April. I'd like to wear my old cinnamon buns hairstyle again but with white hair. I think that would be funny."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Carrie-Fisher-Legit-Big-Bang-Theory-1076365.aspx|title=Keck's Exclusives First Look: Carrie Fisher Visits Legit and Big Bang|work=TVGuide.com|date=January 20, 2014|accessdate=January 22, 2014}}</ref>

In February 2014, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reported that [[Adam Driver]] was in negotiations to star in the film as an unnamed villain in the same vein as Darth Vader.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/star-wars-villain-adam-driver-girls-1201121646|title='Star Wars': Adam Driver Near Deal to Play the Villain (EXCLUSIVE)|last=Kroll|first=Justin|work=Variety|date=February 26, 2014|accessdate=February 27, 2014}}</ref> In March 2014, [[The Kennedy/Marshall Company]], which is run by Lucasfilm's Kathleen Kennedy, tweeted the rumor of Driver being cast along with the [[hashtag]] of #darthfader. [[Lena Dunham]], Driver's co-star on the [[HBO]] series ''[[Girls (TV series)|Girls]]'', also tweeted a message congratulating Driver on landing the role, although when asked about it she claimed to know nothing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kathleen Kennedy confirms Adam Driver for Star Wars VII?|url=http://uk.movies.yahoo.com/kathleen-kennedy-confirms-adam-driver-star-wars-vii-133100828.html|publisher=Yahoo.com|accessdate = 2014-03-13}}</ref>

On March 10, 2014, Carrie Fisher again confirmed she would reprise her Princess Leia role, saying that she is moving to [[London]] for the next six months because that is where filming for ''Episode VII'' will take place. Fisher also said she had been getting back in shape for the role.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mstarz.com/articles/27407/20140310/star-wars-7-casting-news-rumors-carrie-fisher-leaks-london.htm|title='Star Wars 7' Casting News, Rumors: Carrie Fisher plans for London filming schedule, confirms Princess Leia reprisal in 'Episode VII'|last=Niles|first=Jon|work=mstarz.com|date=March 10, 2014|accessdate=March 10, 2014}}</ref>

On March 12, 2014, ''Variety'' reported that the studio has narrowed down five contenders for the lead role which includes the previously rumored Jesse Plemmons along with [[Ed Speleers]], [[John Boyega]] and theater actors [[Matthew James Thomas]] and Ray Fisher.<ref>{{cite news|title='Star Wars Episode VII': Actors Battle for Lead Role (EXCLUSIVE)|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/star-wars-4-1201125355/|work=Variety|date=March 12, 2014|accessdate=March 17, 2014}}</ref>

On March 14, 2014, ''Latino Review'' reported that [[Lupita Nyong'o]] had a meeting with Abrams for a role, which was later confirmed by ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latino-review.com/2014/03/exclusive-oscar-winner-close-star-wars-episode-vii/|title=EXCLUSIVE: This Oscar Winner Is SO CLOSE to 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|last=Chavez|first=Kellvin|work=Latino Review|date=March 14, 2014|accessdate=March 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/lupita-nyongo-meets-jj-abrams-688787|title=Lupita Nyong'o Meets With J.J. Abrams for 'Star Wars: Episode VII'|last=Kit|first=Borys|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=March 14, 2014|accessdate=March 17, 2014}}</ref>

On March 30, 2014, actor [[Dominic Monaghan]], who has made it well known he would like to have a role in the film, said during a interview that Abrams was looking for three unknown actors to play the leads in ''Episode VII'' and that rumors of bigger name stars were untrue. Monaghan said, "We've talked a few times about it and he said 'We're putting together a cast of unknowns – we want to follow the '77 ''New Hope'' cast because obviously Harrison Ford wasn't well known at that point, Mark Hamill wasn't and Carrie Fisher wasn't either. What he said was, we don't want to fall into that mistake of people going 'Oh, it's that guy from that thing!' and then you're completely out of the ''Star Wars'' universe."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/showbiz/467708/Star-Wars-Episode-VII-JJ-Abrams-looking-at-cast-of-unknown-actors-like-original-trilogy|title=JJ Abrams looking at 'unknown actors' for Star Wars Episode VII like original trilogy cast|last=Dassanayake|first=Dion|work=Express|date=March 30, 2014|accessdate=March 30, 2014}}</ref>

According to an interview with [[The Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]] chairman [[Alan F. Horn|Alan Horn]] on April 2, 2014, casting is almost complete with a lot of the main actors in place. When asked about the lack of confirmed news on the film including casting details, Horn channeled [[Yoda]] by saying "patience you must have".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2014/04/star_wars_7_is_already_filming_new_details_from_disney_chief.html|title='Star Wars 7' is already filming: New details from Disney chief|last=Axelson|first=Ben|work=Syracuse.com|date=April 6, 2014|accessdate=April 6, 2014}}</ref>

On April 7, 2014, ''The Hollywood Reporter''{{'}}s sources confirmed that Peter Mayhew would reprise the role of Chewbacca in ''Star Wars Episode VII''. Mayhew was originally scheduled for various convention appearances in early 2014 but canceled recently fueling rumors of a return.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/star-wars-episode-vii-adds-694151|title='Star Wars: Episode VII' Adds Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca (Exclusive)|last=Ford|first=Rebecca|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 7, 2014|accessdate=April 7, 2014}}</ref> On April 9, 2014, ''The Hollywood Reporter'' reported that newcomer [[Maisie Richardson-Sellers]] is up for an undisclosed and possibly major role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/star-wars-episode-vii-speculation-693268|title='Star Wars: Episode VII' Speculation Centers on Unknown Oxford Actress|last=Kit|first=Borys|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 9, 2014|accessdate=April 9, 2014}}</ref>

With filming scheduled to begin in London in early May 2014, Ford, Hamill and Fisher were all spotted in London in late April. Ford further teased his return to the franchise and that of his former cast mates by posing next to a director's chair with Fisher's name on it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.msn.com/movies/article.aspx?news=864502&ocid=ansent11|title='Star Wars' trio spark reunion speculation in London|work=MSN.com|date=April 28, 2014|accessdate=April 28, 2014}}</ref>

Deadline reported that the cast is scheduled to meet in London on April 29, 2014 for their first table reading of the script and that Ford will play a gigantic role in Episode VII. Deadline also reported that actor [[Oscar Isaac]] was expected to play a major role in the film and would be joining Adam Driver, John Boyega and Maisie Richardson-Sellers as the new stars of the franchise. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1817241/star-wars-episode-vii-cast/|title='‘Star Wars’: Is This The Official ‘Episode VII’ Cast?|last=Wigler|first=Josh|work=MTV.com|date=April 29, 2014|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/harrison-ford-gigantic-role-star-wars-vii-071400847.html|title=Harrison Ford Has ‘Gigantic’ Role In Star Wars VII|last=Leston|first=Ryan|work=Yahoo.com|date=April 29, 2014|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>

On April 29, 2014, the cast for the film was officially announced.<ref name="OfficialCast">{{cite web|url=http://starwars.com/news/star-wars-episode-7-cast-announced.html|title=STAR WARS: EPISODE VII CAST ANNOUNCED|publisher=Star Wars.com|date=April 29, 2014|accessdate=April 29, 2014}}</ref>

===Filming===
On February 11, 2014, Abrams planned a six-month shooting schedule.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moviepilot.com/stories/2014/02/11/star-wars-7-plans-6-months-of-filming-from-may-1235930|title=Star Wars 7 plans 6 months of filming from May|last=Newton|first=Mark|work=Movie Pilot|date=February 11, 2014|accessdate=February 11, 2014}}</ref> On March 18, Disney and Lucasfilm announced that [[principal photography]] would begin in May at [[Pinewood Studios]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-26639322|title=Episode VII filming to begin in UK in May|work=BBC News|date=18 March 2014|accessdate=18 March 2014}}</ref> On March 22, an Icelandic website reported that pre-production filming would be taking place in [[Iceland]] prior to the start of official filming in May and that the site will only be used for landscape shots which will then be used for scenery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/03/22/star-wars-7-iceland-rumours-spark-rumours-of-return-to-hoth-4673234/|title=Star Wars 7 Iceland rumours spark speculation of return to Hoth|last=Westbrook|first=Caroline|work=Metro|date=March 22, 2014|accessdate=March 22, 2014}}</ref> On April 1, it was reported that the official start date for filming would be on May 14, 2014 with two weeks of shooting in [[Morocco]] and possibly in [[Tunisia]], both locations used in the previous films for [[Tatooine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://badassdigest.com/2014/04/01/episode-vii-shoots-april-14th-in-morocco/|title=EPISODE VII Shoots May 14th In Morocco|last=Faraci|first=Devin|work=Badass Digest|date=April 1, 2014|accessdate=April 1, 2014}}</ref> On April 2, 2014, [[Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)|Walt Disney Studios]] chairman [[Alan F. Horn|Alan Horn]] confirmed that filming had already begun.<ref name="Appelo"/> It turns out that a second-unit filming the desert scenes was already concluded earlier in April under some secrecy within the [[United Arab Emirates|U.A.E.]] [[Abu Dhabi (emirate)|emirate of Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/disney-confirms-that-star-wars-episode-7-is-filming-in-abu-dhabi-desert |title=Disney confirms that Star Wars: Episode 7 is filming in Abu Dhabi desert |last=Newbould |first=Chris |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=April 23, 2014|accessdate=April 25, 2014}}</ref> On April 20, it was revealed that in addition to 35mm film, segments of the film are being shot in the [[70 mm film|65mm]] IMAX format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinefex.com/blog/film-renaissance/ |title=Film Renaissance |last=Fordham |first=Joe |work=[[Cinefex]] Blog |date=April 20, 2014|accessdate=April 27, 2014}}</ref>

==Release==
In November 2013, the film was given a release date of December 18, 2015, which will make it the second film—following ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'', released in August 2008—not to be released in May, as the first six films were.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/11/07/star-wars-episode-vii-release-set-for-december-18-2015-breaking|title='Star Wars: Episode VII': Release set for December 18, 2015|last=Breznican|first=Anthony|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=November 7, 2013|accessdate=November 7, 2013}}</ref> In March 2014, Disney confirmed that ''Episode VII'' will be released in [[IMAX]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=116262|title=Disney to Release Avengers: Age of Ultron, Star Wars: Episode VII in IMAX|work=ComingSoon.net|date=March 20, 2014|accessdate=March 20, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2488496|Star Wars Episode VII}}

* ''[http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Star_Wars_Episode_VII Star Wars Episode VII]'' on [[Wookieepedia]]

{{Star Wars}}
{{Lucasfilm}}
{{J. J. Abrams}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2010s science fiction films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American science fiction films]]
[[Category:American science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Bad Robot Productions films]]
[[Category:Films directed by J. J. Abrams]]
[[Category:Films produced by J. J. Abrams]]
[[Category:Films shot in 35mm]]
[[Category:Films shot in Iceland]]
[[Category:Films shot in Morocco]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Films shot in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Film scores by John Williams]]
[[Category:IMAX films]]
[[Category:Lucasfilm films]]
[[Category:Pinewood Studios films]]
[[Category:Sequel films]]
[[Category:Space adventure films]]
[[Category:Star Wars films]]
[[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]]

Brandrodung in Südostasien

2014-04-08T18:10:24Z

Fluffernutter: fix

{{multiple issues|
{{POV|date=July 2013}}
{{original research|date=July 2013}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2013}}
}}

The '''Southeast Asian haze''' is a fire-related large-scale [[air pollution]] problem that occurs regularly. These haze events have caused adverse health and economic impact on [[Brunei Darussalam]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], and to a lesser degree, [[The Philippines]] and [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Regional Haze Action Plan|url=http://haze.asean.org/?page_id=213|publisher=Haze Action Online|accessdate=23 February 2014}}</ref>

Traditionally, the large [[multinational corporation]]s had been blamed, but in recent years the small- to medium-size plantations have been found to start the majority of fires.<ref name="time2013">http://world.time.com/2013/07/30/the-southeast-asian-haze-is-back-and-worse-may-follow/</ref>

The problem flares up every dry season, in varying degrees, and affects Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, southern Thailand, and Indonesia. Rice paddy burning is also a common practice throughout Southeast Asia, resulting in poor air quality at a local level.

==Causes==
Most haze events have resulted from smoke from fires that occurred on [[peatlands]] in [[Sumatra]] and the [[Kalimantan]] region of [[Borneo]] island.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Heil|first=A.|coauthors=Goldammer, J. G.|title=Smoke-haze pollution: a review of the 1997 episode in Southeast Asia|journal=Regional Environmental Change|date=1 August 2001|volume=2|issue=1|pages=24–37|doi=10.1007/s101130100021}}</ref>

Undisturbed humid [[tropical forests]] are considered to be very resistant to fire, experiencing rare fires only during extraordinary dry periods.<ref name="Miettinen 191–201">{{cite journal|last=Miettinen|first=Jukka|coauthors=Shi, Chenghua; Liew, Soo Chin|title=Influence of peatland and land cover distribution on fire regimes in insular Southeast Asia|journal=Regional Environmental Change|date=17 June 2010|volume=11|issue=1|pages=191–201|doi=10.1007/s10113-010-0131-7}}</ref>

A study published in 2005 concluded that there is no single dominant cause of fire in a particular site and there are wide differences in the causes of fires in different sites. The study identified the following direct and indirect causes of fire.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dennis|first=Rona A.|coauthors=Mayer, Judith; Applegate, Grahame; Chokkalingam, Unna; Colfer, Carol J. Pierce; Kurniawan, Iwan; Lachowski, Henry; Maus, Paul; Permana, Rizki Pandu; Ruchiat, Yayat; Stolle, Fred; Suyanto, ; Tomich, Thomas P.|title=Fire, People and Pixels: Linking Social Science and Remote Sensing to Understand Underlying Causes and Impacts of Fires in Indonesia|journal=Human Ecology|date=August 2005|volume=33|issue=4|pages=465–504|doi=10.1007/s10745-005-5156-z}}</ref>

===Direct causes of fire===
* Fire as a tool in land clearing
* Fire as a weapon in land tenure or land use disputes
* Accidental or escaped fires
* Fire connected with resource extraction

===Indirect causes of fire===
* Land tenure and land use allocation conflicts and competition
* Forest degrading practices
* Economic incentives/disincentives
* Population growth and migration
* Inadequate fire fighting and management capacity

===Role of weather===

===Role of peat===
In 2009, around 40% of all fires in Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra and Java were detected in peatlands, even though they cover only 10% of the land area.<ref name="Miettinen 191–201"/>

==Effects==
Haze related damages can be attributed to two sources: the haze causing fire and the haze itself. Each of the two factors can create significant disruption to people's daily lives and affect people's health. As a whole the recurring haze incidents affected regional economy and generated contention between governments of nations affected.

Fire damages:

The haze causing fire can cause a multitude of damages that are local as well as transboudanry. These include loss of direct and indirect forest benefits, timber, agricultural products and capturable biodiversity. The fires also incur significant firefighting costs and carbon release to the atmosphere.<ref name="Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)">{{cite journal|title=The Indonesian Fires and Haze of 1997: The Economic Toll}}</ref>

Haze damages:

Some of the more direct damages caused by haze include damage to people's short term health and regional tourism during haze period. However, severe haze weather can also lead to long-term health damages, reduced crop productivity, aesthetic value of reduced visibility, avertive expenditures, accidents, loss of life, evacuations, and loss of confidence by foreign investors.
[WWF]

==Actions taken==

==Proposed solutions==

==History==
It generally refers to [[haze]] occurring in Southeast Asia; see [[Smog#Southeast Asia]]. In specific intense cases, it may refer to:
*[[1997 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[1997 Indonesian forest fires]]
*[[2005 Malaysian haze]]
*[[2006 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[2009 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[2013 Southeast Asian haze]]

==See also==
*[[ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Asia Pollution}}
{{Palm oil}}

[[Category:Southeast Asian haze| ]]
[[Category:Smog]]

{{environmental-disaster-stub}}
{{Indonesia-stub}}

Aryana Sayeed

2014-02-10T14:25:23Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted to revision 594144255 by ColRad85 (talk): Rv apparent personal opinion with no sourcing. (TW)

{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Aryana Sayeed
| native_name = آریانا سعید
| native_name_lang = Pashto
| image =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|07|14}}
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]
| Ethnicity = Uzbek
| Nationality = Afghan
| occupation = Singer, songwriter
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], [[Music of Afghanistan|Afghan folkloric music]]
| label = Sherzaad Entertainment (www.sherzaad.com)
| years_active = 2007–present
| associated_acts =
| website =  http://www.facebook.com/aryanamusic
}}

'''Aryana Sayeed''' is an [[Afghan]] [[singer]], [[songwriter]] and [[TV host|TV personality]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Aryana Sayeed's Biography|url=http://my.opera.com/aryanafan/blog/2012/05/22/aryana-sayeed-biography|work=My Opera|publisher=http://my.opera.com|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref> She sings mainly in [[Dari]] and [[Pashto]], although consistently including foreign elements to her songs. She rose to fame in 2008 with her single hit Mashallah. Since then she has performed regularly in concerts, TV shows, and philanthropic festivals, within and outside Afghanistan. She was the host of Shab-e-Mosiqi on [[1TV (Afghan TV channel)|1TV Afghanistan]] and served as one of the judges in [[The Voice (TV series)|Voice of Afghanistan 2013]] on [[Tolo TV]].

==Early life==
Aryana was born in [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]] to a [[Dari]]-speaking mother and a [[Pashto]] speaking father. Her parents left Afghanistan when she was 8 years old and lived in Pakistan before settling in [[Switzerland]]. Currently she lives in [[London, England]] with her Mother and siblings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aryana's Brief Biography|url=http://www.tasvirafghanistan.com/afghan-biographies/674-brief-biography-of-aryana-sayeed|work=Tasvir Afghanistan|publisher=http://www.tasvirafghanistan.com/}}</ref> By the age of 12 she had obtained admission to a music school where she would perform in places with a choir, "even though it wasn't for long but that definitely made me realise what I wanted to become when I grow older" she has said on her interviews.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aryana Sayeed: The Glamorous Diva of Live Performance|url=http://www.thevoiceafghanistan.com/aryana-sayeed-0|work=Voice of Afghanistan|publisher=http://www.thevoiceafghanistan.com/|accessdate=15 May 2013}}</ref>

== Music Career==
Being the first main stream Afghan hip hop and pop singer, Aryana left a good first impression behind in the Afghan Music Industry. However, her turning point in her career came after her song ''Afghan Pesarak'' got released. <ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIu5saOfryE&list=PLILFHZgQhhR5K4jh2vRCP1ULCV98oDApf</ref> Aryana Sayeed became a household name in many Afghan homes outside of Afghanistan and was requested to perform at many concerts around the world. <ref>http://www.silkroadrepublic.com/aryana-sayeed-wearing-who-she-is/</ref> Her song ''Tark'' was less popular and criticised for it's resemblance to [[Love Don't Cost a Thing (song)|Love Don't Cost A Thing]] by [[Jennifer Lopez]]. At the peak of all the sudden success, Aryana decided to go to Afghanistan and perform at concerts inside her fragile home country. Aryana Sayeed rose to fame there with her version of an old classic Afghan song, ''Gule Seb''. It was during these initial days in Afghanistan when she filmed her next song ''Dilam Tang Ast''. The success of the song resulted in an Award for best song filmed inside Afghanistan at the [[Aryana Television Awards]]. It also resulted into a new career as a TV host at one of Afghanistan's leading entertainment channels. <ref>http://www.thevoiceafghanistan.com/aryana-sayeed-0</ref> Her next song ''Hairanam'' did reasonably well. Aryana's next big success, ''Jelwa'', was a collaboration with one of the leading singers in the Afghan Music Industry, [[Jawid Sharif]]. This was the second time they paired up after their initial success, ''Biya Biya''. Aryana Sayeed followed this up by an upbeat nationalistic song to encourage the art of sports in her country. Several singers were signed on to make the song, ''Afghanistan Afghanistan''. Aryana's most recent song, ''Banoo e Atash Nasheen'' which describes the pain the women of Afghanistan have faced over years of war and abuse has won her enormous critical acclaim. <ref>http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/International/Aryana-Sayeed-la-voix-de-la-liberte-525201</ref> A large orchestra has contributed to the music of the song and the shooting took place inside Afghanistan. Shortly after the song was released, Aryana was asked for an interview by the BBC to explain her reason and meaning behind the song. <ref>https://soundcloud.com/bbc-world-service/afghan-singer-aryana-sayeed</ref> <ref>http://www.firstpost.com/topic/event/cyclone-phailin-bbc-world-news-speaks-to-afghan-pop-star-aryana-sayeed-video-TC-hjI0xRQY-230169-1.html</ref> <ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TC-hjI0xRQY</ref> <ref>http://fposts.com/fbpost/59145437587_10151745541920861</ref>

==Television Career==
It wasn't long before Aryana Sayeed was signed on by one of the leading entertainment channels inside of Afghanistan, [[1TV (Afghan TV channel)|1TV]]. <ref>http://www.1tv.af/en/135-category-for-english-language/tv-shows/english-music-night/2910-music-night</ref> Her show, Music Night, involved her performing and interviewing other artists. The show was a success and after the first season Aryana left to go back home in [[London]]. Shortly after this Aryana Sayeed was signed by, [[Tolo TV]] as one of the judges at [[The Voice of Afghanistan]]. A talent show based on blind auditions popular in countries all over the world. <ref>http://www.thevoiceafghanistan.com/aryana-sayeed-0</ref>

==Controversies==
Aryana Sayeed was first scrutinized after a fake picture of her and a foreign man was circulating around social networking sites. Aryana Sayeed made the rumours stop after she posted the real and fake picture next to each other on her official Facebook page. <ref>https://www.facebook.com/aryana.sayeed?fref=ts</ref>
At one of the final shows of [[Afghan Star]] on [[Tolo TV]], where Aryana was invited as a guest judge, Aryana was seen performing to her own version of an [[Ahmad Zahir]] song, Tu Baray Moqadasi. Shortly after the performance was aired on television a large amount of complaints where made by the Afghans, as they found the white dress Aryana Sayeed had chosen to wear too tight. <ref>http://entertainment.inquirer.net/108265/afghan-female-stars-defy-clerics-pressure</ref> <ref>http://awwproject.org/2013/07/voice-of-afghanistan-singer-provokes-rude-commentary/</ref> <ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTOlYKcNxYU</ref> <ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZG7nOyAckU4</ref> <ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eC_lPHs2_I8</ref>
After the [[Rumi Awards]] 2013, Aryana Sayeed's manager went on social networking site, Facebook, to express his dislike to a former Afghan singer [[Parasto]]. <ref>http://www.badkadi.com/b/index.php/component/k2/item/166-parastomehryar</ref> According to reports, Parasto had made rude remarks about Aryana Sayeed in front of a large audience. The matter got ugly when Parasto's daughter, Shabana Mehryar started to use abusive language on the public platform.<ref>http://www.badkadi.com/b/index.php/component/k2/item/168-shabanamehryar</ref> Shortly after this the comment was deleted and the matter was put to rest.

==Future Projects==
Aryana's future projects include a [[Pashto]] song which took her more than two years to make and a [[Qataghani]] song. She is also working on a song about the love of 'mothers'.
==Discography==
Singles:
* '' Biya Biya ''
* '' Mashallah ''
* '' Tark ''
* '' Afghan Pesarak ''
* '' Gule Seb cover ''
* '' Dilam Tang Ast ''
* '' Ya Habibi ''
* '' Yallah Yallah cover ''
* '' Shab Shabe Mahtab ''
* '' Hairanam ''
* '' Jelwa''
* '' Tu Barayem Moqadasi ''
* '' Tobah Tobah cover ''
* '' Shah Koko Jan cover ''
* '' Afghanistan Afghanistan ''
* '' Banoo e Atash Nasheen ''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Sayeed, Aryana
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Afghan singer
| DATE OF BIRTH = July 14, 1985
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sayeed, Aryana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Afghan singers]]
[[Category:Persian-language singers]]
[[Category:People from Kabul]]

Ardrossan Castle

2013-09-15T19:02:33Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 92.22.19.240 (talk): violates external links policy (HG)

{{Refimprove|date=May 2009}}
{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Ardrossan Castle
|location=[[Ardrossan]], [[Ayrshire]] on the west coast of [[Scotland]] {{gbmappingsmall|NS233424}}
|coordinates=
|image=[[Image:ArdrossanCastle4.JPG|250px]]
|caption= Ardrossan Castle
|map_type = UK Scotland
|map_relief= 1
|map_caption = Shown within Scotland
| latitude = 55.64
| longitude = -4.81
| map_size = 200
|type=Castle of [[enceinte]]
|built=around 1140
|builder=Simon de Morville
|materials=stone wood and metal
|height=
|used=
|condition=Ruined
|ownership=
|open_to_public=yes (caution advised due to loose rocks)
}}
[[Image:Wallace's Larder.jpg|thumb|250|Ruins of Ardrossan Castle, showing main entrance to "Wallace's larder"]]
[[Image:ArdrossanCastle1.JPG|right|thumb|250|Ardrossan Castle in 2002]]
[[Image:ArdrossanCastle2.JPG|right|thumb|250|Ardrossan Castle in 2002]]
[[Image:ArdrossanCastle5.JPG|right|thumb|250|Ardrossan Castle in 2002]]

'''Ardrossan Castle''' is situated on the west coast of [[Scotland]] in the town of [[Ardrossan]], [[Ayrshire]]. The castle, defended by a [[moat]], stands on a ridge above the town. There is a [[keep]] dating from the fifteenth century, and a vaulted range containing a kitchen and cellars. In a deep passageway there is a well. Part of the keep remains up to the [[corbels]] of the [[parapet]], but it is in ruins. The original castle, owned by [[Clan Barclay]], was partly destroyed during the [[Wars of Scottish Independence]]. This event, in which the English garrison were slaughtered, became known as "Wallace's Larder," a name which is still applied to the remaining vaults. Rebuilt by [[Clan Montgomery]] in the 15th century, Ardrossan later fell into disuse and was partially demolished by the soldiers of [[Oliver Cromwell]] in the 17th century who used the stones to help construct the [[Montgomerieston|Ayr Citadel]].

== History ==
Ardrossan Castle is situated upon a rocky hill, which gives it its name, made up of ''ard'', meaning height, and ''rossan'', a rocky [[promontory]]. The present ruins are on the site of an earlier castle owned by the Barclay family. By the thirteenth century it had passed to the Ardrossan family.

The castle has long been deemed a distinctive feature of the town of Ardrossan. It was included, for example, in the tour book from 1847 titled ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=IrEHAAAAQAAJ Sylvan's Pictorial Handbook to the Clyde and its Watering-Places ]''by Thomas and Edward Gilks. There the castle is described as a marker of regional identity and subject antiquarian interest, from which beautiful views of the ocean can be seen:

<blockquote>
Ardrossan was originally called "Castle Crags", from the nature of the rocks jutting out as they once did from the Cannon hill on which the ruins of the castle stand, behind the present good hotel, the Tontine, and the opposite corner of the main-street, the site of which was once upon the same level. It was subsequently named Ardrossan, after the ancient family who owned the place, and was formerly part of the neighboring parish of Saltcoats. It cams to the present family of Eglintoun, by intermarriage with the Ardrossan family; and they became possessed of the property and inherited the title of Barons of Ardrossan—the tenure being contingent on keeping up the Cannon Hill before mentioned; in default of which the latter titled becomes extinct. Upon the hill six guns are mounted, outside the wall which surrounds the castle grounds. There is a view of a curious ruin from the outside—the shell of a quadrangular tower of great strength, with remaining portions of the walls, which owes its demolition, like many others, to Cromwell; the whole embedded in the surrounding trees. On the outside of the decayed walls are the remains of an old church-yard, containing numerous ruinous tombstones of an interesting character. The view from this eminence of the Isle of Arran to the west, of the beautiful bay to the east, which separates Ardrossan from Saltcoats—and immediately beneath, on the other side, the “Horse Island,” is peculiarly striking. (pages 97-99)
</blockquote>

[[Image:Deep inside the Larder.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px|Subterranean vaults beneath the ruins]]

===Later history===
The castle was acquired by Sir John Montgomery (who captured Harry [[Henry Hotspur Percy|Hotspur]] Percy at the [[Battle of Otterburn]]) and he remodeled it. His son became Lord Montgomery in about 1445, and his son in turn became the first [[Earl of Eglinton]]. The family sheltered in the castle after the [[Clan Cunningham|Cunningham]]s sacked their castle at [[Eglinton Castle|Eglinton]], Ayrshire. Afterwards it fell into disuse.

The castle remained until 1648, when [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s troops destroyed it, removing much of the stone and taking it to [[Ayr]] to build a fort, called the [[Montgomerieston|Ayr Citadel]], there. The ruins of this castle still stand, but are in hazardous condition.

== Legends ==
[[Image:Subterrain Room.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px|[[Tunnel vault]] under the castle]]
The castle is said to be haunted by the ghost of William Wallace, who is said to wander the ruins on stormy nights.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/glasgowandwestscotland/hi/people_and_places/newsid_9114000/9114697.stm BBC - Halloween happenings in your area]</ref>

The castle is also associated with the [[Devil]]. Sir Fergus Barclay, also known as "the De'il of Ardrossan", was a horseman, famous around the lands for his tremendous skill. The secret to his skill, however, was a magical [[bridle]], which was given to Barclay by the Devil, in exchange for his soul. However, the Devil was tricked by Barclay into giving his soul back. Infuriated by this trickery, the Devil attacked the castle in his rage, and is said to have left his hoof prints on one of the rocks. Sir Fergus Barclay is buried in the castle [[chapel]], situated a few hundred yards inland from the castle, further down the hill.

==tourist info==
The surviving parts of Ardrossan Castle stand on the south side of Castle Hill, above slopes that descend steeply to the railway line below. Its location means that the castle is prominent in views across South Bay from Saltcoats, and from much of the southern end of Ardrossan itself, though its existence is far from obvious from the northern half of the town.

The castle carries signs warning not to approach it too closely, and though someone has at sometime consolidated the ruins, we'd share the recommendation to take great care when viewing them. In the summer of 2012, the castle has been condemned, and while there is a group of people actively trying to save the ruins, the castle has been fenced off and no one is allowed anywhere near it.

The ruins today comprise two main sections. The remains of the keep, built in the 1400s, form the most striking standing element. These rise in part to the third storey, though on the south side are completely open, revealing interior fixtures like fireplaces and some very weathered carved stonework. The continuation of the range including the keep contains a cellar whose entrance is blocked by railings. The second main element of the castle is part of the south range, apparently a vaulted structure in which a section of the cellar now forms a short vaulted tunnel.

A castle was first built on this site by Simon de Morville, probably in about 1140. By 1226 the laird was Richard Barclay de Ardrossan. During the Wars of Independence Ardrossan Castle was held by English forces for Edward I until captured by Sir William Wallace. Sir,Wallace is said to have largely destroyed the castle and slaughtered the English garrison, dumping their bodies in a cellar, which later became known as "Wallace's Larder".

In 1357 the last of the direct Barclay line, Godfrey Barclay de Ardrossan, died without successors. The castle and estate subsequently passed by marriage to the Eglinton family. In the 1380s Sir John Montgomery, the 7th Baron of Eaglesham, married the heiress of Sir Hugh Eglinton and so became Baron of Eglinton and Ardrossan. Montgomery subsequently enlarged and remodelled Ardrossan Castle.

Much of the structure whose remains can be seen today dates back to a further remodelling and rebuilding of the castle which took place after Sir John's grandson was made Lord Montgomery in 1449. The castle briefly became the main home of the Montgomery family after Eglinton Castle was attacked and burned down by the Cunninghams in 1528, but afterwards seems to have been allowed to decline. In 1654, troops from Cromwell's army of occupation removed much of the stone from Ardrossan Castle for reuse in the building of their citadel at Ayr, leaving only partial remains which have since served as a point of interest for visitors to Ardrossan.

==See also==
* [[Montgomerieston]] - the Burgh of Regality at Ayr within the old Ayr Citadel partly built from Ardrossan Castle's stones.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Coventry, Martin. ''The Castles of Scotland'', Goblinshead, 2001
*Guthrie. ''History of Ardrossan'', Guthrie Press
*Gilks, Thomas and Edward. '[http://books.google.com/books?id=IrEHAAAAQAAJ Sylvan's Pictorial Handbook to the Clyde and its Watering-Places ]'' 1847

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ardrossan Castle}}
*[http://www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk/scotland/ayrshire/ayrshire5.html Mysterious Britain Gazetteer: Ardrossan Castle]

[[Category:Castles in North Ayrshire]]
[[Category:Category B listed buildings in Scotland]]
[[Category:Listed buildings in North Ayrshire]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland]]

Avalanche Software

2013-01-30T20:13:11Z

Fluffernutter: +reflist

{{Distinguish|Avalanche Studios}}
{{Infobox company
| company_name = Avalanche Software
| company_logo = [[File:Avalanche Software.jpg|150px|current logo]]
| company_type = [[Subsidiary]] of [[Disney Interactive Studios]]
| foundation = October [[1995 in video gaming|1995]]
| location_city = [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]]
| key_people = John Blackburn (CEO)
| industry = [[Video game industry|Video games]]
| parent = [[Disney Interactive Studios]] ([[Disney Interactive Media Group]])
| owner =
| products =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| homepage = [http://avalanchesoftware.go.com/ avalanchesoftware.go.com]
}}

'''Avalanche Software''' is a [[video game developer]] studio, founded in October [[1995 in video gaming|1995]] by four [[lead programmer|lead]] [[game programmer|programmers]] from [[Sculptured Software]]. The company has developed for every console platform since the [[Mega Drive|Sega Mega Drive/Genesis]] and [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]] days and has grown to a staff of over 100 since its inception. The company is headed up by [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] John Blackburn.
==History==
In April 2005, [[Buena Vista Games]] (BVG), the [[video game publisher|video game publishing]] arm of [[The Walt Disney Company]], acquired the [[Salt Lake City, Utah|Salt Lake City]]-based studio.<ref name=gpt1>{{cite news|last=Kawamoto|first=Dawn|title=Disney scoops up Avalanche, founds new studio|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/disney-scoops-up-avalanche-founds-new-studio-6122500|accessdate=22 October 2012|newspaper=gamespot.com|date=April 19, 2005}}</ref>BVG formed a new game studio, [[Fall Line Studio]], in November 2006 to create Disney and new game titles for [[Nintendo DS]] and the [[Wii]] console.<ref>{{cite news|title=Disney to make Nintendo games|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/nov/08/business/fi-disney8|accessdate=19 October 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=November 8, 2006|agency=Reuters}}</ref> [[Disney Interactive Studios]] (DIS) merged Fall Line Studio into its sister studio, Avalanche Software, in January 2009.<ref name=gpt1>{{cite news|last=Sinclair|first=Brendan|title=Disney layoffs hit Turok, Bolt studios|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/disney-layoffs-hit-turok-bolt-studios-6203898|accessdate=22 October 2012|newspaper=gamespot.com|date=January 29, 2009}}</ref>

DIS in October 2012 announced "Toy Box", a cross platform gaming intiative where Pixar and Disney characters will interact from a console game to multiple mobile and online applications.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|last=Barnes|first=Brooks|title=Disney, Struggling to Find Its Digital Footing, Overhauls Disney.com|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/22/business/media/disney-struggling-to-find-its-digital-footing-overhauls-disneycom.html?_r=0|accessdate=23 October 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 21, 2012}}</ref> In January 2013, Avalanche Software unvieled the Toy Box cross platform game as ''[[Disney Infinity]]'' based on Toy Story 3 game's "Toy Box" mode crossed with a toy line.<ref name=bw>{{cite news|last=Lang|first=Derrik J.|title=Disney unveils own 'Skylanders'-like franchise|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2013-01-15/disney-unveils-own-skylanders-like-franchise|accessdate=30 January 2013|newspaper=Business Week|date=January 15, 2013|agency=AP}}</ref>

==Games developed==
===As Disney subsidiary===
*''[[Hannah Montana: Spotlight World Tour]]''
*''[[Bolt (video game)|Bolt]]''
*''[[Meet the Robinsons]]''
*''[[Disney's Chicken Little: Ace in Action|Chicken Little: Ace in Action]]''
*''[[Chicken Little (video game)|Chicken Little]]''
*''[[Toy Story 3: The Video Game]]''<ref name=bw/>
*''[[Cars 2: The Video Game]]''
*''[[Disney Infinity]]''<ref name=bw/>

===As independent company===
*''[[2 on 2 Open Ice Challenge]]''
*''[[25 To Life]]''
*''[[Dragon Ball Z: Sagas]]''
*''[[Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3]]''
*''[[Mortal Kombat Trilogy]]''
*''[[Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero]]''
*''[[Off Road Challenge]]''
*''[[Open Ice]]''
*''[[Rampage 2: Universal Tour]]''
*''[[Rugrats in Paris: The Movie]]''
*''[[Rugrats: Royal Ransom]]''
*''[[Prince of Persia 3D|Prince of Persia: Arabian Nights]]''
*''[[Tak and the Power of Juju]]''
*''[[Tak 2: The Staff of Dreams]]''
*''[[Tak: The Great Juju Challenge]]''
*''[[NCAA 2K2 College Football]]''
*''[[NCAA 2K3 College Football]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://disney.go.com/disneyinteractivestudios/ Disney Interactive Studios]
*[http://www.mobygames.com/company/avalanche-software-llc Avalanche company profile] from [[MobyGames]]
*[http://www.gamespot.com/pages/company/index.php?company=12634 Avalanche Software profile] at [[GameSpot]]

{{Disney}}

[[Category:Video game companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1995]]
[[Category:Video game development companies]]
[[Category:Walt Disney Company subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Companies based in Salt Lake City, Utah]]

[[ar:أفالنش سوفتوير]]
[[es:Avalanche Software]]
[[fr:Avalanche Software]]
[[pt:Avalanche Software]]
[[ru:Avalanche Software]]
[[zh:艾薇嵐奇軟體]]

Arbitration Committee

2013-01-30T17:23:03Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by Keeptheshadowsaway (talk) to last version by Mark Arsten

{{Infobox
| above = Arbitration Committee
| image = [[File:EnArbJune2009.png|250px]]
| caption = Screenshot of the Arbitration Committee description page
| label1 = Established in
| data1 = 2003<ref name='Wales1'/>
| label10 = Website
| data10 = [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee]]
}}
The '''Arbitration Committee''' (also known as '''ArbCom''') of the [[English Wikipedia]] website is a panel of editors that imposes binding rulings with regard to disputes between other editors of the online encyclopedia.<ref name='AU'>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/democracy-for-knowalls/2006/11/30/1164777721624.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2 |title=Know-alls |accessdate=2009-06-15 |last=Schiff |first=Stacy |date=2006-12-02 |work=The Age |publisher=Fairfax Digital Network }}</ref> The Committee was created by [[Jimmy Wales]] on December 4, 2003, as an extension of the decision-making power he had formerly held as owner of the site.<ref name='Wales1'>{{cite web|url=http://markmail.org/message/komcldyapats43xj#query:+page:1+mid:komcldyapats43xj+state:results |title= WikiEN-l Wikiquette committee appointments |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=2003-12-04 |work=Wikipedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] }}</ref><ref name='SSRN'>{{cite journal|title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |journal=Emory Law Journal|year=2010|first=David A.|last=Hoffman|coauthors=Salil Mehra |volume=59|issue=2010|pages=|ssrn=1354424}}</ref> Acting as the [[court of last resort]] for disputes among editors, the Committee has decided several hundred cases in its history.<ref name='NYT-2009'>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/08/technology/internet/08link.html?hpw |title=The Wars of Words on Wikipedia’s Outskirts |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=2009-06-07 |work=The New York Times | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090612085745/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/08/technology/internet/08link.html?hpw| archivedate= 12 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Because of its activities, the Committee has been examined by academics researching [[dispute resolution]], and also reported in public media in connection with various case decisions and Wikipedia-related controversies.<ref name='SSRN'/><ref name='NZ-2009'>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=10577178 |title=Wikipedia sentinel quits after 'sock-puppeting' scandal |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Welham |first=Jamie |coauthors=Nina Lakhan |date=2009-06-08 |work=The New Zealand Herald |publisher=APN Holdings NZ Limited }}</ref><ref name='T-2009'>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/technology/wikipedia/5408761/Church-of-Scientology-members-banned-from-editing-Wikipedia.html |title=Church of Scientology members banned from editing Wikipedia |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Moore |first=Matthew |date=2009-05-30 |work=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Ltd | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090602104528/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/technology/wikipedia/5408761/Church-of-Scientology-members-banned-from-editing-Wikipedia.html| archivedate= 2 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

== History ==
In October 2003, as part of an etiquette discussion on Wikipedia, Alex T. Roshuk, then legal adviser to the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], drafted a 1,300 word outline of mediation and arbitration. This outline evolved into the twin Mediation Committee and Arbitration Committee, formally announced by Jimmy Wales on December 4, 2003.<ref name='SSRN'/><ref name='AR'>{{cite web|url=http://www.roshuklaw.com/ |title=Law office of Alex T. Roshuk |accessdate=2009-06-14 |last=Roshuk |first=Alex T. |year=2008 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090629055224/http://www.roshuklaw.com/| archivedate= 29 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Over time the concept of an "Arbitration Committee" was adopted by other communities within the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]'s hosted projects.

When initially founded, the Committee consisted of 12 [[arbitrators]] divided into three groups of four members each.<ref name='Wales1'/><ref name='Fortune'>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2006/05/31/magazines/fortune/mysql_greatteams_fortune/index.htm |title=Secrets of Greatness: Great Teams |accessdate=2009-06-15 |last=Hyatt |first=Josh |date=2006-06-01 |work=Fortune |publisher=Time Warner }}</ref> {{As of|2008}}, it had decided around 371 conduct cases, with remedies varying from warnings to bans.<ref name='CSM'>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0105/p13s02-stct.html |title=Online Wikipedia is not Britannica - but it's close |accessdate=2009-06-15 |last=Lamb |first=Gregory M. |date=2006-01-05 |work=The Christian Science Monitor }}</ref><ref name='S-2004'>{{cite web|url=http://dir.salon.com/story/tech/feature/2004/04/27/wikipedia |title=Everyone is an editor |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Williams |first=Sam |date=2004-04-27 |work=Salon.com |publisher=Salon Media Group }}</ref>

==Attention and controversies==
A statistical study published in the ''[[Emory Law Journal]]'' indicated that the Committee has generally adhered to the principles of ignoring the content of user disputes and focusing on user conduct.<ref name='SSRN'/> The same study also found that despite every case being assessed on its own merits, a correlation emerged between the types of conduct found to have occurred and the remedies and decisions imposed by the Committee.

In 2007, an arbitrator using the username Essjay [[Essjay controversy|resigned from the Committee]] after it was found that he had made false claims about his academic qualifications and professional experiences in a ''New York Times'' interview.<ref name='NYT-E'>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/12/technology/12wiki.html?ex=1331352000&en=668e67bce73bf6c6&ei=5089&partner=rssyahoo&emc=rss |title=After False Claim, Wikipedia to Check Degrees |accessdate=2009-06-14 |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=2007-03-12 |work=The New York Times }}</ref><ref name='NYT-2006'>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html?scp=3&sq=Arbitration%20Committee%20Wikipedia&st=cse |title=Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Hafner |first=Katie |date=2006-06-17 |work=The New York Times }}</ref><ref name='NYT-2007'>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html?scp=1&sq=Essjay&st=cse |title=A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=2007-03-05 |work=The New York Times }}</ref> In June 2009, an arbitrator who edited under the username Sam Blacketer resigned from the Committee after it became known that he had concealed his past editing in obtaining the role.<ref name='NZ-2009'/>

In 2009, the Committee was brought to media attention as a result of its decision to ban "all IP addresses owned or operated by the [[Church of Scientology]] and its associates, broadly interpreted", as part of the fourth Scientology-related case.<ref name='NYT-2009'/><ref name='TG'/> Such an action had "little precedent"<ref name='NYT-2009'/> in the eight-year history of Wikipedia and was reported on several major news services such as ''The New York Times'', ''[[ABC News]]'', and ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name='NYT-2009'/><ref name='TG'>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/may/29/wikipedia-scientology |title=Wikipedia bans Church of Scientology from editing |accessdate=2009-06-14 |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Caitlin |date=2009-05-29 |work=The Guardian | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090611225227/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/may/29/wikipedia-scientology| archivedate= 11 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name='ABC'>{{cite web|url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/story?id=7708616&page=1 |title=Wikipedia Blocks Church of Scientology From Editing Entries |accessdate=2009-06-14 |last=Heussner |first=Ki Mae |coauthors=Ned Potter |date=2009-05-29 |publisher=ABC News | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090602204246/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/Story?id=7708616&page=1| archivedate= 2 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Satirical news-show host [[Stephen Colbert]] ran a segment on ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' parodying the ban.<ref name='SC'>{{cite web|url=http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/229645/june-04-2009/wikipedia-bans-scientologists |title=Wikipedia Bans Scientologists |accessdate=2009-06-14 |last=Colbert |first=Stephen |date=2009-06-04 |format=Flash Player |work=Comedy Central |publisher=MTV Networks | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090608053304/http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/229645/june-04-2009/wikipedia-bans-scientologists| archivedate= 8 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

In July 2012, ArbCom banned [[Wikimedia UK]] chairman Ashley van Haeften due to "numerous violations of Wikipedia's norms and policies." Despite the ban, Wikimedia UK's board was "united in the view that this [ArbCom's] decision does not affect his [van Haeften's] role as a trustee of the charity."<ref>{{cite web|author=Wikipedia |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9439046/Chairman-of-Wikipedia-charity-banned-after-pornography-row.html |title=Chairman of Wikipedia charity banned after pornography row |publisher=Telegraph |date= |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2012/08/01/50-shades-wikipedia-uk-head-banned-after-bondage-porn-ties/ |title=50 shades of Wikipedia? UK head banned after bondage porn ties |publisher=Fox News |date= |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilsociety.co.uk/governance/news/content/13090/wikimedia_chairman_banned_from_editing_wikipedia |title=Wikimedia UK board supports chairman banned from editing Wikipedia |publisher=Civilsociety.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref> On August 2, 2012, van Haeften resigned from his position of chairman of Wikimedia UK. Van Haeften did not want there to be any "division in the WMUK community over his role as Chair." The resignation occurred after a call for a [[Extraordinary General Meeting]] to discuss recent affairs concerning the ban.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2012/08/a-message-from-jon-davies-chief-executive-of-wikimedia-uk/ |title=A message from Jon Davies, Chief Executive of Wikimedia UK | Wikimedia UK Blog |publisher=Blog.wikimedia.org.uk |date=2012-08-02 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Wikipedia |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9447161/Wikipedia-charity-chairman-resigns-after-pornography-row.html |title=Wikipedia charity chairman resigns after pornography row |publisher=Telegraph |date= |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref> Chris Keating replaced van Haeften as Wikimedia UK's chairman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2012/08/wikimedia-uk-elects-a-new-chair/ |title=Wikimedia UK elects a new Chair | Wikimedia UK Blog |publisher=Blog.wikimedia.org.uk |date=2012-08-02 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2012/08/wikipedia-uk-boss-quits-over-porn-storm/ |title=Wikipedia UK Boss Quits Over Porn Storm | Gizmodo UK |publisher=Gizmodo.co.uk |date=2012-08-03 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilsociety.co.uk/governance/news/content/13114/wikimedia_uk_chair_resigns_following_ban_from_wikipedia |title=Wikimedia UK chair resigns following ban from Wikipedia |publisher=Civilsociety.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref>

== Arbitration Committees on sister projects ==
In 2007, Arbitration Committees were founded on the [[German Wikipedia|German]],<ref name='dewiki-2007'>{{cite web|url=http://www.heise.de/newsticker/Wikipedia-sucht-Schiedsrichter--/meldung/89083 |title=Wikipedia sucht Schiedsrichter |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Kleinz |first=Torsten |date=2007-04-30 |publisher=Heise Online |language=German | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090501114321/http://www.heise.de/newsticker/Wikipedia-sucht-Schiedsrichter--/meldung/89083| archivedate= 1 May 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> as well as [[Polish Wikipedia|Polish]] Wikipedias.<ref name='wikipedystyczny'>{{cite web|url=http://www.heise.de/newsticker/Wikipedia-sucht-Schiedsrichter--/meldung/89083 |title=Komitet arbitrażowy oraz mediatorzy w Wikipedii|accessdate=2012-02-01 ||date=2007-08-31 |publisher=Blog wikipedystyczny|language=Polish}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Wikipedia}}

[[Category:Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Arbitration organizations]]
[[Category:Quasi-judicial bodies]]

[[ko:중재위원회]]

Jeremy McKinnon

2012-12-05T17:34:09Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 199.27.249.58 (talk) to last revision by O.Koslowski (HG)

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Jeremy McKinnon
| image = Peace and Love A Day to Remember Jeremy McKinnon.JPG
| image_size =
| caption = Jeremy McKinnon in 2010
| background = solo_singer 
| birth_name = Jeremy Wade McKinnon
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|12|17|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ocala]], [[Florida]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| instrument = [[Singing|Vocals]], [[acoustic guitar]]
| genre = [[Metalcore]], [[pop punk]], [[post-hardcore]], [[emo|emo-pop]]
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[record producer|Producer]]
| years_active =
| label = [[Victory Records]]
| associated_acts = [[A Day to Remember]], [[Pierce the Veil]], [[For the Fallen Dreams]], [[In Fear and Faith]], [[The Ghost Inside]]
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}
'''Jeremy Wade McKinnon''' (born December 17, 1985) is an American musician from [[Ocala, Florida]]. McKinnon is a founding member and current [[lead vocalist]] of [[pop punk]] / [[metalcore]] band [[A Day to Remember]].<ref name="mckinnon-day">{{cite web|url=http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/soundcheck/content/day-remembers-jeremy-mckinnon-talks-warped-tour-going-mainstream-and-ambitious-stage-shows|title=A Day To Remember's Jeremy McKinnon talks Warped Tour, going mainstream and ambitious stage shows|last=Cridlin|first=Jay|date=07/27/11|publisher=Tampa Bay Times|accessdate=28 May 2012|location=Tampa Bay, FL}}</ref> His unclean and clean vocals makes the band highly unique, combining both [[metalcore]] and [[pop punk]] together.

He recently produced [[The Ghost Inside (band)|The Ghost Inside]]'s third album ''[[Get What You Give]]''.

==Discography==
With [[A Day To Remember]]
* [[And Their Name Was Treason]] (2005)
* [[For Those Who Have Heart]] (2007)
* [[Homesick (A Day to Remember album)|Homesick]] (2009)
* [[Attack of the Killer B-Sides|Attack of the Killer B-Sides EP]] (2010)
* [[What Separates Me from You]] (2010)
* [[Common Courtesy]] (2012)
===Guest appearances===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Band !! Album !! Song
|-
| [[In Fear and Faith]] || [[Your World on Fire]] || Strength In Numbers
|-
| [[For the Fallen Dreams]] || [[Relentless (For the Fallen Dreams album)|Relentless]] || Nightmares
|-
| [[Pierce the Veil]] || [[Selfish Machines]] || Caraphernelia
|}

==Production Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Band !! Album !! Release Date
|-
| [[The Ghost Inside]] || ''[[Get What You Give]]'' || [[June 19th, 2012]]
|-
| [[Veara]] || ''[[What We Left Behind]]'' || [[May 25th, 2010]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Jeremy Mckinnon
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = J-Jizzum
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American musician
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 17, 1985
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Ocala, Florida
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mckinnon, Jeremy}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American musicians]]
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:American rock singers]]
[[Category:American heavy metal singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Florida]]
[[Category:People from Ocala, Florida]]

[[it:Jeremy McKinnon]]

Gay Nigger Association of America

2012-12-03T16:43:57Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by Derekd234 (talk) to last version by Ohnoitsjamie

{{Redirect|GNAA}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Gay Nigger Association of America
|image = Gnaa-logo.png
|image_border =
|size = 300px
|alt = Gay Nigger Association of America
|caption = Gay Nigger Association of America
|abbreviation = GNAA
|type = [[Internet trolls]]
|formation = 2002<ref name="about" />
|years_active = 2002—

|headquarters = [[Tarzana, Los Angeles]]<ref name="about" />
|membership = "The only requirement for membership is a dedication to the struggle of gays and niggers everywhere."<ref name="membership" />
|purpose = "being GAY NIGGERS"<ref name="membership" />
|affiliations = [[Goatse Security]]<ref name="ibtimes" /><ref name="Atlantic" /><ref name="rohr" />
|website = [http://www.gnaa.fr/ GNAA Official Website]
}}

The '''Gay Nigger Association of America''' ('''GNAA''') is an anti-blogging [[Internet trolling|Internet-trolling]] organization. They have trolled several prominent websites and Internet personalities including [[Slashdot]], [[Wikipedia]], [[CNN]], [[Barack Obama]]'s campaign website, [[Alex Jones (radio host)|Alex Jones]], and prominent members of the [[blogosphere]]. They have also released software products and leaked screenshots and information about upcoming operating systems. In addition, they maintain a wiki-based site dedicated to Internet commentary<ref name=GLS/> and a software repository.<ref name=punto/>

Members of the GNAA also founded [[Goatse Security]], a [[grey hat]] information security group. Members of Goatse Security released information in June 2010 about email addresses on [[AT&T]]'s website from people who pre-ordered the [[iPad]]. After the vulnerability was disclosed, the then-president of the GNAA, [[weev]], and GNAA member "JacksonBrown" were arrested.

==Origins, known members and name==

The group is run by a president,<ref name="rohr"/> but little else is known about its internal structure. [[New media]] researcher [[Andrew Lih]] has stated that it is unclear whether or not there was initially a clearly defined group of GNAA members, or if founding and early members of the GNAA were online troublemakers united under the name in order to disrupt websites.<ref name="nobodies" /> However, professor Jodi Dean and MIT graduate Ross Cisneros state that they are an organized group of anti-blogging trolls.<ref name=GLS/><ref name=cisneros/> Reporters also refer to the GNAA as a group.<ref name=scotsman/><ref name=ffbug/><ref name=netwerk/>

The former president of the GNAA, known as "timecop", is known for founding the anime fansub group "Dattebayo". Other members include former president Andrew "[[weev]]" Auernheimer, Daniel "JacksonBrown" Spitler,<ref name="Bilton">{{cite news|last1=Bilton|first1=Nick|last2=Wortham|first2=Jenna|title=Two Are Charged With Fraud in iPad Security Breach|work=The New York Times|page=4|date=19 January 2011|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/19/technology/19ipad.html}}</ref><ref name="dailytech"/> former [[Debian]] project head [[Sam Hocevar]],<ref name="rohr"/> and current spokesman Leon Kaiser.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytech.com/Interview+Goatse+Security+on+FBI+Charges+Following+ATT+iPad+Breach/article20693.htm|title=DailyTech - Interview: Goatse Security on FBI Charges Following AT&T iPad Breach}}</ref>

The group's name has been controversial, having been described as causing "immediate alarm in anyone with a semblance of good taste", and as being "intentionally offensive",<ref name="nobodies" /> and "spectacularly offensive".<ref name="scotsman" /> The group denies allegations of racism and homophobia, explaining that the name is intended to sow disruption on the Internet and challenge [[social norms]], claiming it was derived from the 1992 Danish satirical [[blaxploitation]] film ''[[Gayniggers from Outer Space]]''.<ref name="GLS" />

==Trolling==
The GNAA has used many different methods of trolling. One method involves flooding a weblog's comment form with a massive amount of repeated words and phrases, referred to as "[[crapflooding]]".<ref group=note name="crapflood" /><ref name="GLS" /><ref name="scotsman" /> On Wikipedia, members of the group created an article about the group, while still adhering to Wikipedia's rules and policies; a process Andrew Lih says was "essentially using the system against itself."<ref name="nobodies" /> Another method includes attacking many [[Internet Relay Chat]] channels and networks using different [[Internet Relay Chat flood|IRC flooding]] techniques.<ref name="IRC" />

The GNAA has also produced [[shock site]]s containing [[malware]].<ref name="GLS" /><ref name="porndotcom" /> One such site, "Last Measure", contains embedded malware that opens up "an endless cascade of pop-up windows displaying pornography or horrific medical pictures."<ref name="porndotcom"/><ref name="jones" /> They have also performed [[proof of concept]] demonstrations.<ref name="IRC" /><ref name="obamabug" /> These actions have occasionally interrupted the normal operation of popular websites.

