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Omah Lay

2024-01-29T17:05:20Z

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{{Short description|Nigerian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Omah Lay
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|5|19}}
| years_active = 2019{{ndash}}present
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|record producer}}
| birth_place = [[Port Harcourt, Rivers State]], Nigeria
| genre = {{hlist|[[Afrobeats]]|[[R&B]]}}
| label = {{hlist|Keyqaad|Sire}}
}}

'''Stanley Omah Didia''' (born 19 May 1997), known professionally as '''Omah Lay''', is a Nigerian singer and [[songwriter]]. He gained widespread recognition in early 2020 after his self-produced single, "Bad Influence", went viral on social media. He said he had started a new sound of Afrobeats and his song "HolyGhost" was one of that sound he is talking about, He also said his new album will feature all this new sounds he is talking about.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tee |first=Emma |date=2024-01-23 |title=Omah Lay wants to lead Afrobeat sound » |url=https://mp3bullet.com/815798/omah-lay-wants-to-lead-afrobeat-sound/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Mp3Bullet |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Stanley Omah Didia was raised in the Nigerian city of [[Port Harcourt]]. He was born on May 19 1997, He hails from Egbeda, [[Emohua]], Rivers Local Government Area in [[Rivers State]].<ref name="Falola">{{Cite web |last=Falola |first=Ifeoluwa |date=15 June 2020 |title=Meet Omah Lay: The Brazen Bad Boy of New School Afrobeat |url=https://notjustok.com/article/interviews/meet-omah-lay-the-brazen-bad-boy-of-new-school-afrobeats/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=[[NotJustOk]]}}</ref> He attended Comprehensive High School in [[Rivers State]] before proceeding to the [[University of Port Harcourt]].<ref name="BBC News Pidgin">{{Cite news|title=Interesting facts about Nigerian musician Omah Lay|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55313562|access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref> He comes from a musical family and his grandfather played instruments for the singer [[Celestine Ukwu]] before he died in 1977. Lay's father played the drums.<ref>{{cite news |last1=omah lay |title=early life of omah lay |newspaper=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55313562 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> He said his brother inspired him into music but his brother gave up while he continued but today his brother follows him to everywhere he goes to around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TikTok - Make Your Day |url=https://www.tiktok.com/@collinsbajayi/video/7231465503661772037 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=www.tiktok.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Omah Lay started out in a rap group under the stage name "Lil King." He later moved on to songwriting and music producing, which went largely uncredited, and as a result of that, he released "Do Not Disturb" in April 2019. "Hello Brother" was released a month after.

He signed to a record label named KeyQaad in June 2019, and took a seven month break.<ref name="Falola" /><ref name=" Olonilua">{{Cite web|last=Olonilua|first=Ademola|date=14 December 2020|title=New kids on the block: Omah Lay, Laycon, Bella Shmurda and other artistes who made waves in 2020|url=https://punchng.com/new-kids-on-the-block-omah-lay-laycon-bella-shmurda-and-other-artists-who-made-waves-in-2020/|access-date=5 April 2021|website=[[The Punch|Punch Newspapers]]}}</ref> During the break, he worked on his debut EP, ''Get Layd.'' He told [[OkayAfrica]], "I started working on it August [of 2019]. At some point I had to go off social media, stay away from a lot of things and keep my head straight to get the project right. The first song I'd recorded on ''Get Layd'' was 'Bad Influence.' I'd done that way before the songs we had to put on the project."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Esomnofu |first1=Emmanuel |title=Interview: Omah Lay Is Nigeria's New Young Act to Watch|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/omah-lay-nigeria-interview |website=OkayAfrica |date=6 July 2020 |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> Following the break, he released "Bad Influence," which became the most streamed Nigerian song on Apple Music at the end of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alake|first=Motolani|date=27 December 2020|title=Here are the 10 hottest Nigerian artists of the year [Pulse Picks 2020]|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/here-are-the-top-10-nigerian-artists-of-2020/6b5nyfs|access-date=5 April 2021|website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref>

On 14 February 2020, Lay released "You," his first official single. He released his five-track debut EP, ''Get Layd'' on 22 May 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dnbstories.com/2021/09/omah-lays-current-net-worth-and-how-he-makes-money.html | title=Full details of Omah Lay's current net worth and how he makes money | date=21 September 2021 }}</ref> The EP peaked at number one on the Nigerian [[Apple Music]] charts.<ref name="Falola" /> All five songs from the EP reached the top 15 of the Apple Music charts for Nigeria, with "You" peaking at number one.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple Music Nigeria Top 100 Songs – May 25-May 31, 2020 |url=https://www.top-charts.com/songs/all-genres/nigeria/apple-music/2020-W22 |website=top-charts.com |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

In October, Lay appeared on [[Olamide]]'s album ''[[Carpe Diem (Olamide album)|Carpe Diem]]'', on the track "Infinity", which topped the Apple Music charts for Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple Music Nigeria Top 100 Songs – October 19-25, 2020 |url=https://www.top-charts.com/songs/all-genres/nigeria/apple-music/2020-W43 |website=top-charts.com |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

On 20 November, Lay released his second five-track EP, ''What Have We Done''. All five tracks reached the top 12 of the Apple Music charts for Nigeria, with "Godly" reaching number one.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple Music Nigeria Top 100 Songs – November 23-29, 2020 |url=https://www.top-charts.com/songs/all-genres/nigeria/apple-music/2020-W48 |website=top-charts.com |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

On 3 July 2020, Lay was the first artist highlighted for Apple's Africa Rising Campaign to spotlight African talent.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Eggertsen|first=Chris|date=2 July 2020|title=Apple Music Launches Africa Rising Artist Showcase with Debut Cover Star Omah Lay|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/streaming/9413058/apple-music-africa-rising-artist-showcase-omah-lay|access-date=5 April 2021|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The African stars being tipped for global success in 2021 and beyond |url=https://xclusivehype.com/entertainment/the-african-stars-being-tipped-for-global-success-in-2021-and-beyond/ |website=XclusiveHype |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> In December 2020, he was included in [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]]'s annual "Hot for 2021" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=1Xtra's Hot For 2021: The Performances |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5Yrs6gybH9mL0nXPjH2Hpst/1xtras-hot-for-2021-the-performances |website=BBC Radio 1Xtra |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> He was the first African artist featured on [[Audiomack]]'s #Up Now program for emerging artists;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Nicolas-Tyrell |title=Omah Lay Is #UpNow |url=https://audiomack.com/world/post/omah-lay-interview |website=Audiomack |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> was included in [[Montreux Jazz Festival]]'s "20 artists to watch in 2021";<ref>{{cite web |title=MJF Spotlight: 20 artists to watch in 2021 |url=https://www.montreuxjazzfestival.com/en/news/20-artists-to-watch/ |website=Montreux Jazz Festival |date=2 February 2021 |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> and was named [[BET]]'s Amplified International Artist of the Month for November 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alston |first1=Trey |title=BET's Amplified International Artist of the Month Omah Lay Releases Sultry New Single Featuring 6LACK |url=https://www.bet.com/music/2020/11/09/bet-amplified-international-artist-of-the-month-omah-lay-6lack-d.html |website=BET}}</ref>
He was nominated in four categories at the 2020 [[The Headies 2020|Headies]] Awards, winning the [[The Headies Award for Next Rated|Next Rated]] award.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ihekire|first=Chinonso|date=16 January 2021|title=The Voices Redefining Naija Music|url=https://guardian.ng/life/the-voices-redefining-naija-music/|access-date=5 April 2021|website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]}}</ref>

On 25 June 2021, Lay was featured alongside fellow Nigerian singer Alpha P on Nigerian producer [[Masterkraft (producer)|Masterkraft]]'s official remix of Canadian singer [[Justin Bieber]]'s single, "[[Peaches (Justin Bieber song)|Peaches]]". On 8 July 2021, Lay released a new single, "Understand".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hansen |first1=Gabrielle Myers |title=Omah Lay releases Understand single |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/nigeria-omah-lay-releases-understand-single |website=Music in Africa |date=9 July 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Abulude|first=Samuel|date=5 August 2021|title=Meet 7 Young Nigerian Artistes With Impacts In 2021|url=https://leadership.ng/meet-7-young-nigerian-artistes-with-impacts-in-2021/|access-date=5 August 2021|website=Leadership News – Nigeria News, Breaking News, Politics and more}}</ref> On 3 March 2022, he released a collaboration with Bieber, "[[Attention (Omah Lay and Justin Bieber song)|Attention]]", which serves as the second collaboration between the two artists.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/omah-lay-justin-bieber-attention-single-afrobeats-interview-1235038302/|title=Omah Lay Talks Reuniting With Justin Bieber and Bringing More 'Attention' to Afrobeats Music|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Mamo|first=Heran|date=4 March 2022|accessdate=4 March 2022}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
On 14 December 2020, Lay was arrested alongside<ref>{{cite web | url=https://guardian.ng/life/tems-accuse-ugandan-singer-bebe-cool-of-getting-the-police-to-arrest-her-and-omah-lay/ | title=Tems Accuse Bebe Cool of Getting Her and Omah Lay Arrested in Uganda | date=19 December 2020 }}</ref> [[Tems (Nigerian singer)|Tems]] after they performed in a show in [[Uganda]]. The Ugandan Police authority identified violation of COVID-19 lockdown protocols as the reason for their arrests. The artists felt they were set up.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why Uganda Police do U-turn for Omah Lay release, tie am 'handcuffs'|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55265376|access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 December 2020|title=Nigerian star Omah Lay arrested after Uganda gig|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/nigerian-star-omah-lay-arrested-after-uganda-gig/|access-date=5 April 2021|website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> Two days later, the Ugandan government released the two, apologised for the arrests and cleared them of wrongdoing.<ref name="Paulinus">{{cite news |last1=Paulinus |first1=Aidoghie |title=Uganda apologises to FG over arrest of singer Omah Lay, others |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/uganda-apologises-to-fg-over-arrest-of-singer-omah-lay-others/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |publisher=The Sun (Nigeria) |date=16 December 2020}}</ref>

== Political views ==

Lay has expressed his support for the [[End SARS|#EndSARS]] campaign in Nigeria. He told ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', "People need to know these protests are purely about the people, with no political undertone whatsoever. Police harass, extort, beat, and kill us just for being young and trendy, with no consequences. This has gone on long enough, and we are saying enough is enough and demanding government action."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cohn |last2=Marsh |first1=Alison S. |first2=Ariana |title=Yvonne Orji, Wale, Sharon Chuter and More on #EndSARS |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/politics/a34479702/end-sars-nigerian-creatives/ |website=Harper's Bazaar |date=26 October 2020 |accessdate=4 November 2020}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Studio albums ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:19em;" | Album details
! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]] <ref name="charts"/>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"|[[Dutch Album Top 100|NLD]] <ref name="charts">{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Omah+Lay&titel=Boy+Alone&cat=a|title=Omah Lay – Boy Alone|website=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl|access-date=June 24, 2023}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"|[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]] <ref name="charts"/>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Boy Alone''
|
* Released: July 15, 2022
* Label: [[Sire Records|Sire]], KeyQaad
* Format: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[streaming media|streaming]]
| 115 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=25?&annee=2023&categorie=Top%20Albums|title=Top Albums (Week 25, 2023)|publisher=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|language=French|access-date=June 26, 2023}}</ref> || 42 || 82
|}

=== Extended plays ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:12em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width:19em;" | Extended play details
|-
! scope="row" | ''Get Layd''<ref name="Falola" />
|
* Released: 22 May 2020
* Label: Sire, KeyQaad
* Format: Digital download, streaming
|-
! scope="row" | ''What Have We Done''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Onabanjo|first=Adedamola|date=20 November 2020|title=Omah Lay's 'What Have We Done' Builds On The Momentum of His Stellar Year|url=https://culturecustodian.com/omah-lay-what-have-we-done/|access-date=5 April 2021|website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref>
|
* Released: 20 November 2020
* Label: Sire, KeyQaad
* Format: Digital download, streaming
|}

=== Singles ===
==== As lead artist ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions, sales, certifications, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year
! colspan="9" scope="col" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]] <ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/justin-bieber/chart-history/can/| title=Justin Bieber Chart History: Billboard Canadian Hot 100 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]] <ref>{{cite web | url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Omah+Lay | title=Discography Omah Lay | work=irish-charts.com | access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NLD]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Omah+Lay|title=Discografie Omah Lay|website=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl|access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Hot]] <ref>{{cite web | url=https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Omah+Lay | title=Discography Omah Lay | work=charts.nz | access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref>{{cite web | url=http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Omah+Lay | title=Discography Omah Lay | work=swedishcharts.com | access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
!scope="col" style="width:3em; font-size:90%"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]] <ref name="charts"/>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;" | [[UK Singles Chart|UK]] <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/6002/justin-bieber/ | title=Justin Bieber – Official Charts Company | publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] | access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Bubbling Under Hot 100|US Bub.]] <ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/justin-bieber/chart-history/hbu/ | title=Justin Bieber Chart History: Bubbling Under Hot 100 | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Global 200|WW]] <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/justin-bieber/chart-history/glo/|title=Justin Bieber Chart History: Global 200|magazine=Billboard|access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Do Not Disturb"
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| — || — || — || — || —
| –|| — || — || —
|
| rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Hello Brother"
| — || — || — || — || —
| –|| — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Bad Influence"
| rowspan="3" | 2020
| — || — || — || — || —
| –|| — || — || —
|
| rowspan="3" | ''Get Layd''
|-
! scope="row"| "You"
| — || — || — || — || —
| –|| — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Damn"
| — || — || — || — || —
| –|| — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Forever" (Remix) {{small|(with [[Gyakie]])}}
| rowspan="4" | 2021
| — || — || — || — || —
| –|| — || — || —
|
| {{Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Understand"
| — || — || — || — || —
| —|| — || — || —
|
* [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gold<ref name="MC">{{cite certification|region=Canada|artist=Omah Lay|access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | ''Boy Alone''
|-
! scope="row"| "Free My Mind"
| — || — || — || — || —
| —|| — || — || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Winter Wonderland / Don't Worry Be Happy"
| — || — || — || — || —
| —|| — || — || —
|
| {{Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Attention (Omah Lay and Justin Bieber song)|Attention]]" {{small|(with [[Justin Bieber]])}}
| rowspan="2"| 2022
| 45 || 78 || 62 || 9 || 87
| 49|| 76 || 11 || 74
|
* MC: Gold<ref name="MC"/>
| rowspan="2"| ''Boy Alone''
|-
! scope="row"| "Soso"
| — || — || 79 || — || —
| 52|| — || — || —
|
* MC: Gold<ref name="MC"/>
|-
| colspan="13" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}

==== As featured artist ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+List of singles as featured artist, with selected chart positions and certifications shown
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Year
! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Album
|-
! scope="row"| "Tonight" {{Small|([[Spinall]] featuring Omah Lay)}}
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''Grace''
|-
! scope="row"| "Pami" {{Small|([[DJ Tunez]] featuring [[Wizkid]], [[Adekunle Gold]], and Omah Lay)}}
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Pronto" {{Small|(Ajebo Hustlers featuring Omah Lay)}}
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''Kpos Lifestyle, Vol. 1''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Peaches (Justin Bieber song)|Peaches]]" ([[Masterkraft (producer)|Masterkraft]] Remix)" {{Small|([[Justin Bieber]] featuring Alpha P and Omah Lay)}}
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row"|"Namek" {{Small|([[Jul (rapper)|Jul]] featuring Omah Lay)}}
|2022
|''Cœur blanc''
|}

=== Guest appearances ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" style="width:15em;" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Other artist(s)
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row" | "Infinity"
| 2020
| [[Olamide]]
| ''[[Carpe Diem (Olamide album)|Carpe Diem]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "Abeg"
| 2021
| [[DJ Neptune]], [[Joeboy]]
| ''Greatness 2.0''
|}

=== Production discography ===
==== 2018 ====
'''Kidoben Ace'''
* "Caught Up"

==== 2019 ====
'''Klug Ali'''
* "Opium"

'''Sikiboi'''
* "One Day"

==== 2020 ====
'''Omah Lay – ''Get Layd'''''
*2. "Lo Lo"
*4. "Bad Influence"

'''Moveek'''
* "Flossin"

'''Omah Lay – ''What Have We Done'''''
*4. "Confession"

==== 2021 ====
'''Jhay Jhay'''
* "Welcum Party"

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee/work
!Result
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
| rowspan="4" |[[The Headies 2020|The Headies]]
|[[The Headies Award for Next Rated|Next Rated]]
| rowspan="2" |Omah Lay
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Oluwatoye">{{Cite web |last=Oluwatoye |first=Dara |date=22 February 2021 |title=Fireboy, Omah Lay, More Make Impressive Win Debut At The 14th Headies |url=https://thenet.ng/fireboy-omah-lay-dj-neptune-and-more-make-impressive-win-debut-at-the-14th-headies/ |access-date=5 April 2021 |website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Headies Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewer's Choice]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=See full list of Headies 2020 award nomination|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55040703|access-date=5 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Headies Award for Best R&B Single|Best R&B Single]]
|"Bad Influence"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Songwriter of the Year
|Stanley Omah Didia – "Bad Influence"
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |2021
|[[Vodafone Ghana Music Awards|Ghana Music Awards]]
|Best African Artiste of the Year
| rowspan="2" | Omah Lay
|{{TBA}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 April 2021|title=Full List: Here are the nominees for the 2021 Ghana Music Awards|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/full-list-here-are-the-nominees-for-the-2021-ghana-music-awards/7whwp48|access-date=5 April 2021|website=Pulse Ghana}}</ref>
|-
|[[MTV Africa Music Awards 2021|MTV Africa Music Awards]]
|Best Breakthrough Act
|{{pending}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Here Are the 2021 MTV Africa Music Awards Nominees |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/mtv-africa-music-awards-2021-nominees-announced/ |website=OkayAfrica |access-date=1 July 2021 |date=11 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Net Honours
|Most Played Pop Song
|<nowiki>''</nowiki>Godly"
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Net Honours – The Class of 2021|url=https://thenet.ng/net-honours-class-of-2021/|access-date=21 July 2021|website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]}}</ref>
|-
|Most Played RnB Song
|"Pami"
{{Small|([[DJ Tunez]] featuring Wizkid [[Adekunle Gold]] & Omah Lay)}}
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[All Africa Music Awards]] (AFRIMA)
|Artiste of the Year in Africa
| rowspan="3" |Omah Lay
|{{nominated}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Afrima Nominations 2021 – See full list of nominees|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/world-58668545|access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Best Artiste in Western Africa
|{{nominated}}
|-
|Breakout Artiste of the Year
|{{nominated}}
|-
|Best Artiste, Duo or Group in African Pop
|
|{{nominated}}
|-
|Afro X Digitals Awards
|Break Out Act of the Year
|Omah Lay
|{{win}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Afrodigital Award winners |url= https://www.afroxdigital.com/winners-details.php?nominees-token=MYB742095861 |website=AfroxDigital.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lay, Omah}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Nigerian singers]]
[[Category:1997 births]]

Krit Amnuaydechkorn

2021-02-10T14:30:34Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:PP Krit Amnuaydechkorn.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by Túrelio (Copyright violation, no indication of a free license on the source site (F1)).

'''Krit Amnuaydechkorn''' ([[Thai language|Thai]]: กฤษฏ์ อำนวยเดชกร) also known as '''PP''' ([[Thai language|Thai]]: พีพี), is a Thai actor, model and singer. He is known for his roles as Tewkao in ''[[My Ambulance]]'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-21|title=การเติบโตของ บิวกิ้น-พีพี ใน 'แปลรักฉันด้วยใจเธอ' ซีรีส์วายเรื่องแรกจากค่ายนาดาว|url=https://adaymagazine.com/bkpp/|access-date=2021-02-01|website=a day magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> and as Oh-aew in ''[[I Told Sunset About You]]'' (2020).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Limited|first=Bangkok Post Public Company|title=The race towards tolerance|work=Bangkok Post|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/2008211/the-race-towards-tolerance|access-date=2021-02-01}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Limited|first=Bangkok Post Public Company|title=Light flickers in US, fades in Thailand|work=Bangkok Post|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/2027507/light-flickers-in-us-fades-in-thailand|access-date=2021-02-01}}</ref>
{{Infobox person
| name = Krit Amnuaydechkorn
| image =
| caption =
| native_name = กฤษฏ์ อำนวยเดชกร
| birth_date = {{b-da|30 April 1999}}
| birth_place = Bangkok, Thailand
| years_active = 2017-Present
| agent = Nadao Bangkok
| known_for = Tewkao in My Ambulance Oh-aew in I Told Sunset About You
}}

== Early life and education ==
Krit was born in [[Bangkok, Thailand]] on April 30, 1999. At first, he was named Pruk ([[Thai language|Thai]]: พฤกษ์), but only 2–3 weeks later, his parents felt that it was outdated, and decided to change it to PP. He studied in [[Assumption College (Thailand)|Assumption College]], Bangkok from primary to secondary. During secondary, he got an opportunity to spend a year in the states as an exchange student when he was in Grade 11. He received his high school diploma in 2017. He is currently studying at the Faculty of Economics of [[Kasetsart University]] (International Program).

== Career ==
Krit started in the entertainment industry when he was scouted by Gong Hive Salon, a famous hair stylist, during his 12th Grade. He got his first opportunity to be a main cast in "MSN" music video, which is a famous single from Helmetheads band.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Helmetheads - เอ็มเอสเอ็น (MSN) {{!}} (OFFICIAL MV) - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gunU4J3k9kg|access-date=2021-02-01|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> On the same year, he also got casted to be a catwalk model in "Boys of Bangkok 2017" at the Emquartier. In 2018, he had his first opportunity to work in the acting field in " i STORIES "G" Episode", which is a project of four short stories under the concept of LGBT. He rose to popularity with his role as Tewkao in ''[[My Ambulance]]'' (2019) where he was paired with [[Putthipong Assaratanakul]] (Billkin), who played the role of Doctor Tao.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title="บิวกิ้น-พีพี" ตื่นเต้น เล่นซีรีส์เต็มตัว กลับมาทวงคืนความจิ้น เคลียร์ความฟินเกินเพื่อน|work=Thai Rath|url=https://www.thairath.co.th/entertain/news/1950196|url-status=live|access-date=}}</ref> With the conclusion of the said television series in October 2019, plans were made to produce a television series where Putthipong and Krit will play as lead actors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=นาดาว บางกอก จัดพิธี ไหว้เปิดกล้อง "แปลรักฉันด้วยใจเธอ"|url=https://www.gdh559.com/post/bkppproject/|access-date=2021-02-01|website=www.gdh559.com|language=en}}</ref> The project, with a working title of "BKPP: The Series", was announced in February 2020 and was supposed to premiere in July 2020. Due to government restrictions placed amidst the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand|COVID-19 pandemic]], the series' production was delayed with its release pushed to October 2020 under the title of ''[[I Told Sunset About You]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=59|date=2020-10-08|title="บิวกิ้น-พีพี" เปิดใจรับบทแสดงนำซีรีย์ "แปลรักฉันด้วยใจเธอ" แย้มฉากเลิฟซีน|url=https://www.khaosod.co.th/entertainment/news_5078432|access-date=2021-02-01|website=ข่าวสด|language=th}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2018
|i STORIES "G" Episode
|Pete
|Support Role
|
|-
|2019
|[[My Ambulance]]
|Tewkao
|Support Role
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-17|title=เรื่องย่อละคร รักฉุดใจนายฉุกเฉิน My Ambulance|url=https://drama.kapook.com/view210142.html|access-date=2021-02-01|website=kapook.com}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[I Told Sunset About You]]
|Oh-aew
|Main Role
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|2021
|[[I Told Sunset About You]] 2
|Oh-aew
|Main Role
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=LIVE งานแถลงข่าว ซีรีส์ แปลรักฉันด้วยใจเธอ Part 2 - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wesRpBUJdxU|access-date=2021-02-01|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song Title
!Album
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|หรูเหอ 如何 (Skyline)
|OST. [[I Told Sunset About You]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=PP - หรูเหอ 如何 (Skyline) OST.แปลรักฉันด้วยใจเธอ [Official MV] - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeEDAmd5BiE|access-date=2021-02-01|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
|โคตรพิเศษ (Khot Phiset)
|OST. [[I Told Sunset About You]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=PP - โคตรพิเศษ OST.แปลรักฉันด้วยใจเธอ [Official MV] - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSFjSV8hDx0|access-date=2021-02-01|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|มันดีเลย
feat [[Putthipong Assaratanakul|Billkin]], [[Nichaphat Chatchaipholrat|PEARWAH]], and [[Palitchoke Ayanaputra|Peck Palitchoke]]
|Single
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=เป๊ก ผลิตโชค x PEARWAH x Billkin x PP – มันดีเลย [Official MV] - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3XKOMq3UTE|access-date=2021-02-01|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amnuaydechkorn, Krit}}
[[Category:Thai television actors|Krit Amnuaydechkorn]]
[[Category:Nadao Bangkok artists|Krit Amnuaydechkorn]]
[[Category:21st-century Thai male actors|Krit Amnuaydechkorn]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Jack (Sänger)

2021-01-30T23:02:15Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:Jack performed at Lazada Supershow in December.jpg (en). Deleted by Érico (Copyright violation, see Commons:Commons:Licensing).

{{short description|Vietnamese singer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Trịnh]]|Tuấn|lang=Vietnamese}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Jack (J97)
| image =
|caption =
| birth_name = Trịnh Trần Phương Tuấn
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|04|12}}
| birth_place = [[Bến Tre]], [[Bến Tre Province]], Vietnam
| organization =
| relatives =
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|Rapper}}
| years_active = 2018–present
| net_worth =
| partner =
| parents =
| website = {{URL|www.facebook.com/jack.phuongtuan1204}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| background = solo_singer
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|Guitar}}
| genre = {{hlist|Pop|[[Rap]]|[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]}}
| label = {{hlist|Nomad MGMT Vietnam}}
}}
}}

'''Trịnh Trần Phương Tuấn''' (born April 12, 1997, in [[Ben Tre]], [[Vietnam]]) is professionally known as '''Jack (or J97)'''. He is a [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] [[Pop music|pop]] [[singer]], [[songwriter]] and [[rapper]]. Jack became famous when working in the group G5R and released the song "Hong Nhan". Throughout his career, he has received many awards: three awards at the [[Green Wave (radio_show)|Green Wave]] Awards and four awards at the [[Zing Music Awards]]. In addition, he was awarded the "Best New Asian Artist of Vietnam" at the [[Mnet Asian Music Awards]] 2019 and [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Southeast Asian Act|Best Southeast Asian Act]] at the [[2020 MTV Europe Music Awards]]. Jack is recognized the highly prestigious award: The 26th Golden Apricot Blossom Award (2020) for Most Favorite Light Music Male Singer. He is also the first artist of [[Vietnam]] to win an [[Asian Television Awards]] for '''Best Music Video Act''' ''(with MV Hoa Hai Duong).''<ref>{{Cite web|last=VnExpress|title=Vietnamese singer wins Asian Television Awards - VnExpress International|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/culture/vietnamese-singer-wins-asian-television-awards-4222508.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam|language=en}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
=== 1997–2018: Early life and the beginning of career ===
Rách was born on April 12, 1997, in [[Ngai Dang]] Commune, [[Mo Cay Nam]] District, [[Ben Tre Province]]. Rách graduated from the professional college in vocal major at the Department of Culture, Art and Tourism – Ben Tre College, and was a music teacher at Thanh Thoi A1 Primary School, Thanh Thoi A Commune, [[Mo Cay Nam]] . In an interview with VnExpress, he shared:
{{Cquote| "Before, I did not think I would enter the showbiz because I lived a closed life. I made my first salary in my hometown by working as a music teacher in an primary school, with a salary of 5–6 millions per month."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/jack-ap-luc-lon-nhat-la-chinh-toi-4192416.html|title=Jack: 'Áp lực lớn nhất là chính tôi'|author=Ngọc Yến |work=[[VNexpress]]| language=vi| trans-title=The biggest pressure is me}}</ref>}}
Rách used to be a member in the group G5R, an underground Vietnamese music group. He debuted in several music videos with this group, such as "Giai Dieu Mien Tay" (plagiarism from "Vagabond" by NELI ft. TREI SPE and "Me Oi 2". Rách became popular within the underground Vietnamese music industry when he released the music video "Ve Ben Anh", however it was not as popular in V-pop.<ref name="Thùy Liên">{{cite web |url=https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giai-tri/nhac/truong-nhom-g5r-len-tieng-ve-chuyen-jack-bi-to-mac-benh-ngoi-sao-557959.html |title=Trưởng nhóm G5R lên tiếng về chuyện Jack bị tố mắc bệnh ngôi sao|author=Thùy Liên |work=[[Vietnamnet]] |language=vi |trans-title=The G5R team leader spoke about Jack accused of star disease |access-date=August 11, 2019}}</ref>
On February 19, 2019, Jack released the song "Hong Nhan" with a music video on YouTube. In its first week of release, the song debuted at No. 2 on [[Zing MP3]], eventually reaching No. 1. The song has more than 13 million listening frequencies on Zing MP3 and 10 million video views on YouTube after a week of release. Due to the popularity of this song, Rách was compared to [[Phan Manh Quynh]] and [[Den Vau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zingnews.vn/hien-tuong-hong-nhan-cua-ban-sao-phan-manh-quynh-dung-dau-bxh-post922423.html |title=Hiện tượng 'Hồng nhan' của bản sao Phan Mạnh Quỳnh đứng đầu BXH|author=Lan Phương |work=[[ZingNews]] |language=vi |trans-title=The phenomenon of 'Hong Nhan' of the copy of Phan Manh Quynh tops the chart |access-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref> From there, he emerged as a music phenomenon.<ref name="Di">{{cite web |url=https://www.yan.vn/jack-la-ai-tieu-su-su-nghiep-va-doi-tu-ca-si-trinh-tran-phuong-tuan-203735.html |title=Jack là ai? Tiểu sử, sự nghiệp và đời tư ca sĩ Trịnh Trần Phương Tuấn|author=Di |work=[[YanNews]] |language=vi |trans-title=Who is Jack? Biography, career and personal life of singer Trịnh Truồng Phương Tứng|access-date=May 31, 2019}}</ref>

=== 2019: Cooperation with K-ICM ===
After the hit song "Hong Nhan", he departed from the group G5R. After that, he collaborated with producer K-ICM and released the song "Bac Phan" in April 2019. Together, they continued the story series of "Hong Nhan" and it was widely received.<ref name="Dân Trí">{{cite web |url=https://dantri.com.vn/giai-tri/thanh-choi-dan-kicm-bat-tay-voi-jack-hong-nhan-tung-mv-bac-phan-dang-gay-sot-20190418152640708.htm|title=Thánh chơi đàn K-ICM "bắt tay" với Jack "Hồng Nhan" tung MV "Bạc Phận" đang gây sốt|author=Dân Trí |work=[[Dân Trí]] |language=vi |trans-title=Piano saint playing K-ICM "shook hands" with Jack "Hong Nhan" released the MV "Bac Phan" which is causing fever |access-date=April 18, 2019}}</ref> Later, Jack collaborated with producer Liam and performed the song "Sao Em Vo Tinh". These [[ballad]]-oriented music products were well- received by the public.<ref name="Tùng Dương">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/jack-k-icm-liam-sao-em-vo-tinh-5226179.html|title=Sau 'Bạc phận', Jack tiếp tục hợp tác cùng 'thánh nện đàn' K-ICM trong ca khúc mới
|author=Tùng Dương |work=[[Saostar]] |language=vi |trans-title=After 'Bac Phan', Jack continued to collaborate with K-ICM 'holy pinano' in the new song |access-date=May 20, 2019}}</ref>
Continuing his collaboration with K-ICM, Rách released the song "Song Gio" and promoted it as the third part of "Hong Nhan". After its release, the song gained massive viewership on YouTube.<ref name="TRANG NGUYỄN ">{{cite web |url=https://hoahoctro.tienphong.vn/hht-hau-truong-showbiz/khong-qua-kho-doan-bo-doi%C2%A0jack-kicm-comeback-va-lap-ki-luc-moi-voi-song-gio-1604884.tpo|title=Không quá khó đoán, bộ đôi Jack & K-ICM comeback và lập kỉ lục mới với "Sóng Gió"|author=Trang Nguyễn |work=[[Tien Phong (newspaper)|Tiền Phong]] |language=vi |trans-title=Not too unpredictable, the duo Jack & K-ICM make a comeback and set a new record with "Wind Wave" |access-date=July 20, 2019}}</ref> The songs "Em Gi Oi", "Viet Nam Toi", and "Hoa Vo Sac" continued to be released by him and K-ICM after that time. Since then, his name has occupied a high position in the V-pop music scene.<ref name="Hằng Bùi ">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/cu-dan-mang-noi-gi-ve-mv-em-gi-oi-cua-k-icm-va-jack-6182409.html|title=Cư dân mạng nói gì về MV ‘Em gì ơi’ của K-ICM và Jack?|author=Hằng Bùi |work=[[Tien Phong (newspaper)|Tiền Phong]] |language=vi |trans-title=What do netizens say about the MV ‘Em Gi Oi’ of K-ICM and Jack?|access-date=October 5, 2019}}</ref>
However, by the end of 2019, there was a rumor circulating on the Internet that "Rách and K-ICM was at odds" or "K-ICM exploited Rách's labor". In response, Rách posted on his Facebook account that the release of "Hoa Vo Sac" was only a demo version. The song has just been recorded as a test without singing in parts. However, K-ICM voluntarily posted this song on his YouTube channel. After an interview with the content affirming "not exploiting Rách", K-ICM received many negative reactions from the audience.<ref name="P.N ">{{cite web |url=https://www.24h.com.vn/doi-song-showbiz/k-icm-tiec-tinh-ban-voi-jack-khang-dinh-k-icm-dung-truoc-ten-jack-la-binh-thuong-c729a1119248.html|title=K-ICM tiếc tình bạn với Jack, khẳng định K-ICM đứng trước tên Jack là bình thường|author=Trang Nguyễn |work=[[24h]]|language=vi |trans-title=K-ICM regrets his friendship with Rách, asserting that it is normal for K-ICM to stand before Rách's name|access-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref>

=== 2020: Joined Nomad MGMT Vietnam ===
After his controversy with K-ICM, he is said to have collaborated with ViruSs to release a demo of the song "Dom Dom" on December 29, 2019. The demo reached No.1 of YouTube trending Vietnam within 4 hours.<ref name="Đậu Đậu">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/jack-chinh-thuc-tai-xuat-voi-dom-dom-20201226191929770.html|title=KJack chính thức tái xuất với Đom đóm, ngôi vị #1 trending Youtube của Sơn Tùng liệu có lung lay?
|author=Đậu Đậu |work=[[Saostar]] |language=vi |trans-title=Jack officially re-exported with Fireflies, Son Tung's # 1 YouTube trending position will be shaken?|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

On February 17, 2020, Jack officially announced his own YouTube channel called J97. After joining Nomad MGMT Vietnam, he released the song "La 1 Thang Con Trai" on March 10, 2020, on J97's YouTube channel in association with music producer [[Hoaprox]]. The song received positive reactions from artists and fans, with some saying that this is just the beginning of Jack's challenge with various types of music.<ref name="Thanh Phúc">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/jack-chinh-thuc-phat-hanh-mv-la-1-thang-con-trai-7136659.html|title=Xem ngay MV 'Là 1 thằng con trai' từ Jack: Có đủ mạnh để trở thành 'bom tấn' tháng 3?|author=Thanh Phúc |work=[[Saostar]] |language=vi |trans-title=Watch now MV 'La 1 Thang Con Trai' from Jack: Is it strong enough to become a 'blockbuster' in March?}}</ref>

In addition, he received the YouTube Silver [[Play Button]] within a few hours after he created his channel. Soon after, J97 quickly surpassed [[Ba Tan Vlog]], becoming the fastest channel to receive the YouTube [[YouTube Creator Awards|Gold Play Button]] in Vietnam within seven days of creating a channel.<ref name="Duy Huỳnh">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/internet/jack-ba-tan-vlog-va-nhung-ky-luc-khung-tren-youtube-viet-nam-7038665.html|title=Jack, Bà Tân Vlog và những kỷ lục 'vô tiền khoáng hậu' trên YouTube Việt Nam|author=Duy Huỳnh |work=[[Saostar]] |language=vi |trans-title=Jack, Mrs. Tan Vlog and 'unprecedented' record on YouTube Vietnam|access-date=December 29, 2020}}</ref>

In the evening of September 22, 2020, Jack officially released the music video of "Hoa Hai Duong" produced by the DTAP producer team. The song is mixed and mastered by Jack. As soon as "Hoa Hai Duong" was released on YouTube, it reached 1 million views in 20 minutes. After 24 hours, "Hoa Hai Duong" became trending on YouTube in seven countries, including Vietnam, Taiwan, Canada, Australia, Germany, the US and South Korea, and it also led the sale of music on iTunes Vietnam.<ref name="Ngân Trần">{{cite web |url=https://hoahoctro.tienphong.vn/hht-hau-truong-showbiz/mv-hoa-hai-duong-cua-jack-chua-day-16-tieng-da-can-quet-nhieu-bxh-the-gioi-1725457.tpo|title=MV "Hoa Hải Đường" của Jack chưa đầy 16 tiếng đã "càn quét" nhiều BXH thế giới|author=Ngân Trần |work=[[Tien Phong (newspaper)|Tiền Phong]] |language=vi |trans-title=MV "Hoa Hai Duong" by Jack less than 16 hours has "swept" many world charts|access-date=September 23, 2020}}</ref>

In the afternoon of October 6, 2020, MTV Vietnam officially announced that the artist would represent Vietnam to compete at MTV EMA & ATA 2020. Jack overcame many singers as Duc Phuc, Hoang Thuy Linh, Han Sara, Binz, and more to become the winner of the domestic voting.<ref name="Tâm Giao">{{cite web |url=https://vnexpress.net/jack-tranh-giai-mtv-ema-4173274.html|title=Jack tranh giải MTV EMA|author=Tâm Giao |work=[[VNexpress]] |language=vi |trans-title=Jack competes for the MTV EMA|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> On the morning of November 9, 2020, after nearly a month of opening the voting gate, MTV EMA called Jack as the winner of the Best Southeast Asian Artist category by livestream, surpassing a series of names from Southeast Asia. Thus, Jack is the fourth artist of Vietnam after [[My Tam]] (2013), [[Son Tung M-TP]] (2015) and [[Dong Nhi]] (2016) to win this award.<ref name="Lan Phương">{{cite web |url=https://zingnews.vn/jack-thang-giai-tai-mtv-ema-2020-post1151131.html|title=Jack thắng giải tại MTV EMA 2020|author=Lan Phương |work=[[ZingNews]] |language=vi |trans-title=Jack won the award at MTV EMA 2020|access-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name="NME">{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/en_asia/news/music/vietnams-jack-wins-best-southeast-asia-act-at-2020-mtv-emas-2812274|title=Vietnam’s Jack wins Best Southeast Asia Act at 2020 MTV EMAs|author=A. Azim Idris |work=[[NME]] |language=en |trans-title=""|access-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref>

On December 26, 2020, Jack officially released the song Dom Dom. This is considered one of the most anticipated songs not only for Jack's fans but also for those who regularly follow Vpop. Dom Dom's music video has reached 295,556 premiere views on Youtube. The song Dom Dom quickly rose to No. 1 of Zing MP3 Chart with a time of only 64 minutes, setting a Vpop record in 2020. After two days of launch, Dom Dom has reaped great successes: reaching number 1 of the top trending of YouTube Vietnam and entering the top trending in many other countries such as: top 9 in Taiwan, top 28 in Germany, top 24 of Youtube trending worldwide and top 2 iTunes Vietnam.<ref name="Khánh Đình">{{cite web |url=https://cuoi.tuoitre.vn/giai-tri/dom-dom-cua-jack-dan-dau-top-trending-youtube-viet-nam-sau-2-ngay-2020122813984215.html|title=Đom đóm của Jack dẫn đầu top trending YouTube Việt Nam sau 2 ngày|author=Khánh Đình |work=[[VNexpress]] |language=vi |trans-title=Jack's Dom Dom lead the leading YouTube Vietnam trending after 2 days|access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref>

At the Zing Music Awards 2020 held on January 7, 2021, Jack won 2 awards: Most Popular Male Artist and Most Favorite Dance / Electronic Song with the song Hoa Hai Duong.<ref name="Hiền Trần">{{cite web |url=https://thanhnien.vn/giai-tri/jack-lap-cu-dup-khi-thang-2-giai-thuong-tai-zing-music-awards-2020-1324744.html|title=Jack lập cú đúp khi thắng 2 giải thưởng tại 'Zing Music Awards 2020'|author=Hiền Trần |work=[[Thanh Niên Online]] |language=vi |trans-title=Jack scored twice when he won 2 awards at the 'Zing Music Awards 2020'|access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref>

On the Evening of January 14, 2021, at the 26th Golden Apricot Blossom Awards (Mai Vang) Ceremony, Jack is named as the winner of the Most Favorite Light Music Male Singer Act. This is the first Golden Apricot Blossom Award in his singing career.<ref name="Hoài Phương">{{cite web |url=https://tuoitre.vn/jack-vu-cat-tuong-huynh-lap-dalab-nhan-giai-mai-vang-2020-20210114222817638.htm|title=Jack, Vũ Cát Tường, Huỳnh Lập, DaLAB nhận giải Mai Vàng 2020|author=Hoài Phương |work=[[Tuổi Trẻ]] |language=vi |trans-title=Jack, Vũ Cát Tường, Huỳnh Lập, DaLAB win Mai Vang 2020|access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>

On the evening of January 16, 2021, the [[Asian TV Awards]] 2020 Organizing Committee named Jack's Hoa Hai Duong as the winning MV in the category of Best Music Video. This is the second international award after the MTV EMA that Jack achieved in his singing career.<ref name="Tam Giao">{{cite web |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/culture/vietnamese-singer-wins-asian-television-awards-4222508.htm |title=Vietnamese singer wins Asian Television Awards|author=Tam Giao |work=[[Vnexpress International]] |language=en|access-date=January 19, 2021}}</ref>

== Artistic style ==
=== Musical Styles ===
Jack's most prominent music products include "Hong Nhan", "Bac Phan" and "Song Gio" which is a blend of pop, European [[electronic music]], and southwest Vietnamese [[folk music]]. In an interview with Zing News, Jack asserted that his songs are "a sadness of nostalgia combined by European, American and Vietnamese music". Regarding his vocal, he is judged by the public to have a unique vocal. Jack himself once admitted that he "can sing songs that he has in tune with in terms of genre, lyrics, melody or story."<ref name="Vũ Phúc">{{cite web |url=https://zingnews.vn/chu-nhan-hit-hong-nhan-bac-phan-tu-hao-la-ke-ngoai-dao-am-nhac-post946330.html|title=Chủ nhân hit 'Hồng nhan', 'Bạc phận' tự hào là kẻ ngoại đạo âm nhạc|author=Vũ Phúc, Duy Hưng |work=[[ZingNews]] |language=vi |trans-title=The owner of the hit 'Hong nhan', 'Bac Phan' is proud to be the heathen of music|access-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref>
Writing on [[VietNamNet]], the journalist Le Thi My Niem evaluated about Jack:
{{Cquote|"There are 3 phases in his less than 2 years career: sticking with G5R; sticking with K-ICM; and the phase at the current company. Every phase, Jack may be slightly different but never lost the "Jack" quality – which encapsulates two qualities: young and popular. Until Hoa Hai Duong, in terms of music, Jack is still Jack. He is quiet, not good at speaking but in music, the audience often feels that this is "his heaven" where he unleashes his soul and sentences. Keeping his identity is a good thing. He still lives discreet, unbearable, uncolorful. In turn, in music, Jack is gradually gaining more love from fans. "<ref name="Lê Thị Mỹ Niệm">{{cite web|url=https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giai-tri/nhac/hoa-hai-duong-cua-jack-co-gi-hay-676016.html|title='Hoa Hải Đường' của Jack có gì hay?|author=Lê Thị Mỹ Niệm |work=[[VietNamNet]]| language=vi| trans-title=What is in MV Hoa Hai Duong of Jack?}}</ref>}}.
ZingNews journalist Quang Duc evaluated about Jack's music in 2020:
{{Cquote | "If" La 1 Thang Con Trai "in March is an electronic song mixed with disco and rap material, "Hoa Hai Duong" then is the combination of folk with harmonious style with future bass sound. This time, Jack brought a pop ballad song "Dom Dom" through the hands of two producers ViruSs and 1HIT. "<ref name="Quang Duc">{{cite web|url=https://zingnews.vn/khi-jack-tre-con-post1167698.html|title=KHI JACK TRẺ CON|author=Quang Đức |work=[[ZingNews]]| language=vi| trans-title=When Jack looks like a child}}</ref>}}

=== Artist name "Jack" ===
The name Jack was inspired by "[[Jackie Chan]]" who his father idolizes. The artist name Jack has been associated with him since the beginning of his artistic career. Recently, Jack is referred to as J97 by a combination of the character J in his stage name and the year of his birth.

== Other works ==
=== Brands ambassador ===
On September 23, 2020, Vivo Vietnam officially announced Jack to become the brand ambassador for [[ViVo]] V20 product. Jack said:
{{Cquote|"To talk about the reason for this collaboration, that is the similarity between Jack and Vivo Vietnam are derived from the genuine feelings, in order to bring the best things to everyone. Jack wants to send in sincerity through the music products. And so is Vivo, each its product is created by the understanding of users, to bring them the best experiences".<ref name="Trường Thịnh">{{cite web|url=https://dantri.com.vn/suc-manh-so/jack-chinh-thuc-tro-thanh-dai-su-cho-san-pham-vivo-v-20-tai-viet-nam-20200923212358068.htm|title=Jack chính thức trở thành đại sứ cho sản phẩm vivo V20 tại Việt Nam|author=Trường Thịnh |work=[[Dân Trí]]| language=vi| trans-title=Jack to become the brand ambassador of Vivo V20 in Vietnam}}</ref>}}
On October 5, 2020, [[PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds]] Mobile Vietnam (PUBG Mobile Vietnam) officially confirmed Jack will be the brand ambassador in Vietnam. Jack will shake hands with PUBGM to do meaningful things for the Dom Dom fan community in particular and the society in general, starting with a fundraising project for the Vietnam Children's Fund called "Running Bo To Morning". This is also an affirmation of Jack not to be only as a talented singer, but also a person who has a positive influence on society.<ref name="Giang Ngân">{{cite web|url=https://zingnews.vn/jack-tro-thanh-dai-su-thuong-hieu-cua-pubg-mobile-post1138422.html|title=Jack trở thành đại sứ thương hiệu của PUBG Mobile|author=Giang Ngân |work=[[ZingNews]]| language=vi| trans-title=Jack to become the brand ambassador of PUBG Mobile Vietnam}}</ref>

=== Charity ===
On the morning of March 28, Jack's mother presented at the Cultural Center of Ben Tre to donate a total amount of 100 millions VND for the Covid-19 prevention support. In addition, Jack also transferred 50 million VND to the fans' fund to support the fight against drought at his hometown. Then, on August 13, 2020, he donated for [[Da Nang]] 200,000 [[medical mask]]s to support the COVID-19 prevention.

== Influence ==
On December 3, 2020, YouTube Vietnam announced 3 trending charts: '' Top 10 Most Featured Videos 2020 '', '' Top 10 Most Featured Music Videos 2020 '' and ''Top 10 Most Featured Videos Creators 2020''. In which, in the category of ''Top 10 Most Featured Music Videos'', there were two music videos of Jack as "Hoa Hai Duong" and "La 1 Thang Con Trai" respectively ranked at No.6 and No.2.<ref name="Thanh Chi">{{cite web|url=https://thanhnien.vn/giai-tri/10-video-noi-bat-nhat-youtube-viet-nam-2020-1312297.html|title=10 video nổi bật nhất YouTube Việt Nam 2020|author=Thanh Chi |work=[[Thanh Niên Online]]| language=vi| trans-title=Top 10 Most Featured Videos 2020}}</ref>

On December 9, 2020, Google Vietnam announced The Googe's Year in Search 2020 with many search topics. With two songs "Hoa Hai Duong" and "Song Gio" in the 'Top 10 Most Featured Songs of the Year', and Jack personally also ranked 3rd in '' Top 10 Characters Most Searched of the year. '' Jack was the most prominent singer in 2020 with the great interest from the Vietnamese public.<ref name="GL">{{cite web|url=https://laodong.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/jack-dung-dau-xu-huong-tim-kiem-google-nam-2020-tai-viet-nam-861096.ldo|title=Jack đứng đầu xu hướng tìm kiếm Google năm 2020 tại Việt Nam |work=[[Lao Động]]| language=vi| trans-title=Jack tops Google's Year In Search 2020 in Vietnam}}</ref>

== Singles, Filmographies and TVs ==
=== Singles ===

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Title (Vietnamese)
! scope="col" |Year of release
!Ref
|-
! scope="row" |"Giai điệu miền Tây"
| rowspan="4" |2018
|<ref name="">{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/bai-hat/Giai-Dieu-Mien-Tay-Jack-G5R/ZWAA6D6D.html|title=Giai điệu miền Tây|author=Jack |work=[[Zing MP3]]}}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |"Mẹ ơi 2"
|<ref name="">{{Cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/bai-hat/Me-Oi-2-Jack/ZW9C0C69.html|title=Mẹ ơi 2|author=Jack|work=[[Zing MP3]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Để đó anh lo"
|<ref name="">{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/bai-hat/De-Do-Anh-Lo-Jack-G5R/ZW9D90F6.html|title=Để đó anh lo|author=Jack|work=[[Zing MP3]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Về bên anh"
|<ref name="">{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/bai-hat/Ve-Ben-Anh-Jack/ZW9FICD6.html|title=Về bên anh|author=Jack|work=[[Zing MP3]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Hồng nhan"
| rowspan="7" |2019
|<ref name="">{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/album/Hong-Nhan-Single-Jack/ZU8U9866.html|title=Hồng nhan|author=Jack|work=[[Zing MP3]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Bạc phận"
|<ref name="">{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/album/Bac-Phan-Single-Jack-K-ICM/ZUAEZ8BO.html|title=Bạc phận|author=Jack|work=[[Zing MP3]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Sao em vô tình"
|<ref name="">{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/album/Sao-Em-Vo-Tinh-Single-Jack/ZUC8UD69.html|title=Sao em vô tình|author=Jack|work=[[Zing MP3]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Sóng gió"
|<ref name="">{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/album/Song-Gio-Single-Jack-K-ICM/ZZ70OD0I.html|title=Sóng gió|author=Jack|work=[[Zing MP3]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Em gì ơi"
|<ref name="">{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/album/Em-Gi-Oi-Single-Jack-K-ICM/Z97C9E6F.html|title=Em gì ơi|author=Jack|work=[[Zing MP3]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Việt Nam tôi"
|<ref name="">{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/bai-hat/Viet-Nam-Toi-Jack-K-ICM/ZWAFB06W.html|title=Việt Nam tôi|author=Jack|work=[[Zing MP3]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Hoa vô sắc"
|<ref name="">{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/album/Hoa-Vo-Sac-Single-Jack-K-ICM/ZEOIIW77.html|title=Hoa vô sắc|author=Jack|work=[[Zing MP3]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Là 1 thằng con trai"
| rowspan="8" |2020
|<ref name="">{{cite web|url=https://m.zingmp3.vn/bai-hat/La-1-Thang-Con-Trai-Jack/ZO60CWIF.html|title=Là 1 Thằng Con Trai|author=Jack|work=[[Zing MP3]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Hoa hải đường"
|<ref name="">{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/0J2otOvMdg62gVMMjwOvSK?si=RKjj6kxhQh-RYKDR2f5-Xw|title=Hoa hải đường|author=Jack|work=[[Zing MP3]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Đom đóm"
|<ref name="">{{cite web|url=https://m.zingmp3.vn/bai-hat/Dom-Dom-Jack/ZOZ0WD80.html|title=Đom Đóm|author=Jack|work=[[Zing MP3]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Filmographies and TVs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Note
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
|[[Odd One In]] (Người Bí Ẩn in Vietnam Version)
| rowspan="6" |Guest
|Season 6, Episode 4
|
|-
|[[Happy Lunch]]
|Episode date July 25, 2019
|
|-
|7 Smiles of Spring
|Season 3, Episode 1
|
|-
|[[The Voice Kids of Vietnam]]
|Season 7, Episode 14
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|The Waves 20
|
|
|-
|The Waves of VieON
|Short comedy "Can't take my eyes off"
|
|}

== Awards and Nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Act
!Nomination for
!Result
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="10" |2019
| rowspan="7" |[[Green Wave (radio show)]] Awards
|Singer of the Year
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Best New Artist
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Collaboration
| rowspan="5" |Sóng gió
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Song of The Year
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Phenomenon Song
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Top 10 most favorite songs
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|Most Favorite song on Radio
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Zing Music Awards|Zing Music Award]]
|Most Favorite Male Singer
|Himself
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="Phương Nam">{{cite web|url=https://tv.tuoitre.vn/jack-va-k-icm-duoc-vinh-danh-tai-zing-music-awards-2019-nhung-ca-hai-vang-mat-81820.htm|title=Jack và KICM được vinh danh tại lễ trao giải Zing Music Award 2019 nhưng cả hai vắng mặt|author=Phương Nam |work=[[Báo Tuổi Trẻ]]| language=vi |trans-title=Jack and KICM awarded in ZMA 2019 but they didnot come}}</ref>
|-
|Most Favorite Pop/Ballad Song
|Sóng gió
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Mnet Asian Music Awards]]
|Best New Asian Artist Vietnam
|Himself
|{{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="Q.N">{{cite web|url=https://tuoitre.vn/hoang-thuy-linh-k-icm-va-ack-doat-giai-mama-2019-tai-nhat-ban20191204215004049.htm|title=Hoàng Thùy Linh, K-ICM và Jack đoạt giải MAMA 2019 tại Nhật Bản |work=[[Báo Tuổi Trẻ]]| language=vi |trans-title=Hoàng Thùy Linh, Jack and K-ICM win MAMA 2019 in Japan}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="20" |2020
| rowspan="1" |[[2020 MTV Europe Music Awards]]
| [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Southeast Asian Act]]
|Himself
|{{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="Hà Thu">{{cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/jack-gianh-giai-nghe-si-dong-nam-a-xuat-sac-4189042.html|title=Jack giành giải 'Nghệ sĩ Đông Nam Á xuất sắc'|author=Hà Thu |work=[[VnExpress]]| language=vi| trans-title=Jack wins "Best Souteast Asia Act"}}</ref>
|-
| [[Golden Apricot Blossom Awards]]
| Most Favorite Light music Male singer
| Himself
|{{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="Tam Kỳ">{{cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/hoai-lam-jack-tranh-giai-mai-vang-4202824.html|title=Hoài Lâm, Jack tranh giải Mai Vàng|author=Tam Kỳ |work=[[VnExpress]]| language=vi| trans-title=Hoài Lâm, Jack compete for Mai Vang Awards}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Zing Music Awards|Zing Music Award]]
| Artist of The Year
| Himself
| {{Nom}}
| align="center" |<ref name="M.T">{{cite web|url=https://danviet.vn/jack-va-wowy-gay-chu-y-o-giai-thuong-zing-music-awards-2020-20201113104118652.htm|title=Jack và Wowy gây chú ý ở giải thưởng Zing Music Awards 2020|work=[[Dân Việt]]| language=vi| trans-title= Jack and Wowy get attention at ZMA 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Most favorite Dance/Electronic song
| Hoa Hải Đường
| {{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="M.T">{{cite web|url=https://danviet.vn/jack-va-wowy-gay-chu-y-o-giai-thuong-zing-music-awards-2020-20201113104118652.htm|title=Jack và Wowy gây chú ý ở giải thưởng Zing Music Awards 2020|work=[[Dân Việt]]| language=vi| trans-title= Jack and Wowy get attention at ZMA 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Most Favorite Male Artist
| Himsefl
| {{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="M.T">{{cite web|url=https://danviet.vn/jack-va-wowy-gay-chu-y-o-giai-thuong-zing-music-awards-2020-20201113104118652.htm|title=Jack và Wowy gây chú ý ở giải thưởng Zing Music Awards 2020|work=[[Dân Việt]]| language=vi| trans-title= Jack and Wowy get attention at ZMA 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Star of the Year]]
| Male Singer
| Himself
| {{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="Ngoisao">{{cite web|url=https://ngoisao.net/khoi-dong-ngoi-sao-cua-nam-2020-4203054.html|title=Khởi động Ngôi sao của năm 2020|author=Ngôi Sao |work=[[Báo Ngôi Sao]]| language=vi| trans-title= Star of The Year is launched!}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asian Television Awards]]
| Best Music Video
| Hoa Hải Đường
| {{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="P.C.Tùng">{{cite web|url=https://thanhnien.vn/van-hoa/jack-dai-dien-viet-nam-tranh-tai-tai-giai-thuong-am-nhac-mtv-ema-va-ata-2020-1288445.html|title=Jack và Binz đại diện Việt Nam tranh tài tại giải thưởng âm nhạc MTV EMA và ATA 2020| author=P.C.Tùng |work=[[Thanh Niên Online]]| language=vi| trans-title=Jack and Binz to represent Vietnam at MTV EMA and ATA 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Green Wave (radio show)]] Awards
|Male Singer of The Year
|Himself
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="4" align="center" |<ref name="T.G">{{cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/jack-binz-nhan-de-cu-lan-song-xanh-2020-4215795.html|title=Jack, Binz nhận đề cử Làn Sóng Xanh 2020|author=Tâm Giao |work=[[VnExpress]]| language=vi| trans-title=Jack, Binz get the nominations at the Green Waves Awards 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Music video of the year
|Hoa Hải Đường
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Song of the year
| Hoa Hải Đường
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Collaboration
|With DTAP
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Wechoice Awards]]
|Singer with the breakthrough activities
|Himself
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="Wechoice">{{cite web|url=https://wechoice.vn/hang-muc/giai-tri-6.htm|title=Hạng Mục Giải Trí |work=[[Wechoice.vn]]| language=vi| trans-title=Entertainment Caterory}}</ref>
|-
|Music Video of the year
|Hoa Hải Đường
|{{Nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|PhuongTuan1997}}
*{{Facebook|id=jack.phuongtuan1204|name=Fanpage}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/iamjack1997 Jack] on [[Instagram]]
* [https://www.https://www.tiktok.com/@imjack1997 Jack] on [[TikTok]]
* [https://youtube.com/channel/UChUJa1JyBc7Lc4orkiNKKQg Official Youtube Channel]
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/fanclub.jack Group FanClub Offcial of Jack ]

{{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Southeast Asian Act}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jack - J97}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Vietnamese idols]]
[[Category:Vietnamese pop singers]]
[[Category:Vietnamese male singers]]
[[Category:Vietnamese songwriters]]
[[Category:People from Bến Tre Province]]
[[Category:21st-century male musicians]]
[[Category:MTV EMA winners]]

Tayna

2020-06-18T06:51:26Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Doruntina Shala(Tayna).jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by Fitindia (No permission provided since 10th June 2020).

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Short description|Albanian rapper}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Tayna
| image =
| caption = Doruntina Shala
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Doruntina Shala
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Prizren]], Kosovo
| origin =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|songwriter}}
| years_active = 2018–present
| label = Friends Entertainment
| associated_acts = [[Cricket (producer)|Cricket]]
}}

'''Doruntina Shala''' ({{IPA-sq|dɔɾuntina ʃala}}; born 14 December 1996), known professionally as '''Tayna''', is a [[Albanians|Albanian]] rapper and songwriter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tayna–Biografia |url=https://www.teksteshqip.com/tayna |website=teksteshqip.com |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}</ref>

== Life and career ==

=== 1996–2018 ===

Doruntina Shala was born on 14 December 1996 into an [[Albanians|Albanian]] family in the city of [[Prizren]], then part of the [[FR Yugoslavia]], present [[Kosovo]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Bota Sot]] |title=E njohim si Tayna, por ky është emri i vërtetë i reperes |url=https://www.botasot.info/mediale-vip-showbiz/941090/e-njohim-si-tayna-por-ky-eshte-emri-i-vertete-i-reperes/ |website=botasot.info |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=26 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[RTV21]] |title=A e dini se si quhet në të vërtetë Tayna? |url=http://rtv21.tv/a-e-dini-se-si-quhet-ne-te-vertete-tayna/ |website=rtv21.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=11 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Senzacioni i vitit – Tayna: 2018 ishte një vit i jashtëzakonshëm, këtë vit do vazhdoj akoma me më shumë punë |url=https://telegrafi.com/senzacioni-vitit-tayna-2018-ishte-nje-vit-jashtezakonshem-kete-vit-vazhdoj-akoma-shume-pune/ |website=telegrafi.com |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=2 January 2019}}</ref> Tayna made her breakthrough in the [[Albanian language|Albanian-speaking]] world after the release of the singles "Columbiana" and "Shqipe".<ref>{{cite web |title=Tayna në njëvjetorin e publikimit të këngë “Columbiana”: Populli të rrëzon dhe të ngritë |url=https://telegrafi.com/tayna-ne-njevjetorin-e-publikimit-te-kenge-columbiana-populli-te-rrezon-dhe-te-ngrite/ |website=telegrafi.com |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=1 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[RTV21]] |title=Pas "Columbianës", Tayna vjen me "Shqipe" |url=http://rtv21.tv/pas-columbianes-tayna-vjen-me-shqipe/ |website=rtv21.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=30 June 2018}}</ref> In August 2018, she performed at the Sunny Hill Festival in [[Pristina]] along other acclaimed artists such as [[Action Bronson]], [[Martin Garrix]] and [[Dua Lipa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tayna ‘thyhet’ në mes për të pasme të mëdha, gati për ‘Sunny Hill Festival’ |url=https://lajmi.net/tayna-thyhet-ne-mes-per-te-pasme-te-medha-gati-per-sunny-hill-festival/ |website=lajmi.net |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=10 August 2018}}</ref> In December 2018, she released her single "Aje" in collaboration with Albanian rapper [[Ledri Vula]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tayna dhe Ledri Vula publikojnë bashkëpunimin e ri “Aje” |url=https://telegrafi.com/tayna-dhe-ledri-vula-publikojne-bashkepunimin-e-ri-aje/ |website=telegrafi.com |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=18 December 2018}}</ref> The same month, she has been named as the personality of the year by [[Klan Kosova|Privé]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Klan Kosova|Privé]] |title=Personazhi i vitit 2018: TAYNA |url=https://prive.al/personazhi-i-vitit-2018-tayna-video/ |website=prive.al |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=1 January 2019}}</ref>

=== 2019–present ===

In 2019, Tayna released six singles including two singles in collaboration with Albanian rappers Lyrical Son and [[MC Kresha]], and Albanian singer [[Dafina Zeqiri]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tayna publikon bashkëpunimin me dyshen fantastike, Mc Kresha dhe Lyrical Son |url=https://indeksonline.net/tayna-publikon-bashkepunimin-me-dyshen-fantastike-mc-kresha-dhe-lyrical-son/ |website=indeksonline.net |accessdate=3 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=5 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tayna dhe Dafina publikojnë këngën e re “Bye Bye”, shfaqen tejet provokuese në klip |url=https://telegrafi.com/tayna-dhe-dafina-publikojne-kengen-e-re-bye-bye-shfaqen-tejet-provokuese-ne-klip/ |website=telegrafi.com |accessdate=3 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=11 August 2019}}</ref> Both singles peaked at number one in the music chart of Albania.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Awards: Tayna x Mc Kresha x Lyrical Son ia dalin të marrin kreun e “The Top List” me “Pasite” |url=http://www.topalbaniaradio.com/v7/top-awards-tayna-x-mc-kresha-x-lyrical-son-ia-dalin-te-marrin-kreun-e-the-top-list-me-pasite/ |website=topalbaniaradio.com |accessdate=3 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=13 August 2019}}</ref> In January 2020, Tayna announced a follow-up single in collaboration with Albanian rapper [[Mozzik (rapper)|Mozzik]] during a [[social media]] post.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mozzik dhe Tayna flasin lidhur me bashkëpunimin e tyre: Do të jetë hit |url=https://lajmi.net/mozzik-dhe-tayna-flasin-lidhur-me-bashkepunimin-e-tyre-do-te-jete-hit/ |website=lajmi.net |accessdate=29 January 2020 |language=Albanian |date=14 January 2020}}</ref> The aforementioned single "[[Edhe ti]]" was premiered in the same month and entered the music charts in [[The Top List|Albania]], [[GfK Entertainment charts|Germany]] and [[Swiss Hitparade|Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Koha Ditore|Koha]] |title=Tayna e Mozziku publikojnë këngën “Edhe ti” |url=https://www.koha.net/showbiz/205024/tayna-e-mozziku-publikojne-kengen-edhe-ti/ |website=koha.net |accessdate=29 January 2020 |language=Albanian |date=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Klan Kosova|Privé]] |title=Publikohet dueti tejet i komentuar: Tayna ft Mozzik! |url=https://prive.al/publikohet-dueti-tejet-i-komentuar-tayna-ft-mozzik/ |website=prive.al |accessdate=29 January 2020 |language=Albanian |date=22 January 2020}}</ref> In March 2020, she will perform at the Easy Shqip Festival in [[Cologne]].

== Discography ==

=== Singles ===

==== As lead artist ====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:2em;" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" | [[The Top List|ALB]] <ref>Note: ''"The Top List" are the charts conducted by [[Top Channel]] since December 2015''. For peak positions in Albania:
*For "Columbiana":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—01/07/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/01-07-2018/ |website=topawards.top-channel.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Shqipe":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—29/07/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/29-07-2018/ |website=topawards.top-channel.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Fake":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—16/09/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/16-09-2018/ |website=topawards.top-channel.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Doruntina":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—07/10/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/07-10-2018/ |website=topawards.top-channel.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Pow Pow":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—16/12/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/16-12-2018/ |website=topawards.top-channel.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Aje":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—23/12/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/23-12-2018/ |website=topawards.top-channel.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Ring Ring":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—10/03/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/10-03-2019/ |website=topawards.top-channel.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Kce":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—31/03/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/31-03-2019/ |website=topawards.top-channel.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Caliente":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—07/07/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/07-07-2019/ |website=topawards.top-channel.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Pasite":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—11/08/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/11-08-2019/ |website=topawards.top-channel.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Bye Bye":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—01/09/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/01-09-2019/ |website=topawards.top-channel.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Sicko":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—17/11/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/17-11-2019/ |website=topawards.top-channel.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "Sorry":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—05/01/2020 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/05-01-2020/ |website=topawards.top-channel.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
*For "[[Edhe ti]]":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Music Awards]] |title=The Top List—09/02/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/09-02-2019/ |website=topawards.top-channel.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}
</ref>
!style="width:3em; font-size:85%" | [[GfK Entertainment Charts|GER]] <ref name="GER">{{cite web |url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche |title=Suche Nach "Tayna" |publisher=[[GfK Entertainment Charts]] |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=German}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]] <ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Swiss Hitparade]] |url=http://swisscharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&from=&to=&search=Tayna |title=Discography Tayna |website=swisscharts.com |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=German}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | "Columbiana" {{Small|(featuring Don Phenom)}}
| rowspan="6" | 2018
| 1 || — || —
| rowspan="15" {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row" | "Shqipe"
| 2 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Fake"
| 3 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Doruntina"
| 1 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Pow Pow"
| 11 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Aje" {{Small|(featuring [[Ledri Vula]])}}
| 2 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Ring Ring"
| rowspan="7" | 2019
| 8 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Kce"
| 2 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Caliente" {{Small|(with [[Cricket (producer)|Cricket]])}}
| 4 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Pasite" {{Small|(featuring [[Lyrical Son]] and [[MC Kresha]])}}
| 1 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Bye Bye" {{Small|(featuring [[Dafina Zeqiri]])}}
| 1 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Sicko"
| 2 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Sorry"
| 13 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "[[Edhe ti]]" {{Small|(with [[Mozzik (rapper)|Mozzik]])}}
| rowspan="2"| 2020
| 2 || 90 || 26
|-
! scope="row" | "A jo"
| — || —|| —
|-
| colspan="11" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Albanian music|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shala, Doruntina}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Prizren]]
[[Category:Kosovo Albanians]]
[[Category:Kosovan rappers]]
[[Category:Albanian songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Albanian rappers]]

Gaganyaan

2020-03-02T14:57:39Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:Gaganyaan.jpg , deleted by Túrelio (Nominated for deletation and was eventually deleted by Commons:User:Arthur Crbz as per his edit summary. Possibly due to some error file remain undeleted.).

{{Short description|India's crewed spacecraft under development}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox spacecraft class
| name = Gaganyaan
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption = Artist's rendering of the Gaganyaan capsule

| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited|HAL]] and [[ISRO]]
| country = India
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| applications = Crewed orbital vehicle


| spacecraft_type = Crewed
| design_life = 7{{Nbsp}}days
| launch_mass = {{Cvt|7800|kg}} (includes service module)<ref name='Astronautix'/>
| dry_mass = {{Cvt|3735|kg||abbr=}}<ref name='Astronautix'>[http://www.astronautix.com/i/indianmannedspacecraft.html Indian Manned Spacecraft]. ''Astronautix''. 2014.</ref>
| crew_capacity = 3 <ref name='three'/>
| volume = {{Cvt|8|m3}}<ref name="CPCS_tender">{{cite web |title=Integrated Cabin Pressure Control System |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/tenders/458pt.pdf |website=isro.gov.in |publisher=ISRO |accessdate=23 August 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821103027/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/tenders/458pt.pdf |archivedate=21 August 2019 |page=11}}</ref>
| power = [[Photovoltaic system|Photovoltaic array]]
| batteries =
| equipment =
| orbits = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| dimensions = Diameter: {{Cvt|3.5|m}}<ref name="STSC-2019"/> Height: {{Cvt|3.58|m}} <ref name="STSC-2019">{{cite web |last1=Kunhikrishnan |first1=P |title=India's Human Spaceflight Programme: GAGANYAAN |url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-47E.pdf |website=UNOOSA |accessdate=20 February 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220170416/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-47E.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2019}}</ref>


| status = In development
| built =
| launched =
| operational =
| retired =
| failed =
| lost =
| first = December 2020 (uncrewed)<ref>{{cite news | title = First Unmanned Mission Under Gaganyaan By December 2020, Says ISRO Chief | url = https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/first-unmanned-mission-under-gaganyaan-by-december-2020-says-isro-chief-1947483}}</ref><ref name="THDec2019">{{Cite news|title=Tests for unmanned mission by 2020-end, says ISRO chief|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/unmanned-test-mission-by-end-of-next-year/article30420219.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2019-12-28|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref> December 2021 (crewed)<ref name='launch 2021'>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/union-cabinet-clears-rs-10000cr-for-indias-gaganyaan-project/articleshow/67288124.cms Rs 10,000 crore plan to send 3 Indians to space by 2022]. ''The Times of India''. 29 December 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=First Manned Mission|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1594940|location=Delhi |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |agency=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=2019-12-04 |access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

| insignia =
| insignia_size =
| insignia_alt =
| insignia_caption =

| previous =
| next =
}}
'''Gaganyaan''' ({{lang-sa|गगनयान}}, "Sky Vehicle") is an Indian [[List of crewed spacecraft|crewed orbital spacecraft]] intended to be the formative spacecraft of the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]. The [[spacecraft]] is being designed to carry three people, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with rendezvous and docking capability. In its maiden crewed mission, [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]'s largely autonomous {{Convert|3.7|t|lb|adj=on}} capsule will orbit the Earth at {{cvt|400|km}} altitude for up to seven days with a two or three-person crew on board. The crewed vehicle is planned to be launched on ISRO's [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III|GSLV Mk III]] in December 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/union-cabinet-clears-rs-10000cr-for-indias-gaganyaan-project/articleshow/67288124.cms|title=Rs 10,000 crore plan to send 3 Indians to space by 2022 - Times of India |website=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-29}}</ref><ref name='launch 2022'>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-to-take-indian-astronaut-to-space-by-2022-pm-modi/article24695817.ece Gaganyaan mission to take Indian astronaut to space by 2022: PM Modi]. ''The Hindu''. 15 August 2018.</ref> This [[Hindustan Aeronautics|HAL]]-manufactured crew module had its first un-crewed experimental flight on 18 December 2014.<ref name="hal-india.com">{{Cite web |url=http://hal-india.com/Crew%20Module.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134240/http://hal-india.com/Crew%20Module.asp |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of|May 2019}}, design of the crew module has been completed.<ref>{{Cite news|title = India's first solar mission in 2020: ISRO chairman|url = https://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/69169011.cms|date = May 4, 2019|accessdate = May 5, 2019|newspaper = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On January 22, 2020 ISRO announced [[Vyommitra]], a Female Robot who will accompany other astronauts in the mission. She can detect and give out warnings if environmental changes within the cabin get uncomfortable to astronauts and change the air condition, she can also take up postures suited for launch and tasks and take commands.

== History ==
Preliminary studies and technological development of Gaganyaan started in 2006 under the generic name "Orbital Vehicle". The plan was to design a simple capsule with an endurance of about a week in space, a capacity of two astronauts, and a [[splashdown]] landing after re-entry. The design was finalized by March 2008 and was submitted to the Government of India for funding. The funding for the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme was sanctioned in February 2009,<ref name=ISRO>{{cite news|last =Priyadarshi |first =Siddhanta |title =Planning Commission Okays ISRO Manned Space Flight Program | pages =2 | work =[[Indian Express]]| date =23 February 2009 | url =https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/plan-panel-okays-isro-manned-space-flight/}}</ref> but it fell short of full political support and it obtained limited developmental funding.<ref name=ISRO/> Initially, the first uncrewed flight of the orbital vehicle was proposed to be in 2013,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.examresults.net/news/|title=All India 10th, 12th Board, University, Entrance Exam Results 2018|website=www.examresults.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-how-to-send-an-indian-into-space-isro-maned-mission-5308964/|title=Gaganyan: How to send an Indian into space|date=16 August 2018}}</ref> then it was revised to 2016.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8483787.stm | publisher=[[BBC News]] | title=India announces first manned space mission | date=27 January 2010 | accessdate=5 May 2010 | first=Habib | last=Beary | location=Bangalore}}</ref> However, in April 2012 it was reported that funding problems placed the future of the project in serious doubt;<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Spaceflight-stuck-due-to-budget-CAG/articleshow/12860797.cms |title=Spaceflight stuck due to budget: CAG| date=25 April 2012 | author=Press Trust of India | work=[[Times of India]]| accessdate=11 June 2013 | location=New Delhi}}</ref> and in August 2013 it was announced that all crewed spaceflight efforts by India had been designated as being 'off ISRO's priority list'.<ref>{{cite web|last=Press Trust of India|title=Human space flight mission off ISRO priority list|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/human-space-flight-mission-off-isro-priority-list-406551|accessdate=18 August 2013}}</ref> By early 2014 the project was reconsidered and was one of the main beneficiaries of a substantial budget increase announced in February 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Rs-171-crore-boost-to-manned-space-project/articleshow/30591353.cms|title=Rs 171 crore boost to manned space project - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> ISRO is developing the Gaganyaan orbital vehicle on the tests performed with their scaled 550 kg [[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment]] (SRE), which was launched and recovered in January 2007.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/22/content_5638117.htm China View: India's first space capsule returns to earth] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502160720/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/22/content_5638117.htm |date=2008-05-02 }} January 22, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Jan22_2007.htm ISRO Press Release] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514090034/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Jan22_2007.htm |date=2008-05-14 }} January 22, 2007</ref>

The latest push for the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] took place in 2017,<ref>[http://eprints.nias.res.in/1359/1/2017-MK-Rao-IAC-17-B3-1-9-IndianHumanSpaceFlightFullPaper.pdf THE DECISION FOR INDIAN HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAMME. POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES, NATIONAL RELEVANCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES]. (PDF) Mukund Kadursrinivas Raoa, Sridhara Murthi K. Rb, and Prasad M. 68th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Adelaide, Australia, 25–29 September 2017.</ref> and it was accepted and formally announced by the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 15 August 2018.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-will-take-national-flag-to-space-on-board-gaganyaan-by-2022-says-pm-narendra-modi-in-independence-day-speech/story-ctNAmDef79gbpj7OHrU8dP.html Indian will take national flag to space on board Gaganyaan by 2022, says PM Narendra Modi in Independence Day speech]. ''Hindustan Times''. 15 August 2018.</ref> The current design calls for a crew of three.<ref name='three'>[https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/gaganyaan-mission-isro-pilots-crew-module-1435145-2019-01-20 Gaganyaan: Astronauts on mission likely to be pilots, crew module design to be finalised soon.] ''India Today''. 20 January 2019.</ref>

=== Funding and infrastructure ===
A crewed spacecraft would require about {{Indian Rupee}} 124 billion ([[US$]]1.77 billion) over a period of seven years, including the {{Indian Rupee}} 50 billion ([[US$]]0.7 billion) for the initial work of the crewed spacecraft during the [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (India)|Eleventh Five-Year Plan]] (2007–12) out of which govt released {{Indian Rupee}} 500 million ([[US$]]7 million) in 2007-08.<ref name=pl>{{Cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in:80/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_subspace.pdf|title=Eleventh Five year Plan (2007-12) proposals for Indian space program}}</ref><ref name=bs2>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/isro-plans-manned-mission-to-moon-in-2014-108100801012_1.html | title = ISRO plans manned mission to moon in 2014 | work = Business Standard| last=Mishra | first=Bibhu Ranjan | date=8 October 2008 | accessdate=14 June 2013 | location=Sriharikota Range (SHAR)}}</ref> In December 2018, the government approved further {{Indian Rupee}} 100 billion ([[US$]]1.5 billion) for a 7-days crewed flight of 3 astronauts to take place by 2021.<ref name=":0" />

[[Madhavan Chandradathan]], director of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC), stated that ISRO would need to set up an [[astronaut training]] facility in [[Bangalore]]. Newly established Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) will coordinate the IHSF efforts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-announces-human-space-flight-centre/article25967944.ece|title=ISRO starts Human Space Flight centre|last=Ds|first=Madhumathi|date=2019-01-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-11|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Existing launch facilities will be upgraded for launches under Indian Human Spaceflight project<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/nov/15/indias-human-space-programme-gets-a-fillip-1898396.html|title=India’s human space programme gets a fillip|accessdate=11 January 2019|quote=Initially, the plan was the construct a new launch pad for the human space flight, but Sivan told the Express that due to paucity of time one of the two existing launch pads is being modified to meet the requirement.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://164.100.158.235/question/annex/247/Au1733.pdf|title=Question number 1733 in Rajya Sabha|accessdate=11 January 2019|quote=It is proposed to utilise the existing launch pad with augmentation for carrying out the initial flights under the Gaganyaan manned space flight programme.}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> with extra facilities needed for [[launch escape system]]s.<ref name=bs2 /> Russia is likely to provide astronaut training, and assist with some aspects in the development of the launcher.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/russia-to-help-india-in-2022-space-mission-russian-envoy-nikolay-kudashev-1957344 Russia to Help India In 2022 Space Mission: Russian Envoy]. ''NDTV''. December 3, 2018.</ref> In spring 2009 the full-scale mock-up of crew capsule of Gaganyaan was built and delivered to Satish Dhawan Space Centre for training of astronauts.<ref>{{ citation | url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/02/stories/2009050255231100.htm | title=Model of space crew module ready | author=T.S. Subramanian | work=The Hindu| date=2 May 2009 | accessdate=14 June 2013 | location=Chennai}}</ref>

India has already successfully developed and tested several building blocks, including [[Reentry capsule|re-entry space capsule]], [[ISRO Pad Abort Test|pad abort test]], [[Launch escape system|safe crew ejection mechanism]] in case of rocket failure, flight suit developed by [[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory|DEBEL]] and the powerful [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III|GSLV-MkIII]] launch vehicle.<ref name=rentry1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/cabinet-approves-3-member-manned-space-mission/articleshow/67286574.cms India's manned space mission is on, Cabinet okays Rs 10,000 crore plan], Economic Times, 28 Dec 2018.</ref> Having met all required technological keystones, the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] was accepted and formally announced by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 15 August 2018. Gaganyaan will be the first crewed spacecraft under this programme.

[[ISRO]]'s [[Human Space Flight Centre]] and [[Glavcosmos]], which is a subsidiary of the Russian state corporation [[Roscosmos]], signed an agreement on July 1, 2019 for cooperation in the selection, support, medical examination and space training of Indian astronauts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts/articleshow/70031169.cms|title=Gaganyaan: India chooses Russia to pick & train astronauts {{!}} India News - Times of India|last=|first=|last2=|date=1 July 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-08-01|last3=|first3=}}</ref> An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) will be setup in [[Moscow]] to facilitate the development of some key technologies and establishment of special facilities which are essential to support life in space.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-set-up-unit-in-moscow-to-develop-technology-needed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/70471565.cms|title=Isro will set up unit in Moscow to develop technology needed for Gaganyaan mission {{!}} India News - Times of India|last=Singh|first=Surendra|last2=|date=31 July 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2019-08-01|last3=|first3=}}</ref>

On 25 October 2019, ISRO's [[Human Space Flight Centre]] and [[Glavcosmos]] signed a contract to evaluate the possibility of using Russian life support systems and thermal control for Gaganyaan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://glavkosmos.com/en/248/|title=News. Glavkosmos to Help India with Heating and Life Support Systems for Gaganyaan Spacecraft|last=|first=|date=|website=glavkosmos.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025165836/http://glavkosmos.com/en/248/|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref>

== Description ==

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+
Flight schedule<ref name=":0" /><ref name='April launch'>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-set-for-april-launch-of-chandrayaan-2-after-missed-deadline/story-BjMmDmHQ5lqU5yijS8qfJN.html ISRO set for April launch of Chandrayaan-2 after missed deadline]. Vikram Gopal, ''Hindustan Times''. 11 January 2019.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/science/first-gaganyaan-spaceflight-likely-to-carry-only-one-astronaut-and-itll-be-a-man/346206/|title=First Gaganyaan spaceflight likely to carry only one astronaut, and it'll be a man|last=Dutt|first=Anonna|date=2020-01-08|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>
!Flight type
!Date
!Regime
!Crew
|- {{yes}}
|[[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment|Re-entry Test]]
|18 December 2014
|[[Sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-orbital]]
|None
|-{{yes}}
|[[ISRO Pad Abort Test|Pad Abort Test]]
|5 July 2018
|Atmospheric
|None
|-
|Test Flight 1
|{{center|December 2020}}
| {{center|[[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]}}
|None
|-
|Test Flight 2
|{{center|July 2021}}
|{{center|LEO}}
|None
|-
|Crewed Flight 1
|{{center|December 2021}}
|{{center|LEO}}
|{{center|1}}
|}

Gaganyaan is a fully autonomous {{Convert|3.7|t|lb|adj=on}} spacecraft designed to carry a 3-member crew to orbit and safely return to the Earth after a mission duration of up to seven days. Its service module is powered by two liquid propellant engines. The crew module is mated to the service module, and together they are called the orbital module. Based on the payload capability of the GSLV-III booster, the service module would have a mass of about {{Convert|3|t|lb}}.<ref name='Astronautix'>[http://www.astronautix.com/i/indianmannedspacecraft.html Indian Manned Spacecraft]. ''Astronautix''. 2014.</ref>

The space capsule will have life support and environmental control systems. It will be equipped with emergency mission abort and emergency escape that can be done at the first stage or second stage of the rocket burn.<ref>{{cite news | title=ISRO gears up for manned space mission | url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jan42009/national20090104110557.asp | date=4 January 2009 | accessdate=14 June 2013 | work=[[Deccan Herald]] | last=Ray | first=Kalyan |location=Shillong | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203010314/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jan42009/national20090104110557.asp | archivedate=3 February 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The nose of the original version of the orbital vehicle was free for a [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|docking]] mechanism, but primary entry was evidently through a side hatch secured by explosive bolts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/4/404page.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201012911/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/orbhicle.htm|url-status=dead|title=Encyclopedia Astronautica Index: 1|archivedate=1 December 2008|website=www.astronautix.com}}</ref>

Following two non-crewed orbital flight demonstrations of the spacecraft, a crewed Gaganyaan is slated to be launched on the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III|GSLV Mk III]] launcher in late 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name='launch 2022'/> Though the spacecraft is designed to carry 3 people, it is likely that the first flight will carry one person only. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-first-manned-mission-gaganyaan-may-take-1-astronaut/story-nh095IVken3trSu0V1wVnK.html|title=India’s first manned mission Gaganyaan may take 1 astronaut|date=2020-01-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>

About 16 minutes after liftoff from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC), [[Sriharikota]], the rocket will inject the spacecraft into an orbit {{Cvt|300-400|km}} above Earth. When ready to land, its service module and solar panels will be disposed off before reentry. The capsule would return for a parachute splashdown in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="Times of India10012014">{{cite news |title=ISRO inches closer to manned mission |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-10/india/46065854_1_crew-module-space-capsule-recovery-experiment-gslv-mark |accessdate=13 January 2014 |newspaper=Times of India|date=10 January 2014 |quote="We will be checking the crew capsule for all parameters."}}</ref> Crew module is equipped with two parachutes for redundancy, while one parachute is good enough for safe splashdown. The parachutes would reduce the speed of the crew module from over {{Cvt|216|m/s}} to under {{Cvt|11|m/s}} at splashdown.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/isro-drdo-agra-labs-make-711368.html|title=Agra lab parachutes to bring back India astronauts|date=2019-01-04|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref>

==Testing==
{{main|Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment}}
[[File:ISRO Crew Module descent.jpg|thumb|The Crew capsule descends under parachutes on 5 July 2018 after the abort motor lifted it to an altitude of {{Convert|8200|ft}}]]

On 13 February 2014, [[Hindustan Aeronautics|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] handed over the first Crew Module structural assembly to ISRO.<ref name="hal-india.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/human-space-flight-prog-hal-hands-over-crew-module-assembly-to-isro/article23155079.ece|title=Human space flight prog: HAL hands over crew module assembly to ISRO|first=Our|last=Bureau|website=@businessline}}</ref> ISRO's [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] would equip the Crew Module with systems necessary for life support, navigation, guidance and control systems. ISRO undertook an uncrewed test launch of the vehicle aboard the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III|GSLV Mk3]] X1, for an experimental sub-orbital flight on 18 December 2014. The GSLV Mk3 launcher with a dummy upper cryogenic stage (filled with liquid nitrogen to simulate weight of fuel) was launched at 9:30 am from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-successfully-test-fires-gslv-markiii-its-heaviest-rocket/article6703691.ece|title=GSLV Mark III takes to the skies in test flight|first=Sangeetha|last=Kandavel|date=18 December 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-to-launch-unmanned-crew-module-in-december/articleshow/44987199.cms| title=India to launch unmanned crew module in December| publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=30 October 2014| accessdate=30 October 2014}}</ref> The crew module separated from the rocket at an altitude of 126 km. On board motors controlled and reduced the speed of the module until an altitude of {{Cvt|80|km}}. Thrusters were shutoff at that altitude and atmospheric drag further reduced speed of the capsule. The module heat shield was expected to experience temperature in excess of {{Cvt|1600|C}}. Parachutes were deployed at an altitude of {{Cvt|15|km}} to slow down the module which performed a [[splashdown]] in the Bay of Bengal near Andaman and Nicobar islands.<ref>[https://archive.is/20141218090307/http://isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Dec18_2014 First Experimental Flight of India's Next Generation Launch Vehicle GSLV Mk-III Successful ] - ISRO Press Release - December 18, 2014</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/india-successfully-launches-heaviest-rocket-gslv-mk-iii-1480025|title=India successfully launches its heaviest rocket GSLV-Mk III|date=18 December 2014|website=International Business Times UK}}</ref>

This flight was used to test orbital injection, separation and re-entry procedures and systems of the Crew Capsule. Also tested were the capsule separation, heat shields and [[aerobraking]] systems, deployment of parachute, retro-firing, splashdown, flotation systems and procedures to recover the Crew Capsule from the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-successfully-test-fires-gslv-markiii-its-heaviest-rocket/article6703691.ece GSLV Mark III takes to the skies in test flight] The Hindu 19 December 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30527602 India launches largest rocket and unmanned capsule] BBC News 18 December 2014</ref> Inflight launch abort and parachute tests are expected to be conducted by the end of 2019.<ref name = "AstrotalkUK">{{Cite web|title = Episode 90 – An update on ISRO’s activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran|url = https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/|date = October 24, 2019|accessdate = October 30, 2019|publisher = AstrotalkUK}}</ref>

=== Pad abort test ===
The [[ISRO Pad Abort Test|Indian Space Research Organisation's Pad Abort Test]] was conducted successfully on 5 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/07/isro-pad-abort-test-indian-human-program/|title=ISRO conducts pad abort test for Indian human space flight program – NASASpaceFlight.com|website=www.nasaspaceflight.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal| Spaceflight }}
*[[Human spaceflight]]
*[[Human Space Flight Centre]]
*[[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
*[[Space exploration]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gaganyaan.in/ Gaganyaan – Fan Website]

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Crewed spacecraft}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaganyaan}}
[[Category:Indian Space Research Organisation]]
[[Category:Crewed spacecraft]]
[[Category:Proposed spacecraft]]
[[Category:Future human spaceflights]]

Theatre Royal Stratford East

2020-03-02T06:43:28Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing :File:Front of Theatre Royal Stratford East by Richard Davenport.JPG . Deleted by Fastily (Wikipedia:Files for discussion/2020 February 23#File:Front of Theatre Royal Stratford East by Richard Davenport.JPG).

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox Theatre
|name = Theatre Royal Stratford East
|image =
|caption =
|location = [[Stratford, London|Stratford]] [[London]], {{postcode|E|15}} United Kingdom
|designation = [[listed building|Grade II* listed]]
|coordinates = {{coord|51.542730|0.000800|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|architect = James George Buckle
|owner = Pioneer Theatres Limited
|capacity = 460 on three levels
|type = Non-profit producing theatre
|opened ={{Start date and age|1884|12|17|df=yes}}
|yearsactive =
|rebuilt = 1887/1891: Buckle
|closed =
|othernames =
|production =
|currentuse = Touring and own productions
|publictransit ={{rail-interchange|london|underground}} {{rail-interchange|london|overground}} {{rail-interchange|london|crossrail}} {{rail-interchange|london|dlr}} {{rail-interchange|gb|Rail}} {{stn|Stratford}}
|website = [http://www.stratfordeast.com stratfordeast.com]
|Refurbished=1902: [[Frank Matcham]];1984;2001}}
The '''Theatre Royal Stratford East''' is a large [[theatre]] in [[Stratford, London|Stratford]] in the [[London Borough of Newham]]. Since 1953, it has been the home of the [[Theatre Workshop]] company, famously associated with [[Joan Littlewood]].

==History==
The theatre was designed by architect James George Buckle, who was commissioned by the actor-manager [[Charles Dillon (actor-manager)|Charles Dillon]] in 1884.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uf50AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA427&lpg=PA427&dq=theatre+royal+stratford+east+historical+dictionary+of+english+theatre&source=bl&ots=ZaQ8E98QTX&sig=ZTiX5CKQ3sG9M0KdkBcI4hna_rA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj84arnk5TPAhUMIsAKHQWiB3AQ6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&q=theatre%2520royal%2520stratford%2520east%2520historical%2520dictionary%2520of%2520english%2520theatre&f=false|title=Historical Dictionary of British Theatre: Early Period|last=Grantley|first=Darryll|date=2013-10-10|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810880283|language=en}}</ref> It is the architect's only surviving work, built on the site of a wheelwright's shop on Salway Road, close to the junction with Angel Lane.<ref>[http://www.stratfordeast.com/history.php Theatre Royal history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206165044/http://www.stratfordeast.com/history.php |date=6 February 2007 }} Retrieved 28 April 2007</ref> It opened on 17 December 1884 with a revival of ''[[Richelieu (play)|Richelieu]]'' by [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton|Edward Bulwer-Lytton]]. Two years later, Dillon sold it to Albert O'Leary Fredericks, his sister's brother-in-law and one of the original backers of the scheme.

In 1887 the theatre was renamed Theatre Royal and Palace of Varieties and side extensions were added in 1887. The stage was enlarged in 1891, by the original architect. In 1902, [[Frank Matcham]] undertook minor improvements to the entrance and foyer.<ref>Earl and Sell (2000), pp. 142</ref> The Theatre reverted to its Theatre Royal Stratford East ('TRSE') name in 1914. A fire on the stage on August Bank Holiday Monday of 1921 did considerable damage to the rear of the theatre. Thankfully the fire happened at midnight, with the safety curtain lowered, saving the auditorium which retains many of its original features to this day. The theatre was closed until January 1922.<ref name="cinematreasures.org">{{Cite web|url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/31595|title=Theatre Royal Stratford East in London, GB – Cinema Treasures|website=cinematreasures.org|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref>

The Fredericks family continued to manage the theatre until 1932, although after the [[World War I]], the theatre fell into financial difficulties, opening only irregularly after 1926.<ref name="Brit">[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42752 ''West Ham: Worthies, entertainments, sports and pastimes'', A History of the County of Essex: Volume 6 (1973), pp. 64–67] Retrieved: 29 May 2008</ref> The proscenium is surmounted by the letters "FF", commemorating the association with the Fredericks – possibly Frederick Fredericks, the husband of Dillon's sister, and a successful actor in his own right. Theatre superstition has it that should the letters ever be removed, the theatre will crumble.<ref name="EH" />

TRSE closed in 1938 and remained closed until 1943. Revues were then briefly tried, but failed, and again the theatre was closed until October 1946. Taken over by [[David Horne (actor)|David Horne]], it briefly became a successful playhouse including the legendary premiere of [[Patrick Hamilton (writer)|Patrick Hamilton]]'s ''[[Gaslight (play)|Gaslight]]'', with [[Sybil Thorndike]] and [[Derek Bond]] – which ran for six months and was the theatre's first transfer to the West End.<ref name="cinematreasures.org"/> The theatre closed again in December 1949.

[[File:Barbara Windsor, audio description of Theatre Royal Stratford East.ogg|thumb|left|Audio description of the theatre by [[Barbara Windsor]].]] In late 1950, a touring company presented the Christmas [[pantomime]], ''Alice in Wonderland''. Highly experimental, its success was by no means guaranteed or uniform throughout the tour. "They'll lynch us", recalls Sven Stahl. "I still have nightmares about Alice in Wonderland at Barnsley and the miners throwing pennies at John Blanshard."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYLvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA292&lpg=PA292&dq=%2522They%2527ll+lynch+us%2522+Joan%2527s+book&source=bl&ots=mFKkxxS1Wk&sig=1CZSwjLWXgALdX0YiISNQhPMnpQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuwI3_mpTPAhWkK8AKHfLYC3kQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=%2522They'll%2520lynch%25|title=Joan's Book: The Autobiography of Joan Littlewood|last=Littlewood|first=Joan|date=2016-07-28|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781474233231|language=en}}</ref> The company were to return, as the [[Theatre Workshop]] in 1953, with artistic director [[Joan Littlewood]] and take over the theatre.

The theatre came under threat with the construction of the Stratford shopping centre in the 1970s, but was saved by a public campaign and protected in June 1972 by [[English Heritage]] with a [[listed building|Grade II* listing]].<ref name="EH">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023043430/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=2&id=204970 English Heritage listing details] Retrieved 28 April 2007</ref> Money remained short, and the manager, Gerry Raffles, only managed redecoration and replacements as cash became available. In 2001, following a successful [[Heritage Lottery Fund]] bid, all of the theatre's front of house and backstage areas were refurbished as part of the Olympiad's [[Stratford, London|Stratford]] Cultural Quarter project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/27/latest-vision-olympic-park-olympicopolis-arts-quarter-east-london|title=Latest vision revealed for Olympicopolis arts quarter in east London|last=correspondent|first=Mark Brown Arts|date=2016-07-27|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref>

In 1990, TRSE scored a massive hit with the premiere of ''[[Five Guys Named Moe]]'', which immediately transferred to the West End and won the [[Laurence Olivier Award|Olivier Award]] for Best Entertainment. The show has been produced all over the word, including Broadway, and continues to be revived regularly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisistheatre.com/londonshows/fiveguysnamedmoe.html|title=Five Guys Named Moe in London celebrating the songs of Louis Jordan – theatre information and tickets|website=www.thisistheatre.com|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> In 2004, TRSE made history by having the first British Black musical, ''[[The Big Life (musical)|The Big Life]]'', transfer to [[West End of London|London's West End]], where it played at the [[Apollo Theatre]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/4196074/Stage-set-for-West-Ends-first-black-British-musical.html|title=Stage set for West End's first black, British musical|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> In 2005, the theatre produced a musical version of the cult Jamaican film ''[[The Harder They Come]]'' – famous for its reggae soundtrack, which also transferred to the West End. This production was written by the film director [[Perry Henzel]] and was one of the most successful productions in the theatre's history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/the-harder-they-come-is-given-a-remix-for-the-london-stage-484421.html|title='The Harder They Come' is given a remix for the London stage|date=2005-02-23|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref>

The theatre's productions for the 2016–17 season included The Hotel Cerise, a reimagining of [[Anton Chekhov|Chekhov's]] [[The Cherry Orchard]], written by [[Bonnie Greer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stratfordeast.com/whats-on/all-shows/the-hotel-cerise/|title=The Hotel Cerise|website=www.stratfordeast.com|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref>

From 2010, Stratford East was the home of MonologueSlam UK, a yearly [[monologue]] competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stratfordeast.com/whats-on/all-shows/monologue-slam-final|title=Monologue Slam: Final - Theatre Royal Stratford East|website=www.stratfordeast.com}}</ref>

Between 2016 and 2018, Stratford East hosted three productions of [[University College Opera|UCOpera]], a semi-professional opera company where the orchestra, chorus, and some soloist roles are performed entirely by students.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opera/what-to-see/la-favorite---another-donizetti-rarity-gets-a-welcome-revival/|title=La Favorite - Another Donizetti rarity gets a welcome revival|last=Christiansen|first=Rupert|date=2016-03-17|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2019-05-16|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/opera-aroldo-at-the-theatre-royal-stratford-east-e15-nwgx2f7t8|title=Opera: Aroldo at the Theatre Royal Stratford East, E15|last=Picard|first=Anna|date=2017-03-23|work=The Times|access-date=2019-05-16|language=en|issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stratfordeast.com/whats-on/all-shows/polyeucte|title=Polyeucte - Theatre Royal Stratford East|website=www.stratfordeast.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref>

==Artistic directors==

===Joan Littlewood (1953–1974)===
{{Main|Theatre Workshop|Joan Littlewood}}
The Theatre Royal became famous under the management of Gerry Raffles (1928–1975), who worked with director [[Joan Littlewood]] on such productions as ''[[A Taste of Honey]]'' and ''[[Oh, What a Lovely War!]]''. In 1975, her collaborator and partner, Gerry Raffles died of [[diabetes]], and in 1979, a devastated Joan Littlewood moved to France, never to direct again.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/oct/06/joan-littlewood-oh-what-a-legacy-centenary|title=Joan Littlewood: Oh what a legacy|last=Billington|first=Michael|date=2014-10-06|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref> Notable names to get their break at TRSE include [[Richard Harris]], [[Murray Melvin]], [[Barbara Windsor]], [[Victor Spinetti]], [[Brian Murphy (actor)|Brian Murphy]], [[Avis Bunnage]], [[Harry H. Corbett|Harry H Corbett]], [[Yootha Joyce]], composer/lyricist [[Lionel Bart]], and writer [[Shelagh Delaney]].

[[Michael Caine]] was famously told by Littlewood: “P*ss off to Shaftesbury Avenue. You will only ever be a star.{{cn|date=March 2019}} ”

===Ken Hill (1974–1975)===
The playwright and director [[Ken Hill (playwright)|Ken Hill]], a protegé of Joan Littlewood, took over as artistic director after she moved to France, prompted by the death of her partner, Gerry Raffles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/11915213.Joan_Littlewood_A_demanding_and_inexhaustible_force_who_led_a_revolution_in_British_theatre/|title=Joan Littlewood A demanding and inexhaustible force who led a revolution in British theatre|website=Herald Scotland|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> After his short tenure as Artistic Director, Hill continued to work with TRSE until his death, most notably in raucous musicals. They included ''The Invisible Man'' which transferred from TRSE to the Vaudeville Theatre in the West End in 1993<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kenhillsphantomoftheopera.co.uk/works.php#invisible|title=Ken Hill's Phantom of the Opera – The Original Stage Musical|website=www.kenhillsphantomoftheopera.co.uk|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> and ''Zorro! The Musical'' which opened two weeks after Hill's death in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-moustache-wiggling-eye-boggling-swashbuckling-spoof-1573521.html|title=Theatre: Moustache-wiggling, eye-boggling, swashbuckling spoof|date=1995-02-17|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> Notable productions by Ken Hill at the TRSE include ''On Your Way, Riley!'' by [[Alan Plater]], ''Scrape Off the Black'' by Tunde Ikoli, and ''My Girl'' by [[Barrie Keeffe]].

===Maxwell Shaw (1975–1977) ===
Maxwell Shaw, another member of the original Theatre Workshop, was a character actor on both stage and film, most notably in ''The Oblong Box'' and ''Start The Revolution Without Me.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0789871/|title=Maxwell Shaw|website=IMDb|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref> He opened his tenure at the TRSE with his own adaptation of a [[Georges Feydeau]] farce ''Out of Practice''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsS/shaw-maxwell.html|title=Maxwell Shaw – Playwright|website=www.doollee.com|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref>

===Clare Venables (1977–1981)===
[[Clare Venables]] was Artistic Director from 1977–1979. She went on to run the Crucible Theatre Sheffield from 1981–1992, was a founding director of the Actors’ Centre and a member of the Arts Council Drama panel. She was principal of the BRIT School of Performing Arts and Technology in Croydon from 1995–1999; and Director of Education of the Royal Shakespeare Company from 1991 until her death in 2003. Notable Venables productions included ''Old King Cole'', ''[[The Silver Tassie (play)|The Silver Tassie]]'', ''The Funniest Man in the World'', and ''Sisters''.

===Philip Hedley (1979–2004)===
Philip Hedley, who had worked as an assistant to Joan Littlewood for some years, took over the artistic directorship of the theatre from Clare Venables in 1979. He provided traditional entertainment in style of old music hall variety shows on Sunday evenings while seeking to engage with new Asian and Black audiences, as the local demographic changed. The theatre continued Littlewood's agenda to portray and express the experience of local people in East London.

In 1999, he began the Musical Theatre Initiatives scheme to encourage new writing in musical theatre. In 2004, after 25 years as artistic director, he retired.

===Kerry Michael (2004–2017)===
[https://www.kmichael.info/ Kerry Michael] joined Stratford East in 1997, as an associate director, becoming artistic director in September 2004. His manifesto is to bring London's new communities to the stage, and portray their experiences as second and third generation emigrants.<ref>Ones to Watch – ''The Sunday Times'', Culture, 9 January 2005</ref> His debut play as artistic director was ''The Battle of Green Lanes ''by [[Cosh Omar]], set amongst London's Cypriot society.<ref>{{cite web|last=Billington|first=Michael|title=The Battle of Green Lanes|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2004/oct/23/theatre1|publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> He directed the hit musicals ''The Harder They Come''<ref>{{cite web|last=Amer|first=Matthew|title=The Harder They Come(s) to the Playhouse|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/latest-news/article/item99671/the-harder-they-come-s-to-the-playhouse/|publisher=Official London Theatre}}</ref> (at Theatre Royal Stratford East and then transferred to The Barbican and the West End's Playhouse Theatre) and also ''Come Dancing'' by Ray Davies and Paul Sirett.
<ref>{{cite web|last=Walker|first=Tim|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/first-night-come-dancing-theatre-royal-stratford-east-941634.html|title=First Night Review|publisher=The Independent}}</ref> In 2007, ''Pied Piper'' won the Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Affiliate Theatre, as did [[Cora Bissett]]'s play ''Roadkill.'' in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olivierawards.com/news/view/item140095/roadkill-wins-affiliate-olivier/|publisher=Olivier Awards|title=Roadkill wins affiliate Award}}</ref> The theatre was nominated again in 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.olivierawards.com/news/view/item222452/hit-musicals-lead-olivier-nominations/|title=Hit musical leads nominations|publisher=Olivier Awards|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322151709/http://www.olivierawards.com/news/view/item222452/hit-musicals-lead-olivier-nominations/|archivedate=22 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> with their production of ''Oh! What a Lovely War!'', a revival of the Joan Littlewood classic. Michael also directed the annual pantomime and was again nominated for an Olivier Award for Cinderella.

In 2012 Stratford East, 'fast becoming one of the UK's most innovative and interactive theatres',<ref>{{cite web|last=Ferrier|first=Morwenna|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8491905/People-power-takes-over-at-Theatre-Royal-Stratford-East-with-Open-Stage-Project.html|publisher=The Telegraph|title=People power takes over}}</ref> launched its Open Stage Project, enabling people to participate with everything from programming ideas to working on productions. 2014 productions at TRSE included [[David Baddiel]]'s musical ''The Infidel,'' co-directed by Kerry Michael and David Baddiel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/arvd/infidel-the-musical|publisher=Kickstarter|title=Project}}</ref> The 2016 season included ''Hotel Cerise'', an adaptation of [[Anton Chekhov]]'s ''[[The Cherry Orchard]]'' by [[Bonnie Greer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/theatre-royal-stratford-east-new-season_41240.html|title=New Bonnie Greer play in Theatre Royal Stratford East season|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref>

In 2016 Kerry Michael expanded TRSE across the square to Gerry's, a new cafe and an 80-seater studio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/news/2016/theatre-royal-stratford-east-launches-new-80-seater/|title=Theatre Royal Stratford East launches new 80-seater {{!}} News {{!}} The Stage|date=2016-02-12|language=en-US|access-date=2016-09-30}}</ref> Kerry Michael stepped down as Artistic Director in 2017.

===Nadia Fall (2017-Present)===
A director and playwright, Fall has worked extensively at the [[Royal National Theatre]], directing shows including ''Chewing Gum Dreams'', ''Our Country's Good'' and ''Home'' – which she also wrote.

Fall has also worked recently with London’s [[Hampstead Theatre]] and [[Bush Theatre]], where she directed Taylor Mac's ''Hir''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestage.co.uk/news/2017/nadia-fall-joins-theatre-royal-stratford-east-artistic-director/|title=Nadia Fall joins Theatre Royal Stratford East as artistic director - News - The Stage|date=14 June 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

Fall's first season (Sep 2018-Jul 2019) opened with an adaptation of [[Lope de Vega]]'s ''[[Fuenteovejuna]]'' by [[April De Angelis]] called ''The Village'' featuring [[Anya Chalotra]] and [[Art Malik]]. The season also included the UK premiere of ''The Wolves'' by Sarah DeLappe, Ballet Black, pantomime ''Sleeping Beauty'', [[Frantic Assembly]]'s ''The Unreturning'' by Anna Jordan, a revival of [[Peter Shaffer]]'s ''[[Equus (play)|Equus]]'' directed by Ned Bennett and co-produced with [[English Touring Theatre]]. The critically-acclaimed production transferred to the West End in summer 2019 playing at Trafalgar Studios. Other shows included Pilot Theatre's touring show ''[[Noughts & Crosses (novel series)]]'', an adaptation of [[Malorie Blackman]]'s novel by [[Sabrina Mahfouz]], [[August Wilson]]'s play ''[[King Hedley II]]'', directed by Fall and starring [[Lenny Henry]], Cherrelle Skeete, Leo Wringer, Martina Laird, Dexter Flanders and Aaron Pierre as Hedley. The season ended with a co-production with [[English National Opera]] for [[Benjamin Britten]]'s community opera ''[[Noye's Fludde]]'' directed by [[Lyndsey Turner]] and featured different community groups and schools across [[Newham]] and East London.

Fall's second season (Sep 2019-Jul 2020) opened with [[Katori Hall]]'s ''Our Lady of Kibeho'' and includes the return of Ballet Black, pantomime ''Dick Whittington'', Eclipse Theatre's new play ''The Gift'' by Janice Okoh, Frantic Assembly's 25th anniversary play ''I Think We Are Alone'' by [[Sally Abbott]] and co-directed by [[Kathy Burke]] and Scott Graham, a new verbatim play by Nadia Fall ''Welcome To Iran'' in co-production with the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]], an adaptation of [[Charles Dickens]]' ''[[Oliver Twist]]'' by [[Bryony Lavery]] for Ramps on the Moon and a revival of [[Roy Williams (playwright)|Roy Williams]]' seminal play ''[[Sucker Punch (play)|Sucker Punch]]'', directed by Roy Alexander Weise.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* ''Guide to British Theatres 1750–1950'', John Earl and Michael Sell pp. 142 (Theatres Trust, 2000) {{ISBN|0-7136-5688-3}}

==Bibliography==
* Coren, Michael – ''Theatre Royal: 100 Years of Stratford East'' – Quartet, 1984 {{ISBN|0-7043-2474-1}}

==External links==
*[http://www.stratfordeast.com/ Official website]

{{Theatres in London}}
{{LB Newham}}

[[Category:Theatres in the London Borough of Newham]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Newham]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed theatres]]
[[Category:1884 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Stratford, London]]

Robert H. Starr

2019-10-22T01:22:22Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:StarrJet.jpg , deleted by Hedwig in Washington (Missing essential information such as license, permission or source (F5) Media without a source as of 13 October 2019).

{{Infobox aviator
| name = Robert H. Starr
| image =
| caption =
| known_for = Worlds' Smallest Airplane Guinness Title
| birth_name = Robert Huie Starr|1924|2009|end=died
| birth_place = Mason, Michigan
| death_date = 2009|06|15
| death_place = Phoenix, Arizona
}}
[[File:Starr's crop dusting service.jpg|thumb|Starr crop dusting service[[File:Starr breaks Mach One.jpg|thumb|Mach One certification]]|alt=]]

'''Robert H. Starr''' (February 6, 1924 – June 15, 2009{{cn|date=October 2019}}) was the designer, builder and pilot of The World's Smallest Piloted Airplane, the [[Starr Bumble Bee II]]. The Guinness Book of Records awarded The Bumble Bee the official world record title in 1985.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trenner |first1=Tricia |title=Think Small |journal=Air and Space smithsonian |date=May 2006 |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=55}}</ref>

In 1950, Mr. Starr was the primary test pilot of the previous world's smallest airplane record holders named Sky Baby and JR. The partnership on the Sky Baby project ended but he knew he could build a smaller more stable airplane. So, in 1980 at the age of 60 he designed and built the Bumble Bee I which he flew on January 28, 1984. He made modifications on his design and then built the Bumble Bee II the following year. He flew the Bumble Bee II on May 8, 1988 and broke his previous record. During one of the subsequent flights of the Bumble Bee II, the engine failed on downwind. The pilot Robert Starr sustained serious injuries as a result of the emergency landing. However, he recovered and the Bumble Bee II was donated to a private collection. The Bumble Bee I world record holder plane is on permanent display at the Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.

Over the years Mr. Starr had logged over 15,000 air hours in everything from Piper Cubs to the F-86 Sabre Jet. He was a fighter pilot in World War II and flew P-40’s & 51’s with the 14th Air Force Flying Tigers in China.
[[File:Flying Tigers Scorpion patch.jpg|left|thumb|Mr. Starr's flight suit patch .. Flying Tiger's, 10th and 14th Air Forces, 311th Fighter Group, China-Burma-India Theater.]]

Excerpt from Mr. Starr's memoirs ..

"''One morning a few of us received orders to fly down to Karachi, India. Our assignment was to bring back some of the new P-51 fighters to be put into service in Sian. We were on our way back to Sian when we encountered some rough weather.''

''We were flying at about 35,000 feet, just above the overcast. There was nothing but mountainous terrain below. My oxygen regulator stuck on full open and I couldn’t get it stopped. I realized that I had only a few minutes of oxygen left, so I immediately radioed the Flight Commander. I explained that I was unable to repair the oxygen regulator. My only option was to descend below the cloud ceiling. I started down, knowing the overcast was obscuring the mountains below.''

''I let down below the ceiling continuing straight ahead, and finally came out of the overcast between two tall mountains. I continued to dodge the mountains until I was almost out of fuel. I decided to bail out at about a thousand feet above ground level. So, I popped the canopy and exited the cockpit. My chute opened and I recall swinging twice and then touching down on the side of a canal embankment. I quickly ran to dry ground and gathered up my canopy. My first parachute jump''!"[[File:Flyingtigerschinamap.jpg|thumb|Secret Map of WW II bases in China|alt=|left]]
[[File:Bumble Bee 1 Smiles.jpg|alt=|thumb|Robert H. Starr and The Bumble Bee I]]

After his military service he flew P-51, 44's and F-86's in the California Air National Guard and spent a year on active duty with Air Defense off the southern California coast. During his duty with Air Defense Command he was scrambled to investigate bogies in radar range off the California coast. From Mr. Starr's memoirs .. "On several occasions, me and my wing man had visual confirmation of what could only be described as a UFO, mostly cigar shaped objects with no visible means of propulsion and yet each time we gave chase at full throttle, they left us behind as if we were standing still. I had many experiences with UFO sightings during my time with the Air National Guard".

In civilian life he had participated in most of the largest Air Shows in the United States and had also been a test pilot for experimental aircraft over the years.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* https://pimaair.org/visit/museum-aircraft/starr/
* https://disciplesofflight.com/flight-of-the-bumblebee/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Starr, Robert H.}}
[[Category:Aircraft designers]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:1924 births]]

Mediatonic

2019-10-08T16:09:23Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Mediatonic Games.webp (en). It was deleted on Commons by Yuval Y (Copyright violation: copyrighted logo - www.mediatonicgames.com/).

{{cleanup-PR|article|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mediatonic Games
| image =
| former_name = Mediatonic Limited
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = September 2005
| founder = David Bailey Paul Croft
| location_city = [[London]]
| location_country = [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| industry = [[Video game industry]]
| products = See § [[Mediatonic#Games developed|Games developed]]
| num_employees = 200
| homepage = [http://www.mediatonicgames.com/ www.mediatonicgames.com]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mediatonic Games''' is a British independent games developer founded in September 2005<ref>{{cite web |title=Mediatonic - Fast Track |url=http://www.fasttrack.co.uk/company_profile/mediatonic-2/ |website=Sunday Times Tech Track 100 |publisher=Sunday Times |accessdate=11 June 2018}}</ref> as '''Mediatonic Limited'''. The company operates several studios in the UK with one in Spain;<ref>{{cite web |title=Mediatonic Locations |url=https://www.mediatonicgames.com/locations/ |accessdate=11 June 2018}}</ref> its headquarters are at [[Shell Mex House]] in central [[London]].
The company was founded by two undergraduate students, David Bailey and Paul Croft during their final year of study at [[Brunel University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edge-online.com/features/mediatonics-rise/ |title=Mediatonic's Rise |date=2010-09-30 |accessdate=2013-08-06 |publisher=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]}}</ref> A group of industry veterans including [[Ian Livingstone]], [[Kelly Sumner]] and Geoff Heath, invested in the company in 2010 and the company subsequently raised an undisclosed amount of [[Venture Capital]] funding from Frog Capital in January 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crunchbase.com/company/mediatonic-games |title=Crunchbase Profile: Mediatonic |date=2013-07-23 |accessdate=2013-08-06 |publisher=[[Techcrunch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Frog Capital Portfolio|url=http://www.frogcapital.com/portfolio_detail/Mediatonic|publisher=Frog Capital|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>
Its business model revolves around [[Games as a service|Games as a Service]] and [[digital distribution]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Just the tonic|url=http://www.techcityinsider.net/just-the-tonic/|publisher=Tech City Insider|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>

== History ==

Mediatonic began as a digital communications agency whilst the Founders were at University; producing online marketing materials and websites for clients such as [[AstraZeneca]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brunel University: Placement & Employment|url=http://dea.brunel.ac.uk/digmedia/employment/dave.htm|publisher=Brunel University|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> The company's first game was a viral flash game called Snowman Salvage released in the winter of 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Snowman Salvage|url=http://jayisgames.com/archives/2005/12/snowman_salvage.php|publisher=JayIsGames|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>
The game provided a case study for Mediatonic to expand into Flash conversions for the [[Casual game]] Industry. Early games customers were businesses like [[PopCap]], [[Big Fish Games]] and [[PlayFirst]]. In the early years, the company built casual titles in Flash such as [[Bejeweled]] and [[Diner Dash]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mediatonic's Rise|url=http://www.edge-online.com/features/mediatonics-rise/|publisher=Edge|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>
Mediatonic expanded into creating original franchises with its partners around 2007. One of the first significant successes was Amateur Surgeon<ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Probe: Amateur Surgeon|url=http://jayisgames.com/archives/2008/05/alan_probe_amateur_surgeon.php|publisher=Jay Is Games|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> which, according to the Adult Swim website was played over 56 million times; making it their most played title of all time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adult Swim: All Games|url=http://games.adultswim.com/all-games.html|publisher=Adult Swim|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>
The company expanded into smartphone development in 2008/2009 with the launch of its own title, Must.Eat.Birds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Must Eat Birds: Maximum Bake|url=http://toucharcade.com/2009/07/01/musteatbirds-maximum-bake/|publisher=Touch Arcade|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Must.Eat.Birds Review|url=http://uk.ign.com/games/must-eat-birds/iphone-21751|publisher=IGN|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>
In 2009 the company began investing in original IPs more aggressively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mediatonic plans|url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/mediatonic-plans-london-based-social-gaming-specialist-to-launch-own-ips-via-iphone--flash--facebook-and-the-like|publisher=GamesIndustry.biz|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref> According to its own website, the company span out its digital marketing efforts into a new business (now called Graphite Digital Ltd) so that it could focus on building games.

In 2010 the company raised funding from a group of Industry Veterans<ref>{{cite web|title=Investors|url=http://mediatonicgames.com/company/investors|publisher=Mediatonic|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref> and began to focus on building original games (rather than converting other people's titles to different platforms).

Since 2011 the company has been working on larger titles including Foul Play for Xbox and PC,<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaudevillian beat-em-up Foul Play raises XBLA, PC curtains next month|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2013/08/14/vaudevillian-beat-em-up-foul-play-raises-xbla-pc-curtains-next/|publisher=JoyStiq|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mediatonic Highlights the Dramatics in Foul Play|url=http://www.egmnow.com/digitalnoob/mediatonic-highlights-the-dramatics-in-foul-play/#|publisher=Digital Noob|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref> Amateur Hospital for Facebook (which received the company's first BAFTA Nomination)<ref>{{cite web|title=BAFTA Video Games Awards Nominations|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2013/games/online-browser|publisher=BAFTA|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> and Amateur Surgeon 2 and 3,<ref>{{cite web|title=Amateur Surgeon iPhone Review|url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2009/01/06/amateur-surgeon-iphone-review|publisher=IGN|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amateur Surgeon 3: Review|url=http://www.gamezebo.com/games/amateur-surgeon-3/review|publisher=Gamezebo|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> a free-to-play mobile game for iOS.

Around 2012 the company announced plans to expand with a second studio located in Brighton.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mediatonic planning to double headcount|url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-04-02-mediatonic-planning-to-double-headcount|publisher=GamesIndustry.Biz|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mediatonic to double headcount with new office|url=http://www.develop-online.net/news/40385/Mediatonic-to-double-headcount-with-new-office|publisher=[[Develop (magazine)|Develop]]|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>

== Partnerships & IP ==

=== Partnerships Model ===

Mediatonic publicly advocates a co-invested publishing model for game development. The Developer argues that the conventional "work for hire" model of the industry 'makes it impossible for a developer to react to a changing market, and incentivises short-term thinking'. Instead, Mediatonic says that it co-invests in game development with large Publishers and shares the royalties and running costs of the games it produces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Work for hire is broken, argues Mediatonic CEO Dave Bailey|url=http://www.pocketgamer.biz/r/PG.Biz/Mobile+Games+Forum+2013/news.asp?c=48039|publisher=Pocket Gamer|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>
The company's website lists many of the games industry's largest games Publishers as [http://mediatonicgames.com/company/partners historical partners].

=== Square Enix Collaboration ===
Mediatonic revealed at the end of 2014 that it had been previously working with [[Square Enix]] Japan to develop an original mobile strategy game franchise<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dotson|first1=Carter|title='Heavenstrike Rivals' is Square Enix and Mediatonic's Upcoming Take on 'Hero Academy'-Style Multiplayer Turn-Based Strategy|url=http://toucharcade.com/2014/12/01/heavenstrike-rivals-soft-launch/|website=Touch Arcade|accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref> called [[Heavenstrike Rivals]].

The game was designed by Mediatonic in London to appeal to a global audience whilst also building on the style of popular franchises such as [[Final Fantasy]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vincent|first1=Brittany|title=Heavenstrike Rivals Review: Intuitive Combat, Adorable Fighters|url=http://www.gamezebo.com/2015/02/25/heavenstrike-rivals-review-intuitive-combat-adorable-fighters/|website=Gamezebo|accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref> The game also includes character designs by Ryoma Ito <ref>{{cite web|title=Metacritic Profile -|url=http://www.metacritic.com/person/ryoma-ito?filter-options=games|website=Metacritic|accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref> and music composed by [[Ryo Yamazaki]] who are known for their work on the Final Fantasy series.

=== Adult Swim Collaboration ===

Mediatonic is best known for creating the Amateur Surgeon series which was originally published online by [[Adult Swim]] in 2008.<ref>[http://jayisgames.com/archives/2008/05/alan_probe_amateur_surgeon.php Jay Is Games - Alan Probe: Amateur Surgeon]</ref> The franchise was later brought to the iPhone and subsequently as Amateur Surgeon 2,<ref>{{cite web|title=Amateur Surgeon 2 HD Brings Risky Surgery To The iPad|url=http://appadvice.com/appnn/2011/07/quickadvice-amateur-surgeon-2-hd|publisher=AppAdvice|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> Amateur Surgeon Christmas Edition<ref>{{cite web|title=Preview: Amateur Surgeon: Christmas|url=http://www.destructoid.com/preview-amateur-surgeon-christmas-free-game--156742.phtml|publisher=Destructoid|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> and Amateur Surgeon 3.

Amateur Surgeon Hospital, a simulation game on the [[Facebook]] networking site, was nominated for Best Online-Browser game at the [[British Academy Video Games Awards]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bafta Video Game Awards 2013|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2013/feb/12/bafta-video-game-awards-nominations-2013|publisher=Guardian|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>
Other notable collaborations between Adult Swim and Mediatonic include [[Robot Unicorn Attack]]:Evolution<ref>{{cite web|title=Robot Unicorn Attack Evolution Review|url=http://www.gamezebo.com/games/robot-unicorn-attack-evolution/review|publisher=Gamezebo|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> and Gigolo Assassin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gigolo Assassin Walkthrough|url=http://jayisgames.com/archives/2008/07/gigolo_assassin.php|publisher=JayIsGames|accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref>

=== Expansion into Self-Published IP ===

Mediatonic releases its own internal games which are best known for their stories and sense of humour.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mediatonic Ask "WTF!?" With Their Latest PlayStation Mini|url=http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2010/08/mediatonic_ask_wtf_with_their_latest_playstation_mini|publisher=Push Square|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref> The most notable of these is "Monsters (Probably) Stole my Princess" which was first released on [[List of PlayStation minis]] and achieved critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Monsters (Probably) Stole My Princess|url=http://www.destructoid.com/review-monsters-probably-stole-my-princess-184379.phtml|publisher=Destructoid|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monsters (Probably) Stole My Princess Review This game is (totally) awesome.|url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2010/04/23/monsters-probably-stole-my-princess-review|publisher=IGN|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Monsters (Probably) Stole My Princess! Ascend to excellence.|url=http://www.thesixthaxis.com/2010/04/20/review-monsters-probably-stole-my-princess/|publisher=TheSixthAxis|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monsters (Probably) Stole My Princess defines the Playstation Minis service in a way that no release before it has managed|url=http://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/psminis/monsters_probably_stole_my_princess|publisher=PushSquare|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>
Other titles include Must.Eat.Birds (2008)<ref>{{cite web|title='Must.Eat.Birds.' - MAXIMUM BAKE!!!|url=http://toucharcade.com/2009/07/01/musteatbirds-maximum-bake/|publisher=Touch Arcade|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref> which was the company's first mobile title. Mediatonic also published Who's That Flying!? (2010)<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Who's That Flying!?|url=http://www.destructoid.com/review-who-s-that-flying--187822.phtml|publisher=Destructoid|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref> and 1000 Tiny Claws (2011) <ref>{{cite web|title=Review: 1000 Tiny Claws (mini)|url=http://www.thesixthaxis.com/2011/10/22/review-1000-tiny-claws-mini/|publisher=TheSixthAxis|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref> amongst others.

=== Hatoful Boyfriend ===
In June 2014 Mediatonic stole headlines at the industry's annual event, E3<ref>{{cite web|last1=Nye Griffiths|first1=Daniel|title=Bird Time Lucky: Devolver To Remake Glorified Visual Novel 'Hatoful Boyfriend' With 60FPS, 1080p|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielnyegriffiths/2014/06/06/bird-time-lucky-devolver-to-remake-glorified-visual-novel-hatoful-boyfriend-with-60fps-1080p/|website=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielnyegriffiths/2014/06/06/bird-time-lucky-devolver-to-remake-glorified-visual-novel-hatoful-boyfriend-with-60fps-1080p/|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Hatoful Boyfriend Hands On - Flap Your Wings for Dove|url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/video-games/conferences/e32014/11673-Hatoful-Boyfriend-Hands-On-Flap-Your-Wings-for-Dove|website=Escapist|publisher=Escapist|accessdate=18 June 2014}}</ref> announcing it would work with [[Devolver Digital|Devolver]] to remake the cult Japanese Pigeon Dating Game [[Hatoful Boyfriend]] originally created by Hato Moa.

=== Foul Play ===

The company announced that it is working on its first title for [[Xbox Live Arcade]] and [[Steam (software)]] in August 2012. The title, known as [[Foul Play (video game)|Foul Play]] was released in September 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Foul Play: All the Game’s a Stage|url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2012/08/07/foul-play-all-the-games-a-stage|publisher=IGN|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>

=== Game Jams ===

Mediatonic holds regular [[Game Jam]] events in which small teams of developers compete to create the best possible game within a few hours. One outcome from these events was an application called "Inappropriate Llama Disaster" which was published for free on the iPhone and iPad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Place A Llama In An Inappropriate Situation|url=http://www.148apps.com/tag/inappropriate-llama-disaster/|publisher=148apps|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Free Games: DC Universe Online & Inappropriate Llama Disaster|url=http://www.g4tv.com/videos/59669/free-games-dc-universe-online-inappropriate-llama-disaster/|publisher=G4TV|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>

=== Televised Competition ===

Mediatonic took part in a challenge set by [[The Gadget Show]] Television series in October 2009. The company worked with TV presenter [[Suzi Perry]] to develop an application that would compete against her co-presenter, [[Jason Bradbury]], who sourced an app largely by himself. Both presenters submitted their applications at the same time to the [[App Store (iOS)]] and competed for the highest number of downloads.