===2000s===
In July 2004, two GNAA members submitted leaked screenshots of the upcoming operating system [[Mac OS X v10.4]]<ref name="giga" /> to the popular [[Apple Macintosh]] news website [[MacRumors]], resulting in a post which read "With [[Worldwide Developers Conference|WWDC]] just days away, the first Tiger information and screenshots appears to have been leaked. According to sources, Apple will reportedly provide developers with a Mac OS X 10.4 preview copy at WWDC on Monday. The screenshots provided reportedly come from this upcoming developer preview."<ref name="macrumors-tiger" />

In June 2005, the GNAA announced that it had created a Mac OS X Tiger release for [[Intel x86|Intel x86 processors]] which caught media attention from various sources.<ref name="macdailynews" />{{verify credibility|date=September 2012}}<ref name="wild" /><ref name="cultofmac" /> The next day, the supposed leak and was mentioned on the [[G4 (television)|G4]] television show ''[[Attack of the Show!|Attack of the Show]]''.<ref name="aots" /> The [[ISO image]] released via [[BitTorrent (protocol)|BitTorrent]] merely booted a [[shock image]]<ref name="aots" /><ref name="rubygoldmine" /> instead of the leaked operating system.<ref name="bandwagon" />

On February 3, 2007, the GNAA successfully managed to convince CNN reporter [[Paula Zahn]] that "one in three Americans" believe that the [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001 terror attacks]] were [[9/11 conspiracy theories#Israel|carried out by Israeli agents]].<ref name="CNN3" /> CNN subsequently ran a story erroneously reporting this, involving a round-table discussion regarding antisemitism and an interview with the father of a Jewish 9/11 victim.<ref name="CNN2" /> The GNAA-owned website said that "over 4,000" Jews were absent from work at the World Trade Center on 9/11.<ref name="CNN2" />

On February 11, 2007, an attack was launched on the website of US presidential candidate (and future US president) [[Barack Obama]], where the group's name was caused to appear on the website's front page.<ref name="obama" />

===2010s===
In late January of 2010 the GNAA used an obscure method, known as cross-protocol scripting (a combination of [[cross-site scripting]] and [[inter-protocol exploitation]]) to cause users of the [[freenode]] IRC network to unknowingly crapflood IRC channels after visiting websites containing inter-protocol exploits.<ref name="ffbug" /> They also have used a combination of inter-protocol, cross-site, and [[integer overflow]] bugs in both the [[Firefox]] and [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] web browsers to crapflood IRC channels.<ref name="netwerk" />

In late July of 2012 the GNAA created a website titled "linuxforniggers.us" for an African-American targeted [[Linux distribution|Linux-based operating system]] in development. The site provides a download link for an ISO image which, when booted, presents users with a slideshow of images related to [[Stereotypes of African Americans in the United States|African-American stereotypes]].<ref name="linuxforniggers" />

On October 30, the GNAA began a trolling campaign around the aftermath of [[Hurricane Sandy]] on the east coast of America, spreading fake photographs and [[Twitter|tweets]] of alleged looters in action. The British newspaper, the [[Daily Mail]] went on to publish the photographs and ran the story, ''"'Even momma got outta house to loot new shirt': Looters brag on Twitter"'' without first verifying their sources.<ref name=DailyMail>{{cite news|last=Shergold|first=Adam|title='Even momma got outta house to loot new shirt': Looters brag on Twitter|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2225663/Superstom-Sandy-looters-brag-Twitter-Even-momma-got-outta-house-loot-new-shirt.html|accessdate=2 November 2012|newspaper=[[Daily Mail]]|date=31 October 2012}}</ref> and radio host, [[Alex Jones (radio host)|Alex Jones]], published an exposé of the alleged 'looters'<ref name=InfoWarsLooters>{{cite web|last=Watson|first=Paul Joseph|title=Shameless Looters Display Stolen Goods On Twitter|url=http://www.infowars.com/shameless-looters-display-stolen-goods-on-twitter/|publisher=[[Alex Jones (radio host)|Infowars]]|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref>. Later, after the GNAA published a press-release detailing the incident,<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaiser|first=Leon|title=GNAA Fabricates “Sandy Loot Crew”, Media Bites|url=http://www.gnaa.eu/wiki/pr/2012-11-01-gnaa-sandy|publisher=GNAA|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref> mainstream media began detailing how the prank was carried out.<ref name=SMH>{{cite web|last=Grubb|first=Ben|title=Twitter works up a storm over looting images|url=http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/twitter-works-up-a-storm-over-looting-images-20121101-28lqf.html|publisher=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref name=BetaBeat>{{cite web|last=Dillon|first=Kit|title=Less Looting, More Trolling: Daily Mail, Drudge Get Pwnd By Twitter Pranksters #SandyLootCrew|url=http://betabeat.com/2012/11/less-looting-more-trolling-daily-mail-drudge-get-pwnd-by-twitter-pranksters/|publisher=[[Betabeat]]|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref>

==Goatse Security==
{{Main|Goatse Security}}
[[File:Goatse_Security_Logo.png|thumb|right|Goatse security's logo]]
Several members of the GNAA with expertise in [[grey hat]]<ref name="ipadsec" /> computer security research began releasing information about several software vulnerabilities under the name "Goatse Security." The group chose to publish their work under a separate name because they thought that they would not be taken seriously.<ref name="dailytech" />

In June 2010, Goatse Security attracted mainstream media attention for their discovery of at least 114,000 unsecured [[email address]]es<ref name="npripad" /> registered to Apple iPad devices for early adopters of Apple's 3G iPad service.<ref name="Atlantic" /><ref name="sapo" /> The data was aggregated from AT&T's own servers by feeding a publicly available script with [[HTTP request]]s containing randomly generated [[ICC-ID]]s, which would then return the associated email address. The [[FBI]] soon investigated the incident. This investigation led to the arrest of then-GNAA President,<ref name="courtcase" /> Andrew 'weev' Auernheimer, on unrelated [[Drug possession|drug charges]]<ref name="assassination" /> resulting from an FBI search of his home.<ref name="dailytech" /><ref name="cnetdrugs" />

In January 2011 the Department of Justice announced that Auernheimer will be charged with one count of conspiracy to access a computer without authorization and one count of fraud.<ref name="Charges" /> A co-defendant, Daniel Spitler, was released on bail.<ref name="msnbc" /><ref name="bailtime" />

In June 2011, Spitler plead guilty on both counts after reaching a plea agreement with US attorneys. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/23/daniel-spitler-ipad-hack-email-address-theft_n_883240.html | title=Daniel Spitler Pleads Guilty To iPad Hack, Email Address Theft}}</ref>

On November 20, 2012, Auernheimer was found guilty of one count of identity fraud and one count of conspiracy to access a computer without authorization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/11/att-hacker-found-guilty/|title=<nowiki>Hacker Found Guilty of Breaching AT&T Site to Obtain iPad Customer Data | Threat Level | Wired.com</nowiki>}}</ref> Auernheimer [[Twitter|tweeted]] that he would appeal the ruling<ref>{{cite web | url=https://twitter.com/rabite/status/271004620816539648 | title=Twitter status, 3:38 PM - 20 Nov 12}}</ref>. Alex Pilosov, a friend who was also present for the ruling, tweeted that Auernheimer would remain free on bail until sentencing, "which will be at least 90 days out."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://twitter.com/apilosov/status/271003102084202496
| title=Twitter status, 3:32 PM - 20 Nov 12}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|refs=
<ref name="crapflood">"Crapflooding" is the practice of overwhelming a site with "a massive amount of text or data with no meaning or relevance: for example, a word, phrase, or group of letters repeated over and over." (Dean, 2010)</ref>

}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="about">
{{cite web
|title=About GNAA:
|url=http://www.gnaa.fr/wiki/about
|publisher=GNAA
|accessdate=10 June 2011
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110720163753/http://www.gnaa.fr/wiki/about
|archivedate=2011-07-20
}}
</ref>
<ref name="membership">
{{cite web
|title=Joining GNAA
|url=http://www.gnaa.fr/wiki/join
|publisher=GNAA
|accessdate=5 August 2012
}}
</ref>
<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite news
| first = Niraj
| last = Chokshi
| title = Meet One of the Hackers Who Exposed the iPad Security Leak
| date = 2010-06-10
| publisher = [[Atlantic Media Company]]
| url = http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/06/meet-one-of-the-hackers-who-exposed-the-ipad-security-leak/57969/
| work = [[The Atlantic]]
| accessdate = 2011-02-25
}}
</ref>
<ref name="punto">
{{cite news
| title = FreeNode, allarme sicurezza
| date = 2006-06-28
| url = http://punto-informatico.it/1544690/PI/News/freenode-allarme-sicurezza.aspx
| work = PuntoInformatico
| accessdate = 2011-08-26
| language = Italian
}}
</ref>
<ref name="rohr">
{{cite news
| first = Altieres
| last = Rohr
| title = Saiba como ocorreu falha que expôs e-mails de 114 mil usuários do iPad
| date = 2010-06-11
| url = http://g1.globo.com/tecnologia/noticia/2010/06/entenda-como-foi-falha-que-expos-e-mails-de-114-mil-usuarios-do-ipad.html
| work = [[Rede Globo]]
| language = Portuguese
| accessdate = 2010-09-13
}}
</ref>
<ref name="GLS">{{cite book
| first = Jodi
| last = Dean
| authorlink = Jodi Dean
| title = Blog Theory: Feedback and Capture in the Circuits of Drive.
| publisher = {{nowrap|[http://www.polity.co.uk/ Polity Press]}}
| year = 2010
| ISBN = 978-0-7456-4970-2
| location = [[Cambridge, UK]]
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Qt1oRELvTScC&pg=PA6
| accessdate = 2010-08-27
}}
</ref>
<ref name="macrumors-tiger">[http://www.macrumors.com/2004/06/26/mac-os-x-10-4-tiger-screenshots/ Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger) Screenshots?]. [[Macrumors|MacRumors]]. Accessed 2010-08-27.</ref>
<ref name="rubygoldmine">[http://gizmodo.com/107940/macindell-part-quatre-the-ruby-goldmine MacInDell Part Quatre – The Ruby Goldmine]. [[Gizmodo]]. Accessed 2010-08-27.</ref>
<ref name="CNN3">
{{cite news
| first = Deepthi
| last = Welaratna
| title = Terror! Conspiracy! Hoax!
| date = 2007-04-06
| publisher = [[KQED (TV)|KQED]]
| url = http://www.kqed.org/arts/multimedia/article.jsp?essid=15142
| work = KQED Arts
| accessdate = 2011-03-18
}}
</ref>
<ref name="IRC">[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/01/30/firefox_interprotocol_attack/ Firefox-based attack wreaks havoc on IRC users] [[The Register]]. Accessed 2010-08-27</ref>
<ref name="obama">[http://techcrunch.com/2007/02/11/very-bad-bug-a-barackobamacom/ Very Ugly Bug at BarackObama.com]</ref>
<ref name="ffbug">
{{cite news
| first = Lucian
| last = Constantin
| title = Firefox Bug Used to Harass Entire IRC Network
| date = 2010-01-30
| url = http://news.softpedia.com/news/Firefox-Bug-Used-to-Harass-an-Entire-IRC-Network-133613.shtml
| work = [[Softpedia]]
| accessdate = 2011-03-17
}}
</ref>
<ref name="netwerk">
{{cite news
| first = Sander
| last = van der Meijs
| title = Bug in Firefox gebruikt tegen IRC netwerk
| date = 2010-02-01
| publisher = IDG Netherlands
| url = http://webwereld.nl/nieuws/84529/bug-in-firefox-gebruikt-tegen-irc-netwerk.html
| work = Webwereld
| accessdate = 2011-03-17
| language = Dutch
}}</ref>
<ref name="obamabug">[http://techcrunch.com/2007/02/11/very-bad-bug-a-barackobamacom/ Very Ugly Bug at BarackObama.com]. [[TechCrunch]]. Accessed 2010-08-27.</ref>
<ref name="nobodies">
{{cite book
| last1 = Lih
| first1 = Andrew
| authorlink = Andrew Lih
| title = [[The Wikipedia Revolution|The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia]]
| publisher = Hyperion
| date = 17 Mar 2009
| location = Cambridge, UK
| pages = 170–171
| accessdate = 2010-07-27
| isbn = 1-4001-1076-9}}
</ref>
<ref name="porndotcom">
{{cite book
| title = Porn.com: making sense of online pornography
| publisher = Peter Lang
| accessdate = 2011-03-20
| isbn = 1-4331-0207-2
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=RNprMCakFf8C&pg=PA137
| last7 = Attwood
| first1 = Feona
| year = 2010
}}
</ref>
<ref name="giga">
{{cite news
| title = Wie typisch
| date = 2004-06-28
| url = http://www.giga.de/macnews/software/wie-typisch-39507
| work = giga.de
| accessdate = 2011-08-26
}}</ref>
<ref name="macdailynews">[http://macdailynews.com/2005/06/11/report_apple_mac_os_x_1041_for_intel_hits_piracy_sites/ Report: Apple Mac OS X 10.4.1 for Intel hits piracy sites]. Accessed 2010-09-06.</ref>
<ref name="wild">[http://www.engadget.com/2005/06/12/os-x-for-x86-already-in-the-wild/ OS X for x86 already in the wild?]. Accessed 2010-09-06.</ref>
<ref name="cultofmac">[http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/commentary/cultofmac/2005/08/68501 Mac Hacks Allow OS X on PCs]. Wired. Accessed 2010-09-08.</ref>
<ref name="aots">{{Cite episode
| title = Attack of the Show!
| series = Attack of the Show!
| network = G4
| station = G4
| airdate = June 2005}} 
</ref>
<ref name="CNN2">{{Cite episode
| title = Paula Zahn Now
| series = Paula Zahn Now
| network = CNN
| station = CNN
| airdate = February 3, 2007
| transcripturl = http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0701/30/pzn.01.html
}}</ref>
<ref name="bandwagon">[http://www.tuaw.com/2005/08/12/jumping-on-the-bandwagon-os-x-on-x86-omg/ Jumping on the bandwagon: OS X on x86! OMG!]. [[TUAW]]. Accessed 2010-09-07.</ref>
<ref name="ipadsec">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/11/AR2010061106239_2.html Apple's iPad security breach reveals vulnerability of mobile devices]. [[Washington Post]]. Accessed 2010-09-02.</ref>
<ref name="sapo">
{{cite news
| title = Falha de segurança que expõe donos do iPad investigada pelo FBI
| date = 2010-06-11
| publisher = [[Sapo.pt]]
| url = http://tek.sapo.pt/noticias/computadores/falha_de_seguranca_que_expoe_donos_do_ipad_in_1070542.html
| work = tek
| accessdate = 2011-03-17
| language = Portuguese
}}</ref>
<ref name="npripad">[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127747618 Apple's iPad Breach Raises Alarms]. [[NPR]]. Accessed 2010-09-06.</ref>
<ref name="cnetdrugs">[http://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-20007827-245.html Hacker in AT&T-iPad security case arrested on drug charges]. CNET. Accessed 2010-09-01.</ref>
<ref name="dailytech">
{{cite interview
|last=Kaiser
|first=Leon
|interviewer=Mick, Jason
|title=Interview: Goatse Security on FBI Charges Following AT&T iPad Breach
|url=http://www.dailytech.com/Interview+Goatse+Security+on+FBI+Charges+Following+ATT+iPad+Breach/article20693.htm
|format=Transcript
|program=[[DailyTech]]
|date=2011-01-19
|accessdate=2011-01-21}}
</ref>
<ref name="ibtimes">
{{cite news
| first = Jesse
| last = Emspak
| title = The Case Against The iPad Hackers
| date = 2011-01-19
| url = http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/102701/20110119/case-against-ipad-hackers.htm
| work = [[International Business Times]]
| accessdate = 2011-03-19
}}
</ref>
<ref name="scotsman">
{{cite news
| first = STEWART
| last = KIRKPATRICK
| title = Lazy Guide to Net Culture: Dark side of the rainbow
| date = 2005-11-22
| publisher = [[The Scotsman]]
| url = http://www.scotsman.com/news/sci-tech/lazy_guide_to_net_culture_dark_side_of_the_rainbow_1_466037
| work = scotsman.com
| accessdate = 2011-03-20
}}
</ref>

<ref name="courtcase">United States District Court — District Court of New Jersey, Docket: MAG 11-4022 (CCC)]. Filed with the court 13 January 2011</ref>

<ref name="assassination">
{{cite book
|title=Digital Assassination: Protecting Your Reputation, Brand, Or Business
|year=2011
|publisher=Macmillan
|isbn=978-0-312-61791-2
|page=116
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-lY4ZmDEA2sC&pg=PA116
|author=Richard Torrenzano, Mark W. Davis
}}
</ref>
<ref name="Charges">
{{cite news
| url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9205403/Criminal_charges_filed_against_AT_T_iPad_attackers
| title=Criminal charges filed against AT&T iPad attackers — Computerworld
| work=Computerworld
| date=January 18, 2011
| author=McMillan, Robert and Jackson, Joab
}}
</ref>
<ref name="msnbc">
{{cite news
| url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41196595/ns/technology_and_science-security/
| title=No bail for 2nd iPad e-mail address theft suspect
| work=MSNBC.com
| date=21 January 2011
| agency=Associated Press
| accessdate=15 February 2011
| last=Voigt
| first=Kurt
| newspaper=MSNBC.com
}}
</ref>
<ref name="bailtime">
{{cite news
| url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=13023509
| title=Suspect in iPad Data Theft Released on Bail in NJ
| work=ABC News
| date=28 February 2011
| agency=Associated Press
| accessdate=2 March 2011
| last=Porter
| first=David
| newspaper=ABC News
}}
</ref>
<ref name=cisneros>
{{cite thesis
|type=S.M.
|first=Ross B.
|last=Cisneros
|title=Regarding Evil
|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology
|year=2005
}}
</ref>
<ref name="jones">
{{cite web
| url=http://www.drstevejones.co.uk/Jones%20Horrorporn_Pornhorror.pdf
| title=Horrorporn/Pornhorror: The Problematic Communities and Contexts of Online Shock Imagery
| year=2011
| accessdate=August 26, 2012
| author=Jones, Dr. Steve
}}
</ref>
<ref name="linuxforniggers">[http://linuxundich.de/de/ubuntu/gay-nigger-association-of-america-trollt-linux-mit-der-linux-for-niggers-distribution/ Gay Nigger Association of America trollt Linux mit der “Linux for Niggers”-Distribution]</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Computer security}}

* {{Official website|http://www.gnaa.eu/}}

{{Hacking in 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gay Nigger Association of America}}
[[Category:Internet trolling|GNAA]]
[[Category:Hacker groups]]
[[Category:Internet culture]]
[[Category:Internet trolling]]
[[Category:Underground computer groups]]
[[Category:Slashdot]]
[[Category:Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Critics of Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Computer security]]

[[nl:Gay Nigger Association of America]]
[[simple:Gay Nigger Association of America]]

Riff Raff (Rapper)

2012-09-13T19:57:51Z

Fluffernutter: clean out BLP vios, unreliable sources

{{pp-semi-blp|expiry=20 September 2012|small=yes}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = RiFF RaFF
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Jody Christian Simco
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alias =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| origin = [[Houston]], [[Texas]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Rap]]
| occupation = [[Rapper]]
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2009–present
| label = [[Mad Decent]]
| associated_acts = [[Action Bronson]], [[Soulja Boy]], [[Chief Keef]], Gucci Mane, Harmony Korine, [[Andy Milonakis]]
| website = 
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Jody Christian'''<ref>Jeff Weiss, [http://www.laweekly.com/2012-05-24/music/riff_raff_sodmg_mtv_diplo_mad_decent/ "Is Riff Raff Serious?"], ''LA Weekly'', May 24 2012</ref> (born January 29, 1985), best known by his stage name '''Riff Raff''', often stylized as '''RiFF RaFF''' is an American rapper and performance artist from [[Houston]], [[Texas]].<ref>Mike Winslow, [http://allhiphop.com/2012/06/19/houston-rapper-riff-raff-signs-with-diplos-label/ "Houston Rapper Riff Raff Signs With Diplo’s Label"], ''All Hip Hop'', June 19 2012</ref> He is signed to the [[Mad Decent]] record label and is set to release his first [[Mad Decent]] album in 2013.<ref>Carter Maness, [http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/05/10/riff-raff-diplo-mad-decent-record-deal/ "Riff Raff Signs To Diplo's Mad Decent Label"], ''MTV'', May 10 2012</ref> He is best known for his initial associations with [[Soulja Boy]], and being a member of the group Three Loco with [[Andy Milonakis]] and [[Simon Rex]].

Riff Raff started his social media involvement as a rapper on [[Myspace]], using the name "Kokayne Dawkinz." Riff Raff's first public appearance was not as a rapper, but as a contestant on the 2009 MTV reality show [[From G's to Gents (season 2)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=From G's to Gents (season 2)|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_G%27s_to_Gents_(season_2)|publisher=wikipedia|accessdate=10 February 2009}}</ref>. Though he was eliminated from series on the second episode, he used this exposure to publicize his career as a rapper.

Riff Raff has collaborated with [[Lil B]], Soulja Boy, [[Snoop Dogg]], [[V-Nasty]], Lil Debbie, [[Action Bronson]], [[Chief Keef]], [[The Rej3ctz]], [[Waka Flocka Flame]], Lil Chuckee, and Kitty Pryde. He is a member of the group Three Loco with [[Andy Milonakis]] and [[Dirt Nasty]], known for the single Neato<ref>{{cite web|title=Neato Music Video|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gkxolne0U5U}}</ref>.

Riff Raff's persona as a rapper can be described as nostalgic pastiche for late '90s and early 2000s Houston Hip-Hop, with heavy reference to [[DJ Screw]], DJ Michael Watts, and the [[Swishahouse]] record label.{{cn}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Categories==
[[Category: 1985 births]]
[[Category: American rappers]]
[[Category: Living people]]
[[Category: People from Houston, Texas]]

Riff Raff (Rapper)

2012-09-13T19:56:26Z

Fluffernutter: Adding {{pp-semi-blp}} (TW)

{{pp-semi-blp|expiry=20 September 2012|small=yes}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = RiFF RaFF
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Jody Christian Simco
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alias =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| origin = [[Houston]], [[Texas]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Rap]]
| occupation = [[Rapper]]
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2009–present
| label = [[Mad Decent]]
| associated_acts = [[Action Bronson]], [[Soulja Boy]], [[Chief Keef]], Gucci Mane, Harmony Korine, [[Andy Milonakis]]
| website = 
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Jody Christian'''<ref>Jeff Weiss, [http://www.laweekly.com/2012-05-24/music/riff_raff_sodmg_mtv_diplo_mad_decent/ "Is Riff Raff Serious?"], ''LA Weekly'', May 24 2012</ref> (born January 29, 1985), best known by his stage name '''Riff Raff''', often stylized as '''RiFF RaFF''' is an American rapper and performance artist from [[Houston]], [[Texas]].<ref>Mike Winslow, [http://allhiphop.com/2012/06/19/houston-rapper-riff-raff-signs-with-diplos-label/ "Houston Rapper Riff Raff Signs With Diplo’s Label"], ''All Hip Hop'', June 19 2012</ref> He is signed to the [[Mad Decent]] record label and is set to release his first [[Mad Decent]] album in 2013.<ref>Carter Maness, [http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/05/10/riff-raff-diplo-mad-decent-record-deal/ "Riff Raff Signs To Diplo's Mad Decent Label"], ''MTV'', May 10 2012</ref> He is best known for his initial associations with [[Soulja Boy]], and being a member of the group Three Loco with [[Andy Milonakis]] and [[Simon Rex]].

Riff Raff started his social media involvement as a rapper on [[Myspace]], using the name "Kokayne Dawkinz." Riff Raff's first public appearance was not as a rapper, but as a contestant on the 2009 MTV reality show [[From G's to Gents (season 2)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=From G's to Gents (season 2)|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_G%27s_to_Gents_(season_2)|publisher=wikipedia|accessdate=10 February 2009}}</ref>. Though he was eliminated from series on the second episode, he used this exposure to publicize his career as a rapper.

After two years of heavily engaging social media, he was said to be signed to the Soulja Boy's [[Soulja Boy|Stacks on Deck Entertainment]] label in 2011, and added "SODMG" to his name for a period. This was later said to be false in an interview by Soulja Boy.

Riff Raff edited his own wiki to make himself look cool. <ref>{{cite web|title=Interview: Riff Raff and Diplo Speak On New Album, Brush Off Soulja Boy Beef|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/06/interview-riff-raff-and-diplo-speak-on-new-album-brush-off-soulja-boy-beef}}</ref>

Riff Raff has collaborated with [[Lil B]], Soulja Boy, [[Snoop Dogg]], [[V-Nasty]], Lil Debbie, [[Action Bronson]], [[Chief Keef]], [[The Rej3ctz]], [[Waka Flocka Flame]], Lil Chuckee, and Kitty Pryde. He is a member of the group Three Loco with [[Andy Milonakis]] and [[Dirt Nasty]], known for the single Neato<ref>{{cite web|title=Neato Music Video|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gkxolne0U5U}}</ref>.

Riff Raff's persona as a rapper can be described as nostalgic pastiche for late '90s and early 2000s Houston Hip-Hop, with heavy reference to [[DJ Screw]], DJ Michael Watts, and the [[Swishahouse]] record label.<ref>{{cite web|title=Riff Raff -- Rap Wiki|url=http://rap.wikia.com/wiki/Riff_Raff}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Categories==
[[Category: 1985 births]]
[[Category: American rappers]]
[[Category: Living people]]
[[Category: People from Houston, Texas]]

Riff Raff (Rapper)

2012-09-13T19:56:22Z

Fluffernutter: Protected RiFF RaFF (rapper): Violations of the biographies of living persons policy (‎[edit=autoconfirmed] (expires 19:56, 20 September 2012 (UTC)))

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = RiFF RaFF
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Jody Christian Simco
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alias =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| origin = [[Houston]], [[Texas]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Rap]]
| occupation = [[Rapper]]
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2009–present
| label = [[Mad Decent]]
| associated_acts = [[Action Bronson]], [[Soulja Boy]], [[Chief Keef]], Gucci Mane, Harmony Korine, [[Andy Milonakis]]
| website = 
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Jody Christian'''<ref>Jeff Weiss, [http://www.laweekly.com/2012-05-24/music/riff_raff_sodmg_mtv_diplo_mad_decent/ "Is Riff Raff Serious?"], ''LA Weekly'', May 24 2012</ref> (born January 29, 1985), best known by his stage name '''Riff Raff''', often stylized as '''RiFF RaFF''' is an American rapper and performance artist from [[Houston]], [[Texas]].<ref>Mike Winslow, [http://allhiphop.com/2012/06/19/houston-rapper-riff-raff-signs-with-diplos-label/ "Houston Rapper Riff Raff Signs With Diplo’s Label"], ''All Hip Hop'', June 19 2012</ref> He is signed to the [[Mad Decent]] record label and is set to release his first [[Mad Decent]] album in 2013.<ref>Carter Maness, [http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/05/10/riff-raff-diplo-mad-decent-record-deal/ "Riff Raff Signs To Diplo's Mad Decent Label"], ''MTV'', May 10 2012</ref> He is best known for his initial associations with [[Soulja Boy]], and being a member of the group Three Loco with [[Andy Milonakis]] and [[Simon Rex]].

Riff Raff started his social media involvement as a rapper on [[Myspace]], using the name "Kokayne Dawkinz." Riff Raff's first public appearance was not as a rapper, but as a contestant on the 2009 MTV reality show [[From G's to Gents (season 2)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=From G's to Gents (season 2)|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_G%27s_to_Gents_(season_2)|publisher=wikipedia|accessdate=10 February 2009}}</ref>. Though he was eliminated from series on the second episode, he used this exposure to publicize his career as a rapper.

After two years of heavily engaging social media, he was said to be signed to the Soulja Boy's [[Soulja Boy|Stacks on Deck Entertainment]] label in 2011, and added "SODMG" to his name for a period. This was later said to be false in an interview by Soulja Boy.

Riff Raff edited his own wiki to make himself look cool. <ref>{{cite web|title=Interview: Riff Raff and Diplo Speak On New Album, Brush Off Soulja Boy Beef|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2012/06/interview-riff-raff-and-diplo-speak-on-new-album-brush-off-soulja-boy-beef}}</ref>

Riff Raff has collaborated with [[Lil B]], Soulja Boy, [[Snoop Dogg]], [[V-Nasty]], Lil Debbie, [[Action Bronson]], [[Chief Keef]], [[The Rej3ctz]], [[Waka Flocka Flame]], Lil Chuckee, and Kitty Pryde. He is a member of the group Three Loco with [[Andy Milonakis]] and [[Dirt Nasty]], known for the single Neato<ref>{{cite web|title=Neato Music Video|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gkxolne0U5U}}</ref>.

Riff Raff's persona as a rapper can be described as nostalgic pastiche for late '90s and early 2000s Houston Hip-Hop, with heavy reference to [[DJ Screw]], DJ Michael Watts, and the [[Swishahouse]] record label.<ref>{{cite web|title=Riff Raff -- Rap Wiki|url=http://rap.wikia.com/wiki/Riff_Raff}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Categories==
[[Category: 1985 births]]
[[Category: American rappers]]
[[Category: Living people]]
[[Category: People from Houston, Texas]]

Riff Raff (Rapper)

2012-09-13T19:54:50Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 99.8.90.60 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG

Riff Raff (Rapper)

2012-09-12T22:27:51Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted to revision 511791755 by ClueBot NG: nope. (TW)

Katherine Knight

2012-05-07T18:20:45Z

Fluffernutter: update wl

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Katherine Mary Knight
| image_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|10|24}}
| birth_place = [[Tenterfield, New South Wales]]
| death_date =
| alias = Kathy The Cannibal Australia's Hanna Lecter The Speckled Hen
| charge = Murder
| conviction = [[Murder]] of John Price
| conviction_penalty = [[Life imprisonment]] without parole
| conviction_status = Incarcerated
| occupation = Abattoir worker
| spouse = David Kellett (deceased) David Saunders John Chillingworth John Price (murdered)
| parents = Barbara Roughan (deceased) Ken Knight
| children = 4
}}
'''Katherine Mary Knight''' (born 24 October 1955) was the first [[Australia]]n woman to be sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] without parole. She was convicted of the [[murder]] of her partner, John Charles Thomas Price (born 6 January 1955) in October 2001, and is currently detained in [[Silverwater Women's Correctional Centre]].

==Family==
Originally from the town of [[Aberdeen, New South Wales|Aberdeen]] in [[New South Wales]]' [[Hunter Valley]], Barbara Roughan ([[Née]] Thorley) was forced to move to [[Moree, New South Wales|Moree]] after beginning a relationship with Ken Knight, a co-worker of her husband Jack Roughan. The Roughan and Knight families were both well known in the conservative rural town and the affair was a major scandal. Two of Roughan’s four children remained with their father while the two youngest were sent to live with an aunt in [[Sydney]].<ref name="tru">{{cite web | last = Kidd | first = Paul | date = | title = Katherine Mary Knight: Australia’s Hanna Lecter | work = Tru Crime Library | url = http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/katherine_knight/4.html | accessdate = 22 September 2009 }}</ref>

Katherine Knight was the younger of twins born to Barbara and her [[de facto]] partner Ken on 24 October 1955 in [[Tenterfield, New South Wales]]. Jack Roughan died in 1959 and the two children who had lived with him moved in with the Knight family. Barbara’s grandmother was apparently an [[Indigenous Australian]] from the Moree area who had married an Irishman. She was proud of this fact and liked to think of her own family as Aboriginal. This was kept a family secret, as there was considerable [[racism]] in the area at the time and this was a source of tension for the children. Apart from her twin, the only person Knight was close to was her uncle Oscar Knight who was a champion [[Rodeo|horseman]]. She was devastated when he committed [[suicide]] in 1969 and continues to maintain that his ghost visits her. The family moved back to Aberdeen the same year.<ref name="Lalor">{{cite book | last = Lalor | first = Peter | year = 2002 | title = Blood Stain | publisher = [[Allen and Unwin]] | location = | isbn = 1865088781 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Knight’s father Ken was an alcoholic who openly used violence and intimidation to rape her mother up to ten times a day. Barbara in turn often told her daughters intimate details of her sex life and how much she hated sex and men (Later, when Knight complained to her mother that one of her partners wanted her to take part in a sex act she didn’t want to do, Barbara told her to "put up with it and stop complaining"). Knight claims she was frequently sexually abused by several members of her family (though not by her father), which continued until she was 11. Although they have minor doubts about the details, psychiatrists accept her claim as all her family members confirmed the abuse did happen.<ref name="Lalor"/>

Katherine was by all accounts a pleasant girl who experienced uncontrollably murderous rages in response to minor upsets. When she attended [[Muswellbrook, New South Wales|Muswellbrook]] high school, she became a loner and is remembered by classmates as a bully who stood over smaller children. She assaulted at least one boy at school with a weapon and was once injured by a teacher who was found to have acted in self-defense. By contrast, when not in a rage Knight was a model student and often earned awards for her good behavior. On leaving school at 15, without having learned to read or write, she gained employment as a cutter in a clothing factory. Twelve months later she left to start what she referred to as her "dream job", cutting up [[offal]] at the local [[abattoir]] from where she was quickly promoted to boning and given her own set of [[butcher knife|butcher knives]]. At home she hung the knives over her bed so that they "would always be handy if I needed them", a habit she continued - until her incarceration - everywhere she lived.<ref name="Lalor"/>

==David Kellett==
Katherine first met hard drinking co-worker David Stanford Kellett<ref>Kellett had previously worked for the railways at [[Coffs Harbour, New South Wales]]. His best friend was killed in front of him in a shunting accident and he was later present when a train hit a school bus in [[Kempsey, New South Wales|Kempsey]] killing six children in 1968. He helped rescue the injured and remove the bodies. His heavy drinking is attributed to these incidents and he was transferred to [[Muswellbrook, New South Wales|Muswellbrook]] after causing several derailments due to falling asleep while shunting. His behaviour deteriorated and he eventually lost the job but he soon got work at the nearby Aberdeen abattoir where he became close friends with Knight’s brother. After he began dating Knight he also occasionally partnered her twin.</ref> in 1973 and completely dominated him, if Kellett got into a fight at the hotel Knight would step in and back him up with her fists without fail. In Aberdeen she was renowned for offering armed combat to anyone who upset her.<ref name="tru"/>

Knight married Kellett in 1974, at her request, with the couple arriving at the service on her motorcycle with a very intoxicated Kellett on the [[pillion]]. As soon as they arrived Knight’s mother Barbara gave Kellett some advice:<blockquote>"The old girl said to me to watch out. 'You better watch this one or she'll fucking kill you. Stir her up the wrong way or do the wrong thing and you're fucked, don't ever think of playing up on her, she'll fuckin' kill you.' And that was her mother talking! She told me she's got something loose, She's got a screw loose somewhere."</blockquote>On their wedding night she tried to strangle him. Knight explained it was because he fell asleep after only having intercourse three times.<ref name="Lalor"/>

The marriage was particularly violent and on one occasion a heavily pregnant Knight burned all Kellet's clothing and shoes before hitting him across the back of the head with a [[frying pan]], simply because he had arrived home late from a [[darts]] competition after making the finals. In fear for his life, Kellet fled before collapsing in a neighbors house and he was later treated for a badly fractured skull. Police wanted to charge her but Knight was now on her best behaviour and talked Kellet into dropping the charges. In May 1976, shortly after the birth of their first child, Melissa Ann, Kellett left her for another woman and moved to [[Queensland]], apparently unable to cope with Knight's possessive, violent behavior. The next day Knight was seen pushing her new baby in a [[Baby transport|pram]] down the main street, violently throwing the pram from side to side. Knight was admitted to St Elmo's Hospital in [[Tamworth, New South Wales|Tamworth]] where she was diagnosed with [[postnatal depression]] and spent several weeks recovering. After being released, Knight placed two month old Melissa on a railway line shortly before the train was due, then stole an axe, went into town and threatened to kill several people. A man known in the district as "Old Ted", who was foraging near the railway line, found and rescued Melissa, by all accounts only minutes before the train passed. Knight was arrested and again taken to St Elmo's Hospital but, apparently recovered, signed herself out the following day.<ref name="tru"/>

A few days later Knight slashed the face of a woman with one of her knives and demanded she drive her to Queensland to find Kellett. The woman escaped after they stopped at a [[Filling station|service station]] but by the time police arrived Knight had taken a little boy hostage and was threatening him with the knife. She was disarmed when police attacked her with brooms and she was admitted to the [[Morisset, New South Wales|Morisset]] Psychiatric Hospital.<ref name="tru"/> Knight told the nurses she had intended to kill the mechanic at the service station because he had repaired Kellett’s car, which had allowed him to leave, and then kill both her husband and his mother when she arrived in Queensland. When police informed Kellett of the incident he left his girlfriend and along with his mother, they both moved to Aberdeen to support her.<ref name="Lalor"/>

Knight was released on 9 August 1976 into the care of her mother-in-law and along with Kellett, they now moved to [[Woodridge, Queensland|Woodridge]], a suburb of [[Brisbane]], where she obtained a job at the Dinmore meatworks in nearby [[City of Ipswich|Ipswich]]. On 6 March 1980, they had another daughter, Natasha Maree. In 1984 Knight left Kellett and moved in, first with her parents in Aberdeen, then to a rented house in nearby Muswellbrook. Although she returned to work at the abattoir, she injured her back the following year and went on a disability pension. No longer needing to rent accommodation close to her work the government gave her a [[Housing NSW|Housing Commission]] house in Aberdeen.<ref name="tru"/>

==David Saunders==

Knight met 38-year-old miner David Saunders in 1986. A few months later he moved in with her and her two daughters although he kept his old apartment in [[Scone, New South Wales|Scone]]. Knight soon became jealous regarding what he did when she was not around and would often throw him out. He would move back to his apartment in Scone and then she would invariably follow and beg him to return. In May 1987 she cut the throat of his two-month-old [[dingo]] pup in front of him for no more reason than as an example of what would happen if he ever had an affair before going on to knock him unconscious with a frying pan. In June 1988 she gave birth to her third daughter Sarah, which prompted Saunders to put a deposit on a house, which Knight paid off when her [[workers' compensation]] came through in 1989. Knight decorated the house throughout with animal skins, skulls, horns, rusty animal traps, leather jackets, old boots, machetes, rakes and pitchforks. No space, including the ceilings, was left uncovered. After an argument where she hit Saunders in the face with an [[iron (appliance)|iron]] before stabbing him in the stomach with a pair of scissors, he moved back to Scone, but when he later returned home found she had cut up all his clothes. Saunders took [[long service leave]] and went into hiding. Knight tried to find him but no one admitted to knowing where he was. Several months later he returned to see his daughter and found that Knight had gone to the police and told them she was afraid of him. They issued her with an [[Apprehended Violence Order]] (AVO) against him.<ref name="tru"/>

==John Chillingworth==
In 1990 Knight became pregnant by a 43-year-old former abattoir co-worker, John Chillingworth and gave birth the following year to a boy they named Eric. Their relationship lasted three years before she left him for a man she had been having an affair with for some time, John Price.

==John Price==
John "Pricey" Price was the father of three children when Knight had an affair with him. Reputedly a "terrific bloke" liked by everyone who knew him, his own marriage had ended in 1988. While his two-year-old daughter had remained with his former wife, the two older children lived with him. Price was well aware of Knight's violent reputation and she moved into his house in 1995. His children liked her, he was making a lot of money working in the local mines and, apart from violent arguments, at first "life was a bunch of roses".

In 1998 they had a fight over Price’s refusal to marry her and in retaliation Knight videotaped items he had stolen from work and sent the tape to his boss. Although the items were [[Shelf life|out of date]] medical kits that he had scavenged from the company [[Landfill|rubbish tip]], Price was fired from the job he had held for 17 years. That same day he kicked her out and she returned to her own home while news of what she had done spread through the town.

A few months later Price restarted the relationship although he now refused to allow her to move in with him. The fighting became even more frequent and most of his friends would no longer have anything to do with him while they remained together.<ref name="tru"/>

==Price's Murder==
In February 2000, a series of assaults on Price culminated with Knight [[stabbing]] Price in the chest. Finally fed up, he kicked her out of his house. On 29 February he stopped at the Scone Magistrate's Court on his way to work and took out a [[restraining order]] to keep her away from both him and his children. That afternoon Price told his co-workers that if he did not come to work the next day, it would be because Knight had killed him. They pleaded with him not to go home but he told them that he believed she would kill his children if he did not. Price arrived home to find that Knight, although not there herself, had sent the children away for a sleep-over at a friend's house. He then spent the evening with his neighbors before going to bed at 11pm. Earlier that day, Knight had bought new black [[lingerie]] and had videotaped all her children while making comments which have since been interpreted as a crude [[Will (law)|will]]. Knight later arrived at Price's house while he was sleeping and sat watching TV for a few minutes before having a shower. She then woke Price and they had sex after which he fell asleep.

At 6am the next morning the neighbor became concerned that Price's car was still in the driveway and when Price did not arrive at work, his employer sent a worker to see what was wrong. Both the neighbor and worker tried knocking on Price's bedroom window to wake him but after noticing blood on the front door alerted the police who arrived at 8am. Breaking down the back door police found his body with Knight [[comatose]] from taking a large number of pills. She had stabbed Price with a butcher's knife while he was sleeping. According to the blood evidence, he awoke and tried to turn the light on before attempting to escape while Knight chased him through the house, he managed to open the front door and get outside but either stumbled back inside or was dragged back into the hallway where he finally died after bleeding out. Later, Knight went into Aberdeen and withdrew $1,000 from Price's [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] account. Price's [[autopsy]] revealed that he had been stabbed at least 37 times, in both the front and back of his body with many of the wounds extending into [[organ (anatomy)|vital organs]]. Several hours after Price had died, Knight skinned him and hung the skin from a meat hook on the [[architrave]] of a door to the lounge room.<ref>"(The skinning of Price, estimated to have taken Knight 40 minutes) was carried out with considerable expertise and an obviously steady hand so that his skin, including that of the head, face, nose, ears, neck, torso, genital organs and legs, was removed so as to form one pelt. So expertly was it done that, after the post mortem examination, the skin was able to be re-sown onto Mr Price’s body in a way which indicated a clear and appropriate, albeit grisly, methodology." —Extract from the summing up and sentencing by Justice O'Keefe</ref> She then [[decapitation|decapitated]] him and cooked parts of his body, serving up the meat with baked potato, pumpkin, zucchini, cabbage, yellow squash and gravy in two settings at the dinner table, along with notes beside each plate, each having the name of one of Price's children on it; she was preparing to serve his body parts to his children.<ref>Evidence for Knight cooking and serving up the slain body of Price taken from the NineMSN website of the Australian Woman's Weekly, published 22 October 2002, written by Sandra Lee. Accessed 9 December 2009. "Katherine Knight q&a" [http://aww.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=775601]</ref>
A third meal was thrown on the back lawn for unknown reasons and it is speculated Knight had attempted to eat it but could not and this has been put forward in support of her claim that she has no memory of the crime. Price's head was found in a pot with vegetables. The pot was still warm, estimated to be at between 40 and 50 degrees Celsius, indicating that the cooking had taken place in the early morning. Sometime later Knight arranged the body with the left arm draped over an empty 1.25 litre soft drink bottle with the legs crossed. This was claimed in court to be an act of defilement demonstrating Knight’s contempt for Price. Knight had left a hand written note on top of a photograph of Price. Blood stained and covered with small pieces of flesh the note read:<ref name="tru"/>
<blockquote>Time got you back Johathon for [[rape|rapping]] [raping] my [[Daughter|douter]] [daughter]. You to Beck [Price's daughter] for Ross — for Little John [his son]. Now play with little Johns [[Penis|Dick]] John Price. (sic)</blockquote> The accusations in the note were found to be groundless.

==Trial==
Knight's initial offer to plead guilty to [[manslaughter]] was rejected and she was [[arraignment|arraigned]] on 2 February 2001 on the charge of murdering Price, to which she entered a [[plea]] of not guilty. Her trial was initially fixed for 23 July 2001 but was adjourned due to her counsel's illness and it was re-fixed for 15 October 2001.

When the trial commenced, Justice Barry O'Keefe offered the 60 jury prospects the option of being excused due to the nature of the photographic evidence which five accepted. When the witness list was read out to the prospects several more also dropped out after which the jury was empanelled. Knight's attorneys then spoke to the judge who adjourned to the following day; the next morning, Knight changed her plea to guilty, and the jury was dismissed. It was now made public that Justice O'Keefe had been advised of the plea change the day before. He had adjourned the trial and then ordered a psychiatric assessment overnight to determine if Knight understood the consequences of a guilty plea and was fit to make such a plea. Knight's legal team had planned to defend Knight by claiming [[amnesia]] and [[Dissociation (psychology)|dissociation]], a claim supported by most psychiatrists although they did consider her sane.

No reason has ever been given for the guilty plea, and despite giving it, Knight still refused to accept responsibility for her actions. At the sentencing hearing, Knight's lawyers requested that Knight be excused to avoid hearing some of the facts, but the application was refused. When Dr. Timothy Lyons took the stand and described the skinning and decapitation, Knight became hysterical and had to be sedated.{{citation}}

On 8 November, Justice O'Keefe pointed out that the nature of the crime and Knight's lack of remorse required a severe penalty; he sentenced her to life imprisonment, refused to fix a non-parole period and ordered that her papers be marked "never to be released", the first time that this had been imposed on a woman in Australian history.

In June 2006, Knight [[appeal]]ed the life sentence, claiming that a penalty of life in jail without possibility of parole was too severe for the killing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sos-family.org.au/News/newspage6.asp?ID=190|title=Carve-up killer's plea|work=The Daily Telegraph|date= 26 June 2006|author=Fyfe-Yeomans, Janet}}</ref> Justices [[Peter McClellan]], Michael Adams and Megan Latham dismissed the appeal in the NSW Court of Criminal Appeal in September, with Justice McClellan writing in his judgement "This was an appalling crime, almost beyond contemplation in a civilized society." <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Knight-life-sentence-appeal-fails/2006/09/11/1157826846642.html|title=Knight loses appeal for skinning partner|work=The Age|date= 11 September 2006}}</ref>

==Links==
* [http://www.australian-news.com.au/Media/Regina_v_Knight.htm R v Knight (2001)]
* Australian crime Documentary ''Beyond The Darkland'' aired an episode on Katherine Knight on 9 June 2009- [http://www.megavideo.com/?d=UW0MSKL4 link to the full episode]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Knight, Katherine
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 24 October 1955
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Tenterfield, New South Wales]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Knight, Katherine}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Australian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Australian female murderers]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New South Wales]]
[[Category:Australian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by New South Wales]]

[[nn:Katherine Knight]]

Charles Christie Graham

2012-04-16T21:07:29Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 86.160.160.42 (talk) to last revision by Schwede66 (HG)

{{NZ parlbox header|nolist=true|align=right}}
{{NZ parlbox
|start = {{By-election link year|Oamaru|1869}}
|end = 1870
|term = 4th
|electorate = {{NZ electorate link|Oamaru}}
|party = Independent (politician)
}}
{{NZ parlbox footer}}
'''Charles Christie Graham''' (1835–1915) was a 19th century [[Member of Parliament]] in [[Otago Region|Otago]], New Zealand.

He represented the [[Oamaru (New Zealand electorate)|Oamaru]] electorate from an [[Oamaru by-election, 1869|1869 by-election]] to 1870, when he retired.<ref>{{cite book |last= Wilson |first= James Oakley |title= New Zealand parliamentary record, 1840-1984 |accessdate= 17 May 2010 |edition= 4 |origyear= First ed. published 1913 |year= 1985 |publisher= V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer |location= Wellington |isbn= |oclc= 154283103 |page=200 |pages= }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par | nz}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Robert Campbell (New Zealand politician)|Robert Campbell]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Oamaru (New Zealand electorate)|Member of Parliament for Oamaru]] | years = 1869–1870 }}
{{s-vac | abeyance | next = [[Samuel Edward Shrimski]] }}
{{end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Graham, Charles C
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = New Zealand politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1835
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1915
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Graham, Charles C}}
[[Category:1835 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives]]

{{NewZealand-politician-stub}}

Benutzer:Sophekles/Abigail (biblische Person)

2012-04-11T19:36:01Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 164.58.145.60 (talk) to last revision by Yobot (HG)

{{About|the wife of David|more information on the human name "Abigail"|Abigail (name)|other uses|Abigail (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Antonio Molinari David y Abigail.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''David and Abigail'' by [[Antonio Molinari]].]]
'''Abigail''' ({{Hebrew Name 2|אֲבִיגַיִל|אֲבִיגָיִל|Avigáyil||ʾĂḇîḡáyil|ʾĂḇîḡāyil|"her Father's joy" or "fountain of joy"}}, spelt ''Abigal'' in {{Bibleref2|2Samuel|3:3|NIV|2 Samuel 3:3}}) was the wife of [[Nabal]]; she became a wife of [[David (biblical king)|David]] after Nabal's death ([[Books of Samuel|1 Samuel]] {{Bibleref2-nb|1SAM|25|NIV}}). She became the mother of one of David's sons, who is listed in the [[Book of Chronicles]] under the name [[Daniel (son of David)|''Daniel'']],<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|3:1|}}</ref> in the [[Masoretic Text]] of the Books of Samuel as ''Chileab,''<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|3:3|}}</ref> and in the [[Septuagint]] text of 2 Samuel 3:3 as Δαλουια, ''Dalouia''.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/sep/sa2003.htm 2 Samuel 3], LXX</ref> [[Jon D. Levenson|Levenson]] and [[Halpern]] suggest that Abigail may, in fact, also be the same person as [[Abigail (mother of Amasa)|Abigail, mother of Amasa]].<ref>[[Jon D. Levenson]] and [[Baruch Halpern]], "The Political Import of David's Marriages," ''[[Journal of Biblical Literature|JBL]]'' 99 [1980] 511-512.</ref>

[[File:Escalante-abigail.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Prudent Abigail'' by [[Juan Antonio de Frías y Escalante|Juan Antonio Escalante]].]]

==Biblical history==
In the passage from 1 Samuel, [[Nabal]] demonstrates ingratitude towards [[David]], and Abigail attempts to placate David in order to stop him taking revenge. She gives him food, and speaks to him, urging him not to "have on his conscience the staggering burden of needless bloodshed" (verse 31, [[NIV]]) and reminding him that [[God of Israel|God]] will make him a "[[Davidic line|lasting dynasty]]" (verse 28). [[Jon Levenson]] calls this an "undeniable [[wikt:adumbration|adumbration]]" of [[Nathan (prophet)|Nathan]]'s prophecy in [[Covenant (biblical)#Davidic covenant|2 Samuel 7]].<ref name=Levenson>[[Jon D. Levenson]], "1 Samuel 25 as Literature and History," ''[[Catholic Biblical Quarterly|CBQ]]'' 40 [1978] 20.</ref> Alice Bach notes that Abigail pronounces a "crucial prophecy,"<ref>Alice Bach, "[http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1945&C=1780 The Pleasure of Her Text]," ''Union Seminary Quarterly Review'' 43 [1989] 44.</ref> and the [[Talmud]] regards her as one of the [[Tanakh]]'s seven female prophets.<ref>[[Megillah (Talmud)|Megillah]] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Megilah.pdf 14a]</ref> Levenson, however, suggests that she "senses the drift of history" from intelligence rather than from special revelation.<ref name=Levenson />

After Abigail reveals to Nabal what she has done, "[[YHWH]] struck Nabal and he died," (v.38), after which David married her.

The text explicitly describes Abigail as "intelligent and beautiful" (1 Samuel 25:3, [[NIV]], also in the [[JPS Tanakh]]). The [[Talmud]] amplifies this idea, mentioning her as being one of the "four women of surpassing beauty in the world."<ref>[[Megillah (Talmud)|Megillah]] [http://www.halakhah.com/pdf/moed/Megilah.pdf 15a]</ref> In terms of her moral character, [[Abraham Kuyper]] argues that Abigail's conduct indicates "a most appealing character and unwavering faith,"<ref>[[Abraham Kuyper]], ''Women of the Old Testament'' (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1941), 106.</ref> but Alice Bach regards her as subversive.<ref>Alice Bach, "[http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1945&C=1780 The Pleasure of Her Text]," ''Union Seminary Quarterly Review'' 43 [1989] 41.</ref>

==Generic use==
Abigail's self-styling as a ''[[handmaid]]''<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|25:25|}} and following</ref> led to ''Abigail'' being the traditional term for a waiting-woman, for example as the ''waiting [[gentlewoman]]'' in [[Beaumont and Fletcher]]'s ''[[The Scornful Lady]]'', published in 1616. [[Jonathan Swift]] and [[Henry Fielding]] use ''Abigail'' in this generic sense, as does [[Charlotte Brontë]]. [[Anthony Trollope]] makes two references to ''the abigail'' (all lower case) in ''[[The Eustace Diamonds]]'', at the beginning of Chapter 42. [[William Rose Benet]] notes the notoriety of [[Abigail Hill]], better known as "Mrs Masham", a [[lady-in-waiting]] to [[Anne of Great Britain|Queen Anne]].<ref>''The Reader's Encyclopedia'', 1948, ''s.v.'' "Abigail".</ref>
{{commons category|David and Abigail}}

==In art==

Abigail is a featured figure on [[Judy Chicago]]'s installation piece ''[[The Dinner Party]]'', being represented in one of the 999 tiles of the ''[[List of women in the Heritage Floor|Heritage Floor]].''<ref name="AbigailBM">{{cite web | author= | year=2007 | title=Abigail | work=Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor: Abigail | publisher=[[Brooklyn Museum]] | url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/abigail.php | accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="C69">Chicago, 69.</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==

*Chicago, Judy. ''The Dinner Party: From Creation to Preservation''. London: Merrell (2007). ISBN 1858943701

{{Prophets of the Tanakh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abigail}}
[[Category:11th-century BC women]]
[[Category:10th-century BC women]]
[[Category:Hebrew Bible people]]
[[Category:Wives of David]]
[[Category:Books of Samuel]]

[[ca:Abigail]]
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[[el:Αβιγαία]]
[[es:Abigaíl]]
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[[id:Abigail]]
[[he:אביגיל]]
[[sw:Abigaili]]
[[hu:Abigél]]
[[nl:Abigaïl (Bijbel)]]
[[ja:アビガイル]]
[[no:Abigajil]]
[[pl:Abigail]]
[[pt:Abigail (Bíblia)]]
[[sr:Абигел]]
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Sexualität Adolf Hitlers

2012-04-03T19:52:57Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 216.103.145.169 (talk) to last revision by Fluffernutter (HG)

{{Refimprove|date=August 2008}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F051673-0059, Adolf Hitler und Eva Braun auf dem Berghof.jpg|thumb|250px|Adolf Hitler and [[Eva Braun]] with their dogs at the [[Berghof (residence)|Berghof]].]]
Despite the [[Nazi Party]]'s opposition to homosexuality and [[Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust|persecution of homosexuals]], some historians have argued that Hitler himself was [[Homosexuality|homosexual]] or [[Bisexuality|bisexual]]. Some have argued that he was [[Asexuality|asexual]], whereas others dismiss these claims and believe he was [[Heterosexuality|heterosexual]]. He is believed to have had six female lovers; two of these women went on to commit suicide, and a further two attempted it.

He met [[Eva Braun]] in 1929, and they married on 29 April 1945, one day before [[Death of Adolf Hitler|their suicide]]. He was also engaged to two other women earlier in his life.

==History==

=== Langer's and Murray's two wartime OSS reports ===

In 1943, the [[United States|American]] [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) received ''A Psychological Analysis of Adolf Hitler: His Life and Legend'', written by [[Walter C. Langer]] (with assistance from other leading [[psychoanalyst]]s) for the purpose of helping the [[Allied Powers|Allies]] understand the dictator, related to strategic purposes (including post-war purposes).<ref>Walter C. Langer: [http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/osstitle.htm ''A Psychological Profile of Adolph Hitler. His Life and Legend'']. The Wartime Report in original typewritten format is available [http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/h/hitler-adolf/oss-papers/text/profile-index.html online here] via the [[Nizkor Project]]</ref> It also appears as the mainstay of the fuller work that is available in book form as ''[[The Mind of Adolf Hitler|The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report]]'', in which Langer's Wartime Report is accompanied by a foreword by his brother, historian [[William L. Langer]], an introduction by Langer himself and an afterword by the Hitler psychoanalytic historian [[The Psychopathic God|Robert G.L. Waite]].<ref name=langer>{{cite book |last= Langer |first=Walter C. |isbn = 0465046207 |author-link=Walter C. Langer|title= The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report|location=New York|publisher= Basic Books|year=1972}}</ref> The researchers performed a "psychological analysis ... in which an attempt is made to understand Hitler as a person and the motivations underlying his actions." The OSS report states that Hitler was an [[Impotence|impotent]] [[Coprophilia|coprophile]].<ref name=langer/> The report describes Hitler as having "possibly even a homosexual streak in him," although the researchers concluded that the evidence of Hitler's homosexuality was too thin to make any conclusions. One of Hitler's opponents in the Nazi Party, [[Otto Strasser]], claimed that the Nazi dictator forced his niece [[Geli Raubal]] to urinate and defecate on him.<ref>http://www.xmag.com/archives/4-09-mar97/article2.html. Strasser, who fled Germany for his life, includes the allegations in his memoirs and was personally interviewed by Langer in the process of researching the wartime report.</ref> Langer also wrote that according to [[Ernst Hanfstaengl]], Helena Bechstein, the wife of the famous Berlin piano manufacturer, had groomed Hitler in the expectation that he would marry her daughter, Lottie, who was far from attractive. Out of sense of obligation, Hitler did ask Lottie, but was refused.<ref>"The Mind of Adolf Hitler", Walter C. Langer, New York 1972 p.96</ref>

Psychologist [[Henry Murray]] wrote a separate psychoanalytical report for OSS also in 1943, entitled ''Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler: With Predictions of His Future Behavior and Suggestions for Dealing with Him Now and After Germany's Surrender''<ref>Entry for [http://library.lawschool.cornell.edu/WhatWeHave/SpecialCollections/Donovan/Hitler/index.cfm ''Dr. Henry A. Murray, Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler''] at Cornell University Law Library</ref>, in which he also dealt with Hitler's alleged coprophilia, but overall diagnosed Hitler a [[schizophrenia|schizophrenic]]. Murray based his report on W. H. D. Vernon's 1942 essay ''Hitler, the man: Notes for a case history''.<ref>W. H. D. Vernon (1942). ''Hitler, the man – notes for a case history.'' In: ''The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology'', July 1942, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 295–308; also see Medicus: ''A Psychiatrist Looks at Hitler.'' In: ''[[The New Republic]]'', 26 April 1939, p. 326–327.</ref>

=== Post-1945 research ===

Historian [[Lothar Machtan]] argues in ''[[The Hidden Hitler]]'' that Hitler was homosexual. He argues basically on speculation, including Hitler's experiences in [[Vienna]] with young friends, his adult relationships with (among others) [[Ernst Röhm]], Hanfstaengl and [[Emil Maurice]], and the ''Mend Protocol'', a series of allegations made to the Munich Police in the early 1920s by a soldier who served with Hitler during [[World War I]]. In 2004, [[HBO]] produced a documentary film based on Machtan's theory, titled ''[[Hidden Fuhrer: Debating the Enigma of Hitler's Sexuality]]''. Mend was a convicted [[fraudster]], and historian Anton Joachimsthaler is among those who regard the protocol as unreliable. The 2002 book ''[[The Pink Swastika]]'', by [[Scott Lively]] and Kevin Abrams, dealt with similar topics.