Mediatonic created a game called "Biker Blast-off" for the competition which generated a shock result for the show; yielding 1.2million downloads during the competition period in contrast to the 4,074 downloads of Bradbury's "Social Beacon" application.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mediatonic victorious in Gadget Show-down|url=http://www.develop-online.net/news/33047/Mediatonic-victorious-in-Gadget-Show-down|publisher=[[Develop (Magazine)|Develop]]|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Episode 11 - Apps|url=http://gadgetshow.channel5.com/gadget-show/blog/episode-11-apps|publisher=Channel Five|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref>

== Games developed ==
Mediatonic Games, developed much more games as it shows.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Titel
! scope="col" |Release date
! scope="col" |Platform
! scope="col" |Publisher
!class="sortable" scope="col" |Description
|-
|Fall Guys: Ultimate Knockout
|2019
|[[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 4|Playstation 4]]
|[[Devolver Digital]]
|
|-
|[[Gears Pop|Gears Pop!]]
|2019
|[[Microsoft Windows]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]]
|[[Xbox Game Studios]]
|''Gears Pop!'' is a mobile [[real-time strategy]] video game in which two players battle using [[Funko Pop]]-stylized characters from the ''[[Gears of War]]'' fictional universe. Its gameplay is modeled on that of ''[[Clash Royale]]''.
|-
|[[Fable Fortune]]
|2018
|[[Microsoft Windows|Microsoft Windows,]] [[Xbox One]]
|Mediatonic Games
|''Fable Fortune'' is a [[free-to-play]] [[digital collectible card game]] set in the ''[[Fable (video game series)|Fable]]'' universe.
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mediatonicgames.com/ Mediatonic website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/Mediatonic Mediatonic YouTube channel]

[[Category:Video game companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Privately held companies based in London]]
[[Category:Video game development companies]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2005]]
[[Category:Companies based in Brighton and Hove]]

Carl Pei

2019-09-15T16:27:55Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:Carl-Pei.jpg , deleted by Túrelio (Copyright violation: unlikely own work: www.eleconomista.es/tecnologia/noticias/9095459/04/18/OnePlus-Estamos-buscando-aumentar-nuestra-presencia-en-Espana.html).

{{use ldr|date=October 2017}}
{{Chinese name|[[Pei (surname)|Péi (裴)]]}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name =  Carl Pei
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
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| native_name = 裴宇
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| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|9|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Beijing]], China<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tam |first1=Eva |last2=Messmer |first2=Lukas |title=OnePlus Dials Into a Crowded Smartphone Market |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/oneplus-dials-into-a-crowded-smartphone-market-1437600600 |website=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref>
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| alma_mater = [[Stockholm School of Economics]]
| occupation = Computer programmer and internet entrepreneur
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| known_for = Co-founding [[OnePlus]]
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'''Carl Pei''' or '''Pei Yu''' ({{zh|c=裴宇|p=Péi Yǔ}}; born September 11, 1989) is a [[China|Chinese]]-born [[Sweden|Swedish]]<ref name="Svenskens mobilfenomen tar strid mot Apple – nu flyttar han till USA"/> [[Computer programming|computer programmer]] and [[List of Internet entrepreneurs|internet entrepreneur]]. He co-founded [[OnePlus]], along with [[Pete Lau]], in 2013 and is the current director of OnePlus Global.{{r|I'm Carl Pei, Co-Founder of OnePlus, and This Is How I Work}}

==Early life==
Pei was born in 1989 in [[Beijing]], [[China]], shortly after which he and his parents moved to the [[United States]]. A couple of years later, his family moved to [[Sweden]], where Pei grew up.{{r|I'm Carl Pei, Co-Founder of OnePlus, and This Is How I Work}} Pei pursued his [[Bachelor degree]] of Science in 2008 at the [[Stockholm School of Economics]], but dropped out in 2011 to work full-time in the [[smartphone]] industry.<ref name="LinkedIn">{{cite web |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/peicarl/ |title=LinkedIn profile Carl Pei |accessdate=2017-10-06 |date=October 15, 2017 |work=LinkedIn}}</ref><ref name="droppingout">{{cite web|url=http://www.slush.org/news/never-settle-said-carl-pei-founded-oneplus/|title="Never settle," said Carl Pei and founded OnePlus|date=October 2, 2017|work=Slush|accessdate=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007021915/http://www.slush.org/news/never-settle-said-carl-pei-founded-oneplus/|archive-date=October 7, 2017|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Career==
Pei joined [[Nokia]] in 2010, and worked at the company for three months. After Nokia, the fan website Pei had created about [[Meizu]] had caught the attention of the company's Hong Kong branch, where Pei started working in Meizu's marketing team in 2011.

In November 2012, Pei joined [[OPPO Electronics|Oppo]] as its international markets manager, where he worked directly under Pete Lau.<ref name="LinkedIn" /><ref name="Forbes">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ckgsb/2015/06/24/after-making-it-big-globally-oneplus-turns-its-gaze-to-china/#1e2f8463311e |title=After Making It Big Globally, OnePlus Turns Its Gaze To China |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=June 24, 2015 |work=Forbes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015152154/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ckgsb/2015/06/24/after-making-it-big-globally-oneplus-turns-its-gaze-to-china/#1e2f8463311e |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="SamMobile">{{cite web |url=https://www.sammobile.com/2015/10/01/oneplus-co-founder-carl-pei-wants-to-be-an-intern-at-samsung/ |title=OnePlus co-founder Carl Pei wants to be an intern at Samsung |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=October 1, 2015 |work=SamMobile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150541/https://www.sammobile.com/2015/10/01/oneplus-co-founder-carl-pei-wants-to-be-an-intern-at-samsung/ |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==OnePlus==
Pei co-founded OnePlus with Pete Lau in December 2013.<ref name="leavingoppo">{{cite web|url=http://community.oppo.com/en/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=7869|title=Why Carl Pei left Oppo?|date=December 19, 2013|work=OPPO Community|accessdate=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007070155/http://community.oppo.com/en/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=7869|archive-date=October 7, 2017|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Their first OnePlus device, the [[OnePlus One]], sold close to a million units in 2014, despite a sales target of only 50,000, according to Pei.<ref name="Digital Trends">{{cite web |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/oneplus-sells-nearly-1-million-oneplus-one-units-2014-two-new-models-coming-2015/ |title=OnePlus sells nearly 1 million OnePlus One units in 2014 |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=January 10, 2015 |work=Digital Trends |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015145947/https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/oneplus-sells-nearly-1-million-oneplus-one-units-2014-two-new-models-coming-2015/ |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

In July 2015, Pei presented the [[OnePlus 2]] through a virtual reality video on YouTube. It was claimed to be the first product launch in virtual reality, and the video has been viewed 289,000 times as of October 2017.<ref name="OnePlus 2 VR">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y02aDqOqcmg |title=OnePlus 2: World’s First Product Launch in VR |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=July 27, 2015 |work=YouTube |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125150356/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y02aDqOqcmg |archive-date=November 25, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

After the unveiling of the [[OnePlus 3]], in June 2016, and Pei claimed it was the company's most popular smartphone, based off the [[Net Promoter|Net Promoter Score]] tracked by OnePlus.<ref name="OnePlus 3 XDA">{{cite web |url=https://www.xda-developers.com/interview-with-carl-pei-oneplus-direction-current-smartphone-market-google-pixel/ |title=Interview with Carl Pei from OnePlus pt1 |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=October 21, 2016 |work=XDA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101054402/https://www.xda-developers.com/interview-with-carl-pei-oneplus-direction-current-smartphone-market-google-pixel/ |archive-date=January 1, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

When asked about the reasoning about releasing the [[OnePlus 3T]] only a few months later in November 2016, Pei said the reason for the upgrade from the OnePlus 3 to the OnePlus 3T was because they did not want to wait to improve the hardware.<ref name="OnePlus 3T Pocket-lint">{{cite web |url=http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/139507-carl-pei-smartphone-s-big-disruptor-talks-oneplus-3t-daydream-vr-and-focus |title=Carl Pei: Smartphone's big disruptor talks OnePlus 3T, Daydream VR and focus |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=November 21, 2016 |work=Pocket-lint |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150746/http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/139507-carl-pei-smartphone-s-big-disruptor-talks-oneplus-3t-daydream-vr-and-focus |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Pei claimed the [[OnePlus 5]] to be the fastest-selling OnePlus device to date shortly after its release in June 2017.<ref name="OnePlus 5 NDTV">{{cite web |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/oneplus-5-fastest-selling-oneplus-device-ever-carl-pei-1715151 |title=OnePlus 5 Is the 'Fastest Selling' OnePlus Device Ever, Says Carl Pei |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=June 21, 2017 |work=NDTV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015201801/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/oneplus-5-fastest-selling-oneplus-device-ever-carl-pei-1715151 |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==Publicity==

In July 2015, Pei was interviewed by [[The Wall Street Journal]] about how OnePlus was created. Pei stated:

<blockquote>One of the reasons why we started this company was we looked at all the Android phones on the market and there wasn't one phone that was good enough for us ourselves to use.<ref name="Carl Pei WSJ">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTU2Ae27T14 |title=Low Price, High Hopes for OnePlus Phone |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=July 23, 2015 |work=YouTube |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914140747/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTU2Ae27T14 |archive-date=September 14, 2016 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref></blockquote>

In June 2015, Pei was interviewed by [[Forbes]] about the globalization of OnePlus. Pei stated:

<blockquote>OnePlus wasn’t meant to become a global company at the beginning. The main focus was taking on the China market. When we started the company, we built a management team with a lot of experience in the China market. But for the global markets team, we are a bunch of young people without a lot of experience. It was just like an experiment, “Hey, do the global markets and see what happens. Do whatever you want.” We call our group “a Shenzhen within our company”, or a start-up within a bigger company.<ref name="Forbes"/></blockquote>

In October 2014, Pei was interviewed by [[The New York Times]] about the growth and market approach of OnePlus. Pei stated:

<blockquote>We don’t really think of ourselves as a Chinese start-up. Very soon our sales outside of China will surpass sales in China.<ref name="Carl Pei NYT">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/09/technology/personaltech/oneplus-one-review-high-hopes-for-low-price-phone.html |title=Low Price, High Hopes for OnePlus Phone |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=October 8, 2014 |work=NYT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015151442/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/09/technology/personaltech/oneplus-one-review-high-hopes-for-low-price-phone.html |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref></blockquote>

==Awards==
In April 2016, Pei was included in the 2016 edition of the [[Marketing Week]] Vision 100 list for his marketing achievements.<ref name="Marketing Week Vision 100">{{cite web |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/vision100/profile/carl-pei/ |title=Marketing Week Carl Pei |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=April 1, 2016 |work=Marketing Week |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150219/https://www.marketingweek.com/vision100/profile/carl-pei/ |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

In January 2016, Pei was included in the 2016 edition of the [[Forbes 30 Under 30]] list for his influence in the technology industry.<ref name="Forbes 30 Under 30">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/hhlh45li/carl-pei-26/#2ee546497e71 |title=Carl Pei 30 Under 30 |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=January 1, 2016 |work=Forbes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015153140/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/hhlh45li/carl-pei-26/#2ee546497e71 |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="I'm Carl Pei, Co-Founder of OnePlus, and This Is How I Work">{{cite web |last=Orin |first=Andy |title=I'm Carl Pei, Co-Founder of OnePlus, and This Is How I Work |url=http://lifehacker.com/im-carl-pei-co-founder-of-oneplus-and-this-is-how-i-w-1688930538 |website=[[Lifehacker]] |accessdate=1 July 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20170701174000/http://lifehacker.com/im-carl-pei-co-founder-of-oneplus-and-this-is-how-i-w-1688930538 |archivedate=1 July 2017 |deadurl=no |language=English |date=4 March 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
}}

== External links ==

*[https://twitter.com/getpeid?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Carl Pei] on [[Twitter]]
{{OnePlus}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pei, Carl}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in telecommunications]]
[[Category:Technology business executives]]
[[Category:Meizu people]]
[[Category:OnePlus people]]
[[Category:Chinese emigrants to Sweden]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Nguyễn Tuấn Anh

2019-08-02T19:24:47Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Nguyễn Tuấn Anh.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by Yann (Copyright violation; see Commons:Licensing (F1)).

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Nguyễn Tuấn Anh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Nguyễn Tuấn Anh playing for [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.|HAGL]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|05|16}}
| birth_place = [[Quỳnh Phụ District|Quỳnh Phụ]], [[Thái Bình Province|Thái Bình]], Vietnam
| height = 1.76 m
| currentclub = [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.]]
| clubnumber = 11
| position = [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|Central midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 2007–2014
| youthclubs1 = [[Hoang Anh Gia Lai – Arsenal JMG Academy|HAGL – Arsenal JMG Academy]]
| years1 = 2015–
| clubs1 = [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.]]
| caps1 = 53
| goals1 = 2
| years2 = 2016
| clubs2 = → [[Yokohama F.C.]] (loan)
| caps2 = 0
| goals2 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2013–2014
| nationalteam1 = [[Vietnam national under-19 football team|Vietnam U19]]
| nationalcaps1 = 23
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| nationalyears2 = 2015–2018
| nationalteam2 = [[Vietnam national under-23 football team|Vietnam U23]]
| nationalcaps2 = 16
| nationalgoals2 = 2
| nationalyears3 = 2016–
| nationalteam3 = [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]]
| nationalcaps3 = 9
| nationalgoals3 = 1
| pcupdate = 5 May 2019
| ntupdate = 05 June 2019
| medaltemplates =
{{medal|RU|[[AFF U-19 Youth Championship]]|[[2013 AFF U-19 Youth Championship|2013]]}}
{{medal|RU|[[2014 AFF U-19 Youth Championship|AFF U-19 Championship]]|[[2014 AFF U-19 Youth Championship|2014]]}}
}}

'''Nguyễn Tuấn Anh''' (born 16 May 1995) is a [[Vietnam]]ese [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder#Central midfielder|central midfielder]] for [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.]] and the [[Vietnam national football team]].

Tuấn Anh is considered one of the most talented and technically gifted midfielders that Vietnam football has ever seen.<ref>http://bongdaplus.vn/tin-bai/75/99084/tien-ve-nguyen-tuan-anh-nguoi-dac-biet-o-u19-viet-nam.bdplus</ref><ref>http://bongdaplus.vn/tin-bai/65/104603/tuan-anh-la-cua-hiem-cua-bong-da-noi.bdplus</ref> He is a product of [[Hoang Anh Gia Lai – Arsenal JMG Academy|HAGL – Arsenal JMG Academy]] and was promoted to [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.]]'s first team in 2015. Tuấn Anh has represented the Vietnam national team at U-19 and U-23 level. He was voted as 2014 young player of the year.<ref>http://www.vietnamplus.vn/qua-bong-vang-u21-tuan-anh-em-may-man-hon-cong-phuong-va-anh-toan/317401.vnp</ref>

==Early life==
Tuấn Anh was born on 16 May 1995 in Mai Trang, An Quý, [[Quỳnh Phụ District]], [[Thái Bình Province]] to Nguyễn Văn Dung, a doctor, and Nguyễn Thị Loan.<ref>http://news.zing.vn/Tuan-Anh-Cau-be-mit-uot-thanh-nguoi-hung-U19-VN-post464632.html</ref> He's the second child in a family of two siblings, he has an older sister named Quỳnh Mai. His father, Nguyễn Văn Dung is the deputy director of Phụ Dục general hospital in Quỳnh Phụ, Thái Bình,<ref>http://www.nguoiduatin.vn/gia-the-giau-co-cua-tien-ve-tuan-anh-a151586.html</ref> he wanted his son to become a doctor but Tuấn Anh expressed that he love football more than anything. Tuan Anh's family was later persuaded by his enthusiasm for football and allowed him to follow his dream.<ref>http://www.bongda.com.vn/viet-nam/cau-thu-nguyen-tuan-anh-yeu-bong-da-hon-ca-ban/</ref>

Tuấn Anh was a part of [[Thái Bình Province]] U-11 football team that won the second place in 2004 national youth football tournament in [[Khánh Hòa Province]] when he was nine.<ref>http://danviet.vn/bong-da/tien-ve-nguyen-tuan-anh-u19-viet-nam-ronaldinho-cua-que-lua-473136.html</ref> His performance caught the attention of staffs from [[Thái Bình Province]]'s football talent school and he was offered a place at the school. After seven months of living there, his parents withdrew him from the school due to their concern about living standard there even though the school highly rated Tuấn Anh and really wanted to keep him.<ref>http://citinews.net/the-thao/nhung-dieu-it-biet-ve-tuan-anh---ngoi-sao--den-tu-que-lua-cua-u19-viet-nam-43PW2RQ/</ref>

==Club career==

===Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.===

====HAGL - Arsenal JMG Academy====
In 2007, Tuấn Anh passed the try-out for [[Hoang Anh Gia Lai – Arsenal JMG Academy|HAGL – Arsenal JMG Academy]], he was one of only fourteen players that got accepted into the academy out of about seven thousand candidates from all over the country in the first selection.<ref>http://hotnhat.biz/the-thao/bong-da/tien-ve-nguyen-tuan-anh-nhac-truong-cua-u19-viet-nam</ref>

In June 2010, Tuấn Anh and [[Nguyễn Công Phượng]] were the only two players from HAGL JMG Academy that were invited to a fifteen days oversea training program in [[Mali]], It was a training program for top players of [[JMG Academy]] from all over the globe.<ref>http://www.hagl.com.vn/Football_Academy_Posts/DetailPost/201104211349414941</ref> Tuấn Anh was praised and highly rated by the academy's director [[Jean-Marc Guillou]] during the training program.<ref>http://m.msport.com.vn/tin-tuc/bau-vat-bau-duc-di-nhan-ronaldinho-viet-nam.8474</ref><ref>http://nld.com.vn/the-thao/nghi-he-khac-nghiet-201009291102220.htm</ref>

In November 2012, Tuấn Anh along with [[Nguyễn Công Phượng]], [[Lương Xuân Trường]], [[Trần Hữu Đông Triều]] were four of the players from the academy received the invitation to train with [[Arsenal F.C.]] U-17 team.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thethao247.vn/bong-da-viet-nam/v-league/cau-thu-hoc-vien-hagl-quyet-ghi-diem-tai-arsenal--d31820.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-04-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402225043/http://thethao247.vn/bong-da-viet-nam/v-league/cau-thu-hoc-vien-hagl-quyet-ghi-diem-tai-arsenal--d31820.html |archivedate=2015-04-02 |df= }}</ref> In the letter, Arsenal's performance supervisor, [[Steve Morrow]] stated that coach [[Arsène Wenger]] was impressed with the academy's players when they beat Arsenal U-17 team in January.<ref>http://news.zing.vn/Arsenal-thu-viec-4-cau-thu-U17-Hoang-Anh-Gia-Lai-post285705.html</ref><ref>http://www.hagl.com.vn/Group_Posts/DetailPost/20121029110210210</ref> After the training end, Tuấn Anh was the player impressed coach Arsène Wenger the most, he even introduced Tuấn Anh to a [[Greeks]] football club for a trial.<ref>http://bongdaplus.vn/tin-bai/75/66511/tuyen-thu-u19-tuan-anh-bau-vat-cua-bau-duc.bdplus</ref> Unfortunately Tuấn Anh missed the trial opportunity as he suffered from a serious [[ligament]] injury in early 2012 that took him six month to recover. He was sent to a hospital in [[Paris]] that specialize in treating injures for sport athlete for the knee operation.<ref>http://www.bongda.com.vn/nhan-vat-su-kien/Doi-truong-U19-Viet-Nam-tung-lo-co-hoi-choi-bong-o-chau-Au/</ref>

Tuấn Anh was voted as player of the tournament at 2014 [[International U-21 Thanh Niên Newspaper Cup]] where HAGL – Arsenal JMG Academy team was crowned as the champion after defeated Thailand U-21 (3-0) in the final.<ref>http://thethao247.vn/bong-da-viet-nam/tuyen-quoc-gia-vn/tuan-anh-tro-thanh-cau-thu-xuat-sac-nhat-giai-u21-quoc-te-2014-d93986.html</ref>

====Hoàng Anh Gia Lai first team====
Tuấn Anh was promoted to [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.]] first team along with other academy's player from the first selection in 2015 when the club revolutionized their first team, most of their first team players were released, only a few was kept to guide young player from the academy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thethao.vietnamnet.vn/fms/v-league/111588/bau-duc-khang-dinh-se-don-u19-vn-da-vleague-2015.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-03-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091133/http://thethao.vietnamnet.vn/fms/v-league/111588/bau-duc-khang-dinh-se-don-u19-vn-da-vleague-2015.html |archivedate=2015-04-02 |df= }}</ref> Tuấn Anh was promoted to first team along with other academy's player from the first selection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://motthegioi.vn/thethao/bongda/bau-duc-don-cau-thu-hoc-vien-hagl-jmg-da-vleague-bai-hoc-tien-giang-2006-118679.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-04-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116072218/http://motthegioi.vn/thethao/bongda/bau-duc-don-cau-thu-hoc-vien-hagl-jmg-da-vleague-bai-hoc-tien-giang-2006-118679.html |archivedate=2015-01-16 |df= }}</ref>

Tuấn Anh made his [[V.League 1]] debut on 4 January 2015 at the opening game of the season against [[Sanna Khanh Hoa F.C.]]. He score his first league goal in this game as [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.]] won the game 4–2.<ref>http://dailo.vn/the-thao/hagl-4-2-khanh-hoa-cong-phuong-tuan-anh-xuan-truong-toa-sang-20150104090417714.htm</ref> On 14 April, Tuấn Anh won the 2014 young player of the year award with 49 votes, 10 votes more than his club mate [[Công Phượng]] at second place.<ref>http://news.zing.vn/Thanh-Luong-gianh-Qua-bong-vang-Viet-Nam-2014-post530176.html</ref> Tuấn Anh was also voted as the team's best player at the end of the season,<ref>http://bongdaplus.vn/tin-bai/3/132632/vuot-cong-phuong-tuan-anh-xuat-sac-nhat-ha-gl-tai-v-league-2015.bdplus</ref> he has the most appearances in the team, played in all 26 league games of the season including 25 starts.

===Yokohama F.C.===
Tuấn Anh has officially joined [[Yokohama F.C.]] in December 2015 in a season-long loan.<ref>[http://footballchannel.asia/2015/12/12/post8447/ "Official: Nguyen Tuan Anh joins Yokohama FC on loan"], ''Football Channel Asia'', 12 December 2015.</ref> Tuấn Anh had an impressive game for the club against [[AC Nagano Parceiro|Nagano Parceiro]] in the emperor's cup, where he won a penalty for his team and scored the winning goal in a 3-2 win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://footballchannel.asia/2016/09/23/post12537/|title=Vietnamese youngster Nguyen Tuan Anh scored winning goal for Yokohama FC|work=Football Channel Asia|date=23 September 2016|accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==

=== Club ===
{{Updated | July 2, 2017}}

{| class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|-
! rowspan = 2 | Season
! rowspan = 2 | Club
! colspan = 3 | nation
! colspan = 2 | National Cup
! colspan = 2 | Continent
! colspan = 2 | Other
! colspan = 2 | total
|-
! Tournaments
! Tran !! You
! Tran !! You
! Tran !! You
! Tran !! You
! Tran !! You
|-
! colspan = 2 | Vietnam
! colspan = 3 | [[V.League 1]]
! colspan = 2 | [[Vietnamese Cup|National Cup]]
! colspan = 2 | [[AFC Champions League]]/[[AFC Cup]]
! colspan = 2 | Other
! colspan = 2 | total
|-
| [[2015 V.League 1|2015]] || rowspan = "2" | [[Hoàng Anh Gia Lai F.C.|Hoàng Anh Gia Lai]] || rowspan = "2" | [[V.League 1]] || 26 || 1 || 2 || 0 || - || - || - || - || 28 || 1
|-
| [[2017 V.League 1|2017]] || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || - || - || - || - || 4 || 0
|-

! rowspan = 1 | total
! colspan = 2 | HAGL
| 29 || 1 || 3 || 0 || - || - || - || 32 || 1 ||
|-

! colspan = 2 | Japan
! colspan = 3 | [[J2 League]]
! colspan = 2 | [[Emperor's Cup]]
! colspan = 2 | [[AFC Champions League]]/[[AFC Cup]]
! colspan = 2 | Other
! colspan = 2 | total
|-
| [[2016 J2 League|2016]] || [[Yokohama FC|Yokohama]] || [[J2 League]] || 0 || 0 || 2 || 1 || - || - || - || 2 || 1 ||
|-

! rowspan = 2 | total
! colspan = 2 | Vietnam
| 29 || 1 || 3 || 0 || - || - || - || 32 || 1 ||
|-
! colspan = 2 | Japan
| 0 || 0 || 2 || 1 || - || - || - || - || 2 || 1
|-
! colspan = 3 | Total career
| 29 || 1 || 5 || 1 || - || - || - || 34 || 2 ||
|}

=== National team jersey ===

{{Updated | 24 July 2017. Statistics count only matches at FIFA national team and international friendly matches}}
{| class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|-
! Five !! Battle !!
|-
! colspan = 3 | [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]]
|-
| 2016 || 6 || 1
|-
| 2017
| 1
| 0
|-
| Total || 7 || 1
|}

{| class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|-
! Five !! Battle !!
|-
! colspan = 3 | [[Vietnam national under-23 football team|U-23 Vietnam]]
|-
| 2015 || 4 || 0
|-
| 2016
| 4
| 1
|-
| 2017 || 3 || 1
|-
| Total || 11 || 2
|}

{| class = "wikitable" style = "text-align: center"
|-
! Five !! Battle !!
|-
! colspan = 3 | [[Vietnam national under-19 football team|U-19 Vietnam]]
|-
| 2013 || 9 || 0
|-
| 2014
| 14
| 1
|-
| Total || 23 || 1
|}

==International career==

===Vietnam under-19===
Tuấn Anh first played for [[Vietnam national under-19 football team|Vietnam U-19]] team at [[2013 AFF U-19 Youth Championship]]. He captained his team in the final<ref>http://thethao.vietnamnet.vn/fms/menu1/103665/vi-sao-tuan-anh-duoc-trao-bang-thu-quan-u19-vn-.html</ref> as they lost to the host Indonesia U-19 in the penalty shoot-out. Tuấn Anh was voted as the player of the tournament.

Throughout 2013 to 2014, Tuấn Anh was an important part of the U-19 team<ref>http://www.tinthethao.com.vn/news/47/31D279/Nguyen-Tuan-Anh-Tham-lang-nhung-khong-the-thay-the</ref> he played in all of their competitions such as: [[2014 AFC U-19 Championship qualification]] where his team came out as Group F winner after they shockingly beat Australia U-19 (5-1),<ref>http://www.thanhniennews.com/sports/vietnam-crushes-australia-qualifies-for-u19-championship-986.html</ref> [[2014 AFF U-19 Youth Championship]] where they finished second, and [[2014 AFC U-19 Championship]].

===Vietnam under-23===
Tuấn Anh was called to the [[Vietnam national under-23 football team|Vietnam U-23]] team in March 2015 to play in [[2016 AFC U-23 Championship qualification]]. He played at the opening game in which his team beat host Malaysia U-23 (2-1) before missed out the last match again Macau U-23 due to injury.<ref>http://thethao.thanhnien.com.vn/bong-da-viet-nam/u23-viet-nam-mat-tuan-anh-tran-gap-macau-47498.html</ref>
After the [[Vietnam national under-23 football team|Vietnam U-23]] team qualified, he played in the [[2016 AFC U-23 Championship]] and scored one goal against [[United Arab Emirates national under-23 football team|UAE-U-23]].<ref>http://vtv.vn/clip/chiem-nguong-tuyet-pham-cua-tuan-anh-giua-vong-vay-4-cau-thu-uae-20160121020643728.htm</ref>

==International goals==

===U-19===

:''Scores and results list Vietnam's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1 || 11 September 2014 || [[Hanoi]], Vietnam
|| {{fbu|19|MYA}}||'''1'''–0||4–1|| [[2014 AFF U-19 Youth Championship]]
|}

===U-22===

:''Scores and results list Vietnam's goal tally first.''
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1 || 20 January 2016 || [[Doha]], Qatar
|| {{fbu|23|UAE}}||'''2'''–1||2–3|| [[2016 AFC U-23 Championship]]
|-
| 2 || 19 July 2017 || [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam
|| {{fbu|22|TLS}}||'''4'''–0||4–0|| [[2018 AFC U-23 Championship qualification]]
|}

===Vietnam===

:''Scores and results list Vietnam's goal tally first.''<ref name="NFT">{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/63484/Tuan_Anh_Nguyen.html|title=Nguyễn, Tuấn Anh|publisher=National Football Teams|accessdate=5 September 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"
! No !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 6 October 2016 || [[Thống Nhất Stadium]], [[Hồ Chí Minh City]], [[Vietnam]] || {{fb|PRK}} || align=center | '''1'''–1 || align=center | 5–2 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|}

==Honours==

===Vietnam-U19===
: '''Runners-up :''' [[AFF U-19 Youth Championship]]: [[2013 AFF U-19 Youth Championship|2013]], [[2014 AFF U-19 Youth Championship|2014]]
: '''Runners-up :''' [[Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy]] : [[2014 Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy|2014]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Soccerway|tuan-anh-nguyen/352969}}
*{{J.League player}}
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UDVop63S7mQ
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KdxSxY_fqL8

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nguyen, Tuan Anh}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Vietnamese footballers]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]
[[Category:V.League 1 players]]
[[Category:Vietnam international footballers]]
[[Category:Hoang Anh Gia Lai F.C. players]]
[[Category:Vietnamese expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Vietnamese expatriate sportspeople in Japan]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Japan]]
[[Category:J2 League players]]
[[Category:Yokohama FC players]]
[[Category:People from Thai Binh Province]]
[[Category:Competitors at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games]]

Frances Northcutt

2019-07-29T14:10:45Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:Poppy Northcutt at NASA.jpg , deleted by Túrelio (Copyright violation: False PD rationale. NASA sharing a photo from an article on the web on their Twitter account does not make it a NASA photo. Both [www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/american-computer-and-engineer-frances-poppy-northcutt-news-photo/971068052 Getty Images] and the [time.com/5614162/apollo-11-anniversary-first-woman/ Times article] that the image shared on Twit...

{{Infobox person
| name = Frances 'Poppy' Northcutt
| image = Poppy_Northcutt_2019.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Northcutt in 2019
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|08|10}}
| birth_place = [[Many, Louisiana]] [[United States|U.S.]]
| death_date =
| residence = Houston, Texas
| nationality =
| other_names = Poppy
| citizenship =
| alma_mater = [[University of Texas]]
| occupation = Engineer, Lawyer, Stockbroker
}}

'''Frances 'Poppy' Northcutt''' (born August 10, 1943) is a Texas attorney who began her career as a '[[human computer|computress]]' and then an engineer for the technical staff on NASA's [[Apollo Program]] during the [[space race]]. She was the first female engineer to work in NASA's [[mission control center|Mission Control]] during [[Apollo 8]].<ref name="Barteski">{{cite AV media|title=MAKERS Women in Space|date=2014|people=Barteski, Ed (Editor)|publisher=Kunhardt McGee Productions|location=Washington D.C.|medium=Motion picture}}</ref> <ref name=Orwig>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/poppy-northcutt-helped-apollo-astronauts-2014-12?op=1|title=This Amazing 25-Year-Old Woman Helped Bring Apollo Astronauts Back From The Moon - Business Insider|date=9 December 2014|work=Business Insider}}</ref><ref name="AmerExp">{{cite web |title=Chasing the Moon: Transcript, Part Two |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/chasing-moon/#transcript |website=American Experience |publisher=PBS |accessdate=24 July 2019 |date=10 July 2019}}</ref>

Later in her career, Northcutt became an attorney specializing in women's rights. In the early 1970s, she served on the national Board of Directors of the [[National Organization for Women]].<ref name=Williams>{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Cristan|title=NOW state rep talks with the TransAdvocate about TERFs, trans-inclusion and civil rights |url=http://www.transadvocate.com/now-state-rep-talks-with-the-transadvocate-about-terfs-trans-inclusion-and-civil-rights_n_13530.htm#sthash.Uu23xjjH.dpuf|accessdate=2 August 2015|publisher=The TransAdvocate|date=18 April 2014}}</ref> Now, she works and volunteers for several organizations in Houston advocating for abortion rights.

== Early Life ==
Frances "Poppy" Northcutt was born in [[Many, Louisiana]], on August 10, 1943. She grew up in [[Luling, Texas]], and then moved to [[Dayton, Texas]]. Northcutt attended high school at [[Dayton High School (Texas)|Dayton High School in Liberty County]] and then went on to study [[mathematics]] at the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]].<ref name=Ely>{{cite web|url=http://digital.houstonlibrary.org/oral-history/frances-northcutt.php|title=Frances Northcutt - Houston Public Library Digital Archives|last=Ely|first=Jane|date=3 April 2008|work=Houston Public Library|access-date=20 November 2017}}</ref>

== Career ==
===Engineering for the Apollo Program===
After graduating in three and a half years, Northcutt was hired in 1965 by [[TRW Inc.|TRW]], an aerospace contractor with [[NASA]], as a computress for the new [[Apollo program]]. She was soon promoted to engineer stationed in the Mission Control's Mission Planning and Analysis room. She was the first female engineer to work as part of NASA's Mission Control.
Northcutt and her team designed the return-to-Earth trajectory that the [[Apollo 8]] crew took from the moon back to Earth.<ref name="AmerExp"/> She made key insights that identified mistakes in the plan before they were executed.<ref name="Barteski" /> If there was any delay in swinging around the moon resulting in using up more fuel than planned it was up to Northcutt and her team to make on-the-spot calculations and changes to the plan to ensure the astronauts' safe return. Apollo 8 was the second crewed Apollo spacecraft and became the first crewed mission to ever leave Earth orbit. It successfully reached the Earth's [[moon]], orbited it and then returned to Earth safely on December 27, 1968.<ref name="Orwig">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/poppy-northcutt-helped-apollo-astronauts-2014-12?op=1|title=This Amazing 25-Year-Old Woman Helped Bring Apollo Astronauts Back From The Moon - Business Insider|date=9 December 2014|work=Business Insider}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Turnill |first=Reginald |date=January 18, 2007 |title=The Moonlandings: An Eyewitness Account |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=365 |isbn=978-0521035354 }}</ref><ref name="Williams" /><ref name="Rissman">{{cite book |last=Rissman |first=Rebecca |publisher=Capstone Press |date=2018 |title=Houston, We've Had a Problem: The Story of the Apollo 13 Disaster}}</ref>

Northcutt continued working with TRW and NASA for several more years working as a critical component of some of NASA's most historic missions such as [[Apollo 13]]. After learning about the exploded oxygen tank on the Apollo 13 mission, Northcutt and the other engineers who developed the computer program for Apollo 13 to get home immediately came in to find a way to get the astronauts home safely.<ref name="Barteski" /> The program that she worked on was used to compute the maneuvers to come home. Northcutt and the Mission Operations Team were later awarded the [[Apollo 13 Mission Operations Team|Presidential Medal of Freedom Team Award]] for finding a way to safely return Apollo 13. Listen to her talk about her Apollo work in this 2019 interview.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/planetary-radio/show/2019/0717-2019-poppy-northcutt-apollo.html|title=Apollo 11 and the Woman Who Helped Get It Home|website=www.planetary.org|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref>

Lay-audience books and articles have claimed that a lunar crater, near which the [[Apollo 17]] [[Lunar Module]] landed, was named for her.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} However, [[Gene Cernan]], the commander of the Apollo 17 mission, stated in an interview for the Apollo Lunar Surface Journal that in advance of the mission, he had named a crater after the nickname that his daughter used for one of her grandfathers. That nickname was "Poppie." NASA documents misspelled it as "Poppy." Apollo crews and the NASA Astronaut Office assigned unofficial names to lunar features for convenience in referring to them. Other names given by Cernan to craters near the landing site were "Punk," his nickname for his daughter, and "[[Frosty the Snowman (film)|Frosty]]" and "[[Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer|Rudolph]]," the names of characters in children's Christmastime stories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/a17.site.html|title=The Valley of Taurus-Littrow|website=www.hq.nasa.gov|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/AS17_LM.PDF|title=Apollo 17 Lunar Module Onboard Voice Transcription MSC-07630|page=1-73|website=www.hq.nasa.gov|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref> The International Astronomical Union's / U.S. Geological Survey's Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature has no entries for lunar craters named either "Poppie" or "Poppy."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MOON/target|title=Planetary Names: The Moon|website=planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref>

===Fighting for the Women's Rights Movement===
As one of few women working in engineering, Northcutt became increasingly involved in the [[Women's liberation movement|Women's Liberation movement]]. She helped put on demonstrations, strikes, speeches, press releases and whatever she could to help the cause with the National Organization for Women.<ref name=Rissman /> She spoke at Houston City Council many times, and in 1974 the mayor of [[Houston, TX]] named her the first Women's Advocate for the City. In this position she helped pass a great deal of legislation improving the status of women. She negotiated an agreement with the Houston Police Department enabling women to become police officers. She got the Houston Fire Department to agree to let women serve as firefighters. She led an important equal-pay study going through the entire Houston municipal payroll. She was so dedicated to improving equality that she counted women's versus men's bathrooms throughout all of Houston, helping to bring even this number into parity.

Northcutt helped drastically increase the number of women that were on appointed boards and commissions.<ref name=":0" /> She helped pass a law that prohibited hospitals from charging women who came in for rape kits. Later on, Northcutt would become President of both the Houston and entire Texas chapter for the [[National Organization for Women|National Organization of Women]].<ref name="Orwig" /><ref name=":0" />

During this time, Northcutt was still employed by TRW, receiving a partial salary as she was on loan.{{huh|date=July 2019}} When her loan expired she went back to TRW for a while. However, she believed "If you were doing your job, you should do yourself out of a job" and thus went to [[Merrill Lynch]], a stockbroker firm, for a year. Northcutt then switched into the [[TRW Inc.|TRW Controls]] division and during this time attended law school at night. In 1984, Northcutt graduated [[Summa Cum Laude|summa cum laude]] from the [[University of Houston Law Center]], becoming a [[criminal defense lawyer]]. Northcutt continued to practice law with special emphasis and dedication to her fight for [[civil rights]].<ref name="Ely" /><ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading and viewing==
*{{cite magazine|title=One woman in a room full of men|magazine=The Telegraph Magazine|first=Eleanor|last=Steafel|location=London|publisher=Daily Telegraph plc.|pp=56-59, 61|date=July 20, 2019|oclc=69022829}}
*{{cite web |title=Poppy Northcutt: Return to Earth Specialist (digital short) |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/chasing-moon-poppy-northcutt-return-earth-specialist/ |website=American Experience: Chasing the Moon |publisher=PBS |accessdate=24 July 2019 |date=10 July 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Northcutt, Frances}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Apollo program]]
[[Category:NASA people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women in technology]]
[[Category:American feminists]]
[[Category:American women lawyers]]

Eigentumsdemokratie

2019-07-19T06:13:36Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Dibujo de John Rawls.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by JuTa (per Commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Dibujo de John Rawls.jpg).

{{hatnote|See also [[Democracy]]. This topic is also related to, but distinct from [[Social Democracy]].}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Property-Owning Democracy
| subtitle = A system of social organisation.
| partof = John Rawls' five structures of social institutions.
| image =
| caption =
| causes = The idea of a property-owning democracy derived from Western political thought.
| goals = Enabling a fairer distribution of property and political power.
| methods = This system is implemented through policy reform.
| status =
|place=}}
{{Politics sidebar|expanded=Systems}}
{{economic systems sidebar|by ideology}}

A '''property-owning democracy''' is a [[social system]] whereby state institutions enable a fair distribution of productive property across the populace generally, rather than allowing [[Monopoly|monopolies]] to form and dominate.<ref>Amrit Ron, “Visions of Democracy in ‘Property-Owning Democracy’: Skelton to Rawls and Beyond,” ''History of Political Thought'' 29, no. 1 (2008), 168, issn: 0143-781X.</ref> This intends to ensure that all individuals have a fair and equal opportunity to participate in the [[Marketplace|market]]. It is thought that this system is necessary to break the constraints of welfare-state capitalism and manifest a cooperation of citizens, who each hold equal [[Power (social and political)|political power]] and potential for economic advancement.<ref>Alan Thomas, ''Republic of Equals: Predistribution and Property-Owning Democracy'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 12.</ref> This form of societal organisation was popularised by [[John Rawls]], as the most effective structure amongst four other competing systems: [[Laissez-faire|laissez-faire capitalism]], [[Welfare capitalism|welfare-state capitalism]], [[state socialism]] with a command economy and [[liberal socialism]].<ref>John Rawls, ''Justice as Fairness: A Restatement'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001).</ref> The idea of a property-owning democracy is somewhat foreign in Western [[political philosophy]], despite issues of political [[Disfranchisement|disenfranchisement]] emerging concurrent to the accelerating [[Economic inequality|inequality]] of wealth and capital ownership over the past four decades.<ref>Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson, “Introduction,” in ''The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism'', eds. Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2012), 4.</ref>

__TOC__

== Etymology and History ==
Although popularised by Rawls, the term ‘property-owning democracy’ emerges from a discursive history of use. Coined by British MP [[Noel Skelton]] in 1920, the concept compounded the terms 'property-owning' and 'democracy' as a conservative response to left-leaning ideas of liberalism and socialism. At this stage, the term represented the necessity of protecting property rights from democratic organisation.<ref>Amrit Ron, “Visions of Democracy in ‘Property-Owning Democracy’: Skelton to Rawls and Beyond,” ''History of Political Thought'' 29, no. 1 (2008), 170, issn: 0143-781X.</ref>

The discourse of 'property-owning democracy' was admitted to the lexicon of British conservatism, before being reconceptualised by British economist [[James Meade]].<ref>Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson, “Introduction,” in ''The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism'', eds. Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2012), 3.</ref> This co-opted the conservative usage of the term, to argue that re-distributive policies are required to achieve the model society proposed by Skelton and his followers. The concept has henceforth been used to describe an ideal society in which property-ownership is broadly distributed throughout the population.<ref>Amrit Ron, “Visions of Democracy in ‘Property-Owning Democracy’: Skelton to Rawls and Beyond,” ''History of Political Thought'' 29, no. 1 (2008), 171, issn: 0143-781X.</ref>

Rawls borrowed the term from Meade for use within his seminal text, [[A Theory of Justice|''A Theory of Justice'' (1999)]], which has widely disseminated these ideas throughout [[Public sphere|political discourse]].<ref>Justin Holt, “The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 1 (2017), 177, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-001.</ref>

== Description and Theoretical Foundations ==
Rawls described 'property-owning democracy' as a social system that aspires to distribute the ownership of property widely throughout the populace, so that citizens may co-operate under equal and free relationships.<ref>John Rawls, ''Justice as Fairness: A Restatement'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 140.</ref> This ideal is based on the premise that individuals must possess productive resources in order to enable fair societal participation and equal political influence.<ref>Andrew Lister, “The Difference Principle, Capitalism, and Property-Owning Democracy,” ''Moral Philosophy and Politics'' 5, no. 1 (2017), 151, doi: 10.1515/mopp-2017-0012.</ref> Whereas conventional liberalist thought endows each individual with the autonomy to make rational self-maximising decisions in their own interests, the concept of a property-owning democracy would contrarily argue that citizens cannot freely make political decisions due to the undue influence of wealth inequality.<ref>Jan Narveson, “‘Property Owning Democracy’? ‘Liberal Socialism’? or Just Plain Capitalism?”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 2 (2017), 393, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-0021.</ref> This is identified by Rawls in his ''[[Justice as Fairness: A Restatement]]'':<blockquote>"Inequalities in the ownership and control of wealth, income, and property can reduce the fair value of basic liberties."<ref>ohn Rawls, <nowiki>''</nowiki>Justice as Fairness: A Restatement<nowiki>''</nowiki> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 149.</ref></blockquote>This system does not condemn the use of markets to determine demand and fair prices, however, it asserts that private ownership of productive means may corrupt a fair equality of opportunity. As levels of wealth inequality increase, so does the political influence of affluent classes.<ref>Justin Holt, “The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 1 (2017), 173, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-001.</ref> Similarly, Rawls contrasts property-owning democracy against socialist forms of governance, which are thought to dismiss basic individual liberties in a manner that is inconsistent with democratic values.<ref>Justin Holt, “The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 1 (2017), 173, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-001.</ref> Although depicted in opposition to these systems, property-owning democracy is accepted by both conservative and liberal theorists.<ref>Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson, “Introduction,” in ''The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism'', eds. Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2012), 4.</ref>

=== Fundamental Components ===
Property-owning democracies promote the power of institutions to implement policies and taxes that regulate the inheritance and acquisition of private property, in order to disperse wealth and capital throughout the population.<ref>John Rawls, ''Justice as Fairness: A Restatement'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 51.</ref> Concentrated ownership of the means of production in a near monopoly creates a situation in which labour must depend upon their employers for wages in a relationship of unequal bargaining power, causing wealth to increasingly accumulate at the top quintile of society.<ref>Justin Holt, “The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 1 (2017), 180, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-001.</ref> It is then problematic that the candidates elected for public office are generally those supported by economic elites, through the provision of individual and corporate donations that are required to run successful political campaigns. Subsequently, politicians have been found to produce legislation and policy that favours the interests of donors on whom they depend to be elected, over those of the general public. <ref>Jan Narveson, “‘Property Owning Democracy’? ‘Liberal Socialism’? or Just Plain Capitalism?”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 2 (2017), 395, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-0021.</ref> This is exacerbated by the influence of lobbying, funded interest groups and the concentration of media ownership.<ref>Justin Holt, “The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 1 (2017), 174, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-001.</ref> Such practices are illustrated in the Princeton University study into wealth's corruption of politics, which found that:<blockquote>"The preferences of the average American appear to have only a miniscule, near-zero, statistically non-significant impact upon public policy.”<ref>Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Page, “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens”, ''Perspectives on Politics'' 12, no. 3 (2014), 575.</ref></blockquote>
From this perspective, the concentrated ownership of property acts to diminish democratic values.<ref>Jan Narveson, “‘Property Owning Democracy’? ‘Liberal Socialism’? or Just Plain Capitalism?”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 2 (2017), 395, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-0021.</ref> The notion of property-owning democracy acts to reverse this corruption of political power by redistributing productive property across a greater proportion of society, thereby facilitating a more equal distribution of political power.<ref>John Rawls, ''Justice as Fairness: A Restatement'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 139.</ref>

A satisfactorily implemented property-owning democracy, then, would contain institutional mechanisms that seek to diffuse capital, wealth and productive resources.<ref>Alan Thomas, ''Republic of Equals: Predistribution and Property-Owning Democracy'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 191.</ref> This would be accompanied by a range of social development schemes that ensure all individuals are equally capable of achieving economic success and political influence.<ref>Andrew Lister, “The Difference Principle, Capitalism, and Property-Owning Democracy,” ''Moral Philosophy and Politics'' 5, no. 1 (2017), 169, doi: 10.1515/mopp-2017-0012.</ref> It would include the development of human capital through publicly funded education, free healthcare, an adequate social minimum and policies that seek to ensure the equal participation of individuals within the political society.<ref>Alan Thomas, ''Republic of Equals: Predistribution and Property-Owning Democracy'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 191.</ref>

=== Comparison to Welfare-State Capitalism ===
A property-owning democracy differs to a system of welfare-state capitalism, in which the state guarantees a social minimum but does not significantly intervene in the [[free market]].<ref>Alan Thomas, ''Republic of Equals: Predistribution and Property-Owning Democracy'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 180.</ref> Welfare-state capitalism is based upon a [[Redistribution of income and wealth|redistribution of income]] through means tested [[Welfare|social welfare]], as opposed to a reallocation of productive resources under property-owning democracies. Proponents of property-owning democracy would claim that this form of social structure produces socioeconomic classes, at the base of which sits a demoralised grouping who are dependent upon state-sanctioned welfare.<ref>Jan Narveson, “‘Property Owning Democracy’? ‘Liberal Socialism’? or Just Plain Capitalism?”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 2 (2017), 393, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-0021.</ref> Although welfare systems demonstrate some concern for equality of opportunity, it fails to substantially deliver upon the ideals of equal cooperation because it permits the concentration of wealth and productive resources within an elite minority.<ref>John Rawls, ''Justice as Fairness: A Restatement'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 138.</ref> The provision of a social minimum does not address the consequences that transpire when wealth, political influence and power coincide. Economists, political theorists and sociologists therefore posit that welfare-state capitalism does not appropriately address the influence of wealth on political decision making, as it reinforces the structural constraints that fail to ensure economic opportunity for the worst-off in society.<ref>Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson, “Introduction,” in ''The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism'', eds. Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2012), 4.</ref>

=== Perspective of Social and Political Justice ===
Rawls promotes the property-owning democracy above four alternative institutions: [[Laissez-faire|laissez-faire capitalism]], [[Welfare capitalism|welfare-state capitalism]], [[state socialism]] with a command economy and [[liberal socialism]].<ref>John Rawls, ''Justice as Fairness: A Restatement''(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001).</ref> This ranking is determined in accordance with Rawls' two principles of justice prescribed in [[A Theory of Justice|''A Theory of Justice'' (1999)]], which has been widely accepted within political discourse.<ref>Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson, “Introduction,” in ''The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism'', eds. Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2012), 3.</ref> The first principle mandates that each person is entitled to equal basic liberties, whilst the second principle requires that inequalities exist only where all individuals had equal opportunities and where it is arranged to be of "greatest benefit to the least advantaged".<ref>John Rawls, ''A Theory of Justice'' (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1971), 266.</ref>

These principles are thought to be best fulfilled by a system of property-owning democracy.<ref>Justin Holt, “The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 1 (2017), 174, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-001.</ref> Equal basic liberties are improved and ensured, as a dispersal of wealth, income and property allows all individuals a relatively comparable level of political and economic power.<ref>Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson, “Introduction,” in ''The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism'', eds. Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2012), 2.</ref> The fair equality of opportunity acts to assure that wealth and property ownership cannot improve and manipulate an individual's place in the [[social order]], particularly in relation to their access to [[education]], [[Health care|healthcare]], [[employment]] and [[housing]].<ref>Justin Holt, “The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 1 (2017), 174-5, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-001.</ref> Finally, the redistribution of wealth and productive property acts to satisfy the 'difference principle' by guaranteeing an equal distribution of social primary goods, thereby best aiding those who are most disadvantaged.<ref>Andrew Lister, “The Difference Principle, Capitalism, and Property-Owning Democracy,” ''Moral Philosophy and Politics'' 5, no. 1 (2017), 153, doi: 10.1515/mopp-2017-0012.</ref> It is within this context that property-owning democracy derives its esteem.

== Criticism ==
Property-owning democracy has been criticised broadly by liberal democratic advocates, who argue that democracy is achieved when each individual has an equal vote in the election of representative candidates.<ref>Amrit Ron, “Visions of Democracy in ‘Property-Owning Democracy’: Skelton to Rawls and Beyond,” ''History of Political Thought'' 29, no. 1 (2008), 183, issn: 0143-781X.</ref> It is therefore just for a state to maintain its current politico-economic system, as this is the social structure for which the populace has voted. If the public desired the values and policies that comprise property-owning democracy, they could vote for candidates who promised to implement these institutions.<ref>Amrit Ron, “Visions of Democracy in ‘Property-Owning Democracy’: Skelton to Rawls and Beyond,” ''History of Political Thought'' 29, no. 1 (2008), 184, issn: 0143-781X.</ref>

Additionally, if the idea that ownership of productive property determines one's political influence is pursued to its logical conclusion, a truly equal society would mandate policies that extend beyond those redistributive mechanisms outlines by Rawls to allow a fully equal distribution of property throughout society. It is therefore criticised for diminishing the liberty to pursue economic value and acquire property, conforming with the premise of state socialism this is disqualified under Rawls' own internal logic.<ref>Alan Thomas, ''Republic of Equals: Predistribution and Property-Owning Democracy'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 75.</ref>

The universal value of this social system is also limited by its particular bias toward Western ways of thinking, whilst ignoring the pluralistic cultural, religious, philosophical and economic differences worldwide.<ref>Alan Thomas, ''Republic of Equals: Predistribution and Property-Owning Democracy'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 36.</ref> It is therefore inappropriate to assert the value of this morally charged political structure over all political communities.

=== Welfare-State Capitalism ===

Proponents of welfare-state capitalism critique property-owning democracy for too liberally dismissing the role of individual differences of skill, intelligence and physiological qualities to produce divergent outcomes.<ref>Jan Narveson, “‘Property Owning Democracy’? ‘Liberal Socialism’? or Just Plain Capitalism?”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 2 (2017), 396, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-0021.</ref> This perspective reasons that individuals are incentivised by profit to make decisions in terms of human capital development, employment difficulty and time commitment, saving and spending decisions, as well as investment in entrepreneurial endeavours.<ref>Alan Thomas, ''Republic of Equals: Predistribution and Property-Owning Democracy'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 180 </ref> Where individuals have made differing decisions to their benefit, it cannot be considered just to redistribute the profit, wealth and property attained through their autonomous decision-making.<ref>Jan Narveson, “‘Property Owning Democracy’? ‘Liberal Socialism’? or Just Plain Capitalism?”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 2 (2017), 396, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-0021.</ref> It is more appropriate, from the perspective of welfare-state capitalism, to provide a social minimum whereby those individuals who struggle to convert their capabilities into economic benefits are assured a basic standard of living, without mandating that they be gifted equal ownership over productive property which they have not earned.<ref>Justin Holt, “The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 1 (2017), 177-8, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-001.</ref>

=== Laissez-Faire ===
Laissez-faire perspectives condemn the tendency of property-owning democracy to neglect the importance of incentive to ensure a productive economy.<ref>Jan Narveson, “‘Property Owning Democracy’? ‘Liberal Socialism’? or Just Plain Capitalism?”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 2 (2017), 398, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-0021.</ref> Insofar as the production of wealth is recognised as the result of human activity, it follows that individuals with high levels of wealth and property ownership are the proper and just owners of those goods.<ref>Jan Narveson, “‘Property Owning Democracy’? ‘Liberal Socialism’? or Just Plain Capitalism?”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 2 (2017), 401, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-0021.</ref> It cannot follow that justice is served by seizing those benefits from their rightful owners. Thus, the goal of property-owning democracy to redistribute this wealth and productive property broadly throughout the population acts to delimit the market incentive to acquire those goods.<ref>Alan Thomas, ''Republic of Equals: Predistribution and Property-Owning Democracy'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 33.</ref> It is then assumed that laissez-faire capitalism would more appropriately maximise the position of the worst off, as incentivising those with the most marketable talents to excel will propel society to the benefit of all.<ref>Andrew Lister, “The Difference Principle, Capitalism, and Property-Owning Democracy,” ''Moral Philosophy and Politics'' 5, no. 1 (2017), 152, doi: 10.1515/mopp-2017-0012.</ref>

It additionally criticises the capacity of property-owning democracies to better ensure the liberties and equal opportunities of all individuals, as a laissez-faire market naturally facilitates these outcomes via each individual pursuing their own interests.<ref>Jan Narveson, “‘Property Owning Democracy’? ‘Liberal Socialism’? or Just Plain Capitalism?”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 2 (2017), 398, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-0021.</ref> For instance, individuals of differing arbitrary distinctions, such as race, religion or gender, are equally likely to be employed by a corporation who is incentivised by the free market to hire the individual who maximises returns.

Similar to welfare-state capitalism, laissez-faire perspectives also deny that wealth allows individuals to virtually purchase votes in the political realm. Current democratic political systems do not structurally prohibit voters from electing candidates who would promise and legislate a more equitable distribution of property.<ref>Jan Narveson, “‘Property Owning Democracy’? ‘Liberal Socialism’? or Just Plain Capitalism?”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 2 (2017), 401, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-0021.</ref>

=== State Socialism ===
Advocates of state socialism criticise property-owning democracy for its soft principles on property redistribution, which fail to effectively enable an equal ownership over the means of production.<ref>Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson, “Introduction,” in ''The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism'', eds. Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2012), 7.</ref> It posits that the policies prescribed property-owning democracy structures fail to achieve the ideals of its own ideology, as capital will perpetually accumulate within fewer and fewer hands under a market system.<ref>Justin Holt, “The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 1 (2017), 183, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-001.</ref> The operation of a free market system cannot be decoupled from capitalism.

=== Liberal Socialism ===
Although Rawls recognised that liberal socialism could fulfil the two principles of justice, it was discarded as the ideal system of social organisation due to its lack of feasibility in terms of implementation and public acceptance.<ref>Jan Narveson, “‘Property Owning Democracy’? ‘Liberal Socialism’? or Just Plain Capitalism?”, ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 2 (2017), 403, doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-0021.</ref> This system therefore opposes property-owning democracy for its systems' lack of practicality. While property-owning democracy asserts the value of redistributing productive property, liberal socialism claims to achieve the end goal of equal opportunity and political influence through means that are less coercive.<ref>Alan Thomas, ''Republic of Equals: Predistribution and Property-Owning Democracy'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 281.</ref> By implementing a combination of both capitalist structures and limited forms of social ownership of capital, in conjunction with socialised systems of healthcare, education and security, liberal socialism claims to more fairly achieve the goals of property-owning democracies as it accounts for individual autonomy.<ref>Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson, “Introduction,” in ''The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism'', eds. Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2012), 7.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
Gilens, Martin and Benjamin I. Page. “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens”. ''Perspectives on Politics'' 12, no. 3 (2014).

Holt, Justin. “The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism.” ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 1 (2017): 171-194. doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-001.

Lister, Andrew. “The Difference Principle, Capitalism, and Property-Owning Democracy.” ''Moral Philosophy and Politics'' 5, no. 1 (2017): 151-172. doi: 10.1515/mopp-2017-0012.

Narveson, Jan. “‘Property Owning Democracy’? ‘Liberal Socialism’? or Just Plain Capitalism?” ''Analyse & Kritik'' 39, no. 2 (2017): 393-404. doi: 10.1515/auk-2017-0021.

O'Neill, Martin and Williamson, Thad. “Introduction.” In ''The Requirements of Justice and Liberal Socialism'', edited by Martin O'Neill and Thad Williamson, 1-14. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

Rawls, John. ''A Theory of Justice''. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1971.

Rawls, John. ''Justice as Fairness: A Restatement''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001.

Ron, Amrit. “Visions of Democracy in ‘Property-Owning Democracy’: Skelton to Rawls and Beyond.” ''History of Political Thought'' 29, no. 1 (2008): 168-187. issn: 0143-781X.

Thomas, Alan. ''Republic of Equals: Predistribution and Property-Owning Democracy''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.

[[Category:John Rawls]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Types of democracy]]

Kyriakos Velopoulos

2019-07-15T18:25:40Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:Kyriakos-velopoulos-giati-espefsmena-sto-nosokomeio-160.jpg , deleted by P199 (per Commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Kyriakos-velopoulos-giati-espefsmena-sto-nosokomeio-160.jpg).

{{BLP sources|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox MEP
| honorific-prefix =
| name =
| honorific-suffix = {{Post-nominals|size=100%|MEP}}
| party = [[Greek Solution]]
| image =
| caption =
| constituency_MP = [[Greece (European Parliament constituency)|Greece]]
| term_start = [[2019 European Parliament election in Greece|2 July 2019]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Key dates ahead|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/elections-press-kit/0/key-dates-ahead |publisher=European Parliament |accessdate=28 May 2019 |language=en |date=20 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Key dates ahead|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-48365702|publisher=BBC News |accessdate=28 May 2019 |language=en |date=22 May 2017}}</ref>
| term_end = 8 July 2019
| parliament = European
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|10|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Essen]], [[Ruhr]], [[West Germany]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Greek
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| website =
}}
'''Kyriakos Velopoulos''' ({{lang-el|Κυριάκος Βελόπουλος}}; born 24 October 1965) is a [[Greece|Greek]] politician and [[Hellenic Parliament]] member and [[Greek Solution]] party leader, as well as television personality and author.

== Early life and education ==

He was born in [[West Germany]] and grew up in [[Thessaloniki]], Greece. After his graduation from Dendropotamos high school, he studied [[journalism]] and was awarded a scholarship.

During his compulsory [[Conscription in Greece|military service]] in the [[Hellenic Army]], he served as an officer on the islands of North-Eastern [[Aegean Sea]], and the [[Greece|Greek]] mainland. He is a member of the [[Academy]] of the [[Greek language]] in [[Germany]] and a member of the Union of Writers of Northern Greece. He was a member of ONNED, the youth organisation of [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] (ND) until 1988 and ideologically defines himself as belonging to the "patriotic ND".<ref>[http://elkosmos.gr/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=814&Itemid=60 Kyriakos Velopoulos: 1,800,000 Are the Immigrants, 14 October 2007]</ref>

== Professional career ==
He was a member of the [[Popular Orthodox Rally]], the right nationalist populist party of [[Georgios Karatzaferis]] where he was a candidate in the [[2004 Greek legislative election|2004 Greek parliamentary elections]], taking 5,700 votes. But he failed to be elected, because LAOS received only 2.90% of votes. In the regional elections of 2006, he was a candidate as Governor of [[Pella Prefecture]] where he came third with 7.11% and 2 seats. In the [[2007 Greek legislative election|parliamentary elections of 2007]] and [[2009 Greek legislative election|2009]], he was elected in the B prefecture of Thessaloniki.

From 2016 onwards he is president of the political party [[Greek Solution]] "{{lang-el|Ελληνική Λύση}}", which won 10 national parliamentary seats in the general elections of July 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newpost.gr/politiki/562781/thn-ellhnikh-lysh-tha-paroysiasei-o-belopoylos-sto-sef|title=Την "Ελληνική Λύση" θα παρουσιάσει ο Βελόπουλος στο ΣΕΦ|newspaper=Newpost.gr|access-date=2016-10-07}}</ref> In the [[2019 European Parliament election in Greece|2019 Εuropean elections]], his party gained one seat for the Εuropean parliament.

== Journalism ==
As a journalist he has worked in a number of radio and television stations, such as "TV Thessaloniki", "ΕΡΜΗΣ", "BEST", "TOP", "OPION", "TeleAsty", where he presented his two major shows "Η ΒΟΥΛΗ" and "ΕΛΛΗΝΟΡΑΜΑ", in which he promotes his books. Today he is presenter and owner of "Alert TV" channel.

== Work as an author ==
He is the author of ''Greece Bleeds'', which he claims deals with the corruption of Greek society, army, legal system and politics, and ''Alexander, the Greatest of the Greeks'', a detailed biography of [[Alexander the Great]] which includes arguments on the subject's Greek origins.

==Controversy==
In 2012 it was revealed that he had sent the amount of €400,000 abroad.<ref>[http://www.koutipandoras.gr/article/16429/o-kyriakos-velopoylos-fygadeyse-sto-exoteriko-400000-eyro Ο Κυριάκος Βελόπουλος «φυγάδευσε» στο εξωτερικό 400.000 ευρώ]</ref>

In 2014, Velopoulos began selling what he described as "authentic letters from [[Jesus Christ]]" through his telemarketing show. This elicited widespread criticism from the Greek academic community and mainstream media, which disputed the historicity of said artifacts and accused Velopoulos of misleading consumers. Velopoulos initially denied having engaged in the sale of the letters, later acknowledging the fact and stating that he would continue to sell them, claiming that his critics lacked the knowledge necessary to dispute the letter's authenticity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.gr/2019/05/28/politics/kommata/kyriakos-velopoulos-apo-tis-epistoles-tou-iisou-stin-eyrovouli/|title=Κυριάκος Βελόπουλος: Από τις επιστολές του Ιησού στην Ευρωβουλή|last=in.gr|date=2019-05-28|website=in.gr|language=el|accessdate=2019-05-28}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reader.gr/news/politiki/294437/velopoylos-tha-synehiso-na-poylao-aloifes-aythentika-ta-heirografa-toy-iisoy|title=Βελόπουλος: Θα συνεχίσω να πουλάω αλοιφές – Αυθεντικά τα χειρόγραφα του Ιησού (vid)|website=www.reader.gr|language=el|accessdate=2019-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.athensvoice.gr/politics/549098_velopoylos-tha-mas-polemisoyn-me-lyssa|title=Βελόπουλος: Θα μας πολεμήσουν με λύσσα|website=Athens Voice|language=el|accessdate=2019-05-28}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Greek Solution]]
*[[Georgios Karatzaferis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Velopoulos, Kyriakos}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Greek television personalities]]
[[Category:Greek MPs 2007–2009]]
[[Category:Popular Orthodox Rally politicians]]
[[Category:Greek MPs 2009–2012]]
[[Category:MEPs for Greece 2019–2024]]

Koffee

2019-05-13T09:00:48Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Koffee Performing .png (en). It was deleted on Commons by Túrelio (Copyright violation: www.youtube.com/watch?v=07pxDEsEECI (0:30)).

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Koffee
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
|birth_name = Mikayla Simpson
|birth_date= {{Birth date and age|2000|2|16}}
|background = solo_singer
|occupation = Singer, rapper, DJ
|origin = [[Spanish Town]], Jamaica
| years_active = 2017–present
| genre = {{hlist|[[Reggae]]|[[dancehall]]}}
| label =[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| website = {{url|www.originalkoffee.com}}
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Protoje]]|[[Chronixx]]|[[Cocoa Tea]]}}
}}

'''Mikayla Simpson''' (born 16 February 2000), more popularly known as '''Koffee,''' is a Jamaican Reggae artist, rapper/DJ, and guitarist from [[Spanish Town]], [[Jamaica]]. She has released seven singles, and is a 19-year-old graduate of Ardenne High School, leading the pack with her refreshing spin on the genre.

==Biography==
Raised in the Eltham View neighborhood by her mother, an occasional actor, Seventh-day Adventist, and a Ministry of Health employee. Koffee's first musical inspirations stemmed from her mothers religious background.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/04/meet-koffee-jamaicas-teenage-reggae-sensation/586138/|title=The Teenage Girl Leading Jamaica’s New Reggae Scene|last=Giorgis|first=Hannah|date=2019-04-02|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref> She sang in her church choir, taught herself guitar at age 12 on an instrument borrowed from a friend, and began writing lyrics inspired by listening to reggae singer [[Protoje]].

In 2016, she won her school talent show without realizing that the informal show at which she performed in her school cafeteria had been an audition. She went on to learn music theory and vocal technique in her high school choir<ref name="tmrwmagazine">{{cite web | url = https://tmrwmagazine.com/features/music/our-class-of-2019-koffee | title = Our Class of 2019: Koffee | publisher = TMRW Magazine | last = Davies | first = Nicola | date = 14 December 2018 | accessdate = 22 January 2019 }}</ref>. A defining moment for Koffee occurred her final year of high school, when she performed at her school's talent show with other gifted artists in front of about 1,000 people. She indicated that the show gave her her first bit of confidence to perform and deliver music live.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/04/meet-koffee-jamaicas-teenage-reggae-sensation/586138/|title=The Teenage Girl Leading Jamaica’s New Reggae Scene|last=Giorgis|first=Hannah|date=2019-04-02|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref>

"Koffee" is a nickname friends gave her when she ordered hot coffee instead of soda on a hot day.

Koffee gained popularity after uploading a video to Instagram of her singing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/04/meet-koffee-jamaicas-teenage-reggae-sensation/586138/|title=The Teenage Girl Leading Jamaica’s New Reggae Scene|last=Giorgis|first=Hannah|date=2019-04-02|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> In 2017 she released her first single, "Legend", with just her voice and acoustic guitar. A tribute to Jamaican sprinter [[Usain Bolt]],<ref name="tmrwmagazine"/> the song became a viral [[Instagram]] hit, once the athlete reposted it on his own instagram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/04/meet-koffee-jamaicas-teenage-reggae-sensation/586138/|title=The Teenage Girl Leading Jamaica’s New Reggae Scene|last=Giorgis|first=Hannah|date=2019-04-02|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref> Awareness of the violence and social problems she witnessed growing up has influenced her lyrics, and besides [[Protoje]] and [[Chronixx]] she has cited [[Super Cat]] and [[Giggs (rapper)|Giggs]] among her musical inspirations. <ref>{{cite interview |subject=Koffee |subject2=Iba Mahr |subject3=Busy Signal |subject4=Stacey McKenzie |interviewer=Winford Williams |title=Koffee, Iba Mahr, Busy Signal, Stacey McKenzie - Onstage February 2 2019 (FULL SHOW) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3ADl3kl1ac |publisher=Caribbean Entertainment Productions |quote=I would say that to a small extent, in the sense that I didn't- I wasn't able to study his music or grow up on it, but I knew a few Super Cat songs and when I think about my flow and my delivery, I can relate it to him if nobody else. |at=35 minutes in |date=2019-02-02 |work=OnStage TV |access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reggaeville.com/artist-details/koffee/about/ |title=Biography: Koffee |author= |website=Reggaeville.com |access-date=2019-02-08 |quote=But while reggae is on the agenda at the moment, Koffee intends to take in the many artists who have influenced her over the years, from Protoje and Super Cat to St Louis rapper Smino and UK Rap star Giggs. }}</ref>

Koffee was introduced by [[Cocoa Tea]] at the [[Rebel Salute]], a reggae festival, and has also performed with her musical inspirations Protoje and Chronixx.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/04/meet-koffee-jamaicas-teenage-reggae-sensation/586138/|title=The Teenage Girl Leading Jamaica’s New Reggae Scene|last=Giorgis|first=Hannah|date=2019-04-02|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref>

"Burning", her take on Upsetta Records' Ouji Riddim (which had been made popular by Jamaican artists [[Busy Signal]] and [[Luciano (DJ)|Luciano]]), followed. "Burning" grew out of her desire to inspire herself to push forward despite disappointment at not getting into post-secondary Sixth Form after she graduated from Ardenne High School. In June it spent three weeks at number one on The Foundation Radio Network's Top 30 Reggae Chart covering [[New York City]] and [[South Florida]]<ref name="jamaicaobserver">{{cite web | url = http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/koffee-signs-to-columbia_147862 | title = Koffee signs to Columbia | publisher = The Jamaica Observer | last = Jackson | first = Kevin | date = 25 October 2018 | accessdate = 22 January 2019 }}</ref>.

In 2018, Jamaican reggae/dancehall singer, songwriter, and DJ [[Cocoa Tea]] brought her on stage at the 2018 [[Rebel Salute]] and [[Rototom Sunsplash]] in Jamaica and Spain respectively. Protoje asked her to perform with him. Chronixx invited her to join him a [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] broadcast from [[Tuff Gong Studios]], and she went on to tour with him in the [[UK]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/koffee-makes-major-debut-with-infectious-toast-single-new-song.1981107.html | title = Koffee Makes Major Debut With Infectious "Toast" Single | publisher = Hot New Hip Hop | last = P. | first = Milca | date = 17 October 2018 | accessdate = 22 January 2019 }}</ref> at venues such as [[Bush Hall]] and at [[Alexandra Palace]]. Koffee and Chronixx appeared on [[BBC Music Introducing]]...LIVE on November 10.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

Her December 2018 single "Raggamuffin" called out [[gun violence]] and governmental neglect of the youth<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/koffee-spits-fire-on-raggamuffin-new-song.1981435.html | title = Koffee Spits Fire On "Raggamuffin" | publisher = Hot New Hip Hop | author = Zaynab | date = 15 December 2018 | accessdate = 22 January 2019 }}</ref>. BBC Radio 1Xtra named Koffee one of its "Hot for 2019" artists<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/1yQbnYkSJKQqD91nyk9Vf1v/1xtra-hot-for-2019-meet-the-artists-ready-to-take-2019-by-storm | title = 1Xtra Hot For 2019 – Meet the artists ready to take 2019 by storm | publisher = BBC | last = Faulkner | first = Dean | accessdate = 22 January 2019 }}</ref>. Her next single, "Toast", was produced by [[Walshy Fire]] of [[Major Lazer]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/wMtwnsHYWy5plMPWsws0xk/koffee | title = Koffee | publisher = BBC | last = Horner | first = Al | date = 10 January 2019 | accessdate = 22 January 2019 }}</ref>. Both Chronixx and Protoje appear in the video.<ref name="tmrwmagazine"/> In 2019, [[Tory Lanez]] made a remix to “Toast” as a part of his International Fargo project which can be found on SoundCloud.

In 2018, she also signed with [[Columbia Records]] UK,<ref name="jamaicaobserver"/> and ''Rapture.'' Her debut EP on the label, was released on March 14,<ref>https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/features/8501354/koffee-interview-rapture-ep-reggae></ref> <ref>{{cite web | url = https://hypelifemagazine.com/celebritynews/koffee-rapture-stream-download/ | title = Koffee Releases Debut EP "Rapture" | publisher = Hype Life Magazine | last = Meikle | first = David | date = 23 March 2019 | accessdate = 24 March 2019 }}</ref> 2019 <ref>{{cite web | url = http://jamaica-star.com/article/20190114/koffee-launch-ep-wednesday | title = Koffee to launch EP on Wednesday | publisher = The Jamaica Star | last = Renshaw | first = David | date = 14 January 2019 | accessdate = 22 January 2019 }}</ref>. Her "Throne" video, which takes viewers on a tour through her home town of Spanish Town, Jamaica, debuted on ''[[The Fader]]'' on 22 January 2019<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thefader.com/2019/01/22/koffee-throne-video-premiere | title = Koffee can't be stopped in her "Throne" video | publisher = The Fader | last = Renshaw | first = David | date = 22 January 2019 | accessdate = 22 January 2019 }}</ref>.

==Discography==
===Eps===
* ''Rapture'' (2019)

===Singles===
*"Legend" (2017)
*"Burning" (2017)
*"Raggamuffin" (2018)
*"Toast" (2018)
*"Blazin'" (2019)
*"Throne" (2019)
*"Rapture" (2019)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Jamaican singers]]
[[Category:Jamaican rappers]]

Leader of the Opposition (Fidschi)

2019-03-19T21:09:16Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Blank.png (en). It was deleted on Commons by Taivo (Broken redirect (G2)).

{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox Political post
|post = Leader of the Opposition
|body = the Republic of Fiji
|insignia = Coat of arms of Fiji.svg
|insigniasize = 125px
|insigniacaption = Coat of arms of the Republic of Fiji
|image = Sitiveni Rabuka May 2017.jpg
|imagesize = 165px
|incumbent = [[Sitiveni Rabuka]]
|incumbentsince = 26 November 2018
|termlength = While leader of the largest opposition political party not in government
|appointer =
|residence =
|seat =
|formation = 10 October 1970
|inaugural = [[Sidiq Koya]]
}}
{{Politics of Fiji}}

The post of '''Leader of the Opposition''' is a political office common in countries that are part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. It did not originate in [[Fiji]] but has a long tradition; in British constitutional theory, the Leader of the Opposition must pose a formal alternative to the government, ready to form a government himself should the [[Prime Minister of Fiji|Prime Minister]] lose the confidence of the [[Parliament of Fiji|Parliament]].

==Description of the office==
The Leader of the Opposition is chosen by a vote of all members of Parliament who declare that they do not support the government. But before the adoption of the [[2013 Constitution of Fiji|2013 Constitution]], the Leader of the Opposition was formally appointed by the [[President of Fiji|President]]. The appointment was not at the president's personal discretion, however, as he was required by the [[1997 Constitution of Fiji|Constitution]] to appoint the person most acceptable to the majority of the Opposition (defined as members of the House of Representatives who belong to political parties not represented in the [[Cabinet of Fiji|Cabinet]]). In theory, that meant the parliamentary leader of the largest Opposition [[List of political parties in Fiji|party]]. In practice, the person most eligible could decline the office, as was the case between 2001 and 2004, when [[Mahendra Chaudhry]], whose [[Fiji Labour Party|Labour Party]] held 28 of the 30 Opposition seats in the House of Representatives, adamantly refused to accept the position of Leader of the Opposition, insisting that he and his party wanted representation in the Cabinet instead. Until he reversed his position late in 2004 (following the collapse of negotiations with Prime Minister [[Laisenia Qarase|Qarase]]), this forced the President to appoint [[Mick Beddoes]], the sole parliamentary representative of the [[United Peoples Party (Fiji)|United General Party]], as Leader of the Opposition.

Under the [[1997 Constitution of Fiji|1997 Constitution]], the Leader of the Opposition chose 8 of the 32 members of the [[Senate of Fiji|Senate]], Fiji's upper house of [[Parliament of Fiji|Parliament]], and had the right to be consulted about the appointment of the [[Chief Justice of Fiji|Chief Justice]].

==List of Leaders of the Opposition in Fiji (1970–present)==
{{Officeholder table start
| showorder = y
| showimage = y
| officeholder_title = Leader
| showtermlenght = y
| showelection = y
| party_col = 1
| showaltofficeholder = y
| alt_officeholder_title = [[Prime Minister of Fiji|Prime Minister]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 1
| image =
| military_rank =
| officeholder = [[Sidiq Koya]]
| officeholder_sort = Koya, Sidiq
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1924
| died_year = 1993
| term_start = 1970
| term_end = 1977
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|1970|1977}} years
| alt_party = National Federation Party
| election = [[Fijian general election, 1972|1972]]
| election2 = [[Fijian general election, March 1977|1977 {{small|(Mar)}}]]
| alt_officeholder = [[Kamisese Mara]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 2
| image =
| military_rank =
| officeholder = [[Jai Ram Reddy]]
| officeholder_sort = Reddy, Jai Ram
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1937
| died_year =
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1984
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|1977|1984}} years
| alt_party = National Federation Party
| election = [[Fijian general election, September 1977|1977 {{small|(Sep)}}]]
| election2 = [[Fijian general election, 1982|1982]]
| alt_officeholder = [[Kamisese Mara]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = (1)
| image =
| military_rank =
| officeholder = [[Sidiq Koya]]
| officeholder_sort = Koya, Sidiq
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1924
| died_year = 1993
| term_start = 1984
| term_end = 1987
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|1984|1987}} years
| alt_party = National Federation Party
| election = —
| alt_officeholder = [[Kamisese Mara]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 3
| image =
| military_rank =
| officeholder = [[Harish Sharma]]
| officeholder_sort = Sharma, Harish
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1932
| died_year =
| term_start = 1987
| term_end = 1987
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|1987|1987}} years
| alt_party = National Federation Party
| election = —
| alt_officeholder = [[Kamisese Mara]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 4
| image = Kamisese Mara.jpg
| military_rank = ''[[Ratu]]'' [[Sir]]
| officeholder = [[Kamisese Mara]]
| officeholder_sort = Mara, Kamisese
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1920
| died_year = 2004
| term_start = 1987
| term_end = 1987
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|1987|1987}} years
| alt_party = Alliance Party (Fiji)
| election = [[Fijian general election, 1987|1987]]
| alt_officeholder = [[Timoci Bavadra]]
}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=9| ''Vacant (1987 – 1992)''
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = (2)
| image =
| military_rank =
| officeholder = [[Jai Ram Reddy]]
| officeholder_sort = Reddy, Jai Ram
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1937
| died_year =
| term_start = 1992
| term_end = 1999
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|1992|1999}} years
| alt_party = National Federation Party
| election = [[Fijian general election, 1992|1992]]
| election2 = [[Fijian general election, 1994|1994]]
| alt_officeholder = [[Sitiveni Rabuka]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 5
| image = Inoke Kubuabola 2012.jpg
| military_rank = ''Ratu''
| officeholder = [[Inoke Kubuabola]]
| officeholder_sort = Kubuabola, Inoke
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1948
| died_year =
| term_start = 1999
| term_end = 2000
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|1999|2000}} years
| alt_party = Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei
| election = [[Fijian general election, 1999|1999]]
| alt_officeholder = [[Mahendra Chaudhry]]
| alt_officeholder2 = [[Tevita Momoedonu]]
}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=9| ''Vacant (2000 – 2001)''
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 6
| image =
| military_rank =
| officeholder = [[Prem Singh]]
| officeholder_sort = Singh, Prem
| officeholder_note =
| born_year =
| died_year =
| term_start = 2001
| term_end = 2002
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|2001|2002}} years
| alt_party = National Federation Party
| election = [[Fijian general election, 2001|2001]]
| alt_officeholder = [[Laisenia Qarase]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 7
| image = Mick Beddoes 2015.jpg
| military_rank =
| officeholder = [[Mick Beddoes]]
| officeholder_sort = Beddoes, Mick
| officeholder_note =
| born_year =
| died_year =
| term_start = 2002
| term_end = 2004
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|2002|2004}} years
| alt_party = United Peoples Party (Fiji)
| election = —
| alt_officeholder = [[Laisenia Qarase]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 8
| image = Mahendra Chaudhry 2015.jpg
| military_rank =
| officeholder = [[Mahendra Chaudhry]]
| officeholder_sort = Chaudhry, Mahendra
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1942
| died_year =
| term_start = 2004
| term_end = 2006
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|2004|2006}} years
| alt_party = Fiji Labour Party
| election = —
| alt_officeholder = [[Laisenia Qarase]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = (7)
| image = Mick Beddoes 2015.jpg
| military_rank =
| officeholder = [[Mick Beddoes]]
| officeholder_sort = Beddoes, Mick
| officeholder_note =
| born_year =
| died_year =
| term_start = 3 June 2006
| term_end = 5 December 2006
| timeinoffice = {{age in years and days|2006|06|03|2006|12|05}}
| alt_party = United Peoples Party (Fiji)
| election = [[Fijian general election, 2006|2006]]
| alt_officeholder = [[Laisenia Qarase]]
}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=9| ''Vacant (5 December 2006 – 6 October 2014)''
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 8
| image = Teimumu Kepa.jpg
| military_rank = ''[[Ro (title)|Ro]]''
| officeholder = [[Teimumu Kepa]]
| officeholder_sort = Kepa, Teimumu
| officeholder_note = <ref>http://www.parliament.gov.fj/Members/Members-Of-Parliament</ref><ref>http://fijivillage.com/news/Sitiveni-Rabuka-elected-as-SODELPA-Party-Leader--k2rs59/</ref>
| born_year = 1945
| died_year =
| term_start = 6 October 2014
| term_end = 20 November 2018
| timeinoffice = {{age in years and days|2014|10|06|2018|11|20}}
| alt_party = Social Democratic Liberal Party
| election = [[Fijian general election, 2014|2014]]
| alt_officeholder = [[Frank Bainimarama]]
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order2 = 9
| image = Sitiveni Rabuka May 2017.jpg
| military_rank = [[Major general]] (Rtd)
| officeholder = [[Sitiveni Rabuka]]
| officeholder_sort = Rabuka, Sitiveni
| officeholder_note = <ref>https://www.fijitimes.com/i-am-ready-say-rabuka/</ref>
| born_year = 1948
| died_year =
| term_start = 26 November 2018
| timeinoffice = {{age in years and days|2018|11|26}}
| alt_party = Social Democratic Liberal Party
| election = [[Fijian general election, 2018|2018]]
| alt_officeholder = [[Frank Bainimarama]]
}}
{{Officeholder table end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
*[[List of political parties in Fiji]]
*[[House of Representatives of Fiji]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of office-holders by country|Fiji, Leader of the Opposition]]
[[Category:Politics of Fiji]]
[[Category:Opposition leaders|Fiji]]
[[Category:Fiji politics-related lists|Leader of the Opposition]]

YouTube Music

2019-03-03T18:07:31Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:YT Music countries.png (en). It was deleted on Commons by Jcb (Copyright violation; see Commons:Licensing).

{{Infobox software
| name = YouTube Music
| logo = Youtube Music logo.svg
| logo caption = 
| logo size = 100px
| screenshot = YTmusic web.jpg
| screenshot alt =
| caption = Screenshot of YouTube Music on the [[web app|web]]
| collapsible =
| author =
| developer = [[YouTube]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2015|11|12|df=no}}
| discontinued = 
| ver layout = 
| latest release version =
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| repo = 
| programming language =
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]]
| platform =
| size =
| language =
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = [[Music streaming]]
| license =
| alexa =
| website = {{URL|https://music.youtube.com}}
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}
'''YouTube Music''' is a [[Comparison of on-demand streaming music services|music streaming service]] developed by [[YouTube]]; it provides a tailored interface for the service oriented towards [[Streaming media|music streaming]], allowing users to browse through music videos on YouTube based on genres, playlists, and recommendations. The service also offers a premium tier, which enables ad-free playback, audio-only background playback, and downloading songs for offline playback. These subscription benefits are also offered to subscribers of [[Google Play Music]] and [[YouTube Premium]].

The app is available in 29 countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Perú, Portugal, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=System requirements & availability |url=https://support.google.com/youtubemusic/answer/6313540?co=GENIE.Platform%3DAndroid&hl=en |website=Google Support |publisher=Google |accessdate=17 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Ivan |title=YouTube Premium and Music Premium expand to seven new countries |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/youtube_premium_and_music_premium_expand_to_seven_new_countries-news-34221.php |work=GSMArena |accessdate=17 November 2018}}</ref>

==History==
The YouTube Music app was unveiled in October 2015 and released the following month; its release came alongside the unveiling of [[YouTube Red]], a larger subscription service that covers the entirety of the YouTube platform, including the Music app. Although redundant to [[Google]]'s existing [[Google Play Music]] All Access subscription service, the app is designed for users who primarily consume music through YouTube.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9566973/youtube-red-ad-free-offline-paid-subscription-service|title=Exclusive: An inside look at the new ad-free YouTube Red|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="engadget-ytmusic"/>

On May 17, 2018, YouTube announced a new version of the YouTube Music service, including a web-based desktop player and redesigned mobile app, more dynamic recommendations based on various factors, and use of Google artificial intelligence technology to search songs based on lyrics and descriptions. In addition, YouTube Music became a separate subscription service (positioned as a more direct competitor to [[Apple Music]] and [[Spotify]]), offering ad-free and background/audio-only streaming, and downloading for offline playback, for music content on YouTube. The service's benefits will continue to be available as part of the existing [[YouTube Premium]] (formerly YouTube Red) service, and to Google Play Music All Access subscribers. The YouTube Music subscription is priced in line with its competitors at US$9.99 per-month; the price of YouTube Premium was concurrently increased to $11.99 for new subscribers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/05/youtubes-revamped-music-subscription-service-launches-on-may-22/|title=New YouTube Music Premium costs $9.99 monthly, add $2 to get all Red perks|work=Ars Technica|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/17/17364056/youtube-music-premium-google-launch|title=Google announces YouTube Music and YouTube Premium|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-05-17}}</ref>

In 2018, YouTube Music reached multiple sponsorship agreements with [[Dick Clark Productions]] to serve as a partner for its television specials ''[[Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve]]'' and the [[American Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/youtube-music-american-music-awards-amas-sponsorship-1202913542/|title=YouTube Music Signs American Music Awards Two-Year Title Sponsorship Deal|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=2018-08-22|work=Variety|access-date=2018-10-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/youtube-music-dick-clark-productions-extend-partnership-for-new-years-rockin-eve-with-ryan-seacrest-1202500921/|title=YouTube Music And Dick Clark Productions Extend Partnership For ‘New Year’s Rockin’ Eve With Ryan Seacrest’|last=Hayes|first=Dade|date=2018-11-13|work=Deadline|access-date=2018-11-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Features==
The app allows users to browse and stream all music-oriented videos on YouTube. The availability of music includes many of the releases from mainstream artists and extends to any video categorized as music on the YouTube service. Songs play via their [[music video]]s where applicable. YouTube Music Premium subscribers are able to switch to an audio-only mode that can play in the background while the application is not in use.<ref name="engadget-ytmusic">{{cite web | title = YouTube Music isn't perfect, but it's still heaven for music nerds | url = https://www.engadget.com/2015/11/12/youtube-music-app-hands-on/ | publisher = Engadget | accessdate = November 7, 2016}}</ref>

YouTube Music will initially operate in parallel with Google Play Music, but product manager Elias Roman stated that Google Play Music users will eventually be migrated to YouTube Music after it reaches feature parity (including the addition of features such as music purchases and a cloud-based library for user-provided music). YouTube Music product manager T. Jay Fowler stated that collections, playlists and preferences would be migrated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/23/17386752/youtube-music-uploads-feature-google-play-music|title=YouTube Music will eventually get Google Play Music’s best features, including user uploads|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://music.youtube.com}}

{{YouTube navbox}}
{{Music digital distribution platforms}}

[[Category:Streaming music services]]
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The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986

2019-02-22T19:39:35Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Watts.png (en). It was deleted on Commons by Pi.1415926535 (Copyright violation; see Commons:Commons:Licensing (F1)).

'''Proposition 65''' (formally titled '''The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986''') is a [[California]] law passed by direct voter initiative in 1986 by a 63%–37% vote. Its goals are to protect drinking water sources from toxic substances that may cause [[cancer]] and [[birth defect]]s and to reduce or eliminate exposures to those chemicals generally, for example in consumer products, by requiring warnings in advance of those exposures.

==Introduction==

Proposition 65 is administered by Cal/EPA's [[California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment]] (OEHHA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65.html |title=California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment |publisher=Oehha.ca.gov |date= |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref> Proposition 65 regulates substances officially listed by California as having a 1 in 100,000 chance of causing cancer over a 70-year period or birth defects or other reproductive harm in two ways. The first statutory requirement of Proposition 65 prohibits businesses from knowingly discharging listed substances into drinking water sources, or onto land where the substances can pass into drinking water sources. The second prohibits businesses from knowingly exposing individuals to listed substances without providing a clear and reasonable warning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/general-info/proposition-65-plain-language |title=Proposition 65 in Plain Language |date=February 1, 2013 |website=[[California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment]]}}</ref>

An official list of substances covered by Proposition 65 is maintained and made publicly available. Chemicals are added to or removed from the official list based on California's analysis of current scientific information. All substances listed show their known risk factors, a unique [[Chemical Abstracts Service|CAS]] [[CAS registry number|chemical classification number]], the date they were listed, and, if so, whether they have been delisted.<ref>OEHHA list of substances as of January, 2015 {{cite web|url=http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single012315.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-02-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216193447/http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single012315.pdf |archivedate=2015-02-16 |df= }}</ref>

[[File:Wod-o-Pics-3 0065 - Kodalux Processing Services NOV. 89 P - Bradley for Gov campaign whistle-stop - mobbed by Ag supporters against clean water prop that passed in 1986 (9504533288).jpg|thumb|1986 Protest against Proposition 65]]
Proposition 65 remains politically controversial even after more than 30 years, in large part because, in effect, it puts the burden of proof on business instead of government to make a key scientific determination about safety levels for specific cancer- and birth defect-causing chemicals that the businesses are knowingly exposing members of the public to.<ref>If a "no significant effect" level has been established for a cancer-causing chemical listed under Prop. 65, then no warning is required as long as the actual exposure is below that level. But it is up to the business causing the exposure to know what that level is, and to do the scientific analysis if government has not already done so.</ref> According to the [[California Environmental Protection Agency]], "Proposition 65 has... increased public awareness about the adverse effects of exposures to listed chemicals.... [and] provided an incentive for manufacturers to remove listed chemicals from their products.... Although Proposition 65 has benefited Californians, it has come at a cost for companies doing business in the state."<ref>[http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/background/p65plain.html Proposition 65 FAQ] ''[[California Environmental Protection Agency]]'' Accessed 25 October 2012</ref> The law has also been criticized for the proliferation of "bounty hunter" lawsuits. Attorneys have collected more than two-thirds of the money paid by businesses to settle Proposition 65 lawsuits since 2000.<ref>[http://www.ocregister.com/articles/businesses-681758-prop-state.html] ''[[Orange County Register]]'' Accessed 15 September 2015</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/businesses-681758-prop-state.html|title=Prop. 65 a burden on small businesses, bonanza for lawyers|author=|date=10 September 2015|website=ocregister.com|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref>

Proposition 65's effectiveness also remains controversial despite its documented accomplishments, with some pointing out the lack of any studies suggesting a decrease in cancer rates in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Caution: This Warning May Be Useless|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303848104579308393984123358|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref>

== Rationale and enumerated rights ==
{{ElectionsCA}}
In addition to amending the [[California Health and Safety Code]], Proposition 65 contained the following language in the 1986 ballot initiative:<ref>Prop. 65 [http://repository.uchastings.edu/ca_ballot_pamphlets/index.html ballot pamphlet full text] from [http://repository.uchastings.edu/ca_ballot_pamphlets/index.html Hastings' California Ballot Measures Databases]</ref>
<blockquote>
SECTION 1. The people of California find that hazardous chemicals pose a serious potential threat to their health and well-being, that state government agencies have failed to provide them with adequate protection, and that these failures have been serious enough to lead to investigations by federal agencies of the administration of California's toxic protection programs. The people therefore declare their rights:
 
(a) To protect themselves and the water they drink against chemicals that cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm.
 
(b) To be informed about exposures to chemicals that cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm.
 
(c) To secure strict enforcement of the laws controlling hazardous chemicals and deter actions that threaten public health and safety.
 
(d) To shift the cost of hazardous waste cleanups more onto offenders and less onto law-abiding citizens.
 
The people hereby enact the provisions of this initiative in furtherance of their rights.</blockquote>

The Legislature's 2003 amendments to Proposition 65 contained the statement that the changes "further the purposes of the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/03-04/bill/asm/ab_1751-1800/ab_1756_bill_20030811_chaptered.pdf |title=AB 1756 of 2003 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref>

== Enforcement ==
Enforcement is carried out through [[Lawsuit|civil lawsuits]] against Proposition 65 violators. These lawsuits may be brought by the [[California Attorney General]], any [[district attorney]], or certain [[city attorney]]s (those in cities with a population exceeding 750,000). Lawsuits may also be brought by private parties "acting in the public interest," but only after providing notice of the alleged violation to the Attorney General, the appropriate district attorney and city attorney, and the business accused of the violation.

A Proposition 65 Notice of Violation must provide adequate information to allow the recipient to assess the nature of the alleged violation. A notice must comply with the information and procedural requirements specified in regulations. A private party may not pursue an enforcement action directly under Proposition 65 if one of the government officials noted above initiates an action within sixty days of the notice. After 2003, private enforcers must also serve a certificate of merit (statement of expert consultation(s) supporting belief of reasonable and meritorious private action) as a means of preventing frivolous enforcement actions.

A business found to be in violation of Proposition 65 is subject to civil penalties of up to $2,500 per day for each violation. In addition, the business may be ordered by a court of law to stop committing the violation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proposition 65|url=http://www.calcleaners.com/govtprop65.html|publisher=California Cleaners Association|accessdate=10 January 2014}}</ref> Other penalties may apply, including unfair business practices violations as limited under [[California Proposition 64 (2004)]].

Businesses can become compliant by learning upfront whether or not their products contain chemicals that match the current Proposition 65 list of 910 chemicals. Users can do this by searching in a [[Microsoft Excel]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/010711linkedlist.xlsx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-02-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119004706/http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/010711linkedlist.xlsx |archivedate=2011-01-19 |df= }}</ref> chemical list or a website offering the search by chemical name or [[CAS Number]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caslab.com/Proposition-65-List/ |title=PROPOSITION 65 LIST |publisher=Caslab.com |date= |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref> Product manufacturers may also learn if a chemical in their products has been removed from the Proposition 65 list, such as [[saccharin]], removed December 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caslab.com/News/saccharin-removed.html |title=Saccharin Removed from EPA’s Hazardous Substance List |publisher=Caslab.com |date=2010-12-15 |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref> Alternatively, they can post generic Prop 65 warnings just in case their products contain any listed chemicals.

==Accomplishments==
Proposition 65 has caused large numbers of consumer products to be reformulated to remove toxic ingredients, as documented in settlements of enforcement actions.<ref>Rechtschaffen, "How to Reduce Lead Exposures with One Simple Statute: the Experience of Proposition 65," 29 ''Environmental Law Reporter'' 10581 (October 1999); Rechtschaffen and Williams, The Continued Success of Proposition 65 in Reducin Toxic Exposures," 35 ''Environmental Law Reporter'' 10850 (December 2005).</ref> The law's author has noted that many more product reformulations have taken place "invisibly," because of Proposition 65's incentive to reduce toxic exposures in advance of enforcement, and that product reformulations have benefitted consumers nationwide, not just in California.<ref>Roe, "Little Labs Lost: An Invisible Success Story," 15 ''Green Bag 2nd'' 275 (Spring 2012).</ref>

In the law's first 10 years of operation, emissions of its listed chemicals into the air were reduced much more in California (~85%) than in the rest of the U.S.(~50%), as tracked by the U.S. Toxics Release Inventory.<ref>Roe, ''id.'',"Real-World Effects," at 281-282.</ref> California's air emissions during the same period of other toxic chemicals, also tracked by TRI but not on the Proposition 65 list, declined by only the national average,<ref>Id.</ref> strongly indicating that Proposition 65 was the cause of the difference.

Proposition 65 has also caused government and industry to cooperate on scientific issues of chemical risk, resulting in risk-based standards for 282 toxic chemicals in the law's first few years of operation, an accomplishment described by a Governor's Task Force as "100 years of progress [by federal standards] in the areas of hazard identification, risk assessment, and exposure assessment." <ref>California Environmental Protection Agency, Proposition 65 Five-Year Review Panel, "Accomplishments" [p. 1] [unpublished]</ref>The existence of clear numerical standards has significantly assisted efforts to comply with the law, and to enforce it in situations of non-compliance.

Notably, nearly all of the reductions in toxic exposures caused by Proposition 65 have occurred in areas also subject to federal laws and regulations intended to control toxic chemicals, reductions which those federal controls had failed to achieve.<ref>See Roe, ''supra'', "Federal Contrast," at 283-285.</ref>

== Warning label ==
[[File:Lead or Cadmium - California Proposition 65 Warning.jpg|thumb|California Proposition 65 Warning]]
The following [[Precautionary statement|warning language]] is standard on products sold in California if they contain chemicals on the Proposition 65 list and the amount of exposure caused by the product is not within defined safety limits.

<blockquote>WARNING: This product contains chemicals known to the State of California to cause [[cancer]] and [[congenital disorder|birth defect]]s or other reproductive harm.</blockquote>

The wording can be changed as necessary, so long as it communicates that the chemical in question is known to the state to cause cancer, or birth defects or other reproductive harm. For exposures from other sources, such as car exhaust in a parking garage, a standard sign might read: "This area contains chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer, or birth defects or other reproductive harm".<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.compliancesigns.com/ChemBioCAPROP65.shtml
| title = CA Proposition 65 Signs
| author = ComplianceSigns.com
| accessdate = 2008-07-22
| publisher = InfoTag, Inc.}}</ref>

==Abuse==
[[File:Disneyland Prop 65 Warning crop.jpg|thumb|A vague Prop 65 warning sign at [[Disneyland Resort]].]]
Some businesses in the state post similar notices on their premises, even when they have not evaluated the actual level of risk from a listed chemical they know is present.<ref name="urlMade Simple">{{cite web
|url=http://prop65news.com/Home/Prop65MadeSimple.aspx
|title=Prop 65 Made Simple
|year=2005
|publisher=Prop 65 News
|quote=When a warning is given by a business, it means one of two things: (1) the business has evaluated the exposure and has concluded that it exceeds the no significant risk level; or (2) the business has chosen to provide a warning simply based on its knowledge about the presence of a listed chemical, without attempting to evaluate the exposure. In these cases, exposure could be below the Proposition 65 level of concern, or could even be zero.
|accessdate=2008-07-22
}}</ref> Warning signs are often posted at gas stations,<ref name=House/> hardware suppliers,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.watts.com/prop65.asp
| title = California Proposition 65
| author = Watts Water Technologies, Inc.
}}</ref> grocery stores, drug stores, medical facilities, and many other businesses.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.kaweahdelta.org/guide/edevices.asp
|title=Electronic Devices
|author=Kaweah Delta Health Care District
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029192419/http://www.kaweahdelta.org/guide/edevices.asp
|archivedate=2007-10-29
|df=
}}</ref><ref name=CHLA>{{cite press release
|title=California Hotel & Lodging Association Helps Lodging Guests Understand Proposition 65; Court Approval Obtained for Comprehensive Compliance Procedure
|publisher=California Hotel & Lodging Association
|date=2004-07-07
|url=http://timesharebeat.com/2004/july/0707-04t.htm
|accessdate=2008-07-22
|quote="Unfortunately, the 'safe harbor' warning-sign language specified under Proposition 65 is designed to be so all-encompassing that it is vague and typically doesn't provide much useful information," said Jim Abrams, president and CEO of CH&LA. "People see Prop. 65 warning signs nearly every place they go -- grocery and hardware stores, restaurants, commercial buildings, car show rooms, hotels and inns, pretty much everywhere...
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824073814/http://www.timesharebeat.com/2004/july/0707-04t.htm
|archivedate=2005-08-24
|df=
}}</ref> Government agencies,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/background/P65Facts.html
|title=Comparison of the Warning Requirement and the Government Employee Disclosure Requirement
|author=Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
|publisher=California Environmental Protection Agency
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020165954/http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/background/P65Facts.html
|archivedate=2007-10-20
|df=
}}</ref> parking garages, hotels,<ref name=CHLA/> apartment complexes,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/background/P65ten.html
| title = Proposition 65 Fact Sheet for Tenants
| author = Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
| publisher = California Environmental Protection Agency
}}</ref> retail stores,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.target.com/California-Proposition-65/b?ie=UTF8&node=1041180
| title = California Proposition 65
| author = Target.com
}}</ref> banks, and restaurants<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/05/25/MNGD2CU9RA1.DTL&type=printable
| title = Cancer label for foods is considered
| first = Greg | last = Lucas
| date = 2005-05-25
| publisher = San Francisco Chronicle
}}</ref> also post warning signs because of the possibility of hazardous chemicals being present in everyday items or the nearby environment. Some large businesses, such as utility companies, mail a Prop 65 notice to all customers each year to warn them of dangerous substances like natural gas<ref name="urlPacific Gas and Electric Company">{{cite web
|url=http://www.pge.com/customer_service/bill_inserts/#proposition--publicwarning
|title=July 2008 bill inserts
|publisher=Pacific Gas and Electric Company
|quote= Pacific Gas and Electric Company uses chemicals in its operations that are "known to the State of California" to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm. For example, Pacific Gas and Electric Company uses natural gas and petroleum products in its operations. Pacific Gas and Electric Company also delivers natural gas to its customers. Petroleum products, natural gas, and their combustion by-products contain chemicals "known to the State of California" to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm.
|accessdate=2008-07-22
}}</ref> or the sand used in sandblasting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proposition 65 – Public Warning|url=http://www.pge.com/docs/pdfs/customer_service/bill_inserts/2004/200404_bus.pdf|publisher=Pacific Gas and Electric Company|accessdate=10 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316220114/http://www.pge.com/docs/pdfs/customer_service/bill_inserts/2004/200404_bus.pdf|archivedate=16 March 2007|page=4|format=pdf|date=April 2004}}</ref>

There is no penalty for posting an unnecessary warning sign.<ref name="Proposition 65 Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986">{{cite web
|url=http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/law/P65law72003.html
|title=Proposition 65 Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986
|year=1986
|publisher=[[State of California]]
|accessdate=2008-07-22
}}</ref> Because of the overuse of the vague warning, the ubiquitous signs ultimately communicate very little information to the end user.<ref name=House/><ref name=Sills2>{{cite court
|litigants = Consumer Defense Group v. Rental Housing Industry Members
|vol = 40
|reporter = Cal Rptr 3d
|opinion = 832
|court = Cal. Ct. App. 4th Dist. Div. 3
|date = 2006-03-24
|quote=Given the ease with which it was brought, and the absolute lack of any real public benefit from telling people that things like dried paint may be slowly emitting lead molecules or that parking lots are places where there might be auto exhaust, instead of $540,000, this legal work merited an award closer to a dollar ninety-eight.
|url=http://ag.ca.gov/prop65/pdfs/G035101.pdf }}</ref> This problem has been recognized by California courts,<ref name=Sills>{{cite court
|litigants = Consumer Defense Group v. Rental Housing Industry Members
|vol = 40
|reporter = Cal Rptr 3d
|opinion = 832
|court = Cal. Ct. App. 4th Dist. Div. 3
|date = 2006-03-24
|quote=As the Attorney General pointed out in oral argument, it does not serve the public interest to have the almost the entirety of
the state of California "swamped in a sea [of] generic warning signs."
|url=http://ag.ca.gov/prop65/pdfs/G035101.pdf }}</ref><ref name="urlLaw.com - Calif. Judge Blasts Firm in Toxic-Warnings Case">{{cite web
|url=http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1144672792347
|title=Calif. Judge Blasts Firm in Toxic-Warnings Case
|author=Pamela A. MacLean
|date=2006-04-13
|publisher=The National Law Journal
|quote=
|accessdate=2008-07-22
}}</ref> advocates,<ref name=House>Written Testimony of Jeffrey B. Margulies. ''Proposition 65’s Effect on Small Businesses.'' In the United States House of Representatives, Committee on Small Business. October 28, 1999. "''Implications for consumers.'' While the intent of Prop 65 was to "inform" consumers, the impact of warnings under the Act has been a proliferation of meaningless warnings. Virtually every business has some sort of Prop 65 warning sign posted, and innumerable products are labeled with the warning. From gas stations to hotels, from grocery stores to hardware stores, consumers are deluged with warnings that they are being exposed to unnamed carcinogens and reproductive toxins. They are not told either the degree of exposure or the likelihood that they may actually be impacted by it. Moreover, because the risks to business of not providing a warning, many provide a warning even though they don’t actually know whether an exposure is occurring, or even if the exposure is trivial, further diluting the meaning of warnings to consumers.</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ehib.org/emf/pdf/AppendixD-EJ.PDF
|title=Equity and Environmental Justice Considerations in Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Policy
|author=Indira Nair and Detlof von Winterfeldt
|date=
|quote=This is to be contrasted with Prop. 65 warning experience where the public received meaningless warnings filled with disclaimers, information that trivializes risk, and fails to put it into context.
|accessdate=2008-07-22
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726020259/http://www.ehib.org/emf/pdf/AppendixD-EJ.PDF
|archivedate=2011-07-26
|df=
}}</ref> and businesses.<ref name=CHLA/>

Political controversy over the law, including industry attempts to have it [[Federal preemption|preempted by federal law]], have died down, although preemption bills continue to be introduced in the U.S. Congress, most recently H.R. 6022 <ref>[https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/6022/text?r=4]</ref> (introduced June 6, 2018). However, enforcement actions remain controversial. Most of the Proposition 65 complaints are filed on behalf of [[straw man (law)|straw man]] plaintiffs by private attorneys, some of whose businesses are built entirely on filing Proposition 65 lawsuits.<ref name=Sills/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/282270/Defending-the-Proposition-65-Bounty-Hunter-Case |title=Defending the Proposition 65 Bounty Hunter Case |publisher=Docstoc.com |date=2007-12-29 |accessdate=2014-01-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106095718/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/282270/Defending-the-Proposition-65-Bounty-Hunter-Case |archivedate=2014-01-06 |df= }}</ref><ref name="urlToxic Avengers - Forbes.com">{{cite web
|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2001/1015/080.html
|title=Toxic Avengers - Forbes.com
|author=Dorothy Pomerantz
|date=2001-10-15
|publisher=Forbes
|accessdate=2008-07-22
}}</ref>

Proposition 65 has also been criticized because the majority of settlement money collected from businesses has been used to pay plaintiffs' attorney fees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wlf.org/upload/07-27-07halko.pdf |title=CALIFORNIA’S ATTORNEY GENERAL ACKNOWLEDGES PROP 65 ABUSE |date=2007-07-27 |accessdate=2015-05-13}}</ref> Businesses paid over $14.58 million in attorney fees and costs in 2012, 71% of all settlement money paid.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oag.ca.gov/prop65|title=Proposition 65 Enforcement Reporting|author=|date=12 January 2012|website=ca.gov|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref>

Labeling requirements conceded the reality that listing and classifying substances did not help the consumer if the contents of a purchase were unknown. At the same time, there were no other labeling requirements to support the proposition. Industry critics and corporate defense lawyers charge that Proposition 65 is "a clever and irritating mechanism used by litigious [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]s and others to publicly spank politically incorrect opponents ranging from the American gun industry to seafood retailers, etc."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fisheries.ifcnr.com/article.cfm?NewsID=495 |title=NGO Strategies for 2004 and Beyond |publisher=Fisheries.ifcnr.com |date= |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref>

In addition, because the law allows private citizens to sue and collect damages from any business violating the law, there have been cases of lawyers and law firms using Proposition 65 to force monetary settlements out of California businesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ag.ca.gov/newsalerts/release.php?id=1207 |title=Cal. Attorney General news alert, paragraph 10 |publisher=Ag.ca.gov |date=2005-08-26 |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref> The Attorney General's office has cited several instances of settlements where plaintiff attorneys received significant awards without providing for environmental benefit to the people of California, resulting in the requirement of the Attorney General's approval of pre-trial Proposition 65 settlements.<ref>Chapter 3 - Settlement Guidelines, Cal. Attorney General's Proposition 65 regulations</ref> The Attorney General also objected to efforts in [[Settlement (litigation)|settlements]] between private parties to pre-empt the Attorney General's right and duty to protect the [[public interest]] against future violations.<ref name=Sills />

== Recent reform efforts ==
In the [[California State Legislature, 2013–14 session|2013-14 session]] of the [[California State Assembly]], a consensus bill, AB 227, introduced by Assemblyman [[Mike Gatto]] (D-Los Angeles), effectively offered to protect certain small companies in specified circumstances from the threat of citizen enforcement lawsuits, by providing them with a streamlined compliance procedure. The bill was passed unanimously and was enacted on October 10, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB227 |title=Bill Text - AB-227 Proposition 65: enforcement |publisher=Leginfo.legislature.ca.gov |date=2002-01-01 |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref>

Following the success of AB 227, Gov. [[Jerry Brown]] announced on May 7, 2013 that his office plans to introduce a proposal to reform Proposition 65.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prop65news.com/StoryDetails/tabid/101/ArticleID/7482/Gov-Brown-Announces-Proposition-65-Reform-Proposal.aspx |title=Gov. Brown Announces Proposition 65 Reform Proposal |publisher=Prop65news.com |date= |accessdate=2014-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103024603/http://prop65news.com/StoryDetails/tabid/101/ArticleID/7482/Gov-Brown-Announces-Proposition-65-Reform-Proposal.aspx# |archive-date=2013-11-03 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref> Since Brown's initial announcement, his office has held meetings with Proposition 65 stakeholders, but has been tight-lipped about what was accomplished by the meetings. According to [[California Environmental Protection Agency]] Secretary Matthew Rodriquez, the Governor's office plans to release a white paper after concluding its stakeholder meetings. The white paper may form the basis of a legislative proposal by the Governor.

Assembly Bill 1252, introduced by Assemblyman [[Brian Jones (politician)|Brian Jones]] (R-Santee) during the [[California State Legislature, 2015–16 session|2015-2016 legislative session]], proposed giving small businesses two weeks to fix violations before a lawsuit can be filed. The legislation died in committee.

== Reformulation of consumer goods ==

Over the years, Prop 65 has led to consent agreements for a variety of consumer products, such as bibs, bicycles, products containing brass, cookware, cosmetics, exercise mats, ceramic ware and glassware, clothing, fake leather upholstery, headphone cables, jewelry, lunchboxes, poker chips, luggage, and accessories.

In early 2011, a number of new Prop 65<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65.html|title=Proposition 65|first=OEHHA|last=Admin|date=26 November 2014|website=ca.gov|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref> consent agreements were reported, covering vinyl inflatable structures, vinyl lounge chairs, inspection lights with clamp handles, brass door handles, cadmium in jewelry and a revised judgment for fashion accessories.

In the latter part of 2011, further consent agreements were reported. These included reformulation of up to 1000 ppm [[Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate|DEHP]] for book covers and jackets. Further reformulations for lead content also concluded. For fashion jackets and belts with components that can be handled, touched or mouthed, two tests are necessary for compliance: less than 1.0 µg lead using method NIOSH 9100 and less than 100 ppm lead using EPA 3050B.

More recently, since December 2011 and during the first half of 2012, a further number of consent settlements for Prop 65 have been concluded, enforcing reformulation of a range of additional products by specifying the limits of heavy metals and organic chemicals.

=== Summary of settlements ===
In externally decorated glassware the cadmium and lead content are limited, with lower concentrations permitted for the lip or rim region. Lead content is also restricted in ceramic ware with exterior decorations, booster cables, and safety pins in varying concentrations. Various specific phthalates are also restricted in varying concentrations in notepads with vinyl coverings, purses, slippers, flip flops with rhinestones and similar plastic footwear, ear buds and headsets, and exercise/fitness mats. Restriction on [[volatile organic compound]]s (VOCs) is defined for smoothing solution products, and in this case a specific warning is mandatory in the material safety data sheets if the product releases detectable amounts of formaldehyde.

== List of chemicals ==
{{main|California Proposition 65 list of chemicals}}
Proposition 65 requires that the governor revise and republish at least once per year the list of chemicals known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list|title=California Proposition 65 list of chemicals|author=|date=|website=ca.gov|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[California ballot proposition]]
* [[Environmentalism]]
* [[Pollution]]
* [[Toxicity]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65.html Official Proposition 65 website]
*[http://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65/proposition-65-list Official Proposition 65 list of substances]
*[http://ag.ca.gov/prop65/regs.php California Attorney General - Proposition 65 regulations]
*[https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2001/1015/080.html Forbes.com -Toxic Avengers, Morse Mehrban gets rich from Proposition 65]

{{HealthIssuesOfPlastics}}

[[Category:1986 in the environment]]
[[Category:1986 California ballot propositions|65]]
[[Category:Environment of California]]
[[Category:United States state environmental legislation]]
[[Category:Initiatives in the United States]]
[[Category:Regulation of chemicals]]

William Timmons

2019-02-02T12:22:41Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Attorney-william.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by Jcb (No permission since 23 January 2019).

{{about|the South Carolina politician|the retired lobbyist|William Timmons}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = William Timmons
|image =
|state = [[South Carolina]]
|district = {{ushr|SC|4|4th}}
|term_start = January 3, 2019
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[Trey Gowdy]]
|successor =
|state_senate1 = South Carolina
|district1 = 6th
|term_start1 = November 14, 2016
|term_end1 = November 9, 2018
|predecessor1 = [[Mike Fair]]
|successor1 = TBD
|birth_name = William Richardson Timmons IV
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|4|30}}
|birth_place = [[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville]], [[South Carolina]], U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|education = [[George Washington University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[University of South Carolina]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]])
|website = {{url|timmons.house.gov|House website}}
}}
'''William Richardson Timmons IV''' (born April 30, 1984) is an American attorney, entrepreneur, and politician from South Carolina. He is the [[United States Representative]] for South Carolina's 4th district. He served as a State Senator in the [[South Carolina Senate]] from the 6th district 2016 to 2018. He is a member of the Republican Party.<ref>{{cite web|title=William Timmons|url=https://ballotpedia.org/William_Timmons|publisher=Ballotpedia|accessdate=February 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=William Timmons|url=http://www.scstatehouse.gov/member.php?code=1827840690|publisher=SC State House website|accessdate=February 24, 2017}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
A native of [[Greenville, South Carolina]], Timmons attended [[George Washington University]]'s [[Elliott School of International Affairs]], where he earned a degree in international affairs and political science. He earned a [[Juris Doctor]] and a master's degree in international studies from the [[University of South Carolina]].

== Early career ==
Timmons spent four years working for the 13th Circuit Solicitor's office. He owns Swamp Rabbit CrossFit and Soul Yoga, and he operates the law firm Timmons & Company, LLC.

== U.S. House of Representatives ==
{{main|United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 2018#District 4}}

Timmons was elected in the 2018 mid-term election to replace retiring Republican incumbent [[Trey Gowdy]] in [[South Carolina's 4th congressional district]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lovegrove |first1=Jamie |title=In crowded GOP primary to replace Trey Gowdy, conservatives vie for Trump voters |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/politics/in-crowded-gop-primary-to-replace-trey-gowdy-conservatives-vie/article_2273c0b8-4e27-11e8-bda8-53d87d8d4c35.html |accessdate=6 June 2018 |publisher=The Post & Courier |date=May 5, 2018}}</ref> On June 10, 2018, Timmons placed second in a thirteen candidate primary, receiving 19.2% of the vote. On June 28, 2018, Timmons defeated former State Senator [[Lee Bright]] in the runoff, receiving 54.2% of the vote to become the Republican nominee.

Timmons went on to face Brandon Brown in the November general election. Timmons defeated Brown, receiving 59.5% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/elections/results/south-carolina-house-district-4|title=South Carolina Election Results: Fourth House District|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-12-08|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enr-scvotes.org/SC/92124/Web02-state.222648/#/cid/27008|title=Election Night Reporting|last=contact@scytl.com|first=scytl|website=www.enr-scvotes.org|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref> Timmons became one of the youngest U.S. Representatives from South Carolina since 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/politics/elections/2018/11/06/election-results-william-timmons-moves-into-trey-gowdys-seat/1895401002/|title=William Timmons moves into Trey Gowdy’s seat in SC's 4th Congressional District|website=The Greenville News|language=en|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Timmons serves as a First Lieutenant in the South Carolina [[Army National Guard]] as a JAG Officer assigned to the 263rd Army Air Missile Defense Command in Anderson, South Carolina.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

==Electoral History==

{{Election box begin
| title = South Carolina's 4th Congressional District, 2018<ref name="SC-RESULTS">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Unofficial Results| work = 2018 Statewide General Elections November 6, 2018| publisher = South Carolina Election Commission| date = November 10, 2018| url = https://www.enr-scvotes.org/SC/92124/Web02-state.220747/| doi = | accessdate = November 11, 2018 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| candidate = [[William Timmons (politician)|William Timmons]]
| party = Republican Party (United States)
| votes = 145,321
| percentage = 59.57%
| change = -7.62%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Brandon Brown
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 89,182
| percentage = 36.56%
| change = +5.55%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| candidate = Guy Furay
| party = American Party of South Carolina
| votes = 9,203
| percentage = 3.77%
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate
| candidate = Write-Ins
| party = N/A
| votes = 244
| percentage = 0.10%
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| votes = 56,139
| percentage = 23.01%
| change = -13.17%
}}
{{Election box total
| votes = '''243,950'''
| percentage = '''100.0%'''
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
| winner = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://timmons.house.gov/ Congressman William Timmons] official U.S. House website
*[https://www.votetimmons.com William Timmons for Congress]
* {{Ballotpedia|William_Timmons|William Timmons}}
* {{CongLinks | congbio = T000480 | votesmart = 168923 | fec = H8SC04250 | congress = william-timmons/T000480 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-sc-sen}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mike Fair]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[South Carolina Senate]] from the 6th district|years=2016–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=TBD}}
|-
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Trey Gowdy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Member of the [[List of United States Representatives from South Carolina|U.S. House of Representatives]]}} from [[South Carolina's 4th congressional district]]|years=2019–present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-prec|usa}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Van Taylor]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Seniority in the United States House of Representatives|United States Representatives by seniority]]|years=423rd}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Rashida Tlaib]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{SC-FedRep}}
{{USHouseCurrent}}
{{USCongRep-start|congresses= 116th [[United States Congress]] |state=[[South Carolina]]}}
{{USCongRep/SC/116}}
{{USCongRep-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timmons, William}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century American politicians]]
[[Category:Elliott School of International Affairs alumni]]
[[Category:George Washington University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina]]
[[Category:Politicians from Greenville, South Carolina]]
[[Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:South Carolina lawyers]]
[[Category:South Carolina Republicans]]
[[Category:South Carolina state senators]]
[[Category:South Carolina state solicitors]]
[[Category:University of South Carolina alumni]]

Impedanzanalysator

2019-01-21T07:04:37Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:Impedance analyzer from Keysight Technologies.png , deleted by Racconish (Missing essential information such as license, permission or source (F5) -).

{{lead too short|date=January 2019}}

An '''impedance analyzer''' belongs to a class of instruments which measure complex [[electrical impedance]] as a function of frequency.

==Operation==
Impedance analyzers measure the phase sensitive nature of current and [[voltage]] applied to a device under test while the measurement frequency is varied over the course of the measurement. Key specifications of an impedance analyzer are the frequency range, impedance range, absolute impedance accuracy and phase angle accuracy. Further specifications include the ability to apply voltage bias and current bias while measuring, and the measurement speed<ref name="Zurich Instruments">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oEwMyLpbls&t=9s Zurich Instruments] ''What makes a great Impedance Analyzer'', as of 5 Sep 2018</ref>.[[File:Computer controlled impedance analyzer.jpg|alt=Computer controlled impedance analyzer based on the direct I-V mode with test fixture attached.|thumb|Computer controlled impedance analyzer based on the direct I-V mode with test fixture attached.]]

Impedance analyzers typically offer highly accurate impedance measurements, e.g. with a basic accuracy of up to 0.05%<ref name="Keysight">[https://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5950-3000.pdf Keysight Technologies] ''Impedance Measurement Handbook'', as of 2 Nov 2016</ref>, and a frequency measurement range from µHz to GHz. Impedance values can range over many decades from µΩ to TΩ, whereas the phase angle accuracy is in the range of 10 millidegree.Measured impedance values include absolute impedance, the real and imaginary part of the measured impedance and the phase between the voltage and current. Model-derived impedance parameters such as conductance, inductance and capacitance are calculated based on a replacement circuit model and subsequently displayed.

[[LCR meter|LCR meters]] provide also impedance measurement functionality, typically with similar accuracy but lower frequency range. The measurement frequency of LCR meters is generally fixed rather than swept, and cannot be displayed graphically.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Commercial Impedance Analyzers have three distinct hardware implementations:
!Method
!Frequency Range
!Impedance Range
!Basic Accuracy
|-
|Direct I-V (Direct current-voltage)<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256232481_Uncertainty_analysis_of_I-V_impedance_measurement_technique Dumbrava, Vytautas & Svilainis, Linas] (2008) ''Uncertainty analysis of I-V impedance measurement technique, Measurements'', p. 9–14</ref>
|µHz to 50 MHz
|10 µΩ to 100 TΩ
|0.05%
|-
|ABB (Auto-balanced Bridge)<ref name="Keysight"></ref>
|20 Hz to 120 MHz
|10 mΩ to 100 MΩ
|0.05%
|-
|RF-IV (Radio Frequency Current-Voltage)<ref name="Keysight"></ref>
|1 MHz to 3 GHz
|100 mΩ to 100 kΩ
|1%
|}
A fourth implementation, the [[Network analyzer (electrical)#VNA|Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)]], can be considered a distinct instrument. In contrast to impedance analyzers, VNAs also measure impedance but usually at much higher frequencies and with much lower accuracy compared to impedance analyzers<ref>[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8000837 Masahiro Horibe] (2017) ''Performance comparisons between impedance analyzers and vector network analyzers for impedance measurement below 100 MHz frequency, 89th ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference''</ref>.

== Applications ==
Impedance analyzers have a wide range of applications, including material analysis, device characterization, component testing and bio-impedance<ref name="Keysight"></ref>.

== Reactance chart ==
Most impedance analyzers come with a reactance chart<ref>[http://www.ocs.net/~jfurman/misc/wheeler_reactancechart.pdf Harold A. Wheeler] (1950) ''Reactance Chart, Proceedings of the I.R.E.'', p. 1392-1397</ref> which shows the reactance values for capacitive reactance XC and inductive reactance XL for a given frequency. The accuracy of the instrument is transposed on the chart to allow the user to quickly see what accuracy they can expect for a given frequency and reactance.

==See also==
*[[Electrical impedance]]
*[[LCR meter]]
*[[Network analyzer (electrical)#VNA|VNA]]

== Notes ==
<references /> {{Commons category|SWR analyzers|Antenna analyzer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antenna Analyzer}}
[[Category:Electrical circuits]]
[[Category:Electronic test equipment]]
[[Category:Radio electronics]]
[[Category:Impedance measurements]]

Impedanzanalysator

2019-01-21T07:04:34Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:Impedance analyzer from Hioki.png , deleted by Racconish (Missing essential information such as license, permission or source (F5) -).

{{lead too short|date=January 2019}}

An '''impedance analyzer''' belongs to a class of instruments which measure complex [[electrical impedance]] as a function of frequency.

==Operation==
Impedance analyzers measure the phase sensitive nature of current and [[voltage]] applied to a device under test while the measurement frequency is varied over the course of the measurement. Key specifications of an impedance analyzer are the frequency range, impedance range, absolute impedance accuracy and phase angle accuracy. Further specifications include the ability to apply voltage bias and current bias while measuring, and the measurement speed<ref name="Zurich Instruments">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oEwMyLpbls&t=9s Zurich Instruments] ''What makes a great Impedance Analyzer'', as of 5 Sep 2018</ref>.[[File:Computer controlled impedance analyzer.jpg|alt=Computer controlled impedance analyzer based on the direct I-V mode with test fixture attached.|thumb|Computer controlled impedance analyzer based on the direct I-V mode with test fixture attached.]]

Impedance analyzers typically offer highly accurate impedance measurements, e.g. with a basic accuracy of up to 0.05%<ref name="Keysight">[https://literature.cdn.keysight.com/litweb/pdf/5950-3000.pdf Keysight Technologies] ''Impedance Measurement Handbook'', as of 2 Nov 2016</ref>, and a frequency measurement range from µHz to GHz. Impedance values can range over many decades from µΩ to TΩ, whereas the phase angle accuracy is in the range of 10 millidegree.[[File:Impedance analyzer from Keysight Technologies.png|alt=Impedance analyzer based on auto-balanced bridge method.|thumb|Impedance analyzer based on auto-balanced bridge method.]]Measured impedance values include absolute impedance, the real and imaginary part of the measured impedance and the phase between the voltage and current. Model-derived impedance parameters such as conductance, inductance and capacitance are calculated based on a replacement circuit model and subsequently displayed.

[[LCR meter|LCR meters]] provide also impedance measurement functionality, typically with similar accuracy but lower frequency range. The measurement frequency of LCR meters is generally fixed rather than swept, and cannot be displayed graphically.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Commercial Impedance Analyzers have three distinct hardware implementations:
!Method
!Frequency Range
!Impedance Range
!Basic Accuracy
|-
|Direct I-V (Direct current-voltage)<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256232481_Uncertainty_analysis_of_I-V_impedance_measurement_technique Dumbrava, Vytautas & Svilainis, Linas] (2008) ''Uncertainty analysis of I-V impedance measurement technique, Measurements'', p. 9–14</ref>
|µHz to 50 MHz
|10 µΩ to 100 TΩ
|0.05%
|-
|ABB (Auto-balanced Bridge)<ref name="Keysight"></ref>
|20 Hz to 120 MHz
|10 mΩ to 100 MΩ
|0.05%
|-
|RF-IV (Radio Frequency Current-Voltage)<ref name="Keysight"></ref>
|1 MHz to 3 GHz
|100 mΩ to 100 kΩ
|1%
|}
A fourth implementation, the [[Network analyzer (electrical)#VNA|Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)]], can be considered a distinct instrument. In contrast to impedance analyzers, VNAs also measure impedance but usually at much higher frequencies and with much lower accuracy compared to impedance analyzers<ref>[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8000837 Masahiro Horibe] (2017) ''Performance comparisons between impedance analyzers and vector network analyzers for impedance measurement below 100 MHz frequency, 89th ARFTG Microwave Measurement Conference''</ref>.

== Applications ==
Impedance analyzers have a wide range of applications, including material analysis, device characterization, component testing and bio-impedance<ref name="Keysight"></ref>.

== Reactance chart ==
Most impedance analyzers come with a reactance chart<ref>[http://www.ocs.net/~jfurman/misc/wheeler_reactancechart.pdf Harold A. Wheeler] (1950) ''Reactance Chart, Proceedings of the I.R.E.'', p. 1392-1397</ref> which shows the reactance values for capacitive reactance XC and inductive reactance XL for a given frequency. The accuracy of the instrument is transposed on the chart to allow the user to quickly see what accuracy they can expect for a given frequency and reactance.

==See also==
*[[Electrical impedance]]
*[[LCR meter]]
*[[Network analyzer (electrical)#VNA|VNA]]

== Notes ==
<references /> {{Commons category|SWR analyzers|Antenna analyzer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antenna Analyzer}}
[[Category:Electrical circuits]]
[[Category:Electronic test equipment]]
[[Category:Radio electronics]]
[[Category:Impedance measurements]]

Fedayi (Armenier)

2019-01-21T06:25:04Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:SerobPasha.jpg , deleted by Hedwig in Washington (Copyright violation; see Commons:Licensing (F1) Media without a source as of 13 January 2019 -).