Jack Nusan Porter, of the [[University of Massachusetts Lowell]], wrote:
{{bquote|Did Hitler [[homophobia|despise homosexuals]]? Was he ashamed of his own homosexual [[sexual identity|identity]]? These are areas of [[psychohistory]] that are beyond known knowledge. My own feelings are that Hitler was [[Asexuality|asexual]] in the traditional sense and had bizarre [[sexual fetish]]es.<ref>http://chgs.umn.edu/educational/homosexuals.html</ref>}}

After the death of [[Winifred Wagner|Winifred]]'s husband, [[Siegfried Wagner]], in 1930, Winifred's relations to Hitler grew so close that by 1933 there were rumors of impending marriage, but nothing happened.

[[Leni Riefenstahl]] was friends with Hitler for 12 years, and reports vary as to whether she ever had an [[intimate relationship]] with him.<ref>See Infield, Glenn B. ''Eva and Adolf'' New York:1974--Grosset and Dunlap (Interviews with former [[SS]] officers who had been close to Hitler and [[Eva Braun]])</ref> According to [[Ernst Hanfstaengl]], who was a close friend of Hitler throughout the later 1920s and early 1930s, Riefenstahl tried to begin a relationship with Hitler early on but was turned down by him.<ref name="the independent2">{{cite news |first= Tom|last= Mathews|pages=XX |title=Leni: The life and work of Leni Riefenstahl, by Steven Bach |date=2007-04-29 |publisher=[[The Independent]] |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/leni-the-life-and-work-of-leni-riefenstahl-by-steven-bach-446731.html | location=London}}</ref> Riefenstahl, however, categorically denied having any romantic interest in Hitler.

==Female relationships==
It has been alleged that Adolf Hitler had relationships with a number of women other than Eva Braun.

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Name
! Life
! Age at death
! Cause of death
! First contact with Hitler
! Relationship
! Reference(s)
|-
| [[Jean-Marie Loret|Charlotte Lobjoie]]
| 1898-1951
|align="center"| 53
|
| Allegedly met in 1917
| Possibly produced offspring
|<ref>Peter Allen, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/9088865/Hitler-had-son-with-French-teen.html "Hitler had son with French teen"] ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' 17 February 2012</ref>
|-
| [[Eva Braun]]
| February 6, 1912- April 30, 1945
|align="center"| 33
| Double suicide with Hitler (age 56)
| Met in 1929
| Wife
|
|-
| [[Geli Raubal]]
| June 4, 1908- September 18, 1931
|align="center"| 23
| Suicide (speculated murder)
| Lived with Hitler in 1925
| Niece, speculated lovers
| <ref name="hitlerwomen"> Guido Knopp, [http://books.google.com/books?id=_46Cee1CH98C&pg=PA15&ots=N-wNanzuHE&dq=geli+raubal&sig=iB2z-4MwLhoTghGC_uZdTY5jroo#PPA16,M1 ''Hitler's Women'']. </ref>
|-
| [[Erna Hanfstaengl]]
| 1885- 1981
|align="center"| 96
| Natural causes
| Met in 1920s
| Rumoured lovers
|
|-
| [[Renate Müller]]
| April 26, 1906- October 7, 1937
|align="center"| 31
| Suicide (speculated murder){{fact|date=October 2011}}
| Met in 1930s
| Alleged single sexual encounter
| <ref>[http://www.life.com/gallery/57621/image/3299404/hitlers-lovers "Masochistic One-Night Stand"] 14 November 2011</ref>
|-
| [[Maria Reiter]]
| December 23, 1911- 1992
|align="center"| 81
| Natural causes, unsuccessful suicide attempt in 1927
| Met in 1927
| Possibly lovers
| <ref name = "ro">Rosenbaum, Ron, ''Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of his Evil'', Macmillan, 1998, p.114-16.</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,864655,00.html "Foreign News: Uneven Romance"] ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' 29 June 1959</ref>
|-
| [[Unity Mitford]]
| August 8, 1914- May 28, 1948
|align="center"| 33
| Died eight years after attempting suicide from complications related to her suicide attempt{{fact|date=October 2011}}
| Met in 1934
| Friends, speculated lovers
| <ref>[http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/martin-bright/2007/12/unity-mitford-home-hitler-war "Unity Mitford and 'Hitler's Baby'"] ''[[New Statesman]]'' 13 December 2007</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Rosenbaum, Ron. ''Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil''. New York: Harper Perennial, 1999. ISBN 006095339X.
* Entry for [http://library.lawschool.cornell.edu/WhatWeHave/SpecialCollections/Donovan/Hitler/index.cfm ''Dr. Henry A. Murray, Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler''] at Cornell University Law Library

==External links==
* Vernon, W. H. D. (1942). [http://library.lawschool.cornell.edu/WhatWeHave/SpecialCollections/Donovan/Hitler/upload/Hitler-Section2.pdf ''Hitler, the man: Notes for a case history''], ''The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology'', July 1942, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 295–308
* Langer, Walter C. (1943). [http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/h/hitler-adolf/oss-papers/text/profile-index.html ''A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler: His Life and Legend''] at ''nizkor.org''
* Murray, Henry (1943). [http://www.archive.org/details/AnalysisOfThePersonalityOfAdolphHitler ''Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler: With Predictions of His Future Behavior and Suggestions for Dealing with Him Now and After Germany's Surrender''] at ''archive.org''
* [http://www.archive.org/details/TheYoungHitlerIKnew ''The Young Hitler I Knew''] (1955 memoir written by Hitler's pre-1914 friend [[August Kubizek]] dealing with Hitler's youth in Linz and Vienna)
* [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/57621/hitlers-lovers#index/0 Hitler's Lovers] - slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]''

{{Adolf Hitler}}

[[Category:Adolf Hitler]]
[[Category:Sexuality of individuals|Hitler, Adolf]]
[[Category:LGBT history of Germany]]

[[pt:Controvérsia sobre a sexualidade de Adolf Hitler]]
[[ru:Сексуальная жизнь Гитлера]]
[[fi:Adolf Hitlerin seksuaalisuus]]

Sexualität Adolf Hitlers

2012-04-03T19:51:36Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 216.103.145.169 (talk) to last revision by Wiki13 (HG)

Selbstverbrennungsvorfall auf dem Tian’anmen-Platz

2012-04-03T15:50:41Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 74.93.121.33 (talk) to last revision by Fluffernutter (HG)

{{pp-move|expiry=2012-04-07T00:00:00Z|small=yes}}
{{Chinese
|s=天安门自焚事件
|t=天安門自焚事件
|pic=Selfimmowflag.jpg
|piccap=A man identified in state-run media as Wang Jindong sits on Tiananmen Square during the incident
|picsize=280px
|alt=person in lotus-like position after the incident
|p=Tiān'ānmén zìfén shìjiàn
|order=st }}

The '''Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident''' took place in [[Tiananmen Square]] in central [[Beijing]], [[China]], on the eve of [[Chinese New Year]] on 23 January 2001. The account of the incident is disputed: according to the official Chinese press agency, [[Xinhua News Agency]], five members of the banned [[Falun Gong]] spiritual movement [[self-immolation|set themselves on fire]] in an apparent suicide attempt to protest the treatment of Falun Gong by the Chinese government. Coverage on state-run television showed images of the victims burning, and ran interviews in which they expressed belief that self-immolation would lead them to a heavenly paradise. Falun Gong sources disputed the accuracy of these portrayals, noting that Falun Gong's teachings explicitly forbid violence or suicide. The Falun Dafa Information Center suggested the incident was staged by the Chinese government to turn public opinion against the group and to justify the [[persecution of Falun Gong|torture and imprisonment of its practitioners]].<ref name="FDI_PressRelease"/><ref>[http://faluninfo.net/article/1114/?cid=84 "On Ten Year Anniversary, Tiananmen Square Self-Immolation Continues to Be Deadly Frame-up,"] Falun Dafa Information Center, 19 January 2011</ref>

According to Chinese state media, the five people were part of a group of seven who had travelled to the Tianamen square together.<ref name=xinhua1/> One of them, Liu Chunling, died on the scene and another, her 12-year-old daughter Liu Siying, died in hospital several weeks later; three survived. A CNN crew present at the scene witnessed the five setting themselves ablaze and had just started filming when police intervened and detained the crew.<ref name=tense/> The incident received international news coverage, and video footage was broadcast later in the People's Republic of China by [[China Central Television]] (CCTV).<ref name=oneway>{{cite news |first=Philip P. |last=Pan |url= |title=One-Way Trip to the End in Beijing |work=International Herald Tribune |date=5 February 2001}}</ref>

According to Human Rights Watch, the incident was among one of the most difficult stories for reporters in Beijing at the time to report on because of a lack of independent information available.<ref name=hrw-chn43081/> Falun Gong sources, as well as some journalists, noted inconsistencies and anomalies in the Chinese government's account of events.<ref name=ownbyfalungong/> A wide variety of third-party opinions and interpretations of what may have happened emerged: the event may have been set up by the government,<ref name="Schechter2001"/> it may have been an authentic protest,<ref>[http://www.hum.leidenuniv.nl/chinees/organisatie/medewerkers-alfabetisch/haarbjter.html Barend ter Haar], Chair of Chinese History at Leiden University (Sinological Institute) Retrieved 29 September 2009</ref> the self-immolators may have been "new or unschooled" practitioners,<ref name=ownbyfalungong218/> and other views.

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' reported that the Chinese government's media campaign against Falun Gong gained significant traction following the act.<ref name=breakingpoint/> As public sympathy for the group eroded, the government began sanctioning "systematic use of violence" against Falun Gong practitioners.<ref name=pomf20010805wpost/> Posters, leaflets and videos were produced, detailing the supposed detrimental effects of Falun Gong; the authorities ordered regular anti-Falun Gong classes to be scheduled in schools to highlight the dangers of the practice.<ref name=oneway/><ref name=dangerous>{{cite book |first=Mickey |last=Spiegel |url=http://hrw.org/reports/2002/china/ |title=Dangerous Meditation: China's Campaign Against Falungong |publisher=Human Rights Watch |year=2002 |isbn=1-56432-270-X|accessdate=28 September 2007}}</ref><ref name=chrandra>{{cite journal |first=Chrandra D. |last=Smith |url=http://org.law.rutgers.edu/publications/law-religion/new_devs/RJLR_ND_66.pdf |title=Chinese Persecution of Falun Gong |publisher=Rutgers School of Law |journal=Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion |date=October 2004 |accessdate=28 September 2009}}</ref>

==Background==
{{See also|History of Falun Gong}}
Falun Gong, also known as Falun Dafa, is a form of spiritual [[qigong]] practice that involves meditation, energy exercises, and a philosophy drawing on [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Taoism|Taoist]] tradition. The practice was introduced by [[Li Hongzhi]] in Northeast China in the spring of 1992, and by the late 1990s had attracted tens of millions of followers.<ref>Faison, Seth "In Beijing: A Roar of Silent Protestors," ''New York Times'', 27 April 1999</ref><ref>Kahn, Joseph "Notoriety Now for Movement's Leader," ''New York Times'', 27 April 1999</ref><ref name="Chang4">{{cite book|last=Chang|first=Maria Hsia|title=Falun Gong – The End of Days|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2004|page=4|isbn=978-0-300-10227-7}}</ref><ref name=Ownby>David Ownby, “Falun Gong and the Future of China,” Oxford University Press (2008)</ref> Falun Gong initially enjoyed official recognition support during the early years of its development.<ref name=Ownby/> By the mid-1990s, however, Chinese authorities sought to rein in the influence of qigong practices, enacting more stringent requirements on the country’s various qigong denominations.<ref name=Ownby/><ref name=Palmer>David Palmer, “Qigong Fever: Body, Science and Utopia in China,” Columbia University Press (2007).</ref> In 1996, Falun Gong came under increasing criticism and surveillance from the country’s security apparatus.<ref name=Tong>James Tong, “Revenge of the Forbidden City,” Oxford University Press (2009).</ref> Its books were banned from further publication in July 1996, and state-run news outlets began criticizing the group as a form of feudal superstition.<ref name=Ownby/> Practitioners frequently responded to perceived unfair media treatment by picketing editorial offices.

Following one such demonstration in Tianjin where a number of practitioners were beaten and arrested,<ref name=Palmer/> more than ten thousand practitioners congregated at [[Communist Party of China]] headquarters in [[Zhongnanhai]] on 25 April 1999 to request official recognition.<ref name=Fuyou>Ethan Gutmann, [http://www.david-kilgour.com/2009/Jul_05_2009_04.php ‘An Occurrence on Fuyou Street’], National Review, 13 July 2009.</ref><ref>Ownby, David "''Controversial New Religions, The Falun Gong: A New Religious Movement in Post-Mao China''", p.195 ISBN 0-19-515683-8</ref><ref name="ReidG">Reid, Graham (29 April – 5 May 2006) [http://www.listener.co.nz/issue/3442/features/5972/nothing_left_to_lose.html "Nothing left to lose"], ''New Zealand Listener''. Retrieved 6 July 2006.</ref> Then-paramount leader Jiang Zemin wrote to the politburo declaring the Falun Gong mass mobilisation to be an unprecedented challenge to the authority of the Party, and resolved that Falun Gong should be defeated.<ref>Tong, James. ''Revenge of the Forbidden City'', 2009. p33-34</ref><ref>Jiang Zemin, "Letter to Party cadres on the evening of April 25, 1999" republished in Beijing Zhichun (Beijing Spring) no. 97, June 2001.</ref> At a 7 June 1999 meeting of the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China|Politburo Standing Committee]], Jiang ordered the creation of a special leading group within the party’s [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee]] to “get fully prepared for the work of disintegrating [Falun Gong].”<ref name=Jamestown>Sarah Cook and Leeshai Lemish, [http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=38411&cHash=2dff246d80ffd78112de97e280ce9725 ‘The 610 Office:Policing the Chinese Spirit’], China Brief , Volume 11 Issue 17 (9 November 2011).</ref> The resulting organisation, called the [[6-10 Office]], assumed the role of coordinating the anti-Falun Gong media coverage in the state-run press, as well influencing other party and state entities such as the courts and security agencies.<ref name=Jamestown/><ref name=Tong>James Tong, “Revenge of the Forbidden City,” Oxford University Press (2009).</ref> On 19 July, the Central Committee of the Communist Party issued a document effectively banning the practice of Falun Gong, and on 22 July, the Ministry of Civil Affairs declared the Research Society of Falun Dafa to be an unregistered—and therefore illegal—organization.<ref name=Tong/>

The suppression that followed was characterised by Amnesty International as a "massive propaganda campaign" intended to justify the suppression by portraying Falun Gong as superstitious, dangerous, and incompatible with the official ideology. Thousands of Falun Gong adherents were imprisoned, and by the end of 1999, reports began to emerge of torture in custody.<ref>Amnesty International [http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/011/2000/en/7a361a8e-df70-11dd-acaa-7d9091d4638f/asa170112000en.html "China: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called 'heretical organization'"] 23 March 2000</ref> Authorities were given broad mandates to eliminate Falun Gong, but were not scrutinised for the methods they used.<ref>Ian Johnson, [http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/6463 'A Deadly Exercise'], Wall Street Journal, 20 April 2000. Quote:"... in an answer that Falun Gong adherents say they heard repeatedly in different parts of the country, the Weifang officials told Ms. Chen that they had been told by the central government that "no measures are too excessive" to wipe out Falun Gong."</ref><ref>Maria Hsia Chang, "Falun Gong: The End of Days," (Yale University Press, 2004), p 9.</ref> This resulted in the coercive conversion of practitioners, the widespread use of torture, sometimes resulting in death.<ref>Johnson, Ian "Death Trap – How One Chinese City Resorted to Atrocities To Control Falun Dafa," ''Wall Street Journal'', 26 December 2000. Third party archive at [http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/6472 Pulitzer.org]</ref>

[[Tiananmen Square]], which has been the central point for [[Tiananmen Square protests|several major historical protests]], was one of the prime locations where Falun Gong practitioners protested the ban. The Falun Gong protests typically involved raising banners in defence of the group, or staging meditation sit-ins.<ref>Rosenthal, Elisabeth "Falun Gong Holds Protests On Anniversary of Big Sit-In." ''New York Times''. 26 April 2001.</ref> According to ''Time'', a Falun Gong website editorial instructed followers to step up demonstrations, "especially in Tiananmen Square".<ref name=breakingpoint>{{cite news |first=Matthew |last=Forney |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,165163,00.html |title=The Breaking Point |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=25 June 2001}}</ref> By 25 April 2000, more than 30,000 practitioners had been arrested.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/6464 |title=Defiant Falun Dafa Members Converge on Tiananmen |first=Ian |last=Johnson |date=25 April 2000 |work=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=Pulitzer.org |page= A21}}</ref> Seven hundred Falun Gong followers were arrested during a demonstration in the Square on 1 January 2001.<ref name="Perry">{{cite book |first=Elizabeth J. |last=Selden |coauthor=Perry, Mark |title=Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=0-415-30170-X}}</ref>

==The incident==
On 23 January 2001, the eve of [[Chinese New Year]], five people on Tiananmen Square poured gasoline over their clothes and set themselves on fire; another two people were prevented from igniting the gasoline.<ref name=dangerous/><ref name=missions/>

A [[CNN]] film crew, who were there on a routine check for a possible Falun Gong protest,<ref name=mulls/> observed a man sitting down on the pavement north-east of the [[Monument to the People's Heroes]] at the centre of the square.<ref name=tense>{{cite news |author=Staff and wire reports |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/24/asia.falun.03/ |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070222110517/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/24/asia.falun.03/ |archivedate=22 February 2007 |title=Tiananmen tense after fiery protests |publisher=CNN |date=24 January 2001 |accessdate=9 February 2007}}{{Dead link|date=February 2010}}</ref> He proceeded to pour gasoline over himself and set himself ablaze.<ref name=tense /> Police officers on the square noticed what was happening, quickly approached the man and extinguished the flames.<ref name=tense /> Shortly afterwards, another four people on the square set themselves alight.<ref name=tense /> The CNN crew was filming these events when military police stepped in and detained the crew.<ref name=tense /> The authorities then put out the flames consuming the other four people's clothing.<ref name=tense /> A police van came to collect the badly burnt man, and two ambulances arrived almost 25 minutes later to collect the other four.<ref name=tense /> The square was completely closed,<ref>Spiegel, Mickey {{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=klyC1eH97pQC&pg=PA33&dq=%22China+responded+to+the+even+unusually+quickly,+completely+shutting+down+Tiananment+Square%22&q= |title=DANGEROUS MEDITATION China's Campaign Against Falungong|page=33 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |year=2002 |accessdate=14 October 2009 |isbn=978-1-56432-269-2 }}</ref> and security was tight the next day, the most important of the traditional Chinese holidays; police monitored public access to the square for the New Year celebrations, had fire extinguishers ready, and prevented Falun Gong members from opening banners.<ref name=tense/>

Of the five people who set themselves alight, one, Liu Chunling, died at the scene; another, her 12-year-old daughter, Liu Siying, died in Beijing hospital two months later, in March;<ref name=Siying>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1228576.stm |title= Tiananmen 'suicide' girl dies |accessdate=10 October 2009 | date=18 March 2001 |work=BBC News}}</ref> the other three were left severely disfigured.

==People involved==
The official news agency, Xinhua, gave the participants' details as follows:<ref name=xinhua1/>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Romanised name
! style="width:5%;"| Chinese name
! style="width:20%;"| Description
! style="width:20%;"| Outcome
|-
| Wang Jindong || 王進東 || Male, former driver || Hospitalised
|-
| Liu Chunling || 劉春玲 || Female, mother of Siying ||Died on scene ([[#Falun_Gong_response|circumstances disputed]])
|-
| Liu Siying || 劉思影 || 12-year-old girl, daughter of Chunling || Died two months after the event<ref name=Siying/>
|-
| Chen Guo || 陳果 || Daughter of Hao Huijun || Treated at Beijing Jishuitan Hospital; severely disfigured
|-
| Hao Huijun || 郝惠君 || Female, mother of Chen Guo, music teacher|| Hospitalised; severely disfigured
|-
| Liu Baorong || 劉葆榮 || Female, former textile factory worker|| Did not set herself alight
|-
| Liu Yunfang || 劉雲芳 || 57-year-old male, part-time paint shop worker || Did not set himself alight
|-
|}

Xinhua further alleged that Wang Jindong had practised Falun Gong since 1996, Hao Huijin since 1997, and Liu Baorong since 1994.

==Chinese state media reports==
The Chinese authorities stated that the seven people who had come to Tiananmen Square with the intention of committing suicide were all from the city of [[Kaifeng]] in [[Henan|Henan province]]. The state-run Xinhua News Agency asserted that the self-immolators were "avid practitioners" of Falun Gong who had taken up the practice between 1994 and 1997, and that they fantasised during the preceding week about "how wonderful it would be to enter heaven".<ref name=xinhua1/> Six of them reportedly took the train on 16 January, meeting Chen Guo, the daughter of one of them, upon their arrival in Beijing. The seven agreed to light themselves in different parts of the Square at 2:30 pm on the designated day with gasoline smuggled there in plastic soda bottles; each had been armed with two lighters in case one would fail.<ref name=xinhua1>{{cite web |author=Xinhua |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/7474.htm |title=The Tragedy of Falun Gong Practitioners- Rescue: Doctors, Nurses Rush to Save Life |publisher=China.org.cn |date=31 January 2001 |accessdate=1 August 2007}}</ref> According to the China Association For Cultic Studies website, Wang Jindong stated afterwards that the group arrived in Tiananmen Square by two taxis, and were dropped off at the south of the [[Great Hall of the People]], from where they walked to the spot where they would ignite themselves. Wang said he was approached by police as he was splitting open the soda bottles, and ignited himself hurriedly without assuming the [[lotus position]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.facts.org.cn/Words/200907/t95505.htm |title=Wang Jindong: Blindness, death and rebirth (Excerpt) |date=November 2007 |author= China Association For Cultic Studies |publisher=facts.org |accessdate=5 October 2009}}</ref> A press release from the Chinese government says that Liu Yunfang felt that the police were able to stop him burning himself because he had not attained the required spiritual level.<ref name=missions>{{cite web |url=http://missions.itu.int/~china/pressrelease/archives/pressrelease01.htm |title=Press Release: Suicidal Blaze, Another Crime of Falun Gong |publisher=Government of the People's Republic of China |date=31 January 2001}}</ref>

Xinhua released brief details of the incident to foreign media hours after the self-immolation occurred.<ref>Ownby, David {{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Bwqkwx4SWS0C&pg=PT231&dq=%22Xinhua+offered+a+brief+report+of+the+events+that+very+evening%22&q=%22Xinhua%20offered%20a%20brief%20report%20of%20the%20events%20that%20very%20evening%22 |title=Falun Gong and the future of China, page 216 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |accessdate=11 October 2009 |isbn=978-0-19-532905-6 |year=2008 }}</ref> Xinhua then distributed a fuller press release seven days later on Tuesday, 30 January,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zhihui.com.cn/storydb/truth/0130.htm |title=zhihui.com.cn |publisher=zhihui.com.cn |accessdate=11 October 2009 }}</ref> in response to other media reports on the incident.<ref name=missions/>

On 31 January, a 30-minute special edition of the current affairs programme ''Forum'' told the state's version of the events to the Chinese public.<ref name=ownbyfalungong>{{cite book |first=David |last=Ownby |title=Falun Gong and the future of China |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2008 |pages= 215–216 |isbn=0-19-532905-8}}</ref> [[China Central Television]] aired footage, said to be taken by nearby surveillance cameras, of five people in flames.<ref name=mediachannel/>

Filming by the CNN crew on Tiananmen Square was stopped by the police almost immediately after it began.<ref name=mulls/> Articles in the ''[[Yangcheng Evening News]]'' and the ''[[Southern Daily]]'' reported that police had evidence that a few foreign reporters had advance knowledge of the incident, and suggested that such reporters could be charged with "instigating and abetting a suicide."<ref name=mulls/><ref name=laogai>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/commentprint021301a.html
|title=Beijing is Burning — More lies from the PRC
|work=National Review |first= Ann |last=Noonan
|author=policy director for the Laogai Foundation
|date=13 February 2001}}</ref> State media claimed surveillance video showed six or seven reporters from CNN, the Associated Press and Agence France-Presse arriving just 10 minutes before the self-immolations took place; however, all three agencies denied advance knowledge of the incident{{mdash}}AP and AFP said they had no reporters in the square at the time, while CNN's chief news executive, [[Eason Jordan]], said the CNN crew were there on a routine check for a possible Falun Gong protest.<ref name=mulls/>

According to [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW), the lack of independent information and difficulties in ascertaining the extent of control of the information made the incident one of the most difficult stories for reporters in Beijing to report.<ref name=hrw-chn43081>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?page=search&docid=42df60bb11&skip=0&query=CHN43081.E |title=Responses To Information Requests "CHN43081.E" |author=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |publisher=UNHCR |accessdate=6 February 2007 |quote=In a 23 November 2004 telephone interview with the Research Directorate, the senior researcher on China for HRW asserted that it would not have been possible for independent organisations to conduct an independent investigation of the incident. According to the senior researcher, the incident was among one of the most difficult stories for reporters in Beijing at the time to report on because of a lack of information and difficulties in ascertaining the extent of control of the information}}</ref>

==Falun Gong response==
[[File:Liu chunling frames.jpg|thumb |200px |Stills sequence taken from CCTV footage allegedly proves Liu Chunling was killed by a man in military uniform, rather than by the flames. Frames 1–5 follow the course of a baton-like object (circled) first connecting with and then rebounding from her head; frames 6–8 focus on the soldier|alt=Composite image of a sequence of eight screen shots differentially highlighted to show the movement of a baton in relation to a person in military uniform]]

Immediately following the self-immolation, the Falun Dafa Information Center denied that the self-immolators could have been Falun Gong practitioners, emphatically pointing out that Falun Gong's teachings do not sanction any form of violence, and that suicide is considered a sin.<ref name="FDI_PressRelease">{{cite web |url=http://www.clearwisdom.net/eng/2001/jan/23/vsf012301_3.html |title=Press Statement |publisher=Clearwisdom |date=23 January 2001 |accessdate=9 February 2007}}</ref>

Falun Gong sources overseas questioned the official Chinese government account of the event, and produced a critical analysis of the footage of the event aired on CCTV. Apparent inconsistencies in Chinese government's official narrative led to a hypothesis that the self-immolation was staged by the government to justify the persecution against Falun Gong by portraying Falun Gong adherents as irrational and suicidal. According to this hypothesis, the self-immolation participants were paid actors, and were presumably assured that the flames would be extinguished before doing real harm.

Falun Gong-affiliated New Tang Dynasty Television produced a programme called ''False Fire'',<ref name="falsefire_a">{{cite web |url=http://www.falsefire.com |publisher= falsefire.com |author=NTDTV |year=2001 |title=False Fire: China's Tragic New Standard in State Deception }}</ref> pointing out the inconsistencies in the accounts of the event in the official Chinese media based on a review of CCTV footage. The programme purported to demonstrate that the self-immolators donned fire-proof clothing and masks, and raised the question of why the participants' hair and the apparently gasoline-filled bottles they carried did not catch fire.<ref name="falsefire_a" /> Falun Gong sources also noted that the self-immolators' behaviour, the slogans they shouted, and their meditation postures were not consistent with the teachings or practices of Falun Gong.<ref name=WOIPFG2>{{cite web |url=http://www.upholdjustice.org/English.2/S_I_second_report.htm |title=Second Investigation Report on the 'Tiananmen Square Self-Immolation Incident |publisher=World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong |date=August 2003 |accessdate=6 February 2007}}</ref>

[[Image:Wjd3photos.jpg|thumb|left|250px|alt=composite image of three portraits and a table comparing them |Three pictures broadcast by state-media, presented by Falun Gong as evidence that Wang Jindong "was played by different people".]]
Among the issues highlighted by the False Fire documentary is the conditions surround the deaths of self-immolators Liu Chunling and her daughter. A frame-by-frame analysis of the CCTV footage purportedly shows that Liu was not killed on scene by the flames, but by a deadly blow to the head from a man in a military overcoat.<ref name=clw39928>{{cite web |url=http://www.clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2003/9/5/39928.html |title=Report from the "World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong" Reveals Chinese Government Lies – Official Government Media Seriously Violate Basic Reporting Principles and Professional Ethics |publisher=Clearwisdom |date=5 September 2003 |accessdate=4 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Yu|first=Haiqing|title=Media and Cultural Transformation in China|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2009|pages=133–134|isbn=978-0-415-44755-3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xUWC188UoVcC&pg=PA133&dq=%22false+fire%22+falun+gong&q=%22false%20fire%22%20falun%20gong}}</ref> The documentary also addresses the medical treatment and ultimate death of Liu's 12-year-old daughter.<ref name="FalseFire_video">{{cite web | url=http://www.falsefire.com/download/ff.wmv | title=False Fire — CCP's Tragic New Standard in State Deception |format=wmv |publisher=falsefire.com}}</ref><ref name="FalseFire">{{cite web | url=http://www.falsefire.com/ | title=Analysis and Insights about the "self-Immolation" |publisher=New Tang Dynasty Television |accessdate=26 September 2009}}</ref>

Falun Gong sources suggest that the reaction times of state-run television crews and police on Tiananmen Square demonstrates they had advance knowledge of the event. They observed that officers arrived almost immediately on the scene equipped with numerous fire extinguishers. Fire extinguishers are not standard equipment for police on Tiananmen Square, the nearest building that would house them was several minutes away from the scene.<ref name="FalseFire_video" /><ref name="falsefire_a" />

The World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong stated that the Speech Processing Laboratory at [[National Taiwan University]] analysed the broadcasts on CCTV, and claimed that the first 'Wang Jindong' on CCTV was not the same person who appeared in subsequent interviews<ref name=woipfghighlights>{{cite web |publisher=World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong |url=http://www.upholdjustice.org/English.2/S.I._highlights_report.htm |title=Highlights of Investigation of the Alleged Self-Immolation in Tiananmen Square |accessdate=4 October 2007}}</ref>

==Third-party findings==

The identities of Liu Chunling and her 12-year-old daughter, Liu Siying – both of whom died in connection with the self-immolation – and their relationship to Falun Gong, were called into question by ''Washington Post'' reporter Philip Pan. Reporting two weeks after the event from Kaifeng, the hometown of the Liu, Pan interviewed neighbors who said that Liu "worked in a local nightclub and was paid to dine with and dance with customers." Another said she beat her mother and daughter. "None ever saw her practice Falun Gong," he concluded.<ref name=pan20010204wpost>{{cite news|url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A23596-2001Feb3 |author=[[Philip P. Pan]] |title= Human Fire Ignites Chinese Mystery |work=Washington Post|date=4 February 2001|accessdate=13 February 2012}}</ref> According to David Ownby, a University of Montreal historian and expert on Falun Gong, Pan's portrayal of Liu Chunlin is inconsistent with the typical profile of a Falun Gong practitioner.<ref name=ownbyfalungong/>

A CNN producer on the scene also questioned the identity of 12-year-old Liu Siying, whom the Chinese government claimed had set herself on fire at the urging of her mother, as the CNN producer said that she did not see any children among the self-immolators.<ref name="Schechter2001">{{cite book |first=Danny |last=Schechter |title=Falun Gong's Challenge to China |publisher=Akashic Books, New York |year=2001 |pages= 20–23 |isbn=978-1-888451-27-6}}</ref>

Several foreign observers have noted that foreign journalists were not allowed to interview the self-immolation victims recovering in hospitals. Even the victims' relatives were not permitted to speak with them, according to David Ownby.<ref>David Ownby, ''Falun Gong and the Future of China''. (Oxford University Press, 2008), p 217</ref> The survivors were interviewed by the state-run press, however. In one such interview, CCTV interviewed the 12-year-old Liu Siying. Government sources reported Liu Siying had undergone a [[tracheotomy]] shortly before the interview. Speaking through approved media outlets, she said that her own mother told her to set herself on fire to reach the "heavenly golden kingdom"<ref name=mediachannel/>; a pediatric surgeon said that if Siying had undergone a tracheotomy, she would not have been able to speak to the Chinese media so soon after the tragedy.<ref name="Schechter2001">{{cite book |first=Danny |last=Schechter |title=Falun Gong's Challenge to China |publisher=Akashic Books, New York |year=2001 |pages= 20–23 |isbn=978-1-888451-27-6}}</ref>. Schechter also reported the fact that Xinhua had released a statement on the self-immolation to foreign media only hours after the event occurred<ref name="Schechter2001" />{{rp|20}}, in particular noting that this was unusual due to the fact that sensitive subjects are almost never reported in a timely fashion<ref name=mediachannel>{{cite web |first=Danny |last=Schechter |url=http://www.mediachannel.org/views/dissector/falungong2.shtml |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20021202162929/http://www.mediachannel.org/views/dissector/falungong2.shtml |archivedate=2 December 2002 |title=The Fires This Time: Immolation or Deception In Beijing? |publisher=Mediachannel |date=22 February 2001}}</ref>; Schechter would also note that the government-controlled media, "took a week of production before video footage was aired."<ref name="Schechter2001" />{{rp|20}}

Questions were also raised over where the footage of the event came from, and the speed with which camera crews appeared on scene. Ian Johnson of the Wall Street Journal took a skeptical view, writing that "most of the evening news are vetted by noon, so the daily broadcast rarely carries reports from the same day."<ref name="Schechter2001" />{{rp|22-23}} Chinese government media reported that the close-up shots in its video footage came from confiscated CNN tapes.<ref name=mulls /> CNN representatives argued that this was impossible, however, as their reporters were detained shortly after the event began. Philip Pan was also suspicious of the positioning of the cameras, and the fact that the close-up shots shown on Chinese television were taken without police interference.<ref name=mulls/> In addition, overhead surveillance camera footage seemed to show a man filming the scene using a small hand-held camera, rather than a large camera of the type used for TV news reporting.<ref name=mulls>{{cite news |first=Philip |last=Pan |work=The Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A44880-2001Feb8?language=printer |title=China Mulls Murder Charges for Foreign Journalists |date=8 February 2001 }}</ref>

An article in ''[[The Age]]'' commented that the "ready availability of fire-extinguishers and official TV teams and the lack of verification about the victims raised question whether Falun Gong was really involved, or whether the incident was staged"<ref name=hamish/> and called into question Beijing's allusion to the immolation incident as, "main evidence of Falun Gong's allegedly sinister tendency."<ref name=hamish>{{cite web |first=Hamish |last=Mcdonald |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/10/15/1097784013251.html?oneclick=true |title=What's wrong with Falun Gong |work=The Age |location=Australia |date=16 October 2004}}</ref> John Gittings of ''[[The Guardian]]'' noted it was common practice in many countries for police camera operators to be on hand when a public disturbance is anticipated, although Gittings also mentions the possibility that "authorities had advance warning of the self-immolation plan and let it go ahead."<ref name="gittings2"/> The article in ''[[The Age]]'' would write before the reportage of the self-immolation incident that, "Beijing's efforts to portray the Falung Gong as dangerous and predatory had fallen flat."<ref name=hamish/>

== Links to Buddhist tradition ==
In contemplating the possibility that the self-immolation was an authentic protest, some scholars have noted that suicide is a traditional gesture of protest in China;<ref name=Porter/><ref>Hu Ping. "The Falun Gong Phenomenon." in Stacey Mosher and Sharon Hom (ed.) Challenging China:Struggle and Hope in an Era of Change. The New Press, 2007.</ref> ter Haar (2001) postulated that former Buddhists may have brought with them the "respectable Buddhist tradition of self-immolation as a sacrifice to the Buddha".<ref name="Haar">{{cite web |last=ter Haar |first=Barend |url=http://website.leidenuniv.nl/~haarbjter/faluntext2.html |title=Part One: Introductory remarks |publisher=Leiden University |year=2001 |accessdate=29 September 2009}}</ref>

On 1 January 2001, Li published "''Beyond the Limits of Forbearance''", in which he wrote that persecution of the ''Fa'' (meaning "The law")  – an expression used by Li Hongzhi to describe Falun Gong – by "evil" – meaning the [[Chinese Communist Party]] – could no longer be tolerated: <blockquote>"Forbearance is absolutely not the limitless giving of free rein, which allows those evil beings who no longer have any human nature or righteous thoughts to do evil without limit. With Forbearance, one can give up everything for Truth. But Forbearance does not mean tolerating evil beings–that no longer have human nature or righteous thoughts–defying both human and divine laws as they corrupt sentient beings and Dafa's existence at different levels, much less is it ignoring terrible crimes ... If the evil has already reached the point where it is unsavable and unkeepable, then various measures at different levels can be used to stop it and eradicate it."<ref name="gittings" /><ref name=beyondthelimits>{{cite web |last=Li |last=Hongzhi |url=http://www.clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2001/1/2/6668.html |title=Beyond the Limits of Forbearance |publisher=Clearwisdom |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081122105051/http://www.clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2001/1/2/6668.html |archivedate=1 April 2012}}</ref></blockquote>

Some observers have speculated that desperate Falun Gong practitioners may have resorted to self-immolation in response to the publication of Li's new scripture. However, ''The Guardian'' notes Falun Gong in New York issued a statement 10 days later, admitting the scripture had caused confusion, and that "certain disciples had some extreme interpretations". A Falun Gong spokesman clarified Li's scripture to mean it was time to "bring the truth to light" about human rights abuses committed by the Chinese government.<ref name="gittings" /> However, Jensen and Weston remarked it was clear from Li Hongzhi's messages that he advocated martyrdom over prudence, and that "if the Chinese authorities lit the fire, Li just as clearly fanned the flames."<ref name=jensenweston>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OKNTJXvle9wC&pg=PA105&dq=remains+highly+disputed,+Falun+Gong+tiananmen+immolation+staged&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=remains%20highly%20disputed%2C%20Falun%20Gong%20tiananmen%20immolation%20staged&f=false |title=China's transformations: the stories beyond the headlines
|first=Lionel M. |last=Jensen |coauthor=Weston, Timothy B. |page=105 |isbn=0-7425-3863-X |publisher=AltaMira Press, U.S. |date=28 December 2006 |quote=Li Hongzhi was largely silent in the months immediately following the crackdown, but when he reemerged in the fall of 2000, giving speeches as he always had at experience-sharing conferences, largely in North America, his tone had changed considerably. Li understandably felt compelled to explain the disaster that had befallen him and his followers, and he did so by highlighting the apocalyptic messages that, prior to April 1999, had been a relatively minor part of his discourse: the CCP's campaign against Falun Gong was now presented as part of a "final test" leading up to the destruction and renewal of the world. Those practitioners who passed the test{{spaced ndash}}by remaining steadfast in their resolve{{spaced ndash}}would remain part of the elite destined to survive the apocalypse, while hose who crumbled in the face of pressure might not. Those who suffered or died for their beliefs, moreover, were offered the promise of instant "consummation" (or enlightenment). Li's speeches during this period are rather dense and lend themselves to different interpretations (Falun Gong practitioners in North America often meet to discuss Li's speeches in the hopes of coming to a common understanding), but it seems clear that he encouraged those FG practitioners who chose martyrdom over prudence. If the Chinese authorities clearly lit the fire, Li Hongzhi just as clearly fanned the flames.

Such flames became all too deadly in 2001, when a number of Falun Gong practitioners apparently set themselves on fire at Tiananmen Square on 23 January, resulting in five deaths. This incident remains highly disputed, FG practitioners and spokesman insisting that the event was staged by Chinese officials (who long refused, for example, to allow Western journalists to interview those who had survived their own attempted self-immolation though it would seem that such interviews would have been a golden opportunity for China to illustrate that FG "drives people crazy").}}</ref> David Ownby believes that the brief message was "difficult to interpret": Ownby said it somewhat resembled a "call to arms" against what Li described as "evil beings", but nobody he talked to had seen it as a "green light" for violent action.<ref name=ownbyfalungong>{{cite book |first=David |last=Ownby |title=Falun Gong and the future of China |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2008 |pages= 215–216}}</ref> He added that "a practitioner at the end of his or her rope in China could certainly see [the statements] as an endorsement for martyrdom, and perhaps choose his or her own means to achieve that."<ref name=foe20010309wpost>{{cite news |title=A Foe Rattles Beijing From Abroad |first=John |last=Pomfret |work=Washington Post |date=9 March 2001}}</ref> Gittings posited that the scripture may have confused Falun Gong followers, particularly in Mainland China.<ref name="gittings"/> Matthew Forney wrote in ''Time'' magazine that Li's message had spread into China via the internet and informal networks of followers, and speculated that it may have galvanized more radical practitioners there.<ref name=breakingpoint/>

==Dispute==
Following the incident, the details of why the individuals were involved has been and remains the subject of dispute between representatives of Falun Gong, the Chinese government, and other observers.

Danny Schechter argued in 2001 that the self-immolation was staged by the Chinese government.<ref>Danny Schechter, "Falun Gong's Challenge to China" (2001). pp 20 – 23</ref> He notes that the Chinese government's claims about the incident remain unsubstantiated by outside parties, because no independent investigation has been allowed.<ref name=schechter1>Falun Gong's Challenge to China – A report by Danny Schechter</ref> Schechter went on to lament that many news organizations uncritically used accounts from Communist Party-controlled media to disseminate their story, and that they may have been "duped into becoming an uncritical transmission belt for Beijing's bullying"<ref name="Schechter2001" />{{rp|24}} especially in light of newer questions and doubts expressed.<ref name="Schechter2001" />{{rp|24}} Citing Schechter, PhD student Noah Porter wrote that "convincing evidence has been provided that the events described by the Chinese media are at least deceptive, if not a complete hoax," also stating "even if there were people who lit themselves on fire and considered themselves Falun Gong practitioners, they would not be representative of Falun Gong practitioners."<ref name="Porter">Noah Porter (Masters thesis for the University of South Florida),''[http://www.lib.usf.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-06122003-113105/unrestricted/FalunGongInTheUS-NoahPorter-Thesis.pdf Falun Gong in the United States: An Ethnographic Study]''. 2003. p 105</ref> Beatrice Turpin, a China correspondent with Associated Press Television, said of the self-immolation that "[t]here was a big brouhaha with Falun Gong protests and footage of police beating practitioners last Chinese New Year and it would certainly fit in with typical China strategy to stage an event this year [2001] and make the show their own."

Reviewing the divergent narratives on the identity of the self-immolation victims, David Ownby concluded that "although the arguments of Falun Gong practitioners seem cogent, it is very difficult to arrive at a final judgment about the self-immolation. ... there are desperate people in China (and elsewhere) who will do anything for money (which would go to their families in this case, one supposes, unless the authorities had promised to rescue them before the flames could do harm). Or the entire event could have been staged. But it seems just as possible that those who set themselves on fire might have been new or unschooled Falun Gong practitioners, had discovered and practiced Falun Gong on their own (and badly) in the post-suppression period, and, for whatever reason, decided to make the ultimate sacrifice."<ref name=ownbyfalungong218>{{cite book |first=David |last=Ownby |title=Falun Gong and the future of China |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2008 |page=218 |isbn=0-19-532905-8}}</ref>

Some observers entertain the possibility that the self-immolation was not as straightforward as the Chinese official media accounts suggested. In the ''[[National Review]]'', Ann Noonan of the [[Laogai Research Foundation]] suggested that it was "hardly a far-fetched hypothesis" that the government allowed or staged the incident to discredit Falun Gong, as the government vowed to crush the practice before the eightieth anniversary celebrations of the Communist Party in July.<ref name=noonan>Ann Noonan in the ''[[National Review]]'', [http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment021301a.shtml Beijing is Burning: More lies from the PRC], accessed 21 May 2008</ref> Other human rights activists said that the five who set themselves on fire did so to protest the government's crackdown on Falun Gong.<ref name=oneway/>

Francesco Sisci, Asia editor of ''[[La Stampa]]'', supported the possibility that the self-immolators were Falun Gong practitioners, writing in the ''[[Asia Times]]'' that "no one believed that the government could have paid a mother to torch herself and her daughter, or that she was so loyal to the Communist Party that she pretended to be a Falungong member and kill herself and her only daughter, even if Falungong master Li Hongzhi forbade suicide ..."<ref name=sisci>{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/china/DD10Ad01.html |title=The burning issue of Falungong |work=Asia Times |first=Francesco |last=Sisci |year=2002}}</ref>

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' noted some of the confusion surrounding the conflicting views on the self-immolation; one Beijing Falun Gong practitioner interviewed appeared to accept that the self-immolators were practitioners engaged in protest, while Falun Gong organizations overseas denied any involvement.<ref name=time20010129>{{cite news |first=Hannah |last=Beech |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,97124,00.html |title=Too Hot to Handle |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=29 January 2001 |accessdate=9 February 2007}}</ref> ''Time'' also speculated that the "lack of solidarity" in Falun Gong was contributing to the sense of desperation of Mainland Chinese practitioners who may feel out of touch with the exiled leadership.<ref name=time20010129/> Guardian reporter John Gittings reported that some observers believed it was possible that the self-immolators acted in desperation and confusion.<ref name="gittings">{{cite news |first=John |last=Gittings |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/jan/29/china.johngittings |title=China prepares for new offensive against 'dangerous' sect |work=The Guardian |date=29 January 2001 | location=London}}</ref>

''[[The New York Times]]'' stated that conflicting claims were difficult to assess "[w]ith propaganda streaming in from seemingly opposite ends of the universe ... especially since the remaining Falun Gong practitioners have been driven underground."<ref>{{cite news |first=Elisabeth |last=Rosenthal |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/05/world/former-falun-gong-followers-enlisted-in-china-s-war-on-sect.html |title=Former Falun Gong Followers Enlisted in China's War on Sect |work=New York Times |date=5 April 2002}}</ref> In Sisci's view, Chinese officials made a mistake by arresting foreign journalists on Tiananmen —"independently filmed news footage of the proceedings could have been the best proof of Falungong madness. Instead, when the government reported the episode, it looked like propaganda."<ref name=sisci/>

==Aftermath==
The self-immolation incident was given prominent coverage in the official Chinese media as evidence of the alleged dangers of Falun Gong practice. Coverage of the event resulted in increased support for the Party's suppression efforts against Falun Gong, and eroded public sympathy for the group. Posters, leaflets and videos were produced, detailing the supposed detrimental effects of Falun Gong practice. The New York Times reported that the public was "bombarded with graphic images of the act on television and in newspapers."<ref>Erik Eckholm, "Beijing Judge Jails 4 for Promoting Falun Gong's Public Suicides", New York Times, 18 August, 2001.</ref> In China's schools, regular anti-Falun Gong classes were scheduled.<ref name=oneway/> Eight million students joined the ''"Anti-Cult Action by the Youth Civilized Communities Across the Nation"''.<ref name=dangerous/> Twelve million children submitted writings disapproving of the practice.<ref name=dangerous/>

Within a month of the Tiananmen Square incident, authorities issued a document entitled ''The whole story of the self-immolation incident created by Falun Gong addicts in Tiananmen Square'', containing colour photographs of charred bodies.<ref name=dangerous/> The [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]]'s "Office for the Prevention and Handling of Evil Cults" declared after the event that it was now ready to form a united front with the global anti-cult struggle.<ref name=dangerous/> Meetings took place in factories, offices, universities and schools to educate people about Falun Gong. The Government announced that religious leaders from across the country had delivered denunciations of Falun Gong. In Kaifeng, the post office issued an anti-Falun Gong postmark, and 10,000 people signed a petition denouncing the group.<ref name=oneway/>

''Time'' reported that prior to the self-immolation incident, many Chinese had felt that Falun Gong posed no real threat, and that the state's crackdown had gone too far. After the event, however, China's media campaign against Falun Gong gained significant traction.<ref name=breakingpoint/> The World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong reported that hostility toward Falun Gong from the general public escalated, the government had stepped up its campaign, and alleged that "hate crimes" targeting Falun Gong increased.<ref name="WOIPFGpaper">{{cite web |author=WOIPFG |url=http://www.upholdjustice.org/English.2/S.I._highlights_report.htm |title=Investigation Reports on the Persecution of Falun Gong: Volume 1 |year=2003–2004 |publisher=World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong |accessdate=4 October 2007}}{{dead link|date=March 2012}}</ref> One western diplomat commented that the public changed from sympathising with Falun Gong to siding with the Government, popular consensus seemingly shifted by human-interest stories and accounts of rehabilitation efforts of former practitioners.<ref name=ansfield>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Ansfield |publisher=Reuters |url= |title=After Olympic win, China takes new aim at Falun Gong |date=23 July 2001}}</ref> Østergaard believes that, in retrospect, the New Year scripture was Li's greatest gift to the state, as the self-immolations marked a turning point which ended domestic support for the movement.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=H80YZqSj7EEC&pg=PA208&dq=Ostergaard+falun&client=firefox-a&cd=3#v=onepage&q=New%20Year%27s%20Day%202001&f=false |title=Governance in China |editor= Jude Howell |first=Clemens Stubbe |last=Østergaard |pages=220 (Governance and the Political Challenge of Falun Gong) |year=2003 |isbn=0-7425-1988-0}}</ref>

In the aftermath of the event, the government began sanctioning more severe forms of torture and punishment against Falun Gong adherents in an effort to have them renounce the practice. ''The Washington Post'' reported that Chinese authorities benefited from the turn in public opinion against Falun Gong that followed the self-immolation, seizing on the opportunity to sanction "the systematic use of violence against the group." According to ''the Post'', authorities "established a network of brainwashing classes and embarked on a painstaking effort to weed out followers neighborhood by neighborhood and workplace by workplace." The "reeducation" tactics employed included beatings, shocks with electric truncheons, and intensive anti-Falun Gong study classes.<ref name=pomf20010805wpost>Pan, Philip; Pomfret, John "Torture is Breaking Falun Gong," ''Washington Post'', 5 August 2001</ref> According to Falun Gong websites, the number of Falun Gong adherents tortured to death nearly doubled from the year 2000 to 2001, rising from 245 in 2000 to 419 in 2001.<ref name="clearwisdom">[http://clearwisdom.net/emh/special_column/death_cases/death_distribution.html "Statistical Distribution of Falun Gong Practitioners Killed in the Persecution,"] Falun Dafa Clearwisdom</ref>

===Television hacking===
The ''False Fire'' video was successfully broadcast on Chinese television in 2002 in the city of Changchun, interrupting the station's scheduled programming for 50 minutes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200203/s499227.htm |date=8 March 2002 |title=Falun Gong hijack Chinese TV station |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Liu Chengjun, a Falun Gong practitioner who hacked into the satellite feed, was arrested and sentenced to prison, where he was allegedly beaten to death 21 months later.<ref name=USDOS2003-2005>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27768.htm|title=2003 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)|last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=3 October 2009}} {{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51509.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2005: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)|last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=3 October 2009}} The United States Department of State said Liu Chengjun had reportedly been "abused in custody" and "beaten to death by police in Jilin City Prison".</ref> The remaining five individuals behind the television hijacking were also imprisoned, and all have reportedly died or been tortured to death in custody.<ref>Gutmann, Ethan. (6 December 2010) [http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/thin-airwaves_519589.html 'Into Thin Airwaves']. ''The Weekly Standard''</ref>

===Fate of the self-immolators===
Five of the people involved in the incident were tried in mid-2001. Liu Yunfang, named as the mastermind, was given a life sentence; Wang Jindong was given 15 years. Two other accomplices – a 49-year-old man named Xue Hongjun, and a 34-year-old Beijing woman named Liu Xiuqin who apparently provided the group with lodging and helped in the preparation of the incident – were sentenced to 10 and 7 years in prison respectively.<ref name=embassy36594>{{cite web|url=http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/ppflg/t36594.htm|title=Organizers of Tian'anmen Self-Burning Incident Sentenced|date=17 August 2001|publisher=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States|accessdate=4 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=real/> Liu Baorong, who had "acknowledged her crime", escaped punishment because her role in planning the event was minor.<ref name=xinhua1 /><ref name="gittings2">{{cite web |first=John |last=Gittings |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/aug/21/worlddispatch.china |title=Chinese whispers surround Falun Gong trial |work=The Guardian |date=21 August 2001}}</ref> ''The Guardian'' reported that on the last day of the one-month trial, Xinhua had, by mid-morning, issued a full report of the verdicts; the ''[[People's Daily]]'' had produced its own editorial by the afternoon.<ref name="gittings2"/>

After having long denied foreign media access to the self-immolation victims, in April 2002 the Government arranged for foreign press to interview the purported survivors of the self-immolation in the presence of state officials. The interviewees refuted claims that the self-immolation was staged, showing their burn injuries as evidence, and denounced Falun Gong while expressing support for the authorities' handling of the group.<ref name=real>{{cite web |first=Jeremy |last=Page |author=Reuters |url=http://www.facts.org.cn/Reports/World/200708/t60322.htm |title=Survivors say China Falun Gong immolations real |date=4 April 2002 |publisher= Facts.org |accessdate=9 February 2007}}</ref> When asked why they set themselves on fire, Hao Huijun replied that she had realised the futility of writing letters and demonstrating by waving banners, "so finally, we decided ... to make a big event to show our will to the world. ... We wanted to show the government that Falun Gong was good."<ref name=real/> At the time of the interview, Chen Guo and her mother were said to still be in the hospital, both having lost their hands, ears and noses.<ref name=real/> Both her mother's eyes were covered with skin grafts. Wang Jindong, showing burns to his face, said he felt "humiliated because of my stupidity and fanatical ideas."<ref name=real/> Liu Baorong, who did not set fire to herself, spent months in "[[Laogai|reform through labour and reeducation]]."

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.falsefire.com/ falsefire.com (Falun Gong site)]
*[http://www.facts.org.cn/Feature/tsi/ Facts.org.cn (Website of China Association For Cultic Studies)]
{{Falun Gong}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiananmen Square Self-Immolation Incident}}
[[Category:Falun Gong]]
[[Category:2001 in China]]
[[Category:History of Beijing]]
[[Category:Political repression in the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Suicides in the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Self-immolations]]
[[Category:Tiananmen Square|Self-immolation incident]]

[[cs:Falešný oheň]]
[[eo:Membruligoj de la placo Tian An Men]]
[[ja:天安門焼身自殺事件]]
[[ru:Групповое самосожжение в Пекине (2001)]]
[[zh:天安门自焚事件]]

Selbstverbrennungsvorfall auf dem Tian’anmen-Platz

2012-04-03T15:49:36Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 74.93.121.33 (talk) to last revision by Festermunk (HG)

Ian William Wrigglesworth, Baron Wrigglesworth

2012-03-07T16:31:55Z

Fluffernutter: fix ref

'''Sir Ian William Wrigglesworth''' (born 8 December 1939)was Deputy Chairman until February 2012 of the Government's Regional Growth Fund Advisory Panel which is Chaired by Lord Heseltine and appointed by the Government to consider bids. He is Chief Executive of a Gateshead based property company and is Chairman of the Port of Tyne. From 1995 to January 2009 he was the Executive Chairman of UK Land Estates and prior to that was Executive Deputy Chairman of the Teesside-based Livingston Group and an executive Director of its associate company Fairfield Industries. From 1996 until 2000 he was Chairman of the public policy company, Prima Europe and then chairman of its successor, GPC, after Prima was acquired by Omnicom. He has also been a non-executive director of a number of other private and public companies.

He was founder Chairman of the NewcastleGateshead Initiative, the private/public sector partnership responsible for the destination marketing of Newcastle and Gateshead and its bid for European Capital of Culture 2008, which was won by [[Liverpool]]. From 2005 to 2009 he was the Chairman of the [[Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art]] in Gateshead. Under his chairmanship the finances were restructured and the present caterers were appointed. His role was criticised for appointing controversial director [[Peter Doroshenko]] and stating that staff unrest against the director was a "storm in a teacup".<ref>[http://www.journallive.co.uk/north-east-news/todays-news/tm_method=full&objectid=19169091&siteid=50081-name_page.html]</ref> A number of controversial exhibitions took place at that time. After Doroshenko's departure he was then responsible for the appointment of the current Director, Godfrey Wordsdale, and discussions with the University of Northumbria were begun which led to the current partnership between the two institutions.