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Armenian ''fedayi''}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name = Armenian ''fedayi''
| image = Armenian Fedayees 1890-1896.jpg
| image_size = 280
|caption = A ''fedayi'' group fighting under the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|ARF]] banner. The banner reads ''Liberty or Death''.
|dates = 1880s–1920s
|country = [[Ottoman Empire]] [[Russian Empire]] [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar Iran]]
|allegiance = [[Armenians]]
*[[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
*[[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]]
*[[Armenakan Party|Armenakan]]
|type = [[Militia]]
|role =
|size = 40,000 during the Genocide
|command_structure=
|equipment =
|equipment_label=
|battles = [[Armenian national liberation movement]] [[Iranian Constitutional Revolution]] Armenian Genocide Resistance

|commander1= [[Arabo]]
|commander1_label= before 1893
|commander2= [[Aghbiur Serob]]
|commander2_label= 1893–1899
|commander3=[[Andranik]]
|commander3_label=1899–1904
|commander4=[[Kevork Chavush]]
|commander4_label=1904–1907
|notable_commanders=
}}

'''''Fedayi''''' ([[Western Armenian|Western]] {{lang-hy|Ֆէտայի}} ''Fedayi''; [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]] {{lang-hy|Ֆիդայի}} ''Fidayi''), also known as the '''Armenian irregular units''' or '''Armenian militia''', were [[Armenians|Armenian]] civilians who voluntarily left their families to form self-defense units and [[Irregular military|irregular armed bands]] in reaction to the mass murder of Armenians and the pillage of Armenian villages by criminals, tribal [[Kurds|Kurdish]] forces, and [[Hamidiye (cavalry)|Hamidian guards]] during the reign of [[Abdul Hamid II]] in late 19th and early 20th centuries, known as the [[Hamidian massacres]]. Their ultimate goal was always to gain Armenian autonomy ([[Armenakan Party|Armenakans]]) or independence ([[Dashnak]]s, [[Hunchak]]s) depending on their ideology and the degree of oppression visited on Armenians.

Some of the key Fedayi figures also participated in the [[Iranian Constitutional Revolution]] that commenced during the same period, upon agreement of the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|ARF]] leaders.

The Armenian term ''fedayi'' is ultimately derived from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[fedayeen]]: {{lang|ar|<big>فدائيون</big>}} ''fidā'īyūn'', literally meaning "those who sacrifice".<ref>[http://www.theisraelproject.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=hsJPK0PIJpH&b=886017&ct=1181593 Middle East Glossary - The Israel Project: FEDAYEE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427125233/http://www.theisraelproject.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=hsJPK0PIJpH&b=886017&ct=1181593 |date=2012-04-27 }}</ref><ref name=Rea>{{cite book|title=''The Arab-Israeli Conflict''|author=Tony Rea and John Wright|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1993|page=43|isbn=019917170X}}</ref>

== Goals and activities ==
[[File:Bitlis Vilayet in Ottoman Empire (1900).png|thumb|250px|left|thumb|The [[Bitlis Vilayet]] (historic [[Taron (historic Armenia)|Taron]]) was the center of fedayi operations in the late 19th century and early 20th century.]]
Armenian fedayis' main goal was to defend Armenian villagers from persecution and at the same time, disrupt the Ottoman Empire's activities in Armenian populated regions. Armenian volunteers fought during [[Hamidian Massacres]], [[Sasun Resistance (1894)]], [[Zeitun Rebellion (1895–1896)]], [[Defense of Van (1896)|Defense of Van]], and [[Khanasor Expedition]]. They were the leaders and members of the [[Armenian national movement]]. These bands sabotaged telegraph lines and raided army supplies. They also committed assassinations and counter-attacks on Muslim villages. They helped Armenians defend themselves during village purges by Ottoman officials. They were supported by Armenians and quickly gained fame, support and trust by them.

Their activities in the Ottoman Empire dissipated after the [[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire]], when the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] came into power and, for a time, granted the Empire's Armenian citizens the same rights as its Turkish and Kurdish citizens. Most fedayi groups then disbanded, their members returning to their families.

===Persian Constitutional Revolution===
[[File:Yeprem khan.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Yeprem Khan]] was a revolutionary leader of [[Iran]] and a key figure of the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|revolution]]]]
{{see also|Iranian Constitutional Revolution|Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation#Persian_Empire}}

Several fedayi and ARF key figures such as [[Aram Manukian]], [[Hamo Ohanjanyan]] and [[Stepan Stepanian]] agreed upon joining the ongoing Iranian Constitutional Revolution in neighboring [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar Persia]].<ref name="Early Dashnaktsutiun role in Iranian Constitutional Revolution">{{cite book |first = Houri | last = Berberian | title = Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911 | publisher = Westview Press | pages = 116–117 | year = 2001 | isbn=978-0-8133-3817-0 }}</ref>

They established that the movement was one that had political, ideological and economic components and was thus aimed at establishing law and order, human rights and the interests of all working people. They also felt that it would work for the benefit and interest of [[Armenian-Iranians]]. The final vote was 25 votes in favour and one absentia.<ref name="Early Dashnaktsutiun role in Iranian Constitutional Revolution" />

===World War I===
[[File:Armenian volunteer soldier, with gun.jpg|thumb|A photo of an Armenian volunteer from the [[Library of Congress]]]]

Some fedayi groups joined the Ottoman army after the Ottoman government passed a new law to support the war effort that required all enabled adult males up to the age of 45 to either be recruited in the [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman army]] or to pay special fees (which would be used in the war effort) to be excluded from service. As a result of this law, most able-bodied men were removed from their homes, leaving only the women, children, and elderly by themselves. Most of the Armenian recruits were later turned into road laborers, out of which many were executed.{{when|date=July 2016}}

The Genocide, committed during World War I by the Ottoman Empire, gave way to the return of the fedayis, who reorganised themselves once again inside the borders of the Ottoman Empire. In turn, tens of thousands of Armenians volunteered to be drafted in several different armies. These [[Armenian volunteer units]] were formed inside the Russian army to fight against the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hist.net/kieser/aghet/Essays/EssayZurcher.html|title=Ottoman labour battalions|work=hist.net}}</ref>

The Russian Caucasus Front collapsed following the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|abdication of the Tsar]]. In 1917, the [[Armenian National Congress (1917)|Armenian Congress of Eastern Armenians]] asked the Armenian soldiers and officers scattered throughout Russian occupied regions to gradually be brought together.<ref name="Pas38">{{Harv|Pasdermadjian|1918|pp=38}}</ref> The plan was to mobilize Armenians on the Caucasian front. With that purpose in view, an Armenian Military Committee was formed with General Bagradouni as its president.<ref name="Pas38"/> That year, the Armenian National Congress created the [[Armenian National Council (1917–18)|Armenian National Council]] which created to the [[First Republic of Armenia]]. These Armenian conscripts and volunteers from the Russian Army later established the core of the armed forces of the [[First Republic of Armenia]]. Armenians refugees from the Ottoman Empire were flooding to the newly formed Armenian state. Further southeast, in [[Van, Turkey|Van]], the fedayis helped the local Armenians resist the Turkish army until April 1918, but eventually were forced to evacuate and withdraw to [[Persia]].

To consider emergency measures, the [[Administration for Western Armenia|Western Armenian Administration]] sponsored a conference which adopted plans to form a 20,000-man militia under Andranik in December 1917. Civilian commissioner Dr. [[Hakob Zavriev]] promoted Andranik to Major General and he took the command of Armenia within the Ottoman Empire. They fought in numerous successful battles such as the [[Battle of Kara Killisse]], the [[Battle of Bash Abaran]] and the [[Battle of Sardarapat]], as fedayees merged with the Armenian army (Yerevan centered) under the General [[Tovmas Nazarbekian]].

The total number of [[guerrillas]] in these irregular bands was 40,000–50,000, according to Boghos Nubar, the president of the Armenian National Delegation in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 who wrote: {{quote|In the Caucasus, where, without mentioning the 150,000 [[Armenian volunteer units|Armenians in the Imperial Russian Army]], more than 40,000 of their volunteers helpeds to liberate part of the Armenian vilayets, and where, under the command of their leaders, Antranik and Nazerbekoff, they, alone among the peoples of the Caucasus, offered resistance to the Turkish armies, from the beginning of the Bolshevist withdrawal right up to the signing of an armistice."<ref>Letter to French Foreign Office - December 3, 1918</ref>}}

Boghos Nubar, as a part of the Armenian Delegation, intended to expand the independent First Republic of Armenia. Thus, he might have elevated the number of Armenian fedayees who were able to fight in order to show that the Armenians are capable of defending an eventually large Ottoman-Armenian border. In reality, their numbers at that time were much lower, considering that there were no more than a few handfuls of fedayees in most of the confrontations between them and Kurdish irregulars or Turkish soldiers, even according to foreign accounts. Moreover, many of the fedayees were the same and reappeared in various places and battles. One should also note that many Armenian irregular fighters died defending regions of [[Western Armenia]] during the [[Armenian genocide]].

==Notable fedayis==
{{multiple image
| footer =
| align = right

| image1 = Arabo.jpg
| width1 = 142
| caption1 = <center>[[Arabo]]

| image2 =
| width2 = 119
| caption2 = <center>[[Aghbiur Serob]]

| image3 = Gevorg.jpg
| width3 = 110
| caption3 = <center>[[Kevork Chavush]]

| image4 = Andranik fedayee.jpg
| width4 = 125
| caption4 = <center>[[Andranik]]
}}

[[File:Ֆիդայական շարժման «Զորավար Անդրանիկ» թանգարան22.jpg|thumb|The Museum of Fedayis named after Andranik, [[Yerevan]]]]

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#D3D3D3"
| <center>'''''[[Nom de guerre]]'''''
| <center>'''Years active (as fedayees)'''
| <center>'''Operation location(s)'''
| <center>'''Political affiliation'''
|-
| '''[[Arabo]]'''
| 1880s - 1893
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Girayr]]
| 1880s - 1894
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]]
|-
| [[Papken Siuni]]
| - 1896
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Constantinople]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| '''[[Aghbiur Serob]]'''
| 1891–1899
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Hrayr Dzhoghk]]
| 1880s - 1904
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]], [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| '''[[Kevork Chavush]]'''
| 1890–1907
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]], [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Sevkaretsi Sako]]
| - 1908
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Iran]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Yeprem Khan]]
| 1880s - 1912
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Iran]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Nikol Duman]]
| - 1914
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Hampartsoum Boyadjian|Medzn Mourad]]
| 1880s - 1915
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]]
|-
| [[Ishkhan (fedayi)|Ishkhan]]
| - 1915
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Paramaz]]
| 1890s - 1915
| [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]]
|-
| [[Keri (fedayi)|Keri]]
| 1880s - 1916
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Iran]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Hovsep Arghutian]]
| 1889–1918
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Armenak Yekarian]]
| 1890s - 1918
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Armenakan Party|Armenakan]]
|-
| [[Sebastatsi Murad]]
| 1890s - 1918
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]], [[Baku]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]], [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| '''[[Andranik]]'''
| 1895–1919
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Syunik Province|Zangezur]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]], [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Aram Manukian]]
| 1903–1919
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Sose Mayrig]]
| 1890s - 1920
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Hamazasp Srvandztyan|Hamazasp]]
| 1890 - 1920
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Drastamat Kanayan|Dro]]
| 1914–1920
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Sargis Mehrabyan|Vartan]]
| 1890 - 1920s
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Garegin Nzhdeh]]
| 1908–1921
| [[Iran]], [[Balkans]], [[Eastern Armenia]] (particularly [[Syunik Province|Zangezur]])
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Makhluto]]
| 1880s - 1921
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]], [[Syunik Province|Zangezur]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Armen Garo]]
| 1895–1922
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Tuman Tumyan]]
| 1901–1906
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| none
|-
| [[Sarkis Kukunayn]]
| 1890–1910
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Balabekh Karapet]]
| 1890s–1915
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Armenian Genocide]]
*[[Armenian volunteer units]]
*[[Fedayeen]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Vartanian, H.K. ''The Western Armenian Liberation Struggle'' Yerevan, 1967
*Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, C. hador [Armenian History, volume III], Athens, Greece, 1996, pg. 59-62.

{{Armenian Resistance}}
{{Armenian Genocide}}

[[Category:Armenian militant groups]]
[[Category:Armenian resistance]]
[[Category:Military history of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Military history of the Qajar dynasty]]
[[Category:Militias in Asia]]
[[Category:Militias in Europe]]
[[Category:People of the Armenian Genocide|Fedayi]]

Cindy Axne

2018-11-25T20:57:52Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Cindy Axne.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by Dyolf77 (Copyright violation: Can't take an image from her Twitter account).

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{short description|U.S. Representative-elect from Iowa}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Cindy Axne
|image =
|state = [[Iowa]]
|district = {{ushr|IA|3|3rd}}
|term_start = January 3, 2019
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[David Young (Iowa politician)|David Young]]
|succeeding = [[David Young (Iowa politician)|David Young]]
|successor =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|4|20}}
|birth_place = [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|residence = [[West Des Moines, Iowa]]
|education = [[University of Iowa]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Northwestern University]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
}}
'''Cindy Axne''' (born April 20, 1965) is an American businesswoman and politician who is the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]]-elect for [[Iowa's 3rd congressional district]]. She is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] in 1965,<ref>{{cite web |title=Candidate Conversation - Cindy Axne (D) |date=August 31, 2018 |publisher=Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales |url=https://insideelections.com/news/article/candidate-conversation-cindy-axne-d}}</ref> Axne graduated from [[Valley High School (West Des Moines, Iowa)|Valley High School]] in [[West Des Moines, Iowa]]. She earned a bachelor's degree in journalism from the [[University of Iowa]] and a [[Master of Business Administration]] from [[Northwestern University]].<ref name=dmr/>

==Private career==
After graduating from college, Axne worked in leadership development and strategic planning for the [[Tribune Company]] in [[Chicago]]. From 2005 through 2014, she worked in the Government of Iowa on service delivery in over 20 state agencies in the executive branch.<ref name=dmr/>

Axne and her husband, John, currently operate a digital design firm. They have two teenage sons and live in West Des Moines.<ref name=dmr>{{cite web|url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/2018/05/01/cindy-axne-iowa-3rd-district-democrat-congress/568085002/ |title=Three takeaways on Cindy Axne, 3rd District Democrat running for Congress |newspaper=The Des Moines Register |date=May 1, 2018 |accessdate=October 21, 2018}}</ref> Axne and her family are members of Sacred Heart Catholic Church in West Des Moines.

==U.S. House of Representatives==

=== Elections ===
During the [[United States House of Representatives elections in Iowa, 2018|2018 elections]], Axne ran for the [[United States House of Representatives]] in {{ushr|IA|3}}.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mike Brownlee |url=https://www.omaha.com/news/politics/democrat-cindy-axne-looking-to-unseat-david-young-in-iowa/article_eab82cac-47c6-11e7-bc57-672b6b193ed9.html |title=Democrat Cindy Axne looking to unseat David Young in Iowa congressional race | Politics |newspaper=Omaha World-Herald |date=June 2, 2017 |accessdate=October 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=William Petroski |date=May 26, 2018 |title=What are the key issues for Cindy Axne, Democratic candidate for the 3rd District? |newspaper=The Des Moines Register |url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/2018/05/26/iowa-cindy-axne-congress-democrats-democratic-david-young-primary-house-republican-election-vote/593854002/}}</ref> Axne won the primary election and faced [[incumbent]] [[David Young (Iowa politician)|David Young]] in the general election.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/2018/06/06/iowa-primary-2018-election-results-3rd-district-david-young-cindy-axne-eddie-mauro-pete-d-alessandro/647414002/ |title=Iowa's 3rd District: Cindy Axne wins primary, will vie against GOP Rep. David Young |newspaper=The Des Moines Register |date= |accessdate=October 21, 2018}}</ref> She defeated Young and became the first woman from Iowa elected to the U.S. House of Representatives along with [[Abby Finkenauer]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/2018/11/07/iowa-midterm-election-women-representative-abby-finkenauer-cindy-axne-kim-reynolds-governor-gender/1913421002/|title=Iowa voters elect female governor, 2 female U.S. representatives, record number of female lawmakers|work=Des Moines Register|access-date=2018-11-14|language=en}}</ref>

==Electoral history==

{{Election box begin no change
| title = 2018 Democratic primary results<ref name="clarityelections.com">{{cite web|url=http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/IA/74912/Web02-state.203322/#/|title=Election Night Reporting|website=results.enr.clarityelections.com|accessdate=August 29, 2018}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Cindy Axne
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 32,070
| percentage = 57.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Eddie J. Mauro
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 14,582
| percentage = 26.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Pete D'Alessandro
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 8,595
| percentage = 15.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Write-ins
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 136
| percentage = 0.25
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 55,383
| percentage= 100
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{CongLinks|votesmart=179226}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Axne, Cindy}}
[[Category:21st-century American politicians]]
[[Category:Candidates in United States elections, 2018]]
[[Category:Iowa Democrats]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Northwestern University alumni]]
[[Category:People from West Des Moines, Iowa]]
[[Category:University of Iowa alumni]]

Kevin Stitt (Politiker)

2018-11-09T14:20:50Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:Kevin Stitt.jpg (en). Deleted by Jon Kolbert (Copyright violation; see Commons:Licensing (F1) -).

{{Infobox politician
|name = Kevin Stitt
|order = [[Governor of Oklahoma]] Elect
|lieutenant = [[Matt Pinnell]] (elect)
|term_start = January 14, 2019
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[Mary Fallin]]
|succeeding = [[Mary Fallin]]
|successor =
|birth_date = {{Bbad|45|2018|8|18}}<ref>https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/elections/businessman-kevin-stitt-trying-to-close-the-deal-on-republican/article_fb2e62f0-7ab1-5d3f-ad7e-79ec7a3cc298.html</ref>
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|education = [[Oklahoma State University–Stillwater|Oklahoma State University, Stillwater]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])}}
|image=}}
'''Kevin Stitt''' (born 1972/1973) is an American businessman and politician from [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]]. He is the Governor-Elect of [[Oklahoma]] since Nov. 6, 2018, and former CEO/founder and Chairman of Gateway Mortgage Group. He was the successful [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for the [[Oklahoma gubernatorial election, 2018|Oklahoma gubernatorial election of 2018]]. He grew up in [[Norman, Oklahoma]] and graduated from [[Oklahoma State University]] with a degree in accounting. Stitt and his wife Sarah have six children.

==Oklahoma Governor Campaign 2018==
In July 2017, Stitt announced his candidacy<ref>Kevin Stitt to run for governor, Tulsa Beacon, "Tulsa businessman Kevin Stitt announced his candidacy for the 2018 Oklahoma Gubernatorial race. The first-time candidate</ref><ref>Real Clear Politics, By Erick Erickson, August 24, 2018 Collapse of the Career Politicians, "The prevailing consensus among political analysts in the United States about...", https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2018/08/24/collapse_of_the_career_politicians_137882.html</ref><ref>Pro-life advocate is the founder and CEO of Gateway Mortgage Group (GMG).", https://tulsabeacon.com/kevin-stitt-to-run-for-governor/</ref><ref>U.S. News & World Report, Mortgage Company Head Wins GOP Primary for Oklahoma Governor, "Tulsa mortgage company owner and political newcomer Kevin Stitt won the Republican nomination in the race to become Oklahoma's next governor.", Aug. 28, 2018, </ref> for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nomination<ref>Washington Post, June 27 by Terri Rupar, Lieutenant governor concedes in GOP gubernatorial race in Oklahoma; runoff set, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/live-updates/midterms/live-primary-election-results/lieutenant-governor-fails-to-make-republican-gubernatorial-runoff-in-oklahoma/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.9041060e1eeb</ref>
<ref>https://www.fox23.com/news/you-decide-2018-oklahoma-primary-elections/776924575</ref> for the gubernatorial election of Oklahoma.<ref>The Hill, 08/30/18, Max Greenwood, Trump endorses Kevin Stitt in Oklahoma governor's race, Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc., https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/404429-trump-endorses-kevin-stitt-in-oklahoma-governors-race</ref><ref>https://www.foxnews.com/politics/tulsa-businessman-political-novice-kevin-stitt-wins-gop-primary-for-oklahoma-governor</ref> He ran against nine other candidates in the primary election, placing second in that race and defeating, among others, Lt. Governor [[Todd Lamb (politician)|Todd Lamb]].<ref>KFOR, August 29, 2018, Kevin Stitt, Drew Edmondson, Chris Powell to face off in November as gubernatorial candidates</ref><ref>https://www.kxii.com/content/news/Oklahoma-governors-race-tops-primary-runoff-election-ballot-491900101.html</ref> In the August 28 primary runoff, Stitt defeated [[Mick Cornett]], a former Mayor of Oklahoma City, to win the nomination.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fox23.com/news/you-decide-2018-oklahoma-primary-elections/776924575 | title=You Decide 2018: Kevin Stitt wins Oklahoma gubernatorial GOP runoff race| date=August 29, 2018}}</ref> Stitt is running against [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Drew Edmondson]] and [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]] [[Chris Powell (politician)|Chris Powell]] in the general election in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ballotpedia.org/Kevin_Stitt | title=Kevin Stitt}}</ref>

Stitt was endorsed by United States Senator [[Ted Cruz]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Senator Ted Cruz endorses Kevin Stitt for governor |url=https://ktul.com/news/beyond-the-podium/senator-ted-cruz-endorses-kevin-stitt-for-governor |accessdate=August 22, 2018|date=August 22, 2018}}</ref> and former senators [[Rick Santorum]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Rick Santorum Endorsement |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgB546wLEHI |accessdate=August 17, 2018 |date=August 6, 2018}}</ref> and [[Tom Coburn]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tom Coburn endorses Stitt for governor |url=http://www.normantranscript.com/news/tom-coburn-endorses-stitt-for-governor/article_fd08ff14-a560-11e8-8ff2-0b7b5a0eeedc.html |accessdate=August 22, 2018|date=August 21, 2018}}</ref> He was also endorsed by his former primary rival [[Mick Cornett]]<ref>Stitt welcomes Cornett's endorsement but not Fallin's Oklahoman, Oct. 11, 2018 https://newsok.com/article/5611359/stitt-welcomes-cornetts-endorsement-but-not-fallins</ref>, the current governor of Oklahoma, [[Mary Fallin]],<ref>http://www.news9.com/story/39276503/gov-mary-fallin-endorses-republican-gubernatorial-candidate-kevin-stitt</ref> and the current president of the United States, Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/404429-trump-endorses-kevin-stitt-in-oklahoma-governors-race | title=Trump endorses Kevin Stitt in Oklahoma governor's race| date=August 30, 2018}}</ref> The Oklahoman reported that the Stitt campaign rejected the endorsement of Gov. Fallin, stating "'We did not seek (Fallin's endorsement), and Kevin Stitt has run on a campaign message that he will do things a lot differently,' said Donelle Harder, spokeswoman for the Stitt campaign. 'He is focused on changing the structure of state government and cleaning up the mess we are currently in at the Capitol.'"<ref>Stitt welcomes Cornett's endorsement but not Fallin's Oklahoman, Oct. 11, 2018 https://newsok.com/article/5611359/stitt-welcomes-cornetts-endorsement-but-not-fallins</ref>

His opponent in the election, [[Drew Edmondson]], is the former [[Attorney General of Oklahoma]] and was a candidate for governor in [[Oklahoma gubernatorial election, 2010|2010]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsok.com/article/5547454|title=Drew Edmondson announces run for Oklahoma governor|work=[[The Oklahoman]]|last=Denwalt|first=Dale|date=May 1, 2017|accessdate=May 1, 2017}}</ref> During the general election, the race was close which drew increased attention from national media and political figures.<ref>The Journal Record, (Mike Simons/Tulsa World via AP), Pence campaigns for Stitt in Tulsa, Vice President Mike Pence speaks at a rally for gubernatorial candidate Kevin Stitt at the Mabee Center in Tulsa on Thursday. With the general election less than three weeks away, Kevin Stitt is trying to get by with a little help from his friends.</ref> Vice President of the United States [[Mike Pence]] campaigned for Stitt during the general election.<ref>The Western Journal, June 19, 2018, Western Journal Poll: Kevin Stitt Leading in Oklahoma Republican Primary, Many Still Undecided,
https://www.westernjournal.com/oklahoma-republican-gubernatorial-primary-election-2018/</ref><ref>U.S. News & World Report, Oct. 18, 2018, VP Mike Pence Campaigns for GOP's Kevin Stitt for Governor
"Vice President Mike Pence headlined a campaign rally for Republican Kevin Stitt as they worked to keep the Oklahoma governor's office in GOP hands."</ref><ref>Tulsa World: Kevin Stitt, A Better Agent of Change, The Okie on October, 22nd 2018, http://www.theokie.com/tulsa-world-kevin-stitt-a-better-agent-of-change/</ref><ref>AP News, August 28, 2018, The Latest: Oklahoma attorney general race too close to call, https://apnews.com/28406c5caa1d424ba58495ea5d15f66b</ref>

==Financial services career==
Stitt worked in the financial services sector before starting Gateway in 2000.<ref>MortgageOrb, Zackin Publications Inc., July 25, 2018, Patrick Barnard, Kevin Stitt: The Proactive Approach to Compliance Always Wins, https://mortgageorb.com/kevin-stitt-the-proactive-approach-to-compliance-always-wins</ref> According to a profile done on Stitt by Bloomberg News, he founded the company and was President/CEO until January 2014 when he became Chairman/CEO. On the campaign trail, Stitt says that he started Gateway in 2000 with "$1,000 and a computer." Stitt’s first obstacle was to get approved as a Federal Housing Administration (FHA) lender, but the company needed a net worth of $50,000. To achieve this amount, Stitt put forward the equity in his home to grow Gateway. In 2002, Gateway secured its first warehouse line, began obtaining licensing in other states besides Oklahoma, and started recruiting loan officers. By 2006, Gateway had over 400 employees.

From 2007 to 2010, the U.S. economy hit a subprime mortgage crisis. Instead of abandoning the mortgage space, like others did during this time, Stitt continued to hire and expand the mission of Gateway. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/opinion/readersforum/kevin-stitt-why-i-should-be-the-next-governor-of/article_0eba3014-84b5-549d-97da-9387c59a09e0.html|title=Kevin Stitt: Why I should be the next governor of Oklahoma|last=Stitt|first=Kevin|work=Tulsa World|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref>The company obtained approval during this time from Fannie Mae and Ginnie Mae to begin servicing mortgage loans and issuing securities. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gatewayloan.com/meet-kevin-stitt/|title=Gateway Loan Bio|last=|first=|date=October 26, 2018|website=https://www.gatewayloan.com/meet-kevin-stitt/|archive-url=https://www.gatewayloan.com/meet-kevin-stitt/|archive-date=https://www.gatewayloan.com/meet-kevin-stitt/|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Since 2012, Gateway has been recognized 17 times for its success, growth and corporate culture. Gateway currently has about 1,200 team members in more than 165 locations across the country. The company estimates it will originate more than $6 billion in mortgage loans in 2018, while its servicing portfolio will eclipse $16 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gatewayloan.com/about/a-history-of-success/|title=Gateway Loan History|last=|first=|date=|website=https://www.gatewayloan.com/about/a-history-of-success/|archive-url=https://www.gatewayloan.com/about/a-history-of-success/|archive-date=October 26, 2018|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

In August 2018 DS News reported that he stepped down as CEO and handed the reins to Stephen Curry,<ref>Gateway Mortgage Group Announces New CEO, Kevin Stitt, chairman and CEO of Gateway Mortgage Group, LLC, DSNews.com copyright 2018 is a registered trademark of The Five Star Institute, https://dsnews.com/headline/08-03-2018/gateway-hires-ceo</ref> while Stitt remained as Chairman.<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/profiles/people/17662028-kevin-stitt</ref> Gateway is a mid-sized company based in [[Jenks, Oklahoma]] which employs more than 1,200 people. The firm originates mortgages in 41 states.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=32365055 | title=Bloomberg - Are you a robot?}}</ref>

=== Christian Missionary Work ===
In 2009, a donation from Gateway helped build the Gateway Christian School in a small village in Nigeria that educates more than 300 students a year. Gateway continues to make an annual donation to fund teachers’ salaries, provide school supplies, give scholarships, etc. In 2015, Stitt provided a donation to purchase 215 acres in Uganda to establish the Gateway Youth Ranch, which provides orphans with traditional schooling plus sustainability skills such as crop and fish farming, raising cattle and other skills that will enhance their lives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gatewayloan.com/about/a-history-of-success/|title=Gateway Loan History|last=|first=|date=|website=https://www.gatewayloan.com/about/a-history-of-success/|archive-url=https://www.gatewayloan.com/about/a-history-of-success/|archive-date=October 26, 2018|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Charities==

In 2017, Gateway announced a national partnership with [https://www.foldsofhonor.org/ '''Folds of Honor'''] that will likely exceed $100,000 in donations annually. [https://www.foldsofhonor.org/ '''Folds of Honor'''] is a 501(C)(3) that provides educational scholarships to families of military men and women who have fallen or been disabled while serving in the United States armed forces.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180510005213/en/Gateway-Mortgage-Group-Renews-Partnership-Folds-Honor|title=Gateway Mortgage Group Renews Partnership with Folds of Honor|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref>

===Controversies===

In 2009, the mortgage company was listed on Business Insider's shadiest 15 companies list for its business office in the state of Illinois.<ref>The 15 Shadiest Mortgage Lenders Being Backed By The Government, Vincent Fernando, Dec. 11, 2009, https://www.businessinsider.com/the-shady-lenders-abusing-government-mortgage-problems-2009-12?op=1</ref><ref name=truth-test>KWTV/News 9, Oklahoma, June 19th 2018, http://www.news9.com/story/38458020/truth-test-kevin-stitts-business-record</ref> According the Business Insider article cited the company as originating nearly twice as many bad mortgages as its competitors.<ref name=truth-test/> In an article published by the Oklahoman on August 19, 2018, the newspaper highlighted the inaccuracies of the Business Insider article, reporting that "in the Illinois case, a consent order states that the Illinois banking agency investigated a Gateway loan originator for an 'alleged real estate, appraisal, and mortgage fraud scheme.' Gateway fired the employee, asked for a hearing and then agreed to what investigators found. Gateway agreed to a $10,000 fine...Stitt campaign spokeswoman Donelle Harder said the license in Illinois was never revoked. The state agreed after the appeal not to revoke the license, she said." <ref>"A Look At Cornett's Past Comments" Oklahoman, August 19, 2018 [https://newsok.com/article/5605203/a-look-at-cornetts-past-comments-about-trump-and-stitts-mortgage-company-violations]</ref>

NEWS9 also said that according to Georgia's Department of Banking and Finance, Stitt was banned for five years<ref>Department of Banking and Finance Enters into a Consent Order with Gateway Mortgage Group, LLC and its President, John Kevin Stitt, December 1, 2009, https://dbf.georgia.gov/press-releases/2009-12-01/department-banking-and-finance-enters-consent-order-gateway-mortgage-group</ref> and the company was banned for life from origination mortgages in Georgia. According to an Oklahoman article, a Gateway corporate attorney said that there were misrepresentations and insufficient background checks attributable to employees in the Georgia office but that Stitt was not involved. The employees were terminated and Gateway paid a $2,000 fine. The state overturned the lifetime ban on Gateway, effective November 2017. Gateway is able to do business in all 50 states. <ref>"A Look At Cornett's Past Comments" Oklahoman, August 19, 2018 [https://newsok.com/article/5605203/a-look-at-cornetts-past-comments-about-trump-and-stitts-mortgage-company-violations]</ref>

During the gubernatorial campaign, Oklahoma Watch reported that Gateway was fined by Wisconsin regulators for a "clerical error" regarding the firm's history with regulators from other states. Gateway corrected the application and was issued a license in 2009 and continues to be in good standing with the state of Wisconsin today. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://oklahomawatch.org/2018/08/16/stitts-mortgage-firm-failed-to-tell-regulators-of-past-problems/ | title=Stitt's Mortgage Firm Failed to Tell Regulators of Past Problems}}</ref>

== Policy stances ==
Stitt is a “political outsider,” meaning he has never run for any public office before. Throughout his time on the campaign trail, Stitt has expressed his vision is to lead Oklahoma to become a Top Ten state.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/elections/republican-candidate-for-governor-kevin-stitt-says-oklahoma-could-be/article_8d5e3f24-ee44-5934-ac15-bad313a1dd45.html|title=Republican candidate for governor Kevin Stitt says Oklahoma could be a 'top 10 state'|last=World|first=Randy Krehbiel Tulsa|work=Tulsa World|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.claremoreprogress.com/news/stitt-oklahoma-could-be-a-top-state/article_0683b6e0-cd9a-11e8-b6f4-13a3a189c8c6.html|title=STITT: Oklahoma could be a top 10 state|last=kthesenvitz@claremoreprogress.com|first=KAYLEIGH THESENVITZ|work=Claremore Daily Progress|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref> His platform focuses on five pillars: government efficiency, education, economic growth, infrastructure, and healthcare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stittforgovernor.com/|title=Kevin Stitt for Governor|website=Kevin Stitt for Governor|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

=== Government efficiency ===
Stitt’s main message on the campaign trail focuses on bringing accountability, efficiency, and transparency to Oklahoma’s government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stittforgovernor.com/stitt-preventing-another-health-department-fiasco/|title=Stitt: Preventing Another Health Department Fiasco|website=www.stittforgovernor.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

Earlier this year, the Stitt for Governor campaign launched their [http://okturnaround.com/ OK Turnaround plan], which focuses on government transparency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://okturnaround.com/|title=Home|website=okturnaround.com|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

=== Education policy ===
Since the beginning of Stitt’s campaign, he has called for Oklahoma teachers to be paid a competitive wage. Talking with the Tulsa World in October of 2017, Stitt stated, “If we want to recruit great teachers, we have to pay competitive salaries. If we want to attract and retain great jobs, we’ve got to have great schools.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/elections/republican-candidate-for-governor-kevin-stitt-says-oklahoma-could-be/article_8d5e3f24-ee44-5934-ac15-bad313a1dd45.html|title=Republican candidate for governor Kevin Stitt says Oklahoma could be a 'top 10 state'|last=World|first=Randy Krehbiel Tulsa|work=Tulsa World|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref>

Stitt hosted roundtable meetings with educators, parents, superintendents, and education policy experts in Oklahoma in order to create a comprehensive plan for Oklahoma’s education system. On October 8, 2018, the Stitt for Governor campaign launched the [https://www.stittforgovernor.com/oklaed/ Oklahoma Turnaround Plan for Education].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stittforgovernor.com/oklaed/|title=Oklahoma Turnaround Plan for Education|website=Kevin Stitt for Governor|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

=== Economic growth ===
Stitt has labeled himself as the only job creator and proven businessman in the race for governor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.muskogeephoenix.com/news/quick-gop-gubernatorial-candidate-stakes-out-positions/article_e0fd51cf-84cc-5e63-9651-9a44be3e20da.html|title=Quick 5: GOP gubernatorial candidate stakes out positions|work=Muskogee Phoenix|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref>

According to his platform, Stitt will focus on taking advantage of President Trump's tax cuts, recruiting new job creators to Oklahoma, expanding commerce, and cutting red-tape in order to grow and diversify the state's economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stittforgovernor.com/issues/|title=Issues|website=www.stittforgovernor.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

In an interview with the City of Enid, Stitt stated, "I love what is happening nationally, the economy is really starting to take off. There is a move now to bring manufacturing back to the U.S. to repatriate dollars. I believe we've got a great opportunity over the next ten years to capture that growth... We just need a business leader as governor, somebody that understands how to recruit businesses, how to cut red tape and how to get our state growing again."<ref>{{Citation|last=cityofenid|title=Ask the Candidate - Kevin Stitt [2018 Governor Campaign]|date=2018-06-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_De_FlJVNw&t=752s|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

=== Pro-life ===
Stitt received a 100% Pro-Life score from Oklahomans for Life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.okforlife.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Survey-responses-2018-primary-3.pdf|title=Candidate Surveys for June 26, 2018 Primary Election|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== Gun rights ===
Stitt supports strong Second Amendment rights. In an email to a CNHI reporter, Stitt stated, "As governor, I will defend Oklahomans’ rights in the U.S. Constitution, to include Oklahomans’ right to bear arms. I don’t believe in punishing law-abiding gun owners for the atrocious and illegal actions of an individual. We need to enforce the safety laws in place and provide support for the deep, systematic problems in our society that lead to violence.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.enidnews.com/news/state/machine-guns-shooting-matches-encroaching-election/article_1116f888-92d1-5d7e-a21b-6b5c7c350b9d.html|title=Machine guns, shooting matches encroaching election|last=Reporter|first=Janelle Stecklein CNHI Oklahoma|work=Enidnews.com|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en}}</ref>

==Education and personal life==
Stitt grew up in Norman, Oklahoma where his father was the pastor of Riverside Church. He graduated from Norman High School,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsok.com/article/5609987/serious-kid-sets-sights-on-serving-as-chief-executive-of-oklahoma|title="Serious kid" sets sights on serving as chief executive of Oklahoma|date=2018-09-30|work=NewsOK.com|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en-US}}</ref> and went on to attend [[Oklahoma State University]] where he received a degree in accounting. While a student at OSU, Stitt worked to pay his way through college by selling educational products door-to-door with [[Southwestern Advantage]]. He was the first person in the company’s 115-year history to achieve the top sales as a first-year sales person<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsok.com/article/5609987/serious-kid-sets-sights-on-serving-as-chief-executive-of-oklahoma|title="Serious kid" sets sights on serving as chief executive of Oklahoma|date=2018-09-30|work=NewsOK.com|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en-US}}</ref>. Stitt is also a member of the Gamma Lamba chapter of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity.

Stitt is a citizen of the [[Cherokee Nation]] as a descendant of his great-grandfather, Robert Benton Dawson. Dawson was given land in the Skiatook area because of his tribal citizenship, and the land is still in the family, now owned by an uncle of Stitt's<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsok.com/article/5609987/serious-kid-sets-sights-on-serving-as-chief-executive-of-oklahoma|title="Serious kid" sets sights on serving as chief executive of Oklahoma|date=2018-09-30|work=NewsOK.com|access-date=2018-10-27|language=en-US}}</ref>. Kevin Stitt's maternal grandparents were dairy farmers in Skiatook. Stitt's paternal grandfather was formerly the head veterinarian at the Oklahoma City Stockyards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oklahomafarmreport.com/wire/news/2018/07/00153_KevinStittTalksAgIssues07252018b_051515.php#.W9PTcBNKiL8|title=Oklahoma Farm Report - Gubernatorial Candidate Kevin Stitt Says Ag will Always have a Seat at the Table in His Administration|website=www.oklahomafarmreport.com|access-date=2018-10-27}}</ref>

He and his wife, Sarah, have been married for 20 years and have six children. Stitt and his wife are active in their church in Tulsa, Woodlake Church.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://okcfox.com/news/local/race-for-governor-kevin-stitt | title=Kevin Stitt: Republican| date=2018-05-31}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Oklahoma gubernatorial election, 2018]]

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/StittForGovernor/ Stitt's Facebook page]
*[https://www.twitter.com/StittforGov Stitt's Twitter account]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mary Fallin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[Governor of Oklahoma]]|years=[[Oklahoma gubernatorial election, 2018|2018]]}}
{{s-inc|recent}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stitt, Kevin}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Oklahoma politicians]]
[[Category:Oklahoma Republicans]]
[[Category:Oklahoma State University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Norman, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:People from Tulsa, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Joni Madraiwiwi

2018-11-08T00:21:15Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing :File:Madraiwiwifatiaki.jpg . It was deleted by Explicit (F7: Violates non-free content criterion #1 (TW)).

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Joni Madraiwiwi
|image = File:CJJONIM.jpg
|caption = Lord Madraiwiwi Tangatatonga (life peerage of [[Tonga]]) and [[Roko Tui Bau]]
|office = [[Chief Justice of Nauru|Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nauru]]
|term_start = 8 September 2014<ref name=naurugov>{{cite news|first=|last=|title=Nauru mourns passing of Chief Justice |url=http://www.nauru-news.com/single-post/2016/09/30/Nauru-mourns-passing-of-Chief-Justice |work=[[Government of Nauru]] Office of Media and Public Information |date=2016-09-30 |accessdate=2016-09-30}}</ref>

|term_end = 29 September 2016 (died in service)
|predecessor = [[Geoffrey Eames]]
|successor = TBD

|office2 = [[Vice-President of Fiji|Vice-President of the Republic of Fiji]]
|term_start2 = 14 December 2004
|term_end2 = 15 January 2007
|predecessor2 = [[Jope Seniloli]]
|successor2 = Vacant (2007–2009)
|president2 = [[Josefa Iloilo|Ratu Josefa Iloilo]]

|office3 = Judge of the [[High Court of Fiji|High Court of Fiji of the Republic of Fiji]]
|term_start3 = 2 February 1997
|term_end3 = 22 June 2000

|office4 = Permanent Arbitrator, [[Attorney General of Fiji|Office of the Attorney-General of Fiji]]
|term_start4 = 5 April 1991
|term_end4 = 31 January 1997

|office5 = [[Solicitor]], [[Attorney General of Fiji|Office of the Attorney-General of Fiji]]
|term_start5 = 1983
|term_end5 = 1991

|birth_name =
|birth_date = 10 November 1957
|birth_place =
|death_date = 29 September 2016
|death_place = [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]
|party =
|otherparty =
|spouse = Adi Lusi Tuivanuavou
|children =
|alma_mater = [[University of Adelaide]] [[McGill University]]
|profession = [[lawyer]]
}}

'''[[Ratu]] Joni Madraiwiwi, Lord Madraiwiwi Tangatatonga''' (10 November 1957 – 29 September 2016) was a prominent Fijian lawyer, legal scholar, jurist, and politician. He served as Vice-President, and also acting President, of [[Fiji]], and Chief Justice of [[Nauru]].

Ratu Madraiwiwi was ceremonially sworn in as Vice-President on 10 January 2005, following his nomination by [[President of Fiji|President]], [[Josefa Iloilo|Ratu Josefa Iloilo]], and his subsequent approval by the [[Great Council of Chiefs]] on 14 December 2004.<ref>http://www.pireport.org/articles/2004/12/16/madraiwiwi-appointed-fiji-vice-president</ref> He held the Office of Vice-President effective 14 December 2004 to complete the unexpired term of his predecessor, [[Jope Seniloli|Ratu Jope Seniloli]], who had resigned in disgrace on 29 November 2004 in the wake of his convictions for [[treason]] concerning his role in the [[2000 Fijian coup d'état|Fiji coup of 2000]]. Madraiwiwi's first priority was to restore dignity and respect to the Vice-Presidential office.<ref>Fraenkel J (2016). Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi. ''The Journal of Pacific History'', 51 (4): 447-450.</ref> However, on 5 December 2006, Madraiwiwi was informed of pending dismissal from the Vice-Presidential office, to take effect officially on 15 January 2007, by the [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces|Military]] Commander, [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Frank Bainimarama]], who had seized power in a [[2006 Fijian coup d'état|military coup]]. He was forcibly evicted from his official residence and his office on the night of 6 December.<ref>[http://www.fijilive.com/news/show/news/2006/12/07/07fijilive02.html]</ref> Yet, Madraiwiwi announced in the second week of January 2007 that he was merely "on leave" as [[Vice-President of Fiji]] and intended in the meantime to resume private practice as an [[Lawyer|attorney]] at [[Howards (law firm)|Howards]] law firm.<ref>[http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=55288]</ref>

In 2010, Madraiwiwi was presented with a Tongan life peerage and the title of Lord Madraiwiwi Tangatatonga by King George Tupou V of [[Tonga]]. Owing to his Fijian and Naruan nationalities, he was nominated as early as 2013, and subsequently appointed in 2014, to the [[Supreme Court of Nauru|Supreme Court of the Republic of Nauru]] as its [[Chief Justice]], the highest position in that country's judicial system, which he held until his death on 29 September 2016.<ref>https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/314489/fiji's-ratu-joni-madraiwiwi-dies</ref> <ref>Fraenkel J (2016). Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi. ''The Journal of Pacific History'', 51 (4): 447-450.</ref>

A lifelong [[legal scholar]], Madraiwiwi was a prolific writer and public speaker who authored several articles and books, including ''A Personal Perspective'', his last book. <ref>https://solivakasamablog.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/ratu-joni-madraiwiwi-a-national-treasure-set-aside-6-oct-2016/</ref> <ref>https://www.academia.edu/3088047/A_review_of_Personal_Perspectives_by_Ratu_Joni_Madraiwiwi</ref>

== Career ==

Descended from a long line of Fijian royal heriditary rulers, Ratu Madraiwiwi was the eldest son of [[Bau (island)|Bau]] chief [[J.A.R. Dovi|Ratu Jione Atonio Rabici Doviverata]] and Fijian Member of Parliament [[Losalini Raravuya Dovi|Adi Losalini Raravuya Uluiviti]], and was the namesake of his paternal grandfather, [[Joni Madraiwiwi I]], a [[Fijians|Fijian]] [[Ratu]] and early colonial administrator in what was then the British Crown Colony of Fiji. He was born in Levuka, on the island of Ovalau, and subsequently titled Turaga na [[Roko Tui Bau]], a vassal chief to the Vunivalu of Bau, Paramount Chief of the Kubuna Confederacy. He obtained a [[LLB|Law]] degree from the [[University of Adelaide]] in [[Australia]], and then left for [[Montreal]], [[Canada]] for graduate study in Law at [[McGill University]]. For his [[Master of Laws]] (LL.M.) degree which he obtained in 1989 at the [[McGill University Faculty of Law]], he chose to specialize in [[comparative law]]. His LL.M. thesis on air and space law was titled ''The archipelagic regime under the United Nations convention of the Law of the Sea 1982 : its development and effect on air law''<ref>https://www.mcgill.ca/iasl/about/alumni/thesisllm#M1</ref> He also pursued and obtained a Diploma in Air and Space Law (DipA&SL) from the Institute of Air and Space Law at [[McGill University]] a year earlier in 1988.<ref>http://archive.li/1K2AG</ref>

From [[McGill University|McGill]], Madraiwiwi came back to [[Fiji]] and worked for the Office of the Attorney-General of Fiji as solicitor, serving from 1983 to 1991.<ref>http://www.pireport.org/articles/2004/12/16/madraiwiwi-appointed-fiji-vice-president</ref> He was then appointed a permanent arbitrator in that office until 1997, when he became a judge of the [[High Court of Fiji|High Court]], which stands at the apex of the Fijian judiciary.<ref>Fraenkel J (2016). Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi. ''The Journal of Pacific History'', 51 (4): 447-450.</ref> He resigned from the bench in mid-2000 in protest against the [[2000 Fijian coup d'état|coup d'état]] that saw the elected government toppled, the [[1997 Constitution of Fiji|constitution]] abrogated, and the judiciary reorganised by decree. Thereafter, he practised law privately as a partner of [[Howards (law firm)|Howards]]. In addition, he served as director of [[Fiji Times|Fiji Times Limited]] (the nation's leading newspaper) and trustee of the [[Fijian Trust Fund]]. He was also a human rights commissioner and former chairman of the [[Citizens Constitutional Forum (Fiji)|Citizens Constitutional Forum]], a pro-democracy and human rights organisation.

In 2004, he was installed as [[Vice-President of Fiji]]. Rewa high chief [[Jone Mataitini|Ro Jone Mataitini]] said the chiefs unanimously supported Ratu Madraiwiwi Vice-Presidential appointment because of his extensive knowledge of the law and because of his great rapport with other racial and religious groups. In this regard, he was regarded as a compromise between those who insisted on reserving the Vice-Presidency for a high chief, and those (including [[Epeli Ganilau|Ratu Epeli Ganilau]], the former [[Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs|Chairman]] of the [[Great Council of Chiefs]]), who believed it was time for a non-[[Fijians|Fijian]], to be appointed to the post as a gesture of goodwill to the [[Indians in Fiji|Indo-Fijian]] and other minorities. [[Fiji Labour Party]] leader and former Prime Minister [[Mahendra Chaudhry]] also welcomed Ratu Madraiwiwi's appointment. ''"Ratu Joni is an eminent scholar who served Fiji with distinction in the last 20 years holding high offices. He is fully conversant with the affairs of the State and he will certainly restore dignity and decorum to the high office,"'' Chaudhry said. Tribal and regional factors played a part in the appointment. Fiji's tribes each belong to one of three confederacies – [[Kubuna]], [[Burebasaga]], and [[Tovata]]. One member of the Great Council of Chiefs explained to the media that they had understood that as President Iloilo is from Burebasaga and his predecessor, [[Kamisese Mara|Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara]] was from Tovata, the current Vice-President should be from Kubuna. Installed as the [[Roko Tui Bau]] on 11 November 1995, Ratu Madraiwiwi is one of the highest chiefs of the Kubuna Confederacy.

The [[1997 Constitution of Fiji|Constitution of Fiji]] assigns a purely ceremonial role to the Vice-President, apart from the power to exercise the functions of the Presidency should the President be unable to perform his duties. With the 84-year-old President Iloilo suffering from ill health, the appointment to the Vice-Presidency of a respected individual who could assume the Presidency in the event of an emergency was regarded as a priority. Madraiwiwi, in fact, was acting [[President of Fiji]] in the absence of Iloilo in 2005 and 2006.

== Career after the Vice-Presidency ==

In 2008, when a [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Solomon Islands)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] was established in the [[Solomon Islands]], in the aftermath of ethnic conflict, it was to have five commissioners, including two foreign nationals. Madraiwiwi was asked, and accepted, to serve as one of the two foreign commissioners. The Commission noted that he brought "strong international human rights experience to the TRC".<ref>[http://solomonislands-trc.com/faqs.html Truth and Reconciliation Commission Solomon Islands] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401095658/http://solomonislands-trc.com/faqs.html |date=1 April 2011 }}</ref>

In January 2010, [[King of Tonga|King]] [[George Tupou V]] elevated him to the [[Life Peerage]] in the [[Tonga|Kingdom of Tonga]], with the title of '''Lord Madraiwiwi Tangatatonga'''.<ref>[http://www.mic.gov.to/press-releases/1977-ratu-joni-madraiwiwi-to-the-life-peerage-with-the-noble-title-of-lord-madraiwiwi-tangatatonga.html "Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi appointed Lord Madraiwiwi Tangatonga"], government of Tonga, 4 January 2010</ref>
Ratu Joni became the [[Chief Justice of Nauru]] following the resignation of former Chief Justice, Geoffrey Eames QC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tongadailynews.to/?p%3D7738 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-09-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904141550/http://www.tongadailynews.to/?p=7738 |archivedate= 4 September 2014 |df= }}</ref>He died in service as Supreme Court [[Chief Justice of Nauru]].

== Opinions ==

Madraiwiwi is noted for his outspoken calls for political and cultural moderation, and for his efforts to encourage people to come up with creative and practical solutions to issues that have caused tension in Fijian society.

=== Ethnic tensions and human rights ===
[[File:Ratu J. Madraiwiwi, Supreme Court of Nauru.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Madraiwiwi presiding as [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of Nauru]] at the close of the legal year in 2014.]]

Madraiwiwi says that ethnic Fijians really have nothing to fear from the large Indo-Fijian population, as native ownership of most of the land is enshrined in the [[1997 Constitution of Fiji|Constitution]]. Madraiwiwi has called for a national discussion on adopting an inclusive label for all Fijian citizens. He pointed out that the ''Fijian'' label is very often taken to mean the Fijian ethnic group, rather than the citizenry as a whole. ''"While I personally have no problem with the term Fijian, I recognise many others in my community are not,"'' he said in a speech to the [[Lautoka]] [[Rotary Club]] on 14 March 2005. ''"But let us not leave it there. Let us find other options,"'' he proposed.

Addressing the [[Fiji Law Society]] convention at [[Warwick Hotel]] on Fiji's [[Coral Coast, Fiji|Coral Coast]] on 2 July 2005, Madraiwiwi said that the feeling of insecurity felt by many indigenous Fijians would disappear when more of them became better educated. He said that most members of his ethnic community did not trust the [[1997 Constitution of Fiji|Constitution]] or the rule of law sufficiently, as both instruments could be impugned by whatever government was in power – an attitude that needed to be changed. His people needed to understand, he said, that the rule of law was not an alien Western concept, but one that was, in fact, rooted as much in Fijian as in Western traditions.

At an education workshop in [[Suva]] on 13 July, Madraiwiwi said it was a mistake to view indigenous rights as superior to human rights in general. He said that the [[ILO Convention 169]] (the Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries) clearly stated that indigenous rights were not separate from human rights and could not be asserted at their expense. Articles referring to a self-contained system of governance for indigenous peoples were, he said, for traditional and cultural matters, and did ''"not legitimise or authorise indigenous supremacy."''

Madraiwiwi also rejected arguments by some politicians that when the United Kingdom granted independence to Fiji in 1970, they should have handed power back to the [[Ratu|chiefs]], calling this position legally untenable. ''"To say that power should have been returned to the Fijian chiefs is to ignore what occurred between 1874 and 1970,"'' Madraiwiwi said. He said there was a legal continuity from the chiefs, through British [[British Empire|colonial]] rule, to the modern Fijian state. Universal rules, he said, required Fijians to temper their indigenous rights with the fundamental human rights enjoyed by other communities, though he admitted that many found that difficult to accept. ''"It is an unpalatable truth for Fijians because it flies in the face of everything they have been brought up to believe and conditioned to accept,"'' he said. Madraiwiwi said tensions often arose because fundamental rights were collective, while indigenous rights were individual in character.

He reiterated this position in his closing address to the '''Roundtable on Human Rights, Indigenous Rights, and Nationalism''', organised by the [[Fiji Human Rights Commission]] at [[Suva]]'s [[Holiday Inn (Suva)|Holiday Inn]] on 23 July. He insisted that indigenous rights and fundamental rights are mutually dependent and neither can exist without the other.

In a message to cadets at [[Xavier College (Ba, Fiji)|Xavier College]] in [[Ba (town)|Ba]] on 27 July, Madraiwiwi said that the cycle of blame trapped Fiji islanders into racially polarised politics. He said that Fiji was the richer for its ethnic and cultural diversity, and commended the cadet corps for having overcome ethnic divisions to operate as a cohesive whole.

=== Relationship between church and state ===

In the same Lautoka speech, Madraiwiwi opposed calls for the establishment of a Christian state in Fiji, saying that it would hinder a "correct relationship" between the overwhelmingly Christian [[Fijians|ethnic Fijians]] and the mainly [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Muslim]] [[Indians in Fiji|Indo-Fijian]] community. He expressed concern that the growth of newer [[Fundamentalist Christianity|fundamentalist]] denominations at the expense of the long-dominant [[Methodism|Methodist]] Church ''"evoked a less tolerant dimension to the work of some Christian churches."'' Madraiwiwi has since reiterated that proposals to establish a Christian state ignore the potential for division and conflict. Speaking at the ''Religion and Governance Forum'' in Suva on 17 May 2005, he said the proposal had its roots in the initial conversion of chiefs to Christianity and in the [[Deed of Cession (Fiji)|Deed of Cession]], in which the chiefs ceded sovereignty to the United Kingdom in 1874, but considered that in a multi-faith country like Fiji, it would not be wise to establish any one faith. In an earlier address to a [[Hindu]] gathering on 28 March, Madraiwiwi had criticised government politicians for couching pronouncements in purely Christian terms. ''"When national leaders address the people of Fiji in specifically Christian terms, whatever the occasion, nearly half of our people are excluded,"'' he said. ''"When prayer in mixed company is uttered in terms of a purely Christian God, we unintentionally omit and diminish others present of different faiths. When we use Christian symbolism to promote reconciliation, forgiveness and unity, we discount the contribution and equally rich traditions extant in other faiths and cultural traditions."''

Madraiwiwi has also said that churches have failed to do enough to confront serious social problems, including rape, [[incest]], and other violent crimes, and has called on Christian leaders to set an example for the people to follow by practising what they preach. Speaking in the [[Lau Islands]] on 12 May 2005, he pointed to the late Lauan chief and former Fijian President, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, as a one ''"who not only went to church but lived the life of a Christian,"'' and called on religious leaders to do likewise. Later, speaking at the '''Religion and Governance Forum''' in [[Suva]] on 18 May, he said that there have been cases of churches making unreasonable demands on parishioners in terms of time and natural resources, which have led to ''"a significant erosion on family values"''. He also called on churches to address the problem of excessive [[yaqona]] drinking, which he said was a major social problem. He expressed concern that the [[Methodist]] Church, to which approximately two-thirds of indigenous Fijians belong, had not addressed these issues at their recent conference, but conceded that as Fijian cultural conditioning aims for consensus rather than frank debates, raising such matters could cause divisions.

On 13 May 2005, [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Archbishop]] [[Petero Mataca]] said he agreed that churches had a role to play in reducing crime, but said that they should not be seen as solely to blame for the problem.

=== Views on Fiji's chiefly system ===

Madraiwiwi has also spoken of the need for chiefs to be accessible to their people and to listen to them. ''"It will be impossible to achieve this if the elders and chiefs have their own way and are too proud of their chiefly status to not bring themselves down to the people,"'' Madraiwiwi told the [[Lau Islands|Lau]] Provincial Council on 11 May 2005.

In an address to the [[Pacific Regional Workshop on Leadership Development]] in [[Lami, Fiji|Lami]] on 9 July, Madraiwiwi said that the chiefly system in Fiji and other Pacific Island nations would have to adapt to modern realities. Traditional leadership remained significant, he said, but its role was diminishing. He said that British [[British Empire|colonisation]] had reinforced the chiefly system and in fact fossilised it. Historically, there had been some flexibility, as chiefs had to earn their positions through military prowess, but British protection had given the chiefs an unprecedented ''"reach and depth"'', he said. Christianity, too, had buttressed the system. The church and the chiefly system had become intertwined and mutually reinforced each other, not always to society's benefit. The changing realities of the modern world, however, meant that traditional leaders would have to share the leadership of the country with others. He also said that chiefs and church leaders would have to recognise that tradition did not always sit easily with human rights, and that sensitivity was needed to defuse the inevitable tension between the church and tradition on one hand and human rights on the other.

At the [[Fiji Medical Association]] conference on 1 September, Madraiwiwi said that the days when chiefs, religious ministers, and state officials expected to be treated with deference were gone, and he welcomed the change. He also called on doctors to adopt a higher public profile, as by virtue of their training, skills, and income level, they held a position that required them to provide leadership to the community. ''"The world outside medicine is yours as well,"'' he said. ''"Remedying ailments and illness is not the sum total of your existence. You are also citizens of this country and need to be seen in that role."''

Madraiwiwi has also maintained that democracy has not yet completely settled down in Fiji. Opening the conference of the [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]] in [[Nadi]] on 6 September 2005, he said that Fiji had yet to fully recognise and appreciate the concepts of human rights and the rule of law. Despite constitutional guarantees, certain aspects of democracy were somewhat tenuous, he considered. Ethnic tensions exacerbated the problem, he said. Indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians had competing priorities that would need to be addressed in a manner fair to all, he said. ''"All our communities have to make the effort to reach out to each other rather than waiting passively for gestures that may never be made,"'' Madraiwiwi declared. He added a note of caution, however: ''"Social integration cannot be forced and not proceed at the pace that the community considers uncomfortable."'' He was optimistic about the overall state of race relations, but thought that more needed to be done: ''"Relationships between our ethnic communities are generally good but we need to continue weaving connections to the point where they are interwoven and unbreakable,"'' he said.

In the same speech, Madraiwiwi praised the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. ''"The strength of Commonwealth lies in its diversity and it to be mindful of bearing economic, social, political and cultural systems which comprise its membership,"'' he said. '''Its commonality lies in its connection to humanity, in the main it has provided an invariable forum whose members to open and continue meaningful issues of concern."''

=== Economic and environmental views ===

On 7 July 2005, Madraiwiwi called on his fellow-chiefs to consider how to maximise the effectiveness of income generated through tourist facilities built on natively owned land. Opening the Tourism Forum at the [[Sheraton Resort (Fiji)|Sheraton Resort]], he said that the annual profit, now more than [[Fijian dollar|F$]]30 million, should be invested to spearhead [[Fijians|native Fijian]] participation in the industry. He also called on leaders to take a more "bipartisan" approach to national issues, saying that as a small country with limited resources, Fiji could ill afford ''"endless debates about ethnicity and identity."'' He spoke of the need to break new ground. ''"We need to move forward and beyond the point where we endlessly pursue the demons bequeathed us by our history,"'' Madraiwiwi said.

Addressing a [[Greenpeace]] meeting in [[Suva]] on 10 July to commemorate the 20th anniversary of [[sinking of the Rainbow Warrior|the bombing of]] the ''[[Rainbow Warrior (1978)|Rainbow Warrior]]'' by French [[DGSE]] agents in 1985, Madraiwiwi said that while nuclear testing, the issue at the time of the ''Rainbow Warrior'''s destruction, was a thing of the past, the region was still faced with major environmental challenges. ''"Back then the issue of the day was nuclear testing, now we are faced with problems such as climate change, overfishing, deforestation, shipments of radioactive materials through Pacific waters and nuclear proliferation,"'' he said. ''"We need to remain vigilant so that we won't become victims again."'' A former Greenpeace board member, Madraiwiwi called on the environmental lobby to remember that ''"the actions of a few with commitment, can alter the course of world history."''

The Vice-President has also called for a crusade against corruption, and for streamlining of the [[Public Service Commission (Fiji)|Public Service Commission]]'s disciplinary laws to prevent delays in fighting corruption, which only foster further abuse. ''"Combating it will take courage, determination and perseverance. The most effective means of doing it is by creating a climate not receptive to corruption,"'' Madraiwiwi said at the launch of the [[Transparency International Fiji]] book in Suva on 9 December 2005.

=== Views on homosexuality ===

On 31 August 2005, Madraiwiwi became the first high-ranking office-holder in Fiji to call for homosexuality to be legalised. Speaking at the opening of the [[Fiji Medical Association]] conference in [[Suva]], he said that while he acknowledged the abhorrence of many great religions towards homosexuality, he thought that what sexual acts people do in private is no business of the state. ''"Whatever one's views about it, those who choose to practise that lifestyle in private surely have a right to do so,"'' he said. Madraiwiwi's comments flew in the face of pressure from the [[Methodist Church|Methodist]] and other churches, as well as some Hindu and Muslim organisations, to close the loopholes in the law which allowed a Fijian citizen and a foreigner who had been convicted of homosexual acts to walk free in late August. Madraiwiwi's endorsement of legalised homosexuality also ran contrary to assertions from Prime Minister [[Laisenia Qarase]] that so long as he remained in office, homosexuality would remain illegal.

=== Views on Fiji's national identity ===

Speaking at the launch of [[Fiji Week, 2005|Fiji Week celebrations]] on 7 October 2005, Madraiwiwi called on the nation to face up to questions about its fundamental identity. Such issues involved finding an inclusive adjective of nationality, the term "Fijian" being widely thought of as an ethnic term and its use by non-indigenous persons sometimes resented. The choice of a national language, and the question about whether to keep or change the flag, should also be addressed, he said. It would not do any good to avoid facing such questions, he said, because resolving them was essential to fostering true reconciliation and unity in the nation.

=== Poppy Drive speech ===

At the launch of the [[Poppy Drive]] on 21 October, Madraiwiwi called on returned servicemen to lay aside old resentments. The general refusal of Indo-Fijians to contribute to the war effort in [[World War II]] caused widespread resentment among indigenous Fijians, which has not entirely abated. Madraiwiwi considered, however, that they had shown bravery in their own way, enduring mistreatment ''"with fortitude and grace"'' at the hands of their colonial masters, to whom ''"they had little reason to be grateful."'' He also challenged people to consider the question of how the economy could have survived had the Indo-Fijians left Fiji for the war. ''"Who would have planted the cane, run the mills and funded the colony if they had gone to battle?"'' he asked.

In the same address, the Vice-President said that only those who had experienced the horrors of war could truly appreciate the value of freedom. A generation had grown up taking freedom for granted, he said, but owed a debt of gratitude that could never be repaid to those who had paid the price with their blood. He also said that people have become bolder in asserting their rights, but cautioned that that is one of the causes of wars.

=== Thoughts on the Fijian electoral system ===

* ''See main articles: [[Electoral system of Fiji]]; Voting system of Fiji.''

On 3 November 2005, Madraiwiwi expressed reservations about the so-called Alternative Vote, which incorporates elements of [[Instant-runoff voting|instant run-off voting]] and [[electoral fusion]], which has been used in Fiji for the past two elections. The system allows political parties and candidates to combine their votes in a constituency according to a prearranged ranking of "preferences." Although voters may customise the ranking, few did so at the last two elections, and many were reportedly unaware that a vote cast for the party of their choice might end up being transferred to a party they might have no wish to support. Madraiwiwi said that in practice, voting for a party meant voting for any other party to which that party had agreed to transfer its "preferences." He considered that this compromised the voter's freedom of choice, and that in retrospect, it might have been better to retain the [[first past the post]] system that was formerly used.

At a workshop organised by the [[Citizens Constitutional Forum]] in [[Suva]], Madraiwiwi endorsed calls for [[electoral reform]] on 9 February 2006. Madraiwiwi, who was the chief guest at the forum, called for a reduction in the number of [[communal constituencies]] (elected on ethnic rolls, almost two-thirds of the present [[House of Representatives of Fiji|House of Representatives]]) and a corresponding increase in the number of [[open constituencies]] (elected by universal suffrage). Communal voting reinforced the ethnic faultline that characterised [[elections in Fiji]], he said, and steps should be taken to move away from it.

The Vice-President also reiterated his earlier reservations about the Fijian electoral system. It was not well understood by less literate sections of the population, he said, and though its purpose was to encourage coalition-building, it was open to manipulation and a simpler voting system, which would be fair and neutral, should be considered, the [[Fiji Live]] and [[Fiji Village]] news services reported him as saying. He proposed [[proportional representation]] for as an option which would reflect the composition of the Fijian electorate. The [[1997 Constitution of Fiji|constitutional]] requirement for multi-party coalitions, which has never been implemented strictly as stipulated, should also be reconsidered, he said.

In a rare display of unity, both [[Tomasi Vakatora]] of the predominantly indigenous [[Grand Coalition for Fiji|Grand Coalition Initiative Group]] and [[Krishna Datt]] of the mainly Indo-Fijian [[Fiji Labour Party]] both rejected the Vice-President's calls for proportional representation, saying they were satisfied with the present electoral system.

Madraiwiwi also expressed concern about how the high level of [[Indians in Fiji|Indo-Fijian]] emigration could create electoral disparity, affecting the election results in marginal open constituencies.

=== Critique of ethnic politics ===

In his opening address to the [[Pacific Islands Political Studies Association]] ([[PIPSA]]) conference on 24 November 2005, Madraiwiwi described race relations as "a work in progress." He lamented the ethnic faultline that defines Fijian politics, a situation reinforced, he said, by what political parties thought the electorate wanted. The electoral system, in which almost two-thirds of the seats in the [[House of Representatives of Fiji|House of Representatives]] are chosen by voters registered on closed ethnic rolls, further reinforced this divide, he maintained. The result was that people retreated into their "ethnic fortresses" and viewed one another with suspicion.

Madraiwiwi spoke of the need to build personal relationships on the basis of trust, across ethnic lines. ''"We must begin to trust each other if this country is to progress the way we want it to. But before that we have to lay the preparatory work to engender that trust by building relationships every day,"'' he declared.

One factor gave the Vice-President cause for optimism. The [[Fijians|indigenous]] population was growing somewhat faster than that of the nation as a whole, which he thought would gradually allay their fears of marginalisation and could lead to their being less fearful about being led by someone of a different ethnic group.

=== Views on the place of the Fijian language ===

* ''See main article: [[National language debate in Fiji]].''

Addressing the 72nd annual meeting of the [[Fijian Teachers Association]] in [[Suva]] on 9 January 2006, Madraiwiwi added his own voice to calls for the [[Fijian language]] to be made a compulsory subject in all primary schools. His parents' generation had emphasised prioritising English on the assumption that Fijian could be learned later, but this had resulted in a generation knowing little Fijian, and unless the language was made compulsory at all levels of primary education, it would be lost to the next generation, Madraiwiwi said.

== Achievements ==

In his capacity of Acting [[President of Fiji]], Madraiwiwi succeeded in brokering a truce on 16 January 2006 between Prime Minister [[Laisenia Qarase]] and [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces|Military]] Commander [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Frank Bainimarama]], [[2005–06 Fijian political crisis|whose long-running feud]] had raised fears of civil unrest or a military coup. Under Madraiwiwi's mediation, each side made some concessions to the other, and observers were cautiously optimistic that Fiji had been pulled back from the brink. Although the truce eventually broke down, it postponed the coup that eventually took place on 5 December.

== Personal life ==

Ratu Madraiwiwi is the eldest son of Doctor [[J.A.R. Dovi|Ratu Jione Atonio Rabici Doviverata]], who preceded him as Roko Tui Bau. His mother, [[Adi (title)|Adi]] [[Losalini Raravuya Uluiviti]] was from the chiefly Tui [[Nairai]] family, in Fiji's [[Lomaiviti Province|Lomaiviti]] province. She was one of the first women to become a member of Fiji's [[Legislative Council of Fiji|Legislative Council]] and subsequently a [[House of Representatives of Fiji|Member of Parliament]].

Ratu Madraiwiwi is a grandson of [[Joni Madraiwiwi I|Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi]] (1859–1920), a [[Bau Island|Bauan]] chief, and a great-great grandson of [[Seru Epenisa Cakobau|Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau]] (1815–1883), the Fijian [[Head of State of Fiji|monarch]] who unified the nation under his leadership before ceding the islands to the United Kingdom in 1874. He is also a nephew of [[Lala Sukuna|Ratu Sir Lala Sukuna]] (1888–1958), who forged embryonic institutions for what would become the independent nation of Fiji, although he did not live to see it. On 5 December 1998, he married [[Adi Lusi Tuivanuavou]], also known as [[Lusiana Paluvavau Qolikoro|Adi Lusiana Paluvavau Qolikoro]], on [[Bau Island]] in Fiji.

Madraiwiwi died on 29 September 2016 after a short illness. He was later laid to rest at the Sau Tabu in Bau Island on 07 October 2016 a week after his death. His death was attended by The King of Tonga King Tupou VI and other Chiefly families around Fiji. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/314489/fiji's-ratu-joni-madraiwiwi-dies |title=Fiji's Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi dies |publisher=Radio New Zealand International |date=29 September 2016 |accessdate=29 September 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquotepar|Joni Madraiwiwi}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040918174132/http://www.usp.ac.fj/journ/docs/news/wansolnews/wansol1508013.html Fiji's 2001 Elections: Our Country at the Crossroads] – 2001 Parkinson Memorial Lecture Series, 15 August 2001.
* [http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0409/S00253.htm Ethnic Tensions and the Rule of Law] – Siwatibau Memorial Lecture, [[Honiara]], [[Solomon Islands]], 24 September 2004.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070309111652/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/printer_4326.shtml Speech to Lautoka Rotary Club] (14 March 2005).
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050404163302/http://www.usp.ac.fj/index.php/1092/ As you enter] (a poem by Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi)

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | title=[[Vice-President of Fiji|Vice-President]] of [[Fiji]] | before=[[Jope Seniloli|Ratu Jope Seniloli]] | after=[[Epeli Nailatikau]]| years=2004–2006}}
{{succession box | title=[[Roko Tui Bau]] | before=[[J.A.R. Dovi|Ratu Dr. Jione Atonio Rabici Doviverata]] | after=vacant| years=1995–2016}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madraiwiwi, Joni}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief Justices of Nauru]]
[[Category:Fijian chiefs]]
[[Category:Tongan nobles]]
[[Category:Tui Kaba]]
[[Category:Vice-Presidents of Fiji]]
[[Category:Fijian judges on the courts of Nauru]]
[[Category:University of Adelaide alumni]]
[[Category:McGill University alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bau (island)]]

BitChute

2018-11-04T18:48:31Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:BitChute.png (en). It was deleted on Commons by JuTa (No source since 20 October 2018. Not own work as cliamed.).

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo =
| url = [https://BitChute.com BitChute.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| author = [[Ray Vahey]]
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2017|1|3}}
| current status = Active
| location_city =
| location_country =
}}
{{File sharing sidebar}}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] [[WebTorrent]] technology<ref name="torrentfreak">{{Cite news |url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/ |title=BitChute is a BitTorrent-Powered YouTube Alternative |last= |first= |date=2017-01-29 |work=TorrentFreak |accessdate=2017-12-10 |archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url= |language=en-US}}</ref> in order to diffuse, redistribute, and ease bandwidth and issues of centralized streaming.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

== History ==

[[File:BitChute Logo.png|thumb|The BitChute logo used from 2017 to 2018.]]

The company was founded by [[Ray Vahey]]. He described it as a way to avoid [[censorship|hard censorship]] and "[[demonetization]]" ("soft" [[corporate censorship]]) by established services like [[YouTube]].<ref name="torrentfreak" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html|title=iTWire - BitChute: the first serious YouTube competitor?|last=Beer|first=Doron|website=www.itwire.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

Posted on January 3, 2017, ''"This is the first video on #BitChute"'' was the first sample video and test of the uploading process featuring a woman using a [[Tablet computer|tablet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/UGlrF9o9b-Q/|title=This is the first video on #BitChute|publisher=BitChute|date=January 3, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[conservative]] internet celebrity [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's [[demonetization]] of political videos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T|title='There's no one for right-wingers to pick a fight with': The far right is struggling to sustain interest in its social media platforms|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref> Southern has automatically mirrored her YouTube channel on BitChute since March 23, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Southern |first1=Lauren |title=Lauren Southern |url=https://www.bitchute.com/LaurenSouthern/ |website=BitChute |accessdate=August 16, 2018 |language=en |date=August 14, 2018}}</ref>

In March 2018, the site was redesigned and got a new logo.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

== Technology ==

BitChute is based on the [[peer-to-peer]] [[WebTorrent]] system; a [[JavaScript]] torrenting program that can run in a [[web browser]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Ernesto |title=WebTorrent Desktop Hits a Million Downloads |url=https://torrentfreak.com/webtorrent-desktop-hits-a-million-downloads-180104/ |website=TorrentFreak.com |publisher=TorrentFreak |date=2018-01-04 |accessdate=2018-11-03}}</ref> Users watching a video also [[Seed (BitTorrent)|seed]] it. Despite similar functionally, WebTorrent is not compatible with [[BitTorrent]]<ref name=alt1>{{cite web |url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative}}</ref> since WebTorrent only uses the same [[Communication protocol|protocol]] as BitTorrent but uses a different [[Transport layer|transport]]. However, the [[WebTorrent Desktop]] stand alone version is able to bridge the [[WebRTC]]-based WebTorrent and [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]]/[[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]]-based BitTorrent serverless networks.<ref name="Demuxed">{{cite web |title=Demuxed - Ep. #5, WebTorrent: Bringing BitTorrent to the Web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6eIOsvP6Jw |author=Heavybit |publisher=Heavybit |website=YouTube |date=2017-07-06 |accessdate=2018-11-03}} @4:35+ </ref>

The BitChute website acts as a front end and portal for WebTorrent. When users upload a video it is converted to a WebTorrent and given a page on BitChute's website.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

== Reception ==

There has been conflict between YouTube and creators over the content of some videos uploaded. The company responded in some cases by banning creators, blocking their videos or channel "[[demonetization]]". As a response, some popular creators have started BitChute channels. These include Dave Cullen (''Computing Forever'' channel)<ref>{{cite web |title=Internet Archive Search: Dave Cullen |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=dave%20cullen |website=The Wayback Machine |publisher=The Internet Archive |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> and various [[conservative]] channels.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ishmaeldaro/right-wing-youtube-alternative-platforms?utm_term=.mpjjNPmZxv#.ouRPM7xQJ2|title=Right-Wing YouTubers Think It’s Only A Matter Of Time Before They Get Kicked Off The Site}}</ref><ref name="bitchutearchives">{{cite web |title=Internet Archive Search: bitchute |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=bitchute |website=The Wayback Machine |publisher=The Internet Archive |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Comparison of BitTorrent clients]]
* [[InterPlanetary File System]] and [[DTube]]
* [[List of video hosting services]]
* "tube" sites of the [[MindGeek]] porn monopoly

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://BitChute.com}}
* [https://BitChute.com BitChute.com]

{{File sharing|state=collapsed}}
{{BitTorrent|state=collapsed}}
{{Internet censorship circumvention technologies|state=collapsed}}
{{File systems|state=collapsed}}
{{Cryptocurrencies|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:BitChute}}
[[Category:Anonymity networks]]
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:BitTorrent]]
[[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 2017]]
[[Category:Distributed data storage]]
[[Category:Distributed file systems]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]
[[Category:File sharing software]]
[[Category:File transfer protocols]]
[[Category:Free network-related software]]
[[Category:Internet privacy software]]
[[Category:Internet protocols]]
[[Category:Network protocols]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer software]]
[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:World Wide Web]]

{{website-stub}}

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Newport Aquarium

2018-10-29T19:42:44Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:Newport Aquarium Entrance.jpg , deleted by Green Giant (Unfree Flickr license: flickr.com/photos/97578613@N08/31116105808 is licensed under cc-by-nc-nd-2.0).

{{advertisement|date=July 2017}}
{{About|the aquarium in Newport, Kentucky, United States|the aquarium in Newport, Oregon, United States|Oregon Coast Aquarium}}
{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name=Newport Aquarium
|image=
|image_width=
|image_caption=
|logo_width=
|date_opened=May 1999<ref name="CincinnatiEnquirer"/>
|location=[[Newport, Kentucky]], U.S.
|coordinates={{Coord|39.0943725|-84.4975877|type:landmark_scale:2500|display=inline,title}}
|members=[[Association of Zoos and Aquariums|AZA]]<ref name="aza_list"/>
| total_tank_vol = {{convert|1000000|usgal|L|abbr=on}}
|exhibits = 12
| num_animals =20,000
| num_species = 90+
|website={{URL|http://www.newportaquarium.com}}
| owner=[[Herschend Family Entertainment]]}}
The '''Newport Aquarium''' is an [[public aquarium|aquarium]] located in [[Newport, Kentucky]], United States at [[Newport on the Levee]]. The aquarium has 70 exhibits and 14 galleries, including five seamless acrylic tunnels totaling over {{Convert|200|ft}} in length. The aquarium showcases thousands of animals from around the world in {{convert|1000000|usgal|L|abbr=on}} of water, including the "Scooter" and "Sweet Pea," two of the few [[Bowmouth guitarfish|shark rays]] in captivity. In 2009, the Aquarium received a baby shark ray from Taiwan, named Sunshine.

The facility is open to the public 365 days a year. Newport Aquarium is an accredited member of the [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums]], a leader in global wildlife conservation.<ref name="NewportAquarium">{{cite web |url=http://www.newportaquarium.com/index.cfm?sectionID=72,0,0,0 |title=Newport Aquarium |accessdate=December 26, 2006 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate=}}</ref>It has many outreach programs, including the WAVE Foundation, that seeks to educate the public about our oceans and promote STEM. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://aquariumworks.org/about/|title=About Us|date=2012-07-17|work=Aquarium Works|access-date=2018-10-16|language=en-US}}</ref>

The Newport Aquarium is part of [[Herschend Family Entertainment]], a for-profit company.

==Exhibits==

[[File:Underwater glass tunnel.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The underwater tunnel]]

'''Gator Alley ''' includes varying sized specimens of [[Orinoco crocodile]], [[American alligator]], [[caiman]] and [[gharial]].

'''Amazon''' includes [[arapaima]], [[pacu]], [[redtail catfish]], [[silver arowana]], [[black arowana]], [[long-tailed river stingray]], and [[perch]].

'''Shark Central''' lets visitors pet the many species of sharks including [[lesser guitarfish]], [[pyjama shark]], [[Port Jackson shark]], [[leopard shark]], [[small-spotted catshark]], [[crested bullhead shark]], [[Sharptooth houndshark|spotted gully shark]] ([[sharptooth houndshark]]).

'''Kroger Penguin Palooza''' includes [[king penguin]], [[Inca tern]], [[chinstrap penguin]], [[gentoo penguin]], [[macaroni penguin]] and [[rockhopper penguin]].

'''Ring of Fire''' is a gallery which focuses on certain species that visitors requested to come back the most. This gallery features [[Giant pacific octopus]], [[Japanese spider crab]], [[Moon jellyfish]], [[Longspine snipefish]], and [[Pinecone fish]].

'''Frog Bog''' includes [[American green tree frog|green tree frog]], [[American bullfrog]], [[African clawed frog]], [[red-eyed tree frog]], [[gray tree frog]], [[cane toad]], [[tomato frog]], and other frog and toad species.

'''Dangerous and Deadly''' includes [[Gila monster]], [[red lionfish]], [[pinecone fish]], [[electric eel]], [[Gaboon viper]], [[spotted wobbegong]], [[stonefish]], [[redeye piranha]], [[whitespotted bamboo shark]], [[tentacled snake]], Thunder the [[alligator snapping turtle]], [[White-blotched river stingray]] and a [[Agkistrodon piscivorus|cottonmouth]] ([[water moccasin]]).

'''Seahorses: Unbridled Fun''' includes [[Six-line wrasse]], [[Splendid garden eel]], [[Spotted garden-eel]], [[Barbour's seahorse]], [[Many-banded pipefish]], [[Trumpetfish]], [[Whitespotted surgeonfish]], [[Opossum pipefish]], [[Longspine snipefish]], [[Big-belly seahorse|Big-bellied seahorse]], [[Ribboned sea dragon]], [[Shrimpfish|Razorfish]], [[Dwarf seahorse]], [[Flame angelfish]], [[Enoplometopus occidentalis|Hawaiian reef lobster]], and a group of [[Paddlefish]].

'''Surrounded by Sharks''' includes [[bowmouth guitarfish]] ([[shark ray]]), [[sand tiger shark]], [[sandbar shark]], [[Scalloped Hammerhead shark]], [[whitetip reef shark]], [[blacktip reef shark]], [[nurse shark]], [[zebra shark]], [[southern stingray]], [[Nassau grouper]], [[giant grouper]], [[reticulate whipray]] also known as the [[honeycomb stingray]], and Denver the [[loggerhead sea turtle]].

'''Coral Reef''' includes [[honeycomb moray]], [[Naso (genus)|unicorn fish]], [[cownose ray]], [[blue tang]], [[powderblue tang]], [[yellow tang]], [[humphead wrasse]] and [[bonnethead]].

== Shark Ray Breeding Program ==
The shark ray breeding program is one of the first of its kind and much is being learned about shark rays. It has been successful, with "Sweet Pea" and "Scooter" producing offspring<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/2016/02/10/behind-scenes-newport-aquariums-shark-ray-pups/80051426/|title=Aww: Newport Aquarium has shark ray pups|work=Cincinnati.com|access-date=2018-10-16|language=en}}</ref>. However, the process is difficult due to the tendencies of shark rays to have "rough sex," which caused one of the new females, at the time, to be killed. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/07/23/shark-ray-mating-injury/2581547/|title=Mating injury kills Kentucky aquarium's shark ray|work=USA TODAY|access-date=2018-10-16|language=en}}</ref> The aquarium has a total of four adult shark rays on exhibit today and scientists have been able to learn more about their reproductive behaviors and gestation periods, which is being used to better care for them.

== Mighty Mike ==
Mighty Mike, the 14 foot and 800 pound American alligator left the aquarium in September 2018. He was the biggest alligator outside of Florida. He returned to his home, Florida`s Crocodilian Conservation Center, after being on loan to Newport Aquarium for five years. He was housed in Alligator Alley at the aquarium. He is an ambassador for his species and helps to promote conservation of wetland ecosystems. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wcpo.com/news/our-community/family-fun/newport-aquarium-s-giant-alligator-mighty-mike-will-leave-for-florida-after-summer|title=Newport Aquarium's giant alligator Mighty Mike will leave for Florida after summer|last=Staff|first=WCPO|date=2018-07-09|work=WCPO|access-date=2018-10-29|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Seasonal Events ==
'''Mermaid`s Cove''' is an interactive event, in which guests get to see and talk to mermaids throughout the aquarium. Locations includes Shark Ray Bay Theater and Coral Reef tank. The mermaids advocate for ocean conservation and teach kids ways to save the planet. This event is normally scheduled during September. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wlwt.com/article/mermaids-swim-their-way-back-to-newport-aquarium/23317437|title=Mermaids swim their way back to Newport Aquarium|last=Staff|first=WLWT Digital|date=2018-09-19|work=WLWT|access-date=2018-10-29|language=en}}</ref>

'''Scuba Santa''' arrives at the aquarium starting at the end of November through January 1st each year, excluding Christmas Day. He can be seen in the shark tank with his elves. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wlwt.com/article/scuba-santa-back-at-newport-aquarium/3526814|title=Scuba Santa back at Newport Aquarium|date=2012-11-17|work=WLWT|access-date=2018-10-29|language=en}}</ref>

== Outreach Programs ==
'''Mobile Shark Cart''' is a mobile cart that is used as an education/touch pool that is taken to schools, events, etc. and is used to bring awareness to shark protection and ocean conservation. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wcpo.com/news/insider/cant-get-to-newport-the-aquarium-will-now-bring-its-sharks-to-you|title=Can't get to Newport? The aquarium will now bring its sharks to you|last=contributor|first=Christine Charlson {{!}} WCPO|date=2016-09-17|work=WCPO|access-date=2018-10-29|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''WAVE Program''' is a program that promotes the importance of ocean conservation, leadership, and STEM to young children through young adults. An individual goes behind the scenes with a staff member and gets to see how the aquarium works and learn about the conservation programs and species at the aquarium. <ref name=":0" />
Gallery<gallery>
File:Shark at Newport Aquarium.jpg|Shark tank
File:Sharktank at Newport Aquarium.jpg|Shark tank
File:Petting station Newport Aquarium.jpg|Petting station
File:Penguins at Newport Aquarium.jpg|Penguins at Newport Aquarium
File:US Navy 110901-N-HZ247-083 Master Chief Navy Diver Joe Howard, right, answers questions while swimming with the sharks at the Newport Aquarium in N.jpg|Divers in the shark tank
File:Himantura uarnak.jpg|Honeycomb whiptail ray
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist |refs=

<ref name="aza_list">
{{ZooOrg|aza|zoos|accessdate=February 13, 2011}}
</ref>

<ref name="CincinnatiEnquirer">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/1999/05/14/loc_the_making_of.html
|title=The making of an aquarium
|work=enquirer.com
|publisher=The Cincinnati Enquirer
|accessdate=December 26, 2006
}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.newportaquarium.com/}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hukTlLwW84Y Shark Ray Presentation]

{{Zoos of Kentucky}}

{{HFEC}}

[[Category:Aquaria in Kentucky]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Campbell County, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Campbell County, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Newport, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Herschend Family Entertainment]]

Yonadam Kanna

2018-10-12T13:55:00Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing :File:Yonadam Kanna constitution.png . It was deleted by B (F9: Unambiguous copyright violation: www.atour.com/people/20100223a.html credits to Joao Silva / New York Times).

{{Infobox Officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|name = Yonadam Yousip Kanna {{lang|syr|ܝܘܢܕܡ ܝܘܣܦ ܟܢܢܐ}}

|office = [[Council of Representatives of Iraq]]
|alongside =
|president =
|term_start = 30 January 2005
|term_end =
|predecessor =
|term_start1 = 30 January 2005
|term_end1 = present
|president1 =
|alongside1 =
|predecessor1 =
|successor1 =
|office2 = [[Kurdistan Regional Government|KRG]] Minister of Housing and Public Works
|president2 =
|deputy2 =
|term_start2 = 1992
|term_end2 = 1999
|predecessor2 =
|successor2 =
|office3 = [[Kurdistan Regional Government|KRG]] Minister of Industry and Energy
|term_start3 = 1999
|term_end3 = 2001
|predecessor3 =
|successor3 =
|office4 = Secretary-General of [[Assyrian Democratic Movement]]
|term_start4 = 2001
|term_end4 = present
|birthname =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|1|1|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Habbaniyah]], [[Kingdom of Iraq]] {{small|(now [[Iraq]])}}
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Assyrian Democratic Movement]]
|otherparty =
|spouse =
|children =
|alma_mater = [[University of Sulaymaniyah]]
}}

'''Yonadam Yousip Kanna''' ({{lang-syr|ܝܘܢܕܡ ܝܘܣܦ ܟܢܢܐ}}, also known as '''Rabi Yacoub Yosep''') is an [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]] politician and the first [[Christian]] member of the [[Iraqi National Assembly]] since 2003. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |title=The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture}}</ref> Yonadam Kanna also serves as the current Secretary-General of the [[Assyrian Democratic Movement]], holding the position since 2001.

==Early life and education==

Yonadam Yousip Kanna was born in [[Habbaniyah]], [[Al Anbar Governorate|Al-Anbar]], [[Iraq]] in 1951. He completed his tertiary education at the University of Sulaymaniyah in 1975, graduating with a B.S. degree in Civil Engineering. <ref>http://www.atour.com/people/20100223a.html</ref>

==Political Career==

===Assyrian Democratic Movement===

Yonadam Kanna is one of the founding members of the Assyrian Democratic Movement (ADM) and participated in the secret movement from its inception in 1979 until the [[1991 uprisings in Iraq]]. In 1984, Kanna was sentenced to death in absentia by the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|Ba'ath led Iraqi government]] for participating in a group that opposed the Iraqi regime. Kanna is the current Secretary-General of the ADM after succeeding Ninos Pithyou in 2001 during the third congress of the ADM held in [[Erbil]].<ref>https://www.rferl.org/a/1343208.html</ref> In addition to leading the ADM, Kanna also heads the [[Rafidain List|Al-Rafidain National List]] that participates in the Iraqi parliamentary elections.

===Kurdistan Regional Government===

Kanna is a former [[Kurdistan Regional Government]] minister who was appointed as a Minister of Housing and Public Works in KRG from 1992 to 1999 and later served as Minister of Industry and Energy from 1999 to 2001. <ref>[http://www.zowaa.org/younadamkanna/#.WuLqN4iuzIU]</ref>

===Iraq Government===

Kanna was a founding member of the [[Iraqi Governing Council]] in July 2003 - June 2004 that was created following the [[Invasion of Iraq]] led by the [[United States]] in 2003. In the same year, Kanna held the position of Chairman of the 'Committee on Reconstruction and Public Services for the Chaldean Syriac Assyrian component'. In December 2004, Kanna was a member of the National Transitional Council and served as a Chairman for Age and Public Services.

He was elected to the [[National Assembly of Iraq]] as head of the Al Rafideen National List in the [[Iraqi legislative election, January 2005|January]] and [[Iraqi legislative election, December 2005|December]] 2005 elections. During the same year, Kanna became a member of the Constitution Drafting Committee that developed the current [[Constitution of Iraq]]. From 2006-2010, Kanna was Vice-Chairman of the 'Economy, Investment and Reconstruction Committee'. <ref>http://www.zowaa.org/younadamkanna/#.W4CnXZMzbOR</ref>

During the [[Iraqi parliamentary election, 2010]] held on the 7th March 2010, Kanna was one of five Christians elected into the Iraq National Assembly, continuing from his first term in 2005. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Kymlicka |first1=Will |last2=Pföstl |first2=Eva |title=Multiculturalism and Minority Rights in the Arab World |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-967513-5 |page=270}}</ref>

Kanna was re-elected for his third term during the [[Iraqi parliamentary election, 2014]] claiming the Baghdad seat as part of the five seats in the Christian quota.

Kanna has called for dialogue between Iraq and neighbouring regional powers such as [[Iran]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Turkey]], [[Jordan]] and [[Egypt]] to solve internal problems that cannot be solved by the United States. Kanna has also pushed for an educational curriculum that prevents the "Daesh mentality" through widespread and in-depth education and cultural programs to address feelings of injustice and exclusion. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Gienger |first1=Viola |title=Iraq Needs International Pressure, Unity to Stem Violence, Lawmaker Says |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2015/04/iraq-needs-international-pressure-unity-stem-violence-lawmaker-says |website=United States Institute of Peace}}</ref>

Kanna has been opposed to and vowed to appeal the Article 14 legislation passed in Iraqi parliament that 'bans the import, sale and production of alcohol' which he believes negatively affects businesses that are mainly run by Christians in Iraq. <ref>{{cite web |title=Iraqi parliament bans alcohol, opponents to appeal ‘unconstitutional’ measure |url=https://www.rt.com/news/363834-iraqi-parliament-alcohol-ban/|website=Russia Today}}</ref>

In addition to other Assyrian political figures, Kanna has pressured the Iraqi government to develop a [[Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq|self-governed]] province in the [[Nineveh plain]] to be formed in the federal state of Iraq to protect minorities and allow them to govern their own communities. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Gombacci |first1=Marco |title=Iraqi Christians ask EU to support the creation of a Nineveh Plain Province |url=http://europeanpost.co/iraqi-christians-ask-eu-to-support-the-creation-of-a-nineveh-plain-province/ |website=European Post}}</ref>

==Personal Life==

Yonadam Kanna is the maternal uncle of the former Iraqi Environment Minister, Sargon Lazar Slewa.

==External links==
*[http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0807/p06s01-woiq.html Interview with Yonadam Kanna in the Christian Science Monitor], August 2003
*[http://www.zindamagazine.com/html/archives/2002/11.18.02/index.php#ZindaSays Interview with Kanna in Zinda Magazine], November 2002

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Assyrian Democratic Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanna, Yonadam}}
[[Category:Assyrian nationalists]]
[[Category:Iraqi Assyrian politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of Representatives of Iraq]]
[[Category:Iraqi Christians]]
[[Category:National Rafidain List politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]

Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine

2018-10-02T08:37:57Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing :File:Ross University School of Medicine Logo.png . It was deleted by Explicit (F7: Violates non-free use policy (TW)).

{{Infobox university
| name = Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine
| native_name =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_alt = Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine logo.
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{Start date|1982}}
| closed = 
| type = [[Private university|Private]], [[for-profit college|for-profit]]
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Basseterre]]
| state =
| province =
| country = [[Saint Kitts and Nevis|St. Kitts]]
| coor =
| campus =
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname = RUSVM
| mascot =
| affiliations =
| website = {{URL|http://www.rossu.edu/veterinary-school/}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine''' (RUSVM), founded in 1982, is a college offering the [[veterinary physician|Doctor of Veterinary Medicine]] degree. As of 2014, RUSVM began offering [[Master of Science]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] degrees in public health, global animal health, conservation medicine, and other research areas supported by the school. The school is located in [[Saint Kitts and Nevis|St. Kitts]]. Administrative offices are located in [[Iselin, New Jersey|Iselin]], NJ. RUSVM is accredited by the [[American Veterinary Medical Association]] Council on Education.

RUSVM students are almost all citizens or permanent residents of the United States,<ref name=AVMA>{{cite news|last=Larkin|first=Malinda|title=Statistics shed light on international education|url=https://www.avma.org/News/JAVMANews/Pages/130615c.aspx|newspaper=JAVMA News|date=3 May 2013}}</ref> who are eligible to apply for financial assistance under [[Title IV]] of the [[Higher Education Act of 1965|Higher Education Act]].<ref name=Veritas>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Donald|title=The Proprietary Model: Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine|url=https://www.veritasdvmblog.com/the-proprietary-model-ross-university-school-of-veterinary-medicine/|newspaper=Veritas Blog|date=9 May 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520094038/https://www.veritasdvmblog.com/the-proprietary-model-ross-university-school-of-veterinary-medicine/|archivedate=20 May 2015|df=}}</ref> As of 2015, the veterinary school has graduated nearly 4,000 veterinarians. RUSVM enrolls students three times per year.

==History==
RUSVM was founded in 1982 by entrepreneur [[Robert Ross (entrepreneur)|Robert Ross]], who also founded a separate institution, [[Ross University School of Medicine]], in 1978.<ref name=AVMA /> Ross had a friend whose son was unable to secure admission to medical schools in the United States, and founded Ross University to give him and others an opportunity to become doctors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/health/medicine/investigators-want-to-know-if-the-quality-of-offshore-medical-schools/1061189|title=Investigators want to know if the quality of offshore medical schools justifies the cost|work=Tampa Bay Times|accessdate=25 December 2009}}</ref>

In 2003, RUSVM was purchased by DeVry Education Group<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roach|first1=Ronald|title=DeVry to Purchase Caribbean Medical School|url=http://diverseeducation.com/article/2938/|accessdate=10 October 2014|publisher=Diverse Education|date=8 May 2003}}</ref>, which has since been renamed [[Adtalem Global Education]].

In 2014, RUSVM launched four research centers,<ref name=RossRelease>{{cite web|url=http://www.rossu.edu/news/Ross-University-School-of-Veterinary-Medicine-Launches-Research-Centers-To-Address-Current-Veterinary-Challenges.cfm|title=Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine Launches Research Centers to Address Current Veterinary Challenges|work= |accessdate=}}</ref> to give students a research-informed learning experience and to expand RUSVM’s scientific research focus.

==Accreditation==
In 2011, RUSVM was accredited<ref name="C360">{{cite web|url=https://www.caribbean360.com/business/st-kitts-vet-school-gets-us-accreditation|title=St. Kitts vet school gets US accreditation - Caribbean360|work=|accessdate=}}</ref> by the [[American Veterinary Medical Association]] Council on Education (AVMA-COE)—the Department of Education's accrediting body for veterinary education—effectively validating the quality and breadth of the school’s program.

RUSVM is also accredited by the St. Christopher & Nevis Accreditation Board Ministry of Education to confer the DVM to students who successfully complete the course of the program.<ref name=VPN>{{cite web|url=http://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/Vet-Schools/index.php/name/Ross-Universitys-School-of-Veterinary-Medicine/listing/25870/|title=Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine - Veterinary Practice News|work=|accessdate=}}</ref>

The Ross University Veterinary Teaching Hospital has also received accreditation by the [[American Animal Hospital Association]] – the first teaching hospital to achieve this status outside the U.S. and Canada.<ref name=VPN />

In July 2014, RUSVM received accreditation for its Postgraduate Studies program from the St. Christopher & Nevis Accreditation Board, effective for five years. The Postgraduate Studies program offers Master of Science (MSc) and Doctoral (PhD) degrees in all research areas supported by RUSVM. Areas of emphasis are guided by RUSVM's themed Research Centers.

==Faculty==

RUSVM faculty have been recognized with awards for teaching and research In February 2013, the Association of American Veterinary Colleges (AAVMC) awarded the Distinguished Teacher Award—the most prestigious national teaching award in veterinary medicine—to Mary Anna Thrall, DVM, a professor at RUSVM.<ref name=AAVMC>{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Jeanne|title=Mary Anna Thrall, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Receives the Most Prestigious Teaching Award in Veterinary Medicine|url=http://www.aavmc.org/PressRelease/?id=125|date=20 February 2013}}</ref> In addition, many faculty are top researchers in their specific fields and disciplines.<ref name=BusinessWire>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140116005393/en/Top-European-Pathologist-Joins-RUSVM-Lead-Postgraduate#.VVpYCEYkrMZ|title=Top European Pathologist Joins RUSVM to Lead New Postgraduate Degree Programs - BusinessWire|work=|accessdate=}}</ref>

==Academics==

The university’s DVM curriculum follows models used in U.S. veterinary schools. It covers seven semesters in St. Kitts, followed by a year of clinical education at one of the more than 20 AVMA-accredited veterinary schools in the United States or at the AVMA-accredited [[Atlantic Veterinary College]] in [[Canada]]. The preclinical program includes a series of "introduction to clinics" courses that provide small-group instruction and hands-on animal experience through community practice, ambulatory practice, or working with university-owned-and-maintained herds of cattle, horses, donkeys, and sheep.

==Research==
The school has established four Research Centers, each relevant to the concept of [[One Health]] in developing or tropical countries. The centers are:
* The One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine
* The Center for Integrative Mammalian Research
* The Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health
* The Center for Research and Innovation in Veterinary and Medical Education

The faculty engage in research projects totaling $21 million from grant-awarding bodies, corporations, and governmental agencies. Faculty authored nearly 100 scientific papers in 2014. Approximately 400 RUSVM students participate in research projects annually, and a course on the principles of veterinary research has been added to the school’s curriculum.

==Internationalization==
In February 2012, RUSVM partnered with [[Moredun Research Institute]] to help generate collaborative scientific research opportunities, as well as training opportunities for research scientists and veterinary students.<ref name=moredun>{{cite web|url=http://www.vetsonline.com/news/latest-headlines/moredun-joins-forces-with-caribbean-vet-school.html|title=Moredun joins forces with Caribbean vet school - Vetsonline.com|work=|accessdate=}}</ref>

RUSVM has begun recruiting students in Singapore for international research internship programs. In October 2014, RUSVM signed a memorandum of understanding with [[Ngee Ann Polytechnic]], Singapore, to “develop mutually beneficial collaborations in education and research, as well as provide a pathway for Singapore students to obtain a veterinary degree[12].<ref name=IntPartner>{{cite web|url=http://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/Ross-University-Gains-International-Partner/|title=Ross University Gains International Partner - Veterinary Practice News|work=|accessdate=}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[International medical graduate]]
* [[List of schools of veterinary medicine]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rossu.edu/veterinary-school/ Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine official site]
{{Adtalem Global Education}}

{{coord missing|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ross University School Of Veterinary Medicine}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:Schools in Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:Veterinary schools]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1982]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in North America]]
[[Category:Basseterre]]
[[Category:Adtalem Global Education]]

Khadim Hussain Rizvi

2018-09-13T17:31:51Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Allama Khadim Hussain Rizvi TLP.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by Hystrix (No permission since 5 September 2018).

{{BLP sources|date=September 2018}}
{{pp-vand|small=yes}}
{{Infobox politician
|name = Khadim Hussain Rizvi
|native_name =
|image =
|office = Chairman of [[Tehreek-i-Labbaik Pakistan]]
|deputy =
|predecessor = Position established
|successor =
|term_start = 1 August 2015
|term_end =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|6|22|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Attock]], [[Pakistan]]
|nationality = {{PAK}}
|website =
}}
'''Khadim Hussain Rizvi ''' ({{Lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| خادم حسين رضوى }}}}) is a Pakistani Islamic preacher. He is also the founding chairman of [[Tehreek Labbaik Pakistan]].

== Early life ==
Khadim Rizvi was born in [[Attock]], [[Punjab]]. He founded a political party, [[Tehreek Labbaik Pakistan]] (TLP), a political front for [[Tehreek Labbaik Pakistan|Tehreek Labbaik Ya Rasool Allah (TLYP)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/16-Sep-2017/the-mullah-of-na-120|title=The Mullah of NA-120|website=Nation.com.pk|access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref> He has authority on the [[Hadith]] and also has [[Hafiz (Quran)|memorized]] the [[Quran]].<ref>https://www.dawn.com/news/1374182</ref> He was active during the trial of [[Mumtaz Qadri]], who assassinated [[Salmaan Taseer]], the Punjab Governor, for opposing the [[blasphemy law]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35684452|title=Pakistan hangs killer of Salman Taseer|date=29 February 2016|publisher=|access-date=18 December 2017|via=www.BBC.com}}</ref> Rizvi has been confined to a wheelchair since 2006 ever since an accident near Gujranwala. Rizvi was injured because the driver of his vehicle fell asleep while driving from Rawalpindi to Lahore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1374182|title=Who is Khadim Hussain Rizvi?|date=3 December 2017|publisher=|accessdate=18 December 2017|via=www.dawn.com}}</ref>

== Activism ==
{{Main|2017 Faizabad sit-in}}
On 6 November 2017, Rizvi organized a long march from [[Lahore]] to [[Islamabad]] against those involved in attempts to amend [[Ordinance XX]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/04-Nov-2017/tehreek-labik-to-hold-islamabad-long-march|title=Tehreek Labik to hold Islamabad long march|website=Nation.com.pk|access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/large-religious-protests-halt-traffic-in-islamabad-and-rawalpindi/2017/11/11/be2eac66-c6fa-11e7-9922-4151f5ca6168_story.html|title=Large religious protests halt traffic in Islamabad and Rawalpindi|first1=Shaiq|last1=Hussain|first2=Pamela|last2=Constable|date=11 November 2017|publisher=|access-date=18 December 2017|via=www.WashingtonPost.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofislamabad.com/tehreek-labaik-ya-rasool-allah-saw-protest-continue/2017/11/09/|title=Tehreek Labaik Ya Rasool Allah (SAW) protest continue - Times of Islamabad|website=TimesOfIslamabad.com|access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref> Rizvi was publicly criticised for creating an environment of intolerance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/25-Nov-2017/discordant-saga-of-blasphemy|title=Discordant Saga of Blasphemy|last=Shahrukh|first=Malik|date=2017-11-25|website=https://www.nation.com.pk|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1374182 |title=Who is Khadim Hussain Rizvi? |last=Ali |first=Kalbe |date=2017-12-03 |website=dawn.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rizvi, Khadim Hussain}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistani Islamists]]
[[Category:Pakistani political party founders]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]
[[Category:Critics of Ahmadiyya]]
[[Category:Pakistani people with disabilities]]
[[Category:People who memorized the Quran]]
[[Category:People from Attock District]]
[[Category:Tehreek-i-Labbaik Pakistan politicians]]

{{Pakistan-bio-stub}}

Madhusree Dutta

2018-08-19T12:29:32Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:4511 foto madhusree dutta.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by Jcb (No permission since 11 August 2018).

== Life and education==
Madhusree Dutta was born in the industrial town of [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]] (then Bihar). She has studied Economics at [[Jadavpur University]], [[Kolkata]] and Dramatics at [[National School of Drama]], New Delhi. In 1987 Dutta shifted her base to [[Mumbai]] ( called Bombay in 1987).

Dutta was jury in [[Berlinale]] ( Berlin International Film Festival ) [https://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2015/05_boulevard_2015/05_boulevard_listing_2015.html?item=51601&navi=43082 Shorts in 2015] ; [[Feminale]]: International Women's Film Festival, Cologne in 2006; Message to Man International Documentary Film Festival, St. Petersburg in 2001; and was chair person of the jury in International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala in 2009; and SIGNS Festival of Digital Videos in 2014. Her retrospectives were held in MIFF ([[Mumbai International Film Festival|Mumbai International Documentary Festival]]), 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/866847/nothing-is-too-sacred-to-be-touched-madhusree-dutta-on-the-evolving-world-of-her-documentaries|title=‘Nothing is too sacred to be touched’: Madhusree Dutta on the evolving world of her documentaries|last=Kulkarni|first=Damini|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ourfrontcover.com/homepageposts/madhusree-dutta-not-just-filmmaker-retrospective/|title=Madhusree Dutta not just a filmmaker-a retrospective|work=Our Frontcover|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en-US}}</ref>; Persistance Resistance Film Festival, Delhi in 2008; [[Madurai]] Film Festival in 2007; [[NGBK]] Gallery; Berlin in 2001.

Currently she lives in Cologne, Germany. She has joined as the Artistic Director of [[:de:Akademie_der_Künste_der_Welt|Akademie der Kunste der Welt]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rundschau-online.de/kultur/akademie-der-kuenste-der-welt-neue-leiterin-wird-von-koelner-kulturgroessen-empfangen-29902432|title=Akademie der Künste der Welt: Neue Leiterin wird von Kölner Kulturgrößen empfangen|last=Hill|first=Axel|work=Kölnische Rundschau|access-date=2018-08-09|language=de-DE}}</ref> in Cologne since 2018.

== Work ==

Madhusree Dutta brought art practices, [[activism]] and pedagogy together in one platform as early as in 1990 when she curated EXPRESSION, the first feminist arts festival. The festival witnessed coming together of feminist scholars, women artists and women's movement activists, and is regarded as a landmark in the history of feminism in India. Her works generally contemplates on [[gender]] construction, [[Urbanism|urban development]], public arts and documentary practices. Most of her works are situated within a hybrid form engaging multiple genres and a provocative mixing of high art and low art. Her works often display a flamboyant mix of pedagogical, political and experimental indicating towards her multiple identities as political activist and avant garde artist. Some of the artists, across disciplines and practices, whom she has collaborated with are filmmaker [[:de:Philip_Scheffner|Philip Scheffner]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pong-berlin.de/de/1/films/here-here|title=From Here to Here {{!}} pong|website=www.pong-berlin.de|language=de|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> and photo artist [[Schaber, ines|Ines Schaber]] from Berlin, theater director Anuradha Kapur from Delhi, visual artist [[Nilima Sheikh]] from [[Vadodara|Baroda]] and [[Archana Pandey|Archana Hande]] and architect Rohan Shivkumar from Mumbai, playwright [[Malini Bhattacharya]] from Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seagullbooks.org/index.php?p=book_details&book_id=OTI=|title=Seagull Book Store|website=www.seagullbooks.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>.

The same pursuit has also led to several digital archiving projects and pedagogical initiatives. One such project Godaam is available online in the free access site PADMA (Public Access Digital Media Archive)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pad.ma|title=Pad.ma|website=Pad.ma|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>. She has initiated ''[[Www.loading.cologne|loading.cologne]]'', a digital public art and memory project within Akademie der Kunste der Welt.

Madhusree Dutta is a co-founder of Majlis (1990), an institution that works on cultural activism and women's rights in Mumbai. She functioned as executive director of the institution till March 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/805688/as-mumbai-feminist-group-majlis-turns-25-co-founder-resigns-with-a-scathing-open-letter|title=As Mumbai feminist group Majlis turns 25, co-founder resigns with a scathing open letter|last=Staff|first=Scroll|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en-US}}</ref>. She is also a founding member of [[:de:Akademie_der_Künste_der_Welt|Akademie Der Künste Der Welt]] (Academy of Arts of the World) in Cologne and member of the academic council of [http://sea.edu.in School of Environment & Architecture], Mumbai. She has been an active member of the women's movement in India and the [[World Social Forum]] (WSF) process, and has made major contribution by producing, mobilizing and disseminating arts and artists for the movements<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/motoring/under-blue-skies-and-open-road/article19108740.ece|title=Under blue skies and open road|last=Khan|first=Sameera|date=2017-06-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>.

On 5 October 2015 she participated in a nationwide movement spearheaded by the writers and filmmakers of India to protest against the cultural policy of the state and returned the National Awards as part of the protest<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/24-members-of-film-fraternity-return-awards/article10196634.ece|title=24 members of film fraternity return awards|last=Bagchi|first=Suvojit|date=2015-11-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/767162/why-kundan-shah-and-23-other-filmmakers-are-now-returning-their-national-awards|title=Why Kundan Shah and 23 other filmmakers are now returning their National Awards|last=Staff|first=Scroll|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en-US}}</ref>.
=== Theatre ===

Dutta began her career with a [[Bengal|Bengali]] theatre group Anarjya (non-Aryans) in [[Kolkata]]. She was also a member of cadre of Sachetana, a feminist group in [[Kolkata]]. For Anarjya and Sachetana she directed plays both for proscenium and street theatre. A Bengali adaptation of [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s [[Mother Courage and Her Children]], and an anti-dowry musical by Malini Bhattacharya – Meye Dile Sajiye (Giving Away the Girl) are considered as two most memorable directorial works of her during that period. In Mumbai too she was active in theatre for a few years before getting fully involved with visual arts. She directed a popular street play for the women's movement – Nari Itihas ki Talash mein (In search of Women's History) in 1988 and an adaptation of Aristophanes’ Lysistrata – Aaj Pyar Bandh (Love is on Strike) in 1991. She has even dabbled with television serial in her salad days and directed a 13-episode Gujarati serial for her friend producer-actor Meenal Patel (1989–1990).

=== Films ===
The first film made by her is I Live in Behrampada (1993). The documentary made on a Muslim ghetto in the context of communal riots in Mumbai 1992-93 received [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] for best documentary in 1994. The film turned out to be a serious discursive material for conflict study and the script of it was published in an anthology - Politics of Violence: From Ayodhya to Behrampada, eds. John McGuire, Peter Reeves and Howard Brasted, [[SAGE Publications|Sage Publication]],1996. Subsequently, she has made several films – documentary, shorts, video spots and non-fiction features<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0244894/|title=Dutta Madhusree|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>. Most of her films are made with the same unit comprising cameraman Avijit Mukul Kishore<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0457254/|title=Avijit Mukul Kishore|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> and editor Shyamal Karmakar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1248474/|title=Shyamal Karmakar|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>. Her 2006 film Seven Islands and A Metro<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/irrepressible-metropolis/article3232137.ece|title=Irrepressible metropolis|date=2006-05-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|last=Welt|first=Akademie der Kuenste der|title=2016-10-05 Madhusree Dutta|date=2016-12-28|url=https://vimeo.com/197283353|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>, on the city of Bombay / Mumbai was one of the first documentary films to have been commercially released in the theatres in India. Apart from making her own films she has also produced several documentaries for younger filmmakers. Her role as a pedagogue, mentor, and producer has helped to consolidate a peer group around documentary practices in Mumbai. Her films had received three National Film Awards.
=== Curatorial practices ===
[[File:XProject-Cinema-city-Exhibition-copy.jpg.pagespeed.ic.PX7EZJoL5k.jpg|thumb|Project Cinema City]]
Project Cinema City: Research Art and Documentary Practices<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://projectcinemacity.com|title=Cinema City|website=projectcinemacity.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>, a monumental endeavour of multi-disciplinary interfaces of arts, is curated by her in 2009-2013. The project enquires into various layers of relationship between the city of Mumbai and the cinema that it manufactures. The project primarily argues for cinema to be regarded as a labour-intensive phenomenon that is connected to labour migration, post-industrial norm of sweatshop production, shifts in urban demography and urban development, access to technology and market etc. The project outputs contain documentary films production, public art installations, pedagogical courses, publications, and archives. The project was first exhibited at [[Berlinale]] (Berlin International Film Festival) -Forum Expanded<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal-berlin.de/en/berlinale-forum/archive/program-archive/2010/artists-expanded/madhusree-dutta.html|title=Arsenal: Madhusree Dutta|website=www.arsenal-berlin.de|language=en-UK|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref> as part of the 60th anniversary of the festival in 2010. Subsequently, it was exhibited in the galleries of [[National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai|National Gallery of Modern Art]] in Mumbai, Delhi, and Bangalore as well as in several smaller galleries and public places in 2011-14<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/mogambo-as-muse-2/|title=Mogambo as Muse|date=2012-06-17|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://in.blouinartinfo.com/ai-interview/article/809809-cinema-and-the-city-madhusree-dutta-on-curating-an-art-show-inspired-by-the-silver-screen|title=Cinema and the City: Madhusree Dutta on Curating an Art Show Inspired by the Silver Screen {{!}} Artinfo|work=Artinfo|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://projectcinemacity.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Caravan_July-2012_Bombay.pdf|title=Press Release|last=Pal|first=Deepanjana|date=2012|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://urduwallahs.wordpress.com/2012/06/22/project-cinema-city-at-ngma/|title=Project Cinema City At NGMA|date=2012-06-22|work=urduwallahs|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Publications ==

* [[Project Cinema City]], co-edited with Kaushik Bhaumik and Rohan Shivkumar, [[Tulika Books]], 2013 / [[Columbia University Press]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Rosie|date=2017-06|title=Book Review: Madhusree Dutta, Kaushik Bhaumik and Rohan Shivkumar (Eds), Project Cinema City|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0974927617699644|journal=BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=171–173|doi=10.1177/0974927617699644|issn=0974-9276}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trishagupta.blogspot.com/2015/01/museum-of-cinema.html|title=chhotahazri: Book Review: Museum of Cinema|last=Gupta|first=Trisha|date=2015-01-05|website=chhotahazri|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Hq8EDvfYJMaHIiZNMDMuCK/Extract--Project-Cinema-City.html|title=Extract {{!}} Project Cinema City|last=Lounge|date=2014-01-10|work=https://www.livemint.com/|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>
*[[Arjun Appadurai]], social-cultural anthropologist, wrote in the Foreword of the book - '"''The work of the Cinema City group may be seen as a Situationist move, no longer in the context of Paris in the 1950s and 1960s, but of Bombay in the 1990s and in the decade of the twenty-first century. Like the Situationists, the Cinema City group is not concerned with art as comment on the city but as a product of the city, a lens into urban life and re-situating its already existing visual elements.''" Project Cinema City, an anthology of essays, graphics, annotated films and art works was adjudged the Best Printed Book of the Year in Publishing Next Industry Award, 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.printweek.in/news/tulika-books-delhi-bags-printed-book-award-publishing-12942|title=Tulika Books (Delhi) bags printed book award at Publishing Next|website=www.printweek.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>.
* dates.sites: Bombay / Mumbai (co-designed with [[Shilpa Gupta]]), [[Tulika Books]], [[Columbia University Press]], 2012, a graphic timeline of the public cultures in the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/through-the-eyes-of-a-city/article4522934.ece|title=Through the eyes of a city|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=2013-03-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Samita|date=2013|title=Review of dates.sites: PROJECT CINEMA CITY Bombay/Mumbai|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23610475|journal=Social Scientist|volume=41|issue=3/4|pages=95–98}}</ref>
* The Nation, the State and Indian Identity, co-edited with [[Flavia Agnes]] and Neera Adarkar, Samya of Bhatkal and Sen, in 1996. It is an anthology of essays in the context of the demolition of [[Babri Masjid]] in December 1992.
* KEYWORDING: Notes on Enculturation of Words and Word Practice within the Image Archive, with Berlin based artist Ines Schaber. It is a book making endeavour, conceived as part of Living Archive Project to commemorate the 50th anniversary of [[:de:Arsenal_(Filminstitut)|Arsenal Institute of films and Video Art]] – Berlin<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal-berlin.de/en/living-archive/projects/living-archive-archive-work-as-a-contenporary-artistic-and-curatorial-practice/individual-projects/madhusree-dutta-ines-schaber.html|title=Arsenal: Madhusree Dutta / Ines Schaber|website=www.arsenal-berlin.de|language=en-UK|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>
* In her pursuit for newer and subversive forms, Dutta has also produced a popular CDrom game Spice Adventures<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/06/12/stories/2005061200190200.htm|title=The Hindu : Magazine / Lifestyle : A game, a social art project|last=thmky|website=www.thehindu.com|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>, in collaboration with artist [[Shilpa Gupta]]. The interactive narrative, with games and animation, unveils the secret of [[Indian cuisine]] – spices that have migrated to India from all over the world.

== Awards ==

* 1996, 2001 [[National Film Awards|National Film Award, India]]<ref>{{Citation|title=National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues|date=2018-05-21|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Film_Award_for_Best_Film_on_Social_Issues&oldid=842229811|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2018-08-09}}</ref>
* Second Best Film Award, International Video Fest, 1995;
* Best Public Service Advertisement Award, 1998;
* Best Script award in [[Shanghai International Film Festival]], 2001;
*[[IDA Award|IDPA Award]]<nowiki/>s for best Kannada film and best Bengali film, 2001;
* Special Jury Award in [http://www.filmsouthasia.org Film Southasia], 2007;
*[[John Abraham (actor)|John Abrahan]] Best Documentary award (as producer), 2012;
*[[Hivos|HIVOS]] Culture Award for Asia region, 2005
* and several citizens’ awards.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

[http://www.madhusreedutta.com/ Official Website]

[http://majlisbombay.org https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254079080_Documentary_Acts_An_Interview_with_Madhusree_Dutta https://www.uctv.tv/shows/7-Islands-a-Metro-with-Director-Madhusree-Dutta-31806 http://www.india-seminar.com/2014/657/657_mad Official Website of Majlis, Cultural Center]

Research Gate: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254079080_Documentary_Acts_An_Interview_with_Madhusree_Dutta an interview about Madhusree Duttas documentary work]

[https://www.uctv.tv/shows/7-Islands-a-Metro-with-Director-Madhusree-Dutta-31806 University of California: Interview about "7 Islands and a Metro"]

[http://www.junoontheatre.org/videogallery.php Junoon - A Stage for Theatre: Interview & Artist Talk (video)]

[http://www.india-seminar.com/2014/657/657_madhusree_dutta.htm Indian Seminar: Popular cinema and public culture in Bombay]

[https://newsclick.in/india/film-medium-social-change Newsclick Production: "Film as a Medium for Social Change" (article & video)]

[http://showtodaytv.com/play-clip-urban-lens-film-festival-2016-manufactured-reali_tvDNnPnxgkNBs Urban Lens Film Festival 2016: "Manufactured Realities: Triumph of the Film" (panel discussion, video)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Madhusre}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Artists from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian curators]]
[[Category:Situationists]]
[[Category:People from Jamshedpur]]

Jean-Michel Coulon

2018-08-01T07:17:57Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:1970+.H4 55, 23 x 23 cm-.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by JuTa (No permission since 23 July 2018).

{{Infobox artist
| name = Jean-Michel Coulon
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1920|10|10}}
| birth_place = [[Bordeaux]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|10|24|1920|10|10}}
| death_place = [[Paris]]
| nationality = [[French people|French]]
| field = Paintings, drawings, collages
| training =
| movement = [[Abstract art]]
| works =
| patrons =
| awards =
}}

[[File:Galerie regence jean michel coulon.jpg|thumb|Poster of Jean-Michel Coulon's exhibit at the Régence gallery (Brussels, 1971)]]

'''Jean-Michel Coulon''' (1920-2014) was a French painter from the [[School of Paris]] who had the particularity of having kept his work – over 600 paintings – almost secret over his artistic lifetime. Exhibits took place in Paris at the [[Jeanne Bucher]] Gallery<ref>''[http://jeannebucherjaeger.com/fr/archive/1949-braque-picasso-klee-laurens-lurcat-stael-lanskoy-vieira-da-silva-reichel-bauchant-manessier-chapoval-coulon-dechelette-szenes-kandinsky/ Galerie Jeanne Bucher]'' Jeanne Bucher Gallery</ref><ref>''[http://jeannebucherjaeger.com/archive/1950-coulon/ Galerie Jeanne Bucher]'' Jeanne Bucher Gallery</ref> in 1949 and 1950 and in Brussels in 1971.

Being well introduced in the artistic movement of the 40s and 50s, he was acquainted with [[Nicolas de Staël]], [[Serge Poliakoff]], [[André Lanskoy]], [[Maria Helena Vieira da Silva]], met [[Picasso]], in particular with his brother in law [[Olivier Debré]]. He then gradually isolated himself to the point of rarely mentioning his painting.

He was the grandson of [[Georges Coulon]], Vice-President of the Council of State from 1898 to 1912, and the great-grandson of [[Eugène Pelletan]] and [[Eugène Scribe]].

== Biography ==
1920: Born in Bordeaux, France.

Years 1930s: Studies at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly, then at preparatory classes to the French Grandes Ecoles at the Lycée Henri-IV, Paris. He undertook numerous visits to Germany, where he quickly became fluent, to Italy after high school with his friend and future brother in law [[Olivier Debré]], on cargo ships along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Africa, on which he managed to board without paying any fees. He was witness to the increase of fascist ideology: he sees Hitler in Berlin then Mussolini in Rome.

1940: Jean-Michel Coulon was 20 years old when war broke out. In 1943, the Vichy regime introduced the compulsory work service so he decided to leave Paris and obtained a false identity card. He went to Megève in the French Alps with [[Olivier Debré]]. It was during this period that the two friends both decided to devote themselves to painting.

1944: Jean-Michel’s brother, Jean-Rémi – 19 years old – was shot by the Germans at the Farm du By (Loiret).

1945: He began painting steadily in Paris.

1949: He met his future wife, Caroline Garabedian, an American violinist studying at the Paris Conservatory. He quickly learned English. He exhibited at the [[Jeanne Bucher]] gallery, in Paris with: [[Georges Braque]], [[Picasso]], [[Paul Klee]], [[Jean Lurçat]], [[Jean-Paul Laurens]], [[Nicolas de Staël]], [[André Lanskoy]], [[Maria Helena Vieira da Silva]], [[Hans Reichel]], [[André Bauchant]], [[Alfred Manessier]], [[Árpád Szenes]] and [[Vassily Kandinsky]].

1950: He exhibited alone at the Galerie [[Jeanne Bucher]]. The guest book shows signatures of many famous people. He takes part in a group exhibit in New York, at the [[Sidney Janis]] gallery. He spent three months at the Maison Descartes, in Amsterdam, having won a scholarship from the French Government. He became familiar with the Dutch classic painters and of course learned Dutch.

1952: His other younger brother, Jean-François – a 25 years old officer in the French Air Force – crashed in a plane during a mission in Tunisia.

1953: He married Caroline Garabedian.

1955: The house and studio in Saint-Jean de Braye, near Orleans burned down in a fire. A great number of paintings are lost.

1956: He stayed two-month in the US; discovers the huge cities and is fascinated by New York. This first visit was the first of a long series of trips, most likely, a great source of inspiration for his painting.

1957: Birth of his single daughter,

1968: When France got out of the integrated NATO commandment, he moved to Brussels, with his wife who worked at the American mission to NATO. They will remain there until 1998.
From Brussels, the family traveled across Europe by car in all directions, with trips to cultural and artistic sights.
He took the car alone, sometimes, and left to explore some European countries, spending the night with local inhabitants, asking people to open very confidential illuminated archives or drawings kept out of the light.

1971: His exhibit in Brussels at the Regency gallery organized by Michel Vockaer was a big success. Eighteen paintings were sold. There was supposed to be a series of three shows. Only the first was held. Jean-Michel Coulon preferred to use the excuse of never being ready for the next series of paintings.

1999: He returns to live in Paris in the 16th arrondissement with a nearby studio.
He did not renew close contacts with the Paris galleries. He remained discreet, almost hidden. He goes to his studio every afternoon. His work went from painting to collages, which were done on oil paintings dating from the 1950s and 1960s.

2012: His health declined and after a long hospital stay he was confined to a wheelchair. Going back and forth to the studio was no longer possible, so it remained untouched until his death. He composes collages in his apartment,
on sheets of heavy drawing paper. His spirit remaining intelligent and lively up
to the end, he was working to the very last days, still with warm and bright colors.

2014: Jean-Michel Coulon died on October 25, at the age of 94. He is buried in [[Saint-Georges-de-Didonne]] (Charente-Maritime), with the generations of Coulons.

== Description of the Work ==

Jean-Michel Coulon painted in the greatest secrecy until his death at the end of 2014; he did not let anyone enter his studio and he never showed his painting, even to his relatives.

More than 600 paintings were discovered the day after his death at the opening of his studio. Because he had lost the use of his legs, he had not been able to work there for several years.

Due to its recent discovery and the absence of comments left by the artist, the overall vision of the work of Jean-Michel Coulon is being considered and subject to discussion.

The main points of reflection concern in particular:
* The positioning of Jean-Michel Coulon in the art history of the 20th century and comparing him to the painters he was close to after the Second World War ([[Nicolas de Staël]], [[Maria Helena Vieira da Silva]], [[André Lanskoy]] and [[Olivier Debré]], among others),
* The evolution of his style (forms, colors, material) during the 70 years of his life as an artist,
* The impact of the dramas of his life on his artistic choices, including the brutal death of his two brothers in 1944 and 1952 and the burning of his house and some of his works in 1955,
* The secret that surrounded his artistic approach,
* The opportunity to search for a key to understanding his work in letters he wrote during his travels, particularly to the United States and Italy.

The art historian Lydia Harambourg proposed some answers in a first monograph of Jean-Michel Coulon published in June 2018.