Between 1974 and 1981 Sir Ian was Labour Member of Parliament for Teesside Thornaby. He was one of the founder members of the SDP in 1981 and was then elected SDP Member for Stockton South from 1983 until 1987 when he lost his seat. In 1988 he became the first President of the Liberal Democrats and was Chairman of the Liberal Democrat Trustees until February 2012 when he became National Treasurer. Prior to becoming a Member of Parliament he worked in the City at [[National Giro Bank]] and began his working life in Middlesbrough at the [[Midland Bank]]. He is a former Chairman of the Northern Region CBI and was founder Chairman of the Northern Business Forum. Until 2002 he was Deputy Chairman of the Governors of the University of Teesside (formerly Middlesbrough Polytechnic).

Sir Ian was born in Stockton-on-Tees and educated at Stockton Grammar School, Stockton-Billingham Technical College and the College of St. Mark and St. John, Chelsea. He has homes in Northumberland and London. He is a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Founders and a Freeman of the City of London. He is also a Deputy Lieutenant of Tyne & Wear. He is married to Tricia, who is a Health Visitor, and has two sons and a daughter.

Shortly after he was elected to Parliament, Wrigglesworth was a founder member of [[the Manifesto Group]] and with [[John Cartwright (UK politician)|John Cartwright]] helped found the [[Campaign for Labour Victory]] under the leadership of [[William Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank|Bill Rodgers]]. From 1974 to 1979 he was Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Home Secretary, the Rt Hon Roy Jenkins, and when Labour returned to Opposition in 1979 he was appointed Shadow Minister for the Civil Service by the Rt Hon James Callaghan. However, Wrigglesworth became increasingly disillusioned by the Leftward direction the Labour Party was taking and became part of the nucleus of Labour MPs who contemplated leaving the party in 1979 and 1980. In 1981, Wrigglesworth became one of the founding members of the SDP and with Mike Thomas organised the launch of the new party in March, 1981.

Wrigglesworth was one of only six SDP Members of Parliament to be returned to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] in the [[United Kingdom general election, 1983|1983 general election]] when he narrowly won the newly created constituency of Stockton South by 102 votes after it was revealed that his [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] opponent had twice stood as a candidate for the [[British National Front|National Front]]. In the [[United Kingdom general election, 1987|1987 general election]] he was narrowly defeated by the Conservative candidate, [[Tim Devlin]], by 774 votes.

After the merger of SDP and the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]], Wrigglesworth was elected the first President of the new [[Social and Liberal Democrats]] in 1988 and served a tumultuous two year term as President where he helped to guide the new party through a financial crisis, its disastrous showing in the [[European Parliament election, 1989 (United Kingdom)|1989 European Parliamentary election]] and its change in name to the [[Liberal Democrats]]. Wrigglesworth was knighted in 1991 and although he has been active in the business community in the North East since that time he has retained his involvement with the Liberal Democrats.

==References==
*One Northumberland Many Communities - [http://www.onenorthumberland.org.uk/biographies.htm ''Biographies...'']

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Hansard-contribs | mr-ian-wrigglesworth | Ian Wrigglesworth }}

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{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Thornaby (UK Parliament constituency)|Thornaby]]|years=[[United Kingdom general election, February 1974|Feb 1974]]–[[United Kingdom general election, 1983|1983]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Stockton South (UK Parliament constituency)|Stockton South]]|years=[[United Kingdom general election, 1983|1983]]–[[United Kingdom general election, 1987|1987]]}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Tim Devlin]]}}

{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box | title=President of the [[Liberal Democrats]] | before=[[Adrian Slade]] President of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] [[John Cartwright (UK politician)|John Cartwright]] President of the [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]] | after=[[Charles Kennedy]] | years=1988–1990}}
{{s-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Wrigglesworth, Ian
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = 8 December 1939
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wrigglesworth, Ian}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Party (UK) MPs]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) MPs]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Liberal Democrats (UK)]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1974]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1974–1979]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1979–1983]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1983–1987]]

Kevin Hart (Schauspieler)

2012-03-05T17:07:11Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 204.234.233.57 (talk) to last revision by Fluffernutter (HG)

{{linkrot|date=February 2012}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kevin Hart
|
| image =
| birth_date = July 3rd, 1979 (age 32)
| birth_place = [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]| occupation = Actor, comedian
| yearsactive = 1999 – present}}

'''Kevin Hart''' is an [[United States|American]] [[actor]] and [[stand-up comedian]].

==Career==
Kevin Hart is an actor and comedian. In 2004, executive produced and starred in the short-lived television show on ABC called "The Big House." The show only lasted for six episodes, and the plot was a mimic of NBC's "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" where Kevin is from Malibu and is forced to moved with his working-class aunt and uncle in Philadelphia. In 2008, Hart was featured in [[Three 6 Mafia]]'s music video for "[[Lolli Lolli (Pop That Body)]]". Also, in 2011, he appeared in [[T-Pain]]'s music video ''[[Booty Wurk (One Cheek At a Time)]]'' and it is revealed when T-Pain says "I ain't comin' up short Kevin Hart". In 2009, Hart appeared in a series of [[eBay]] commercials.<ref>http://the4thquarter.net/2009/11/06/friday-laughs-kevin-hart-x-ebay-commercials/</ref> Also in 2009, Hart played a sorcerer, "Zezelryck", in a comedy television series for [[Comedy Central]], ''[[Kröd Mändoon and the Flaming Sword of Fire]]''.

He has done several stand-up TV specials for Comedy Central, including ''I'm A Grown Little Man'' (2009), ''Seriously Funny'' (2010), and ''[[Laugh At My Pain]]'' (2011). In 2010, Hart appeared in [[Air Jordan]] commercials alongside [[Dwyane Wade]]. Hart also appears occasionally as a "round table" guest on the late night [[E!]] talk show ''[[Chelsea Lately]]''.
On June 26, 2011, he hosted the 2011 [[BET]] Awards. His stand up film "Laugh at My Pain" was released theatrically on September 9, 2011. Hart also made a cameo in [[DJ Drama]]'s music video "Oh My".

Hart first appeared in ''[[Modern Family]]'' on November 2, 2011 as [[Phil Dunphy]]'s next-door neighbor.<ref>http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2011/11/modern-family-review-treehouse-episode-307.html</ref>

Hart was named MVP of the 2012 NBA All-Star celebrity Game in Orlando, despite being ejected in the fourth quarter. <ref>http://espn.go.com/espn/page2/index?id=7614037</ref><ref>http://www.longislandpress.com/2012/02/25/kevin-hart-gets-ejected-wins-mvp-during-celebrity-game/</ref>

==Personal life==
Kevin Hart married Torre Hart in 2003. In March 2005, their daughter Heaven Leigh Hart was born. Their son, Hendrix Hart, was born in February 2008. In 2010, Hart legally separated from his wife. Earlier before the divorce Kevin Hart's mother died from cancer. <ref>http://www.vibe.com/posts/kevin-harts-soon-be-ex-wife-im-angry-because-ive-had-same-penis-six-years</ref>

==Filmography==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Film
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! align="center"| Year
! width="170"| Film
! width="150"| Role
|-
|2001
|''[[Undeclared]]''
|Religious Student

|-
| rowspan="1"| 2002
|''[[Paper Soldiers]]''
| Shawn
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003
| ''[[Scary Movie 3]]''
| CJ
|-
| ''[[Death of a Dynasty]]''
| P-Diddy / Cop 1 / Dance Coach / Hyper Rapper / H. Lector
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2004
| ''[[Along Came Polly]]''
| Vic
|-
| ''[[Soul Plane]]''
| Nashawn Wade
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2005
| ''[[The 40 Year Old Virgin]]''
| Smart Tech Customer
|-
| ''[[In the Mix (film)|In The Mix]]''
| Busta
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Scary Movie 4]]''
| CJ
|-
| 2006
| ''[[The Last Stand]]''
| F Stop/G Spot
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Epic Movie]]''
| Silas
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2008
| ''[[Fool's Gold (2008 film)|Fool's Gold]]''
| Bigg Bunny
|-
| ''[[Superhero Movie]]''
| Trey
|-
| ''[[Extreme Movie]]''
| Barry
|-
| ''[[Meet Dave]]''
| Number 17
|-
| ''[[Drillbit Taylor]]''
|Pawn Shop Dealer
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2009
| ''[[Party Down]]''
| Dro Grizzle
|-
| ''[[Not Easily Broken]]''
| Tree
|-
| ''[[Kröd Mändoon and the Flaming Sword of Fire]]''
| Zezelryck
|-
| ''I'm A Grown Little Man''<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1420554/</ref>
| Himself
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2010
| ''Something Like a Business''<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1103255/</ref>
| JoJo
|-
| ''[[Death at a Funeral]]''
| Brian
|-
| ''[[Little Fockers]]''
| Nurse Louis
|-
| ''Seriously Funny''<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1714196/</ref>
| Himself
|-
|rowspan="5" | 2011
| ''[[35 and Ticking]]''<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1652287/</ref>
| Cleavon
|-
| ''Let Go''<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1674776/</ref>
| Kris Styles
|-
| ''The Precious One''<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1239272/</ref>
| Precious McKenzie
|-
| ''[[Modern Family]]''
|Andre
|-
| ''[[Laugh at My Pain]]''
| Himself
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2012
| ''The Five-Year Engagement''<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1195478/</ref>
| Doug
|-
| ''Scary Movie 5''
| CJ
|-
| ''[[Think Like A Man]]''<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1621045/</ref>
| Himself
|-
| ''[[NBA All-Star Weekend Celebrity Game]]''
|An Ejected Kevin Hart
|-

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.phillytrib.com/tribune/entertainmentheadlines/16483-funny-man-kevin-hart-returns-to-give-back-to-philly.html Phillytrib.Com]
*[http://www.tribute.ca/bio.asp?id=11435 Biography and Filmography]
*{{IMDb name|366389|Kevin Hart}}
*[http://www.theblackspotlight.com/interviews/Kevin_Hart.html Kevin Hart Interview with The Black Spotlight]
*[http://www.comedycentral.com/shows/krod_mandoon/characters/index.jhtml Comedycentral.Com]

{{Persondata 
|NAME =Hart, Kevin
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION =
|DATE OF BIRTH =July 3, 1978
|PLACE OF BIRTH =Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hart, Kevin}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:African American actors]]
[[Category:African American comedians]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]

[[da:Kevin Hart (skuespiller)]]
[[es:Kevin Hart]]
[[fr:Kevin Hart]]
[[it:Kevin Hart (attore)]]
[[pl:Kevin Hart]]
[[pt:Kevin Hart]]
[[sv:Kevin Hart]]
[[zh:凯文·哈特]]

Kevin Hart (Schauspieler)

2012-03-05T16:59:01Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 204.234.233.57 (talk) unexplained blanking of page (HG)

Iron Ore Company of Canada

2012-03-05T16:36:48Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 71.7.247.121 (talk) unexplained blanking of page (HG)

{{Infobox company|
company_name = Iron Ore Company of Canada |
company_logo = [[Image:Iron Ore Company Canada.png|center|200px]] |
company_type = [[Subsidiary company]] |
company_slogan = |
foundation = (1949) [[Wilmington, Delaware]], [[USA]] |
location = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] |
key_people = Zoe Yujnovich , [[President]] & [[CEO]] |
revenue = {{profit}}$1.8 Billion [[Canadian dollar|CAN]] (2008) |
industry = Mining |
num_employees = 1,900 (2005) |
products = Iron ore |
homepage = [http://www.ironore.ca/ www.ironore.ca/]|
}}
{{Advert|date=February 2012}}

'''Iron Ore Company of Canada''' (often abbreviated to '''IOC''') ({{lang-fr|Compagnie Minière IOC}}) is a [[Canada|Canadian]]-based producer of [[iron ore]]. The company was founded in 1949 from a partnership of [[Canadian]] and [[United States|American]] [[M.A. Hanna Company]].<ref>Hollinger, M.A. Hanna, Labrador Mining, National Republic, Armco, Youngston and Wheeling-Pittsburg</ref> It is now owned by a new consortium<ref>Mitsubishi Corp., Rio Tinto Limited, LIORIF and IOC Ore Sales Company</ref>, including the [[Mitsubishi]] and [[Rio Tinto Group|Rio Tinto]] corporations.

Based in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], IOC currently has mining and concentrator operations in [[Labrador City]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], and operates the [[Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway]] to ship ore concentrate from the mines to the port of [[Sept-Îles, Quebec|Sept-Îles]], [[Quebec]].

During 1977 to 1983, the president of the company was [[Brian Mulroney]], who later served as [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] from 1984 to 1993.

The industry and market of Iron Ore is an investment in the long run no doubt. Because Iron Ore is a key commodity in steel making, anything that has to do with steel, such as the cars we drive and other ways of transportation, would not be possible without it.

As for management, Terence Bowles, who was the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Iron Ore Company of Canada for over 8 years as well as being related to the Rio Tinto companies for 36 years, made aware of his plans to retire at the end of December in 2009. He was known for his outstanding contributions to the company and leading skills that brought on the transformations within the company itself and its diverse mining and processing operations. After taking his retirement on January 31 of 2010, Zoe Yujnovich became the new President and CEO of IOC very soon after. Yujnovich, who has a Bachelor in Engineering as well as a Masters of Business Administration, was part of the Rio Tinto group since 1996 and even became the President of Rio Tinto Brazil. Her amount of experience, knowledge and success within the Rio Tinto company made her that much more suitable for the job and its responsibilities.

When it comes to competition within mining companies, it can be very tough. This year's 'Employer of Distinction Awards' in St-John's had IOC coming out on top by winning the medium to large business category as well as being given a 'Path of Excellence Award to Ever Green Recycling'. Because of the tight labor market, any advantage over other companies can make all the difference, so this award gave IOC an edge over their competitors.

As for innovation, innovative technologies to make improvements to this big company will have to do with the way they operate their business as well as how they will construct their new mines.

IOC had begun expansions in Labrador as a way to make more money and to make this type of investment more secure. By doing so, IOC had more funds to give more jobs and employment opportunities to those who were already employees. Also, by doing this expansion, they were taking a very big step towards making their long term vision into a reality and really preserving the jobs of their workers and being able to offer more. This expansion was put on hold in 2008 during the world's financial crisis. However, it was brought back into motion and Sam Walsh, head of Rio Tinto's Iron Ore division.

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book | last=Geren | first=Richard | title=Cain's legacy : the building of Iron Ore Company of Canada | publisher=Sept-Îles, Quebec, Iron Ore Company of Canada | year=1990}} (Worldcat link: [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/22710103])

==External links==
* [http://www.ironore.ca/main/index.php?sec=0&loc=&page=accueil.htm&lng=EN Official company homepage]

[[Category:Mining companies of Canada]]
[[Category:Joint ventures]]
[[Category:Companies based in Montreal]]
[[Category:Rio Tinto subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Canadian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]

{{canada-company-stub}}

[[fr:Compagnie Iron Ore du Canada]]
[[fi:Iron Ore Company of Canada]]
[[uk:Iron Ore Company of Canada]]

Frauen und Kinder zuerst!

2012-02-26T16:51:39Z

Fluffernutter: undoing self - title appears to be shared by a book (not out yet) and a paper (from 2003). AGFing that the latter was intended. Please expand this citation to distinguish between the two

[[Image:Titanic-lifeboat.gif|thumb|250px|RMS ''Titanic'' survivors aboard a collapsible lifeboat]]

"'''Women and children first'''" is a saying that asserts that the lives of [[women]] and [[children]] are to be saved first if the lives of a group of people are at stake. The saying is most famously associated with the sinking of [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] in 1912.

== History ==
The practice arose from the [[chivalry|chivalrous]] actions of soldiers during sinking of {{HMS|Birkenhead|1845|6}} in 1852, though the phrase was not coined until 1860.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Women and Children First | work = | publisher = The Phrase Finder | date = | url = http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/women-and-children-first.html | doi = | accessdate = 2010-04-16 }}</ref> Although never part of international [[maritime law]], the phrase was popularised by its usage on the {{RMS|Titanic}},<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UvwNDSWNe7kC|title=Sinking of the Titanic and Great Sea Disasters|author=Logan Marshall|date=2004|isbn=1419147358|accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref> where, as a consequence of this practice, 74% of the women on board were saved and 52% of the children, but only 20% of the men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anesi.com/titanic.htm |title=Titanic Casualty Figures |first=Chuck |last=Anesi}}</ref>

Some officers on the ''Titanic'' misinterpreted the order from Captain Smith, and tried to prevent men from boarding the lifeboats.<ref> Lord, Walter. ''A Night to Remember''. New York, NY: Bantam, 1997, p. 63 ISBN 978-0-553-27827-9</ref><ref>Ballard, Robert D. ''The Discovery of the Titanic''. Toronto: Madison, 1987, p. 37 ISBN 978-0-446-67174-3</ref> It was intended that women and children would board first, with any remaining free spaces for men. Because so few men were saved on the ''Titanic'', the men who did survive were initially branded as cowards, including [[J. Bruce Ismay]].<ref name="Benedict2000">{{cite book|last1=Benedict|first1=Michael Les|last2=Gardner|first2=Ray|title=In the face of disaster: true stories of Canadian heroes from the archives of Maclean's|year=2000|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=0-670-88883-4|page=204|chapter=When That Great Ship Went Down}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
Dr David Benatar views the policy of "women and children first" (and [[conscription]]) as evidence of what [[Warren Farrell]] refers to as "[[The_Myth_of_Male_Power#.22Why_Men_are_the_Disposable_Sex.22|male disposability]]," where preservation of a woman's life is given priority over preservation of a man's life.<ref name="DBenatar1">{{cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-105518205/second-sexism-discrimination-against.html|title=The Second Sexism|first=David|last=Benatar|date= April 1, 2003|publisher=AccessMyLibrary|accessdate=April 15, 2010}}{{deadlink}}</ref> This policy, particularly as applied to incidents like the sinking of the ''Titanic'', resulted in high numbers of widows or orphans who then faced economic and social difficulty. Many of the men were life beneficiaries of trusts created by their parents.{{Citation needed|date|date=February 2012}} Under the typical trust arrangement, when the men died, the trust continued for the benefit of the man's children, but his widow was given no beneficial interest in or control over the trust assets.{{Citation needed|date|date=February 2012}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.logoi.com/notes/titanic/women_children_first.html Titanic - Women and Children first]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Women And Children First (Saying)}}
[[Category:Bias]]
[[Category:Lifesaving]]
[[Category:English phrases]]
[[Category:Human rights]]
[[Category:RMS Titanic]]
[[Category:Children's rights]]
[[Category:Sex discrimination]]

{{water-transport-stub}}

[[nl:Vrouwen en kinderen eerst]]
[[sk:Ženy a deti prvé]]

Frauen und Kinder zuerst!

2012-02-26T16:47:11Z

Fluffernutter: /* Criticism */ "Second Sexism" hasn't been published yet, so can't be a useful source for anything that I can tell. Without that, this entire section is unsourced, so I'm removing it until someone can find better sources.

[[Image:Titanic-lifeboat.gif|thumb|250px|RMS ''Titanic'' survivors aboard a collapsible lifeboat]]

"'''Women and children first'''" is a saying that asserts that the lives of [[women]] and [[children]] are to be saved first if the lives of a group of people are at stake. The saying is most famously associated with the sinking of [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] in 1912.

== History ==
The practice arose from the [[chivalry|chivalrous]] actions of soldiers during sinking of {{HMS|Birkenhead|1845|6}} in 1852, though the phrase was not coined until 1860.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Women and Children First | work = | publisher = The Phrase Finder | date = | url = http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/women-and-children-first.html | doi = | accessdate = 2010-04-16 }}</ref> Although never part of international [[maritime law]], the phrase was popularised by its usage on the {{RMS|Titanic}},<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UvwNDSWNe7kC|title=Sinking of the Titanic and Great Sea Disasters|author=Logan Marshall|date=2004|isbn=1419147358|accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref> where, as a consequence of this practice, 74% of the women on board were saved and 52% of the children, but only 20% of the men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anesi.com/titanic.htm |title=Titanic Casualty Figures |first=Chuck |last=Anesi}}</ref>

Some officers on the ''Titanic'' misinterpreted the order from Captain Smith, and tried to prevent men from boarding the lifeboats.<ref> Lord, Walter. ''A Night to Remember''. New York, NY: Bantam, 1997, p. 63 ISBN 978-0-553-27827-9</ref><ref>Ballard, Robert D. ''The Discovery of the Titanic''. Toronto: Madison, 1987, p. 37 ISBN 978-0-446-67174-3</ref> It was intended that women and children would board first, with any remaining free spaces for men. Because so few men were saved on the ''Titanic'', the men who did survive were initially branded as cowards, including [[J. Bruce Ismay]].<ref name="Benedict2000">{{cite book|last1=Benedict|first1=Michael Les|last2=Gardner|first2=Ray|title=In the face of disaster: true stories of Canadian heroes from the archives of Maclean's|year=2000|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=0-670-88883-4|page=204|chapter=When That Great Ship Went Down}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.logoi.com/notes/titanic/women_children_first.html Titanic - Women and Children first]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Women And Children First (Saying)}}
[[Category:Bias]]
[[Category:Lifesaving]]
[[Category:English phrases]]
[[Category:Human rights]]
[[Category:RMS Titanic]]
[[Category:Children's rights]]
[[Category:Sex discrimination]]

{{water-transport-stub}}

[[nl:Vrouwen en kinderen eerst]]
[[sk:Ženy a deti prvé]]

Frauen und Kinder zuerst!

2012-02-26T16:45:02Z

Fluffernutter: oops, fix template

Frauen und Kinder zuerst!

2012-02-26T16:39:47Z

Fluffernutter: /* Criticism */ no discussion in source about male disposability

[[Image:Titanic-lifeboat.gif|thumb|250px|RMS ''Titanic'' survivors aboard a collapsible lifeboat]]

"'''Women and children first'''" is a saying that asserts that the lives of [[women]] and [[children]] are to be saved first if the lives of a group of people are at stake. The saying is most famously associated with the sinking of [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] in 1912.

== History ==
The practice arose from the [[chivalry|chivalrous]] actions of soldiers during sinking of {{HMS|Birkenhead|1845|6}} in 1852, though the phrase was not coined until 1860.<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Women and Children First | work = | publisher = The Phrase Finder | date = | url = http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/women-and-children-first.html | doi = | accessdate = 2010-04-16 }}</ref> Although never part of international [[maritime law]], the phrase was popularised by its usage on the {{RMS|Titanic}},<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UvwNDSWNe7kC|title=Sinking of the Titanic and Great Sea Disasters|author=Logan Marshall|date=2004|isbn=1419147358|accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref> where, as a consequence of this practice, 74% of the women on board were saved and 52% of the children, but only 20% of the men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anesi.com/titanic.htm |title=Titanic Casualty Figures |first=Chuck |last=Anesi}}</ref>

Some officers on the ''Titanic'' misinterpreted the order from Captain Smith, and tried to prevent men from boarding the lifeboats.<ref> Lord, Walter. ''A Night to Remember''. New York, NY: Bantam, 1997, p. 63 ISBN 978-0-553-27827-9</ref><ref>Ballard, Robert D. ''The Discovery of the Titanic''. Toronto: Madison, 1987, p. 37 ISBN 978-0-446-67174-3</ref> It was intended that women and children would board first, with any remaining free spaces for men. Because so few men were saved on the ''Titanic'', the men who did survive were initially branded as cowards, including [[J. Bruce Ismay]].<ref name="Benedict2000">{{cite book|last1=Benedict|first1=Michael Les|last2=Gardner|first2=Ray|title=In the face of disaster: true stories of Canadian heroes from the archives of Maclean's|year=2000|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=0-670-88883-4|page=204|chapter=When That Great Ship Went Down}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
Dr David Benatar view the policy of "women and children first" (and [[conscription]]) as evidence of what [[Warren Farrell]] refers to as "[[The_Myth_of_Male_Power#.22Why_Men_are_the_Disposable_Sex.22|male disposability]]," where preservation of a woman's life is given priority over preservation of a man's life.<ref name="DBenatar1">{{cite web|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-105518205/second-sexism-discrimination-against.html{{deadlink}}|title=The Second Sexism|first=David|last=Benatar|date= April 1, 2003|publisher=AccessMyLibrary|accessdate=April 15, 2010}}</ref> This policy, particularly as applied to incidents like the sinking of the ''Titanic'', resulted in high numbers of widows or orphans who then faced economic and social difficulty. Many of the men were life beneficiaries of trusts created by their parents.{{Citation needed|date|date=February 2012}} Under the typical trust arrangement, when the men died, the trust continued for the benefit of the man's children, but his widow was given no beneficial interest in or control over the trust assets.{{Citation needed|date|date=February 2012}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.logoi.com/notes/titanic/women_children_first.html Titanic - Women and Children first]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Women And Children First (Saying)}}
[[Category:Bias]]
[[Category:Lifesaving]]
[[Category:English phrases]]
[[Category:Human rights]]
[[Category:RMS Titanic]]
[[Category:Children's rights]]
[[Category:Sex discrimination]]

{{water-transport-stub}}

[[nl:Vrouwen en kinderen eerst]]
[[sk:Ženy a deti prvé]]

Gebratener Reis

2012-01-31T20:14:09Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 173.160.25.10 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)

{{onesource|date=July 2011}}
{{Chinese|t=炒飯|s=炒饭|h=cau fahn|p=chǎofàn|j=caau2 faan6|poj=chhá-pn̄g|pic=Billyfoodfriedrice.jpg|piccap=Typical Chinese fried rice}}

'''Fried rice''' is a popular component of [[Asian cuisine]], especially [[Chinese food]]. It is made from [[steamed rice]] [[stir frying|stir-fried]] in a [[wok]], often with other ingredients such as [[egg (food)|eggs]], [[vegetable]]s, and [[meat]]. It is sometimes served as the penultimate dish in Chinese [[banquet]]s (just before [[dessert]]). As a home-cooked dish, fried rice typically is made with left over ingredients from other dishes, leading to countless variations.<ref>"Fried rice and noodle dishes with vegetables are likewise ancient. They were typically composed of leftover ingredients and cooked in woks." {{cite web | url = http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodasian.html#friedrice | title = Food Timeline--history notes: Asian-American cuisine | accessdate = 2007-06-05 |date=2006-08-06 | last = Olver | first = Lynne }}</ref>

There are many popular varieties of fried rice, each with its own specific list of ingredients. In Asia, the more famous varieties include [[Yeung Chow fried rice|Yangzhou]] and [[Fujian]] fried rice. Elsewhere, Chinese restaurants catering to non-Chinese clientele have invented their own varieties of fried rice including egg fried rice, Malaysian (spicy) fried rice and the ubiquitous 'special fried rice'.

Fried rice is a common staple in [[American Chinese cuisine]], especially in the form sold at fast-food stands. The most common form of American Chinese fried rice consists of some mixture of eggs, [[scallions]], and vegetables, with chopped meat added at the customer's discretion, and usually flavoured with [[soy sauce]] instead of [[table salt]] (more typical for Chinese-style fried rice). Fried rice made in American Chinese restaurants can vary in appearance, from a dark brown appearance often seen in East Coast establishments, to a light brown appearance often seen in Midwestern American Chinese restaurants.<ref>http://www.bakespace.com/recipes/detail/Dark-Fried-Rice/33842/#recipe-story</ref> Fried rice is also seen in other American restaurants, even in cuisines where there is no native tradition of the dish. The dish is also a staple of Chinese restaurants in the [[United Kingdom]] (both "sit-in" and "takeaway"), and fried rice is very popular in the [[West Africa]]n nations of [[Nigeria]], [[Ghana]] and [[Togo]], both as a restaurant food and as [[street food]].

== Preparation ==
[[File:Taiwanese Fried Rice.jpg|thumb|Taiwanese Fried Rice]]
[[File:FriedRice.JPG|thumb|right|Fried rice with black soy sauce in a to-go container]]

Fried rice is made from cold rice that has already been cooked by steaming. The use of leftover rice and other leftover ingredients is common when cooked at home. The oil may be seasoned with aromatics such as garlic before the rice and other ingredients are stir fried together in a [[wok]]. The non-rice ingredients used in fried rice are greatly varied. They can include [[Egg (food)|egg]]s, [[meat]] ([[chicken]], [[beef]], or [[salt pork|cured pork]]), [[seafood]] ([[shrimp]] or lobster), [[vegetable]]s ([[carrot]]s, [[broccoli]], [[Sprouting|bean sprouts]], [[celery]], [[pea]]s, [[maize|corn]]), [[mushroom]]s, [[spice]]s and [[Capsicum|pepper]]s, and [[soy sauce]] or sometimes [[oyster sauce]]. The base of vegetable fried rice does not contain any meat or seafood; others are named for the primary addition (e.g., "chicken fried rice" or "shrimp fried rice"). Other "house" versions may contain several meats and seafoods. It is often stir-fried in a wok with [[vegetable oil]] or [[animal fat]] to prevent sticking, as well as for flavour. [[Onion]]s, [[scallion]] and [[garlic]] are often added for extra flavor. It is popularly eaten either as an accompaniment to another dish, or as a course by itself.
Popular garnishes include fried [[shallot]]s, sprigs of [[parsley]] or [[coriander]] leaves, carrots carved into intricate shapes or sliced chili sprinkled on top of the heaped rice.

Many food stands found on the streets across [[Southeast Asia]] serve fried rice with a selection of garnishes and side dishes that the customer can choose to add.

== Common varieties ==
* '''Hokkien or Fujian fried rice''': A variation of Chinese fried rice from the Fujian region of China. It is fried rice with a thick sauce poured and mixed over it. The sauce can include mushrooms, meat, vegetables, etc.
* '''Bai cha''': A [[Khmer people|Khmer]] variation of fried rice that includes diced [[Chinese sausage]], [[garlic]], [[soy sauce]], and [[herbs]] usually eaten with [[pork]].
* '''Canton''' (or '''Mui Fan''') '''fried rice''': A Cantonese dish of fried rice typically dry
* '''Cha Han''' (チャーハン): Chinese fried rice suited to Japanese tastes, sometimes adding [[katsuobushi]] for flavor.　
* [[Yeung Chow Fried Rice|'''Yangchow''' (or '''Yangzhou''') '''fried rice''']]: A fried rice dish consisting of generous portions of shrimp, scrambled egg, along with barbecued pork. This is the most popular fried rice served in Chinese restaurants, commonly referred to simply as "special fried rice" or "house fried rice".
* '''Yuan yang fried rice''': Fried rice dish topped with two different types of sauce, typically a savory white sauce on one half, and a red tomato-based sauce on the other half. Elaborated versions use the sauce to make a [[Taijitu|taichi]] ("yin-yang") symbol.

* '''[[Burmese fried rice]]''' (ထမင်း‌ကြော်, ''Htamin gyaw'') - normally uses Burmese fragrant rice which are rounder and shorter. A popular variety is a very plain version consisting of rice, boiled peas, onions, garlic and dark soy sauce. An accompanying condiment would be [[Ngapi#Ngapi kyaw|ngapi kyaw]] (fried fish paste with shredded flakes) and fresh cucumber strips mixed with chopped onions, green chili and vinegar.

* '''[[Thai fried rice]]''' (ข้าวผัด, ''Khao Pad or Khao Phad''): The flavor of this version is radically different from that of common fried rice, mostly due to the use of [[Jasmine rice]] and has various additions not found in Chinese fried rice. It is usually served with sliced cucumber and "Prik nam pla", a spicy sauce made of [[Thai chili]], [[fish sauce]] and chopped garlic.
* '''[[American Fried Rice]]''' (ข้าวผัดอเมริกัน, ''Khao pad Amerigan''): This style of fried rice is actually a Thai invention using hot dogs, fried chicken, eggs as side dishes or mixed into rice fried with ketchup. Apparently, this was served to G.I.s during the Vietnam war, {{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} but now has become very popular and commonplace all throughout Thailand. The Malaysian counterpart, substituting pork with chicken, is called ''Nasi Goreng USA''.
* '''[[Nasi goreng]]''': An [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian]] and Malay version of fried rice. The main difference compared to fried rice is that it is cooked with sweet soy sauce ([[kecap manis]]). It is often accompanied by additional items such as a fried egg, fried chicken, [[satay]], or [[krupuk]]. Served in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the southern Philippines, and most of the neighboring countries. Also very popular in the Netherlands.
* '''[[Chifa|Chaufa]]''': A popular version of fried rice in [[Peru]]. Brought by Asian immigrants, it combines the traditional Chinese recipe with a distinct touch of South American flavor.
* '''[[Chaulafan]]''': A popular version of fried rice in [[Ecuador]], brought by Asian immigrants and served for Westerners in small Chinese restaurants called Chifas where you can get cheap Chinese food. This dish is characterized by using a kind of soy sauce that is mostly burnt sugar. Ingredients are usually bbq pork, beef, chicken or shrimp.
* '''[[Kimchi bokkeumbap]]''' or kimchi fried rice: A popular variety of fried rice prepared with Korean pickled cabbage, [[kimchi]], and a variable list of other ingredients. Although a wide range of fried rice dishes are frequently prepared in [[Korean cuisine]], often with whichever ingredients are handy, Kimchi Fried Rice is a popular variety.
*'''Sinangag''' or ''Garlic Fried Rice'': A [[Filipino cuisine|Filipino]] version, only containing garlic (''bawang'') and is often a breakfast fixture. Sinangag is often part of [[tapsilog]].
*'''Curry fried rice''': standard fried rice mixed with curry powder for a spicier flavor.
*'''Hawaiian fried rice''': A common style of fried rice in [[Hawaii]]. Usually contains egg, green onions, peas, cubed carrots, and one or both of [[linguiça|Portuguese sausage]] and [[Spam (food)|Spam]]. Also sometimes available with kimchi added. Normally cooked in sesame oil.
*'''Arroz Frito (Cuban Fried Rice)''': Very similar to "Special Fried Rice", this version of fried rice can be found alongside typical ''criollo'' dishes in many Cuban restaurants. This dish features ham, bbq pork, shrimp, chicken, and eggs along with a variety of vegetables. Some restaurants add ''lechón'' (Cuban-style suckling pig), lobster tails, and/or crab. [[Chinese Cubans]] are responsible for the dish's popularity.
*'''Omelette rice''': also known as [[Omurice]] in Japanese. The fried rice is wrapped inside the egg omelette. The fried rice is generally mixed with a variety of vegetables and meat. [[Ketchup]] is added.

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
{{Div col|2}}
* [[Nasi goreng]]
* [[Biryani]]
* [[Pilaf]]
* [[Paella]]
* [[Arroz a la valenciana]]
* [[Arròs negre]]
* [[Jambalaya]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{cookbook}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/database/eggfriedrice_89260.shtml BBC Food recipe]

{{Rice dishes}}
{{Guangdong topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fried Rice}}
[[Category:Rice dishes]]
[[Category:American Chinese cuisine]]
[[Category:Canadian Chinese cuisine]]
[[Category:Indonesian cuisine]]
[[Category:Korean cuisine]]
[[Category:Malaysian cuisine]]
[[Category:Philippine cuisine]]
[[Category:Singaporean cuisine]]
[[Category:Thai cuisine]]

[[ceb:Sinangag]]
[[es:Arroz frito]]
[[fa:چاهان]]
[[fr:Riz cantonais]]
[[ko:볶음밥]]
[[it:Riso cantonese]]
[[ja:チャーハン]]
[[ru:Жареный рис]]
[[tl:Sinangag]]
[[uk:Смажений рис]]
[[ur:چائینیز چاول]]
[[vi:Cơm chiên]]
[[zh-yue:炒飯]]
[[zh:炒飯]]

Benutzer:Slashme/Frittierter Reis

2012-01-31T20:14:09Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 173.160.25.10 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)

Theodore Long

2012-01-19T21:35:09Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 24.34.209.147 (talk) addition of unsourced negative content to a biographical article (HG)

{{other persons}}
{{Infobox wrestler
|name = Theodore Long
|image = Teddylong.jpg
|names = '''Teddy Long''' '''Theodore Long''' T-Lo
|height = {{height|ft=5|in=7}}<ref>http://www.wwe.com/superstars/smackdown/theodorelong/</ref>
|weight = {{convert|173|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
|birth_date = {{birthdate and age|1947|9|15}}
|birth_place = [[Birmingham, Alabama]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|resides = [[Miami, Florida]]
|billed = [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
|debut = 1985
}}
'''Theodore R. "Teddy" Long''' (born September 15, 1947)<ref>This birthdate is courtesy of his Intelius record</ref> is an [[United States|American]] [[professional wrestling]] [[Manager (professional wrestling)|manager]] and former [[Referee (professional wrestling)|referee]] who currently works for [[WWE]] on its [[WWE Friday Night SmackDown|SmackDown]] [[WWE Brand Extension|brand]] as its [[Professional wrestling authority figures#General managers 2|General Manager]].

==Professional wrestling career==
===National Wrestling Alliance / World Championship Wrestling===
Long started out as an errand boy for wrestlers [[Tommy Rich]] and [[Abdullah the Butcher]]. He eventually became a member of the ringcrew and was promoted to referee in the [[National Wrestling Alliance|NWA's]] [[Jim Crockett Promotions]] in 1985 as Teddy Long.<ref name="Soul">{{cite episode|title=Soul of Wrestling|series=Legends of Wrestling|serieslink=WWE Classics On Demand#Legends of Wrestling|airdate=February 2009}}</ref> In 1989, at the [[Chi-Town Rumble]] event, Long ran in and counted three, making [[Ricky Steamboat]] the [[NWA World Heavyweight Championship|NWA World Champion]]. Shortly thereafter, Long began to turn into a villainous character when he started to bend the rules for the [[Heel (professional wrestling)|villains]]. On April 2, 1989 at the ''[[Clash of Champions]]'' in [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]], Long blatantly made a fast count allowing [[Mike Rotunda]] and [["Dr. Death" Steve Williams]] to defeat the [[Road Warriors]] for the [[NWA World Tag Team Championship]]. After this match, the National Wrestling Alliance relieved Long of his refereeing duties. This was actually a story lifted from [[Championship Wrestling from Florida]], where Long had been a referee and did several heel-decisions in the ring, including one for [[Ron Simmons]] over [[Skip Young]]. While riding with [[Kevin Sullivan (wrestler)|Kevin Sullivan]] and [[Eddie Gilbert (wrestler)|Eddie Gilbert]], Long would DJ for them. After hearing Long talk, the two convinced [[Jim Ross]] to give Long a managerial role, managing "Norman The Lunatic".<ref name="Soul"/>
Long became the manager of [[Doom (professional wrestling)|Doom]] ([[Ron Simmons]] and [[Butch Reed]]) and led them to the World Tag Team Titles. He also managed [[Marc Mero|Johnny B. Badd]], [[George Gray (wrestler)|One Man Gang]], [[Mike Shaw|Norman the Lunatic]], [[Skyscrapers (professional wrestling)|The Skyscrapers]] ([[Sid Eudy|Sid Vicious]], [[Dan Spivey]] and [[The Undertaker|Mark Calaway]]), [[Buff Bagwell|Marcus Bagwell]], [[2 Cold Scorpio]], [[Joseph Magliano|Joey Maggs]], [[Craig Pittman]], [[Jim Powers]], [[Bobby Walker (wrestler)|Bobby Walker]], [[Harold Hoag|Ice Train]] and [[Bobby Eaton]] while in Jim Crockett Promotions and WCW.

===World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment (1999-present)===
Long debuted in the WWF as a referee in 1999 at the [[Royal Rumble (1999)|Royal Rumble]] and stayed with that role until September 2002, when he was taken off the road. Like his previous referee stints, Long went by the shortened Teddy Long name during this period. He was a referee at the Over The Edge 1999 PPV, during the match after Owen Hart's tragic death: a mixed tag match between Jeff Jarrett/Debra and Val Venis/Nicole Bass. Long was the referee when [[Darren Drozdov]] ended up paralyzed and can be seen in WWE's Don't Try This At Home warning looking at the paramedics lift Droz up on a stretcher.

He was re-packaged as a villainous [[Manager (professional wrestling)|manager]] once again under his full name, and perhaps his most notable managing stint in this period came when managing [[D'Lo Brown]], [[Rodney Begnaud|Rodney Mack]], [[Christopher Nowinski]], [[Matt Anoa'i|Rosey]], [[Mark Henry]] and [[Jazz (wrestler)|Jazz]] at different times, telling fans to "get Down wit' da Brown" and to "Back da Mack." When he was drafted to ''[[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown!]]'', he managed [[Mark Jindrak]].

====SmackDown! (2004–2008)====
After [[Kurt Angle]] was fired from the [[Professional wrestling authority figures#General managers 2|General Manager]] position in July 2004, Long became the new and first African-American General Manager of ''SmackDown!''. Long immediately turned [[Face (professional wrestling)|face]] on his first night as GM when he fined Angle $5,000 for not having his wrestling gear with him. Because of his face turn, his new position saw him giving the fans what they wanted and making matches that put villains at disadvantages, notably [[John Layfield|JBL]], a stark contrast to other WWE managers, such as [[Eric Bischoff]] and [[Vince McMahon|Mr. McMahon]], who would blatantly favor heels. At first, he continued use of his "Hate-orade" talk, but less aggressively, and with humor. One example was when he stripped [[Booker T (wrestler)|Booker T]] of the [[WWE United States Championship|US Championship]] for "drinkin' Hate-orade." Long would also introduce the ''New Talent Initiative'' during this time, which saw the likes of [[Bobby Lashley]] and [[Mr. Kennedy]] debut in 2005 and [[Montel Vontavious Porter|MVP]] in 2006, among others. The ''New Talent Initiative'' would continue when Long moved to [[ECW (WWE)|ECW]] in 2008 and would see the debuts of [[Kofi Kingston]], [[Evan Bourne]], [[Chris Harris (wrestler)|Braden Walker]], [[Richard Young (wrestler)|Ricky Ortiz]], [[Ronnie Arniell|Gavin Spears]], and [[Jack Swagger]].

As part of the ''Raw'' vs. ''SmackDown!'' [[Feud (professional wrestling)|feud]], Long defeated then ''Raw'' GM [[Eric Bischoff]] at [[Survivor Series (2005)|Survivor Series 2005]] with the help of [[Marty Wright|The Boogeyman]].<ref name=match5>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/survivorseries/history/2005/matches/134645812/|title=SmackDown GM Theodore Long def. Raw GM Eric Bischoff|publisher=WWE|date=2005-11-27|accessdate=2008-01-02 }}</ref>

Theodore Long still had problems with Booker T and his defense of the United States title, however, as Booker T attempted to get out of title defenses on a number of occasions by pretending to be injured, and having other wrestlers fight on his behalf. Eventually, Long got tired of these shenanigans, and at [[No Way Out (2006)|No Way Out 2006]], Booker was told to face [[Chris Benoit]] or be stripped of the US title. Benoit won the match and was congratulated by Theodore Long.

After [[Randy Orton]] had cheated to obtain [[Rey Mysterio, Jr.|Rey Mysterio]]'s title shot at [[WrestleMania 22]], Long placed Mysterio back in the match and made it a Triple Threat match, at the same time warning Orton that he could still remove Orton from the match if he disobeyed Long.

At [[Judgment Day (2006)|Judgment Day 2006]] Long fired [[Melina Perez|Melina]] [[MNM|and]] [[John Morrison (wrestler)|Johnny Nitro]] from ''SmackDown!.'' On the following ''SmackDown!'', JBL suffered the same fate after losing the United States Championship to [[Bobby Lashley]], and then losing a [[World Heavyweight Championship (WWE)|World Heavyweight Championship]] match to Rey Mysterio in his ''Judgment Day'' rematch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/archive/05262006/mainarticle|accessdate=2008-08-01|date=2006-05-26|last=Dee|first=Louie|title=Kiss Him Goodbye|publisher=WWE}}</ref>

On the September 4, 2006 episode of ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'', Long appeared to a tremendous ovation in his hometown. During a six-person, intergender tag match between Randy Orton, [[Edge (wrestler)|Edge]], and [[Amy Dumas|Lita]] against [[Trish Stratus]], [[Carly Colón|Carlito]], and [[John Cena]], some fans chanted Theodore's name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/archive/09042006/mainarticle|accessdate=2008-08-03|title=R-K-Ohhhhh|last=Zeigler|first=Zack|publisher=WWE|date=2006-07-04}}</ref>

In April 2007, Long became the on-screen boyfriend of [[Kristal Marshall|Kristal]] Marshall, after weeks flirting with each other backstage. Long then began to look for an assistant so he could spend more time with Kristal, eventually revealing [[Vickie Guerrero]] as his new assistant on May 25, 2007, an appointment made partly at Kristal's request.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/archive/05252007/mainarticle|accessdate=2008-08-01|date=2007-05-25|last=DiFino|first=Lennie|title=Golden goals|publisher=WWE}}</ref> On the June 22, 2007 episode of ''SmackDown!'', Long asked Kristal to marry him. Kristal ran out of the ring, crying, but later agreed to marry him. On the July 27, 2007 episode of ''SmackDown!'', [[Ron Simmons]] was named the [[best man]] for "Theodore Rufus Long" and Kristal's wedding on the September 21, 2007 episode of ''SmackDown!'' emanating from Long's hometown of Atlanta, Georgia. The wedding was not completed, however, due to constant disruptions and Long having a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] just as he started to say "I do". He then fell in to a [[coma]].<ref>[[Vickie Guerrero]] on the October 5, 2007 episode of [[WWE SmackDown|WWE Friday Night SmackDown]]</ref> The storyline never finished out as planned as Marshall left the WWE shortly afterwards due to creative differences. Long returned on the November 30, 2007 episode of ''SmackDown!'' as the Assistant General Manager and made a match at [[Armageddon (2007)|Armageddon]] for the [[World Heavyweight Championship (WWE)|World Heavyweight Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/archive/11302007/mainarticle|accessdate=2008-08-01|date= 2007-11-30|last=Dee|first=Louie|title=Payback, 619 style|publisher=WWE}}</ref> He started to feud with Guerrero over her position as the General manager as she continued to favour [[Adam Copeland|Edge]]. On May 16, 2008, Long quit his role of Assistant General Manager.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/articles/6641268/judgmentrendered|accessdate=2008-05-16| title=Judgment Rendered|last=Tello|first=Craig|publisher=WWE|date=2008-05-16 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080518013130/http://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/articles/6641268/judgmentrendered  |archivedate = 2008-05-18}}</ref>

[[File:Theodore Long cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Theodore Long on his way to the ring.]]

====ECW and Return to SmackDown! (2008–present)====
On the June 3, 2008 episode of ''[[ECW (WWE)|ECW]]'', it was announced that Long had become the new General Manager of the ECW [[WWE Brand Extension|brand]] by order of the WWE Board of Directors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/ecw/archive/06032008/mainarticle|accessdate=2008-08-01|title=New, Extreme manager in town|last=Medalis|first=Kara A.|publisher=WWE|date=2008-06-03}}</ref>

On the April 7, 2009 episode of ''ECW'', Long announced he was returning to ''SmackDown!'' as General Manager, with [[Taryn Terrell|Tiffany]] replacing him on ''ECW''. By doing this, he became the first person in the history of the company to have a second term as General Manager. He made his official TV return to ''SmackDown!'' on April 10, when he announced that [[Hardy Boyz|the Hardys]] [[Matt Hardy|Matt]] and [[Jeff Hardy|Jeff]] would face each other in the first ever [[Professional wrestling match types#Stretcher match|stretcher match]] in ''SmackDown'' history.

At the [[WWE Breaking Point|Breaking Point]] PPV, Long restarted the World Heavyweight Championship match between CM Punk and the Undertaker after Undertaker made Punk submit using his ''Hell's Gate'' submission finisher, stating that the ban on the maneuver was still in effect. On the September 18, 2009 episode of ''[[WWE SmackDown|Friday Night Smackdown]]'', WWE Chairman [[Vince McMahon|Mr. McMahon]] instructed Long to go down to the ring and explain his actions regarding the conclusion of the [[World Heavyweight Championship (WWE)|World Heavyweight Championship]] [[Professional wrestling match types#Submission Match|Submission match]] between champion [[CM Punk]] and [[The Undertaker]] in which he (Long), as well as referee [[Joseph James, Jr.|Scott Armstrong]] and CM Punk played key roles in recreating the infamous [[Montreal Screwjob]] at the [[WWE Breaking Point]] [[Pay-per-view]] event (held at the [[Bell Centre]] in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]), site of the [[Survivor Series (1997)|1997]] fiasco. This time, with The Undertaker being the target of a planned conspiracy. As he returned from the ring to the back stage area, he entered his waiting [[limousine]] only to have The Undertaker in the drivers seat. Undertaker locked the doors and told Long "Buckle up, Teddy" (this itself is reference to an event which took place at the [[Backlash: In Your House|1999]] [[WWE Backlash]] event where The Undertaker had, after waiting for her to enter a limousine, [[kidnapping|abducted]] [[Stephanie McMahon#Abduction by the Undertaker/relationship with Test (1999)|Stephanie McMahon]]. On that night he said to her "Where to, Stephanie?"). The limousine drove off with clouds of smoke blowing from the rear windows. The following week on ''SmackDown'' Long was brought into the arena inside a [[coffin]] by Undertaker's [[druid]]s where he again legalized Undertaker's Hell's Gate submission hold. Long's heel turn was short because he later congratulated The Undertaker after defeating CM Punk at [[Hell in a Cell (2009)|Hell in a Cell]], thus turning [[Face (professional wrestling)|Face]] again. Teddy Long made a guest appearance on RAW and then later got superkicked by [[Shawn Michaels]] after Long refused to draft him to SmackDown. He then began a feud with [[Drew McIntyre]], the first part of which revolved around McIntyre qualifying for the [[Money in the Bank ladder match]] at [[WrestleMania XXVI]], which was instead won by [[Jack Swagger]]. On the 7th May episode of Smackdown, after McIntyre brutally assaulted [[Matt Hardy]], Long stripped McIntyre of his Intercontinental Championship and fired him. As a result, the Intercontinental Championship was vacant. Thus, Long issued the Intercontinental Championship tournament involving [[Christian (wrestler)|Christian]], [[Kofi Kingston]], [[Cody Rhodes]] and [[Dolph Ziggler]]. However, after Kingston emerged victorious against Christian, Long was issued a letter from Vince McMahon reinstating McIntyre and forcing Kingston to give his title back to McIntyre. He then made a match for McIntyre's Intercontinental Championship at [[Over the Limit (2010)|Over the Limit]] against Kofi Kingston.

On the May 28th episode of SmackDown, Long read the letter from Mr. McMahon's office given to him by Drew McIntyre and stated that [[Matt Hardy]] was going to be suspended until further notice after Matt attacked McIntyre at Over the Limit, and told Matt not to go near McIntyre and if he did so, Long would be fired as the General Manager of SmackDown.

On the June 11th episode of [[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown!]], a frustrated [[Drew McIntyre]] announced a match between Long and McIntyre would take place the following week on Smackdown per orders of Mr. McMahon. Drew said if Long didn't compete, he would be fired. McIntyre then went on to win the match the following week, after it was ordered that Long had get down on his knees, proclaim Drew as "The Chosen One" and then lay on his back and let McIntyre pin him without a fight. The next episode of [[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown!]], Long reinstated [[Matt Hardy]] into the [[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown!]] brand and made [[Drew McIntyre]] compete against the returning [[Matt Hardy]]. Hardy would win the match, but after the match, Long came out and told McIntyre that his visa had expired, and made security carry him out of the arena. On the July 9 tapings of SmackDown, McIntyre was reinstated and pleaded forgiveness from Long, even going so far as to nominate Long as a member of the [[WWE Hall of Fame]] as well as get on his knees and proclaim Long "the best boss he ever had." Long, however, did not believe him and announced a Money in the Bank qualifying match (for the upcoming [[Money in the Bank (2010)|Money in the Bank]] pay-per-view) against Kofi Kingston. McIntyre won the match, earning a place in the match, but McIntyre lost the SmackDown Money in the Bank Ladder Match with Kane winning it.

On January 21 episode of Smackdown, Long was found ([[kayfabe]]) unconscious in his office, suffering a head injury. He returned on the February 18 episode of Smackdown, where he revealed [[Vickie Guerrero]] and [[Dolph Ziggler]] to have attacked him. He then scheduled a match between the newly-coronated World Heavyweight Champion Ziggler and Edge. Edge would win the match, becoming a eleven-time world champion. After the match, Long would then fire Ziggler. The following week, he fired Vickie Guerrero after she lost a mixed tag team match.

On the May 6 episode , Long scheduled a World Heavyweight Championship match between [[Randy Orton]] and [[Christian (wrestler)|Christian]] who had just won it for the first time five nights previous at [[Extreme Rules (2011)|Extreme Rules]]. Christian would once again lose to Orton at [[Over the Limit (2011)|Over the Limit]]. On the June 3 episode, Christian was chosen by Long as the special guest referee for a World Heavyweight Championship match between Orton and [[Sheamus]] who beat Christian and [[Mark Henry]] in a triple threat number one contender's match for the title the week before. Christian would turn heel by hitting Orton with the title he had retained and lost to Orton again for the title at [[WWE Capitol Punishment|Capitol Punishment]] despite his foot being under the bottom rope. Long would turn face when Christian would blame Long for his "incompetence against the company" and scheduled Orton to defend his title against Christian at [[Money in the Bank (2011)|Money in the Bank]]. Christian would manage to find a way to include a clause that if Orton were to get disqualified, the title would switch hands and so it did. Orton would reclaim his title in a No Holds Barred match at [[Summerslam (2011)|Summerslam]] as well as on the August 30 Super Smackdown episode inside a steel cage.

On July 25 episode of [[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown]]. The new [[Chief operating officer|COO]] [[Triple H]] made [[Zack Ryder]] Theodore Long's new Assistant.

On the November 25 2011 episode of [[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown!]], after [[Bryan Danielson|Daniel Bryan]] seemingly successfully cashed in the Money In The Bank briefcase on Mark Henry to win his first World Heavyweight Championship, Long rushed down to the ring and declared the title change void, as Mark Henry had not yet been medically cleared to compete in an official match. He would schedule Bryan in a fatal 4-way match against Randy Orton, [[Cody Rhodes]] and [[Wade Barrett]] to determine the number one contender for Henry's world title which would be defended on the November 30 episode inside a steel cage. Bryan eventually won the fatal 4-way match but failed to win inside the steel cage. Had Bryan won, he would have become the first Money in the Bank holder to hold a world title and a Money in the Bank briefcase at the same time.

==In wrestling==
*'''Wrestlers [[Manager (professional wrestling)|managed]]'''
:*[[Marc Mero|Johnny B. Badd]]
:*[[Rodney Begnaud|Rodney Mack]]
:*[[Mark William Callaway|Mean Mark]]
:*[[George Gray (wrestler)|One Man Gang]]
:*[[Mark Henry]]
:*[[Jazz (wrestler)|Jazz]]
:*[[Mike Shaw|Norman the Lunatic]]
:*[[Joseph Magliano|Joey Maggs]]
:*[[Craig Pittman]]
:*[[Chris Jericho]]
:*[[Jim Powers]]
:*[[Bobby Walker (wrestler)|Bobby Walker]]
:*[[Harold Hoag|Ice Train]]
:*[[Bobby Eaton]]
:*[[Matt Anoa'i|Rosey]]
:*[[Mark Jindrak]]

*'''Teams and stables managed'''
:*[[Doom (professional wrestling)|Doom]] ([[Ron Simmons]] and [[Butch Reed]])
:*[[Skyscrapers (professional wrestling)|The Skyscrapers]] ([[Sid Eudy|Sid Vicious]], [[Dan Spivey]] and [[The Undertaker|"Mean" Mark Callous]])
:*[[Buff Bagwell|Marcus Bagwell]] and [[2 Cold Scorpio]]
:*Thuggin' and Buggin' Enterprises ([[D'Lo Brown]], [[Rodney Begnaud|Rodney Mack]], [[Jazz (wrestler)|Jazz]], [[Christopher Nowinski]], and [[Mark Henry]])

*'''Entrance themes'''
:*'''"[[WWE ThemeAddict: The Music, Vol. 6|MacMillitant]]"''' by Miestro (WWE; 2002–present)

==Matches==
When Long became SmackDown General Manager, he revived old and made new match types:

*At [[No Mercy (2004)|No Mercy 2004]], he put [[John Layfield|JBL]] and [[The Undertaker]] in a [[Professional wrestling match types#Last Rider match|Last Ride Match]]. The rules are similar to a Casket Match and an Ambulance Match where one opponent must put the other into the back of the [[hearse]] and drive out the arena. JBL won the first Last Ride Match due to interference by [[Jon Heidenreich|Heidenreich]]. At [[Armageddon (2006)|Armageddon 2006]], The Undertaker defeated [[Ken Anderson (wrestler)|Mr. Kennedy]] in the second Last Ride Match.<ref name="TakerKennedy">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/armageddon/history/2006/matches/34729442/|title=Ride to Hell|publisher=[[WWE]]|last=Tello|first=Craig|date=2006-12-17|accessdate=2008-07-12}}</ref>

*At [[No Way Out (2005)|No Way Out 2005]], JBL had to defend his title against [[Big Show (wrestler)|The Big Show]] in the first ever [[Professional wrestling match types#Cages|Barbed Wire Steel Cage Match]]. The rules were the same as a normal steel cage match, but the top of the cage had barbed wire around it so nobody could escape (despite the fact that a victory could still be declared if a competitor managed to escape). This was done by Long to make sure there was no interference from any superstars, primarily JBL's stable, [[The Cabinet (professional wrestling)|The Cabinet]]. JBL won the match when Big Show chokeslammed him through the ring, allowing him to escape underneath.<ref name="WWE main event results">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/nowayout/history/2005/mainevent/|title=JBL vs. Big Show in a Barbed Wire Steel Cage Match for the WWE Championship|date=2005-02-20|accessdate=2008-03-09|publisher=WWE}}</ref>

*Long also brought back the [[King of the Ring]] tournament in [[King of the Ring (2006)|2006]], although it was a ''SmackDown!''-exclusive event.

*At [[WWE Armageddon#2006|Armageddon 2006]], Long brought back the [[Professional wrestling match types#Inferno match|Inferno match]], where [[Kane (wrestler)|Kane]] defeated [[Montel Vontavious Porter|MVP]].<ref name="MVPKane">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/armageddon/history/2006/matches/34729443/|title=Back-burner|publisher=[[WWE]]|last= McAvennie|first=Mike|date=2006-12-17|accessdate=2008-07-12}}</ref>

*On April 10, 2009 episode of ''SmackDown'' he announced that [[Matt Hardy]] and [[Jeff Hardy]] would face each other in the first [[Professional wrestling match types#stretcher match|stretcher match]] in ''SmackDown'' history.

==Championships and accomplishments==
*'''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''
**[[PWI Manager of the Year|Manager of the Year]] (1990)

*'''Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards'''
**[[List of Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Worst Worked Match of the Year|Worst Worked Match of the Year]] (2005) vs. [[Eric Bischoff]] at [[Survivor Series 2005|Survivor Series]]

*'''[[WWE]]'''
**[[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown]] General Manager (July 29, 2004–September 21, 2007; April 10, 2009–present) (2 times, current)
***SmackDown Assistant General Manager (November 30, 2007–May 16, 2008) (1 time)
**[[ECW (WWE)|ECW]] General Manager (June 3, 2008–April 7, 2009) (1 time)

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Professional wrestling}}
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.wwe.com/superstars/smackdown/theodorelong WWE profile]
*{{imdb name|id=1079865|name=Teddy Long}}

{{World Wrestling Entertainment employees}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Long, Theodore
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 15, 1947
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Birmingham, Alabama]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Long, Theodore}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Atlanta, Georgia]]
[[Category:People from Birmingham, Alabama]]
[[Category:Professional wrestling executives]]
[[Category:Professional wrestling managers and valets]]
[[Category:Professional wrestling referees]]

[[ca:Theodore Long]]
[[da:Theodore Long]]
[[es:Theodore Long]]
[[fr:Theodore Long]]
[[it:Theodore Long]]
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[[ja:セオドア・ロング]]
[[pt:Theodore Long]]
[[ru:Лонг, Теодор]]
[[simple:Theodore Long]]
[[fi:Theodore Long]]
[[th:ทีโอดอร์ ลอง]]

Dawda Jawara

2011-12-13T21:39:32Z

Fluffernutter: clean up, typos fixed: the the → the using AWB

{{BLP sources|date=May 2010}}
{{Cleanup-rewrite|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox president
|honorific-prefix =Sir
|name = Dawda Jawara
|image = Sir dawda Jawara.jpg
|office = [[Heads of State of The Gambia|President of the Gambia]]
|vicepresident =
|term_start = 24 April 1970
|term_end = 22 July 1994
|predecessor =
|successor = [[Yahya Jammeh]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1924|5|16|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Barajally]], [[MacCarthy Island Division]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|religion =Muslim
|spouse =
|children =
|party =[[People's Progressive Party (The Gambia)|People Progressive Party]] (PPP)
}}
'''Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara''', [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]] (born May 16, 1924) was the first leader of [[The Gambia]], serving first as [[Prime Minister]] from 1962 to 1970 and then as [[Heads of State of The Gambia|President]] from 1970 to 1994.

Initially trained as a veterinary surgeon at the [[University of Glasgow School of Veterinary Medicine|Glasgow veterinary school]] he then moved to complete his training at [[Liverpool University]], he served as prime minister from 1962 until 1970. After the country abolished the rule of the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom]], they became a [[republic]] through a referendum and Jawara became the first president on April 24, 1970.

Born Kairaba Jawara on May 16, 1924 at [[Barajally]], MacCarthy Island Division (now [[Central River Division]]). His parents were Mamma Fatty and Almami Jawara, Sir Dawda was educated at the Methodist Boys’ High School in colonial Bathurst (now [[Banjul]]), then attended [[Achimota College]] in [[Ghana]], he then finished his studies at the [[University of Glasgow]].

==Childhood and Early Education==

Dawda Jawara was born in 1924 to Almammi Jawara and Mamma Fatty in the village of [[Barajally|Barajally Tenda]] in the central region of [[The Gambia]], approximately 150 miles from the capital, [[Banjul|Bathurst]]. One of six sons, Dawda is the lastborn on his mother’s side and a younger brother to sister Na Ceesay and brothers Basaddi and Sheriffo Jawara. Their father Almammi, who had several wives, was a well-to-do trader who commuted from Barajally Tenda to his trading post in Wally Kunda. Dawda from an early age attended the local Arabic schools to memorize the [[Quran]], a rite of passage for many Gambian children. Needless to say, there were no primary schools in Barajally Tenda; the nearest was in Georgetown, the provincial capital, but this boarding school was reserved for the sons of the chiefs.

Yet, as fate would have it, around 1933, young Jawara’s formal education was sponsored by a friend of his father’s,a trader named Ebrima Youma Jallow, whose trading post was across the street from Alammi’s in Wally-Kunda. Dawda was then enrolled at Mohammedan primary school. After graduation from Mohammedan, Jawara won a scholarship to a all Boys High School, where he enjoyed all his classes, but showed the greatest aptitude in science and math. Upon matriculation in 1945, he worked as a nurse until 1947 at the Victoria Hospital in colonial Bathurst. The limited career and educational opportunities in colonial Gambia led to a year’s stint at [[Achimota College]] in [[Ghana]], where he studied science. While at [[Achimota College]], Jawara showed little interest in [[politics]], even when Ghana and many colonies in Africa at the time were beginning to become restless for [[independence|political independence]] or internal self-government. While he was happy to have met Ghana’s founding father, [[Kwame N’Krumah]], the impact did not prove significant at the time.<ref>Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara, written by Dawda Kairaba Jawara</ref>

After attending [[Achimota College]], Jawara won a scholarship to [[Scotland]]’s [[Glasgow University]] to study veterinary medicine. This was indeed a remarkable accomplishment for two reasons. First, it was noteworthy at the time because colonial education was intended to train Africans for the most menial of clerical tasks in the civil service. And secondly, it was rare for Gambians to be awarded scholarships in the sciences. It was at Glasgow University in the late 1940s, that Jawara’s interest in politics began. In 1948 he joined the African Students Association and was later elected secretary-general and president, respectively. Also, while at Glasgow, Jawara honed his political interests and skills by joining the Student Labour Party Organization, Forward Group, and became active in labor politics of the time. Though never a “leftist,” Jawara immersed himself in the Labour Party’s socialist politics and ideology. At [[Glasgow]] Jawara met Cheddi Jeggan, [[Guyana]]’s future “leftist” prime minister, and classified this period in his life “as very interesting politically”.<ref>Saine, 2000</ref> It was a moment of rising Pan-Africanist fervor and personal growth politically. Yet, still a political career was furthest from Jawara’s mind upon completing his studies in 1953.

==Return to The Gambia==

When Jawara returned home in 1953 after completing his studies as a veterinary surgeon, he served first as a veterinary officer. He became a Christian, and now, as “David,” in 1955 married Augusta Mahoney, daughter of Sir John Mahoney, a prominent Aku in Bathurst. The Aku, a small and relatively educated group, are descendants of freed slaves who settled in The Gambia after [[manumission]]. Despite their relatively small size, they came to dominate both the social, political and economic life of the colony. It was this class that young David Jawara married into. Many opponents claim that it was a pragmatic, albeit an unusual, fulfillment of Jawara’s wish to marry a well-to-do Anglican woman.

As a veterinary officer, Jawara traveled the length and breadth of the Gambia for months vaccinating [[cattle]]. In the process, he established valuable social contacts and relationships with the relatively well-to-do cattle owners in the protectorate. Indeed, it is this group, together with the district chiefs and village heads, who in later years formed the bulk of his initial political support. As indicated previously, British colonial policy at that time divided The Gambia into two sections; the colony and the protectorate. Adults in the colony area, which included Bathurst and the Kombo St. Mary sub-regions, were franchised, while their counterparts in the protectorate were not. What this meant in effect was that political activity and representation at the Legislative Council were limited to the Colony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accessgambia.com/information/colonial-government.html|title=Information on Colonial-Government|accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref> At the time of his return to The Gambia, politics in the colony were dominated by a group of urban elites from Bathurst and the Kombo St. Mary’s areas. Needless to say, at a meeting in 1959 at Basse, a major commercial town almost at the end of the Gambia River, the leadership of the People’s Progressive Society decided on a name change, designed to challenge the urban-based parties and their leaders. Thus was born the Protectorate People’s Party.

In that same year, a delegation headed by Sanjally Bojang, a well-off patron and founding member of the new party, together with Bokarr Fofanah and Madiba Janneh, arrived at Abuko to inform Jawara of his nomination as secretary of the party. Jawara resigned his position as chief veterinary officer in order to contest the 1960 election.<ref>Sir Dawada Kairaba Jawara by Dawada Kairaba Jawara. Published by Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara (December 31, 2009)</ref> In that same year, the Protectorate People’s Party was renamed the [[People's Progressive Party (The Gambia)|People’s Progressive Party]] (PPP). The name change could not be more timely and appropriate, for it, in principle if not in practice, made the party inclusive as opposed to the generally held perception of it being a Mandinka-based party. Over time, the PPP and Jawara would supersede the urban-based parties and their leaders. This change is what Arnold Hughes termed a “Green Revolution,” a political process in which a rural elite emerges to challenge and ultimately defeat an urban-based political petty-bourgeoisie.<ref>The Oxford companion to politics of the world by By Joël Krieger, Margaret E. Crahan. Published by Oxford University Press, 2001</ref> Jawara’s political ascendance to the head of the party was hardly contested. As one of the few university graduates from the protectorate, the only other possible alternative candidate was Dr. Lamin Marena from Kudang.<ref>Saine, 2000</ref> In fact, some sources indicated that Marena was the first choice for the post of secretary general, which he declined. Jawara’s origin as a member of the cobbler caste was not looked upon favorably by some within the party and the electorate who claimed to, and in many cases actually did, come from royal background. In time, however, the issue of caste became less important, as the 1960 election results would demonstrate.

==Self-Government in The Gambia==

In 1962, Jawara became [[Prime Minister]], which laid the foundation for PPP and Jawara domination of The Gambia’s political landscape. With Jawara’s rise to power after the 1962 elections, the colonial administration began a gradual withdrawal from The Gambia, with self-government granted in 1963. Jawara was appointed Prime Minister in the same year, and independence came on February 18, 1965. This completed The Gambia’s peaceful transition from colonial rule.<ref>{{cite book|http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=soZ4pu8_l8wC&oi=fnd&pg=PA406&dq=sir+dawda+kairaba+jawara&ots=SW9A9h8sC2&sig=O7juA7cf849ztS-GGnoIUHY_e-g#v=onepage&q=sir%20dawda%20kairaba%20jawara&f=false|title= Countries and Territories of the World Vol III|publisher=pediapress}}</ref> Yet, independence had its many challenges, as years of colonial neglect left The Gambia with only two government-owned hospitals and high schools, and a poor infrastructure. Unfortunately, The Gambia also faced limited natural resources, a mono-crop export sector and poor social services. At independence, almost all African countries had evolved economies that were extremely vulnerable and heavily dependent on colonial markets and former colonial powers. Thus, Jawara and his cabinet inherited serious problems that influenced the subsequent course of politics in The Gambia. With a small civil service, staffed mostly by the Aku and urban [[Wolof people|Wollof]]s, Jawara and the PPP sought to build a nation and develop an economy to sustain both farmers and urban dwellers. Many in the rural areas hoped that political independence would bring with it immediate improvement in their life circumstances. These high expectations, as in other newly independent ex-colonies, stemmed partly from the extravagant promises made by some political leaders. In time, however, a measure of disappointment set in as the people quickly discovered that their leaders could not deliver on all their promises.

==The 1981 Aborted Coup==

The greatest challenge to Sir Dawda’s rule (other than the coup that ended his power in 1994) was a putsch in 1981, headed by a disgruntled ex-politician turned Marxist, [[Kukoi Samba Sanyang]], and some members of the Field Force (Saine, 1989). The attempted coup reflected the desire for change, at least on the part of some civilians and their allies in the Field Force. Despite Kukoi’s failure to assume power permanently, the attempted coup revealed major weaknesses within the ruling PPP and society as a whole. The hegemony of the PPP, contraction of intra-party competition and growing social inequalities were factors that could not be discounted. Also crucial to the causes of the aborted coup was a deteriorating economy whose major victims were the urban youth in particular. In his 1981 New Year message, Jawara explained The Gambia’s economic problems thus: {{quote|“We live in a world saddled with massive economic problems. The economic situation has generally been characterized by rampant inflation, periods of excessive monetary instability and credit squeeze . . . soaring oil prices and commodity speculation. These worldwide problems have imposed extreme limitations on the economies like The Gambia”.<ref>Sallah, 1990</ref>}}

The most striking consequence of the aborted coup was the intervention of the Senegalese troops at the request of Jawara, as a result of the defense treaty signed between the two countries in 1965. At the time of the aborted coup, Jawara was attending the wedding of [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]] and [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Princess Diana]] in London and flew immediately to [[Dakar]] to consult with President [[Abdou Diouf]]. While Senegal’s intervention was ostensibly to rescue President Jawara’s regime, it had the effect of undermining The Gambia’s sovereignty, which was something that had been jealously guarded by Gambians and Jawara in particular. Yet it was relinquished expediently. The presence of Senegalese troops in Banjul was testimony to Jawara’s growing reliance on Senegal, which consequently was a source of much resentment.

==The Senegambian Confederation==

Just three weeks after the aborted coup and the successful restoration of Jawara by Senegalese troops, Presidents Diouf and Jawara, at a joint press conference, announced plans for the establishment of the [[Senegambian Confederation]]. In December 1981, five months after the foiled coup, the treaties of confederation were signed in Dakar.<ref>http://www.gambia.dk/senegambia_confederation.html</ref> The speed with which the treaties were signed and the lack of input from the bulk of the Gambian population suggested to many that the arrangement was an exercise in political expedience. Clearly, President Jawara was under great pressure because of the repercussions of the aborted coup and the Senegalese government. Under the treaty with Senegal, President Diouf served as president and Sir Dawda as his vice. A confederal parliament and cabinet were set up with several ministerial positions going to The Gambia. Additionally, a new Gambian army was created as part of a new confederate army.<ref>Countries and Territories of the World Vol III</ref>

The creation of a new Gambian army was cause for concern for many observers. Such an institution, it was felt, would by no means diminish the re-occurrence of the events of July 30, 1981, nor would it guarantee the regime’s stability. By agreeing to the creation of an army, Jawara had unwittingly planted the very seeds of his eventual political demise. The army would in time become a serious contender for political office, different from political parties only in its control over the instruments of violence. Therefore, it seems likely that Jawara had few if any other option but to create a new Gambia army. Such an atmosphere, however, as the events of 1994 would show, was fertile ground for coups and counter coups. Perhaps more important, the creation of a new army diverted limited resources that could have otherwise been used to enhanced the strong rural development programs of the PPP government. The Confederation eventually collapsed in 1989.

Jawara did not resort to the authoritarian and often punitive backlash that follows coups in most of Africa. Instead, he made overtures of reconciliation, with judicious and speedy trial and subsequent release of well over 800 detainees. Individuals who received death sentence convictions were committed to life in prison instead, and many prisoners were released for lack of sufficient evidence. The trial of more serious offenders by an impartial panel of judges drawn from Anglophone Commonwealth countries is testimony to Jawara’s democratic impulses, sense of fair play and respect for human rights.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawar|author= Dawda K Jawara}}</ref> International goodwill toward the regime was immediate and generous and before long Jawara had begun a process of political and economic reconstruction of the country. Thus, it would have been premature to dismiss democracy in The Gambia at that time.

==Economic Reform==

As one of the most marginal nations in the capitalist periphery at the time of independence, The Gambia was incorporated into the world capitalist system as a supplier of agricultural exports (largely groundnuts) and tourism. Since independence, there has been little change in the structure of the economy, which remains very heavily dependent on groundnut production. Agriculture and tourism are the dominant sectors and also the main sources of foreign exchange, employment, and income for the country. Thanks to the growing economy, the government introduced in the 1970s the policy of Gambianization, which led to an expansion of the state’s role in the economy. There was a 75 percent increase in total government employment over the period from 1975 to 1980.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/200608160905.html</ref>

In mid-1985, The Gambia under Jawara, initiated the Economic Recovery Program (ERP), one of the most comprehensive economic adjustment programs devised by any country in sub-Saharan Africa. With the aid of a team of economists from the [[Harvard Institute for International Development]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]], The Gambia greatly reformed the economic structure of the country. Under ERP, in 1985-86, the deficit was 72 million Dalasis, and it increased to 169 million Dalasis in 1990-91 (Budget Speech, June 15, 1990). However, by mid-1986, just a year after the ERP was established, the revival of The Gambian economy had begun. The government reduced its budget deficit, increased it foreign exchange reserves, and eliminated it debt service arrears.<ref>Economic recovery in the Gambia: insights for adjustmet in Sub-Saharan Africa. edited by Malcolm F. McPherson and Steven C. Radelet. Published by Harvard Press, 1995</ref>

Under the ERP, money-seeking opportunities became more abundant, and, unfortunately, many private businessmen and public officials turned to illegal means to make profit. Corruption created a serious legitimacy crisis for the PPP. Several cases of corruption were revealed and these seriously indicted the PPP regime. The Gambia Commercial Development Bank collapsed, largely due to its failure to collect loans. An Asset Management and Recovery Corporation (AMRC) was set up under an act of parliament in 1992, but the PPP government was not willing to use its influence to assist AMRC in its recovery exercise. This was particularly embarrassing because of the fact that the people and organizations with the highest loans were close to PPP. In an embezzlement scheme at the Gambia Cooperative Union (GCU), fraud was revealed in Customs,<ref>Economic recovery in the Gambia: insights for adjustmet in Sub-Saharan Africa. edited by Malcolm F. McPherson and Steven C. Radelet. Published by Harvard Press, 1995</ref> and through the process of privatization, it was discovered that many dummy loans had been given to well-connected individuals at GCDB.<ref>Economic recovery in the Gambia: insights for adjustmet in Sub-Saharan Africa. edited by Malcolm F. McPherson and Steven C. Radelet. Published by Harvard Press, 1995</ref> A group of parastatal heads and big businessmen closely associated with the PPP (nicknamed the Banjul Mafia) were seen as the culprits responsible for corruption in the public sector.<ref>Economics and Politics in the Gambia
Tijan M. Sallah
The Journal of Modern African Studies
Vol. 28, No. 4 (Dec., 1990), pp. 621-648
(article consists of 28 pages)
Published by: Cambridge University Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/160924</ref> Driven to make profit, many elites did not refrain from manipulating state power to maintain a lifestyle of wealth and privilege. Corruption had become a serious problem in The Gambia, especially during the last two years of the PPP rule.

By 1992, The Gambia was one of the poorest countries in Africa and the world, with a 45-year life expectancy at birth, an infant mortality rate of 130 per 1000 live births, a child mortality rate of 292 per 1000, and an under-five mortality rate of 227 per 1000. At that time, 120 out of every 1000 live births died of malaria. The Gambia also had a 75 percent illiteracy rate, only 40 percent of the population had access to potable water supply, and over 75 percent of the population were living in absolute poverty.<ref>http://resourcepage.gambia.dk/demogrph/ras_2.htm</ref>

Structural adjustment programs implemented in response to the economic crisis resulted in government fragmentation, privatization, less patronage in co-opting various groups and growing corruption. The 30-years the PPP regime operated with diminished resources and therefore could no longer rule as it always had. The credibility of the competitive party system was severely challenged as Jawara’s PPP was unable to show that good economic management could lead to benefits for the majority of society.

To combat the myriad threats to political survival, a leader needs resources. Despite the existence of both state- and time-specific variations, it is possible to identify a range of resources leaders may employ to prolong their rule. African leaders have access to two types of resources: domestic (by virtue of their access to the state) and external (foreign aid, loans, and so forth). Given states’ widely disparate levels of domestic resources, with some possessing valuable mineral deposits and others confined to agricultural production, generalizations are unwise, although an accurate case-by-case assessment of a leader’s domestic resource base is clearly an important factor when explaining political survival.

==Regime Survival==

In The Gambia the PPP regime’s prolonged survival owed much to its leader. There existed an intimate, almost inextricable link between the survival of Dawda Jawara and the survival of the regime, Jawara’s apparent indispensability reflected his uncommon ability to maintain subordinates’ loyalty without forfeiting popular support. Jawara’s rule created and sustained a predominant position within the PPP.

With Jawara’s precarious hold on power at The Gambia's independence, his low caste status constituted a grave handicap and one which threatened to overshadow his strengths (most notably, a university education). The two pre-independence challenges to Jawara’s position demonstrated his vulnerability and illustrated the fact that he could not rely upon the undivided loyalty of the party’s founding members. At independence Jawara’s lieutenants regarded him as their representative, almost a nominal leader, and clearly intended him to promote their personal advancement.

Given these circumstances, Jawara’s task was to overcome his low caste status, assert his authority over the party and secure control over its political direction. In doing this, he did not use coercion. Politically inspired “disappearances” were never an element of PPP rule; neither opponents nor supporters suffered harassment or periods of detention on fabricated charges. That Jawara was able to eschew coercive techniques and still survive reflected an element of good fortune, and yet his skillful political leadership was also crucial. Within his own party Jawara was fortunate to be surrounded by individuals willing to refrain from violence to achieve their goals, and yet much of the credit for this restraint must go to Jawara—his skilful manipulation of patronage resources, cultivation of affective ties and shrewd balancing of factions within the PPP. Lacking the coercive option, and given that affective ties, which had to be earned, were a medium- to long-term resource, Jawara initially relied heavily on instrumental ties and distribution of patronage. His limited resource base posed an obvious, though not insurmountable, problem. Within the ruling group, ministerial positions—which provided a generous salary, perks and for some, access to illicit wealth—constituted the most sought after form of patronage and yet, before 1970, the number of ministerial posts did not exceed seven.<ref>{{cite book|title=From Green Uprising to National Reconciliation: The people's Progressive Party in The Gambia 1959-1973|author=Arnold Hughes|Published by Canadian Journal of African Studies}}</ref> By 1992 the number remained a comparatively modest fourteen. Despite these limits, Jawara skillfully used all the various permutations of patronage distribution (appointment, promotion, termination, demotion and rehabilitation) to dramatize his power over subordinates’ political futures and entrench himself as leader.

After independence, in response to the pre-1965 challenges to his authority, Jawara moved to reduce the size, cohesion and authority of the founding members as a group. Many of the party’s earliest adherents (even those who showed no outward sign of disloyalty) lost ministerial posts during the early years of PPP rule. Jawara may not have used force, but neither was he hampered by sentiment; his pragmatism and willingness to demote, or even drop, former supporters in order to strengthen his personal political position was apparent. Jawara further strengthened his political position with the incorporation of new sources of support within the ruling group. His enthusiasm for political accommodation stemmed from the closely related imperatives of weakening the influence of the PPP’s original members and avoiding political isolation. The original group resented the fact that newcomers had not participated in the early struggle for power and yet were now enjoying the fruits of their labor. The secondary factor of ethno-regional considerations compounded this resentment; those who were co-opted came from all ethnic groups in the former colony and protectorate.

Jawara’s popular support and cultivation of effective ties were crucial for easing the pressure on scarce patronage resources. Although the skilful distribution of patronage and associated tolerance of corruption (to be discussed later) played an important role in the PPP’s survival, Jawara did not rely on elite-level resource distribution as heavily as some of his counterparts.

==Corruption and Political Survival==

For many years observers viewed corruption in The Gambia as significantly less prevalent than in many other African states. In retrospect this view appears overstated, though it is true that corruption did not reach the heights seen elsewhere. Jawara himself refrained from excessive self-enrichment and many of his lieutenants followed suit. Conflicting survival imperatives—in particular, the need for foreign aid and popular support, both of which were unlikely to be forthcoming under a thoroughly corrupt regime, persuaded Jawara to set some limits on “allowable” corruption. The possibility of exposure in parliament or by the press provided a further constraint.

Nevertheless, events during the closing years of the [[People's Progressive Party (The Gambia)|People's Progressive Party]] rule together with post-coup revelations and inquiries suggest that corruption was both a significant phenomenon and one which played an important role in the [[People's Progressive Party (The Gambia)|People's Progressive Party]]’s survival. Jawara understood the political advantages of corruption. Fundamentally, corruption formed an important component of the patronage network, facilitating elite accumulation. It provided a means of creating and sustaining mutually beneficial and supportive relationships between PPP politicians (headed by Jawara), senior civil servants and Gambian businessmen.

Initially, then, corruption played a significant part in the survival of the [[People's Progressive Party (The Gambia)|People's Progressive Party]], uniting political, bureaucratic and business interests in a series of mutually beneficial and supportive relationships. In the longer term, however, it served to undermine the regime. Perhaps the first indication of this occurred in 1981 when, during the coup attempt of that year, Kukoi Samba Sanyang cited “corruption and the squandering of public funds” as a primary motive of intervention. No doubt there was a strong element of opportunism in Sanyang’s actions, yet the fact that he seized upon corruption as a suitable justification for his actions reflected increasing public awareness of the problem. Just a month prior to the coup, Reverend Ian Roach had spoken out publicly against corruption, the local press reported numerous instances of low-level bureaucratic theft, and higher up, Jawara’s leniency towards the ministers and civil servants towards the end of the 1970s was widely resented. The increased public awareness of corruption weakened the [[People's Progressive Party (The Gambia)|People's Progressive Party]] regime and furnished the 1994 conspirators with a suitable pretext for intervention. Since many soldiers reportedly regarded their unsatisfactory living conditions as a manifestation of corruption, it also gave them a motive. Sir Dawda may have underestimated the real risk a new army would pose to himself and the country, and in fact, may have dragged his feet in dealing accordingly with corruption. To this accusation he responded:{{Quote|“I believe in the rule of law and democracy. We are a poor country where petty jealousies exist. One buys a car or builds a house, so he must be corrupt, and Jawara did not do anything. I am expected to serve as a judge and policeman at the same time. At the Cooperative Union it was agreed that a Presidential Commission be established to investigate alleged corruption. Action was taken, then the coup occurred. We must let the law take its course. We were serious to run a government according to therule of law and for this we were highly rated and respected”.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sir Dawada Kairaba Jawara|author= Dawada Kairaba Jawara|publisher= Alhaji Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara|date=December 31, 2009}}</ref>}}

Of course, many African leaders are aware of the positive relationship between popular support and elite acquiescence. However, resource shortages had more likely than not persuaded leaders to priorities in favor of elites. In The Gambia two additional factors persuaded Jawara to pursue a somewhat different route to political survival. On the one hand, the [[People's Progressive Party (The Gambia)|People's Progressive Party]] needed to win successive multi-party elections. On the other, Jawara’s rejection of coercion as a survival technique meant that overt public challenges could not simply be suppressed; it was vital the latent threat posed by specific societal groups remain dormant. Fortunately, Jawara did have a great deal of public support.

==Personal Rule and Public Support==

Given Jawara’s prolonged political survival under difficult circumstances, one might expect the Gambian leader to have possessed exceptional political qualities. Jawara did possess three advantages; the same advantages which had prompted his selection as party leader in 1959. First was his protectorate birth and [[Mandinka people|Mandinka ethnic identity]]; Jawara personified the PPP’s early electoral appeal to [[protectorate]], and specifically Mandinka, sensibilities. His personal connections in the rural areas cultivated during his travels as a senior veterinary officer during the second half of the 1950s were seen as an additional electoral asset. Eclipsing both these attributes, however, was Jawara’s graduate status. Whereas most PPP members shared the same ethnic background, few could claim to have been educated beyond high school. Jawara’s university education both distinguished him from his colleagues and outweighed the fact that it was others who had initiated political activities within the protectorate.

In contrast to these advantages, however, Jawara possessed the decided disadvantage of low [[caste]]. As a member of the leather workers’ caste, Jawara’s social standing was much lower than many of his colleagues, which provoked doubt as to his suitability for the position of leader. Some regarded caste as a more important consideration than education and lobbied for the selection of the chief’s son, instead.

It is assumed that long-surviving political leaders do think in [[Political strategy|strategic terms]], that they have some sort of “game plan” for pre-empting and countering threats to their position. That is not to downplay the importance of less tangible factors, intuition for example, but simply to say that on some level, successful leaders consider how they might prolong their rule, and respond accordingly. Secondly, it is assumed that leaders possess sufficient authority to implement their chosen strategies and that degree of skill they bring to bear on a situation will influence the outcome. Accounting for the importance of leadership, scholars typically point to the absence of established constitutional rules, effective political institutions or widely shared values, all of which, to varying degrees, characterized African states. The impact of these characteristics has been analyzed in a study by Jackson and Rosberg. Adopting the classical concept of a [[Political system|political institution]] as “an impersonal system of rules and offices that effectively binds the conduct of individuals involved in them,” they suggest that, in most African states, non-institutionalized governments “where persons take precedence over rules” prevails. Conceptualizing African politics in this way caused Jackson and Rosberg to identify a distinctive type of political system which they labeled “personal rule.” Subject to certain modifications, the theory of personal rule provides a useful framework for the study of leadership and survival, not only explaining why leaders frequently play such a key role in the elite political sphere but also identifying the specific threats that they might expect to confront.

Without the backing of effective institutional rules, a personal ruler is undoubtedly vulnerable. Nevertheless, if elites generally are unrestrained by rules, the same is equally true of leaders. Constrained only by the power of other “big men,” the political liberation supplied by a system of personal rule enables a leader to utilize strategies (designed to strengthen his grip) that would be unthinkable in institutional systems. Moreover, the political rules may be changed, as in the establishment of a [[single-party state]] to suit a leader’s personal political convenience. He may also utilize constituent components of the system of personal rule, including [[clientelism]], [[patronage]] and purges, to perpetuate his rule. Adopting these strategies, a leader attempts to prevent politics from deteriorating into a violent fight, a fight he may well lose. Whether or not he succeeds is primarily dependent upon political skill. Jackson and Rosberg’s theory addresses threats to a regime’s survival, possible strategies to deal with threats, as well as the defining factor, or skill, which determines a leader’s success or failure.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/2010277|title= Why Africa's Weak State Persits|author= Robert Jackson and Carl Rosberg|journal= World Politics, Vol.35|published= Oct 1, 1982}}</ref> Somewhat surprisingly, this theory does not truly describe the state of Jawara’s leadership in The Gambia. Whereas systems of personal rule generally lack effective institutions and are “inherently authoritarian,” in The Gambia, Jawara’s adherence to democratic norms was responsible for both a non-authoritarian approach to power retention and a degree of [[institutionalization]].

Although the theory of personal rule cannot be applied wholesale to the study of Gambian politics, and is subject to certain modifications, it remains a useful model. The first general point, for example, is Jackson and Rosberg’s depiction of African politics as an “institutionless” arena. Although this perspective illuminates central features of the [[African politics|African political process]], it is important not to lose sight of the variations between states. States other than The Gambia have, at different times, exhibited varying degrees of institutionalization, some have undoubtedly enjoyed a “purer” form of personal rule than others, and in this sense it is possible to envisage an abstract scale of personal rule. The Gambia, though occupying a low ranking, would not, during the years of PPP rule, have been off the scale altogether. President Jawara was, in many ways, a typical personal ruler due to the pivotal political role he occupied, the threats he faced and the strategies he used attest to this.

One strategy or approach Jawara failed to adopt was [[authoritarianism]]. Jackson and Rosberg, noting the “widespread removal of constitutional rights and protection from political opponents, the elimination of institutional [[checks and balances]], the termination of open [[party politics]] and the regulation and confinement of [[political participation]], usually within the framework of a “single party,” describe systems of personal rule as “inherently authoritarian.” Jawara, on the other hand, retained a [[multi-party system]] (at least in theory), a choice which can be likely explained in one of two ways. First, it may have reflected Jawara’s perception of the political advantages of a multi-party system. If so, the theory of personal rule retains its utility. Thus, Jackson and Rosberg argue that personal rulers only follow rules when they “have been changed . . . to suit his . . . personal political convenience”.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/2010277|title= Why Africa's Weak State Persits|author= Robert Jackson and Carl Rosberg|journal= World Politics, Vol.35|published= Oct 1, 1982}}</ref> In Jawara’s case the rules were already “convenient”—there was no need to change them.

Conversely; it is possible to speculate that had the rules become a hindrance (had an opposition party won a general election, for example), Jawara’s commitment to a multi-party system was such that he would have agreed to step down. Though hardly the action of a typical leader practicing personal rule, this would nevertheless have been a personal decision. Nevertheless, although Jawara may have adhered to the rules which as a result of his personal skill as a leader had been retained, there was little to prevent him following the same route as other African leaders and instituting a series of authoritarian reforms. Indeed, many of his subordinates would have welcomed such a move. The element of restraint Jawara demonstrated with regard to political opposition was not dictated by fully established institutional rules. Rather, he chose a non-authoritarian approach. Jawara’s choice held important implications for the PPP’s survival. Perhaps most significantly, it compelled the cultivation of popular support, a feature not incorporated into Jackson and Rosberg’s theory of personal rule, which suggests that mass support is of negligible importance to a personal ruler’s survival. Though popular support may not be a necessary component of survival, it may be a significant factor in the longevity of both single-party and multi-party regimes.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/2010277|title= Why Africa's Weak State Persits|author= Robert Jackson and Carl Rosberg|journal= World Politics, Vol.35|published= Oct 1, 1982}}</ref>

The public support enjoyed by the PPP stemmed, in part, from Jawara’s personal popularity. A fundamentally pragmatic and flexible individual, Jawara was no ideologue and did not possess a charismatic hold on the populace. However, he did possess the ability to inspire trust. An important aspect of this was Jawara’s accessibility (assisted by the small size of The Gambia). He undertook annual “meet the farmers” tours,during which he listened to people’s problems and explained government policy as well as periodic meetings with sections of the Banjul Community. Despite the increased security surrounding the State House after the 1981 coup attempt, Jawara remained available to individuals or delegations seeking audience. In addition to being fairly accessible, Jawara remained “in touch” with his people. His lifestyle, though obviously comfortable, did not feature the insensitive extravagance of some African leaders. Whether distributing gifts or inspecting projects, he demonstrated a seemingly genuine concern for his people. As time passed Jawara’s longevity and seeming invincibility also worked to his advantage. Many Gambians simply could not imagine life without him.

==Treatment of the Press==

Jawara’s non-authoritarian approach to political survival extended to his treatment of the press, as evidenced by the fact that he eschewed the tactics favored by many other African leaders. He allowed newspapers to operate [[Freedom of the press|free of coercive legislation]], police harassment or frequent court appearances. Jawara’s tolerance reflected his readiness to risk legitimacy-deflating exposes in order to sustain his legitimacy-inducing reputation (both at home and abroad) as a peaceable democrat. The risk was lessened, too, by Jawara’s ability to keep corruption within limits, mass [[illiteracy]] and newspaper’s perennial lack of resources for [[investigative journalism]] or even producing issues on a regular basis. Almost certainly some ministers wished to see what one local observer described as a more “respectful” press, but as long as Jawara retained his commitment to press freedom, a change of direction remained unlikely.

Of course, the press was not only a to the [[People's Progressive Party (The Gambia)|People's Progressive Party]] but also served as a useful survival resource. Government-controlled newspapers, and Radio Gambia even more so, served as a useful communication and legitimization tool during elections or periods of difficulty for the regime, such as labor unrest and the introduction of the ERP. While opposition groups were not denied all access to the radio during elections and most major events in between received coverage, broadcasts were primarily a government tool and a degree of self-censorship was practiced.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
The Gambia Echo [http://www.thegambiaecho.com/Homepage/tabid/36/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1263/Default.aspx]
http://freedomnewspaper.com/Homepage/tabid/36/mid/367/newsid367/5105/Gambia-Who-is-Kairaba-/Default.aspx

==External links==
*[http://www.gambianow.com/home More stories of ex-Gambian president's legacy]

{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Pierre Sarr N'Jie]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Heads of Government of The Gambia|Prime Minister of The Gambia]]|years=1962–1970}}
{{S-aft|after=none}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], under the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Heads of Government of The Gambia|President of The Gambia]]|years=1970–1994}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Yahya Jammeh]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Ibrahim Babangida]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Economic Community of West African States|Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States]]|years=1989 – 1990}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Blaise Compaoré]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Blaise Compaoré]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Economic Community of West African States|Chairman of the Economic Community of West African States]]|years=1991 – 1992}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Abdou Diouf]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{GambianPresidents}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Jawara, Dawda
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = May 16, 1924
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Barajally]], [[MacCarthy Island Division]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jawara, Dawda}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:Converts to Christianity]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Leaders ousted by a coup]]
[[Category:Alumni of Achimota School]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gambia]]
[[Category:Government ministers of the Gambia]]
[[Category:People's Progressive Party (Gambia) politicians]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1981]]

[[br:Dawda Jawara]]
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[[el:Ντάουντα Τζαγουάρα]]
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[[hi:दाव्डा जावारा]]
[[io:Dawda Jawara]]
[[id:Dawda Jawara]]
[[sw:Dawda Jawara]]
[[nl:Dawda Kairaba Jawara]]
[[ja:ダウダ・ジャワラ]]
[[oc:Dawda Kairaba Jawara]]
[[pl:Dawda Kairaba Jawara]]
[[pt:Dawda Kairaba Jawara]]
[[fi:Dawda Jawara]]
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[[yo:Dawda Jawara]]

Kray-Zwillinge

2011-11-23T15:57:10Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 80.3.185.204 (talk) to last revision by Bearcat (HG)

{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Kray Twins: Ronald & Reginald Kray
| image_name = krays.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = The Kray twins, Reginald (left) and Ronald (right), photographed by [[David Bailey (photographer)|David Bailey]]
| birth_date = 24 October 1933 (both)
| birth_place = [[Hoxton]], London, England
| death_date = '''Ronnie:''' {{Death date and age|df=yes|1995|3|17|1933|10|24}} Broadmoor Hospital, Slough, England
| death_place = '''Reggie:''' {{Death date and age|df=yes|2000|10|1|1933|10|24}} [[Norwich]], Norfolk, England
| alias = Ronnie & Reggie
| charge = Murders of [[George Cornell]] and [[Jack McVite|Jack "The Hat" McVitie]]
| conviction_penalty = In 1969 both were sentenced to life imprisonment, with a non-parole period of thirty years.
| conviction_status = Both deceased
| occupation = Gangsters and club owners
| spouse = '''Reggie:''' {{marriage|Frances Shea|1965|1967}} (her death) {{marriage|Roberta Jones|14 July 1997|1 October 2000}} (his death)<ref>http://www.independent.co.uk/news/flowers-but-no-champagne-at-reggie-krays-wedding-1250735.html</ref><ref>http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/real-life/2009/10/13/roberta-kray-on-her-life-as-a-gangster-s-widow-86908-21743831/</ref> '''Ronnie:''' {{marriage|Elaine Mildener|1985|1989}} (divorced)<ref>Independent.co.uk, Obituary of Ronnie Kray</ref> {{marriage|Kate Howard|1989|1994}} (divorced)<ref>http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituaryron-kray-1611693.html</ref>
| parents = Charles Kray and Violet Lee-Kray
| children =
}}
'''Reginald "Reggie" Kray''' (24 October 1933{{ndash}} 1 October 2000) and his twin brother '''Ronald "Ronnie" Kray''' (24 October 1933{{ndash}} 17 March 1995) were the foremost perpetrators of [[organised crime]] in London's [[East End]] during the 1950s and 1960s. Ronald, commonly referred to as Ron or Ronnie, most likely suffered from [[paranoid schizophrenia]].<ref name="thebiographychannel.co.uk">{{cite web
| title = Ronald and Reginald Kray
| publisher=The Biography Channel
| url = http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/1385:1460/2/Ronald_and_Reginald_Kray.htm
| accessdate =8 August 2007
}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
The Krays were involved in [[armed robbery|armed robberies]], arson, [[protection racket]]s, violent assaults including [[torture]] and the murders of [[Jack McVitie|Jack "The Hat" McVitie]] and [[George Cornell]]. As West End [[nightclub]] owners, they mixed with prominent entertainers including [[Diana Dors]], [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Judy Garland]] and politicians. The Krays were highly feared within their social environment, and in the 1960s they became celebrities in their own right, being photographed by [[David Bailey (photographer)|David Bailey]] and interviewed on television. They were arrested on 9 May 1968 and [[convict]]ed in 1969 by the efforts of a squad of detectives led by [[Detective Superintendent]] Leonard "Nipper" Read, and were both sentenced to [[life imprisonment]].

Ronnie remained in [[Broadmoor Hospital]] until his death on 17 March 1995, but Reggie was released from prison on compassionate grounds in August 2000, eight weeks before his death in October from cancer.

==Early life==
Ronnie and Reggie Kray were born on 24 October 1933 in Hoxton, East London, to Charles David "Charlie" Kray, Sr, (10 March 1907 – 8 March 1983), a scrap gold dealer, and Violet Lee (5 August 1909 – 4 August 1982).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wargs.com/other/kray.html |title=Ancestry of the Kray twins |publisher=Wargs.com |accessdate=16 August 2011}}</ref> Reggie was born roughly 10 minutes before twin Ronnie. Charlie and Violet already had a six-year old son, Charlie Jr, (9 July 1926 – 4 Apr 2000).<ref>Charlie Kray's grave</ref> A sister, Violet, born 1929, died in infancy. When the twins were three years old, they were struck down with [[diphtheria]] and recovered. Ron almost died from a head injury suffered in a fight with his twin brother in 1942.

In 1938, having previously lived in Stene Street, [[Hoxton]], the Kray family moved to 178 Vallance Road, [[Bethnal Green]]. At the start of the Second World War, Charlie Kray Senior was called up into the army, but went into hiding travelling the country as a trader and avoiding the law.

The twins first attended Wood Close School in [[Brick Lane]] and then Daniel Street School.<ref>
{{Cite book
| last = Kray
| first = Reg
| title = [[Born Fighter]]
| page = 8
}}</ref> They were always trouble; people who knew them were too scared to say anything.

The influence of their grandfather, Jimmy "Cannonball" Lee,<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/6240696/Sixties-photographer-Brian-Duffy-has-died.html?image=7 "Reggie Kray with his grandfather, 1964"], photo (c) Brian Duffy, ''telegraph.co.uk'', slideshow with [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/7805616/Fashion-and-portrait-photographer-Brian-Duffy-dies-aged-76.html "Fashion and portrait photographer Brian Duffy dies aged 76"] by Roya Nikkhah, 5 Jun 2010 12:30 pm BST. Retrieved 5 June 2010.</ref> led both boys into amateur [[boxing]], which was at that time a popular pursuit for working-class boys in the East End. An element of rivalry between them spurred them on, and they achieved some success. They are said never to have lost a bout before turning professional at the age of 19.

===National Service===
The Kray twins became famous locally for their gang and the mayhem they caused. They narrowly avoided prison several times and in early 1952 they were called up for [[National Service]] with the [[Royal Fusiliers]]. They deserted several times, each time being recaptured.

While [[absent without leave]], the twins assaulted a police officer who had spotted them and was trying to arrest them. They were initially held at the [[Tower of London]] (they were among the very last prisoners ever kept there) before being sent to [[Shepton Mallet (HM Prison)|Shepton Mallet military prison]] in Somerset and gaoled for a month awaiting [[court-martial]]. They ended up being gaoled in the [[Home Counties]] Brigade Depot gaol in [[Canterbury]], Kent. Their behaviour there was so bad that in the end they were given a [[military discharge|dishonourable discharge]] from the service; for the last few weeks of their imprisonment, when their fate was a certainty anyway, they tried to dominate the exercise area immediately outside their one man cells. They threw [[tantrum]]s, upended their latrine bucket over a [[sergeant]], similarly dumped a dixie (a large camp kettle<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=dixie |title=WordNet Search – 3.1 |publisher=Wordnetweb.princeton.edu |accessdate=16 August 2011}}</ref>) full of hot tea on a guard, handcuffed another guard to the prison bars with a pair of stolen cuffs, and burned their bedding. Eventually they were discharged, but not before escaping from the [[guardhouse]] and being recaptured by the army one last time. The escape was executed when they were moved from a one man cell to a communal cell and they assaulted their guard with a china vase. Still, once recaptured and while awaiting transfer to civilian authority for crimes committed during their most recent period at large, they spent their last night in Canterbury drinking cider, eating crisps, and smoking cigarillos courtesy of the young National Servicemen who were acting as their guards.

==Criminal careers==
===Nightclub owners===
Their criminal record and dishonourable discharge ended their boxing careers. As a result, the twins turned to crime. They bought a run down local [[snooker]] club in Bethnal Green, where they started several [[protection racket]]s. By the end of the 1950s, the Krays were involved in [[wiktionary:Hijack|hijacking]], [[armed robbery]] and arson, through which they acquired a few clubs and other properties. In 1960 Ronnie Kray was incarcerated for 18 months on charges of running a protection racket and related threats, and while he was in prison, [[Peter Rachman]], the head of a violent landlord operation, gave Reggie the Esmeralda's Barn, a nightclub in [[Knightsbridge]]. This increased the Krays' influence in the West End of London, with celebrities and famous people rather than East End criminals. They were assisted by banker Alan Cooper who wanted protection from the Krays' rivals, the [[The Richardson Gang|Richardsons]], who were based in [[South London]].<ref>[http://www.met.police.uk/history/krays.htm Metropolitan Police, The Krays], accessed 28 October 2007</ref>

The twins then had a turf war with Islington's then infamous criminal twins, Brendan and Daniel Gallagher.

===Celebrity status===
In the 1960s, they were widely seen as prosperous and charming celebrity [[nightclub]] owners and were part of the [[Swinging London]] scene. A large part of their fame was due to their non-criminal activities as popular figures on the celebrity circuit, being photographed by [[David Bailey (photographer)|David Bailey]] on more than one occasion; and socialised with [[lord]]s, [[Members of Parliament|MPs]], socialites and show business characters such as the actors [[George Raft]], [[Judy Garland]], [[Diana Dors]], [[Barbara Windsor]] and singer [[Frank Sinatra]].

<blockquote>"They were the best years of our lives. They called them the swinging sixties. [[The Beatles]] and the [[Rolling Stones]] were rulers of pop music, [[Carnaby Street]] ruled the fashion world... and me and my brother ruled London. We were fucking untouchable..." – Ronnie Kray, in his autobiographical book, [[My Story (Kray book)|''My Story'']].<ref>[http://gangland.net/krays.htm The Krays], accessed 28 October 2007</ref> </blockquote>

===Lord Boothby and Tom Driberg===
The Krays also came into the public eye when an exposé in the [[tabloid newspaper]] ''[[Sunday Mirror]]'' alleged that Ron had had a [[homosexuality|sexual relationship]] with [[Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby|Lord Boothby]], a UK [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politician.<ref>David Barrett [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/lawandorder/5907125/Letters-shed-new-light-on-Kray-twins-scandal.html "Letters shed new light on Kray twins scandal",] ''Sunday Telegraph'', 26 July 2009</ref> Although no names were printed, Boothby threatened to sue, the newspaper backed down, sacked its editor, apologised, and paid Boothby £40,000 in an out of court settlement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/937275.stm |title=Obituary of Reggie Kray |publisher=BBC News |date=1 October 2000 |accessdate=16 August 2011}}</ref> As a result, other newspapers were less willing to uncover the Krays' connections and criminal activities.

The police investigated the Krays on several occasions, but the twins' reputation for violence meant witnesses were afraid to come forward to testify. There was also a political problem for both main parties. It was neither in the interests of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] to press the police to end the Krays' power lest the Boothby connection was again publicised and demonstrated, or those of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] because their [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Tom Driberg]] was also rumoured to have had a relationship with Ronnie.<ref>"Lords of The Underground", Channel 4 TV, 23 June 1997 + The Spectator, 28 June 1997</ref>

===Frank Mitchell===
[[Image:The blind beggar 1.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[The Blind Beggar]] pub in 2005]]
On 12 December 1966 the Krays assisted Frank Mitchell (nicknamed "The Mad Axeman")<ref name="met.police.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.met.police.uk/history/krays.htm |title=''The Krays jailed in 1969'' Metropolitan Police, accessed 28 October 2007 |publisher=Met.police.uk |accessdate=16 August 2011}}</ref> (not to be confused with [[Frankie Fraser]] – known as "Mad" Frankie Fraser, and contemporaneous, but allied with the rival [[Richardson]] gang) in escaping from [[Dartmoor Prison]]. Ronnie Kray had befriended Mitchell while they served time together in [[Wandsworth]] prison. Mitchell felt the authorities should review his case for parole, so Ronnie felt he would be doing him a favour by getting him out of [[Dartmoor]], highlighting his case in the media and forcing the authorities to act. Once Mitchell was out of Dartmoor, the Krays held him at a friend's flat in Barking Road. However, as a large man with a mental disorder, he was difficult to deal with and the only course of action was to get rid of him. His body has never been found and the Krays were acquitted of his murder.<ref name="met.police.uk"/> [[Freddie Foreman]], a former member of The Firm, in his autobiography ''Respect'' claimed that Mitchell was shot and the body disposed of at sea.

===George Cornell===
Ronnie Kray shot and killed [[George Cornell]] in the [[Blind Beggar]] [[pub]] in [[Whitechapel]] on 9 March 1966. Ronnie was drinking in another pub when he heard that Cornell was in the Blind Beggar. Taking Reggie's driver John "Scotch Jack" Dickson and Ian Barrie, his right-hand man, he then killed Cornell. Just before Cornell died, he remarked "Well look who's here." There had been a confrontation at Christmas 1965 between the Krays and [[The Richardson Gang|the Richardsons]] at the Astor Club, when Cornell, an associate of the Richardsons, referred to Ronnie as a "fat [[homosexual|poof]]". However, Ronnie denied this and said that the reason for the killing was because he gave him and Reggie threats. The result was a gang war between the two, and Kray associate Richard Hart was murdered at Mr. Smith's Club in [[Catford]] on 8 March 1966. Ronnie avenged Hart's death by shooting Cornell. "Mad" [[Frankie Fraser]] was taken to court for Hart's murder but was found not guilty. A member of the Richardsons claimed that he saw him kicking Hart. Cornell was the only one to escape from the brawl in top condition so it is likely that Ronnie thought that he was involved in the murder. Owing to intimidation, witnesses would not co-operate with the police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.met.police.uk/history/krays.htm |title=Metropolitan Police, The Krays, accessed 28 October 2007 |publisher=Met.police.uk |accessdate=16 August 2011}}</ref>

===Jack "the Hat" McVitie===
The Krays' criminal activities continued hidden behind their celebrity status and "legitimate" businesses. In October 1967, four months after the suicide of his wife Frances, Reggie was alleged to have been encouraged by his brother to kill [[Jack McVitie|Jack "the Hat" McVitie]], a minor member of the Kray gang who had failed to fulfil a £1,500 contract paid to him in advance by the Krays to kill Leslie Payne. McVitie was lured to a basement flat in Evering Road, Stoke Newington on the pretence of a party. As he entered, Reggie Kray pointed a handgun at his head and pulled the trigger twice, but the gun failed to discharge. Ronnie Kray then held McVitie in a bearhug and Reggie Kray was handed a carving knife. He stabbed McVitie in the face and stomach, driving it deep into his neck, twisting the blade, continuing as McVitie lay on the floor dying.<ref name="Read">Read, Leonard. ''Nipper Read, The Man Who Nicked The Krays''. Time Warner Paperbacks 2001. p.291-292. ISBN 0-7515-3175-8</ref> Several other members of The Firm including the [[Lambrianou]] brothers (Tony and Chris) were convicted of this. In Tony's biography, he claims that when Reggie was stabbing Jack, his liver came out and he had to flush it down the toilet. McVitie's body has never been recovered.

===Arrest and trial===
When [[Inspector]] Leonard "Nipper" Read of [[Scotland Yard]] was promoted to the [[Murder Investigation Team|Murder Squad]], his first assignment was to bring down the Kray twins. It was not his first involvement with Reg and Ron; during the first half of 1964 Read had been investigating their activities, but publicity and official denials surrounding allegations of Ron's relationship with Boothby had made the evidence he collected useless. Read tackled the problem of convicting the twins with renewed activity in 1967, but frequently came up against the East End "wall of silence", which discouraged anyone from providing information to the police.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}

Nevertheless, by the end of 1967 Read had built up evidence against the Krays. There were witness statements incriminating them, as well as other evidence, but none added up to a convincing case on any one charge.

Early in 1968 the twins used a man named [[Alan Bruce Cooper]] who hired and sent [[Paul Elvey]] to [[Glasgow]] to buy explosives for rigging a car bomb. Elvey was the radio engineer who put [[Radio Sutch]], later renamed [[Radio City]] on the air in 1964. Police detained him in Scotland and he confessed he had been involved in three botched murder attempts. However, this evidence was weakened by Cooper, who claimed to be an agent for the [[United States Treasury Department]] investigating links between the American [[mafia]] and the Kray gang. The botched murders were his work, in an attempt to pin something on the Krays. Read tried using Cooper, who was also being employed as a source by one of Read's superior officers, as a trap for Ron and Reg, but they stayed away from him. See pages 215–222 and pages 250 and 279 of 'Nipper Read, the man who Nicked the Krays', by Leonard Read with James Morton. Time-Warner paperbacks, London, 1992. ISBN 0-7515-3175-8.

===Conviction and imprisonment===
Eventually, a [[Scotland Yard]] conference decided to arrest the Krays on the evidence already collected, in the hope that other witnesses would be forthcoming once the Krays were in custody. On 8 May 1968,<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/8/newsid_2518000/2518695.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=1968: Krays held on suspicion of murder | date=8 May 1968 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref> the Krays and 15 other members of their "firm" were arrested. Many witnesses came forward now that the Krays' reign of intimidation was over, and it was relatively easy to gain a conviction. The Krays and 14 others were convicted, with one member of the firm being acquitted. One of the firm members that provided a lot of the information to the police was arrested yet only for a short period. Out of the 17 official firm members, 16 were arrested and convicted. The twins' defence, under their counsel [[John Platts-Mills]], [[Queen's Counsel|QC]], consisted of flat denials of all charges and the discrediting of witnesses by pointing out their criminal past. The judge, Mr Justice [[Aubrey Melford Steed Stevenson|Melford Stevenson]] said: "In my view, society has earned a rest from your activities."<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/88883.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Kray decision attacked | date=7 May 1998 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref> Both were sentenced to [[life imprisonment]], with a non-parole period of 30 years for the murders of Cornell and McVitie, the longest sentences ever passed at the [[Old Bailey]] (Central Criminal Court, London) for murder.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/The_Krays/ | work=The Times | location=London | title=The Kray twins | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref> Their brother Charlie was jailed for 10 years for his part in the murders.

===Imprisonment===
On 11 August 1982, under tight security, Ronnie and Reggie Kray were allowed to attend the funeral of their mother Violet, who had died of cancer the week before, but they were not allowed to attend the graveside service at [[Chingford]] Mount cemetery in East London where their mother was interred in the Kray family plot. The service was attended by celebrities including [[Diana Dors]] and underworld figures known to the Krays.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/11/newsid_2528000/2528969.stm 1982: Krays let out for mother's funeral] accessed 28 October 2007</ref> The twins did not ask to attend their father's funeral when he died seven months later in March 1983: this was to avoid the publicity that had surrounded their mother's funeral.

==Deaths==
Ronnie was eventually once more certified insane and lived the remainder of his life in [[Broadmoor Hospital]], [[Crowthorne]], dying on 17 March 1995 of a massive heart attack, aged 61. His funeral on 29 March 1995 was an enormous event with people lining the streets.

Reggie Kray was a [[Prison security categories in the United Kingdom|Category A]] prisoner, denied almost all liberties and not allowed to mix with other prisoners. However, in his later years, he was downgraded to Category C and transferred to [[Norfolk]]'s [[Wayland (HM prison)|Wayland Prison]].