The evolution of the work can be schematically illustrated as follows:
<gallery mode="traditional" heights="420" widths="820">
Image:Coulon english.jpg|The evolution of Jean-Michel Coulon's Work over time (1945-2014)
</gallery>

== Exhibits ==
* 1949 : Group exhibit at the [[Jeanne Bucher]] Gallery in Paris
* 1950 : Exhibit at the [[Jeanne Bucher]] Gallery in Paris
* 1950 : Group exhibit called "Young Painters from the US and France" at the [[Sidney Janis]] Gallery in New York, with [[Nicolas de Staël]], [[Mark Rothko]], [[Fernand Léger]], [[André Lanskoy]], [[Pierre Soulages]], [[Jean Dubuffet]], [[Jackson Pollock]] among others.
* 1971 : Exhibit at the Régence Gallery in Brussels

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="traditional" heights="220" widths="220">
Image:Huile sur bois - Oil painting on wood, 1970, 10.5 x 9 cm.jpg|Oil painting on wood, c.1970, 10.5x9 cm
|Oil painting on wood, c.1960, 38x54 cm
|Collage on oil painting, c.2000, 22.5x27 cm
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />

==Bibliography==
* Paul Baquiast: ''Une dynastie de la bourgeoisie républicaine, les Pelletan'' (L'Harmattan, 1996)

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coulon, Jean-Michel}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century French painters]]
[[Category:French male painters]]
[[Category:Modern painters]]
[[Category:School of Paris]]
[[Category:Abstract painters]]
[[Category:Artists from Paris]]
[[Category:People from Paris]]

Bau (Fidschi)

2018-07-25T14:43:29Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:THE KIDNAPPED OF RATU EPENISA CAKOBAU BY THE FIJIAN MILITARY AND POLICE FORCES AT THE TRADITIONAL VUNIVALU INSTALLATION IN BAU- IMPLICATION AND INDICATION).pdf , deleted by EugeneZelenko (Copyright violation; see Commons:Commons:Licensing: Newspaper).

'''Bau''' (pronounced {{IPA-fj|ˈmba.u|}}) is a small [[island]] in [[Fiji]], off the east coast of the main island of [[Viti Levu]]. Bau rose to prominence in the mid-1800s and became Fiji's dominant power; until its cession to [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]], it has maintained its influence in politics and leadership right through to modern Fiji.

==Territories and landmarks==
[[Bau (village)|Bau]] is the capital of the [[Kubuna|Kubuna Confederacy]] (Kubuna Tribe) and the chiefly centre of [[Tailevu Province]]. It is divided into three villages - [[Bau (village)|Bau]], ''Lasakau'' and ''Soso''.

Among Bau’s landmarks are Fiji’s oldest [[Christianity|Christian]] [[church (building)|church]] and a stone on which the skulls of [[cannibalism]] victims were crushed.

==Chiefly titles==
Significant chiefly titles from Bau include the [[Vunivalu of Bau|Vunivalu]] (considered to be Fiji’s premier chiefly title), and the [[Roko Tui Bau]], currently held by [[Joni Madraiwiwi|''Ratu'' Joni Madraiwiwi]], the former [[Vice-President of Fiji]].

The village of ''Lasekau'' who are inhabited by the clan ''Nabou'' (referred to as "Na Bai kei Bau") is ruled by the ''Komai Nadrukuta''.

The village of ''Soso'' is occupied by the clan ''Rara'', often referred to as the ''Rara o Soso'' and is headed by the ''Tunidau''.

==Language==
The [[Fijian language]] has many dialects, but the official standard is based on the speech of Bau.<ref>Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/.</ref>

==History==
[[File:Bau, the capital of Feejee (November 1848, p.120, V) - Copy.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Bau, the capital of Feejee (1848)<ref name=Offering1848>{{cite journal|title=Bau, the capital of Feejee |journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=November 1848|volume=V|page=120|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=TFwEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=20 November 2015|publisher=Wesleyan Mission-House|location=London}}</ref>]]
It was at Kubuna that the great ancestral [[Tribal chief|chief]], ''Ratu Vueti''<ref>Tukutuku Raraba – History of Bau, page 1, chapter 1, National Archives Fiji</ref> Koroi-Ratu mai Bulu, Serui-Ratu mai Bulu, the first ''Roko Tui Bau Vuani-ivi'' (according to the legend he was the fourth generation from ''Ratu'' Lutunasobasoba) established the Kingdom of Kubuna and formed one of the earliest known Fijian settlements after hostilities ceased the people of Nakauvadra and the victorious Bauan army upon leaving the mountains and finding their way to the sea made a Cairn named Ulunivuaka<ref>"Fiji Page 54" A History of Fiji ,Chapter 4 Page 54 and 55</ref> and later called it Bau in honour of ''Ratu Vueti'' and his achievements. It was named after a shrine in the Nakauvadra range. He took the titles of ''Roko Tui Bau Vuani-ivi'' and ''Koroi Ratu Maibulu''. After his death, he was buried in Kubuna.

After his death a division arose between Bucaira and Vunibuca over the installation of a successor to ''Ratu Vueti''. Other clans went to Namuka and wandered from place to place. Eventually a new ''Roko Tui Bau'', Ratu Serumataidrau, was selected from the Vuaniivi, a ''Tokatoka Valelevu'' of the Mataqali and the Yavusa Ratu Vuani-ivi Buca clan, which had settled at Namuka.<ref>Ai Tukutuku Kei Viti - By Rev. Epeli Rokowaqa</ref>

Naulivou was installed in 1791 as the ''Vunivalu'' (in modern Fiji this is now the highest chiefly title in the Kingdom of Kubuna, but was not so in Fiji's early history) after the death of his father Banuve<ref>Fiji and the Fijians Volume 1, Page 19</ref> who had three sons: Naulivou, Tanoa II and Celua in 1791. Ratu Raiwalui of the ''Roko Tui Bau'' Vuaniivi Clan, Yavusa-Ratu, became the sixth ''Roko Tui Bau Vuani-Ivi'' which was the highest chiefly [[title]] in the greater area of Kubuna and the second ''Roko Tui Bau Vuani-Ivi'' that occupied the Island Delainakorolevu or Ulunivuaka,<ref>A History of Fiji ,Chapter 4 Page 54 & 55</ref> which was then called Bau in 1760 which was named by the fifth ''Roko Tui Bau Vuani-ivi'' Ratu Lele who was then buried at Delai Daku.

The relationship between these two men was not a happy one. When they came into conflict, the Vuaniivi clan fled to Kubuna and sought the protection of Titokobitu, the Chief of Namara. Together with some other chiefs of Namara, they reached [[Koro Island|Koro]] and from there went to Vuna, on the island of [[Taveuni]], and thence to Vanuabalavu. The Namara people who later joinned their early travellers now of Levukana village on Lomaloma, were left behind at Vuna and they fled to the mountains lest the Bauans should pursue them. The Vuaniivi warriors left some of their war canoes high and dry on the beach at Vuna when they set off for Vanuabalavu.

With the aid of [[Charles Savage (beachcomber)|Charlie Savage]], who brought [[firearm]]s to Bau, opportunities for new wealth and power, symbolized by the acquisition of muskets, intensified political rivalries and hastened the rise of the Kingdom of Bau, ruled by Naulivou as ''Vunivalu'' and then by his nephew Cakobau. By the 1850s Bau dominated western Fiji. Cakobau’s main rival was the Tongan chief [[Enele Ma'afu]], who led an army of [[Christian]] Tongans and their allies from eastern Fiji. After a short-lived alliance with Ma’afu, Cakobau became a Christian in 1854. The Bauan people quickly established themselves as an undefeatable military force. With that unmatched power, [[Seru Epenisa Cakobau]] was able to unite all of Fiji’s disparate tribes under his authority in 1871.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref>

==See also==
* [[Lasakau sea warriors]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* ''Gone Native in Polynesia'': Captivity Narratives and Experiences from the South Pacific (Page 24, 64, 121) - by Ian Christopher Campbell - 1998 - 167 pages
* ''James Calvert ; Or, From Dark to Dawn in Fiji'' - Page 44, by R. Vernon - 1890 - 160 pages

==External links==
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-56318/Bau Bau at Britannica.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070303090257/http://www.fijibure.com/namuka123/daytour.htm Details and Photographs by FijiBure]
* [http://www.everyculture.com/Oceania/Bau-Orientation.html Details and statistics]

{{Viti Levu}}
{{Islands of Fiji}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bau}}
[[Category:Islands of Fiji]]
[[Category:Viti Levu]]
[[Category:Tailevu Province]]
[[Category:Cannibalism in Oceania]]

Jineologie

2018-06-06T18:27:53Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Sakine-cansiz-24.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by Yann (per Commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Sakine-cansiz-24.jpg).

{{Feminism sidebar|variants}}
'''Jineology''' (Kurdish: ''jineolojî''), the "science of women", or "women's science" (otherwise referred to as "'''Kurdish feminism'''")<ref>https://deepgreenresistancegreatbasin.org/resistance-culture/radical-feminism/jineology-kurdish-feminism/</ref> is a form of [[feminism]] and [[gender equality]] advocated by [[Abdullah Öcalan]],<ref name="argentieri-qt">{{cite news | url = http://qz.com/467159/these-female-kurdish-soldiers-wear-their-femininity-with-pride/ | date = 30 July 2015 | accessdate = 24 November 2016 | first = Benedetta | last = Argentieri | publisher = [[Quartz (publication)]] | title = These female Kurdish soldiers wear their femininity with pride}}</ref><ref name="reuters-argentieri">{{cite news | url = http://blogs.reuters.com/great-debate/2015/02/03/the-pro-woman-ideology-battling-islamic-state/ | date = 3 February 2015 | accessdate = 24 November 2016 | first = Benedetta | last = Argentieri | publisher = [[Reuters]] | title = One group battling Islamic State has a secret weapon – female fighters}}</ref><ref name="ppg-argentieri">{{cite news | url = http://www.post-gazette.com/opinion/Op-Ed/2015/02/08/Women-vs-the-Islamic-State-The-Kurds-have-a-secret-weapon-against-the-jihadists/stories/201502080049 | date = 8 February 2015 | accessdate = 26 November 2016 | first = Benedetta | last = Argentieri | publisher = [[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] | title = Women vs. the Islamic State: The Kurds have a secret weapon against brutal jihadists — female fighters}}</ref> the leader of the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK) and the broader [[Kurdistan Communities Union]] (KCK) umbrella. From the background of honor-based religious and tribal rules that oppress women in regional societies, Öcalan said that "a country can't be free unless the women are free", and that the level of women's freedom determines the level of freedom in society at large.<ref name="reuters-argentieri" />

Jineology is one of the governing ideologies of the [[Democratic Federation of Northern Syria]], also known as Rojava.

==Etymology and definition==
In [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], the word ''jin'' means "woman", but also comes from the root ''jiyan'', meaning "life".<ref name="opendemocracy">{{cite web|url = https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/anna-lau-erdelan-baran-melanie-sirinathsingh/kurdish-response-to-climate-change | date = 18 November 2016 | accessdate = 24 November 2016 | first1 = Anna | last1 = Lau | first2 = Erdelan | last2 = Baran | first3 = Melanie | last3 = Sirinathsingh | publisher = [[openDemocracy]] | title = A Kurdish response to climate change}}</ref>

In ''Liberating life: Women's Revolution'' (2013), [[Abdullah Öcalan]] writes:
<blockquote>The extent to which society can be thoroughly transformed is determined by the extent of the transformation attained by women. Similarly, the level of woman’s freedom and equality determines the freedom and equality of all sections of society. . . . For a democratic nation, woman’s freedom is of great importance too, as liberated woman constitutes liberated society. Liberated society in turn constitutes democratic nation. Moreover, the need to reverse the role of man is of revolutionary importance.<ref name="ocalan-2013">{{cite book | url= http://www.freeocalan.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/liberating-Lifefinal.pdf | title=Liberating life: Women’s Revolution | author=Abdullah Öcalan |year=2013 | publisher=International Initiative Edition | isbn = 978-3-941012-82-0 | page=57}}</ref></blockquote>

The PKK's ''Women’s Liberation Ideology'' describes jineology as "a fundamental scientific term in order to fill the gaps that the current social sciences are incapable of doing. Jineology is built on the principle that without the freedom of women within society and without a real consciousness surrounding women no society can call itself free."<ref name="duzgun-2016">{{cite journal | url = https://muse.jhu.edu/article/625064 | last1= Düzgün |first1=Meral |date = July 2016| periodical=[[Journal of Middle East Women's Studies]] |volume=12 |issue=2|page=284| publisher= [[Duke University Press]] | title = Jineology: The Kurdish Women’s Movement}}</ref>

Öcalan has said "a country can't be free unless the women are free", that the level of woman's freedom determines the level of freedom in society at large.<ref name="reuters-argentieri" /> To put into context the environment this comes from, violent oppression of women is prevalent in both traditional Kurdish culture and in the region in general. The [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) is the most extreme emanation of [[Namus]]-based subjugation of women.

On a wider scale, proponents of jineology consider [[capitalism]] to be anti-women and thus jineology to be inherently [[Anti-capitalism|anti-capitalist]].<ref name="argentieri-qt" />

==Jineology in practice==
[[File:Viyan Antar.jpg|thumb|left|[[Asia Ramazan Antar]], well-known Kurdish feminist and [[YPJ]] fighter]]
Jineology is a fundamental tenet of the progressive KCK variety of [[Kurdish nationalism]]<ref name="opendemocracy" /> and as such central to the [[Kurds]]' social revolution taking place in [[Rojava]], their ''de facto'' [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomous region]] in northern Syria, led by the KCK-affiliated [[Democratic Union Party (Syria)|Democratic Union Party]] (PYD).<ref name="opendemocracy" /> Consequently, women make up 40% of the Kurdish militia fighting in the [[Rojava conflict]]<ref name="opendemocracy" /> against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL), [[Turkish Armed Forces]], and the [[Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army]] in the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref name="argentieri-qt" /><ref name="reuters-argentieri" /><ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-ria-turkey-rebels/fsa-commander-says-25000-syrian-rebels-back-turkish-force-in-syria-idUSKBN1FA0OK</ref> Women fight alongside men in the [[People's Protection Units]] (YPG) as well as in their own [[Women's Protection Units]] (YPJ).<ref name="argentieri-qt" /><ref name="reuters-argentieri" /> In the YPJ, women study the political theories of Öcalan,<ref name="argentieri-qt" /> on whose ideology the foundations of the group were laid.<ref name="reuters-argentieri" /> There exists also a political gender equality, which in practice means that in Syria in the areas governed by the [[Democratic Union Party (Syria)|PYD]], the local political councils are comprised with at least 40% of each sex<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/06/dark-victory-in-raqqa|title=Dark Victory in Raqqa|last=Mogelson|first=Luke|date=2017-10-30|work=The New Yorker|access-date=2018-01-29|language=en|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> and leading offices in politics, universities, police, or the military are co-chaired by a man and a woman.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nzzas.nzz.ch/international/das-utopia-der-syrischen-kurden-ld.1351776|title=Augenschein im Utopia der syrischen Kurden {{!}} NZZ am Sonntag|last=Rakka|first=Petra Ramsauer,|work=NZZ am Sonntag|access-date=2018-01-29|language=de}}</ref> In Turkey the political parties [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|HDP]] and BDP both also practice the political gender equality. Both parties have co-chairs of a man and a woman.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/world/middleeast/turkey-kurds-womens-rights.html|title=Crackdown in Turkey Threatens a Haven of Gender Equality Built by Kurds|last=Nordland|first=Rod|date=2016-12-07|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-01-29|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

[[Image:Abdullah Öcalan.png|thumb|200px|[[Abdullah Öcalan]], founder of the ideology]]
The Jineology-based agenda of "trying to break the honor-based religious and tribal rules that confine women" is controversial and overcoming controversy in conservative quarters of society in northern Syria.<ref name=underage>{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2016/11/syrian-kurds-tackle-underage-marriages-polygamy/|title=Syrian Kurds tackle conscription, underage marriages and polygamy|work=ARA News|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> The development of Jineology is one of five pillars in the [[Kurdish women]]'s movement in Rojava with the [[Kongreya Star]] umbrella organization, focused "on protecting each other, resisting ISIL and building an egalitarian community in the middle of a warzone."<ref name="billings-newsweek">{{cite news | url = http://europe.newsweek.com/women-leading-social-revolution-rojava-report-506611?rm=eu | date = 6 October 2016 | accessdate = 24 November 2016 | first = Lucy | last = Clarke-Billings | newspaper = [[Newsweek]] | location = New York City | title = The Women Leading a Social Revolution in Syria's Rojava}}</ref> Jineology is one of a range of courses offered at Kongreya Star's women's academy.<ref name="billings-newsweek" />

Jineology is taught in Kurdish community centres throughout [[Turkey]] and Syria where women learn about [[feminism|female emancipation]] and [[Self-defense|self-defence]] (in relation to [[Honor killing|honour killings]], [[rape]] and [[domestic violence]]<ref name="billings-newsweek" />), and where female victims of domestic abuse are helped.<ref name="argentieri-qt" /> In the very traditional Kurdish society, a [[Gender role|woman's role]] is to be subordinate to men.<ref name="argentieri-qt" />

The Kurdish Committee of Jineology is a committee of and for women, founded by the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]], that is committed to building democracy, socialism, ecology and feminism.<ref name="saenz-worldpost">{{cite news | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/beverly-bell/women-up-in-arms-zapatist_b_6891494.html | date = 18 March 2015 | accessdate = 24 November 2016 | first = Charlotte | last = Maria Sáenz | publisher = [[The Huffington Post]] | work = [[The WorldPost]] | title = Women Up in Arms: Zapatistas and Rojava Kurds Embrace a New Gender Politics}}</ref>
{{break}}

==See also==
*[[Anarcha-feminism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*''Liberating life: Women's Revolution.'' Cologne, Germany: International Initiative Edition, 2013. Abdullah Öcalan. {{ISBN|978-3-941012-82-0}}.<ref group="n">A PDF of the book is available [http://www.freeocalan.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/liberating-Lifefinal.pdf here at the International Initiative website]</ref>
*''Killing the Male.'' Abdullah Öcalan.

{{reflist|group=n}}

==External links==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/world/middleeast/turkey-kurds-womens-rights.html "Crackdown in Turkey Threatens a Haven of Gender Equality Built by Kurds", ''The New York Times'', December 2016]

{{Feminism}}

[[Category:Education in Rojava]]
[[Category:Feminism in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Feminist movements and ideologies]]
[[Category:Indigenous feminism]]
[[Category:Kurdish nationalism]]
[[Category:Kurdish women in politics]]
[[Category:Kurdistan Communities Union]]
[[Category:Socialist feminism]]

Grammy Award for Best Country Album

2018-05-31T14:36:27Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:ChrisStapletonCMA2015.jpg , deleted by Túrelio (Copyright violation: Not "own work". American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. www.billboard.com/articles/columns/country/6753820/chris-stapleton-cma-awards-10-things-to-know).

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Grammy Award for Best Country Album
| description = quality albums in the [[country music]] genre
| image =
| imagesize = 100px
| alt = A gold gramophone trophy with a plaque set on a table
| caption = Gilded gramophone trophy presented to Grammy Award winners
| presenter = [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]
| country = United States
| year = 1965
| year2 =
| holder = [[Chris Stapleton]], ''[[From A Room: Volume 1]]'' ([[60th Annual Grammy Awards|2018]])
| website = [http://www.grammy.com/ grammy.com]
}}

The '''Grammy Award for Best Country Album''' is an award presented at the [[Grammy Award]]s, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards,<ref name=Grammy>{{cite news|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/awards/grammys/env-grammy_awards_info,0,5279018.htmlstory?track=center|title=Grammy Awards at a Glance|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=[[Tribune Company]]|accessdate=April 24, 2010}}</ref> to recording artists for quality albums in the [[country music]] genre. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position".<ref name=Overview>{{cite web|url=http://www2.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/|title=Overview|accessdate=April 24, 2010|publisher=[[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103173212/http://www2.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/|archivedate=January 3, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The award was first presented under the name of '''Best Country & Western Album''' in 1966 to [[Roger Miller]] for ''Dang Me/Chug-A-Lug'' and was discontinued the following year. In 1995 the category was revived and received its current denomination of '''Best Country Album'''. According to the category description guide for the [[54th Grammy Awards]], the award is presented to vocal or instrumental country albums containing at least 51% playing time of new recordings.<ref name=Categorymapper>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/announcement/category-mapper/new-category/124673/124753 |title=Category Mapper |accessdate=November 25, 2011 |publisher=[[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604022508/http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/announcement/category-mapper/new-category/124673/124753 |archivedate=June 4, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

The [[Dixie Chicks]] are the most awarded performers in this category with four wins. Two-time award winners include [[Roger Miller]], [[Lady Antebellum]] and [[Chris Stapleton]]. Canadian singer [[Shania Twain]] is the only non-American winner in this category, to date. [[Trisha Yearwood]] holds the record for most nominations, with eight. Yearwood also holds the record for most nominations without a win.

==Recipients==
[[File:Roger miller.jpg|right|upright|thumb|alt=|Two-time award winner [[Roger Miller]].]]
[[File:ShaniaTwain3.jpg|right|upright|thumb|alt=|1996 winner [[Shania Twain]] the first and so far only non-American winner.]]
[[File:DixieChicksMSG062003.jpg|right|upright|thumb|alt=|[[Dixie Chicks]] the most awarded performers with four wins.]]
[[File:Faith Hill 2006.jpg|right|upright|thumb|alt=|2001 winner [[Faith Hill]]]]
[[File:George Strait on stage.jpg|right|upright|thumb|alt=|2009 winner [[George Strait]]]]
[[File:Taylor Swift 083 (18118731780).jpg|right|upright|thumb|alt=|[[52nd Annual Grammy Awards|2010]] winner [[Taylor Swift]] is the only act to win the [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album]] and Best Country Album. ]]
[[File:Lady Antebellum 2008.jpg|right|upright|thumb|alt=|[[Lady Antebellum]], three-time nominees and 2011 and 2012 winners]]

[[File:Miranda Lambert.jpg|thumb|right|upright|thumb|alt=|[[57th Annual Grammy Awards|2015]] winner [[Miranda Lambert]]]]
[[File:Sturgill Simpson photo 2016.jpg|thumb|right|upright|thumb|alt=|[[59th Annual Grammy Awards|2017]] winner [[Sturgill Simpson]]]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background:#efefef;"|Year{{ref|1|[I]}}
! style="background:#efefef;"|Performing artist(s)
! style="background:#efefef;"|Work
! style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable"|Nominees
! style="background:#efefef;" class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[7th Grammy Awards|1965]]
| {{sortname|Roger|Miller}}
| {{sort|Dang Me/Chug-a-Lug|''Dang Me/Chug-a-Lug''}}
|
* {{small|[[Chet Atkins]] — ''[[Guitar Country]]''}}
* {{small|[[Johnny Cash]] — ''[[Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian]]''}}
* {{small|[[Buck Owens]] — ''[[The Best of Buck Owens]]''}}
* {{small|[[Jim Reeves]] — ''The Best of Jim Reeves''}}
* {{small|[[Hank Williams Jr.]] — ''Hank Williams Jr. Sings Songs of Hank Williams''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy1965>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0150548.html|title=1964 Grammy Awards|accessdate=December 9, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[8th Grammy Awards|1966]]
| {{sortname|Roger|Miller}}
| {{sort|Return of Roger Miller, The|''[[The Return of Roger Miller]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Eddy Arnold]] — ''My World''}}
* {{small|[[Chet Atkins]] — ''[[More of That Guitar Country]]''}}
* {{small|[[Jim Reeves]] — ''The Jim Reeves Way''}}
* {{small|[[Hank Williams]] & [[Hank Williams Jr.]] — ''Father and Son: Hank Williams and Hank Williams Jr.''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy1966>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0150551.html|title=1965 Grammy Awards|accessdate=December 9, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[37th Grammy Awards|1995]]
| [[Mary Chapin Carpenter]]
| {{sort|Stones in the Road|''[[Stones in the Road]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Asleep at the Wheel]] — ''Tribute to the Music of Bob Wills and the Texas Playboy''}}
* {{small|[[Vince Gill]] — ''[[When Love Finds You]]''}}
* {{small|[[Reba McEntire]] — ''[[Read My Mind (album)|Read My Mind]]''}}
* {{small|[[Trisha Yearwood]] — ''[[The Song Remembers When]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy1995>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-01-06/entertainment/ca-17089_1_vocal-performance/2|title=The 37th Grammy Nominations|date=January 6, 1995|accessdate=July 12, 2010|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Company|page=2}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[38th Grammy Awards|1996]]
| {{sortname|Shania|Twain}}
| {{sort|Woman in Me, The|''[[The Woman in Me (Shania Twain album)|The Woman in Me]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Junior Brown]] — ''Junior High''}}
* {{small|[[The Mavericks]] — ''[[Music for All Occasions]]''}}
* {{small|[[John Michael Montgomery]] — ''[[John Michael Montgomery (album)|John Michael Montgomery]]''}}
* {{small|[[Trisha Yearwood]] — ''[[Thinkin' About You]]''}}
* {{small|[[Dwight Yoakam]] — ''[[Dwight Live]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy1996>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9601/grammy_noms/grammy_list.html|title=List of Grammy nominees|date=January 4, 1996|accessdate=July 12, 2010|publisher=CNN}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[39th Grammy Awards|1997]]
| {{sortname|Lyle|Lovett}}
| {{sort|Road to Ensenada, The|''[[The Road to Ensenada]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Brooks & Dunn]] — ''[[Borderline (Brooks & Dunn album)|Borderline]]''}}
* {{small|[[Vince Gill]] — ''[[High Lonesome Sound]]''}}
* {{small|[[Patty Loveless]] — ''[[The Trouble with the Truth (album)|The Trouble with the Truth]]''}}
* {{small|[[Trisha Yearwood]] — ''[[Everybody Knows (Trisha Yearwood album)|Everybody Knows]]''}}
* {{small|[[Dwight Yoakam]] — ''[[Gone (Dwight Yoakam album)|Gone]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy1997>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HKQaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ci4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=4773,8816303&dq|title=Babyface is up for 12 Grammy awards|date=January 8, 1997|accessdate=July 12, 2010|work=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]|first=Mary|last=Campbell}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[40th Grammy Awards|1998]]
| {{sortname|Johnny|Cash}}
| {{sort|Unchained|''[[Unchained (Johnny Cash album)|Unchained]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Alan Jackson]] — ''[[Everything I Love]]''}}
* {{small|[[Patty Loveless]] — ''[[Long Stretch of Lonesome]]''}}
* {{small|[[George Strait]] — ''[[Carrying Your Love With Me]]''}}
* {{small|[[Dwight Yoakam]] — ''[[Under the Covers (Dwight Yoakam album)|Under The Covers]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy1998>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalhit.com/grammy/40/nominees.shtml |title=40th Annual Grammy Award Nominations |accessdate=December 9, 2011 |publisher=Digital Hit |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061111/http://www.digitalhit.com/grammy/40/nominees.shtml |archivedate=August 7, 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[41st Grammy Awards|1999]]
| [[Dixie Chicks]]
| {{sort|Wide Open Spaces|''[[Wide Open Spaces]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Garth Brooks]] — ''[[Sevens (album)|Sevens]]''}}
* {{small|[[Faith Hill]] — ''[[Faith (Faith Hill album)|Faith]]''}}
* {{small|[[Shania Twain]] — ''[[Come On Over (Shania Twain album)|Come On Over]]''}}
* {{small|[[Trisha Yearwood]] — ''[[Where Your Road Leads]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy1999>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/lauryn-hill/772 |title=1999 Grammy Nominees |date=November 27, 1998 |accessdate=July 12, 2010 |work=NME |publisher=[[IPC Media]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011030229/http://www.nme.com/news/lauryn-hill/772 |archivedate=October 11, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[42nd Grammy Awards|2000]]
| [[Dixie Chicks]]
| {{sort|Fly|''[[Fly (Dixie Chicks album)|Fly]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Asleep at the Wheel]] — ''Ride with Bob''}}
* {{small|[[Emmylou Harris]], [[Linda Ronstadt]] & [[Dolly Parton]] — ''[[Trio II]]''}}
* {{small|[[George Jones]] — ''[[Cold Hard Truth]]''}}
* {{small|[[Alison Krauss]] — ''[[Forget About It]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy2000>{{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/04/grammy.noms.01/list.html |title=42nd Annual Grammy Awards nominations |publisher=CNN |accessdate=July 12, 2010 |date=January 4, 2000 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120722190443/http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/04/grammy.noms.01/list.html |archivedate=July 22, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[43rd Grammy Awards|2001]]
| {{sortname|Faith|Hill}}
| {{sort|Breathe|''[[Breathe (Faith Hill album)|Breathe]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Vince Gill]] — ''[[Let's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye]]''}}
* {{small|[[Alan Jackson]] — ''[[Under the Influence (Alan Jackson album)|Under the Influence]]''}}
* {{small|[[Lee Ann Womack]] — ''[[I Hope You Dance]]''}}
* {{small|[[Trisha Yearwood]] — ''[[Real Live Woman]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy2001>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/21/grammy.winners/ |title=43rd Grammy Awards |accessdate=July 12, 2010 |publisher=CNN |date=February 21, 2001 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106040823/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/21/grammy.winners/ |archivedate=November 6, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[44th Grammy Awards|2002]]
| [[Compilation album|Various artists]]{{ref|2|[II]}}
| {{sort|Timeless|''Timeless: Hank Williams Tribute''}}
|
* {{small|[[Diamond Rio]] — ''[[One More Day (album)|One More Day]]''}}
* {{small|[[Tim McGraw]] — ''[[Set This Circus Down]]''}}
* {{small|[[Willie Nelson]] — ''[[Rainbow Connection (album)|Rainbow Connection]]''}}
* {{small|[[Trisha Yearwood]] — ''[[Inside Out (Trisha Yearwood album)|Inside Out]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy2002>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/01/04/entertainment/main323197.shtml|title=Complete List Of Grammy Nominees|date=January 4, 2002|accessdate=July 12, 2010|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[45th Grammy Awards|2003]]
| [[Dixie Chicks]]
| {{sort|Home|''[[Home (Dixie Chicks album)|Home]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Alan Jackson]] — ''[[Drive (Alan Jackson album)|Drive]]''}}
* {{small|[[Willie Nelson]] — ''[[The Great Divide (Willie Nelson album)|The Great Divide]]''}}
* {{small|[[Joe Nichols]] — ''[[Man with a Memory]]''}}
* {{small|[[Dolly Parton]] — ''[[Halos & Horns]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy2003>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlscmusic.com/Content/Charts%20Awards/45Grammy%20Nom%20List.pdf |title=45 Grammy Nom List |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041954/http://www.mlscmusic.com/Content/Charts%20Awards/45Grammy%20Nom%20List.pdf |archivedate=April 26, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[46th Grammy Awards|2004]]
| [[Compilation album|Various artists]]{{ref|3|[III]}}
| {{sort|Livin', Lovin', Losin'|''[[Livin', Lovin', Losin': Songs of the Louvin Brothers]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Faith Hill]] — ''[[Cry (Faith Hill album)|Cry]]''}}
* {{small|[[Lyle Lovett]] — ''[[My Baby Don't Tolerate]]''}}
* {{small|[[Willie Nelson]] & [[Ray Price (musician)|Ray Price]] — ''Run That By Me One More Time''}}
* {{small|[[Willie Nelson]] — ''[[Live and Kickin']]''}}
* {{small|[[Shania Twain]] — ''[[Up! (album)|Up!]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy2004>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/05/movies/they-re-all-contenders.html|title=They're All Contenders|date=December 5, 2003|accessdate=July 12, 2010|work=The New York Times|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[47th Grammy Awards|2005]]
| {{sortname|Loretta|Lynn}}
| {{sort|Van Lear Rose|''[[Van Lear Rose]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Tim McGraw]] — ''[[Live Like You Were Dying]]''}}
* {{small|[[Tiff Merritt]] — ''[[Tambourine (album)|Tambourine]]''}}
* {{small|[[Keith Urban]] — ''[[Be Here]]''}}
* {{small|[[Gretchen Wilson]] — ''[[Here for the Party]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy2005>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2004-12-07-grammy-nominee-list_x.htm|title=Grammy Award nominees in top categories|date=February 7, 2005|accessdate=July 12, 2010|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|work=USA Today}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[48th Grammy Awards|2006]]
| {{sortname|Alison|Krauss}} and Union Station
| {{sort|Lonely Runs Both Ways|''[[Lonely Runs Both Ways]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Faith Hill]] — ''[[Fireflies (Faith Hill album)|Fireflies]]''}}
* {{small|[[Brad Paisley]] — ''[[Time Well Wasted]]''}}
* {{small|[[Gretchen Wilson]] — ''[[All Jacked Up]]''}}
* {{small|[[Trisha Yearwood]] — ''[[Jasper County (album)|Jasper County]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy2006>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/08/arts/09gram-list.html|title=The Complete List of Grammy Nominations|accessdate=July 12, 2010|date=December 8, 2005|page=1|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[49th Grammy Awards|2007]]
| [[Dixie Chicks]]
| {{sort|Taking the Long Way|''[[Taking the Long Way]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Alan Jackson]] — ''[[Like Red on a Rose]]''}}
* {{small|[[Little Big Town]] — ''[[The Road to Here]]''}}
* {{small|[[Willie Nelson]] — ''[[You Don't Know Me: The Songs of Cindy Walker]]''}}
* {{small|[[Josh Turner]] — ''[[Your Man]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy2007>{{cite web|url=http://www2.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_show/list.aspx#05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061220160454/http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/49th_Show/list.aspx |dead-url=yes |archive-date=December 20, 2006 |title=49th Annual Grammy Awards Winners List |publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 12, 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[50th Grammy Awards|2008]]
| {{sortname|Vince|Gill}}
| {{sort|These Days|''[[These Days (Vince Gill album)|These Days]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Dierks Bentley]] — ''[[Long Trip Alone]]''}}
* {{small|[[Tim McGraw]] — ''[[Let It Go (Tim McGraw album)|Let It Go]]''}}
* {{small|[[Brad Paisley]] — ''[[5th Gear (album)|5th Gear]]''}}
* {{small|[[George Strait]] — ''[[It Just Comes Natural]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy2008>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1581272/20080210/story.jhtml|title=Grammy 2008 Winners List|date=February 10, 2008|publisher=MTV|accessdate=July 12, 2010}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[51st Grammy Awards|2009]]
| {{sortname|George|Strait}}
| {{sort|Troubadour|''[[Troubadour (George Strait album)|Troubadour]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Jamey Johnson]] — ''[[That Lonesome Song]]''}}
* {{small|[[Patty Loveless]] — ''[[Sleepless Nights (Patty Loveless album)|Sleepless Nights]]''}}
* {{small|[[Randy Travis]] — ''[[Around the Bend (album)|Around the Bend]]''}}
* {{small|[[Trisha Yearwood]] — ''[[Heaven, Heartache and the Power of Love]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy2009>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1604545/20090208/story.jhtml|title=Grammy 2009 Winners List|date=February 8, 2009|publisher=MTV|accessdate=July 12, 2010}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[52nd Grammy Awards|2010]]
| {{sortname|Taylor|Swift}}
| {{sort|Fearless|''[[Fearless (Taylor Swift album)|Fearless]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Zac Brown Band]] — ''[[The Foundation (Zac Brown Band album)|The Foundation]]''}}
* {{small|[[George Strait]] — ''[[Twang (album)|Twang]]''}}
* {{small|[[Keith Urban]] — ''[[Defying Gravity (Keith Urban album)|Defying Gravity]]''}}
* {{small|[[Lee Ann Womack]] — ''[[Call Me Crazy]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy2010>{{cite web|url=http://www2.grammy.com/grammy_awards/52nd_show/list.aspx#04 |title=The 52nd Annual Grammy Awards Nominees List |publisher=National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences |accessdate=July 12, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618185140/http://www2.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/52nd_show/list.aspx |archivedate=June 18, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[53rd Grammy Awards|2011]]
| [[Lady Antebellum]]
| {{sort|Need You Now|''[[Need You Now (Lady Antebellum album)|Need You Now]]''}}
|
* {{small|[[Dierks Bentley]] — ''[[Up on the Ridge]]''}}
* {{small|[[Zac Brown Band]] — ''[[You Get What You Give (album)|You Get What You Give]]''}}
* {{small|[[Jamey Johnson]] — ''[[The Guitar Song]]''}}
* {{small|[[Miranda Lambert]] — ''[[Revolution (Miranda Lambert album)|Revolution]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy2011>{{cite news|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/news/breaking/newsletter/la-et-env-grammys-nominees-2010-list,0,4822287.htmlstory|title=53rd Annual Grammy Awards nominees list|accessdate=December 2, 2010|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Company}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[54th Grammy Awards|2012]]
| [[Lady Antebellum]]
| ''[[Own the Night]]''
|
* {{small|[[Jason Aldean]] — ''[[My Kinda Party]]''}}
* {{small|[[Eric Church]] — ''[[Chief (Eric Church album)|Chief]]''}}
* {{small|[[Blake Shelton]] — ''[[Red River Blue]]''}}
* {{small|[[George Strait]] — ''[[Here for a Good Time]]''}}
* {{small|[[Taylor Swift]] — ''[[Speak Now]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=Grammy2012>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees?year=2011&genre=8|title=2011 – 54th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees And Winners: Country Field|publisher=[[Recording Academy|The Recording Academy]]|date=November 30, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[55th Grammy Awards|2013]]
| [[Zac Brown Band]]
| ''[[Uncaged]]''
|
* {{small|[[Hunter Hayes]] — ''[[Hunter Hayes (album)|Hunter Hayes]]''}}
* {{small|[[Jamey Johnson]] — ''[[Living for a Song: A Tribute to Hank Cochran]]''}}
* {{small|[[Miranda Lambert]] — ''[[Four the Record]]''}}
* {{small|[[The Time Jumpers]] — ''The Time Jumpers''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>[http://www.grammy.com/nominees List of 2013 nominees] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201120225/http://www.grammy.com/nominees |date=February 1, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[56th Grammy Awards|2014]]
| [[Kacey Musgraves]]
| ''[[Same Trailer Different Park]]''
|
* {{small|[[Jason Aldean]] — ''[[Night Train (Jason Aldean album)|Night Train]]''}}
* {{small|[[Tim McGraw]] — ''[[Two Lanes of Freedom]]''}}
* {{small|[[Blake Shelton]] — ''[[Based on a True Story...]]''}}
* {{small|[[Taylor Swift]] — ''[[Red (Taylor Swift album)|Red]]''}}
| <ref>[http://www.grammy.org/files/press-release/pdf/56nomsfinalrelease_final_.pdf 2014 Nominees]</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[57th Grammy Awards|2015]]
| [[Miranda Lambert]]
| ''[[Platinum (Miranda Lambert album)|Platinum]]''
|
* {{small|[[Dierks Bentley]] – ''[[Riser (album)|Riser]]''}}
* {{small|[[Eric Church]] – ''[[The Outsiders (Eric Church album)|The Outsiders]]''}}
* {{small|[[Brandy Clark]] – ''[[12 Stories (Brandy Clark album)|12 Stories]]''}}
* {{small|[[Lee Ann Womack]] – ''[[The Way I'm Livin']]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-grammys-2015-nominees-winners-list-story.html |title=57th Grammy Nominees |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=December 5, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[58th Annual Grammy Awards|2016]]
| [[Chris Stapleton]]
| ''[[Traveller (Chris Stapleton album)|Traveller]]''
|
* {{small|[[Sam Hunt (musician)|Sam Hunt]] – ''[[Montevallo (album)|Montevallo]]''}}
* {{small|[[Little Big Town]] – ''[[Pain Killer (Little Big Town album)|Pain Killer]]''}}
* {{small|[[Ashley Monroe]] – ''[[The Blade (Ashley Monroe album)|The Blade]]''}}
* {{small|[[Kacey Musgraves]] – ''[[Pageant Material]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-grammys-2015-nominees-winners-list-story.html |title=57th Grammy Nominees |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=December 5, 2014}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[59th Annual Grammy Awards|2017]]
|[[Sturgill Simpson]]
|''[[A Sailor's Guide to Earth]]''
|
* {{small|[[Brandy Clark]] – ''[[Big Day in a Small Town]]''}}
* {{small|[[Loretta Lynn]] – ''[[Full Circle (Loretta Lynn album)|Full Circle]]''}}
* {{small|[[Maren Morris]] – ''[[Hero (Maren Morris album)|Hero]]''}}
* {{small|[[Keith Urban]] – ''[[Ripcord (album)|Ripcord]]''}}
|
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[60th Annual Grammy Awards|2018]]
|[[Chris Stapleton]]
|''[[From A Room: Volume 1]]''
|
* {{small|[[Kenny Chesney]] — ''[[Cosmic Hallelujah]]''}}
* {{small|[[Lady Antebellum]] — ''[[Heart Break (Lady Antebellum album)|Heart Break]]''}}
* {{small|[[Little Big Town]] — ''[[The Breaker (Little Big Town album)|The Breaker]]''}}
* {{small|[[Thomas Rhett]] — ''[[Life Changes (Thomas Rhett album)|Life Changes]]''}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2018/music/news/2018-grammys-winners-list-music-awards-1202676802/ |title=Grammy Awards Winners List: Updating Live |date=January 28, 2018 |work=Variety |access-date=January 28, 2018}}</ref>
|}
{{note|1|[I]}} Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year. 
{{note|2|[II]}} Awards were presented to Bonnie Garner, Luke Lewis and Mary Martin as the producers of the album. 
{{note|3|[III]}} An award was presented to [[Carl Jackson]] as the producer of the album.

==Artists with multiple wins==

;4 wins
*[[Dixie Chicks]]

;2 wins
*[[Lady Antebellum]]
*[[Roger Miller]]
*[[Chris Stapleton]]

==Artists with multiple nominations==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;8 nominations
* [[Trisha Yearwood]]

;5 nominations
* [[Willie Nelson]]
* [[George Strait]]

;4 nominations
* [[Dixie Chicks]]
* [[Vince Gill]]
* [[Faith Hill]]
* [[Alan Jackson]]
* [[Tim McGraw]]

{{col-break}}

;3 nominations
* [[Dierks Bentley]]
* [[Zac Brown Band]]
* [[Jamey Johnson]]
* [[Lady Antebellum]]
* [[Miranda Lambert]]
* [[Little Big Town]]
* [[Patty Loveless]]
* [[Taylor Swift]]
* [[Shania Twain]]
* [[Keith Urban]]
* [[Lee Ann Womack]]
* [[Dwight Yoakam]]

{{col-break}}

;2 nominations
* [[Jason Aldean]]
* [[Asleep at the Wheel]]
* [[Chet Atkins]]
* [[Johnny Cash]]
* [[Eric Church]]
* [[Brandy Clark]]
* [[Alison Krauss]]
* [[Lyle Lovett]]
* [[Loretta Lynn]]
* [[Roger Miller]]
* [[Kacey Musgraves]]
* [[Brad Paisley]]

{{col-break}}

* [[Dolly Parton]]
* [[Jim Reeves]]
* [[Blake Shelton]]
* [[Chris Stapleton]]
* [[Hank Williams Jr.]]
* [[Gretchen Wilson]]

{{col-end}}

==See also==
*[[Grammy Award for Album of the Year]]

==References==
{{refbegin}}
;General
* {{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search|title=Past Winners Search|publisher=[[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]|accessdate=March 4, 2011}} Note: User must select the "Country" category as the genre under the search feature.
* {{cite web|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/grammy/countryalbum.htm|title=Grammy Awards: Best Country Album|publisher=Rock on the Net|accessdate=July 12, 2010}}

;Specific
{{refend}}
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
[http://www.grammy.com Official Site of the Grammy Awards]

{{Grammy Award years}}
{{Grammy Award categories}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grammy Award For Best Country Album}}
[[Category:Grammy Award categories|Country Album]]
[[Category:Grammy Awards for country music]]
[[Category:Grammy Award for Best Country Album| ]]

The Phoenix

2018-03-03T13:13:36Z

{{over-quotation|date=February 2018}}

'''Phoenix''' is an [[electric car]] made out of 88% garbage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2017/11/03/how-far-can-electric-car-go-single-charge-how-cincinnati-tampa/828934001/|title=How far can an electric car go on a single charge? How about from Cincinnati to Tampa|work=Cincinnati.com|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en}}</ref> It is the first electric car in the world to be made with hybrid recycling. It was built by Eric Lundgren, former CEO and founder of ITAP, to showcase their method of hybrid recycling.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/for-dead-ev-batteries-reuse-comes-before-recycle/|title=Where do EV batteries go when they die?|date=2017-12-05|work=Roadshow|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.autoevolution.com/news/electric-car-drives-9955-miles-on-a-single-charge-and-it-s-not-a-tesla-121295.html|title=Electric Car Drives 995.5 Miles on a Single Charge and It's Not a Tesla|last=Mitrache|first=Vlad|date=2017-10-27|work=autoevolution|access-date=2018-02-15|language=en-us}}</ref>

The Phoenix has beaten several EVs including [[Tesla Model S]] P90D, [[Nissan Leaf|Nissan Leaf,]] and even the [[Chevrolet Bolt]]. The Phoenix is said to be able to travel well over 400 miles, however, could not complete its initial test drive due to blowing a fuse at 340 miles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://futurism.com/bmw-built-90-recycled-parts-broke-world-record/|title=A BMW built from 90% recycled parts broke a world record|date=2017-11-07|work=Futurism|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

The car was built in 40 days in a backyard with the assistance of 2 [[Engineer|engineers]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/interviews/better-than-tesla-an-interview-with-eric-20171009|title=Interviews - Better than Tesla: An interview with Eric Lundgren - the man who?s built a new electric vehicle out of electronic waste - Renewable Energy Magazine, at the heart of clean energy journalism|last=Viaintermedia.com|work=Renewable Energy Magazine, at the heart of clean energy journalism|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.techeblog.com/index.php/tech-gadget/company-turns-1997-bmw-528i-into-the-phoenix-an-electric-car-with-a-380-mile-range|title=Company Turns 1997 BMW 528i Into "The Phoenix", an Electric Car with a 380-Mile Range - TechEBlog|last=Staff|website=www.techeblog.com|language=en-us|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref>

The car set a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the longest range traveled in an electric car on highway speeds. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.solarnews.es/internacional/2017/09/27/interview-la-car-wiz-breaking-teslas-guinness-world-record/|title=Interview LA Car Wiz Breaking Tesla’s Guinness World Record – Solarnews Internacional|website=www.solarnews.es|language=es-ES|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://evtalk.com.au/phoenix-ev-sets-1600km-world-range-record/|title=The Phoenix EV sets 1600km world range record - EV Talk|date=2017-10-19|work=EV Talk|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

== The Build ==
'''Components'''

The Phoenix has the body of a 20-year-old e39-generation [[BMW]] 528i, of which Lundgren removed the dashboard, trim, center console and rear seats from to reduce its weight. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/itap-recycled-bmw-ev-news-video-specs-range/|title=This all-electric BMW 5 Series is garbage, and proud of it|date=2017-06-16|work=Digital Trends|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en-US}}</ref>The battery pack is made out of cells from EVs and, used lithium ion 18650 and laptop batteries and the pack is a 130-kWh unit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.treehugger.com/cars/13k-diy-electric-car-made-recycled-parts-has-380-mile-range.html|title=$13K DIY electric car made from recycled parts has 380+ mile range|work=TreeHugger|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.designboom.com/technology/low-cost-diy-electric-car-made-from-recycled-parts-380-mile-range-06-17-2017/|title=low cost DIY electric car made from recycled parts has 380+ mile range|date=2017-06-18|work=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[combustion engine]] was removed and replaced with an [[electric motor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/cars/enthusiasts/this-homemade-%C2%A310000-electric-car-can-go-twice-as-far-as-the-most-expensive-tesla/ar-AAoXshF?li=AAnZ9Ug|title=This homemade £10,000 electric car can go twice as far as the most expensive Tesla|website=www.msn.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref> The car weighs less than 4,000 pounds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.motor1.com/news/144173/13000-diy-ev-covers-340-miles/|title=$13k DIY EV Drives 340 Miles On Two Thirds Of Its Battery|work=Motor1.com|access-date=2018-02-15|language=en}}</ref>

'''Costs'''

When asked about the cost of the car, Lundgren replied,

“It was less than $13K total and has two (2) onboard chargers to speed up the 3 Phase charge time. Since the batteries were re-purposed from all different types of electronics; it kept our overall price low. This allowed us to successfully build the longest range EV (at highway speeds) in the world at the lowest price point of all ev’s. All thanks to HYBRID RECYCLING!!”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insideevs.com/13000-diy-electric-car-drives-340-miles-on-23rds-of-its-battery-video/|title=$13,000 DIY Electric Car Drives 340 Miles On 2/3rds Of Its Battery - Video|website=insideevs.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://longtailpipe.com/2017/05/22/demonstrating-value-of-thrown-away-electronics-with-an-diy-electric-vehicle/|title=Demonstrating value of thrown-away electronics with an DIY Electric Vehicle|date=2017-05-22|work=The Long Tail Pipe|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Purpose and Mission'''

The purpose of the recycled electric vehicle was to demonstrate Hybrid Recycling, and the possibilities and potential derived from electronic waste recycling.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/can-an-old-bmw-converted-to-electric-teach-tesla-a-lesson-8716690|title=L.A. Entrepreneur Says His Old Electric BMW Will Crush Tesla|last=Romero|first=Dennis|date=2017-10-04|work=L.A. Weekly|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.investorideas.com/news/2017/main/05171Podcast-ITAP.asp|title=Investorideas.com - Investor Ideas Talks to IT Asset Partners (ITAP) CEO Eric Lundgren about Hybrid Recycling|website=www.investorideas.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lifeandsoulmagazine.com/2017/06/22/e-waste-pioneer-eric-lundgren-creates-car-from-trash-and-out-ranges-a-tesla-ev-to-highlight-hybrid-recycling/|title=E-waste pioneer, Eric Lundgren, creates car from trash and out-ranges a Tesla EV to highlight “hybrid recycling”|date=2017-06-22|work=Life & Soul Magazine|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

Lundgren said in an interview,“This is just one example of the things we do out of recycling. We don’t want to tell people how useful recycling is, we want to show them. This is the most efficient car ever manufactured and it was made from our past, not from our future. You can go from coast to coast for $123. We are getting 4 cents a mile on average.” <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fontanaheraldnews.com/news/new-world-record-for-electric-vehicle-is-set-at-auto/article_0aff2de0-b44a-11e7-8704-c37fdf8515d3.html|title=New world record for electric vehicle is set at Auto Club Speedway in Fontana|last=CANO|first=RUSSELL INGOLD and ALEJANDRO|work=Fontana Herald News|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en}}</ref>

== The Chatsworth to San Luis Obispo, California Trip ==
The [[Chatsworth, Los Angeles|Chatsworth]] to [[San Luis Obispo, California|San Luin Obispo]] trip was a highway range test between the ITAP hybrid car, Nissan Leaf, Chevrolet Bolt and Tesla Model S P90D.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.automobilemag.com/news/electric-car-built-recycled-trash-beats-tesla-model-s-range/|title=Electric Car Built From Recycled Trash Beats Tesla Model S Range {{!}} Automobile Magazine|date=2017-06-19|work=Automobile Magazine|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en-US}}</ref> The Nissan Leaf was the first to run out of battery at 81 miles, followed by the Tesla Model S P90D at 238.2 miles, and the Chevrolet Bolt at 271.5 miles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/this-homemade-10000-electric-car-can-go-twice-far-most-expensive-tesla-1632409|title=This homemade £10,000 electric car can go twice as far as the most expensive Tesla|last=Charlton|first=Alistair|date=2017-07-28|work=International Business Times UK|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en}}</ref> The Phoenix was expected to travel over 400 miles on a single charge, however, it blew a fuse at 340.3 miles with 32% battery remaining.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherearthnews.com/green-transportation/green-vehicles/evs-with-best-range-zm0z17djzmar|title=How Far Can Electric Cars Go? - Green Transportation/Green Vehicles - MOTHER EARTH NEWS|work=Mother Earth News|access-date=2018-02-15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://inhabitat.com/interview-meet-eric-lundgren-who-broke-the-world-record-for-ev-range-with-a-car-made-from-trash/lundgren_3/|title=INTERVIEW: Meet Eric Lundgren, who broke the world record for EV range with a car made from trash|access-date=2018-02-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Guinness Book of World Records ==
On October 18th, the ITAP car set a Guinness World Record<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/greatest-distance-by-electric-vehicle-single-charge-(non-solar)|title=Greatest distance by electric vehicle, single charge (non-solar)|work=Guinness World Records|access-date=2018-02-15|language=en-GB}}</ref> for the Longest Range of an Electric Vehicle. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://salomondrin.com/blog/post/bmw-breaks-record-for-longest-distance-driven-by-an-electric-car-completing-almost-1000-miles-on-a-single-charge/G4TabkI9Ymzlpofs8FRz6MrODfdfLSIMDWf78AfyiqTmFEneGAMOuf6D95I8MEvkhWfD2OvwZ04qCEpVFJeoPtic2XDbFJR91oO63IhFZ5jFzzJQsDsSWuldvBHXIbHZDBl62rSQc5XBH0WDqa6Zw5|title=BMW breaks record for longest distance driven by an electric car – completing almost 1,000 MILES on a single charge|access-date=2018-02-15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wonderfulengineering.com/world-record-broken-bmw-built-90-recycled-parts/|title=Company Builds A Custom Electric BMW That Can Travel 1600 km On A Single Charge|date=2017-11-11|work=Wonderful Engineering|access-date=2018-02-15|language=en-US}}</ref>It traveled more than 1600 kilometers at the [[Auto Club Speedway]] of [[California]] in [[Fontana, California|Fontana]] over a two day consecutive run.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thesun.co.uk/motors/4730760/bmw-breaks-record-for-longest-distance-driven-by-an-electric-car-completing-almost-1000-miles-on-a-single-charge/|title=BMW breaks record for longest distance driven by an electric car - completing almost 1,000 MILES on a single charge|date=2017-10-20|work=The Sun|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en-GB}}</ref>

The previous record was made in [[Japan]] in 2013 for 1298 kilometers. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://rpmcanada.ca/itap-break-guinness-world-record-for-electric-vehicle-range/|title=ITAP Break Guinness World Record for Electric Vehicle Range {{!}} Plus Automotive Network|date=2017-10-19|work=Plus Automotive Network|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.electricvehiclesresearch.com/articles/12993/record-for-longest-range-of-an-electric-vehicle|title=Record for longest range of an electric vehicle {{!}} Electric Vehicles Research|date=2017-10-23|work=Electric Vehicles Research|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
On February 28, 2017, Eric Lundgren was sentenced to 15 months in [[federal prison]] for selling, copying and importing [[counterfeit]] [[Microsoft]] software. The U.S District Court in the Southern district of Floria also sentenced him to three years of supervised release and a $50,000 fine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://resource-recycling.com/e-scrap/2017/06/15/ceo-sentenced-prison-counterfeit-software-scheme/|title=CEO sentenced to prison for counterfeit software scheme - E-Scrap|date=2017-06-15|work=E-Scrap|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sustainablebrands.com/news_and_views/product_service_design_innovation/libby_maccarthy/trending_circular_economy_takes_two|title=Trending: Circular Economy Takes Two Steps Forward, One Step Back|website=sustainablebrands.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-15}}</ref>

In June 2017, he stepped down as the CEO of ITAP.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/peterhigh/2017/06/20/a-recycling-entrepreneur-has-been-sentenced-to-15-months-in-prison/#12c14991362a|title=A Recycling Entrepreneur Has Been Sentenced To 15 Months In Prison|last=High|first=Peter|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-02-14|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Electric vehicles]]
[[Category:Automobiles]]

Detektiv Hanks

2018-02-27T10:53:34Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:The Cosby Mysteries Title .png (en). It was deleted on Commons by Túrelio (Copyright violation: Still-copyrighted TV show).

{{Infobox television
| show_name = The Cosby Mysteries
| image =
| caption =
| runtime = 60 minutes per episode
| creator = David Black [[William Link]]
| starring = [[Bill Cosby]] [[Robert Stanton (actor)|Robert Stanton]] [[James Naughton]] [[Rita Moreno]]
| composer = [[Craig Handy]], [[David Weiss (musician)|David Weiss]]
| country = United States
| company = Sah Enterprises [[Columbia Pictures Television]]
| distributor = [[Sony Pictures Television]]
| language = English
| network = [[NBC]]
| first_aired = January 31, 1994
| last_aired = April 12, 1995
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 20 (18 + pilot)
}}

'''''The Cosby Mysteries''''' is an American television [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] series that starred [[Bill Cosby]]. It is the first television series to star Cosby since ''[[The Cosby Show]]'' (which ended in the spring of [[1992 in American television|1992]]) and lasted one season ([[1994 in American television|1994]]–[[1995 in American television|1995]]).<ref>{{cite journal |year = 1995 |title = The '95 TV Season: Who's Gone? Who's New? Who's Back? |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I-KxzqNt4uEC&pg=PA94 |journal = Ebony |volume = 50 |issue = 12 |pages = 94 |issn = 0012-9011 |accessdate = 2010-01-06 }}</ref> Actor/comedian [[Mos Def]] appeared in several episodes (credited as Dante Bezé).<ref>{{cite web |title = The Cosby Mysteries (1994) (TV) |publisher = The Internet Movie Database |url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0109486/ |accessdate = 2010-01-06 }}</ref>

==Premise==
Cosby played Guy Hanks, a [[New York City Police Department]] [[Forensic science|criminalist]] who retired from the force after winning $44 million in the lottery. His peaceful retirement was frequently interrupted by his former colleagues, Detective Adam Sully ([[James Naughton]]) and Medical Examiner John Chapman ([[Robert Stanton (actor)|Robert Stanton]]), who ask him to consult on tough cases. As Hanks used his wits and his forensics knowledge to solve crimes, he dealt with his holistic housekeeper Angie ([[Rita Moreno]]) and his girlfriend Barbara Lorenz ([[Lynn Whitfield]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last = Johnson |first = Robert E. |year = 1994 |title = Bill Cosby Begins TV Season With New Mystery Series Co-Starring Lynn Whitfield |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9MEDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA60 |journal = JET |volume = 86 |issue = 21 |pages = 60–63 |issn = 0021-5996 |accessdate = 2010-01-06 }}</ref>

The show was created by David Black and [[William Link]]. Link's previous series included ''[[Columbo (TV series)|Columbo]]'' on NBC and ''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'' on CBS. Link developed the series at Cosby's request, as Cosby wanted to make an intelligent, character-driven mystery series that did not rely on graphic violence.

The show began in January 1994 as a two-hour movie, and regular episodes began airing on NBC in September. Critics expressed hope that ''The Cosby Mysteries'' would fare better than Cosby's previous two ventures,<ref>{{cite journal |last = Randolph |first = Laura B. |year = 1994 |title = Activist-Actor Celebrates 30 Years of Wedded Bliss, Continues Fight Against Black Stereotypes on TV |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1HhtOI8Lw7EC&pg=PA104 |journal = Ebony |volume = 49 |issue = 7 |pages = 104 |issn = 0012-9011 |accessdate = 2010-01-06 }}</ref> ''[[Here and Now (1992 TV series)|Here and Now]]'' and the game-show remake, ''[[You Bet Your Life#1992.E2.80.931993|You Bet Your Life]]''. ''The Cosby Mysteries'' only lasted 18 episodes.

''The Cosby Mysteries'' has been re-run in the United Kingdom on digital channel [[ITV1]], and in the [[United States|US]] on [[A&E Network|A&E]] and [[TV One (US TV network)|TVOne]].

==In popular culture==
*In ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Guess Who's Coming to Criticize Dinner?]]", Homer laments the cancellation of ''The Cosby Mysteries'', saying "That show had limitless possibilities!"
* A ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' episode hosted by [[Patrick Stewart]] on February 5, 1994, did a parody sketch of the Cosby series. [[Adam Sandler]] played Cosby as a buffoonish character who rambles on incoherently with dialog full of made-up nonsense words.<ref>{{cite web|title=FuzzyMemories.TV – Saturday Night Live – "The Cosby Mysteries" (1994)|url=http://www.fuzzymemories.tv/index.php?m=xxmiscxx#videoclip-872|accessdate=29 February 2012|date=February 5, 1994}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.billcosby.com/ Official Bill Cosby Site]
*{{IMDb title|id=0108733|title=The Cosby Mysteries}}
*{{tv.com show|the-cosby-mysteries|The Cosby Mysteries}}

{{Bill Cosby}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cosby Mysteries, The}}
[[Category:Bill Cosby]]
[[Category:1990s American comedy-drama television series]]
[[Category:1994 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:1995 American television series endings]]
[[Category:American mystery television series]]
[[Category:English-language television programs]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department]]
[[Category:Forensic science in popular culture]]
[[Category:NBC network shows]]
[[Category:Television series by Sony Pictures Television]]
[[Category:Television shows set in New York City]]
[[Category:Detective television series]]

Kothaufen-Emoji

2018-01-22T08:13:39Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Pile-of-poo 1f4a9 (1).png (en). It was deleted on Commons by Dyolf77 (per Commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Pile-of-poo 1f4a9 (1).png).

{{multiple image
| width = 60
| image1 = Emoji u1f4a9.svg
| alt1 =
| image2 = Twemoji_1f4a9.svg
| alt2 =
| footer = '''Left:''' The Pile of poo
emoji as it appears in [[Noto fonts|Noto]] '''Right:''' the emoji as it appears on [[Twitter]] and [[Snapchat]]
}}

{{emoji|1F4A9
}}, also known as '''Pile of Poo''', '''Smiling Poop emoji''', or '''Smiling Pile of Poo''' (on [[iOS]] devices) is an [[emoji]] resembling a coiled pile of [[feces]] usually adorned with a "friendly smile".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emojipedia.org/pile-of-poo/|title=💩 Pile of Poo Emoji|language=English|accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref> It is used to convey dissatisfaction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stellar.ie/klaxon/8-emojis-you-might-not-know-the-real-meaning-of/787|title=8 Emojis You Might Not Know The Real Meaning Of | Stellar|last=McDermott|first=Kirstie|date=8 March 2015|language=English|accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref>

The emoji is in the [[Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs]] Unicode block: {{unichar|1F4A9|PILE OF POO|html=}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/1f4a9/index.htm |title= Unicode Character 'PILE OF POO' (U+1F4A9) |work= FileFormat.info |access-date = March 29, 2017}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Pile-of-poo 1f4a9.png|thumb|Microsoft's version of this emoji.]]
In 1998 or 1999, Japanese mobile operators [[NTT DoCoMo]], [[au (mobile phone company)|au]], and [[SoftBank Mobile]] each defined their own variants of emoji using proprietary standards, the first of which was created by NTT DoCoMo employee Shigetaka Kurita.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/11/emojis-rapid-evolution.html|title=Smile, You're Speaking Emoji|last=Sternbergh|first=Adam|date=16 November 2014|language=English|accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref>

In 2007, [[Google]], looking to expand its presence in Japan and Asia as a whole, partnered with au to develop emoji for [[Gmail]], a project codenamed "Mojo". Gmail's design for the pile of poo emoji lacked a face and was circled above by animated flies. When deciding which emoji to include, Takeshi Kishimoto, Google's Japanese product manager, went directly to the manager of Gmail and convinced him that the pile of poo emoji was the "most useful" emoji. This was corroborated by a statistical analysis undertaken by Google to determine which emoji were the most popular among Japanese users. According to Google software engineer Darren Tong the pile of poo emoji was "way up there" in terms of popularity. Design for the emoji was left to [[Google Doodle]] artists Ryan Germick and Susie Sahim who sought to put a "Google spin" on the existing emojis. They drew inspiration from the existing emoji designs as well as the character [[List of Dr. Slump characters#Poop-Boy|Poop-Boy]] from the ''[[Dr. Slump]]'' manga by [[Akira Toriyama]]. They limited themselves to a size of 15×15 pixels and colors used only in Google's logo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3037803/the-oral-history-of-the-poop-emoji-or-how-google-brought-poop-to-america|title=The Oral History Of The Poop Emoji (Or, How Google Brought Poop To America) | Fast Company|last=Schwartzberg|first=Lauren|date=18 November 2014|language=English|accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/24687/1/what-does-the-stinky-poop-emoji-really-mean|title=What does the stinky poop emoji really mean? | Dazed|last=Healy|first=Claire|date=12 May 2015|language=English|accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref>

In 2017 a "frowning pile of poo" emoji was shortlisted for inclusion in a future Unicode release.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.emojipedia.org/kangaroo-softball-frowning-poo-emojis-possible-for-2018/|title=Kangaroo, Softball, Frowning Poo Emojis Possible For 2018|date=2017-08-03|work=Emojipedia|access-date=2017-08-18}}</ref>

==Popularity==
[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News']] Samantha Selinger-Morris states in her 2016 article that the smiling poop emoji is "one of the most popular emojis in existence" due to its "ineffable charm" and "ability to transcend language barriers and political differences." As such, it has been featured on [[mylar]] birthday balloons and cupcakes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-10/the-popularity-of-the-poo-emoji/8102762|title=Why are we so passionate about the smiling poop emoji? - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)|last=Selinger-Morris|first=Samantha|date=9 December 2016|language=English|accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref> In 2016, a [[termite]] mound in [[Western Australia]] was transformed into a smiling poop emoji by a couple with supplies from [[Kmart Australia | Kmart]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2016/07/05/poo-emoji-termite-mound/#jBXxBhSGymqb|title=Poop emoji made from a termite mound is the roadside art we need|last=Lieu|first=Johnny|date=5 July 2016|language=English|accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
The icon is a character in 2017's ''[[The Emoji Movie]]'', voiced by [[Patrick Stewart]].<ref name="CBMakeABetterPerson">{{cite news|last1=Amidi|first1=Amid|title=‘Emojimovie: Express Yourself’ Promises To Make You A Better Person|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/feature-film/emojimovie-express-promises-make-better-person-143757.html|work=Cartoon Brew|accessdate=November 20, 2016|date=October 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/patrick-stewart-voice-poop-emoji-emoji-movie-965588|title=Patrick Stewart to Voice Poop Emoji in 'Emoji Movie'|last=Giardina|first=Carolyn|date=January 18, 2017|work=[[Hollywood Report.|The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=January 25, 2017|via=}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Face with Tears of Joy]]
*''[[Kin no unko]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://emojipedia.org/pile-of-poo/ Pile of Poo] at [[Emojipedia]]

{{Emoji navbox}}
[[Category:Symbols introduced in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Emoji]]
[[Category:Feces]]

Jeroen Tel

2017-12-01T18:55:09Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:(C)1996-Maniacs-of-Noise-Jeroen-Tel-(WAVE).jpg , deleted by Ellin Beltz (per Commons:Commons:Deletion requests/File:(C)1996-Maniacs-of-Noise-Jeroen-Tel-(WAVE).jpg).