In 1985, officials at Broadmoor Hospital discovered a business card of Ron's, which prompted an investigation that revealed the twins – incarcerated at separate institutions – along with their older brother, Charlie, and another accomplice who was not in prison, were operating a "lucrative bodyguard and 'protection' business for Hollywood stars". Documents released under Freedom of Information laws revealed that officials were concerned about this operation, called Krayleigh Enterprises, but believed there was no legal basis to shut it down. Documentation of the investigation reveals [[Frank Sinatra]] hired 18 bodyguards from Krayleigh Enterprises in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|author=Vanessa Allen|date= 2 January 2010|title=How the Krays ran a protection business for Sinatra and Co from behind bars|publisher=Daily Mail (online)|accessdate=28 August 2010|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1239926/How-Krays-ran-protection-business-Sinatra-Co-bars.html}}</ref>

During incarceration, Reggie became a [[born again Christian]]. After serving more than the recommended 30 years he was sentenced to in March 1969, he was finally freed from Wayland on 26 August 2000, at almost 67-years-old. He was released on compassionate grounds as a result of having inoperable [[bladder cancer]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-10882630: Can you really predict a prisoner's death?] accessed 6 August 2010</ref> The final weeks of his life were spent with his wife Roberta, whom he had married while in [[Maidstone (HM Prison)|Maidstone prison]] in July 1997, in a suite at the Townhouse Hotel at [[Norwich]], having left Norwich hospital on 22 September 2000. On 1 October 2000, Reggie Kray died in his sleep. Ten days later, he was buried alongside his brother Ronnie, in [[Chingford]] cemetery.

Elder brother Charlie Kray was released in 1975 after serving seven years, but returned to prison in 1997 for conspiracy to smuggle [[cocaine]] worth £69m in an undercover drugs sting. He died of natural causes in prison on 4 April 2000, six months before Reggie's death.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/701959.stm Gangster Charlie Kray dies] BBC; accessed 28 October 2007</ref>

==Personal lives==

Despite negative cultural attitudes of the time, Ronnie was openly bisexual, evidenced by his book My Story and a confession to writer Robin McGibbon on The Kray Tapes where he states, "I'm bisexual, not gay. Bisexual." He also planned on marrying a lady called Monica in the 1960s but was arrested before he had the chance. This is mentioned in Reggie's book Born Fighter.<ref>
{{Cite book
| last = Kray
| first = Ron
| title = [[My Story (Kray book)|My Story]]
| page = 94
}}</ref> Reggie once had a [[one night stand]] with [[Barbara Windsor]],<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2001/mar/25/ameliahill.theobserver | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Kray's deathbed secrets revealed | first=Amelia | last=Hill | date=25 March 2001 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk/england/1756592.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Kray 'murdered brother's wife' | date=12 January 2002 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref> whose ''[[EastEnders]]'' character [[Peggy Mitchell]] was reputedly based on Violet Kray (e.g. her matriarchy over two thuggish sons){{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}.

In an interview with author [[John Pearson (author)|John Pearson]], Ronnie indicated a strong identification with [[Charles George Gordon|Gordon of Khartoum]], explaining: "Gordon was like me, 'omosexual, and he met his death like a man. When it's time for me to go, I hope I do the same."<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pearson|date=24 August 2010|title=Psychopaths on parade: How National Service transformed the Krays into gangland thugs|publisher=Daily Mail (online)|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1305512/Krays-How-National-Service-transformed-twins-gangland-thugs.html|accessdate=28 August 2010}}</ref>

==Controversies==
{{Weasel|section|date=January 2011}}

Some{{Who|date=January 2011}} believe the Krays' sentences were harsher than deserved and that they were made an example of.<ref name="Page 437">Read. p437</ref> The Kray twins were tried as separate, responsible adults, although it was argued{{By whom|date=January 2011}} that Ronnie dominated his brother and was a [[Paranoia|paranoid]] [[Schizophrenia|schizophrenic]].<ref name="thebiographychannel.co.uk"/>

There was a long-running campaign, with some minor celebrity support, to have the twins released from prison, but successive [[Secretary of State for the Home Department|Home Secretaries]] vetoed the idea, largely on the grounds that the Krays' prison records were both marred by violence towards other inmates. The campaign gathered momentum after the release of a film based on their lives called ''[[The Krays (film)|The Krays]]'' in 1990. Produced by [[Ray Burdis]], it starred ex-members of [[Spandau Ballet]] brothers [[Martin Kemp (entertainer)|Martin Kemp]], who played the role of Reggie, and [[Gary Kemp]], who played Ronnie.

Some{{Who|date=January 2011}} argue that Reggie's several attempted murders, and the murder of [[Jack McVitie]], were carried out as a result of Ronnie's prompting, and to show that he was equal to Ronnie's earlier murders. Reggie wrote: "I seem to have walked a double path most of my life. Perhaps an extra step in one of those directions might have seen me celebrated rather than notorious."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/864752.stm Reggie Kray: Notorious gangster] BBC, accessed 5 November 2007</ref> Others, however, point to Reggie's violent prison record when he was being detained separately from Ronnie and argue that in reality, the twins' temperaments were little different.

Reggie's marriage to Frances Shea in 1965 lasted eight weeks, although the marriage was never formally dissolved. An inquest came to the conclusion that she committed suicide in 1967,<ref>
{{cite web
| title = Frances Kray (née Shea) (died 1967), Wife of Reginald ('Reggie') Kray
| publisher=National Portrait Gallery
| url = http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp68610
| accessdate =9 August 2007
}}</ref> but in 2002 an ex lover of Reggie Kray came forward to allege that Frances was actually murdered by a jealous Ronnie. Bradley Allardyce spent three years in Maidstone prison with Reggie and explained, "I was sitting in my cell with Reg and it was one of those nights where we turned the lights down low and put some nice music on and sometimes he would reminisce. He would get really deep and open up to me. He suddenly broke down and said 'I'm going to tell you something I've only ever told two people and something I've carried around with me' – something that had been a black hole since the day he found out. He put his head on my shoulder and told me Ronnie killed Frances. He told Reggie what he had done two days after."<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1756592.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Kray 'murdered brother's wife' | date=12 January 2002 | accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>

When Ronnie spent three years in prison, Reggie is said to have turned the "firm" around, putting it on a sound financial footing, and removing many of the more violent and less appealing aspects, if not actually turning it legal. Some{{Who|date=January 2011}} speculate that without his brother, Reggie could have turned the "firm" into one of the largest and most successful criminal organisations in Europe; however, the Kray business was always built on their reputation for savage violence, and it was Ronnie who was principally responsible. The twins were never able to cope well apart.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}

In 2009 a British television documentary, the Gangster and the Pervert Peer, was aired which revealed that Ronnie Kray was in fact a male rapist (commonly referred to in criminal circles as a "nonce case"). The programme also went on to detail his relationship with Tory Lord Bob Boothby as well as an ongoing Daily Mirror investigation into Lord Boothby's dealings with the Kray brothers. [http://tv.sky.com/the-gangster-the-pervert-peer]

==Publications==

* ''[[Our Story (book)|Our Story]]'', by Reg & Ron Kray (1989) – ISBN 0-330-30818-1
* ''[[Born Fighter]]'', by Reg Kray (1991)- ISBN 0-09-987810-0
* ''[[My Story (Ronnie Kray)|My Story]]'', by Ron Kray (1994) – ISBN 0-330-33507-3
* ''[[A Way of Life: Over Thirty Years of Blood, Sweat and Tears]]'', by Reggie Kray (2001) – ISBN 0-330-48511-3

==References==
'''Notes''':
{{reflist|2}}
'''References''':
{{Refbegin}}
* Reg Kray (1990) ''[[Born Fighter]]'' [[Random House]] ISBN 0-09-987810-0
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thekrays.co.uk/ The Krays.co.uk official website]
*[http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters/krays/index.htm ''The Kray Twins: Brothers In Arms''] at the [[Crime Library]]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/7/newsid_3325000/3325399.stm Krays BBC TV interview (1965)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/4/newsid_2515000/2515103.stm BBC: On this day...1969: Kray twins guilty of McVitie murder, Richard Whitmore's BBC report on the Kray murder trial]
* {{boxrec|id=76838}}
* {{boxrec|id=76841}}
*[http://www.timedetectives.co.uk/kray_twins_15.html "200 years of The Krays' Family History" from Time Detectives]

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Kray Twins}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Identical twins]]
[[Category:Crime in London]]
[[Category:Organised crime gangs of London]]
[[Category:20th century in London]]
[[Category:British mob bosses]]
[[Category:People from Bethnal Green]]
[[Category:People from Hoxton]]
[[Category:English mobsters]]
[[Category:English people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Prisoners in the Tower of London]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by England and Wales]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by England and Wales]]
[[Category:English prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:British murderers]]
[[Category:English murderers]]
[[Category:British criminals]]
[[Category:British boxers]]

[[no:Kraybrødrene]]
[[pt:Irmãos Kray]]

Das grausamste Spiel

2011-11-09T20:38:41Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 207.108.248.116 (talk) to last version by Mandarax

{{About|the short story by Richard Connell|the film|The Most Dangerous Game (film)|the novel by Gavin Lyall|The Most Dangerous Game (Gavin Lyall novel)}}

"'''The Most Dangerous Game'''", also published as "'''The Hounds of Zaroff'''", is a [[short story]] by [[Richard Connell]]. It was published in ''Collier's Weekly'' on January 19, 1924.

Widely anthologized, and the author's best-known work, "The Most Dangerous Game" features as its main character a [[big-game hunter]] from [[New York]], who falls off a yacht and swims to an isolated [[island]] in the [[Caribbean]], where he is hunted by a [[Cossacks|Cossack]] aristocrat. The story is an inversion of the big-game hunting [[safari]]s in [[Africa]] and [[South America]] that were fashionable among wealthy Americans in the 1920s.

==Synopsis==

Sanger Rainsford and his hunting companion Whitney are traveling to the [[Rio]] to hunt the fabled big cat of that region, the [[jaguar]]. After a discussion about how they are the hunters instead of the hunted, Rainsford hears gun shots, drops his pipe, and falls off of their boat while trying to retrieve it and into the Caribbean Sea. After he realizes he cannot swim back to the boat, he swims to an island, Ship-Trap Island, that is the subject of local superstition. He finds a palatial chateau inhabited by two [[Cossack]]s: the owner, General Zaroff, and his [[gigantism|gigantic]] [[deaf-mute]] servant Ivan. The General, another big-game hunter, has heard of Rainsford from his book about hunting [[Snow Leopard|snow leopards]] in [[Tibet]]. After inviting him to dinner, General Zaroff tells Rainsford of how he became bored with hunting because it no longer challenged him. Thus, Zaroff says, he decided to live on an island where he could capture shipwrecked sailors to send them into the jungle supplied with food, a knife, and hunting clothes to be his quarry. After a three-hour head start, he would follow them to [[human hunting|hunt and kill them]]. If the captives eluded him, Ivan, and a pack of hunting dogs for three days, General Zaroff would let the man go, but no one had eluded him that long thus far. Zaroff invited Rainsford to join him in his hunt but Rainsford, appalled, refuses. Zaroff then tells Rainsford that he will be the next person to be hunted (if he refuses he will be [[knout]]ed to death by Ivan).

Rainsford lays an intricate trail in the forest and climbs a tree. Zaroff finds him easily, but decides to play with him like a cat with a mouse. After the failed attempt at eluding the General, Rainsford builds a "Malay man catcher" which injures Zaroff in the shoulder, causing him to return home for the night. Next he sets a [[Trapping pit|Burmese tiger pit]], which kills one of Zaroff's hounds. Finally, he sets a trap that was a [[Uganda]]n native trick with his knife that kills Ivan, but not Zaroff. To escape the General and his approaching hounds, Rainsford dives off a cliff. Zaroff assumes Rainsford has killed himself and returns home. Zaroff locks himself in his bedroom and turns on the lights, revealing Rainsford, who had hidden by the bed curtains having swum around the island. Zaroff congratulates him on winning the "game" but Rainsford decides to fight him, and says "I'm still a beast at bay." The General accepts the challenge, saying that the loser will be fed to the dogs and the winner will sleep in his bed. Though the ensuing fight is not described, the story ends with Rainsford's observation: "He had never slept in a better bed, Rainsford decided," implying that he defeated Zaroff.

== Adaptations ==
=== Film ===

The story has been adapted for [[film]] numerous times. The most significant of these adaptations (and the only one to use the original characters) was [[RKO]]'s ''[[The Most Dangerous Game (film)|The Most Dangerous Game]]'', released in [[1932 in film|1932]], having been shot (mostly at night) on sets used during the day for the "Skull Island" sequences of ''[[King Kong]]''. The movie starred [[Joel McCrea]] as Rainsford (renamed "Robert" instead of "Sanger") and [[Leslie Banks]] as Zaroff, and added two other principal characters: brother and sister pair Eve Trowbridge ([[Fay Wray]]) and Martin Trowbridge ([[Robert Armstrong (actor)|Robert Armstrong]]). (Wray and Armstrong were also filming ''King Kong'' on the same sets during the day.)

Zaroff, the owner of the island, shares with Rainsford that he got bored of hunting and discovered the "most dangerous game," which Rainsford assumes is hunting tigers. Eve is suspicious of Zaroff and tells the doubtful Rainsford. A short time after Martin goes missing with Zaroff and his henchmen and during this time Eve and Rainsford go into Zaroff's trophy room to discover a human head. Then Zaroff comes back with the dead Martin and challenges Rainsford and Eve to the game in order to keep their lives. After a series of events including eluding Zaroff and faking Rainsford's own death, Eve and Rainsford escape as Zaroff falls to his death.

The story was adapted three times as a [[radio play]] for the series ''[[Suspense (radio program)|Suspense]]'', on 23 September 1943 with [[Orson Welles]] as Zaroff and [[Keenan Wynn]] as Rainsford, on 1 February 1945 with frequent Welles collaborator [[Joseph Cotten]] portraying Rainsford, and on 1 October 1947 for the ''[[CBS]]'' radio program ''[[Escape (radio program)|Escape]]''. In the first two of these productions, Rainsford narrates the story in [[wikt:retrospect|retrospect]] as he waits in Zaroff's bedroom for the final confrontation.

A second movie adaptation, a remake of the 1932 movie and also produced by [[RKO]], was ''[[A Game of Death]]'', released in 1945. Directed by [[Robert Wise]] at the very beginning of his long and distinguished directing career, the movie was regarded poorly. Footage from the original was recycled, and one actor from the original, [[Noble Johnson]], was cast in the remake. In keeping with events of the time, ''A Game of Death'' changed Zaroff into "Erich Kreiger", a Nazi, and was set in the aftermath of the [[Second World War]]. In 1956 a second official remake was made, ''[[Run for the Sun]]'', starring [[Richard Widmark]] and [[Jane Greer]].

==== List of film adaptations ====

* ''[[The Most Dangerous Game (film)|The Most Dangerous Game]]'' (1932)
* ''[[A Game of Death]]'' (1945)
* ''[[The Dangerous Game]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Run for the Sun]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Bloodlust!]]'' (1961)
* ''[[The Naked Prey]]'' (1966)
* ''[[The Woman Hunt]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Mottomo kiken na yuugi]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Turkey Shoot]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Slave Girls from Beyond Infinity]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Deadly Prey]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Lethal Woman]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Death Ring]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Hard Target]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Surviving the Game]]'' (1994) <ref>Stafford, Jeff [http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=84006&category=Articles "The Most Dangerous Game" (TCM article)]</ref>
* ''[[The Pest (1997 film)|The Pest]]'' (1997)
* ''[[The Tournament (film)|The Tournament]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Naked Fear]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Taxidermy (film)|Taxidermy]]'' (2011)

=== Television ===
The story has also been the basis for plots for several television series.
*''[[Gilligan's Island]]'' - "The Hunter"
*''[[Lost in Space]]'' - "Hunter's Moon"
*''[[Get Smart]]'' - "Island of the Damned" featuring 99 and Maxwell Smart being hunted in an island by a KAOS hunting enthusiast.
*''[[The Incredible Hulk (TV series)|The Incredible Hulk]]'' - "The Snare"
*''[[Logan's Run (TV series)|Logan's Run]]'' - "Capture"
*''[[The Monkees]]'' - "Monkees Marooned"
*''[[The Critic]]'' - one cold opening{{specify}} had Jay's boss, Duke Phillips, calling to tell him that he finally got his license to hunt man, and advises Jay to buy some running shoes.
*''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]'' - one "Dial M for Monkey" segment had Monkey being abducted by an intergalactic game hunter; the same hunter later had a cameo in an episode of ''[[Samurai Jack]]''.
*''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' - "[[Captive Pursuit]]"
*''[[Criminal Minds]]'' - "Open Season" where victims are found in Idaho wilderness after being pursued and killed by two avid hunters.
*''[[Codename: Kids Next Door]]'' - "Operation: SAFARI"
*''[[Supernatural (TV series)|Supernatural]]'' - "The Benders"
*''[[The Simpsons]]'' - In the "Survival of the Fattest" episode in "Treehouse of Horrors XVI," Mr. Burns invites a bunch of Simpsons characters to a hunting party, but it turns into a Most Dangerous Game hunt when he starts killing everyone in a hunting fashion.
*''[[CSI: Miami]]'' - "[[Hunting Ground (CSI: Miami)|Hunting Ground]]"
* ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'' - [[List_of_Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_episodes#Season_4|finale]] episodes "Padawan Lost" and "Wookiee Hunt." [[Anakin Skywalker]]'s apprentice [[Ahsoka]] is captured by [[Trandoshan]] hunters who hunt [[Jedi#Ranks_of_Jedi|Jedi younglings]] for sport.
*''[[Dollhouse (TV series)|Dollhouse]]'' - "The Target"
*''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' - "[[Homecoming (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)|Homecoming]]"
*''[[Dark Angel (TV series)|Dark Angel]]'' - "Pollo Loco"
*''[[American Dad]]''- "[[The Vacation Goo]]"- the Smith Family washes up on an island and are then hunted by a group of men, but it turns out the hunters were merely paintball players.
*''[[Star Trek]]''- "[[Arena (Star Trek: The Original Series)|Arena]]"

== Real-life parallels ==
[[Robert Hansen]], a serial killer who was active in the early 1980s, would kidnap women and then release them in the [[Knik River]] Valley in Alaska. He would then hunt them, armed with a knife and a [[Ruger Mini-14]] rifle.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

In 1976, Hayes Noel, a stock trader, Bob Gurnsey, and author [[Charles Gaines]] were discussing Gaines' recent trip to Africa and his experiences hunting [[African Buffalo|buffalo]]. Inspired in part by ''The Most Dangerous Game'', they created [[paintball]], a game where they would stalk and hunt each other; recreating the same adrenaline rush that came with animal hunting.<ref>Davidson, Steve, ''et al.'' ''The Complete Guide to Paintball'', 4–12. Hatherleigh Press, New York. 1999</ref>


== See also ==

* [[Human hunting]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisource}}
* [http://www.classicshorts.com/stories/danger.html Full text at Classic Shorts]
* [http://fiction.eserver.org/short/the_most_dangerous_game.html Full text at E-Server]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/TheMostDangerousGame Watch 1932 film Most Dangerous Game]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Most Dangerous Game, The}}
[[Category:1924 short stories]]
[[Category:Works originally published in Collier's Weekly]]
[[Category:Works by Richard Connell]]

[[it:The Most Dangerous Game]]
[[nl:The Most Dangerous Game (Richard Connell)]]

Cliff Bleszinski

2011-11-07T14:54:54Z

Fluffernutter: /* Personal Life */ please provide a source for this

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox Person
| name = Cliff Bleszinski
| image = CliffyB.jpg
| caption = Bleszinski at the [[Gears of War 2]] launch event in [[Universal City Walk]] Los Angeles in 2008
| birth_name = Clifford Michael Bleszinski
| other_names = CliffyB, Dude Huge
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|02|12}}
| birth_place = [[North Andover, Massachusetts]], [[United States|USA]]
| occupation = [[Game designer]]
| employer = [[Epic Games]]
| website = http://www.cliffyb.com
}}
'''Clifford Michael "Cliff" Bleszinski''' (born February 12, 1975) is the design director for the game development company [[Epic Games]] in [[Cary, North Carolina|Cary]], [[North Carolina]]. He is most famous for his continuing hand in the development of the [[Unreal (series)|''Unreal'' franchise]], especially 1999's Unreal Tournament, and the ''[[Gears of War]]'' franchise. He cites [[Shigeru Miyamoto]] as his biggest influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.giantbomb.com/cliff-bleszinski/72-9856/|title=Cliff Bleszinski|publisher=Giant Bomb}}</ref>

==Personal Life==
One of his brothers is Tyler Bleszinski, a sports [[wikt:Blogger|blogger]] who founded [[Athletics Nation]].

On his website, Bleszinski often shares his thoughts and feelings on the world, American culture, gaming, and life in general. He is occasionally cited for his charitable nature like helping fans get jobs in the industry. Bleszinski also lists his interests on his [[1UP.com]] page, citing ''[[Donnie Darko]]'' and ''[[21 Grams]]'' amongst his favorite films, with ''[[Choke (novel)|Choke]]'' and ''[[Stupid White Men]]'' as some of his favorite books.<ref>http://www.1up.com/do/my1Up?publicUserId=5474264</ref>

Bleszinski's first game was ''The Palace of Deceit: Dragon's Plight'', a 1991 pixel-hunting [[adventure game]] for [[Windows]]. He is also known for the games ''[[Dare to Dream]]'' and ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit (game)|Jazz Jackrabbit]]''. In 2006, he served as lead game designer on the game ''[[Gears of War]]'' for the [[Xbox 360]]. Bleszinski will be an executive producer on the upcoming ''[[Gears of war movie|Gears of War movie]]''.

Despite the extensive amount of weapons that Bleszinski incorporates into each of his games, he had no experience with a machine gun prior to a guest spot on ''[[Jace Hall|The Jace Hall Show]]''.<ref>{{cite episode | title = Jace Hall, Ep 3: Zach Levi! Cliffy B! And Cung Le! | series = The Jace Hall Show | airdate = 2008-06-19 | season = 1 | number = 3}}</ref>

According to Bleszinski's [[MySpace]] page and his website, he lives in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]].<ref>[http://cliffyb.com/info/faq.shtml CliffyB.com -- Frequently Asked Questions], accessed 2007-07-20</ref>

The nickname "CliffyB" was given to him derogatorily by "some jock kid" as a shy teenager, which he then took and developed a tougher persona around.<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/11/03/081103fa_fact_bissell?currentPage=all The Grammar of Fun]</ref> In 2008, he expressed a desire to retire the CliffyB moniker, saying it's "time to grow up a bit".<ref>[http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2008/05/21/cliff-bleszinski-done-with-the-cliffyb/ Blog post on MTV Multiplayer]</ref>

He is good friends with Comedian and [[UFC]] Commentator Joe Rogan.
<ref>https://twitter.com/#!/therealcliffyb/status/80361352287363072</ref>

==Credits==
===Video games===
* ''[[Gears of War 3]]'' (2011), Microsoft Game Studios<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Bulletstorm]]'' (2011), Electronic Arts
* ''[[Lost Planet 2]]'' (2010), CE Europe Ltd.<ref name=mobygames>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,1298/ |title=Mobygames Developer BIO |publisher=mobygames.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}} </ref>
* ''[[Fat Princess]]'' (2009), Sony Computer Entertainment America, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Shadow Complex]]'' (2009), Microsoft Game Studios<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Gears of War 2]]'' (2008), Microsoft Game Studios<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Tournament III]]'' (2007), Midway Home Entertainment, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Gears of War]]'' (2006), Microsoft Game Studios<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Brothers in Arms: Road to Hill 30]]'' (2005), Ubisoft, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Championship 2: The Liandri Conflict]]'' (2005), Midway Home Entertainment, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Tournament 2004]]'' (2004), Atari, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Devastation (video game)|Devastation]]'' (2003), HD Interactive B.V.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal II: The Awakening]]'' (2003), Infogrames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit]]'' (2002), Jaleco Entertainment, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Championship]]'' (2002), Infogrames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Tournament 2003]]'' (2002), Infogrames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Unreal Tournament (Game of the Year Edition)'' (2000), Infogrames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit 2: The Secret Files]]'' (1999), Gathering, Project Two Interactive BV<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Tyrian 2000]]'' (1999), XSIV Games<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Tournament]]'' (1999), GT Interactive Software Corp.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit 2]]'' (1998), Gathering, Project Two Interactive BV<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal]], GT Interactive Software Corp.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Jazz Jackrabbit: Holiday Hare 1995'' (1995), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Tyrian (video game)|Tyrian]]'' (1995), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit]]'' (1994), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Jazz Jackrabbit CD-ROM'' (1994), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Jazz Jackrabbit: Holiday Hare 1994'' (1994), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Dare to Dream Volume One: In a Darkened Room'' (1993), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''The Palace of Deceit: the Dragon's Plight'' (1992), Game Syndicate Productions<ref name=mobygames/>

===Filmography===
Jake and Amir (Note: He played himself)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bissell, Tom. "[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/11/03/081103fa_fact_bissell?currentPage=all The Grammar of Fun]." ''New Yorker'', November 3, 2008.

==External links==
*[http://twitter.com/therealcliffyb Cliff Bleszinski on Twitter]
*[http://www.cliffyb.com Personal website]
*{{moby developer|id=1298|name=Cliff Bleszinski's profile}}
*[http://cliffyb.1up.com/ Page On 1UP.com]
*[http://xbox360.gamespy.com/xbox-360/gears-of-war/771718p1.html Everything You Wanted to Know About Gears of War...] Article about Bleszinski's GDC2007 presentation "Designing Gears of War: Iteration Wins"
*[http://www.gamespot.com/downloads/6175466 GameSpot Video Interview with CliffyB]
*[http://videogames.yahoo.com/events/plugged-in/gears-of-war-3-debuts-on-late-night-with-jimmy-fallon/1396527 Gears of War 3 debuts on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon]

{{Epic}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Bleszinski, Cliff
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =Creator of The Xbox 360's Onoy Tood Series
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 12, 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[North Andover, Massachusetts]], [[United States|USA]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bleszinski, Cliff}}
[[Category:American video game designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:People from Essex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Raleigh, North Carolina]]
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]

[[ar:كليف بليزينسكي]]
[[es:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[fr:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[it:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[ja:クリフ・ブレジンスキー]]
[[pl:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[pt:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[ru:Блезински, Клифф]]
[[sv:Cliff Bleszinski]]

Snowtown murders

2011-11-07T03:55:52Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 118.210.21.2 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)

{{More footnotes|date=September 2008}}
{{Infobox serial killer
| name=Snowtown killers
| image=
| image_size=100px
| caption=
| birthname=[[John Bunting (serial killer)|John Bunting]] [[Robert Wagner (serial killer)|Robert Wagner]] [[Mark Haydon]] [[James Vlassakis]]
| alias=
| death_date=
| cause=
| victims=12
| country=[[Australia]]
| states=[[South Australia]]
| beginyear= August 1992
| endyear= May 1999
| apprehended=21 May 1999
}}

The '''Snowtown murders''', also known as the '''Bodies in Barrels murders''', were the murders of 11 (the twelfth charge of Suzanne Allen was dropped due to lack of evidence) people in [[South Australia]], [[Australia]] between August 1992 and May 1999. The crimes were uncovered when the remains of eight victims were found in barrels of acid located in a rented former bank building in [[Snowtown, South Australia]] on 20 May 1999. The town of Snowtown is 145 km north of [[Adelaide]], the capital city of South Australia. Though Snowtown is frequently linked with the crimes, the bodies had been held in a series of locations around Adelaide for some time, and were moved to Snowtown in early 1999, very late in the crime spree that had spanned several years. Only one victim was killed in Snowtown; none of the victims or the perpetrators were from that town.

Eight bodies were found in six plastic barrels in the disused bank vault on 20 May. Three days later two bodies were found buried in a backyard in [[Salisbury, South Australia|Salisbury North]], a suburb north of Adelaide. By the end of June, nine of the ten victims had been identified. The discoveries followed a lengthy, covert criminal investigation by [[South Australia Police|South Australian Police]]. During the investigation two mysterious deaths already known to authorities were found to have been murders perpetrated by the "Snowtown" murderers.

A total of four people were arrested and charged over the murders. All were convicted of the murders or assisting in the murders. The Court decided that [[John Justin Bunting]] was the ringleader of this conspiracy. More than 250 suppression orders prevented publication of details of this case. In early 2011, a judge lifted the remaining orders in response to a request by the producers of the film [[Snowtown (film)|Snowtown]], a dramatic account of the murders.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.news.com.au/national/snowtown-suppression-orders-lifted-for-film/story-e6frfkvr-1225991954297 | agency=AAP | title=Snowtown suppression orders lifted for film | date=20 January 2011}}</ref>

==Perpetrators==
* '''[[John Bunting (serial killer)|John Justin Bunting]]''' (b. 1966 in [[Inala, Queensland]]) was convicted of murdering all listed victims except Suzanne Allen. He was found to have been the leader of the perpetrators. Forensic psychiatrist Professor Kevin Howells, who has worked at [[Broadmoor Hospital]] in the [[United Kingdom]] suggested [http://www.smh.com.au/cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=/articles/2003/09/08/1062901998339.html] that Bunting's behaviour lacks emotion and the capacity to empathise with his victims. Howells observed that Bunting fits the profile of a [[psychopath]]ic killer who derives satisfaction from controlling his victims. When he was young, his favourite pastime was burning insects in acid. During his teenage years he was a neo-Nazi. During adulthood Bunting developed a deep hatred of [[paedophile]]s and [[homosexual]]s.
* '''[[Robert Wagner (serial killer)|Robert Joe Wagner]]''' was befriended by Bunting in 1991. He was encouraged by Bunting to assist him in the various murders, and complied.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Gruesome trail of killing| date=9 September 2003| publisher=[[Fairfax Media]]]] | url =http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/09/08/1062901996929.html | work =[[The Age]]| pages = | accessdate = | language = | location=Melbourne}}</ref>
* '''[[Mark Ray Haydon]]''' was not convicted of any of the murders, but pleaded guilty to helping the serial killers dispose of the bodies.
* '''[[James Spyridon Vlassakis]]''', along with his mother and half-brother, lived with Bunting, and was gradually drawn into helping with the murders and [[torture]]. Later became the Crown's star witness.
* '''Elizabeth Harvey''', Vlassakis' mother, who knew about the murders, and with Bunting's encouragement, assisted in one of them, died of cancer after the arrests of Bunting, Wagner, Vlassakis, and Haydon.
* '''Thomas Trevilyan''' assisted in the murder of Barry Lane in 1997, murdered by the other gang members prior to police involvement.
* '''Jodie Elliott''', sister of Mark Ray Haydon's wife Elizabeth Haydon, was a woman with below-average intelligence who had become besotted with Bunting. She impersonated a deceased former acquaintance of Bunting's, Suzanne Allen, to collect her social security payments. Elliott's son Frederick Brooks was later murdered by the gang.

==The murders==
Bunting moved into the Salisbury North home in 1991 and quickly befriended Wagner and his boyfriend Barry Lane, and Mark Haydon, who all lived nearby. <ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Gruesome trail of killing| date=9 September 2003| publisher=[[Fairfax Media]] | url =http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/09/08/1062901996929.html | work =[[The Age]]| pages = | accessdate = | language = | location=Melbourne}}</ref>

The various victims were mainly chosen on a whim by John Bunting for imagined infractions. He especially hated paedophiles, and some victims were murdered as Bunting suspected them of being a paedophile, usually based on flimsy evidence or rumour. Others were killed due to dislike of obese people, or drug users or because they were gay men. Most of the victims were friends or acquaintances of at least one of the group. Others were relatives, sometimes living in the same house as one of the killers. Others were briefly befriended and drawn into the group as they were picked as easy targets to satisfy Bunting's desire to commit murder. Usually victims' social security and bank details were obtained, and the murderers or their associates impersonated the victims to continue to collect their pensions after their deaths. Although a total of $97,200 was obtained in this manner, social security fraud was not judged to have been the primary motive for the killings.

The final murder was conducted in the bank building after the barrels had been moved there for storage. Of the scene encountered in this building, one Snowtown officer said: "It was a scene from the worst nightmare you've ever had, I don't think any of us was prepared for what we saw." The building was littered with tools used by the killers to torture and murder their victims, including:

* Knives
* A bloodstained saw
* Double barrel shotgun
* Coils of rope
* Rolls of tape
* Rubber gloves
* Cloths
* A [[Variac]] [[metallurgy]] tool that the killers used to administer electric shocks to the genitals and other sensitive parts of the victim's body

The pathologists report later revealed that prolonged [[torture]] had taken place using everyday tools such as pincers, pliers and clamps. Examples of all of these implements were found in the vault. Wendy Abraham [[Queen's Counsel|QC]], the deputy [[Director of Public Prosecutions]], reported at the [[Supreme Court of South Australia]] that the victims were forced to call their torturers 'God', 'Master', 'Chief Inspector' and 'Lord Sir'.

Ray Davies was [[garrotte]]d with a piece of rope and a tyre lever after being placed in a bath, attacked with clubs, repeatedly beaten about his genitals and having a toe crushed with a pair of pliers.

Frederick Brooks received [[electric shock]]s to his penis and testicles, and had a burning sparkler pushed down into his penis; after his toes were crushed and his nose and ears burned with cigarettes, he was allowed to choke to death on his gag.

A piece of the flesh of the eleventh and final victim, David Johnson, was fried and eaten by Bunting and Wagner.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200509/s1463414.htm |date=19 September 2005 |title=Snowtown killers 'cooked victim's flesh' |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate=10 May 2010 |work=ABC News Online}}</ref>

==The victims==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2011}}
* Clinton Trezise, 22 (d. Aug 1992) was found buried in a shallow grave in 1994 at [[Lower Light, South Australia|Lower Light]]. Was killed in Bunting's living room at his home in Salisbury North, by being bashed with a shovel after being invited in for a social visit.
* Ray Davies, 26 (d. Dec 1995), a mentally handicapped man who lived in a [[travel trailer|caravan]] in the back yard behind Suzanne Allen's house who became a target after her accusation that he was a paedophile. Harvey assisted in his torture. Davies was never reported missing.
* Suzanne Allen, 47. Allen was a friend of Bunting's. She died some time after Davies, and her remains were found buried above his in the garden of the house at Salisbury North. Her remains were wrapped in eleven different plastic bags. Her death was concealed by the accused and they continued to collect her pension, but they later claimed she had actually died of a heart attack. Based on the evidence presented at trial, the jury was unable to decide without doubt that she had been murdered.
* Michael Gardiner, 19 (d. Aug 1997) an openly gay man murdered after a suspicion arose that he was also a paedophile.
* Barry Lane, 42 (d. Oct 1997), a gay man and cross dresser who had been in a relationship with Wagner at the time Bunting first met them in 1991 when he moved to their neighbourhood. Trevilyan was a later boyfriend of Lane's. Lane had been tortured by having his toes crushed with pliers.
* Thomas Trevilyan, 18 (d. 1997) was found hanging from a tree near [[Kersbrook, South Australia|Kersbrook]] in the [[Adelaide Hills]], and was initially presumed to have committed suicide. He had helped in the murder of Barry Lane, but was later killed after discussing the crime with others. He was known to his family to have suffered from paranoid schizophrenia and was easily persuaded.
* Gavin Porter, 29 (d. Apr 1998), a heroin addict and friend of Vlassakis. After Bunting, Elizabeth Harvey, Vlassakis, and Youde moved to [[Murray Bridge, South Australia]], Porter also moved in. Bunting decided he should be the next victim after he was pricked by a discarded syringe Porter left on the couch in the living room. Porter was strangled in his car parked on the property.
* Troy Youde, 21 (d. Sep 1998), Vlassakis' half-brother and son of Elizabeth Harvey who was living with them at Bunting's Murray Bridge house at the time of his death. He was killed in the house after being dragged from his bed while asleep. This was the first murder Vlassakis participated in.
* Fred Brooks, 18 (d. Sep 1998). The intellectually disabled son of Jodie Elliott, a woman in love with Bunting, was chosen by Bunting as an easy victim and lured to his house where he was attacked and brutally tortured.
* Gary O'Dwyer, 29 (d. Nov 1998), man disabled in an earlier car accident and on a pension, O'Dwyer was a stranger, picked as an easy target. Was killed in his home in Frances Street, Murray Bridge, by Bunting, Wagner and Vlassakis.
* Elizabeth Haydon, 37 (d. Nov 1998), Mark Haydon's wife, killed by Bunting and Wagner in her home while her husband was out.
* David Johnson, 24 (d. May 1999) Vlassakis' step-brother. Murdered by Bunting in the bank building having been lured there by Vlassakis. He was the only victim to have died in Snowtown.

The investigation began to take shape after Elizabeth Haydon's brother reported her missing within days of her disappearance. Her brother did not believe her husband Mark Haydon's explanations for her disappearance, which seemed to contradict each other in varying versions he gave, and the brother also did not believe she would leave without her two young sons. Police found it suspicious that her husband had not reported her missing, and investigated her disappearance. Elizabeth Haydon was closely affiliated with all of the murderers, so they all fell under close scrutiny once police started their investigations.

The discovery that Trezise and Lane had known each other was one of the first clues in the police discovering that there was more than a routine missing person investigation.

==The storage of bodies==
The discovery of the barrels in May 1999 in Snowtown was the culmination of five years of criminal investigation. Police involvement with the then unlinked crimes had begun with the discovery of human remains at [[Lower Light, South Australia|Lower Light]]. After Elizabeth Haydon's disappearance, the police installed a listening device in Mark Haydon's house in Smithfield Plains, recordings which were later used as court evidence.

The remains found at Lower Light were later determined to have been those of Clinton Trezise, who had been murdered in Bunting's living room at Salisbury North, South Australia. Ray Davies and Suzanne Allen were found buried in the back yard of that house.

The bodies in barrels were variously stored in several places before finally being moved to the bank vault in Snowtown. These included a shed behind Bunting's house at [[Murray Bridge, South Australia|Murray Bridge]] in April 1998; the three barrels were then moved to Haydon's property at Smithfield Plains later in 1998. Then five barrels were stored in a [[Toyota Land Cruiser]] at [[Hoyleton, South Australia|Hoyleton]], a locality on the [[Adelaide Plains]] near the [[Clare Valley]], with a sixth in a [[Mitsubishi Sigma]] back at Murray Bridge. Both of these vehicles were later moved to Snowtown, and afterwards the barrels moved into the bank vault, which had been rented by Haydon, using the name "Mark Lawrence", the name he had used before he married.

The movement of unfamiliar vehicles to Snowtown, a small town where strangers stand out, and loading activity at the old bank led to the bank building being searched. Of the Snowtown location one local police source said, "From what I understand there was no person involved in those murders from within Snowtown or the surrounding district. They were murdered elsewhere and the drums were brought to Snowtown because it was a quiet little town and there was a premises ideal for the persons involved."

Examiners attempting to identify the remains found them mummified rather than dissolved, the latter being the apparent intention of storing the bodies in barrels of acid. The killers had chosen [[hydrochloric acid]] which mummified the remains.

==Trials==
After a series of pre-trial hearings, the first of the accused to be sentenced was Vlassakis, who was given four life sentences on 21 June 2001 after pleading guilty to four murders. Later that year, Bunting, Haydon and Wagner each pleaded not guilty to 10 counts of murder. Many of the charges against Haydon were later dropped due to insufficient evidence.

The Supreme Court trial for Wagner and Bunting began on 14 October 2002 and within a short space of time the court experienced difficulties with the jury. At least one juror refused to continue due to the horror of the evidence and some sources report that a total of three jurors withdrew from the panel for this reason. Both Bunting and Wagner were found guilty on 8 September 2003. Bunting was convicted of eleven murders and Wagner, who had pleaded guilty to three murders, was convicted of seven; both appealed their convictions. They were each sentenced to imprisonment for life on each count to be served cumulatively; the presiding judge, Justice [[Brian Ross Martin|Brian Martin]], stated that the men were "in the business of killing for pleasure" and were also "incapable of true rehabilitation".

The proceedings against Haydon continued into 2004, and on 2 August a trial opened in which he was charged with two counts of murder and six counts of "assisting offenders". Haydon testified that he was not party to the crimes. However, on 19 December, the jury returned from four days of deliberations, convicting Haydon of five counts of assisting in the crimes and reaching no verdict on the two counts of murder and the remaining charge of assistance. Haydon was held in detention as of December 2004 awaiting a possible retrial. In May 2005 the Supreme Court dismissed an appeal by Bunting and Wagner, who have now exhausted their avenues of appeal in South Australia. In September 2005 the murder charges against Haydon were dropped in return for guilty pleas to two new charges of assisting in the killings of his wife, Elizabeth Haydon, and Troy Youde. Prosecutors also agreed to drop an additional charge of assisting offenders in relation to the murder of David Johnson.

The final outstanding murder charges against John Bunting and Robert Wagner, concerning Suzanne Allen, were dropped on 7 May 2007, when a jury was unable to reach a verdict.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Final Snowtown murder charge dropped | date=8 May 2007 | publisher= | url =http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200705/s1916012.htm | work =ABC News Online | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}</ref>

==Community impact==
Bunting and Wagner have been described, alongside [[backpacker murders]] killer Ivan Milat as Australia's worst serial killers.

The particulars of the case, especially the manner in which the victims were found, horrified and fascinated the public. The murders garnered Snowtown much unwanted attention, and the town is now best-known for the murders. According to local residents, in the 18 months following the discovery in the disused bank vault, a steady stream of unwelcome visitors would stop to look at and photograph the building. {{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

At the time, the local press reported a suggestion that the town's name be changed to avoid the stigma now associated with the name, although this suggestion was never acted upon. {{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} One suggested new name in press reports was "Rosetown".

The house in Salisbury North was owned by the [[South Australian Housing Trust]], and has been demolished. Today units for older people are in its place. {{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

==Film==

A movie, "[[Snowtown (film)|Snowtown]]", regarding the life of John Bunting was released in Australia on 19 May 2011. <ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1680114/</ref>

==See also==
* [[Crime Investigation Australia (TV series)]]
* [[List of serial killers by country]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links and references==
'''News articles:'''
*"SA: Chronology of Events in the Bodies-in-Barrels Case". Australian Associated Press, 19 December 2004.
* {{cite news | title=
The victims | date=9 September 2003 | publisher=The Age | url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/09/08/1062901996932.html | location=Melbourne}}
* {{cite news | title=
Sadists get life | date=9 September 2003 | publisher=The Age | url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/09/08/1062901997392.html | location=Melbourne | first=Penelope | last=Debelle}}
* {{cite news | title=Chamber of horrors | date=9 September 2003 | publisher=Sydney Morning Herald | url=http://www.smh.com.au/cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=/articles/2003/09/08/1062901998339.html}}
* {{cite news | title=
Bodies-in-barrels trial not over | date=19 December 2004 | publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald | url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Bodiesinbarrels-trial-not-over/2004/12/19/1103391631199.html}}
* {{cite news | title=
Serial murders macabre reminder of South Australia's past | date=24 May 1999 | publisher=The 7.30 Report | url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s26295.htm}}
* {{cite news | title=
Snowtown killers likely to die in jail | date=8 September 2003 | publisher=Lateline (news) | url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2003/s941664.htm}}
*{{cite news | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200509/s1463414.htm | date=19 September 2005 | title= Snowtown killers 'cooked victim's flesh' | publisher=ABC (Australia)}}

'''Books:'''
*''Snowtown Murders: The Real Story Behind the Bodies in the Barrels Killings'', Andrew McGarry, ISBN 0-7333-1482-1
*''Snowtown: The Bodies In Barrels Murders: The Grisly Story of Australia's Worst Serial Killings'', Jeremy Pudney, ISBN 0-7322-6716-1
*''All Things Bright And Beautiful: Murder In The City Of Light'', Susan Mitchell, ISBN 1-4050-3610-9
'''Web sites:'''
*[http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/snowtown/index_1.html?sect=11 The story of the murders]
*[http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2003/9/9/114413/9438 An overview of the case]
{{Snowtown murders}}
{{Australian crime}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}

[[Category:Snowtown murders| ]]
[[Category:1992 in Australia]]
[[Category:Murder in 1992]]
[[Category:Australian serial killers]]
[[Category:History of South Australia]]
[[Category:Murder in South Australia]]
[[Category:People murdered in South Australia]]

[[nl:Snowtown Murders]]

Chloë Agnew

2011-11-03T03:22:20Z

Fluffernutter: Undid revision 458750180 by 137.151.174.176 (talk) please provide a source for this

{{BLP sources|date=August 2009}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Chloë Agnew
| image = Chloe Agnew.jpg
| image_size = 197
| caption = Chloë Agnew during one of the "Celtic Woman" American Meet-and-Greets
| background = solo_singer
| Born = {{Birth date and age|1989|6|9}} [[Knocklyon]], [[County Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| death_date =
| genre = [[Celtic music|Celtic]], [[Adult contemporary music|Adult Contemporary]], [[Soundtrack]], [[Classical music|Classical]]
| occupation = [[Singer]]
| instrument = [[Singer|Vocals]]
| years_active = 1998–present
| label = [http://www.celticcollections.com Celtic Collections] [[Manhattan Records|Manhattan]]
| associated_acts = [[Celtic Woman]]
| website = [http://www.chloeagnew.ie/ ChloeAgnew.ie]
}}

'''Chloë Agnew''' (born 9 June 1989 in [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]) is an [[Irish language|Irish]] singer who is one of the current members of the [[Celtic music]] group [[Celtic Woman]] as the youngest member. She comes from [[Knocklyon]], [[County Dublin]] where she lived with her mother [[Adele King|Adele "Twink" King]] and younger sister Naomi. She sings in [[English language|English]], [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Latin]], [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[German language|German]].

== Early life ==

Agnew was born to Irish entertainer Adele "Twink" King and Irish [[oboist]] David Agnew. She made her first television appearance on her mother's programme aged four weeks old, and later sang on the show at the age of six. She attended Notre Dame des Missions Junior School for her primary school education, followed by [[Alexandra College]] girls' school.

In 1998, Agnew represented Ireland and was the winner of the Grand Prix at the First International Children's Song Competition in [[Cairo]] with a song called ''The Friendship Tree''. She then began to perform [[pantomime]] at the [[Olympia Theatre, Dublin|Olympia Theatre]] in Dublin and continued in that role for four years.

In 1999, she appeared in ''[[The Young Messiah]]'', a modern adaptation of [[George Frideric Handel|Handel]]'s ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]''. In this production, she played one of the children and performed sign language.<ref name="youngmessiah">{{cite video |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0227050/ |title=The Messiah XXI |medium=Television production |publisher=NDB TV |location=Dublin |people=Cosel, William (Director) |date=2000 |accessdate=2007-04-15}}</ref>

== Musical career ==

In 2000, aged 11, Agnew approached director [[David Downes (Irish composer)|David Downes]] about recording a song to raise money for the children of [[Afghanistan]]. With his help, she recorded ''Angel of Mercy'' for the album ''This Holy Christmas Night'', which raised over £20,000 for the Afghan Children's Charity Fund in 2001. That same year, she joined the [[Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin|Christ Church Cathedral]] Girls' Choir, and remained a member for three years.<ref name="cccgc">{{cite web |url=http://www.cccdub.ie/music/girls/2004/girlsppl.html |title=Members of the Girls' Choir |work=Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin |month=September |year=2004 |accessdate=2007-04-15 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070327215407/http://www.cccdub.ie/music/girls/2004/girlsppl.html  |archivedate = 27 March 2007}}</ref>

In 2002, she was signed to Celtic Collections, and with the backing of Downes she recorded her debut album ''Chloë''. In 2004, she released her second album, ''Chloë: Walking in the Air''. She also recorded a companion DVD for her second album, released in Europe in 2004 and in North America in 2007. She appeared as part of the group [[Celtic Woman]] at [[The Helix]] in [[Dublin]] in 2004. To date, she has recorded five albums with the group and has taken part in several world tours.

According to the ''Souvenir Program'' for Celtic Woman's 2010 North American tour, in 2009 Agnew was invited by Italian tenor Alessandro Rinella to sing with him on his debut album:
:Recorded with top Warner Chappell Music Producer Leo Z (Leonardo De Bernardini), the album is due to be released later this year [2010]. She also hopes to record her third solo album later this year [2010] and is excited about being more involved in the writing and production of the album.<ref>"Chloë" bio in ''Celtic Woman: Songs from the Heart Souvenir Program'' (2010), pp. 6-7 (paraphrased information is on p. 7).</ref>

During an interview by BeliefNet.com, Agnew commented on [[Irish music]]:

<blockquote>
"Irish music was bred into us from the day we are born. Looking back to our ancestors and our heritage, it was always in our culture. Even through the hardest of times Irish people always turned to music. They have a song for everything--for drinking, for depression, for famine. I remember a song growing up that was for milking the cows."<ref name="irishmusic">{{cite web |url=http://www.beliefnet.com/story/212/story_21297_1.html |title=Interview with Agnew |work=BeliefNet.com |year=2007 |accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
</blockquote>

== Discography ==

{|class="toccolours" border=1 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="width:500px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #ccc;"
|-
!bgcolor="#ccc"| Title
!bgcolor="#ccc"| Release
!bgcolor="#ccc"| Record label
|-
| ''Chloë''
| 2002
| Celtic Collection
|-
| ''Chloë: Walking in the Air''
| 2004
| [[Manhattan Records]]
|-
| ''Chloë''
| 2008
| Valley Entertainment<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.valley-entertainment.com/chloe-1.html |title=Chloë |work=Valley Entertainment |accessdate=16 June 2010}}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Chloë Agnew}}
* [http://www.celticwoman.com/trellis/Chloe Profile at Celticwoman.com]
* {{IMDB name|0013128|Chloë Agnew}}

{{Celtic Woman}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Agnew, Chloe
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =9 June 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Agnew, Chloe}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Celtic Woman members]]
[[Category:Irish Anglicans]]
[[Category:Irish female singers]]
[[Category:Irish-language singers]]
[[Category:People from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Performers of Christian music]]

[[et:Chloë Agnew]]
[[nl:Chloë Agnew]]
[[ja:クロエ・アグニュー]]
[[uz:Chloë Agnew]]
[[pl:Chloë Agnew]]
[[pt:Chloë Agnew]]

Cliff Bleszinski

2011-10-28T13:20:01Z

Fluffernutter: Undid revision 457757263 by 98.252.16.228 (talk) please cite a source for this

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox Person
| name = Cliff Bleszinski
| image = CliffyB.jpg
| caption = Bleszinski at the [[Gears of War 2]] launch event in [[Universal City Walk]] Los Angeles in 2008
| birth_name = Clifford Michael Bleszinski
| other_names = CliffyB, Dude Huge
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|02|12}}
| birth_place = [[North Andover, Massachusetts]], [[United States|USA]]
| occupation = [[Game designer]]
| employer = [[Epic Games]]
| website = http://www.cliffyb.com
}}
'''Clifford Michael "Cliff" Bleszinski''' (born February 12, 1975) is the design director for the game development company [[Epic Games]] in [[Cary, North Carolina|Cary]], [[North Carolina]]. He is most famous for his continuing hand in the development of the [[Unreal (series)|''Unreal'' franchise]], especially 1999's Unreal Tournament, and the ''[[Gears of War]]'' franchise. He cites [[Shigeru Miyamoto]] as his biggest influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.giantbomb.com/cliff-bleszinski/72-9856/|title=Cliff Bleszinski|publisher=Giant Bomb}}</ref>

==Personal Life==
One of his brothers is Tyler Bleszinski, a sports [[wikt:Blogger|blogger]] who founded [[Athletics Nation]].

On his website, Bleszinski often shares his thoughts and feelings on the world, American culture, gaming, and life in general. He is occasionally cited for his charitable nature like helping fans get jobs in the industry. Bleszinski also lists his interests on his [[1UP.com]] page, citing ''[[Donnie Darko]]'' and ''[[21 Grams]]'' amongst his favorite films, with ''[[Choke (novel)|Choke]]'' and ''[[Stupid White Men]]'' as some of his favorite books.<ref>http://www.1up.com/do/my1Up?publicUserId=5474264</ref>

Bleszinski's first game was ''The Palace of Deceit: Dragon's Plight'', a 1991 pixel-hunting [[adventure game]] for [[Windows]]. He is also known for the games ''[[Dare to Dream]]'' and ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit (game)|Jazz Jackrabbit]]''. In 2006, he served as lead game designer on the game ''[[Gears of War]]'' for the [[Xbox 360]]. Bleszinski will be an executive producer on the upcoming ''[[Gears of war movie|Gears of War movie]]''.

Despite the extensive amount of weapons that Bleszinski incorporates into each of his games, he had no experience with a machine gun prior to a guest spot on ''[[Jace Hall|The Jace Hall Show]]''.<ref>{{cite episode | title = Jace Hall, Ep 3: Zach Levi! Cliffy B! And Cung Le! | series = The Jace Hall Show | airdate = 2008-06-19 | season = 1 | number = 3}}</ref>

According to Bleszinski's [[MySpace]] page and his website, he lives in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]].<ref>[http://cliffyb.com/info/faq.shtml CliffyB.com -- Frequently Asked Questions], accessed 2007-07-20</ref>

The nickname "CliffyB" was given to him derogatorily by "some jock kid" as a shy teenager, which he then took and developed a tougher persona around.<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/11/03/081103fa_fact_bissell?currentPage=all The Grammar of Fun]</ref> In 2008, he expressed a desire to retire the CliffyB moniker, saying it's "time to grow up a bit".<ref>[http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2008/05/21/cliff-bleszinski-done-with-the-cliffyb/ Blog post on MTV Multiplayer]</ref>

Bleszinski recently revealed that he became engaged to his longtime girlfriend Lauren on the 13th of June 2011.

He is good friends with Comedian and [[UFC]] Commentator Joe Rogan.
<ref>https://twitter.com/#!/therealcliffyb/status/80361352287363072</ref>

==Credits==
===Video games===
* ''[[Gears of War 3]]'' (2011), Microsoft Game Studios<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Bulletstorm]]'' (2011), Electronic Arts
* ''[[Lost Planet 2]]'' (2010), CE Europe Ltd.<ref name=mobygames>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,1298/ |title=Mobygames Developer BIO |publisher=mobygames.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}} </ref>
* ''[[Fat Princess]]'' (2009), Sony Computer Entertainment America, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Shadow Complex]]'' (2009), Microsoft Game Studios<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Gears of War 2]]'' (2008), Microsoft Game Studios<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Tournament III]]'' (2007), Midway Home Entertainment, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Gears of War]]'' (2006), Microsoft Game Studios<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Brothers in Arms: Road to Hill 30]]'' (2005), Ubisoft, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Championship 2: The Liandri Conflict]]'' (2005), Midway Home Entertainment, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Tournament 2004]]'' (2004), Atari, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Devastation (video game)|Devastation]]'' (2003), HD Interactive B.V.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal II: The Awakening]]'' (2003), Infogrames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit]]'' (2002), Jaleco Entertainment, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Championship]]'' (2002), Infogrames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Tournament 2003]]'' (2002), Infogrames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Unreal Tournament (Game of the Year Edition)'' (2000), Infogrames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit 2: The Secret Files]]'' (1999), Gathering, Project Two Interactive BV<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Tyrian 2000]]'' (1999), XSIV Games<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Tournament]]'' (1999), GT Interactive Software Corp.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit 2]]'' (1998), Gathering, Project Two Interactive BV<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal]], GT Interactive Software Corp.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Jazz Jackrabbit: Holiday Hare 1995'' (1995), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Tyrian (video game)|Tyrian]]'' (1995), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit]]'' (1994), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Jazz Jackrabbit CD-ROM'' (1994), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Jazz Jackrabbit: Holiday Hare 1994'' (1994), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Dare to Dream Volume One: In a Darkened Room'' (1993), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''The Palace of Deceit: the Dragon's Plight'' (1992), Game Syndicate Productions<ref name=mobygames/>

===Filmography===
Jake and Amir (Note: He played himself)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bissell, Tom. "[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/11/03/081103fa_fact_bissell?currentPage=all The Grammar of Fun]." ''New Yorker'', November 3, 2008.

==External links==
*[http://twitter.com/therealcliffyb Cliff Bleszinski on Twitter]
*[http://www.cliffyb.com Personal website]
*{{moby developer|id=1298|name=Cliff Bleszinski's profile}}
*[http://cliffyb.1up.com/ Page On 1UP.com]
*[http://xbox360.gamespy.com/xbox-360/gears-of-war/771718p1.html Everything You Wanted to Know About Gears of War...] Article about Bleszinski's GDC2007 presentation "Designing Gears of War: Iteration Wins"
*[http://www.gamespot.com/downloads/6175466 GameSpot Video Interview with CliffyB]
*[http://videogames.yahoo.com/events/plugged-in/gears-of-war-3-debuts-on-late-night-with-jimmy-fallon/1396527 Gears of War 3 debuts on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon]

{{Epic}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Bleszinski, Cliff
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =Creator of The Xbox 360's Onoy Tood Series
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 12, 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[North Andover, Massachusetts]], [[United States|USA]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bleszinski, Cliff}}
[[Category:American video game designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:People from Essex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Raleigh, North Carolina]]
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]

[[ar:كليف بليزينسكي]]
[[es:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[fr:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[it:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[ja:クリフ・ブレジンスキー]]
[[pl:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[pt:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[ru:Блезински, Клифф]]
[[sv:Cliff Bleszinski]]

Geraint Wyn Howells, Baron Geraint

2011-10-10T15:10:32Z

Fluffernutter: +reflist

{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
[[File:Geraint Howells.jpg|right|thumb|Geraint Howells]]
'''Geraint Wyn Howells, Baron Geraint''' (15 April 1925 – 17 April 2004) was a leading [[Wales|Welsh]] [[Liberal Democrats|Liberal Democrat]] politician.
Howells was born in Ponterwyd in Cardiganshire. He was the son of David John and Mary Blodwen Howells, both farmers.

==Education==

Lord Howells was educated at Ponterwyd Primary School and Ardwyn Grammar School, [[Aberystwyth]]. During his parliamentary career Howells also retained close links with Aberystwyth and Lampeter Universities.<ref>Dictionary of Liberal Biography, (1998) Politicos P.190</ref>

==Pre-parliamentary Career==

Howells main living was as a hill farmer in Glennydd, Ponterwyd in Cardiganshire. He held some 750 acres there with around 3,000 sheep. The majority were prize winning Speckled Faces. Howells was also a champion sheep-shearer. He held senior positions in the British Wool Marketing Board and was also chairman of the Wool Producers of Wales, 1977-1983. Politically, Howells was elected to Cardiganshire County Council as an Independent in 1952. At this time it was normal practice in Welsh rural counties for Liberal members to stand as independents.

==Parliamentary Career==

Lord Howells was selected as the parliamentary candidate for Brecon and Radnor in 1968. He was the first Liberal to contest the sat in the post war period. He came third with some 18.9 per cent of the vote. During this period Howells became one of the central players in the Welsh Liberal Party.

In 1972 Lord Howells was selected as the parliamentary candidate for Cardiganshire a seat with a longstanding Liberal tradition. It had been held by the Liberal MP, [[ Roderic Bowen]], until his defeat by Labour's [[Elystan Morgan]] in 1966. In the February 1974 general election Howell's defeated Morgan and retained the constituency in several different forms until 1992. Thus he was [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Cardigan (UK Parliament constituency)|Cardigan]] (1974-1983) and [[Ceredigion and Pembroke North (UK Parliament constituency)|Ceredigion and Pembroke North]] (1983-1992) after boundary changes. Howells was the Liberal Party's spokesman on Welsh Affairs (1979-1987) and agriculture (1987-92). His Westminster secretary and agent was Judi Lewis (Welsh Liberal Democrat chief executive 1992-1997) whilst one of his researchers was [[Mark Williams]] who would later win the seat for the Liberal Democrats in 2005. In 1992 Howells unexpectedly lost his seat to [[Plaid Cymru]] (which moved from fourth place to first) and was made a [[life peer]] as '''Baron Geraint''', of Ponterwyd in the County of [[Dyfed]]. Howells was a close friend of both [[Richard Livsey]] and [[Emlyn Hooson]], both of whom he served with at Westminster in the House of Common and the House of Lords.

Howells was a passionate pro-devolutionist. He played a lead role in the 1979 devolution campaign in Wales. He was also able to get the Farmers Union of Wales (FUW) recognition as one of the official unions for government negotiations during the Lib-Lab pact on the 1970s.<ref>Dictionary of Liberal Biography, Politicos (1998)' p.190</ref>

==Personal life==

Gearing Howells married Mary Olwen Hughes on 7th September 1957. They had two children: Gaenor born in 1961 and Mari born in 1965.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{Rayment-hc}}
Brack, Duncan, ed Dictionary of Liberal Biography, 1998

== External links==
*{{Hansard-contribs | mr-geraint-howells | Geraint Howells }}

{{Start box}}
{{S-par|uk}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Cardigan (UK Parliament constituency)|Cardigan]]
| years = [[United Kingdom general election, February 1974|February 1974]]–[[United Kingdom general election, 1983|1983]]
| before = [[Elystan Morgan]]
| after = constituency renamed
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Ceredigion and Pembroke North (UK Parliament constituency)|Ceredigion and Pembroke North]]
| years = [[United Kingdom general election, 1983|1983]]–[[United Kingdom general election, 1992|1992]]
| before = constituency renamed
| after = [[Cynog Dafis]]
}}
{{S-ppo}}
{{succession box|title=Chairman of the [[Welsh Liberal Party]]|years=1973–1974|before=[[Martin Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gresford|Martin Thomas]]|after=?}}
{{succession box|title=President of the [[Welsh Liberal Party]]|years=1974–1977|before=[[Rhys Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Kilgerran|Rhys Lloyd]]|after=[[Martin Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gresford|Martin Thomas]]}}
{{Succession box | title = Leader of the [[Welsh Liberal Party]] | years = 1979–1988 | before = [[Emlyn Hooson]] | after = [[Richard Livsey, Baron Livsey of Talgarth|Richard Livsey]] Leader of the [[Welsh Liberal Democrats]]}}
{{End box}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Howells, Geraint
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 April 1925
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 17 April 2004
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Howells, Geraint}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for Welsh constituencies]]
[[Category:Liberal Democrat life peers|Geraint]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs]]
[[Category:Liberal Democrat (UK) MPs]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1974]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1974–1979]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1979–1983]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1983–1987]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1987–1992]]

{{Liberal-UK-MP-stub}}
{{Wales-bio-stub}}

[[cy:Geraint Howells]]

Malaiische Anreden und Ehrentitel

2011-10-05T15:05:34Z

Fluffernutter: /* Related Issues */ per BLP, negative information about living people absolutely may not be added to articles without being well-sourced. Do not add this content back without sourcing it to reliable sources

The [[Malay language]] has a complex system of [[title]]s and [[honorific]]s, which are still used extensively in [[Malaysia]] and [[Brunei]]. [[Singapore]], whose Malay royalty was abolished by the British colonial government in 1891, has adopted civic titles for its leaders.

[[Indonesia]], meanwhile, despite being a Republic, recognizes several hereditary rulers and aristocratic systems, mostly those who supported the Independence movement of 1945. The late wife of former President [[Suharto]], for example, was the ''Raden Ayu Siti Hartinah'', not as some say, Madame Suharto. (Under the Dutch in [[Java]], similarly, descendants of the [[Chinese Indonesian|Majoors, Kapiteins and Luitnens der Chinezen]] were entitled to the hereditary title "Sia".) In the 1930s, the colonial government abolished these titles and [[Peranakan]] feudalism, during implementation of their "social policy", whose goal was establishing a more egalitarian society. {{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}

Today, Malaysia, Brunei and several provinces in Indonesia still regularly award honorary and life titles. What follows is specific to the Malaysian system. References to Brunei and Indonesia are given when pertinent.

In Malaysia, all non-hereditary titles can be granted to both men and women. Every title has a form which can be used by the wife of the title holder. This form is not used by the husband of a titled woman; such a woman will bear a title which is the same as a titled man.

The sequence that should be used when formally writing or addressing a person's name is as follows:

Honorary Style, Professional Rank, Royal Hereditary Title, Federal Title, State Title, Non-royal Hereditary Title, Doctor (of medicine or philosophy), Haji/Hajjah (for [[Muslim]] men and women who have performed the [[Hajj]]), Name.

A "style" carried by virtue of royal title always trumps those carried by non-royal titles. Male royals may choose to append "al-Haj" to their name instead of using "Haji". The following example is correct:

* Yang Amat Mulia Jeneral Tengku Dato' (Name) al-Haj

==Malay royalty==
The following titles are hereditary and reserved for royal families of the nine royal states of [[Malaysia]] and royal families of [[Brunei]].

===Malaysia===
* [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (literally, "He who is made Supreme Lord" but usually "Supreme Head" or "Paramount Ruler") is the official title of the ruler of all [[Malaysia]], elected from among the nine heads of the royal families. The title is often glossed [[monarch|King]] in English.
* [[Yang di-Pertuan Besar]] (literally "He who is made Great Lord", but often "Great Lord") is the official title of the Ruler of [[Negeri Sembilan]]. All other Rulers are [[Sultan]]s except the [[Raja]] of [[Perlis]].
* [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri]] is not a royal title, but the title of a Governor of a state which does not have a hereditary ruler.
* ''Tuanku'' is both a title when used before a name and form of address when used alone, and is reserved for the Malay Rulers. It literally means "My Lord", and as a form of address can be glossed as "Your Majesty" or "Your Highness", but is left untranslated when used as a title. In [[Sarawak]], "Tuanku" is the prefix used by certain noble families. In [[Aceh]], a province of [[Indonesia]], "Tuanku" is given to children and grandchildren of a ruling monarch.
* ''Tengku'' (also spelled ''Tunku'' in [[Johor]], [[Negeri Sembilan]] and [[Kedah]], and ''Ungku'' or ''Engku Ansaruddin Agus'' to denote particular lineages, and ''Raja'' in Perak and certain Selangor lineages, and ''Syed/Sharifah'' in Perlis if suffixed by the royal clan name) is roughly equivalent to [[Prince]] or [[Princess]].

===Brunei===
* [[Yang di-Pertuan Negara]] (literally "He who is made Lord of the State" but usually "Head of State") is the official title of the [[Sultan of Brunei]]. The title was also used in [[Singapore]] until its independence in 1965, upon which the title became [[President]].
* ''Pengiran Muda'' and ''Pengiran Anak'' are honorific prefixes for immediate members of the royal family.
* ''Pengiran'' is a hereditary honorific prefix for people who have blood ties with the royal family.
** ''Awangku'' is the honorific for male children of a ''pengiran'' who are unmarried.<ref name="kamus">{{cite web |title=pengiran |url=http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Search.aspx?k=pengiran |work=Malay Dictionary |publisher=[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] |accessdate=2011-06-10}}</ref>
** ''Dayangku'' is the honorific for female children of a ''pengiran'' who are unmarried.<ref name="kamus"/>

===Styles on formal Malaysian notices===
* ''Ke Bawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia'' (literally "The Dust Under The Feet of His Exalted Highness") is used for the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and state Rulers alike. However, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong also uses the prefix "Seri Paduka Baginda" (literally, "Conqueror Majesty") and in English, his title is often translated as "His Majesty". A state Ruler is "His Royal Highness" (before 1971, "His Highness"). Since 1984, the ruler of [[Johor]] has used the title "Baginda" as well, but he is still referred to in English as "His Royal Highness". The ruler of [[Perak]] also uses the prefix "Paduka Seri" which is derived from the archaic formula "Paduka Seri Maulana". The ruler of [[Negeri Sembilan]] also used the prefix "Paduka Seri" between 1993 and 2004 (this has since been dropped). These titles are not used as a form of address - instead ''Tuanku'' is used.
* ''Yang Teramat Mulia'' is used by the children of reigning Sultans (except in Negeri Sembilan) and by the Dato' Kelana, the [[Undang]] of Sungai Ujong in [[Negeri Sembilan]]
* ''Yang Amat Mulia'' is used by the children of the ruler of [[Negeri Sembilan]] and [[Johor]], the [[Undang]] of Jelebu, Johol and Rembau and the Tunku Besar of Tampin in [[Negeri Sembilan]]
* ''Yang Mulia'' are used for other heirs and heiresses, who are the descendants of royal families.

==Federal titles==
In Malaysia, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong grants federal title awards. Some may carry the following federal titles. Such titles are honorary and non-hereditary. Federal title may be revoked by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, and may be returned by the individual.

===Tun===

{{see also|List of honorary Malay title holders|Order of the Crown of Malaysia}}

The Tun title has existed in the Malay society for hundreds of years. In ancient times, Tun was an honorific title used by noble people of royal lineage. Tun is a title inherited by the male descendants.

Over time, the Tun title has become a title conferred by the Agong to the most deserving recipient who has highly contributed to the nation. The wife of a ''Tun'' is ''Toh Puan''. The highest federal award granted by the Malaysian government is the [[Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa]] (SPGP).

''Tun'' is the most senior federal title awarded to recipients of either the SMN ([[Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara]]) or SSM ([[Seri Setia Mahkota]]). However, the SMN and SSM are not the highest federal awards. The SMN ranks fourth in order of Federal Awards and the SSM ranks fifth.

There may not be more than 35 local living holders of each of these awards at any one time. The numerical limits apply only to Malaysian subjects. Foreigners may receive the award in a supernumerary and honorary capacity and use the title locally.

===Toh Puan===
The title for the wife of a ''Tun'' is ''Toh Puan''.

===Tan Sri===
''Tan Sri'' is the second most senior federal title and an honorific used to denote recipients of the [[Panglima Mangku Negara]] (PMN) and the [[Panglima Setia Mahkota]] (PSM). The PMN and PSM rank seventh and eighth respectively in the order of Malaysian Federal Awards. The wife of a Tan Sri is called ''Puan Sri''.

There may be at any time up to a maximum of 75 living PMN holders, and a maximum of 250 living PSM holders. The numerical limits apply only to Malaysian subjects. Foreigners may be awarded such titles in a supernumerary and honorary capacity and may use the title locally.

The current Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia has the title Tan Sri, and is known as Tan Sri [[Muhyiddin Yassin]].

===Datuk===
''Datuk'' is a federal title that has been conferred since 1965. It is limited to recipients of [[Panglima Jasa Negara]] (PJN), of which there may be up to 200 living at any one time, and [[Panglima Setia Diraja]] (PSD), of which there may be up to 200 living at any one time. The PJN and PSD rank 9th and 10th respectively in the rank of federal awards.

The wife of a federal Datuk is a ''Datin''.

A female conferred the title in her own right is formally known as "Datin Paduka"; the prefix "Datuk" is more commonly used for women as well as men.

The numerical limits apply only to Malaysian subjects. Foreigners may receive the award in a supernumerary and honorary capacity and use the title locally.

Individual states that have a head of state nominated by the respective state's legislature may confer the title of 'Datuk' to individuals. However, this is different from the title "Dato'". The latter is awarded by individual states headed by a Sultan, and not a head of state nominated by the state legislature. For example, the Yang Dipertua Negeri Melaka is the non-hereditary head of state nominated by the Melaka state legislature. He may confer the title of 'Datuk'. The Sultan of Pahang is the hereditary ruler of the state and may confer the title of "Dato'". Individual rulers (and their staff) determine the award of these titles.

==State titles==
In Malaysia, the [[Malay Ruler|Ruler]] and [[Governor#Malaysia|Governor]] grants state title awards. Some may carry the following state titles. Such titles are honorary and non-hereditary. State title may be revoked by the Ruler or Governor, and may be returned by the individual.

===Dato' Sri===
''Dato' Sri'' or ''Dato' Seri'' is the highest state title conferred by the [[Malay Ruler|Ruler]] on the most deserving recipients who have contributed greatly to the nation or state. It ranks below the federal title ''Tun'' and is an honor equivalent to ''Tan Sri''. The wife of a recipient is ''Datin Sri''.

The current Prime Minister of Malaysia's title is Dato' Sri [[Najib Tun Razak]]. Both former Prime Ministers [[Mahathir bin Mohamad]] and [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] also held the title ''Dato' Sri'' during their administrations. After retirement, both received Malaysia's most senior federal title ''Tun'', conferred by the [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]].

Since ''Dato' Sri'' is the most senior state title, there is a limited quota that can be awarded in each state. The [[Malay Ruler|Ruler]] only confers such an honorary title to a very few recipients during the Ruler's royal birthday celebration every year. In [[Selangor]], a maximum of 2 ''Dato' Sri'' (SPMS)<ref name="SPMS">{{cite web|url=http://awards.selangor.gov.my/awards/penerangan.php?id=27&page=3|title=Darjah Kebesaran Negeri Selangor Darul Ehsan|accessdate=2 March 2010}} {{ms icon}}</ref> state awards can be conferred each year, up to a maximum of 40 living ''Dato' Sri'' (SPMS)<ref name="SPMS"/> holders at any one time. The numerical limits apply only to Malaysian subjects.

Some rulers grant awards which carry highest titles unique to that state, such as ''Dato' Sri Utama'' of the state of [[Negeri Sembilan]].

===Datuk Seri===
''Datuk Seri'' is also the most senior state title conferred only by the governor to the most deserving recipient who has highly contributed to the nation or state.

A governor who is appointed by the Yang Di Pertuan Agong, namely the Governor of [[Melaka]], [[Penang]], [[Sabah]] except [[Sarawak]], can award the ''Datuk Seri'' title and such honorary title is equivalent with ''Dato' Sri''.

However, both titles ''Dato' Sri'' and ''Datuk Seri'' may cause confusion since Malaysia media and press may address ''Dato' Sri'' title holders as ''Datuk Seri''.

===Dato'===
''Dato' '' is the most common highly regarded title in Malaysia. The wife of a Dato' is a ''Datin'', except in Terengganu where they are known as "To' Puan" (not to be confused with "Toh Puan", the wife of a non-hereditary "Tun").

The ''Dato''' (pronounced in similar manner to Datuk) may only be conferred by a hereditary royal ruler of one of the nine [[Malay states]].

There are also hereditary Datos from [[Negeri Sembilan]], where titles are held for life by heads of certain families and passed on to their heirs. These are not conferred by the ruler, but passed on through the customary native laws. The wife of a hereditary Dato' is addressed by courtesy as "To' Puan".

In other states, certain noble families also have hereditary titles and are addressed as Dato'. For example, the current Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato' Sri [[Najib Tun Razak]], is hereditary ''Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar'' of [[Pahang]]. He would have been addressed as "Dato'" even if he had not been conferred a "Dato' Sri" (SSAP)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/Malaysia/pahang10.htm|title=Pahang|accessdate=2 March 2010}}</ref> state award of Pahang.

Foreigners may be awarded such titles in a supernumerary and honorary capacity and use the title locally.

===Datuk===
A governor who is appointed by the Yang Di Pertuan Agong. The Governors of [[Melaka]], [[Penang]], [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]] can confer the title ''Datuk'', not Dato'.

Some state governors grant awards which carry titles unique to that state, such as ''Datuk Wira'' of the state of Melaka, and ''Datuk Amar'' and ''Datuk Patinggi'' of the state of Sarawak. Foreigners may be awarded such titles in a supernumerary and honorary capacity and use the title locally.

===Pehin===
This title is mainly used in Brunei and Sarawak. An example of the title in Brunei would be Pehin Orang Kaya Laila Setia Bakti Di-Raja Dato Laila Utama Haji Awang Isa, the former Minister of Home Affairs.<ref>http://bruneiresources.blogspot.com/2008/09/pehin-in-brunei.html</ref> In Sarawak, it would be Pehin Sri Haji Abdul Taib, the current Chief Minister of Sarawak.<ref>http://www.cm.sarawak.gov.my/cm/cmweb.nsf/xwelbi/$first</ref>

===JP===
''JP'' or [[Justice of Peace]] rank below all ''Dato''' or ''Datuk''. In Malaysia, Justices of the Peace have largely been replaced in magistrates' courts by legally-qualified (first-class) stipendiary magistrates.

However, state governments continue to appoint Justices of the Peace as honours. In 2004, some associations of Justices of the Peace pressed the federal government to allow Justices of the Peace to sit as second-class magistrates in order to reduce the backlog of cases in the courts. Foreigners may be awarded such titles in a supernumerary and honorary capacity and use the title locally.

===Dato Paduka===
Dato Paduka is the most common title awarded in [[Brunei]], of which it is a class of the Darjah Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei Yang Amat Mulia (The Most Honourable Order of Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei). The wife of a Dato Paduka is a Datin, except when the recipient is a female, whereby she would be addressed as Datin Paduka. Other versions of Dato Paduka includes Dato Seri Paduka, Dato Paduka Seri, Dato Laila Utama, Dato Paduka Seri Laila Jasa and others. These title awards are granted by His Majesty the Sultan of Brunei, and the titles are non-hereditary.<ref>http://bruneiresources.com/bintang.html</ref>

==Honorary styles==
The following are both used as styles, before a person's title, and (by themselves) as forms of address:

* ''Tuan Yang Terutama'' (T.Y.T.) (literally "The Most Eminent Master") is the style of a state Governor, equivalent to "Your/His Excellency" and also as a title for serving Ambassadors to Malaysia, e.g. T.Y.T. Tuan [[Christopher J. LaFleur]].
* ''Yang Amat Berhormat'' (Y.A.B.) (literally "The Most Honourable") is the style of the [[Prime Minister]], the [[Deputy Prime Minister]], the [[Chief Minister]]s of the states.
* ''Yang Berhormat'' (Y.B.) (literally "The Honourable") is the style of [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] and state Legislative Assemblymen. A prince who is a Member of Parliament is "Yang Berhormat Mulia" e.g. Yang Berhormat Mulia Tengku Tan Sri Razaleigh Hamzah, the MP for Gua Musang. "Yang Berhormat" is also used for recipients of the First Class Order of the Crown of Johor (S.P.M.J.) regardless whether he is a Member of Parliament or not.
* ''Yang Amat Arif'' (Y.A.A.) (literally "The Most Learned") is the style of the Chief Justice of Malaysia, the President of the Malaysian Court of Appeal, the Chief Judge of the High Court of Malaya and the Chief Judge of the High Court of Sabah and Sarawak.
* ''Yang Arif'' (Y.A.) (literally "The Learned") is the style of a judge.
* ''Yang Berbahagia'' (Y.Bhg.) (literally "The Felicitous") (and variants thereof) are the styles of persons with a chivalrous title.

The English versions of these styles follow [[United Kingdom|British]] usage. Thus the Prime Minister, Cabinet ministers, Senators, state Executive Councillors and judges of the High Court and above are styled the [[Honourable]]. It is a [[solecism]] to style the Prime Minister or a Minister [[Right Honourable]] as they are not members of the [[Privy Council]] of the United Kingdom.

==Other Malay titles by inheritance==
* Pengiran, equivalent to Tengku or Prince'
* Raja, varies depends the lineage of heretary.
* Ungku, the maternal descendants of a ruler in some states.
* Raden, a royal family name used in the several Malay Sultanate in Kalimantan, used extensively by the Pontianak Malays.
* Abang is a title that is particularly found in Sarawak. Its origin rooted from the appointments of Datuk Patinggi, Datuk Temenggung, Datuk Bandar and Datuk Imam for centuries, long before the British colonization. The children of these state dignitaries carry the title Abang (male) and [[Dayang]] (female). When an Abang marries a Dayang or a commoner, the issue will get to keep the title. The issue of a Dayang does not carry a title if he/she has a non-Abang father. However, if a Dayang marries a male aristocrat bearing a different title than hers, her issue will be named according to the husband's given title.
* [[Awang]] is the term used for addressing men in Brunei and it is equivalent to Mr. However, ''Awangku'' are hereditary, of which they may later claim the title [[Pengiran]] since they are also related to the Brunei Sultanate. This, however can only be done after he gets the approval of the elders and is considered as matured enough to carry the title. The change is only eligible for those who inherit the name ''Awang'' from their family line. As for the rule of inheritance of the name, it is the same as Abang
* [[Dayang]] is the term used for addressing women in Brunei and it is equivalent to Ms. ''Dayang'' is also the female issue of an ''Abang'' and an ''Awang'' (see Abang and [[Awang]]).
* [[Syed]] is a title inherited by male descendants, through the male line, from the [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]] via his grandsons [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hassan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Hussein]]. Female descendants are known as [[Syed|Syarifah]] or [[Syed|Sharifah]].
* ''[[Megat]]'' is a title inherited by the male descendant of a [[Megat]]. A [[Megat]] is a descendant of the Pagaruyung Prince, Megat Terawis who was also the first ''bendahara'' of Perak. ''Megat''s along with ''Puteri''s and ''Tun''s are typically found in Perak."[[Megat]]" is also styled by a half blood royal male descendant of a female royal of Pahang.
* ''Puteri'' is a title inherited by the female descendant of a Megat.
* ''Tun'' is a title inherited by the issue of a Puteri, the female descendant of a Megat and a commoner father, in turn inheritable through the male line. In [[Pahang]] it is the title of a male or female descendant of a Sultan through the distaff line.
* ''Meor'' is a title inherited by the male issue of a Syarifah and non-Syed father and for female the first letter of the name comes with 'Ma' as in "Ma Mastura". Typically used in Perak and few other states such as Terengganu and Kelantan.
* ''Wan'' is a title inherited by the issue of a male Wan. Typically found in Kelantan, Kedah and Terengganu. In Kedah, [[Wan]] is the title used by descendants of certain former chief ministers of the state, e.g. the descendants of [[Wan Mohd Saman]]. Wan can also be used as the title for a girl's name, but this is uncommon, e.g. [[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail]]. ''Wan'' can also be found in Sarawak, and is somehow related to the state's [[Syed]] lineage. A female issue of ''Wan'' carries the title [[Syed|Sharifah]]. A ''Wan'' may later claim the title ''Tuanku''. This, however can only be done after he gets the approval of the elders and is considered as matured enough to carry the title. The change is only eligible for those who inherit the name ''Wan'' from their family line. The issue of a [[Syed|Sharifah]] does not carry a title if he/she has a non-Wan father.
* ''[[Nik Family of Kelantan|Nik]]'' is a title inherited by the issue of a male Nik. It is typically found in [[Kelantan]] and Terengganu.
* ''Che'' is a title inherited by the issue of a male Che descendants and were also used by some Malay nobles in ancient time. Certain lineage of Raja Jembal descendants also uses the Che title. However the Che title can also be passed down from a descendant of a female Nik and non-Nik male. The Che title is commonly found in Kelantan and Terengganu.

==Other salutations==
* ''Haji'' (or ''Hajjah'' for female) can be used by people who have completed the [[Haj]]j. This title is abbreviated as "Hj." or "Hjh.".
* ''Tuan'' is equivalent to [[Master (form of address)|Master]]. Due to its colonial overtones, this term is mostly obsolete, although the title can still be prepended to ''Syed'' and ''Haji''. It is used for non-titled Members of Parliament and State Assemblymen. In some states like Kelantan, it could also denote one of the royal family.
* ''Encik'' (abbreviated "En.") is equivalent to Mr and can be used by all men.
* ''Puan'' (abbreviated "Pn.") can be used by all married women. It is equivalent to 'Mdm./Madam' not 'Mrs', as in the Malay language, married women do not use the names and/or surnames of their husbands. Married [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese-Malaysian]] women are also addressed as "Puan (name)" in Malay and "Mdm. (name)" in English, since they do not change their surnames on marriage.
* ''Cik'' is equivalent to Miss and can be used by all unmarried women.

==Sabah==
===Honours and awards for Sabah===
The State of Sabah by Act of Parliament established an Order of Chivalry styled Darjah Yang Mulia Kinabalu (The Illustrious Order of Kinabalu).
The relevant legislation governing Honours and Awards in Sabah is the State Honours Enactment, 1963 (Sabah No.33 of 1963)(as amended).<ref>[http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/viewdoc.asp?id=sabahlaws&title=Sabah_Laws&document=statelaws/statehonoursenactment.htm Sabah State Honours Enactment 1963 (as amended)]</ref> The Enactment deals with all aspects including process of nomination, conferral, wearing of medals, promotion in the Order and quotas.
Appointments to the Order are made to persons who  have rendered 'meritorious service to the State'.<ref>State Honours Enactment, 1963 (Sabah No.33 of 1963)(as amended) Section.5</ref> Appointment to the Order is submitted to the Yang di-Pertua Negeri (the Governor) by the Chief Minister; every appointment to the Order is by Warrant under the hand of the Yang di-Pertua Negeri.<ref>State Honours Enactment, 1963 (Sabah No.33 of 1963)(as amended) Section.7</ref>

Non-citizens may be appointed as honorary members of the Order.<ref>State Honours Enactment, 1963 (Sabah No.33 of 1963)(as amended) Section.6</ref> An example of an honorary award is The Honourable [[Shane Leslie Stone]] AC PGDK QC former Chief Minister of Australia's Northern Territory, conferred the Pangalima Gemilang Darjah Kinabalu in 1998.

===Order of Kinabalu===
The motto of the Order is 'Sabah Maju Jaya'.<ref>State Honours Enactment, 1963 (Sabah No.33 of 1963)(as amended) Section.8</ref>
The Yang di-Pertua Negeri (the Governor of Sabah) is the Patron of the Order - Darjah Yang Amat Mulia Kinabalu (The Most Illustrious Order of Kinabalu) - and is deemed a member of the First Grade.<ref>State Honours Enactment, 1963 (Sabah No.33 of 1963)(as amended) Section.3(2)</ref> A Chancellor is selected by the Yang di-Pertua Negeri from amongst the members of the First Grade.<ref>State Honours Enactment, 1963 (Sabah No.33 of 1963)(as amended) Section.16</ref>

===Grades of the Order===
There are four Grades of the Order<ref>State Honours Enactment, 1963 (Sabah No.33 of 1963)(as amended) Section.4</ref>
#First Grade - Sri Panglima Darjah Kinabalu (post nominal SPDK)(Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Kinabalu). Recipients may use the appellation and style before their names of Datuk Seri Panglima and wives Datin Seri Panglima.<ref>State Honours Enactment, 1963 (Sabah No.33 of 1963)(as amended) Section.12(1)</ref> There is a quota of 150 members excluding honorary members.
#Second Grade - Panglima Gemilang Darjah Kinabalu (post nominal PGDK)(Knight Commander of the Order of Kinabalu). Recipients may use the appellation and style before their names of Datuk and wives Datin.<ref>State Honours Enactment, 1963 (Sabah No.33 of 1963)(as amended) Section.12(2)</ref> There is a quota of 950 members excluding honorary members.
#Third Grade - Ahli Setia Darjah Kinabalu (post nominal ASDK)
#Fourth Grade - Ahli Darjah Kinabalu (post nominal ADK)

===Medals of the Order===
*Bintang Setia Kinabalu (First Class)
*Bintang Kinabalu (Second Class)
*Certificate of Honour (CH)
The Yang di-Pertua Negeri may on the recommendation of the Chief Minister cancel and annul the appointment of any person to any of the Grades of the Order.<ref>State Honours Enactment, 1963 (Sabah No.33 of 1963)(as amended) Section.18</ref>

==Related Issues==
It was recently brought to attention that not all Datuks have lived exemplary lives and some have even been convicted of crimes. The various sultans have taken steps to ensure the integrity of the institution by means of consultation as well as the revoking of the given titles.

[[Mahathir bin Mohamad|Tun Dr Mahathir]] mentioned that one of the problems with titles in Malaysia is the numbers given out. He stated in an interview "Personally, I feel if you want to give value to anything, it must be limited...if you produce a million Ferrari cars, nobody will care about buying a Ferrari."

The Raja Muda (Crown Prince) of [[Perak]], [[Raja Nazrin Shah]] stated "That is my view. You degrade the award and the Ruler has the right to revoke it. In my opinion, it should be taken away." He also stated that "Sometimes, I think we give away too many datukships...it dilutes and devalues the award."

In the first government following the independence of Malaya in 1957, five of 15 cabinet Ministers were Datuks. The finance minister at the time, [[Tan Siew Sin]], held the title Justice of Peace. Later he was granted a Federal award which carried the title Tun. The father of Malayan independence, [[Tunku Abdul Rahman|Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj]], received no awards and carried the title "Tunku", which he inherited as the prince of the state of Kedah. He was honorarily referred to as "Yang Teramat Mulia". The senate held only 14 datuks and parliament held only seven.

The conferral of "Datuk" by the Penang government to 25-year-old squash world champion Nicol David and Olympic silver medalist Lee Chong Wei sparked controversy {{Who|date=May 2009}} that they are too young to receive the title. The Melaka government also was criticized for awarding the Datuk title to a non-Malaysian Indian actor, [[Shahrukh Khan]], for making movies in the state.

===Issues in Selangor===
* The Dato's of Selangor attempted to set up an association of Selangor Dato's. It received approval from the registrar of societies but was shelved when the Sultan forbade any Dato' from joining or risk losing the title.
* Four datuks were removed in 2003 by the Sultan of Selangor.

===Pahang===
* The Sultan of Pahang revoked the titles of two dato's in 2004.

==See also==
* [[Datu]] - Philippine equivalent of Malay term Dato
* [[Datuk (Minangkabau)]] - traditional title in [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] community

==Notes==
{{No footnotes|date=February 2009}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://thestar.com.my/special/honours/ "Special list of federal and state honours", awarded 2002-2009], ''The Star''
*[http://www.lion.com.my/lionwebsite/Newsletter.nsf/0/91c695d060aa9bf548256d2d002635ce?OpenDocument Correct Forms of Address in ]{{Dead link|date=June 2009}}
*[http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/legal/general_news/selangor_sultan_strips_trader_of_title.html "Selangor Sultan strips trader of title"], Aug2007, ''Malaysian Bar''
*[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/5/20/nation/20080520200235&sec=nation "NasionCom founder charged with graft"], 20 May 2008, ''The Star''

[{[ms:Darjah kebesaran Melayu]}]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malay Styles And Titles}}
[[Category:Malay culture]]
[[Category:Malaysian culture]]
[[Category:Malaysian society]]
[[Category:Malaysian honours list|*]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Titles]]

[[id:Datuk]]
[[ms:Darjah kebesaran Melayu]]
[[zh:马来西亚封衔]]

Das grausamste Spiel

2011-10-03T18:33:52Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 170.235.0.112 (talk) unexplained removal of content (HG)

{{About|the short story by Richard Connell|the film|The Most Dangerous Game (film)|the novel by Gavin Lyall|The Most Dangerous Game (Gavin Lyall novel)}}

"'''The Most Dangerous Game'''", also published as "'''The Hounds of Zaroff'''", is a [[short story]] by [[Richard Connell]]. It was published in ''Collier's Weekly'' on January 19, 1924.

Widely anthologized, and the author's best-known work, "The Most Dangerous Game" features as its main character a [[big-game hunter]] from [[New York]], who falls off a yacht and swims to an isolated [[island]] in the [[Caribbean]], where he is hunted by a [[Cossacks|Cossack]] aristocrat. The story is an inversion of the big-game hunting [[safari]]s in [[Africa]] and [[South America]] that were fashionable among wealthy Americans in the 1920s.

== Synopsis ==
{{Copy edit-section|for=style and sentence construction|date=September 2011}}
Sanger Rainsford and his hunting companion Whitney are traveling to the [[Rio]] to hunt the fabled big cat of that region, the [[jaguar]]. After a discussion about how they are the hunters instead of the hunted, Rainsford hears gun shots, drops his pipe, and falls off of their boat while trying to retrieve it and into the Carribean Sea. After he realizes he cannot swim back to the boat, he swims to an island, Ship-Trap Island, that is the subject of local superstition. He finds a palatial chateau inhabited by two [[Cossack]]s: the owner, General Zaroff, and his [[gigantism|gigantic]] [[deaf-mute]] servant Ivan. The General, another big-game hunter, has heard of Rainsford from his book about hunting [[Snow Leopard|snow leopards]] in [[Tibet]]. After inviting him to dinner, General Zaroff tells Rainsford of how he became bored with hunting because it no longer challenged him. Thus, Zaroff says, he decided to live on an island where he could capture shipwrecked sailors to send them into the jungle supplied with food, a knife, and hunting clothes to be his quarry. After a three-hour head start, he would follow them to [[human hunting|hunt and kill them]]. If the captives eluded him, Ivan, and a pack of hunting dogs for three days, General Zaroff would let the man go, but no one had eluded him that long thus far. Zaroff invited Rainsford to join him in his hunt but Rainsford, appalled, refuses. Zaroff then tells Rainsford that he will be the next person to be hunted (if he refuses he will be [[knout]]ed to death by Ivan).

Rainsford lays an intricate trail in the forest and climbs a tree. Zaroff finds him easily, but decides to play with him like a cat with a mouse. After the failed attempt at eluding the General, Rainsford builds a "Malay man catcher" which injures Zaroff in the shoulder, causing him to return home for the night. Next he sets a [[Trapping pit|Burmese tiger pit]], which kills one of Zaroff's hounds. Finally, he sets a trap that was a [[Uganda]]n native trick with his knife that kills Ivan, but not Zaroff. To escape the General and his approaching hounds, Rainsford dives off a cliff. Zaroff assumes Rainsford has killed himself and returns home. Zaroff locks himself in his bedroom and turns on the lights, revealing Rainsford, who had hidden by the bed curtains having swum around the island. Zaroff congratulates him on winning the "game," but Rainsford decides to fight him, and says "I'm still a beast at bay." The General accepts the challenge, saying that the loser will be fed to the dogs and the winner will sleep in his bed. Though the ensuing fight is not described, the story ends with Rainsford's observation: "He had never slept in a better bed, Rainsford decided," implying that he defeated Zaroff.

== Adaptations ==
=== Film ===

The story has been adapted for [[film]] numerous times. The most significant of these adaptations (and the only one to use the original characters) was [[RKO]]'s ''[[The Most Dangerous Game (film)|The Most Dangerous Game]]'', released in [[1932 in film|1932]], having been shot (mostly at night) on sets used during the day for the "Skull Island" sequences of ''[[King Kong]]''. The movie starred [[Joel McCrea]] as Rainsford (renamed "Robert" instead of "Sanger") and [[Leslie Banks]] as Zaroff, and added two other principal characters: brother and sister pair Eve Trowbridge ([[Fay Wray]]) and Martin Trowbridge ([[Robert Armstrong (actor)|Robert Armstrong]]). (Wray and Armstrong were also filming ''King Kong'' on the same sets during the day.)

Zaroff, the owner of the island, shares with Rainsford that he got bored of hunting and discovered the "most dangerous game," which Rainsford assumes is hunting tigers. Eve is suspicious of Zaroff and tells the doubtful Rainsford. A short time after Martin goes missing with Zaroff and his henchmen and during this time Eve and Rainsford go into Zaroff's trophy room to discover a human head. Then Zaroff comes back with the dead Martin and challeges Rainsford and Eve to the game in order to keep their lives. After a series of events including eluding Zaroff and faking Rainsford's own death, Eve and Rainsford escape as Zaroff falls to his death.

The story was adapted three times as a [[radio play]] for the series ''[[Suspense (radio program)|Suspense]]'', on 23 September 1943 with [[Orson Welles]] as Zaroff and [[Keenan Wynn]] as Rainsford, on 1 February 1945 with frequent Welles collaborator [[Joseph Cotten]] portraying Rainsford, and on 1 October 1947 for the ''[[CBS]]'' radio program ''[[Escape (radio program)|Escape]]''. In the first two of these productions, Rainsford narrates the story in [[wikt:retrospect|retrospect]] as he waits in Zaroff's bedroom for the final confront

A second movie adaptation, a remake of the 1932 movie and also produced by [[RKO]], was ''[[A Game of Death]]'', released in 1945. Directed by [[Robert Wise]] at the very beginning of his long and distinguished directing career, the movie was regarded poorly. Footage from the original was recycled, and one actor from the original, [[Noble Johnson]], was cast in the remake. In keeping with events of the time, ''A Game of Death'' changed Zaroff into "Erich Kreiger", a Nazi, and was set in the aftermath of the [[Second World War]]. In 1956 a second official remake was made, ''[[Run for the Sun]]'', starring [[Richard Widmark]] and [[Jane Greer]].

==== List of film adaptations ====

* ''[[The Most Dangerous Game (film)|The Most Dangerous Game]]'' (1932)
* ''[[A Game of Death]]'' (1945)
* ''[[The Dangerous Game]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Run for the Sun]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Bloodlust!]]'' (1961)
* ''[[The Naked Prey]]'' (1966)
* ''[[The Woman Hunt]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Mottomo kiken na yuugi]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Turkey Shoot]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Slave Girls from Beyond Infinity]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Deadly Prey]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Lethal Woman]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Death Ring]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Hard Target]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Surviving the Game]]'' (1994) <ref>Stafford, Jeff [http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=84006&category=Articles "The Most Dangerous Game" (TCM article)]</ref>
* ''[[The Pest (1997 film)|The Pest]]'' (1997)
* ''[[The Tournament (film)|The Tournament]]''
* ''[[Naked Fear]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Taxidermy (film)|Taxidermy]]'' (2011)

=== Television ===
The story has also been the basis for plots for several television series.
*''[[Gilligan's Island]]'' - "The Hunter"
*''[[Lost in Space]]'' - "Hunter's Moon"
*''[[Get Smart]]'' - "Island of the Damned" featuring 99 and Maxwell Smart being hunted in an island by a KAOS hunting enthusiast.
*''[[The Incredible Hulk]]'' - "The Snare"
*''[[Logan's Run]]'' - "Capture"
*''[[The Monkees]]'' - "Monkees Marooned"
*''[[The Critic]]'' - one cold opening had Jay's boss, Duke Phillips, calling to tell him that he finally got his license to hunt man, and advises Jay to buy some running shoes.
*''[[Dexter's Laboratory]]'' - one "Dial M for Monkey" segment had Monkey being abducted by an intergalactic game hunter; the same hunter later had a cameo in an episode of ''[[Samurai Jack]]''.
*''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' - "[[Captive Pursuit]]"
*''[[Criminal Minds]]'' - "Open Season" where victims are found in Idaho wilderness after being pursued and killed by two avid hunters.
*''[[Codename: Kids Next Door]]'' - "Operation: SAFARI"
*''[[Supernatural (TV series)|Supernatural]]'' - "The Benders"
*''[[The Simpsons]]'' - In the "Survival of the Fattest" episode in "Treehouse of Horrors XVI," Mr. Burns invites a bunch of Simpsons characters to a hunting party, but it turns into a Most Dangerous Game hunt when he starts killing everyone.
*''[[CSI: Miami]]'' - "Hunting Ground"
* ''[[Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_%282008_TV_series)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'' - [[List_of_Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars_episodes#Season_4|finale]] episodes "Padawan Lost" and "Wookiee Hunt." [[Anakin Skywalker]]'s apprentice [[Ahsoka]] is captured by [[Trandoshan]] hunters who hunt [[Jedi#Ranks_of_Jedi|Jedi younglings]] for sport.
*''[[Dollhouse (TV series)|Dollhouse]]'' - "The Target"
*''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' - "Homecoming"
*''[[Dark Angel]]'' - "Pollo Loco"
*''[[American Dad]]''- "The Vacation Goo"

== Real-life parallels ==
[[Robert Hansen]], a serial killer who was active in the early 1980s, would kidnap women and then release them in the [[Knik River]] Valley in Alaska. He would then hunt them, armed with a knife and a [[Ruger Mini-14]] rifle.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

In 1976, Hayes Noel, a stock trader, Bob Gurnsey, and author [[Charles Gaines]] were discussing Gaines' recent trip to Africa and his experiences hunting [[African Buffalo|buffalo]]. Inspired in part by ''The Most Dangerous Game'', they created [[paintball]], a game where they would stalk and hunt each other; recreating the same adrenaline rush that came with animal hunting.<ref>Davidson, Steve, ''et al.'' ''The Complete Guide to Paintball'', 4–12. Hatherleigh Press, New York. 1999</ref>


== See also ==

* [[Human hunting]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links
{{Wikisource}}
* [http://www.classicshorts.com/stories/danger.html Full text at Classic Shorts]
* [http://fiction.eserver.org/short/the_most_dangerous_game.html Full text at E-Server]
* [http://www.archive.org/details/TheMostDangerousGame Watch 1932 film Most Dangerous Game]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Most Dangerous Game, The}}
[[Category:1924 short stories]]
[[Category:Works originally published in Collier's Weekly]]
[[Category:Works by Richard Connell]]

[[it:The Most Dangerous Game]]
[[nl:The Most Dangerous Game (Richard Connell)]]

Beck Weathers

2011-09-27T17:11:38Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 168.216.104.202 (talk) addition of unsourced negative content to a biographical article (HG)

'''Seaborn Beck Weathers''' (born December 1946) is an American [[pathologist]] from [[Texas]]. He is best known for his role in the [[1996 Everest disaster]] that has been the subject of many books and films, most notably ''[[Into Thin Air]]'' and ''[[Everest (film)|Everest]]''.<ref>[http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0304/field.html National Geographic] - profile of Weathers and other survivors, with audio interviews</ref>

==Everest==
During the 1996 climb to the summit of Mt. Everest's Penis, Weathers was left for dead, exposed to the elements on the [[South Col]], where he suffered severe frostbite, even though Maggie Beirne is whipped on Mark shaver. He recovered enough to walk alone and unassisted to nearby Camp IV. If he had failed to find it he would have plummeted to his death. <ref name=bw>[http://www.badassoftheweek.com/weathers.html Beck Weathers]</ref> He was later helped to walk on frozen feet to a lower camp, where he was the subject of one of the highest altitude [[helicopter]] rescues ever performed.<ref>[http://www.greatoutdoors.com/published/helicopter-on-everest-makes-history Helicopter on Everest makes history]</ref> Following his helicopter evacuation from the Western Cwm, he had his right arm amputated halfway between the elbow and wrist. All four fingers and the thumb on his left hand were removed. His nose was amputated and reconstructed with tissue from his ear and forehead and he lost parts of both feet to his injuries.<ref>''Into Thin Air'', pg. 352.</ref>

Weathers has said that his trouble on the mountain began when he was blinded by the effects of high altitude on his eyes that had been altered by [[radial keratotomy]] surgery,<ref>[http://www.salon.com/books/review/2000/04/25/weathers
"Left for Dead" review]</ref> the effects of altitude upon which were at the time unknown to science. After he admitted his disability to his paid guide, [[Rob Hall]], Weathers waited for Hall to guide him back down the mountain, instead of descending with other guides or clients.<ref name=bw/> Hall was delayed with a client further up the mountain before he could return to Weathers' position. This delay caused Weathers to become stranded in a late afternoon blizzard, which ended in tragedy for some and hardship for the entire party. Hall, unable to descend from the higher elevations, was reported dead the following day.

Weathers spent the night in an open [[bivouac shelter|bivouac]] in a blizzard with his face and hands exposed. His fellow climbers said that his frozen hand and nose looked and felt as if they were made of [[porcelain]], and they did not expect him to survive. With that assumption, they only tried to make him comfortable until he died, but he survived another freezing night alone in a tent unable to drink, eat, or keep himself covered with the sleeping bags he was provided with. His cries for help could not be heard above the blizzard, and his companions were surprised to find him alive and coherent the following day.

==Current life==
Weathers authored a book about his experience, ''Left For Dead,'' which was first published in 2000. He continues to practice medicine and deliver motivational speeches. He lives in [[Dallas, Texas]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0304/field.html National Geographic] - profile of Weathers and other survivors, with audio interviews
* [http://www.ted.com/talks/ken_kamler_medical_miracle_on_everest.html TED - Medical Miracle on Everest] - Ken Kamler - the only doctor on the mountain discusses how Weathers survived.
*[http://climb.mountainzone.com/interviews/2001/weathers/html/ Interview]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Weathers, Beck
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1946
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Weathers, Beck}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American mountain climbers]]
[[Category:American amputees]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]
[[Category:American non-fiction outdoors writers]]
[[Category:People from Dallas, Texas]]

{{Climbing-bio-stub}}

[[lv:Beks Vezerss]]

Cliff Bleszinski

2011-09-21T12:01:43Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted to revision 449323450 by 66.25.201.14: rv uncited material (death, etc). (TW)

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox Person
| name = Cliff Bleszinski
| image = CliffyB.jpg
| caption = Bleszinski at the [[Gears of War 2]] launch event in [[Universal City Walk]] Los Angeles in 2008
| birth_name = Clifford Michael Bleszinski
| other_names = CliffyB, Dude Huge
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|02|12}}
| birth_place = [[North Andover, Massachusetts]], [[United States|USA]]
| occupation = [[Game designer]]
| employer = [[Epic Games]]
| website = http://www.cliffyb.com
}}
'''Clifford Michael "Cliff" Bleszinski''' (born February 12, 1975) is the design director for the game development company [[Epic Games]] in [[Cary, North Carolina|Cary]], [[North Carolina]]. He is most famous for his continuing hand in the development of the [[Unreal (series)|''Unreal'' franchise]], especially 1999's Unreal Tournament, and the ''[[Gears of War]]'' franchise. He cites [[Shigeru Miyamoto]] as his biggest influence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.giantbomb.com/cliff-bleszinski/72-9856/|title=Cliff Bleszinski|publisher=Giant Bomb}}</ref>

Bleszinski recently revealed on [[Late Night with Jimmy Fallon]] that Epic Games has been working on ''[[Gears of War 3]]'', which is due for release on September 20, 2011.

One of his brothers is Tyler Bleszinski, a sports [[wikt:Blogger|blogger]] who founded [[Athletics Nation]].

On his website, Bleszinski often shares his thoughts and feelings on the world, American culture, gaming, and life in general. He is occasionally cited for his charitable nature like helping fans get jobs in the industry. Bleszinski also lists his interests on his [[1UP.com]] page, citing ''[[Donnie Darko]]'' and ''[[21 Grams]]'' amongst his favorite films, with ''[[Choke (novel)|Choke]]'' and ''[[Stupid White Men]]'' as some of his favorite books.<ref>http://www.1up.com/do/my1Up?publicUserId=5474264</ref>

Bleszinski's first game was ''The Palace of Deceit: Dragon's Plight'', a 1991 pixel-hunting [[adventure game]] for [[Windows]]. He is also known for the games ''[[Dare to Dream]]'' and ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit (game)|Jazz Jackrabbit]]''. In 2006, he served as lead game designer on the game ''[[Gears of War]]'' for the [[Xbox 360]]. Bleszinski will be an executive producer on the upcoming ''[[Gears of War (series)#Film|Gears of War movie]]''.

Despite the extensive amount of weapons that Bleszinski incorporates into each of his games, he had no experience with a machine gun prior to a guest spot on ''[[Jace Hall|The Jace Hall Show]]''.<ref>{{cite episode | title = Jace Hall, Ep 3: Zach Levi! Cliffy B! And Cung Le! | series = The Jace Hall Show | airdate = 2008-06-19 | season = 1 | number = 3}}</ref>

According to Bleszinski's [[MySpace]] page and his website, he lives in [[Raleigh, North Carolina]].<ref>[http://cliffyb.com/info/faq.shtml CliffyB.com -- Frequently Asked Questions], accessed 2007-07-20</ref>

The nickname "CliffyB" was given to him derogatorily by "some jock kid" as a shy teenager, which he then took and developed a tougher persona around.<ref>[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/11/03/081103fa_fact_bissell?currentPage=all The Grammar of Fun]</ref> In 2008, he expressed a desire to retire the CliffyB moniker, saying it's "time to grow up a bit".<ref>[http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2008/05/21/cliff-bleszinski-done-with-the-cliffyb/ Blog post on MTV Multiplayer]</ref>

Bleszinski recently revealed that he became engaged to his longtime girlfriend Lauren on the 13th of June 2011.

He is good friends with Comedian and [[UFC]] Commentator Joe Rogan.
<ref>https://twitter.com/#!/therealcliffyb/status/80361352287363072</ref>

==Credits==
===Video games===
* ''[[Gears of War 3]]'' (2011), Microsoft Game Studios<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Bulletstorm]]'' (2011), Electronic Arts
* ''[[Lost Planet 2]]'' (2010), CE Europe Ltd.<ref name=mobygames>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,1298/ |title=Mobygames Developer BIO |publisher=mobygames.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-07}} </ref>
* ''[[Fat Princess]]'' (2009), Sony Computer Entertainment America, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Shadow Complex]]'' (2009), Microsoft Game Studios<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Gears of War 2]]'' (2008), Microsoft Game Studios<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Tournament III]]'' (2007), Midway Home Entertainment, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Gears of War]]'' (2006), Microsoft Game Studios<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Brothers in Arms: Road to Hill 30]]'' (2005), Ubisoft, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Championship 2: The Liandri Conflict]]'' (2005), Midway Home Entertainment, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Tournament 2004]]'' (2004), Atari, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Devastation]]'' (2003), HD Interactive B.V.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal II: The Awakening]]'' (2003), Infogrames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit]]'' (2002), Jaleco Entertainment, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Championship]]'' (2002), Infogrames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Tournament 2003]]'' (2002), Infogrames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Unreal Tournament (Game of the Year Edition)'' (2000), Infogrames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit 2: The Secret Files]]'' (1999), Gathering, Project Two Interactive BV<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Tyrian 2000]]'' (1999), XSIV Games<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal Tournament]]'' (1999), GT Interactive Software Corp.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit 2]]'' (1998), Gathering, Project Two Interactive BV<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Unreal]], GT Interactive Software Corp.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Jazz Jackrabbit: Holiday Hare 1995'' (1995), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Tyrian]]'' (1995), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''[[Jazz Jackrabbit]]'' (1994), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Jazz Jackrabbit CD-ROM'' (1994), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Jazz Jackrabbit: Holiday Hare 1994'' (1994), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''Dare to Dream Volume One: In a Darkened Room'' (1993), Epic MegaGames, Inc.<ref name=mobygames/>
* ''The Palace of Deceit: the Dragon's Plight'' (1992), Game Syndicate Productions<ref name=mobygames/>

===Filmography===
Jake and Amir (Note: He played himself)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bissell, Tom. "[http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/11/03/081103fa_fact_bissell?currentPage=all The Grammar of Fun]." ''New Yorker'', November 3, 2008.

==External links==
*[http://twitter.com/therealcliffyb Cliff Bleszinski on Twitter]
*[http://www.cliffyb.com Personal website]
*{{moby developer|id=1298|name=Cliff Bleszinski's profile}}
*[http://cliffyb.1up.com/ Page On 1UP.com]
*[http://xbox360.gamespy.com/xbox-360/gears-of-war/771718p1.html Everything You Wanted to Know About Gears of War...] Article about Bleszinski's GDC2007 presentation "Designing Gears of War: Iteration Wins"
*[http://www.gamespot.com/downloads/6175466 GameSpot Video Interview with CliffyB]
*[http://videogames.yahoo.com/events/plugged-in/gears-of-war-3-debuts-on-late-night-with-jimmy-fallon/1396527 Gears of War 3 debuts on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon]

{{Epic}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Bleszinski, Cliff
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =Creator of The Xbox 360's Onoy Tood Series
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 12, 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[North Andover, Massachusetts]], [[United States|USA]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bleszinski, Cliff}}
[[Category:American video game designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:People from Essex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Raleigh, North Carolina]]
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]

[[ar:كليف بليزينسكي]]
[[es:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[fr:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[it:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[ja:クリフ・ブレジンスキー]]
[[pl:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[pt:Cliff Bleszinski]]
[[ru:Блезински, Клифф]]
[[sv:Cliff Bleszinski]]

Kate Middletons Brautkleid

2011-09-20T19:31:17Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 67.198.53.252 (talk) to last revision by RafikiSykes (HG)

{{Use British English|date=May 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox
|name = Infobox/doc
|bodystyle =
|title = Wedding dress of Kate Middleton
|titlestyle =

|image = [[File:William and Kate wedding.jpg|250px|alt=Example alt text]]
|imagestyle =
|caption =
|captionstyle =
|headerstyle = background:#ccf;
|labelstyle = background:#ddf;
|datastyle =

|header5 =
|label1 = Designer
|data1 = [[Sarah Burton]], designer [[Royal School of Needlework]]
|label2 = Year
|data2 = {{start date|df=yes|2011}}
|label3 = Type
|data3 = lace [[applique]] [[bodice]]

|belowstyle = background:#ddf;
}}

The '''wedding dress of Kate Middleton''' was the [[Wedding dress|bridal gown]] worn by [[Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge]], at her [[wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine Middleton|wedding to Prince William, Duke of Cambridge]], on 29 April 2011. The dress was designed by English designer [[Sarah Burton]] at [[Alexander McQueen (brand)|Alexander McQueen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Royal-Wedding/ROYAL-WEDDING-Kate-Middletons-Dress-Designed-By-Sarah-Burton/Article/201104415981854?lpos=Royal_Wedding_Top_Stories_Header_1&lid=ARTICLE_15981854_ROYAL_WEDDING_Kate_Middletons_Dress_Designed_By_Sarah_Burton|title=Kate Middleton's bridal dress designed by Sarah Burton|publisher=Sky News|date=29 April 2011|accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref>

The dress and its maker were not formally announced until the bride stepped from her car to enter [[Westminster Abbey]] just prior to the service.<ref name=bbc/> Noted for its design, symbolism, and expected influence on [[Western Hemisphere|Western]] bridal gown trends, the dress was widely anticipated and generated much comment in the media. Replicas of the garment have already been produced and sold, and the original dress has gone on display at [[Buckingham Palace]].

==Pre-wedding speculation==
Before the day, there was much speculation as to what Catherine Middleton would choose for her dress. On 6 March, ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' reported on speculation that Middleton had chosen McQueen designer Sarah Burton. Their report stated: "A fashion source said that the dress will be a combination of Middleton's own design ideas and Burton's deep knowledge and understanding of high fashion." The label and Burton both denied any involvement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Middleton to wear McQueen wedding dress: report|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/07/3156517.htm?section=justin|accessdate=29 April 2011|newspaper=ABC News|date=7 March 2011|agency=AAP|location=Sydney NSW}}</ref> Burton's work came to the notice of Middleton in 2005 when she attended the wedding of [[Tom Parker Bowles]], the son of the [[Duchess of Cornwall]]. Burton had designed the bridal gown for his bride, fashion journalist Sara Buys.<ref name=TMG8364610>{{cite news|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8364610/Sarah-Burton-of-Alexander-McQueen-to-design-Kate-Middletons-wedding-dress.html|title=Sarah Burton of Alexander McQueen to design Kate Middleton's wedding dress?|author=Heidi Blake|work=Daily Telegraph|date=6 March 2011|accessdate=29 April 2011|location=London}}</ref> Also suggested were [[Victoria Beckham]],<ref name=latimes-spec>{{cite news|author=27 April 2011  |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2011/04/handicapping-kate-middletons-wedding-gown-designer-the-high-fashion-favorites.html |title=Royal Wedding: Handicapping Kate Middleton's wedding gown designer: The high-fashion favorites |work=Los Angeles Times |date=16 July 2008 |accessdate=30 April 2011|unused_data=  7:30 am}}</ref> [[Sophie Cranston]]'s [[Libelula]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Imogen Fox |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/apr/22/speculation-royal-wedding-dress |title=Speculation over royal wedding dress reaches fever pitch , UK news |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date= 22 April 2011|accessdate=30 April 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/belinda-white/TMG8456677/Kate-Middletons-wedding-dress-latest-Sophie-Cranston-of-Libelula-chosen-as-designer.html Kate Middleton's wedding dress latest: Sophie Cranston of Libelula chosen as designer? | Telegraph, 17 April 2011]</ref> [[Jasper Conran]],<ref name=Xinhua /><ref name=star-muchado>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/world/royalfamily/royalwedding/article/974349--much-ado-about-kate-middleton-s-bridal-dress |title=Much ado about Kate Middleton’s bridal dress |work=Toronto Star |date=14 April 2011 |accessdate=30 April 2011}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Emanuel]],<ref name=latimes-trad>{{cite news|author=26 April 2011  |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/alltherage/2011/04/handicapping-kate-middletons-wedding-gown-designer-the-traditionalists.html |title=Handicapping Kate Middleton's wedding gown designer: The traditionalists |work=Los Angeles Times |date=26 April 2011 |accessdate=30 April 2011}}</ref> [[Engagement announcement dress of Kate Middleton|Daniella Issa Helayel]],<ref name=Xinhua /> [[Marchesa (brand)|Marchesa]] by [[Keren Craig]] and [[Georgina Chapman]],<ref name=latimes-spec /> [[Stella McCartney]],<ref name=latimes-spec /> [[Bruce Oldfield]],<ref name=latimes-trad/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elleuk.com/news/fashion-news/bruce-oldfield-exits-dress-race-packham-enters/(gid)/761516 |title=Elle News , Bruce Oldfield Exits Dress Race, Packham Enters |publisher=Elleuk.com |date= |accessdate=30 April 2011}}</ref><ref name=star-muchado /> and [[Catherine Walker (fashion designer)|Catherine Walker]].<ref name=latimes-trad/>

Burton emerged as the [[odds|odds-on favourite]] to create the dress amongst [[bookmaker]]s, so much so that the English bookmaker [[William Hill (bookmaker)|William Hill]] stopped taking wagers weeks before the event. [[David Emanuel (fashion designer)|David Emanuel]], co-designer of Princess Diana's wedding dress, commented to the Canadian fashion journalist [[Jeanne Beker]] that "McQueen is owned by [[Gucci]], an Italian company. If Kate's gone that route, it would be the first time a British-owned house wasn't chosen. And the Italians would have a field day with that."<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/living/article/980094--a-bet-on-the-train-of-events A bet on the train of events]. thestar.com (26 April 2011). Retrieved on 1 May 2011.</ref>

According to Joanna Marschner, Senior Curator of the Historic Royal Palaces, "the dresses have had to grow as the media expectation has grown. Television cameras in Westminster Abbey have meant that those dresses are going to have to live up to those venues and indeed be of a design excellence to bear infinite scrutiny."<ref name=Xinhua>{{cite news|title=Who is designing Kate's wedding dress?|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/video/2011-04/24/c_13843597.htm|accessdate=29 April 2011|publisher=Xinhua|date=24 April 2011}}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:Kate Middleton dress replica.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A replica of the dress outside a shop in Belfast]]
Official statements noted that Middleton wished to combine tradition and modernity, "with the artistic vision that characterises Alexander McQueen's work." She and Burton worked closely together in formulating the dress design.<ref name=timeless>{{cite news|title=Kate's dress 'timeless'|url=http://lifestyle.iafrica.com/royal-weddings/724784.html|accessdate=29 April 2011|newspaper=iafrica.com|date=29 April 2011|agency=AFP}}</ref>

It has a lace [[applique]] [[bodice]] with detailing symbolising the nations of the United Kingdom. It was made of satin and featured a lace applique bodice and skirt. The lace bodice design was hand-made using a technique that originated in Ireland in the 1820s called [[carrickmacross lace|Carrickmacross]], which involved cutting out rose detailing (symbolising [[Symbols of England#Flora and fauna|England]]), thistles ([[Thistle#Heraldry|Scotland]]), daffodils ([[National symbols of Wales#Other symbols|Wales]]), and shamrocks ([[Shamrock#Badge of Ireland|Ireland]]),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1381944/Royal-Wedding-cake-Kate-Middleton-requested-8-tiers-decorated-900-flowers.html |title=Royal Wedding cake: Kate Middleton requested 8-tiers decorated with 900 flowers |work=The Daily Mail |location=UK |date= 1 May 2011|accessdate=30 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13235599 |title=BBC News – Kate Middleton's bridal dress designed by Sarah Burton |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= 29 April 2011|accessdate=30 April 2011}}</ref> individually applying them to the ivory silk tulle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.life.com/gallery/59741/kates-wedding-dress-up-close#index/1|title=Kate's Wedding Dress Up Close|publisher=LIFE.com|date=29 April 2011|accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref> These lace appliques were hand-made by the [[Royal School of Needlework]], based at Hampton Court Palace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shoppingblog.dallasnews.com/archives/2011/04/live-royal-wedding-fashion-blo-1.html|title=Royal wedding fashion blog: More details on Kate's dress|publisher=Dallas Morning News|date=29 April 2011|accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref> The [[dressmaker]]s used fresh needles every three hours, and washed their hands every half an hour to avoid marking the fabric.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Video, Royal Wedding: Kate Middleton's Dress Designed By Sarah Burton For Alexander McQueen
| accessdate = 30 April 2011
| url = http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Royal-Wedding/Video-Royal-Wedding-Kate-Middletons-Dress-Designed-By-Sarah-Burton-For-Alexander-McQueen/Article/200901415981854?lpos=Royal_Wedding_Second_UK_News_Article_Teaser_Region_2&lid=ARTICLE_15981854_Video%2C_Royal_Wedding%3A_Kate_Middletons_Dress_Designed_By_Sarah_Burton_For_Alexander_McQueen
| unused_data = Royal Wedding|Sky News
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Royal wedding dress under the microscope
| accessdate = 30 April 2011
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/apr/30/royal-wedding-dress-microscope
| unused_data = UK news|guardian.co.uk
| location=London
| work=The Guardian
| first=Imogen
| last=Fox
| date=30 April 2011
}}</ref>

The bridal train measured {{convert|270|cm|abbr=on}}. Hand-cut English lace and French [[Chantilly lace]] was used throughout the bodice, skirt, and the underskirt trim. With laces coming from different sources, much care was taken to ensure that each flower was the same colour. The whole process was overseen and put together by hand by Ms Burton and her team. The "ivory satin bodice is padded slightly at the hips and narrowed at the waist, and was inspired by the Victorian tradition of corsetry that is a particular Alexander McQueen hallmark. On the back are 58 buttons of [[gazar]] and [[organza]], which fasten by means of Rouleau loops. The underskirt is made of English [[Cluny lace]] over silk [[tulle netting|tulle]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialroyalwedding2011.org/blog/2011/April/29/The-Wedding-Dress--Bridesmaids--Dresses-and-Pages--Uniforms |title=The Wedding Dress, Bridesmaids' Dresses and Pages' Uniforms |publisher=Officialroyalwedding2011.org |date=26 April 2011 |accessdate=30 April 2011}}</ref>

The main body of the dress was made in ivory and white satin gazar, using UK fabrics which had been specially sourced by Sarah Burton, with a long, full skirt designed to echo an opening flower, with soft pleats which unfolded to the floor, forming a Victorian-style semi-bustle at the back, and finishing in a short train measuring just under three metres in length.<ref name=Hilary>{{cite news|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/columns/hilary-alexander/TMG8477689/Kate-Middleton-wedding-dress-is-Sarah-Burton-for-Alexander-McQueen.html |title=Kate Middleton wedding dress is Sarah Burton for Alexander McQueen|work=Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=29 April 2011 |accessdate=1 May 2011}}</ref>

To partially fulfill the "[[Wedding customs by country#British customs|something blue]]" portion of the British wedding tradition, a blue ribbon was sewn inside the dress. The design for the bodice of the dress featuring Carrickmacross craftsmanship was the "something old".<ref name=ribbon>{{cite news|title=Royal wedding: Kate Middleton wears Queen's tiara|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8483330/Royal-wedding-Kate-Middleton-wears-Queens-tiara.html|work=The Telegraph|date=29 April 2011|accessdate=1 May 2011|location=London}}</ref>

The British tabloid ''[[The News of the World]]'' reported that to maintain secrecy, the embroiderers at the Royal School of Needlework were initially told that the dress was intended to be used in a television costume drama and that cost was no object.<ref name=NOW>{{cite news|last=Latchem |first=Tom|title=Sew secret: The £250k dress|url=http://www.newsoftheworld.co.uk/notw/_news/wills_and_kate/1287203/Sew-secret-The-250k-dress.html|accessdate=29 April 2011|publisher=News of the World|date=1 May 2011}}</ref> As a result, it had been widely reported that the dress cost £250,000,<ref name=NOW/><ref name=scotsman>{{cite news|last=Bradley |first=Jane|title=Kate's wedding dress to go on public display|url=http://news.scotsman.com/royal-weddings/Kate39s-wedding-dress--to.6760973.jp|accessdate=29 April 2011|work=The Scotsman |location=UK |date=2 May 2011}}</ref> although a [[Clarence House]] spokesperson dismissed that claim.<ref name=sky>{{cite news|title=Honeymoon Delay 'Was Royal Couple's Choice'|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Article/201105115983115|accessdate=1 May 2011|publisher=Sky News|date=1 May 2011}}</ref>

==Reception and influence==
The dress generated much comment in the media from fashion experts and was very well received. It was noted that the design was largely traditional and inspired by dresses from the 1950s. [[Karl Lagerfeld]] wrote "the dress is classic and goes very well in the Westminster decor. It almost reminds me of Elizabeth's wedding, the royal weddings in the [19]50s. The proportion of the train is good. The lace is very pretty. I like the veil a lot."<ref name=Reuters-wows>{{cite news|last=Falloon|first=Matt|title=Kate Middleton wows crowd in McQueen designer's dress|url=http://www.canada.com/life/Kate+Middleton+wows+crowd+McQueen+designer+dress/4696060/story.html|accessdate=29 April 2011|newspaper=canada.com|date=29 April 2011|agency=Reuters}}</ref> Antonio Marras, of [[Kenzo (brand)|Kenzo]], stated, "the choice of the label and the style of the dress was a very clever mix between edgy fashion and tradition — all in a very British way. You could see references to [[Wedding dress of Grace Kelly|Grace Kelly]] or [[Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth|Queen Elizabeth]]'s dresses, but in a simpler, more modern way."<ref name=Reuters-wows /> It was noted that the lace bodice of Middleton's dress echoed that worn by Grace Kelly for her marriage to [[Rainier III, Prince of Monaco]] in 1956.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13236617|title = Royal wedding: What are they saying about the dress?|publisher=BBC News | date=29 April 2011}}</ref> Comparisons were also drawn with [[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon|Princess Margaret]]'s [[Wedding dress of Princess Margaret|wedding dress]].<ref name=Hilary/> Mark Badgley of [[Badgley Mischka]] wrote that "it's the kind of gown that will stand the test of time. Not all gowns do. Any bride across the world will want to wear it. It's got a touch of vintage, a classic 1950s ball gown, so timeless that her daughter would look gorgeous in this gown 30 years from now."<ref name=nyt-reacts>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/fashion/01RUNWAY.html Simplicity Wears the Crown], The New York times, 29 April 2011</ref> Meanwhile [[Oscar de la Renta]] stated that it was "a very traditional dress for a very traditional wedding...not ostentatious. There was not 50 meters of train, and it was not overembroidered. It was just a very traditional dress for a ravishing girl who doesn't need a lot."<ref name=nyt-reacts />

Comparisons were also made to [[Wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer|the dress worn]] by Prince William's mother, [[Diana, Princess of Wales]]. [[Vera Wang]] said "Diana's dress had a sense of innocence, whimsy, almost storybook romance. In contrast Catherine's gown was about way more than simply the dress. Sarah Burton channelled a new take on classicism for a modern-day bride who will one day be queen."<ref name=nyt-reacts /> Diana's wedding dress maker, [[Elizabeth Emanuel]], has suggested: "Exactly as it happened in 1981, there are going to be people watching as she walks down the aisle with their sketch pads, with the machinists and pattern cutters all ready and waiting. By the next morning you'll see copies in High Street."<ref name=timeless /> Emanuel says the dress would fit many body shapes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Royal-Wedding/Video-Royal-Wedding-Kate-Middletons-Dress-Designed-By-Sarah-Burton-For-Alexander-McQueen/Article/201104415981854?lpos=Royal_Wedding_First_Home_Article_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_15981854_Video%2C_Royal_Wedding%3A_Kate_Middletons_Dress_Designed_By_Sarah_Burton_For_Alexander_McQueen |title=Video, Royal Wedding: Kate Middleton's Dress Designed By Sarah Burton For Alexander McQueen |publisher=Sky News |date= |accessdate=30 April 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Kate Middleton Royal Dress Replica - Full Front.jpg|thumb|200px|Chinese replica of the dress offered for sale to the public four weeks after the Royal Wedding.]]
There were many suggestions that the style of the dress would influence wedding fashion for the next few years. Alison McGill, the editor-in-chief of ''Weddingbells Magazine'': "I think her choice to wear long sleeves signals a big goodbye to strapless wedding gowns."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ottawa.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20110429/royal-wedding-dress-110429/20110429/?hub=OttawaHome |title=CTV Ottawa- Lace McQueen wedding gown gets rave reviews – CTV News |publisher=Ottawa.ctv.ca |date=31 December 2007 |accessdate=30 April 2011}}</ref> Meanwhile Veronica Di Santo-Abramowicz, of the Toronto-based Ines Di Santo label opined "Kate's dress will influence so much of the bridal style that we will see over the next few years. It always happens that when a person of royalty or high stature gets married, this sets trends for several years. For example, Princess Diana's gown and [[Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy|Carolyn Bessette]]'s gown are two noteworthy brides that come to mind."<ref>{{cite web|author=nurun.com |url=http://www.torontosun.com/2011/04/28/canadian-wedding-gown-designers-predict-kates-look--and-explain-why-it-matters |title=Canadian wedding gown designers predict Kate's look – and explain why it matters |work=Toronto Sun |date= |accessdate=30 April 2011}}</ref>

One British firm's replica, commissioned by ''[[The Times of London|The Times]]'' as a contest prize, was completed less than five hours after Middleton began her car ride to the Abbey. The firm received numerous inquiries within a day, but expressed that it would have to consult lawyers before replicas could be sold.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kate's wedding dress recreated in just five hours|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/kates-wedding-dress-recreated-in-just-five-hours/story-e6frf7jx-1226047668734|accessdate=30 April 2011|newspaper=The Herald Sun|date=1 May 2011|agency=AFP}}</ref> New Zealand couturist Jane Yeh worked through the night after the wedding to create another copy of the dress.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/new-zealand/news/article.cfm?l_id=71&objectid=10722667 |title=Kiwi creates copy of that dress |first=Celeste |last=Antiss |publisher=[[New Zealand Herald]] |date=1 May 2011 |accessdate=1 May 2011}}</ref> Chinese dressmakers told news reporters they expected to have [[knock-off]]s of the dress available one week from the event; one expressed frustration that it was not leaked in advance so that they could have stock prepared earlier. Another suggested a £70 to £90 retail price.<ref>{{cite news|last=Moore|first=Malcolm|title=Royal wedding: Chinese tailors rush to copy Kate Middleton's dress|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8485272/Royal-wedding-Chinese-tailors-rush-to-copy-Kate-Middletons-dress.html|accessdate=30 April 2011|newspaper=Telegraph|date=30 April 2011|location=London}}</ref>

The choice of a dress from the fashion house of [[Alexander McQueen]], who had committed suicide in 2010, led [[Hubert de Givenchy]] to state "It's a lovely thought, a nice tribute."<ref name=Reuters-wows />

The dress along with other items pertaining to the Royal Wedding will be exhibited at Buckingham Palace from 23 July 2011 until 3 October, 2011.<ref name=horrid>{{cite news|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8655222/Kate-Middletons-dress-display-is-horrid-cries-Queen.html|title=Duchess of Cambridge's dress display is horrid, cries Queen|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=23 July 2011}} </ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Witchell|first=Nicholas|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14257114|title=Queen overheard criticising Duchess wedding dress display|newspaper=bbc.co.uk|date=23 July 2011}}</ref> The method of displaying the dress and tiara (on a headless [[mannequin]] lit by white lighting) was reported to have been described as "horrible" by the Queen during a private tour of the exhibition with the Duchess of Cambridge in July 2011.<ref name=horrid/> A microphone overheard the Queen remarking to the Duchess "It's made to look very creepy" while Catherine responded that it had a "3D effect".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5juNjIDWTOWkSZZozaIb2VyInTWvg?docId=CNG.12b3e2d8c5a021ba35421e540e77eecd.331 |title=Queen spooked by Catherine's wedding dress display|newspaper=Associated Press|accessdate=23 July 2011}}</ref>

The dress helped attract a record number of visitors to Buckingham Palace in the summer months of 2011.It was also reported to have helped raise around eight million pounds towards Kate Middleton’s own charity fund as well as palace renovations.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2035701/A-tale-dresses-Kates-wedding-gown-raises-8m-display-Buckingham-Palace-Dianas-outfit-carted-globe.html A tale of two dresses: Kate's wedding gown raises £8m on display at Buckingham Palace while Diana's outfit is carted around the globe | Mail Online]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Engagement announcement dress of Kate Middleton]]
* [[Wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons|Category:Wedding of Prince William of Wales and Kate Middleton|Wedding of Prince William of Wales and Kate Middleton}}
* [http://www.royalweddingdress.org/ Royal Wedding Dress | Sarah Burton at Alexander McQueen]
* [http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/gallery/the_wedding_of_prince_william_and_catherine_middleton_1988728899_831725321.html Official wedding photographs]
* [http://www.life.com/gallery/59741/kates-wedding-dress-up-close#index/1/ Photos: Kate Middleton's Wedding Dress Up Close]
{{British Royal wedding dresses}}

[[Category:Royal wedding dresses|Middleton Kate]]
[[Category:British royal attire]]
[[Category:2010s fashion]]

[[hu:Kate Middleton esküvői ruhája]]

Kinderarbeit in Indien

2011-09-16T13:00:06Z

Fluffernutter: Undid revision 450776057 by 117.212.18.229 (talk) rv uncited POV

[[File:Young boy stacking plates in Bangalore, India.jpg|thumb|Young boy stacking plates in [[Bangalore]]]]
Of 12.6 million children in hazardous occupations, [[India]] has the highest number of labourers in the world under 14 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india_background.html|title=India- The big picture|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|accessdate=2009-10-19}}</ref> Although the [[Constitution of India]] guarantees free and compulsory education to children between the age of 6 to 14 and prohibits employment of children younger than 14 in any hazardous environment, child labour is present in almost all sectors of the Indian economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncpcr.gov.in/Reports/Child_Labour_in_Rural_areas_with_special_focus_on_Migration_Agriculture_%20Mining_by_Neera_Burra.pdf|title=Child labour in rural areas with a special focus on migration, agriculture, mining and brick kilns |last=Burra|first=Neera|publisher=[[NCPCR]]|accessdate=2009-10-19}}</ref> Companies including [[Gap (clothing retailer)|Gap]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=3786371&page=1|title=Gap Under Fire: Reports Allege Child Labor|publisher=[[ABC News]]|accessdate=2009-10-22}}</ref> [[Primark]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/retailing/article4152660.ece|title=Primark drops firms using child labour|date=June 17, 2008 |publisher=[[The Times]]|accessdate=2009-10-22 | location=London | first=Steve | last=Hawkes}}</ref> [[Monsanto]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/global/2008/0310/062.html|title=Child Labor|first=Megha Bahree |date=2008-10-03|publisher=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=2009-10-22}}</ref> etc. have been criticised for using child labour in either their operations in India or by their suppliers in India.

== Diamond industry ==
{{See|Child labour in the diamond industry#India}}
In 1997, the [[International Labour Organization]] published a report titled Child Labour in the Diamond Industry,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/actrav/child/proj/childiam.htm|title=Child Labour in the Diamond Industry|publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]|year=1997}}</ref> claiming that child labour is highly prevalent in the Indian diamond industry, as child labourers constitute nearly 3% of the total workforce and the percentage of child labourers is as high as 25% in the diamond industry of [[Surat]]. The ICFTU further claimed that child labour was prospering in the diamond industry in Western India, where the majority of the world's diamonds are cut and polished while workers are often paid only a fraction of 1% of the value of the stones they cut.<ref name=BBCBusiness>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/letter_from_america/15377.stm|title=Child Labour Crisis in Diamond Industry|date=October 26, 1997|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-09-08}}</ref> Pravin Nanavati, a Surat-based diamond businessman argued that, since high cost diamonds could easily be lost or broken while cutting or polishing, employing a child labourer would mean risking "[[lakhs]] of [[rupee]]s" and “Around 8-10 years back, some western countries deliberately created the impression that child labour is prevalent in the Indian diamond industry" and called the [[boycott]] for [[monopoly|monopolising]] in the sector. The South Gujarat Diamond Workers Association secretary Mohan Dhabuwala, argued that while child labour is highly prevalent in the construction and hotel industries, there are few child labourers in the diamond industry of [[Surat]], less than 1% according to their surveys, mainly because of stern punishments and penalties for violation of child labour laws.<ref name=business-standard>{{cite web|author=Summit Khanna |location= Ahmedabad |date=December 13, 2004 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=195628 |title=Diamond industry plays down child labour charges |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=2004-12-13 |accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref>
Child labor is one of the main components of the carpet industry. Factories pay children extremely low wages, for which adults refuse to work, while forcing the youngsters to slave under perilous and unhygienic labor conditions. Many of these children are [[migrant workers]], the majority coming from [[northern India]], who are sent away by their families to earn an income sent directly home. Thus, children are forced to endure the despicable conditions of the carpet factories, as their families depend on their wages.

In 1998, Madhura Swaminathan from the [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research]] argued that [[economic growth]] in [[Western India]] was associated with an increase in the number of child workers over the last 15 years and that children work at simple repetitive manual tasks that do not require long years of training or experience in low-paying hazardous works that involves drudgery and forecloses the option of school education for most children.<ref name=sciencedirect>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00063-1|title=Economic growth and the persistence of child labor: Evidence from an Indian city|year=1998|last1=Swaminathan|first1=M|journal=World Development|volume=26|page=1513}}</ref>

In 2005, an India-based management consultancy firm named A. F. Ferguson & Co., commissioned a study titled ''Child Labour from Gem and Jewellery Industry'' "to spread awareness about child labor among the people connected with the industry" that is conducted at 663 manufacturing units at 21 different locations at [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], as a GJEPC initiative. On February 12, the study is presented in a seminar held by the [[Gem & Jewelry Export Promotion Council]] (GJEPC) and the Surat Diamond Association, in Surat, India. The report argued that the use of child labour in India’s diamond processing industry has been reduced from 0.55% 143 in [[1998]] to 0.31% in [[2005]] which is estimated to be less than 1%, "while for the [[synthetic stone]] industry it is estimated to be two-thirds less". Gem& Jewellery Export Promotion Council chairman Bakul Mehta, claimed that, "Some 500 diamond factory owners took an oath in the city of Palanpur, Gujarat, (home town of leading Gujarati diamond merchants) not to employ children in their factories. Similarly, in Surat, 200 factory owners took the oath," and at GJEPC they, "Remain committed to eradicating child labor from the Indian diamond industry” arguing "...the gem and jewelry industry cannot even think of employing children, not only for moral reasons, but that a child could be injured while polishing or cutting the diamonds." <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.diamonds.net/news/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=11399|title=Child Labor Practice Drops in India|last=Tanna|first=Ketan|date=February 14, 2005|publisher=Rapaport News|accessdate=2009-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=117676|title=Use of child labour in gem industry lower|date=February 14, 2005|publisher=[[Indian express]]|accessdate=2009-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/af-ferguson-report-slams-surat-diamond-industry/206061/|title=AF Ferguson report slams Surat diamond industry|last=Khanna|first=Summit |date= February 23, 2005|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|accessdate=2009-10-20}}</ref>

== Fireworks manufacture ==
It is estimated that around 135,000 children work in the Indian fireworks industry.

Sivakasi in India is supposed to be the capital of child labour in fireworks manufacture sector. Children work daily with minimal wages, no leave and without any health or safety precautions in factories manufacturing fireworks. <ref>{{cite web|last=NDTV|title=Child Labour in Fireworks|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/child-labour-taints-fireworks-industry/19060}}</ref>

== Silk manufacture ==
[[Human Rights Watch]] estimates that at least 350,000 bonded children are employed by the silk industry in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/scandal-of-silk-industry-where-child-slaves-work-seven-days-a-week-602726.html|title=Scandal of silk industry where child 'slaves' work seven days a week |last=Reeves|first=Phil|date=24 January 2003|publisher=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=2009-10-20 | location=London}}</ref> As per Human Rights Watch, children as young as five years old are employed and work for up to 12 hours a day and six to seven days a week.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://inhome.rediff.com/news/2003/jan/23silk.htm|title=Indian silk industry employs child labour: Human Rights Watch|date=January 23, 2003|publisher=[[Rediff]]|accessdate=2009-10-20}}</ref> Children are forced to dip their hands in scalding water to [[palpate]] the [[Pupa#Cocoon|cocoons]] and are often paid less than Rs 10 per day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1801/18010660.htm|title=Child Labour: Blood on silk |publisher=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]|accessdate=2009-10-20}}</ref>

== Domestic labour ==
Official estimates for child labour working as domestic labour and in restaurants is more than 2,500,000 while NGOs estimate the figure to be around 20 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/20/stories/2006102002811000.htm|title=Enforcing the ban |date=Oct 20, 2006|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-10-20}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] expanded the coverage of The Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act and banned the employment of children as domestic workers and as workers in restaurants, [[dhaba]]s, hotels, spas and resorts effective from October 10, 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/07/stories/2006080703781000.htm|title=A ban that was overdue |date=Aug 07, 2006|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-10-20}}</ref>

== Construction ==
The misuse of adult labour can be found in the construction industry too. Adults are found in construction of both home and office buildings. In 2011, for the construction of the Asian Games care house, the contractors had employed adults, for they had to be paid more, making it a small issue.

== Brick kilns ==
Each year, thousands of children are rescued from brick kilns, working in awful conditions. Some of the children are actually sold to the brick kiln owners, and are not paid.

==Initiatives against child labour==
In 1979, the Indian government formed the Gurupadswamy Committee to find about child labour and means to tackle it. The Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act was not enacted based on the recommendations of the committee in 1986. A National Policy on Child Labour was formulated in 1987 to focus on rehabilitating children working in hazardous occupations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://labour.nic.in/cwl/ChildLabour.htm|title=nitiatives towards Elimination of Child Labour – Action Plan and Present Strategy|publisher=[[Ministry of Labour and Employment]], [[Government of India]]|accessdate=2009-10-21}}</ref>
The Ministry of Labour and Employment had implemented around 100 industry-specific National Child Labour Projects to rehabilitate the child workers since 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/newdelhi/ipec/responses/india/national.htm|title=National Legislation and Policies Against Child Labour in India|publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]|accessdate=2009-10-21}}</ref>

===Legislation===

===Non-governmental organizations===
Many NGOs like [[CARE (relief agency)|CARE India]], [[Child Relief and You]], [[Global march against child labor]] etc. have been working to eradicate child labour in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/newdelhi/ipec/responses/india/other.htm|title=Other Initiatives Against Child Labour in India|publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]|accessdate=2009-10-21}}</ref>
In 2005, [[Pratham]], an Indian NGO was involved in one of the biggest rescue operations when around 500 child labourers were rescued from [[zari]] sweatshops in [[North East Delhi]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/22/stories/2005112206960103.htm|title=485 child laborers rescued |date=Nov 22, 2005|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2009-10-22}}</ref>
though child labour still goes on today.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.childlabourinindia.org Child labour in india]

{{Social issues in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Child Labour In India}}
[[Category:Child labour|India]]
[[Category:Indian children]]
[[Category:Labour relations in India]]

Peter Gotti

2011-09-11T20:21:43Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 77.125.91.129 (talk) to last revision by Denisarona (HG)

{{Infobox criminal
| name = Peter Gotti
| image_name = PeterGotti.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|10|15}}
| birth_place = [[The Bronx]], [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| charge = Attempted extortion, [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]], [[extortion]], [[money laundering]]
| conviction_penalty = [[Life imprisonment]]
| conviction_status = Incarcerated
| occupation = Caretaker of the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club, [[Crime boss]], [[Criminal]], [[Gangster]], [[Mafioso]], [[Mobster]], [[Racketeer]], [[Sanitation worker]]
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| spouse = Catherine Gotti (1960-2002, divorced)
| children =
| nickname = "One Eyed Pete", "Petey Boy", "One Eye"
}}

'''Peter Gotti,''' also known as "One Eyed Pete", "Petey Boy", "One Eye" (born November 15, 1939), is a New York mobster who is the former boss of the [[Gambino crime family]] and the older brother of deceased Gambino [[crime boss|boss]] [[John Gotti]].

==Background==
Peter Gotti was born to John and Fannie Gotti. Peter's brothers included Gambino boss [[John Gotti]], capo [[Gene Gotti]], capo [[Richard V. Gotti]], and soldier Vincent Gotti. Peter is the father of [[Peter Gotti Jr.]]. Peter Gotti has a wife Catherine; they live in [[Howard Beach, Queens]]. Peter's nickname "One Eye" derives from blindness from [[glaucoma]] in one eye.<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2002/06/05/2002-06-05_nab_newest_gambino_crime_boss.html "NAB NEWEST GAMBINO CRIME BOSS"] By JOHN MARZULLI New York Daily News June 5th 2002</ref>

Around 1960, at age 21, Peter Gotti started working as an associate for the Gambino family. In 1988, at age 49, the family inducted Peter Gotti as a full member, or [[made man]]. John Gotti did not believe his brother Peter had the ability to belong to [[Cosa Nostra]], which may have led to Peter's reputation as "the Dumbest Don." John Gotti designated Peter as caretaker of the [[Bergin Hunt and Fish Club]], and as a driver for John and Gene. In 1989, Peter was promoted to [[capo (Mafia)|capo]].

Like his father, Peter Gotti had a legitimate job as a sanitation worker for the [[New York City Department of Sanitation]]. Peter eventually retired from the Sanitation Department with a disability pension after injuring his head against the back end of a garbage truck.<ref name="dumbest"/> This accident generated many jokes at the Bergin about how the accident occurred to the one part of Peter's anatomy certain to sustain no lasting damage.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

==Rise to leadership==

Despite everyone's low expectations for Peter Gotti, he was soon fulfilling a more important role in the family. When John and Gene Gotti went to prison, Peter started relaying messages from the two leaders to the rest of the family. In 1999, Gambino acting boss [[John A. Gotti]], Peter's nephew was sent to prison and Peter became the new acting boss, with assistance from [[caporegime|capos]] [[Nicholas Corozzo|Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo]], a former rival of John Gotti and [[Jackie D'Amico|John "Jackie Nose" D'Amico]], a longtime Gotti associate. The three mobsters formed a "Committee" which ran the day-to-day operations of the Family. Sometime in late 2001 or early 2002, with ''official boss'' John Gotti dying in prison, Peter became the new ''sitting'' or ''official'' boss.

==Conviction and Prison==

In June 2002, a few days before his brother John's death, Peter Gotti was indicted on federal [[racketeering]] charges. During Peter Gotti's trial, federal prosecutors released information revealing that Peter was having an affair with Marjorie Alexander, a longtime girlfriend. Alexander then publicly acknowledged the liaison and declared her love for Peter. In response, Peter berated Alexander for causing the publicity and broke off all contact with her.<ref name="dumbest">[http://www.printthis.clickability.com/pt/cpt?action=cpt&title=The+Dumbest+Don&expire=&urlID=20045569&fb=Y&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnymetro%2Fnews%2Fcrimelaw%2Ffeatures%2F10869%2F%23&partnerID=73272 "The Dumbest Don"] by By John Lombardi New York Magazine May 21, 2005</ref> Alexander later committed suicide. During this time Catherine Gotti, Peter's wife of 42 years, filed for divorce.

In 2003, Peter Gotti was convicted of extortion and money laundering activities centered on the [[Brooklyn]] and [[Staten Island]] waterfronts, and for the attempted extortion of film actor [[Steven Seagal]]. Judge [[Frederic Block]] of the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York]] also sentenced Gotti to 9 years and 4 months in prison on April 15, 2004 for the money laundering and racketeering charges.<ref name="boss"/> Peter received over 20 years in prison. On December 22, 2004, Peter was convicted of extortion in the construction industry and for plotting to murder government informant and former Gambino underboss [[Sammy Gravano|Salvatore "Sammy the Bull" Gravano]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McFadden|first=Robert D.|title=Peter Gotti Is Found Guilty In Murder and Racket Case|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E7DC1130F930A15751C1A9629C8B63|accessdate=January 20, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 23, 2004|author2=Lueck, Thomas J.}}</ref> Judge [[Richard C. Casey]] on July 27, 2005 sentenced Gotti to 25 years in prison regarding those charges.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mafia boss Peter Gotti sentenced to 25 years|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2005-07-28-mafia-boss-peter-gotti-sentenced-to-25-years|accessdate=January 20, 2011|newspaper=Mail & Guardian|date=July 28, 2005|agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref>

Peter Gotti is imprisoned at the [[Federal Correctional Institution]] (FCI) in [[Terre Haute, Indiana]]. His projected release date, if he survives, is May 5, 2032.<ref>[http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/tha/index.jsp Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator]</ref> During his last trial, lawyers stated that Peter Gotti was blind in one eye and suffered from [[thyroid]] [[goiter]], [[sciatica]], [[emphysema]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[postconcussion syndrome]], and [[Clinical depression|depression]].<ref name="boss">{{cite news|last=Newman|first=Andy|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/16/nyregion/gambino-crime-boss-or-not-peter-gotti-gets-9-year-term.html|title=Gambino Crime Boss or Not, Peter Gotti Gets 9-Year Term|work=The New York Times|date=April 16, 2004|accessdate=January 20, 2011}}</ref>

In July 2011 Gangland writer [[Jerry Capeci]] reported that [[Domenico Cefalu]] had formally replaced Gotti as official Gambino boss.<ref>{{cite news |title= Wiseguy Sicilian Domenico Cefalu takes reins of Gambino crime family, once ruled by Gottis|author= John Marzulli|url= http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/the_mob/2011/07/29/2011-07-29_wiseguy_sicilian_the_capo_of_the_gambinos.html|newspaper= New York Daily News|date= 2011-07-29|accessdate=July 29, 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Mob Star: The Story of John Gotti by Gene Mustain & [[Jerry Capeci]] in 2002, ISBN 0-02-864416-6.
*Gotti: The Rise & Fall by [[Jerry Capeci]] in 1996, ISBN 0-451-40681-8.
*Mafia Dynasty: The Rise & Fall of the Gambino Crime Family by John H. Davis in 1994, ISBN 0-06-109184-7.

{{s-start}}
{{s-bus}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John A. Gotti|John "Junior" Gotti]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Gambino crime family]] Acting boss|years=1999–2002}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Arnold Squitieri|Arnold "Zeke" Squitieri]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Gotti]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Gambino crime family]] Boss|years=2002–2011}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Domenico Cefalu]]}}
{{end}}

{{Gambino crime family}}{{American Mafia}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Gotti, Peter
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = October 15, 1939
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[The Bronx]], [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gotti, Peter}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American criminals]]
[[Category:American extortionists]]
[[Category:American mobsters of Italian descent]]
[[Category:American money launderers]]
[[Category:American prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Gambino crime family]]
[[Category:Bosses of the Gambino crime family]]
[[Category:Incarcerated mobsters]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:People convicted of racketeering]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government]]

[[fr:Peter Gotti]]
[[pl:Peter Gotti]]

CrossFit

2011-09-02T00:35:32Z

Fluffernutter: Reverted edits by 216.125.242.202 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)

[[Image:2007 CrossFit Trainer certification.jpg|thumb|right|CrossFit Trainer Certification, 2007]]

'''CrossFit''' is a strength and conditioning [[brand]] that combines [[Weight training|weightlifting]], [[Sprint (running)|sprinting]], [[gymnastics]], [[powerlifting]], [[kettlebell]] training, [[plyometrics]], [[rowing]], and [[medicine ball]] training.<ref name=canada>{{cite news |first=Jill |last=Barker |title=Crossfit is fast and furious |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/lifestyle/fitness/story.html?id=a5a28fa9-2973-47c3-a4cc-60ce020f309e&k=19281 |publisher=Montreal Gazette |date=2006-02-14 |accessdate=2007-11-21
}}</ref> CrossFit contends that a healthy, fit person requires proficiency in each of ten general physical skills: cardiovascular/respiratory endurance, [[endurance|stamina]], [[Physical strength|strength]], [[Flexibility (anatomy)|flexibility]], [[Human power|power]], [[speed]], [[agility]], [[balance]], [[Motor coordination|coordination]], and [[accuracy]].<ref>[http://www.slideshare.net/leeshouse/crossfit-instructor-manual-v4 CrossFit instructor manual]</ref> It defines fitness as increased work capacity across all these domains and says its program achieves this by provoking [[neurologic]] and [[hormonal]] adaptations across all [[metabolic pathway]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://journal.crossfit.com/2009/02/crossfits-new-definition-of-fitness-volume-under-the-curve-1.tpl |title=CrossFit’s New Three-Dimensional Definition of Fitness and Health - 1 |first=Greg |last=Glassman |publisher=CrossFit |year=2009 |month=February}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:NyTel-RQn0IJ:www.quantico.usmc.mil/download.aspx%3FPath%3D./Uploads/Files/CDI_Functional%2520FitnessFinal%2520signed%2520concept.pdf+functional+fitness+usmc&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh8h39gt0R6WhoPifdYAmj9kic2h1zUCpJlpiYMFqyuxtla024E2FviHA9vG5davaAXHZRFAiqrDEP1FAU-ywLAD-557EBvnJKPjx906QvoyxaA8jIBN0WJJS4yYqyX8DsvLROw&sig=AHIEtbR4A6Y6eL6jAuqENf1gVJb7CUr7bA| title=A Concept for Functional Fitness| page=8, footnote 13| publisher=[[United States Marine Corps]]| date=November 9, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/25296001/B-gl-382-003pt-z01-army-Fitness-Manual-Supplement-combat-Fitness-Program-2008-01-01 |publisher=Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence| page=i, page 1-1| date=January 1, 2008| title=Army Fitness Manual Supplement: Combat Fitness Program}}</ref><ref name="online.wsj.com">{{cite news |url= http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703837004575013350262520066.html?mod=WSJ_Small%20Business_IndustryNews |title=Fitness as a Full-Time Pursuit |first=James |last=Wagner |publisher=Wall Street Journal |date=February 2, 2010
}}</ref>

CrossFit athletes run, row, [[Jumping rope|jump rope]], climb rope and carry odd objects. They frequently move large loads quickly over short distances, and use [[powerlifting]] and [[Olympic weightlifting]] techniques. CrossFit athletes also use [[dumbbells]], [[Rings (gymnastics)|gymnastics rings]], [[Pull-up (exercise)|pull-up bars]], [[kettlebells]], and many [[bodyweight exercise]]s.<ref name="bestlife">{{cite news |url=http://67.192.124.28/cms/publish/health-fitness/Is_Your_Workout_Wasting_Your_Time.shtml |work=Best Life |date=October 23, 2007 |title=A no-nonsense look at the often nonsensical world of fitness clubs |first=Paul |last=Scott
}}</ref> CrossFit is used in nearly 2,000 gyms worldwide and by many fire departments, law enforcement agencies, and military organizations including the [[Canadian Forces]], and the [[Royal Life Guards (Denmark)|Royal Danish Life Guards.]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Run For Life: The Anti-Aging, Anti-Injury, Super Fitness Plan| last=Wallack| first=Roy M.| publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |page=65| year=2009| isbn=978-1-60239-344-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2010/03/airforce_combat_fitness_030710w/ |title=More want combat element in fitness test |first=Michael |last=Hoffman |publisher=AirForce Times |date=March 7, 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/lfwa/feature_physical_training.asp|title=A new approach to physical training |author=2Lt Andrew Hennessey| publisher=LFWA-JTFW, Canadian Forces, National Defense (Canada)| date= June 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://voices.kansascity.com/node/3736 |title=Do you Worship at the "Church" of Crossfit? |first=Grant |last=Martin |publisher= Kansas City Star Midwest Voices |year=2009
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taskforcemountain.com/top-stories/2369-20090126-p1-3 |title=CrossFit conquers physical complacency |first=Josh |last=LeCappelain |publisher=Task Force Mountain |date=January 26, 2009
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.military.com/military-fitness/air-force-fitness/crossfit-workouts-are-rarely-routine |title=CrossFit Workouts are Rarely Routine |first=Jennifer H. |last=Svan |publisher=Military Advantage |date=January 13, 2009
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://forsvaret.dk/lg/om%20livgarden/livgardens%20idrÆtsforening/pages/default.aspx |title=Welcome to The Royal Life Guards Sports Association |publisher=Royal Danish Life Guards Sports Association
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/06/marine_crossfit_062208w/ |title=CrossFit workout craze sweeps the Corps |first=Bryan |last=Mitchell |publisher=Marine Corps Times |date=June 25, 2008}}</ref>

==Description==
Classes at affiliated gyms typically include a warm-up, a skill development segment, and a high-intensity workout that lasts around ten to twenty minutes. Affiliates create a new workout each day called the "Workout of the Day" or "WOD".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://health.msn.com/fitness/articlepage.aspx?cp-documentid=100217215 |title=CrossFit: The Fast, Furious Workout Craze |first=Sally |last=Wadyka |publisher=MSN Health and Fitness }}</ref> Affiliates often use scoring and ranking systems to transform workouts into sport. Some affiliates offer additional classes which are not centered around a WOD, such as Olympic weightlifting classes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prairiecrossfit.com/ |title=Prairie Crossfit |publisher=Prairie Crossfit }}</ref> Free workouts and instructional videos are made available every day at the website blog for people without access to an affiliate.<ref name=[BNN>{{cite news |url=http://broadband.bnn.ca/bnn/?vid=21430 |title=Working Out (CrossFit) |date=November 2, 2007 |format=Video |publisher=Business News Network
}}</ref>

CrossFit Inc. certifies CrossFit trainers and licenses the CrossFit name to gyms. Affiliates are free to develop their own programming, pricing, and instructional methods. Many CrossFit athletes and trainers see themselves as part of a contrarian, insurgent movement that questions conventional fitness wisdom.<ref name=[BNN>{{cite news |url=http://broadband.bnn.ca/bnn/?vid=21430 |title=Working Out (CrossFit) |date=November 2, 2007 |format=Video |publisher=Business News Network
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fgb4.org/2009/07/13/a-day-at-the-crossfit-games/ |title=A Day At The CrossFit Games |author=Scott |publisher=Fight Gone Bad |date=13 July 2009
}}</ref> <ref> http://finance.boston.com/boston/news/read?GUID=19173590</ref> CrossFit is noteworthy for its use of a [[virtual community]] Internet model.<ref>{{cite book |title=How People Blogging Are Changing The World and How You Can Join Them |last=Walsh |first= Bob| publisher=Apress | year=2007 |isbn= 978-1-59059-691-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Tribes |last=Godin| first=Seth| publisher=Piatkus Books |page=160| year=2009| isbn=0749939753}}</ref> The company says this de-centralized approach shares some common features with [[open source]] software projects and allows [[best practices]] to emerge from a variety of approaches,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0801/is_5_69/ai_n25358358| title=Sweatstorm| last=Velazquez| first=Eric| publisher=Muscle & Fitness|date=May 2008}}</ref> a contention that is disputed by some subject matter experts, competitors, and even affiliates who have parted company with CrossFit.<ref name=Shugart_20081104>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmuscle.com/free_online_article/sports_body_training_performance_investigative/the_truth_about_crossfit |title=The Truth About CrossFit |first=Chris |last=Shugart |publisher=Testosterone Muscle |date=November 4, 2008
}}</ref> CrossFit adaptations include programs for children, pregnant women, seniors, football players, military special forces candidates, and endurance athletes including triathletes, runners, swimmers and rowers.<ref name="bestlife" /> CrossFit has been adopted by U.S. and Canadian high school physical education teachers, high school and college teams, and a major league baseball team.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.sun-sentinel.com/sports_baseball_marlins/2010/03/florida-marlins-cameron-maybins-improved-swingmiss-numbers-encouraging.html |title=Florida Marlins: Cameron Maybin’s improved swing/miss numbers encouraging |first=Juan C. |last=Rodriguez |publisher=South Florida Sun Sentinel |date=March 2, 2010
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UCSC Notebook: Men's rugby getting fit for the season
|first= I.A. |last=Stewart |work=Santa Cruz Sentinel |date=December 14, 2007 |url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/story.php?storySection=Sports&sid=51274 |archiveurl=http://www.scsextra.com/story.php?sid=51274 |archivedate=2007-12-23
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.norwalkreflector.com/articles/2010/02/10/sports/doc4b72bd4c221d7022905365.txtref |title=Ashland’s Tinney tops the D-II nation field in 400 |first=Al |last=King |publisher=Norwalk Reflector |date=February 10, 2010
}}</ref><ref name="dcpaleo.org">{{cite news |first=Rebekah |last=Sanderlin |title=Commando-create workout has cult following |publisher=Fayetteville Observer |url=http://www.dcpaleo.org/Leisure/CrossFit.html}}</ref>

==CrossFit Games==

Competitors from around the world have competed in the annual "CrossFit Games" since 2007. In July 2010, the male and female champions each won $25,000.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://m.dailynews.com/ladn/db_/contentdetail.htm;jsessionid=03DB53FEF20F302A53C569DE884A1534?contentguid=FZXMlruq&src=cat&full=true#display| title=Doing the grunt work| date= March 14, 2010| publisher=Los Angeles Daily News}}</ref> CrossFit asserts that the Games are a laboratory for human performance that may suggest which variants of its methodology work best.

Beginning in 2011, the Games were opened up for competitors all over the world by turning the sectional event into an online format. Athletes will have six different workouts to complete in a week-to-week manner, with only one workout being released at a time and the next workout being released following the close of the previous workout. Athletes are able to submit their scores by either completing the workout at a registered affiliate, who will then submit the score, or by sending in a video of themselves completing the workout which would then be reviewed.

Thirteen different regional divisions in [[North America]] and [[South America]] (North West, Canada West, Canada East, North Central, Central East, North East, Mid Atlantic, South East, South Central, South West, Socal, Norcal and Latin America) and four regional divisions in the rest of the world ([[Europe]], [[Asia]], [[Africa]] and [[Australia]]) have been set up to find the best in each region to compete in the Games. The top athletes from the sectional event will face off in a regional event, based on the region that they register in, held on a designated weekend. The top athlete(s) from each region will then be eligible to compete in the CrossFit Games. Past winners and the top five athletes of the previous years Games are automatically eligible.

Different divisions are also available in the Games. The divisions include men, women, masters men, masters women and teams. Masters men and women are split up into age groups (45-49, 50-54, 55-59, and 60+). [[Reebok]] is the current sponsor of the CrossFit Games and has increased the total purse to $1,000,000 ($250,000 for male and female champions).

'''Champions and Categories from 2007 - 2010'''
:{| class="wikitable"
!Year!!Male champion!!Female champion!!Affiliate Cup!!Masters Men!!Masters Women
|-
|align=center|2007||James "OPT" Fitzgerald||Jolie Gentry||CrossFit Santa Cruz
|-
|align=center|2008||Jason Khalipa||Caity Matter||CrossFit Oakland
|-
|align=center|2009||Mikko Salo||Tanya Wagner||Northwest CrossFit
|-
|align=center|2010||Graham Holmberg||Kristan Clever||CrossFit Fort Vancouver||Brian Curley||Laurie Carver
|}

'''Champions and Categories from 2011 - present'''
:{| class="wikitable"
!Year!!Male champion!!Female champion!!Affiliate Cup!!Masters Men (45-49)!!Masters Women (45-49)!!Masters Men (50-54)!!Masters Women (50-54)!!Masters Men (55-59)!!Masters Women (55-59)!!Masters Men (60+)!!Masters Women (60+)
|-
|align=center|2011||Rich Froning||[[Anníe Mist Þórisdóttir]]||CrossFit New England||Scot DeTore||Susan Habbe||Gord Mackinnon||Mary Beth Litsheim||Steve Anderson||Shelley Noyce||Greg Walker||Betsy Finley
|}

==History==

CrossFit was founded by former high-school gymnast Greg Glassman and his partner Lauren Glassman.<ref name="dcpaleo.org"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Stephanie Cooperman| url= http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/22/fashion/thursdaystyles/22Fitness.html?_r=1| date=December 22, 2005| title= Getting Fit, Even if it Kills You| publisher=New York Times}}</ref> The first CrossFit affiliated gym opened in Santa Cruz in 1995, the same year Glassman was hired to train the Santa Cruz police department. The number of affiliated gyms grew from 18 in 2005 to almost 1,700 in 2010.<ref name="online.wsj.com"/><ref name=Anderson_20100121>{{cite web |url=http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/archives/2010/2010-Jan-21/much-of-crossfits-exploding-global-movement-was-first-flexed-locally/1 |title=Fit for Change |first=Mark C. |last=Anderson |publisher=Monterey County Weekly |date=January 21, 2010
}}</ref> Weightlifting coaches associated with CrossFit include [[Louie Simmons]], Bill Starr, and Mike Burgener. Former NFL player [[John Welbourn]] developed the CrossFit Football program. Other CrossFit subject matter experts include Dr. Nicholas Romanov, inventor of the Pose Method of running and Dr. Barry Sears, originator of the [[Zone diet]]. Fitness experts formerly associated with Crossfit include Mark Twight, [[Dan John]], Mark Rippetoe, Robb Wolf, and Greg Everett. CrossFit offers speciality certification seminars in gymnastics, Olympic weightlifting, powerlifting, running and endurance, kettlebells, mobility and recovery, CrossFit Kids and CrossFit Football. In the past, Crossfit also offered a [[Jump rope]] certification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crossfit.com/cf-info/certs.shtml |title=Certifications |publisher=CrossFit
}}</ref>

==Discussion==
=== Support ===
Dr. Tony Webster of the Pacific Institute for Sports Medicine at Camosun College in Victoria, British Columbia suggests CrossFit be used "safely and sensibly" and finds some support for the program in current academic research: "It’s safe to say that a CrossFit-style program performed three-to-five times per week will almost certainly provide a weekly dose of “vigorous” aerobic exercise that will easily satisfy current public-health guidelines. More and more research studies are demonstrating the efficiency of shorter high-intensity exercise bouts in improving not only fitness but also a whole range of health markers. In fact, plenty of scientific evidence suggests vigorous activity has inherently greater health benefits than moderate activity. Used safely and sensibly, I believe CrossFit has potential not just to change people’s lives, but also to change the fitness industry for the better."<ref>''How We Got Here: CrossFit vs. the Fitness Industry'', CrossFit Journal, August 27, 2009</ref>

The editors of PureHealthMD writing for [[Discovery Health Channel]] found CrossFit "equals better fitness and stronger muscles in a more reasonable amount of time" compared to trying to "build muscle and get in shape by spending 60 minutes or more in the gym several days a week..." Their conclusion was that the program "is a different type of exercise routine ...a well-rounded and very efficient way to achieve a higher level of fitness ...that does not need a whole lot of fancy equipment, but does offer a nice variety to keep the interest level up and provide the challenge needed to keep the exercise fun."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/diet-fitness/information/crossfit.htm |title=CrossFit |last=the editors of PureHealthMD |publisher=[[Discovery Health Channel]] |year=2010 |month=June
}}</ref>

=== Criticism ===
A [[United States Navy]] sailor, who had suffered injuries while performing a CrossFit workout on Dec 11, 2005, at Manassas World Gym in [[Manassas, VA]] under the supervision of an uncertified trainer,<ref name="Jonathan Mummolo"> {{cite news
| last= Mummolo
| first= Jonathan
| url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/06/AR2008100603032.html
| title= Gym's High-Intensity Workout Left Me Disabled, Man Testifies
| publisher= The Washington Post
| date= October 7, 2008
| accessdate= }} </ref> claimed that CrossFit poses an elevated risk of [[rhabdomyolysis]]. He successfully sued his trainers and was awarded $300,000 in damages.<ref name="MCT_CrossFit">{{cite news |accessdate=2008-08-16 |url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/08/marine_crossfit_081608w/ |title=Lawsuit alleges CrossFit workout damaging |first=Bryan |last=Mitchell |work=[[Marine Corps Times]] |date=August 16, 2006
}}
</ref> According to Dr. Stuart McGill, a professor of spine [[biomechanics]] at the [[University of Waterloo]], the risk of injury from some CrossFit exercises outweighs their benefits when they are performed with poor form in timed workouts. He added there are similar risks in other exercise programs but noted that CrossFit's online community enables athletes to follow the program without proper guidance, increasing the risk.<ref name="GlobeMail2008">{{cite news |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080111.wxlcrossfit11/BNStory/lifeMain/home |title=No puke, no pain - no gain |first=Rebecca |last=Dube |work=Globe and Mail |date=January 11, 2008
}}</ref> Because of the perceived risks of Crossfit, it has been difficult for many trainers and affiliates to get insurance. As a result, Crossfit has established a [[Risk Retention Group|risk retention group]] (RRG). An RRG is a form of self-insurance that is common among professionals that engage in high risk activities, such as law enforcement officers, emergency medical workers, and contractors.

Articles on many websites criticize CrossFit for lack of [[Sports periodization|periodization]], illogical or random exercise sequences, and lacking quality-control accreditation standards for trainers and affiliates.<ref>[http://www.macssistance.com/2009/07/01/5-reasons-why-crossfit-is-crap/ 5 Reasons Why CrossFit is Crap] macssistance.com</ref><ref>[http://nunnsperformancetraining.blogspot.com/2010/07/firefighter-strength-and-why-crossfit.html Firefighter Strength and Why Crossfit Sucks!] nunnsperformancetraining.blogspot.com</ref><ref name=Shugart_20081104>{{cite web |url=http://www.tmuscle.com/free_online_article/sports_body_training_performance_investigative/the_truth_about_crossfit |title=The Truth about CrossFit |first=Chris |last=Shugart |publisher=Testosterone Muscle |date=November 4, 2008. Crossfit is hardly random. Conjugate system is widely used in weightlifting such as Westside Barbell and Crossfit Affiliates. The idea of training everything at once is very appealing to LEO/Mil and anyone who does not get paid for a sport because the functionality of fitness is to be ready for anything at anytime. Not a specific event or game, other than the Sport of Crossfit. The sport of Crossfit has to do with the Crossfit games there is a bit more emphasis put into periodization because these athletes are training for an event. GPP (General Physical Preparedness) vs SSP (Sport Specifit Preparedness) Though unlike most sports the sport of Crossfit's Crossfit games the competitors have no idea of the competitions events until the day of. Crossfit is not random its constantly varied.
}}</ref> Crossfit Level 2 and other specialty seminars are not yet certified.<ref>ANSI website</ref><ref>ANSI [https://www.ansica.org/wwwversion2/outside/ALLdirectoryDetails.asp?menuID=212&prgID=212&orgID=783&status=4 "ANSI Directory Details"]</ref>

=== Response to criticism ===
CrossFit vigorously disputes the criticism of its exercise methodology. Crossfit Level 1 trainers are certified through the [[American National Standards Institute]]. Starting in May 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2008/08/marine_crossfit_081608w/ |title=Lawsuit alleges CrossFit workout damaging - Marine Corps News | News from Afghanistan & Iraq |publisher=Marine Corps Times |date= |accessdate=2011-06-30}}</ref> CFHQ has published numerous free articles in the online CrossFit Journal about [[Rhabdomyolysis]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Savage |first=Phil |url=http://journal.crossfit.com/2010/01/rhabdo-pdf.tpl |title=The Truth About Rhabdo by Dr. Michael Ray - CrossFit Journal |publisher=Journal.crossfit.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ray |first=Mike |url=http://journal.crossfit.com/2005/10/crossfit-induced-rhabdo-by-gre.tpl |title=CrossFit Induced Rhabdo by Greg Glassman - CrossFit Journal |publisher=Journal.crossfit.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Glassman |first=Greg |url=http://journal.crossfit.com/2005/05/killer-workouts-by-eugene-alle.tpl |title=Killer Workouts by Eugene Allen - CrossFit Journal |publisher=Journal.crossfit.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Starrett |first=Kelly |url=http://journal.crossfit.com/2011/06/rhabdomyolysis-revisited.tpl |title=Rhabdomyolysis Revisited by Dr. Will Wright - CrossFit Journal |publisher=Journal.crossfit.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-30}}</ref> three of which are also included in the CF Manual provided to all prospective trainers.<ref>{{cite web|author=Embed Video Subscribe to comments Post Comment |url=http://www.slideshare.net/leeshouse/crossfit-instructor-manual-v4 |title=Crossfit Instructor Manual v4 |publisher=Slideshare.net |date= |accessdate=2011-06-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.crossfit.com/ The official website of CrossFit]
*[http://www.t-nation.com/free_online_article/sports_body_training_performance_investigative/crossed_up_by_crossfit 2009 Critical review by Testosterone Nation]

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[[Category:Exercise]]

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