{{unreliable sources|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Jeroen Tel
| image = JeroenTel.jpg
| caption = Jeroen Tel performing at "Back in Time Live" in 2008
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name = Jeroen Godfried Tel
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|5|19}}
| birth_place = [[Eindhoven]], [[Netherlands]]
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Rob Hubbard]]|[[Martin Galway]]|[[Ben Daglish]]|[[Chris Huelsbeck]]}}
| genre = [[Videogame music]] [[Commodore 64 music]] [[8-bit]] [[Electronic music]] [[Chiptunes]] [[Pixel Pop]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Composer]]|[[Sound designer]]|[[Audio director]]|[[Audio programmer]]}}
}}

'''Jeroen Godfried Tel''' (born 19 May 1972), also known as '''WAVE''',<ref>[http://rateyourmusic.com/artist/jeroen_tel Info about Jeroen Tel's name]</ref> is a Dutch composer and video-game pioneer.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdTANxS-LHg Polderpioniers: Jeroen Tel and the rise of game music (Dutch)]</ref><ref>[http://www.vintageisthenewold.com/hints-tips-for-videogame-pioneers/ http://www.vintageisthenewold.com announcing "Hints & Tips For Videogame Pioneers"], featuring Jeroen Tel remakes.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SdEkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145&lpg=PA145&dq=jeroen+tel+videogame+pioneer&source=bl&ots=i_xiVi9S6B&sig=so0sv_RJDx6q718TodinK9NCUGs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjl2uOPoLvTAhXFEywKHb5xC7MQ6AEIWTAI#v=onepage&q=jeroen%20tel%20videogame%20pioneer&f=false Hints & Tips For Videogame Pioneers] > Pioneer's Perspective: Jeroen Tel</ref> He is best known for numerous computer game tunes he wrote in the 1980s and early 1990s for the [[Commodore 64]].<ref>[http://noname.c64.org/csdb/scener/?id=8050 Jeroen Tel], [http://noname.c64.org/csdb/ The C-64 Scene Database], retrieved 2005-04-01</ref> His most popular<ref>{{cite web|last=Droege|first=Joerg|title=Video Interview with Jeroen Tel|url=http://sceneworld.org/blog/2012/08/13/video-interview-with-jeroen-tel/|website=Scene World Magazine|accessdate=2015-04-25}}</ref> compositions appear in the following Commodore 64 games: ''[[Combat Crazy]]'', ''[[Cybernoid]]'', ''[[Cybernoid II]]'', ''Dan Dare 3'', ''Eliminator'', ''Hawkeye'', ''[[Myth: History in the Making]]'', ''Nighthunter'', ''[[RoboCop 3 (video game)|Robocop 3]]'', ''Rubicon'' (title music), and ''[[Supremacy (computer game)|Supremacy]]''.<ref>[http://www.gamesart.de/gamesart-interview-jeroen-tel/ Jeroen Tel - interview by Games Art]</ref>

==Maniacs of Noise==
Alongside [[Charles Deenen]], who Tel met at computer meetings in [[Venlo]], [[Netherlands]], Tel is a founding member of the computer music group [[Maniacs of Noise]],<ref>[https://www.maniacsofnoise.com/ Maniacs of Noise (official website)]</ref><ref>[http://www.sidmusic.org/sid/jtel.html Jeroen Tel (Maniacs of Noise) - 1997 interview by Commodore Zone]</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last= |first= |title=Charles Deenan, Interplay |magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]|issue=3|publisher=[[Imagine Media]]|date=March 1995|page=52}}</ref> a company devoted to composing music and designing sound effects for videogames since 1987.<ref>[http://csdb.dk/group/?id=448 About Maniacs of Noise]</ref> He worked for several years at [[Funcom]] in [[Norway]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezncxhDnUQo&feature=share Jeroen Tel - interview at Assembly 2012 (English version)]</ref> In addition to being a game musician, he has composed lots of [[Module file|modules]] in the context of [[demo scene]].

==Tess & Tel==
In late 2014 Jeroen Tel joined forces with the colorful Swedish singer and songwriter [[Tess Fries]] and formed the Pixel Pop music group [[Tess & Tel]].
<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSUYAa3wrGY&t=11s Tess & Tel - interview by Scene World Podcast (2015)]</ref>
<ref>[https://soundcloud.com/tess-and-tel Tess & Tel on Soundcloud]</ref>
They first met at a Space Invaders concert in Odense, Denmark in October 4, 2013.

===Tess & Tel discography===
{{columns-list|2|
*Buy the Sky (2015)<ref>Link to music video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVxEJjtH_10 Buy the Sky]</ref>
*Battle Valley (2015)<ref>Link to song: [https://soundcloud.com/tess-and-tel/tess-tel-battle-valley?in=tess-and-tel/sets/tess-tel-pixel-pop-music Battle Valley]</ref>
*Spank Me Hard & Call Me Susan (2016)<ref> Link to music video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDycv4QCst0 Spank Me Hard & Call Me Susan]</ref>
*Anywhere (2016)<ref> Link to song: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghsDPKZoD1E Anywhere]</ref>
*Dream Just Dream (2016)<ref> Link to music video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puhUuc11TUM Dream Just Dream]</ref>
*Complex (2016)<ref>Link to song: [https://soundcloud.com/tess-and-tel/complex Complex]</ref>
}}

==Discography==
===Soundtracks by Jeroen Tel===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Publisher
! scope="col" | Released
! scope="col" | Platform
! scope="col" | Credit
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| A-TEAM, THE || Fox Digital Entertainment || 2010 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Honey Switch Deluxe (video game)|Honey Switch Deluxe || [[Zylom]] || 2005 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Fortuna Mahjongg Deluxe || [[Zylom]] || 2004 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Geweldenaren van Ver (Short) || (No publisher.) || 2004 || [[Micro movie]] || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Alien Scum || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Abyss, The || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Hive, The || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Minerman || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Slot Machine || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| ASML ESD Clean Training|| || 2001 || ([[Website]]) ||
|-
| Big Brother: The Game || SoftMACHINE Publishing International BV || 2000 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Casino || || 1999 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Crimson's Mystery (video game)|Crimson's Mystery || (No publisher.) || 1999 || ([[Game Boy Color]]) || Composer || Unreleased.
|-
| FACT || || 1999 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Football Manager || || 1999 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Christmas Crisis || || 1995 || ([[CD-i]]) ||
|-
| Family Games II: Junkfood Jive || || 1995 || ([[CD-i]]) ||
|-
| Flippo House || || 1995 || (CDS) || Composer / Artist
|-
| Disney's [[Beauty and the Beast (video game)|Beauty and the Beast]] || [[Hudson Soft]] || 1994 || ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Alien III (video game)|Alien III || LJN, Ltd. || 1993 || ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Bram Stoker's Dracula (handheld video game)|Bram Stoker Dracula]] || [[Sony Imagesoft]] || 1993 || ([[Game Boy]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Bram Stoker's Dracula (video game)|Bram Stoker Dracula]] || [[Sony Imagesoft]] || 1993 || ([[Master System]]) ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| California Games II (video game)|California Games II || [[SEGA]] || 1993 || ([[Master System]]) ([[Game Gear]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[The Flash (video game)|Flash, The]] || || 1993 || ([[Master System]]) ([[Game Gear]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Lemmings (video game)|Lemmings]] || [[Psygnosis]] || 1993 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Overlord (1991 video game)|Overlord]] || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1993 || ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| The A-Team (video game) || || 1992 || ([[Game Gear]]) ([[Sega Master System]]) || Composer / Sound Designer || Unreleased.
|-
| [[Agony (video game)|Agony]] || [[Psygnosis]] || 1992 || ([[Amiga]]) || Composer
|-
| Fruit Fantasies || || 1992 || ([[Amiga]]) || Composer
|-
| Facts of Life || Witan || 1992 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) Demo || Composer
|-
| [[RoboCop 3 (video game)|Robocop 3]] || Ocean Software Ltd. (C64) and SEGA of America, Inc. (NES) || 1992 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Outrun Europe (video game)|Outrun Europe || SEGA Corporation, U.S. Gold Ltd. || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Rubicon (video game)|Rubicon || 21st Century Entertainment Ltd. || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer
|-
| Smash TV (video game)|Smash TV || Acclaim Entertainment, Inc. || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Supremacy: Your Will Be Done|Supremacy]] || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Viz (game)|VIZ the Game]] || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1991 || ([[Amiga]]) ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Back to the Future III (video game)|Back to the Future III || [[Image Works]] || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Co-composer with [[Charles Deenen]]
|-
| [[Bad Blood (video game)|Bad Blood]] || ORIGIN Systems, Inc. || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Dan Dare III: The Escape || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Golden Axe]] || [[Virgin Mastertronic]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Hot Rod (video game)|Hot Rod]] || [[Activision, Inc.]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Inve$t (video game)|Inve$t || Starbyte Software || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Turbo Outrun|Turbo Outrun (Best Music ECTS Award)]] || [[SEGA]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || || Best Music ECTS Award
|-
| [[Supremacy: Your Will Be Done|Supremacy]] || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1990 || ([[Amiga]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Deliverance: [[Stormlord (video game)|Stormlord II]] || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Poseidon: Planet Eleven (video game)|Poseidon: Planet Eleven || Hi-Tec Software Ltd. || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Iron Lord]] || Ubi Soft Entertainment Software || 1990 for C64 and 1989 for Amiga || ([[Amiga]]) ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Afterburner (video game)|Afterburner (USA version)]] || [[SEGA]] || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Drag race 2000 || || 1989 || ([[Arcade cabinet]]) ||
|-
| Dynamix || [[Virgin Mastertronic]] || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| F14 Tomcat || [[Dynamix]] || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Myth: History in the Making]] || System 3 Software Ltd. || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Stormlord (video game)|Stormlord]] || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ([[Amiga]]) ||
|-
| [[Tintin on the Moon (video game)|Tintin on the Moon]] || Infogrames Europe SA || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[2400 A.D.]] || ORIGIN Systems, Inc. || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || || Unreleased.
|-
| Alloyrun (video game)|Alloyrun || Starlight Software || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Aspar GP Master || [[Dinamic Software]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Battle Valley (video game)|Battle Valley || Rack-It || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Combat Crazy (video game)|Combat Crazy A.K.A. War Bringer || [[Silverbird (software label)]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Cybernoid]]: The Fighting Machine || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Cybernoid#Cybernoid II|Cybernoid II]]: The Revenge || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Eliminator (video game)|Eliminator]] || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Gaplus (video game)|Gaplus || [[Mastertronic]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| G.I. Hero || || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || || Unreleased.
|-
| Ice Age (C64 video game)|Ice Age || [[Firebird Software]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Navy Moves (video game)|Navy Moves || [[Dinamic Software]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Savage (video game)|Savage]] || [[Firebird Software]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Scout (video game)|Scout || [[Mastertronic]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Hawkeye (video game)|Hawkeye || Thalamus Ltd. || 1987 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| BeachKing Stunt Racer (video game)|BeachKing Stunt Racer || || || ([[PlayStation 2|PS2]]) ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Brabant Stad (Promo)|| || ||
|-
| David Bravo (Cartoon)|| || ||
|-
| Deadly Skies || || || ([[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]]) ||
|-
| DLO Research || || || ([[Television program]]) ||
|-
| Don Horn || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| EA Sports || || || (JAKKS TV Game)
|-
| Empire || || || (FM)
|-
| ETV Leader || || || (RL)
|-
| Gold Rush Deluxe || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Gordon's Cinderella || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| House of Cards 2 Deluxe || || ||
|-
| Hypnosis 1995 || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) Demo ||
|-
| Janssen en Janssen || || || (CDS) ||
|-
| Johny Walker Moorhuhn Jagd || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Jule Shuffle (Online Game) || || ||
|-
| Just Kidding || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| Knoop in je Zakdoek 1994, 95, 96, 97 || || || ([[Television program]]) ||
|-
| Lethal Weapon III || || || ([[Master System]]) ||
|-
| Logitech Puzzle Game || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) Demo ||
|-
| Mercury || || || ([[Slot machine]]) ||
|-
| Moorhuhn || || || (PC) ||
|-
| Moorhuhn 2 || || || (PC) ||
|-
| Mortal Kombat || || || (JAKKS TV Game)
|-
| Motors || || || (PC) ||
|-
| Nanuk || || || (PC) ||
|-
| NBA Hangtime || || || ([[Sega Genesis]]) ([[Super NES]]) ||
|-
| Nicktoons Basketball || || || (PC) ||
|-
| Nighthunter || || || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Nintendo Starwing || || || ([[Television commercial]]) ||
|-
| NNCDROM || || || [[CD-ROM]] || || Business Presentation
|-
| [[North & South (computer game)|North and South]] || || || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| No-TV Visual Music No.2 || || || ([[DVD]]) ||
|-
| No Nonsense Consultancy || || || ([[Website]]) ||
|-
| Original Video Game Sound Effects || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| Outrun 2 || || || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Pocahontas (video game)|Pocahontas]] || || || ([[Super NES]]) ||
|-
| Poodle-e-razor || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Power Play || || || ([[Television program]]) ||
|-
| Raffzahn || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Rhino Rumble || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ([[Game Boy Color]]) ||
|-
| RTL France || || || Television ([[Station identification]]) ||
|-
| R-Xerox || || || ([[Television commercial]]) ||
|-
| Ruflo Easyfloor || || || ([[Animation]]) ||
|-
| Space Ranger || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Sound FX only
|-
| Spark Media Arts Festival || || || ([[Animation]]) ||
|-
| Starwing || || || ([[Television commercial]]) (RC) ||
|-
| Stork Aerospace F35 JSF || || || ([[3d animation]]) ||
|-
| [[Super Monaco GP]] || || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Supercash || || || ([[Amiga]]) ||
|-
| Suske en Wiske - De Roekeloze Ruimtereis || || ||
|-
| Suske en Wiske - Het Geheim van de Farao || || ||
|-
| Synthetic || || || (AD) ||
|-
| [[Techno Cop]] || || 1992 || ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) ||
|-
| [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (video game)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]] || || || ([[Amiga]]) ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| TELEAC || || || (TV) Television ([[Station identification]]) (TVT) (RP) ||
|-
| Tetris 94 || || || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| The Video Game Soundmakers || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| TMax || || || ([[Pocket PC]]) ||
|-
| Trivia Ultimate Challenge || || || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Video Game Soundmakers, The || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| Vivid Video || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| [[Warlocked]] || || || ([[Game Boy Color]]) ||
|-
| W.A.R. || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| [[Winter Gold]] || || || ([[Super NES]]) ||
|-
| Z-Mess-House || || || (CDS) ||
|-
| ZYLOM Music Logo || || ||
|-
| ZZPLANET || || || ([[Animation]]) ||
|}

<ref>Maniacs of Noise - Projects > [https://www.maniacsofnoise.com/ A list of Jeroen Tel's compositions and projects]</ref>
<ref>The GameBase64 Collection [http://www.gb64.com/search.php C64 game release info collection]</ref>
<ref>(Lemon64.com) C64 Game Archive [http://www.lemon64.com/?mainurl=http%3A//www.lemon64.com/games/]</ref>

==Tel Me More==
In the summer of 2015, Tel launched a [[crowdfunding]] campaign on [[Indiegogo]]<ref>[https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/jeroen-tel-tel-me-more-c64-game-music-remakes#/ Jeroen Tel's Indiegogo campaign]</ref>
in order to produce a remix album (called 'Tel Me More') of his best C64 music.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQqorSNkJ8A Jeroen Tel --- Tel Me More --- IndieGogo Pitch ]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=C64-Soundtrack-Pionier Jeroen Tel arbeitet an einem Remake-Album|url=https://www.wired.de/collection/life/tel-me-more-ist-der-neue-c64-soundtrack-von-jeroen-tel|website=Wired (Germany)|accessdate=24 April 2017|date=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=C64-Soundtrack-Pionier Jeroen Tel arbeitet an neuem Remake-Album|url=http://www.gamesbusiness.de/2015/07/24/2015-07-24-c64-soundtrack-pionier-jeroen-tel-arbeitet-an-neuem-remake-album/|website=gamesbusiness.de|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> Of the $38.911,- (a nod to the amount of free memory bytes when starting up a Commodore 64) goal, $27.420,- was reached by a total of 699 backers. On August 8th 2015, Tel gave an update on his Indiegogo page stating that this was sufficient to create the album and deliver all the promised perks.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJZqyoT-Idhj_7PaEdFrR0g Tess & Tel on Youtube]
* {{SoundCloud|tess-and-tel}}
* [http://www.maniacsofnoise.com/ Maniacs of Noise] Website.
* [http://www.gamesart.de/gamesart-interview-jeroen-tel/ GamesArt.de] Interview.
* [http://www.ocremix.org/artist/53/jeroen-tel Artist profile] at [[OverClocked ReMix]]
* [https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/jeroen-tel-tel-me-more-c64-game-music-remakes Indiegogo 'Tel Me More' campaign by Jeroen Tel]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/22626-Jeroen-Tel Jeroen Tel - Artist profile] at [[Discogs]]
* [http://vgmdb.net/artist/1955 Jeroen Tel - Artist profile at VGMdb]
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1662965/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm Jeroen Tel - Biography] at [[IMDb]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tel, Jeroen}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dutch composers]]
[[Category:Video game composers]]
[[Category:Video game musicians]]
[[Category:Commodore 64 music]]
[[Category:Demosceners]]
[[Category:Tracker musicians]]
[[Category:People from Helmond]]
[[Category:Dutch electronic musicians]]
[[Category:Chiptune musicians]]
[[Category:8bitpeoples artists]]
[[Category:Renoise users]]

Jun Hong Lu

2017-08-22T02:08:01Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:Honorary Visiting Professorship by University of Siena.jpg , deleted by Érico (Copyright violation, see Commons:Commons:Licensing).

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}
{{COI|date=July 2016}}
}}

{{Chinese name|[[Lu (surname 卢)|Lu]]}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Jun Hong Lu
| native_name = 盧軍宏
| native_name_lang = zh
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|08|04}}
| occupation = President and Director of 2OR Australia Oriental Radio (2OR)
| known_for = Founder of the Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door
| website = http://richardjunhonglu.org
}}

'''Jun Hong Lu''' ({{zh|t=盧軍宏|p=Lú Jūnhóng}}, born 4 August 1959) is the Chairman and Director of Australia Oriental Media Buddhist Charity Association registered<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/participants/61321-Australia-Oriental-Media-Buddhist-Charity-Association|title=Australia Oriental Media Buddhist Charity Association - UN Global Compact|publisher=}}</ref> under [[United Nations Global Compact]] as NGO-[[Non Government Organisation]] since July 2015. Participant ID:61321. The Charity Asso. has been registed under Australian Charities and Non for profit Commission-[[ACNC]] since May 2014.Charity [http://www.acnc.gov.au/RN52B75Q?ID=6C7A4BEB-26B3-4824-B89F-F8A3A26A306F&noleft=1 ABN: 96169422664] Registered Charities and Non for profit under Australian Charity Commission required by law to maintain a transparent, correct, and complete financial records. He is also the President of the Australian Chinese Buddhist Research Centre.

== Awards ==
In recognition of Lu's efforts to promote Traditional [[Chinese Culture]], [[Buddhism]], and [[World Peace]], the UK-based [http://theunityoffaiths.org Unity of Faiths Foundation] [http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=1153619&SubsidiaryNumber=0 (Charity No.1153619)] honoured Lu with the ‘World Peace Award (Buddhism)’ and the title of the [[Ambassador]] for World Peace Ambassador for World Peace’ in July 2012.The Unity of Faiths Festival was one of the events in celebration of the [[Queen's Diamond Jubilee]]. In September 2012, Lu was invited to give a public talk at [[Harvard University]]. In October 2012, he received the [http://www.bcha.info/?s=LU+JUN+HONG 'British Community Honours Award'] at the [[House of Lords]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/22/4295/ |title=Ardent promoter of Chinese culture and world peace and Winner of multiple international awards Master Junhong Lu was awarded the "Ambassador for Peace Education" at UN, "World Peace Ambassador" in U.S. Congress, and "honorary visiting professorship" in Italy |website=Arabtelegraph.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref> This award is recognised and honoured by [https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen Her Majesty the Queen] [[Elizabeth II]] for members of the British Community for their contribution to British Society.

On 31st Mar 2014, Lu was awarded Honorary [[Visiting Professor]] by the [http://en.unisi.it University of Siena, Italy]. The visiting professorship is under the Master Program in Global Governance and Cultural Diplomacy of the [[University of Siena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guanyincitta.com/en/master-lu-awarded-honorary-visiting-professorship-by-university-of-siena-in-italy/ |title=Master Lu Awarded Honorary Visiting Professorship by University of Siena in Italy |publisher=Guan Yin Citta |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>

“Yearbook of Who’s Who of China 2014” lists people in various fields who have made outstanding contributions to China. It is approved for publication by China’s [[General Administration of Press and Publication]].<ref>http://baike.baidu.com/view/4598179.htm</ref> The yearbook is published annually. It is the only official publication in China that lists prominent Chinese individuals in the form of a yearbook. The 2014 edition contains detailed biographical information about people in various fields who have made an impact on Chinese life in 2014. In addition to Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]], Jun Hong Lu is also featured in the 2014 edition.<ref>''中国人物年鉴 2014''. ''中国人物年鉴社'', 2014. p451.</ref> Other featured subjects include leading people from the Chinese Communist Party and other political parties, government bodies, and the Army.

Master Lu was invited to attend a global summit at the United Nations Headquarters in New York as a keynote speaker. The objective of the summit is to formulate a road map for a culture of peace as conflict prevention and mediation. In appreciation for Master Lu’s dedication and service to the promotion of education to nurture a culture of peace, the summit awarded Master Lu with the title “Ambassador of Peace Education”. The award is presented by [[Emil Constantinescu]], the former president of Romania, and Joana, the executive director of International Strategic Alliance Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/22/4295|title=World Peace Ambassado Award in the U.S. Congress|publisher=}}</ref>

==Promotion of Buddhism==
Since 2010, in response to the invitations from Buddhist followers around the globe, Lu and his Dharma Propagating Team have organized public talks in many countries and regions including major cities in Australia; New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Boston in the United States; and Toronto and Vancouver in Canada. Brussel in Belgium and Madrid in Spain and Rome in Italy. Lu also gave talks in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, UK, France, Germany, Denmark, Thailand, New Zealand, and Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guanyincitta.com/en/events/ |title=Events |publisher=Guan Yin Citta |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>
In December 2013 Lu was invited to give a speech at [http://www.cd-n.org/index.php?welcome-address-3 Institute for Cultural Diplomacy] ( ICD)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cd-n.org/index.php?welcome-address-3|title=Welcome Address|publisher=}}</ref> in recognition of Jun Hong Lu’s contribution to the international community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/13/guan-yin-citta-in-a-top-tier-university-congratulations-to-master-lu-for-his-successful-talk-at-harvard-university/|title=Guan Yin Citta in a Top-tier University Congratulations to Master Lu for his Successful Talk at Harvard University|first=Arab|last=Telegraph|publisher=}}</ref>

==Publications==
Master Lu has written over 30 books about Buddhism teaching and all of them are available for free, not for sale.<ref>http://gyph.org/xinlingfamenshuji</ref> Some of his books were being translated into English, French, Spanish and German.<ref>http://richardjunhonglu.org/jun-hong-lu-publications/</ref>

==Views==

===Mahayana Buddhism===
According to Jun Hong Lu, Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door belongs to the [[Mahayana]] Buddhist tradition. It encourages people to recite Buddhist scriptures (sutras and mantras) on a daily basis, practise life liberation (that is, saving the lives of beings destined for slaughter), and make great vows to help more people. It is believed that these three “golden practices” lay a solid foundation for improved physical and mental well-being.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_Rz2U4PrI50VU1xUi1JZkxSVEE/view |location= |publisher= |page=4 |isbn=}}</ref>

====Three Golden Buddhist Practices of Guan Yin Citta====
#Reciting Buddhist sutras/mantras: Guan Yin Citta believes that reciting Buddhist sutras and mantras on a daily basis helps one benefit from the blessings of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. Recitation will not only help eliminate one’s negative karma; it will also bring strength, wisdom and inner peace, so that one can overcome all kinds of obstacles. The three major sutras and mantras recited by Guan Yin Citta followers are: [[Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī|the Great Compassion Mantra]], the [[Heart Sutra]], and the Eighty-eight Buddhas Repentance.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_Rz2U4PrI50VU1xUi1JZkxSVEE/view |location= |publisher= |page=7 |isbn=}}</ref>
#Practising life liberation: that is, Release of animals, especially those in grave danger of being killed, is a popular practice performed by all schools of [[Buddhism]]. Guan Yin Citta believes that setting animals free helps one cultivate compassion towards all beings, and deepens the understanding that all living beings are all interdependent.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://lujunhong2or.com/%E7%B2%BE%E5%BD%A9%E5%BC%80%E7%A4%BA%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%9A%E6%95%91%E5%BD%BC%E5%91%BD%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%91%E5%B7%B1%E5%BF%83%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%89-%E6%94%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84|title=救彼命，救己心——放生的重要性|publisher=}}</ref>
#Making great vows: When one makes a vow, he or she will be motivated to fulfill the vow. The vow then becomes very strong energy; it can overcome countless obstacles. This is especially true when one makes a vow out of compassion. Seeing the suffering and hearing the cries of sentient beings, Bodhisattvas bring forth immense compassion and vow to benefit all sentient beings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dharmawheel.net/viewtopic.php?t=19411|title=Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door - Dharma Wheel|publisher=}}</ref>

===Organisation===
On Jun Hong Lu’s official Chinese-language blog,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lujunhong2or.com|title=东方台卢军宏台长的博客|publisher=}}</ref> he emphasizes the importance of Guan Yin Citta followers’ abiding by the rules and regulations in their respective countries and regions when practising Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lujunhong2or.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E4%BC%97%E7%94%9F%E6%8C%87%E5%AF%BC%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F-%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95%E7%B2%BE%E9%AB%93%E6%95%91%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%97%E7%94%9F%E8%A7%89%E6%82%9F|title=中华文化普利众生指导人生佛法精髓救度众生觉悟人生|publisher=}}</ref>

===Religions===
In an interview with [[Radio France Internationale]], Master Lu stated that "The reason of having 84,000 Dharma is to accommodate all beings and creatures to understand One’s self in order to create a soulful world. It will be good enough as long as you have the heart and soul to create a better place for all beings. That is why I respect the Dharma. It doesn’t matter which Dharma you choose; it will still be the path that you have to proceed. This is a very important point. Therefore, Chinese in Sydney will practice vegetarian during the first and the fifteenth of the Chinese calendar. There are also a lot of Chinese worshipping the Buddha during festive seasons. Some even know how to practice loving kindness. A few organizations in Sydney such as the [[Tzu Chi Foundation]], [[Pure Land Buddhism]] by Master [[Chin Kung]] and also Master [[Hsing Yun]]’s [[Nan Tien temple]] are all well established with the same priority, and that is to carry forward the Buddhism Teaching in order to unite everyone physically, mentally and soulfully. Hence, I believe that every Buddhist Chinese from all over the world should continue to practice Buddhism as it will benefit in the cultivation of One’s mindset, and also to create a peaceful and harmonious world."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cn.rfi.fr/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20120718-%E8%87%AA%E5%BA%A6%E5%BA%A6%E4%BA%BA-%E9%87%87%E8%AE%BF%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E5%8D%A2%E5%86%9B%E5%AE%8F%E4%BC%9A%E9%95%BF|title=采访澳洲华人佛教学会卢军宏会长|publisher=}}</ref>

===World peace===
On March 26, 2014 in Washington, DC, Master Lu attended a global summit on world peace as a keynote speaker in the U.S. Congress.He was awarded the title of ” World Peace Ambassador ” at the summit. Master Lu pointed out that, the dream of a peaceful world could only be realised if we treat each other with compassion, and show kindness to our communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/22/4295/|title=Ardent promoter of Chinese culture and world peace and Winner of multiple international awards Master Junhong Lu was awarded the "Ambassador for Peace Education" at UN, "World Peace Ambassador" in U.S. Congress, and "honorary visiting professorship" in Italy|first=Arab|last=Telegraph|publisher=}}</ref>

In an interview by [[A9 TV]], Master Jun Hong Lu stated that, I am very much hope that we can get united together, change the way how we treat each other. All of us should treat each other with caring and love. Only by this kind of attitude then we can achieve world peace and we can forgive each other for our wrongdoings. Then we can put down arms, we no longer wants to get into conflict. That's the only way to lead to world peace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.a9.com.tr/watch/185115/Leaders-and-Thinkers-Discuss-Peace-Religion-and-Politics/Master-Jun-Hong-Lu-World-Renowned-Chinese-Buddhist-Leader|title=Master Jun Hong Lu, World Renowned Chinese Buddhist Leader|publisher=}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==

===Flood relief===
:Yantze River, [[China]] - 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/13/jun-hong-lu/|title=Jun Hong Lu|first=Arab|last=Telegraph|publisher=}}</ref>
:[[2010–11 Queensland floods|Brisbane flood]], Australia - 2011
:[[Kelantan]], Malaysia - 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/1425944|title=澳东方传媒弘法机构5万赈灾|date=7 January 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

===Earthquake===
:[[Sichuan earthquake]], China - 2008
:[[Sichuan earthquake]], China - 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xkb.com.au/html/cnc/shetuandongtai/2013/0502/102777.html|title=华协会向芦山灾区捐款献爱心|publisher=}}</ref>

===Disaster relief program===
:[[Tzu Chi|Tzu Chi Foundation]] - 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huashangbao.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=1559|title=卢军宏被授予"全球社区杰出贡献和平奖" - 特别关注 - 德国 -- 华商报 -|first=Discuz! Team and Comsenz UI|last=Team|publisher=}}</ref>

===Other philanthropic work===
In 2013, Jun Hong Lu, with his team from the Australian Chinese Buddhist Research Centre, had organised a charity event to raise funds for Tibetan students with financial difficulties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xkb.com.au/html/cnc/shetuandongtai/2013/0729/108614.html|title=悉尼侨界倡议支援西藏贫困学生|publisher=}}</ref>
In 2014, Jun Hong Lu established the Australia Oriental Media Buddhist Charity Association (AOMB). AOMB reaches out to people suffering from mental illnesses, raises money for adults and children with disabilities and organises charitable events to support disaster relief efforts around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aombca.org/%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B|title=澳洲东方传媒积善机构|publisher=}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chinese Buddhism]]
* [[Mahayana]]
* [[Heart Sutra]]
* [[Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī]]
* [[World peace]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://guanyincitta.com/en/master-lu-biography/ Guan Yin Citta: Biography of Master Lu]
* [http://richardjunhonglu.org Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lu, Jun Hong}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Australian religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from Shanghai]]

Jun Hong Lu

2017-08-22T02:07:58Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:JunHong Lu.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by Érico (Copyright violation, see Commons:Commons:Licensing).

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=April 2017}}
{{COI|date=July 2016}}
}}

{{Chinese name|[[Lu (surname 卢)|Lu]]}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Jun Hong Lu
| native_name = 盧軍宏
| native_name_lang = zh
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|08|04}}
| occupation = President and Director of 2OR Australia Oriental Radio (2OR)
| known_for = Founder of the Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door
| website = http://richardjunhonglu.org
}}

'''Jun Hong Lu''' ({{zh|t=盧軍宏|p=Lú Jūnhóng}}, born 4 August 1959) is the Chairman and Director of Australia Oriental Media Buddhist Charity Association registered<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unglobalcompact.org/what-is-gc/participants/61321-Australia-Oriental-Media-Buddhist-Charity-Association|title=Australia Oriental Media Buddhist Charity Association - UN Global Compact|publisher=}}</ref> under [[United Nations Global Compact]] as NGO-[[Non Government Organisation]] since July 2015. Participant ID:61321. The Charity Asso. has been registed under Australian Charities and Non for profit Commission-[[ACNC]] since May 2014.Charity [http://www.acnc.gov.au/RN52B75Q?ID=6C7A4BEB-26B3-4824-B89F-F8A3A26A306F&noleft=1 ABN: 96169422664] Registered Charities and Non for profit under Australian Charity Commission required by law to maintain a transparent, correct, and complete financial records. He is also the President of the Australian Chinese Buddhist Research Centre.

== Awards ==
[[File:Honorary Visiting Professorship by University of Siena.jpg|thumb|Honorary visiting professorship by Siena University]]

In recognition of Lu's efforts to promote Traditional [[Chinese Culture]], [[Buddhism]], and [[World Peace]], the UK-based [http://theunityoffaiths.org Unity of Faiths Foundation] [http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/CharityWithoutPartB.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=1153619&SubsidiaryNumber=0 (Charity No.1153619)] honoured Lu with the ‘World Peace Award (Buddhism)’ and the title of the [[Ambassador]] for World Peace Ambassador for World Peace’ in July 2012.The Unity of Faiths Festival was one of the events in celebration of the [[Queen's Diamond Jubilee]]. In September 2012, Lu was invited to give a public talk at [[Harvard University]]. In October 2012, he received the [http://www.bcha.info/?s=LU+JUN+HONG 'British Community Honours Award'] at the [[House of Lords]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/22/4295/ |title=Ardent promoter of Chinese culture and world peace and Winner of multiple international awards Master Junhong Lu was awarded the "Ambassador for Peace Education" at UN, "World Peace Ambassador" in U.S. Congress, and "honorary visiting professorship" in Italy |website=Arabtelegraph.com |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref> This award is recognised and honoured by [https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen Her Majesty the Queen] [[Elizabeth II]] for members of the British Community for their contribution to British Society.

On 31st Mar 2014, Lu was awarded Honorary [[Visiting Professor]] by the [http://en.unisi.it University of Siena, Italy]. The visiting professorship is under the Master Program in Global Governance and Cultural Diplomacy of the [[University of Siena]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guanyincitta.com/en/master-lu-awarded-honorary-visiting-professorship-by-university-of-siena-in-italy/ |title=Master Lu Awarded Honorary Visiting Professorship by University of Siena in Italy |publisher=Guan Yin Citta |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>

“Yearbook of Who’s Who of China 2014” lists people in various fields who have made outstanding contributions to China. It is approved for publication by China’s [[General Administration of Press and Publication]].<ref>http://baike.baidu.com/view/4598179.htm</ref> The yearbook is published annually. It is the only official publication in China that lists prominent Chinese individuals in the form of a yearbook. The 2014 edition contains detailed biographical information about people in various fields who have made an impact on Chinese life in 2014. In addition to Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]], Jun Hong Lu is also featured in the 2014 edition.<ref>''中国人物年鉴 2014''. ''中国人物年鉴社'', 2014. p451.</ref> Other featured subjects include leading people from the Chinese Communist Party and other political parties, government bodies, and the Army.

Master Lu was invited to attend a global summit at the United Nations Headquarters in New York as a keynote speaker. The objective of the summit is to formulate a road map for a culture of peace as conflict prevention and mediation. In appreciation for Master Lu’s dedication and service to the promotion of education to nurture a culture of peace, the summit awarded Master Lu with the title “Ambassador of Peace Education”. The award is presented by [[Emil Constantinescu]], the former president of Romania, and Joana, the executive director of International Strategic Alliance Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/22/4295|title=World Peace Ambassado Award in the U.S. Congress|publisher=}}</ref>

==Promotion of Buddhism==
Since 2010, in response to the invitations from Buddhist followers around the globe, Lu and his Dharma Propagating Team have organized public talks in many countries and regions including major cities in Australia; New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Boston in the United States; and Toronto and Vancouver in Canada. Brussel in Belgium and Madrid in Spain and Rome in Italy. Lu also gave talks in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, UK, France, Germany, Denmark, Thailand, New Zealand, and Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://guanyincitta.com/en/events/ |title=Events |publisher=Guan Yin Citta |date= |accessdate=2016-02-17}}</ref>
In December 2013 Lu was invited to give a speech at [http://www.cd-n.org/index.php?welcome-address-3 Institute for Cultural Diplomacy] ( ICD)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cd-n.org/index.php?welcome-address-3|title=Welcome Address|publisher=}}</ref> in recognition of Jun Hong Lu’s contribution to the international community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/13/guan-yin-citta-in-a-top-tier-university-congratulations-to-master-lu-for-his-successful-talk-at-harvard-university/|title=Guan Yin Citta in a Top-tier University Congratulations to Master Lu for his Successful Talk at Harvard University|first=Arab|last=Telegraph|publisher=}}</ref>

==Publications==
Master Lu has written over 30 books about Buddhism teaching and all of them are available for free, not for sale.<ref>http://gyph.org/xinlingfamenshuji</ref> Some of his books were being translated into English, French, Spanish and German.<ref>http://richardjunhonglu.org/jun-hong-lu-publications/</ref>

==Views==

===Mahayana Buddhism===
According to Jun Hong Lu, Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door belongs to the [[Mahayana]] Buddhist tradition. It encourages people to recite Buddhist scriptures (sutras and mantras) on a daily basis, practise life liberation (that is, saving the lives of beings destined for slaughter), and make great vows to help more people. It is believed that these three “golden practices” lay a solid foundation for improved physical and mental well-being.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_Rz2U4PrI50VU1xUi1JZkxSVEE/view |location= |publisher= |page=4 |isbn=}}</ref>

====Three Golden Buddhist Practices of Guan Yin Citta====
#Reciting Buddhist sutras/mantras: Guan Yin Citta believes that reciting Buddhist sutras and mantras on a daily basis helps one benefit from the blessings of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. Recitation will not only help eliminate one’s negative karma; it will also bring strength, wisdom and inner peace, so that one can overcome all kinds of obstacles. The three major sutras and mantras recited by Guan Yin Citta followers are: [[Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī|the Great Compassion Mantra]], the [[Heart Sutra]], and the Eighty-eight Buddhas Repentance.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title=Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_Rz2U4PrI50VU1xUi1JZkxSVEE/view |location= |publisher= |page=7 |isbn=}}</ref>
#Practising life liberation: that is, Release of animals, especially those in grave danger of being killed, is a popular practice performed by all schools of [[Buddhism]]. Guan Yin Citta believes that setting animals free helps one cultivate compassion towards all beings, and deepens the understanding that all living beings are all interdependent.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://lujunhong2or.com/%E7%B2%BE%E5%BD%A9%E5%BC%80%E7%A4%BA%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%9A%E6%95%91%E5%BD%BC%E5%91%BD%EF%BC%8C%E6%95%91%E5%B7%B1%E5%BF%83%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%89-%E6%94%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84|title=救彼命，救己心——放生的重要性|publisher=}}</ref>
#Making great vows: When one makes a vow, he or she will be motivated to fulfill the vow. The vow then becomes very strong energy; it can overcome countless obstacles. This is especially true when one makes a vow out of compassion. Seeing the suffering and hearing the cries of sentient beings, Bodhisattvas bring forth immense compassion and vow to benefit all sentient beings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dharmawheel.net/viewtopic.php?t=19411|title=Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door - Dharma Wheel|publisher=}}</ref>

===Organisation===
On Jun Hong Lu’s official Chinese-language blog,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lujunhong2or.com|title=东方台卢军宏台长的博客|publisher=}}</ref> he emphasizes the importance of Guan Yin Citta followers’ abiding by the rules and regulations in their respective countries and regions when practising Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lujunhong2or.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E4%BC%97%E7%94%9F%E6%8C%87%E5%AF%BC%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F-%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95%E7%B2%BE%E9%AB%93%E6%95%91%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%97%E7%94%9F%E8%A7%89%E6%82%9F|title=中华文化普利众生指导人生佛法精髓救度众生觉悟人生|publisher=}}</ref>

===Religions===
In an interview with [[Radio France Internationale]], Master Lu stated that "The reason of having 84,000 Dharma is to accommodate all beings and creatures to understand One’s self in order to create a soulful world. It will be good enough as long as you have the heart and soul to create a better place for all beings. That is why I respect the Dharma. It doesn’t matter which Dharma you choose; it will still be the path that you have to proceed. This is a very important point. Therefore, Chinese in Sydney will practice vegetarian during the first and the fifteenth of the Chinese calendar. There are also a lot of Chinese worshipping the Buddha during festive seasons. Some even know how to practice loving kindness. A few organizations in Sydney such as the [[Tzu Chi Foundation]], [[Pure Land Buddhism]] by Master [[Chin Kung]] and also Master [[Hsing Yun]]’s [[Nan Tien temple]] are all well established with the same priority, and that is to carry forward the Buddhism Teaching in order to unite everyone physically, mentally and soulfully. Hence, I believe that every Buddhist Chinese from all over the world should continue to practice Buddhism as it will benefit in the cultivation of One’s mindset, and also to create a peaceful and harmonious world."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cn.rfi.fr/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/20120718-%E8%87%AA%E5%BA%A6%E5%BA%A6%E4%BA%BA-%E9%87%87%E8%AE%BF%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E5%8D%A2%E5%86%9B%E5%AE%8F%E4%BC%9A%E9%95%BF|title=采访澳洲华人佛教学会卢军宏会长|publisher=}}</ref>

===World peace===
On March 26, 2014 in Washington, DC, Master Lu attended a global summit on world peace as a keynote speaker in the U.S. Congress.He was awarded the title of ” World Peace Ambassador ” at the summit. Master Lu pointed out that, the dream of a peaceful world could only be realised if we treat each other with compassion, and show kindness to our communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/22/4295/|title=Ardent promoter of Chinese culture and world peace and Winner of multiple international awards Master Junhong Lu was awarded the "Ambassador for Peace Education" at UN, "World Peace Ambassador" in U.S. Congress, and "honorary visiting professorship" in Italy|first=Arab|last=Telegraph|publisher=}}</ref>

In an interview by [[A9 TV]], Master Jun Hong Lu stated that, I am very much hope that we can get united together, change the way how we treat each other. All of us should treat each other with caring and love. Only by this kind of attitude then we can achieve world peace and we can forgive each other for our wrongdoings. Then we can put down arms, we no longer wants to get into conflict. That's the only way to lead to world peace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.a9.com.tr/watch/185115/Leaders-and-Thinkers-Discuss-Peace-Religion-and-Politics/Master-Jun-Hong-Lu-World-Renowned-Chinese-Buddhist-Leader|title=Master Jun Hong Lu, World Renowned Chinese Buddhist Leader|publisher=}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==

===Flood relief===
:Yantze River, [[China]] - 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabtelegraph.com/2014/05/13/jun-hong-lu/|title=Jun Hong Lu|first=Arab|last=Telegraph|publisher=}}</ref>
:[[2010–11 Queensland floods|Brisbane flood]], Australia - 2011
:[[Kelantan]], Malaysia - 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/1425944|title=澳东方传媒弘法机构5万赈灾|date=7 January 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

===Earthquake===
:[[Sichuan earthquake]], China - 2008
:[[Sichuan earthquake]], China - 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xkb.com.au/html/cnc/shetuandongtai/2013/0502/102777.html|title=华协会向芦山灾区捐款献爱心|publisher=}}</ref>

===Disaster relief program===
:[[Tzu Chi|Tzu Chi Foundation]] - 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huashangbao.com/portal.php?mod=view&aid=1559|title=卢军宏被授予"全球社区杰出贡献和平奖" - 特别关注 - 德国 -- 华商报 -|first=Discuz! Team and Comsenz UI|last=Team|publisher=}}</ref>

===Other philanthropic work===
In 2013, Jun Hong Lu, with his team from the Australian Chinese Buddhist Research Centre, had organised a charity event to raise funds for Tibetan students with financial difficulties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xkb.com.au/html/cnc/shetuandongtai/2013/0729/108614.html|title=悉尼侨界倡议支援西藏贫困学生|publisher=}}</ref>
In 2014, Jun Hong Lu established the Australia Oriental Media Buddhist Charity Association (AOMB). AOMB reaches out to people suffering from mental illnesses, raises money for adults and children with disabilities and organises charitable events to support disaster relief efforts around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aombca.org/%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B|title=澳洲东方传媒积善机构|publisher=}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chinese Buddhism]]
* [[Mahayana]]
* [[Heart Sutra]]
* [[Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī]]
* [[World peace]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://guanyincitta.com/en/master-lu-biography/ Guan Yin Citta: Biography of Master Lu]
* [http://richardjunhonglu.org Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lu, Jun Hong}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Australian religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from Shanghai]]

Juliette Benzoni

2017-08-21T15:14:13Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Juliette Benzoni in her garden.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by Jcb (No permission since 13 August 2017).

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Juliette Benzoni
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1920|10|30}}
| birth_place = Paris, France
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2016|2|7|1920|10|30}}
| death_place = [[Saint-Mandé]],Saint-Mandé France
| resting_place = Cimetière Saint-Mandé Sud, [[Saint-Mandé]],Val-de-Marne, France
| birth_name = Andrée-Marguerite–Juliette Mangin
| occupation = Journalist author scriptwriter
| nationality = French
| genre = [[Historical Romance]], [[historical fiction]]
| years_active = 1962–2016
| awards = [[Alexandre Dumas Prix]] (1973 for Literature) Prix Louis Barthou Académie française (1988) [[National_Order_of_Merit_(France)|Knight of National Order of Merit]] France (1998)
| signature = Signature of Juliette Benzoni.png
| website = {{URL|juliette-benzoni-officiel.com }}
}}

'''Juliette Benzoni''' was born on 30 October 1920 in Paris and died on 7 February 2016 at [[Saint-Mandé]], in her 96th year of her life. She was an international French Bestseller author of various genre, [[Historical Romance]], [[historical fiction]], [[romance novel|romance]], [[mystery fiction|mystery]] and [[screenplay|screenwriter]] writer and was quoted in the Media as the "Queen of History Novels" and the "Daughter of Alexander Dumas". She wrote 86 books, which were translated in at least 36 countries. More than three million books were sold in France and in foreign countries. Fifty million readers all over the world.

==Personal life==
Juliette Benzoni's maiden was ''Andrée-Marguerite–Juliette Mangin''. She was the daughter of Marie-Susanne Arnold (with Alsace and Swiss origin) and Charles-Hubert Mangin. She grew up in an upper-middle-class family in Paris. At the age of nine she discovered in a book [[Joan_of_Arc|Joan of Arc]] at the stake and that was the moment her passion for [[History]] was awakened. It was her father who persuaded her to read the books of [[Alexandre_Dumas|Alexander Dumas]] as she told 2002 the ''Magazine Littéraire''<ref> Magazine Littéraire, Alexandre Dumas 200 ans après 2002[https://www.gallimardmontreal.com/catalogue/livre/magazine-litteraire-no-412-alexandre-dumas-200-ans-apres-2085895000975],</ref> for the two hundred anniversary of that famous author.

:"It was my father who, one fine day, put the [[The_Three_Musketeers|Three Musketeers]] into my hands, saying that it should please me. Being himself a bit of Alexander Dumas and regretting a little that I was not a boy..."

From that day on she always had a copy of one of ''Dumas'' Novels near by. Benzoni was educated at the ''College d'Hulst'' and the ''Institut Catholique'', where she studied philosophy, law and literature. She married at a young age a doctor from [[Dijon]] and went to live there where she became a mother of two children. During that time she studied Burgundian History and stumbled on the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] which inspired her later for the Catherine Series <ref> "Catherine Book Series" [http://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/Books/Books/The_Books.htm Catherine de Montsalvy website]</ref>
Her husband Maurice Gallois died of a heart attack in 1950, leaving her a widow at the age of 30 with two children. She went to [[Morocco]] to visit some relatives of her late husband and found work at a Radio Station. It was there she met her future husband a young French officer, Count André Benzoni di Conza born in [[Corsica]]. When he went to Indochina, she returned back to France. She lived in the Parisian suburb of [[Saint-Mandé]], of which her husband would become deputy mayor. She travelled widely, and enjoyed gardening and cooking.<ref>"Juliette Benzoni par Juliette Benzoni" printed in ''Catherine; 2 Belle Catherine" {{ISBN|978-2-266-25793-0}}</ref>
In 1982 fate blew her another stroke, her husband ''André Benzoni'' died – which made her the second time a widow. And again years later when her son Jean-François suffered the same fate as his father Maurice Gallois, dying on a heart-attack. It was the only time the author suffered a [[Writers' block]] while working on the first adventures of Le boiteux de Varsovie. She lived in a beautiful ''Second Empire'' house together with her daughter ''Anne Gallois''. One could see her going for walks with her dog in the [[Bois_de_Vincennes#The_1931_Paris_Colonial_Exposition|Bois de Vincennes]] or always on the go to her favourite library. Her house was full of books from the cellar up to the first floor – you could see not only ''Literary encylopaedia'', ''History books'', Travelling guides but also a collection of [[Agatha_Christie|Agatha Christie's]] or [[Anne_Perry|Anne Perry]]. A beautiful garden with surrounded by roses, a wisteria bush, trees – where in a niche was set a table where the author by lovely weather sat and made notes for a forthcoming book she was working at.

==Career==
Returning back to Paris from Morocco in the beginning of the Fifties, Benzoni started to work as a journalist and writing historical articles at ''Journal du Dimanche'' and ''Histoire pour tous''. Under the name of ''Juliette Jansen'' she interviewed such international celebrities like [[Erich_von_Stroheim|Erich von Stroheim]], [[Jean_Cocteau|Jean Cocteau]], [[Jean_Marais|Jean Marais]]( [[Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1946_film)|The Beauty And the Beast]] directed by Jean Cocteau) and [[Charles_Trenet|Charles Trenet]] (Composer of the Song ''La Mer''). In 1959 she participated at the popular television Quiz Show ''Le Gros Lot'' (in Association with the National Lottery in France). Her subject was the Italian Renaissance [[Caterina_Sforza|Catherina Sforza]]. She floundered on the second last question – but the next day she was summoned to the head office to see Gérald Gauthier, director of the Press Agency at Opera Mundi. He had been so impressed by her historical knowledge that he asked her if she could write a historical novel in the same style as the international Bestseller Series [[Angelique_(novel_series)|Angélique]] by [[Anne_Golon|Anne Golon]] which Opera Mundi had published in 1956. Benzoni agreed and said she had an idea – the legend of the Golden Fleece. She started to write 1'100 pages about a golden-haired girl at the time of the [[Hundred_Years'_War|Hundred Years War]].

''Catherine'' was released in 1962 as a daily [[Cliffhanger]] in the Newspaper ''France-Soir''<ref> France-soir 1962 Catherine, il suffit d'un amour [https://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/History/Press/catherine-series-media-1.htm] </ref> under the title ''Il suffit d'un amour''. The book was not yet published when ten foreign publishing houses bought the rights for ''Catherine''. In 1963 newspaper ''Le Figaro'' wrote: Before the book was even published it beats all records: ''it is already sold to ten different countries''. ''France-Soir'' confirmed: ''it has an unprecedented destiny in the history of publishing...'' On 10 June 1964 the French Newspaper ''Le Provençal'' wrote: A heroine – who takes place – alongside of ''Scarlett O'Hara'' and of ''The Marquise of the Angels'' (Angélique).
The Catherine series, was immediately a huge world-wide success. Yet ''One Love is Enough'' as the first book would be named in English, had not been her first book. ''Editions Trévise'' had already 1962 published two books (collection of short stories) of Benzoni'' La Reines tragiques'' and ''Aventuries du passé''. But it was the Catherine Novels which really launched her career as a Bestseller author.

In August 1964 Benzoni was invited to a Cocktail Party in London by [[Heinemann_(publisher)|Heinemann Ltd]] to introduce to the Press the translated copy of Catherine, One Love is Enough <ref> London, (1964) welcomes One Love is Enough [https://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/History/Press/catherine-series-media-1.htm] </ref> . There followed an interview with BBC radio reporter Leigh Crutchley – introducing the Countess Juliette Benzoni di Conza to the English Press.
What followed seemed like a dream. To this day there can be found at least thirty countries where the story of ''Catherine Legoix'', daughter of a Parisian goldsmith and Arnaud de Montsalvy, Captain in the army of [[Charles_VII_of_France|Charles VII]] was published.

The enormous success had inspired the author to continue writing. There followed seventeen historical series (sixty-five books), a collection of eighteen short story Novels, three unique Novels – all in all eighty-six books. She travelled all over the world for her researches. She never kept a computer but went to the local library at Saint-Mandé to find missing information she needed for her books. Each morning at six-thirty she got up and started typing on her old electric typewriter and wrote three pages – never missing a day, even on Sundays. From time to time she appeared on television<ref> French television, "Lisons ensemble" with Benzoni, 1978 [http://www.ina.fr/video/CPA7805068105/lisons-ensemble-video.html]</ref> invited to introduce one of her new books or was asked to give an interview at a radio station. In 1965 even a song was composed by ''Paul Amar and Benzoni'', with the title Catherine, il suffit d'un amour, sung by ''Michèle Arnaud'' and also ''Bernard Stéphane''.
She met many important historians, authors, professors, directors and stars. The great French historian Alain Decaux was an open admirer of Benzoni – as she was of him. In her book Par le Fer ou le Poison, published in 1973 by Plon, he writes in his preface:

:"You are a great admirer of Alexander Dumas. You see in him your Master. You follow the same road as he does: You help the French love History"

One of the secrets of Benzoni's success as a Romancière consisted of the fact that the plots in her Novels were leak-proof. Why else would the 40th American [[Ronald_Reagan|President Ronald Reagan]] and his wife Nancy have sent her a letter, after they had read her first Novel of the "Le Gerfaut series" – English title "The Lure of the Falcon" for the way she had described the American Independence War? Unfortunatelly the letter perished in a fire in the house of Benzoni, together with the Manuscript of Catherine.

From the beginning of her writing career the author had a faithful readership who looked forward to each new publication. Her Novels were published by acclaimed Publishing houses in France and many foreign countries. In some of the Castle's in France, one might find her Series of ''Le Roman des Châteaux de France'', with a foreword by noted ''Stéphane Bern'', journalist and moderator<ref> Foreword by Stéphane Bern, Specialist in Royal families [http://www.editions-perrin.fr/livre/le-roman-des-chateaux-de-france/9782262036607]</ref>. Benzoni narrates for the reader the life of famous historic characters who lived in these castle's in her inimitable way.
Unfortunately the English readers were not so fortunate to read Benzoni's other historical Novels. A genuine loss for the readers who had enjoyed the ''Catherine Series'', ''Marianne Series'' and ''The Lure of the Falcon''.

===''The Aldo Morosini Adventures''===
In the Nineties the Romancière had created a new hero, the Venetian Prince, his Highness Aldo Morosini<ref> Genesis of how the "Blue Star" was born, the Novels of Aldo Morosini [http://bibliojuliettebenzoni.unblog.fr/2009/04/23/genesis-of-letoile-bleue/]</ref> expert on historic precious stones. The origination of the ''Aldo Morosini Novels'' is quite unique, as we learn from the author herself in her foreword. She was working on a script for television (a famous French actor had asked her to write an adventure series where he would have the leading role ). This time the story would not play in bygone centuries, but begin in 1918, quite a novelty for Benzoni. However the producer of the future televison series [[Claude Barma]] died shortly afterwards and the project broke down. Some years later, she remembered that she had still the script and offered it to her publisher. What first started to be a series of 4 Novels, each titled after a world famous precious stone, became another of the authors unquestionably great success, besides the Catherine series. The Novels were devoured not just by the female readers but also the male. ''Prince Aldo Morosini'' a kind of [[Simon_Templar|Simon Templar]], (enthralling detail, the hero is half French, half Venetian), when he returns home from [[World_War_I|World War 1]] to Venice, to his fathers Palace at the [[Grand_Canal_(Venice)|Grand Canal]], he finds his Mother murdered and the family heirloom ''The Blue Star'' (Sapphire) stolen. He decides not to inform the Police, but to search the thief-murderer himself.
Instead of marrying a rich wife as is suggested to him by the family lawyer, he becomes an antiquarian, specialist on precious and ancient stones. The pursuit after the stones and murderer brings him to many foreign countries, like Paris, [[Zurich]], Vienna, London, [[Warsaw]], [[Seville]], Prague, [[Jerusalem]], [[Cairo]] and even as far as the United States.
The adventures of the dashing Aldo Morosini kept Benzoni's readers not just in France spellbound. The books were translated in '' Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Russia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Greece and Poland ''. Due to its success the author started in between other novels to regularly write a new adventure of her favourite hero, of whom Benzoni once said in an Interview 2010 <ref> Interview with Juliette Benzoni in 2010 [https://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/Actors/Interviews/Juliette_BenzoniInterview.htm Prince Aldo Morosini]</ref>: ''I would love to have Aldo Morosini as a nephew''! Even though these excellent and suspenseful Novels – which also are laden with romantic adventures by the handsome hero, were such an outstanding success, no ''English publisher'' ever approached Benzoni's publisher PLON for buying the rights for the Adventures of Aldo Morosini. The fans of his Highness Aldo Morosini called for more stories each time a new book came out. Two weeks before Benzoni's death in 2016, her last Novel ''Le Vol du Sancy'' was published. Acclaimed French historian and writer ''Vincent Meylan'' <ref> Vincent Meylan, Point de Vue February 2016 [https://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/History/Press/juliette-benzoni-media-1.htm] </ref> wrote in his obituary for Benzoni "Aldo Morosini, the Venetian Prince is in mourning..."

===''Catherine Novels''===
After the fulminant start of ‘Catherine’ before even the book was available in the bookstores, it continued its brilliant sales success all over the World. Next to ''Great Brittain'' the American market also published with enormous success Benzoni's series back in 1967 – yet with different book covers and different titles. Their headline said: ''Juliette Benzoni's Belle Catherine'' – A ravishing heroine in the full-blooded tradition of [[Désirée_Clary|Désirée]] and Angélique. Yet just like the English publisher ''Heinemann Ltd'' Avon Books also never translated the seventh book ''La Dame de Montsalvy''. The readers were left with a [[Cliffhanger]], not knowing the destiny of ''Catherine''. The list would be long to add all the countries who for some unknown reasons never translated not just the seventh book, but also the sixth: ''A Snare for Catherine''. To be fair it has to be said that ''Catherine and a Time for love'' had ended in 1968 with an epiloque. The last two books were written years later, 1973 and 1979 – demanded by her readers who looked forward to new adventures about the Countess of Montsalvy and her impulsive husband Captain Arnaud de Montsalvy. In an interview years later, the author said about her first Bestseller: “I have a weakness for Catherine – Because she was the first of my heroines, and also because its history, I invented, while "Marianne, a star for Napoleon", was an order by my publisher for the occasion of the bicentenary of Emperor [[Napoleon]] ... "

In 2014 The English Publishing house [[Telos_Publishing|Telos Publishing]] bought the rights from Benzoni to re-issue the [http://www.telos.co.uk/product/catherine-one-love-is-enough/ Catherine Series]- which included the never before translated seventh book ''La Dame de Montsalvy'', which will be titled ''The Lady of Montsalvy''. Since March 2015, more than forty years later, the first two of the seven ''Catherine Novels'' are again on the market. Telos Publishing announced on their official website that this time the Catherine Novels would be unabbreviated!

==Press==
Many articles were believed lost from the authors earlier years as a writer – but in time of Internet – and the friendship Benzoni shared with two of her greatest fans "Les filles des Grands Chemins" as she called them fondly, it is possible to see for the first time the work history of the beginning of the career of the author on their websites. She had kept in a box at her home all of her most important souvenirs, which she placed into the hands of her trustworthy fans.

==Publications==

===''The Series''===
* Catherine series (7 Novels): ''One Love is Enough'' (1964); ''Catherine'' (1965); ''Belle Catherine'' (1966); ''Catherine and Arnaud'' (1967) ; ''Catherine and a Time for Love'' (1968); ''A Snare for Catherine'' (1974); ''La Dame de Montsalvy'' (1979) not translated into English.
* Marianne series (6 Novels): ''[[Marianne, the bride of Selton Hall]]'' (1969); ''Marianne and the masked Prince'' (1971); ''Marianne and the Privateer'' (1972); ''Marianne and the Rebels'' (1973); ''Marianne and the Lords of the East'' (1975); ''Marianne and the Crown of Fire'' (1975)
* The Lure of the Falcon series (4 Novels): ''[[The Lure of the Falcon]]'' (1978); ''The Devil's Diamonds'' (1980); ''Le Trésor'' (1980) not translated into English ; ''Haute-Savanne'' (1981) not translated into English.

* '''The following Historic Novels were not translated into English so far.'''
* Les Loups de Lauzargues series (3 Novels) ''Jean de la Nuit'' (1985) ; ''Hortense au Point du Jour'' (1985) ; ''Félicia au Soleil couchant'' (1987)
* La Florentine series (4 Novels) ''[[Fiora et le Magnifique]]'' (1988) ; ''Fiora et le Téméraire'' (1988) ; ''Fiora et le Pape'' (1989) ; ''Fiora et le Roi de France '' (1990)
* Les Dames du Méditerranée Express series ( 3 Novels) ''La jeune mariée'' (1990) ; ''La fière Americaine'' (1991) ; ''La princesse Manchou'' (1991)
* Les Treize vents series (4 Novels) ''Le Voyageur'' (1992); ''Le Réfugié'' (1993) ; ''L'Intrus'' (1993) ; ''L'Exilé'' (1994)
* Les aventures d'Aldo Morosini (15 Novels) 1994 – 2016)
* Le Boiteux de Varsovie series (4 Novels) ''[[L'étoile bleue]]'' (1994) ; ''La rose d'York'' (1995) ; ''L'Opale de Sissi'' ( 1996) ; ''Le Rubis de Jeanne la Folle'' (1996)
* La suite des aventures d'Aldo Morosini (11 Novels) ''Les émeraudes du Prophète'' (1999) ; ''La perle de l'Empereur'' (2001) ; ''Les joyaux de la sorcière'' (2004) ; ''Les "larmes" de Marie-Antoinette'' (2006) ; ''Le collier sacré de Montezuma'' (2007) ; ''L'Anneau d'Atlantide'' (2009) ; ''La Chimère d'Or des Borgia'' part 1 from 2 (2011) ; ''La Collection Kledermann'' part 2 from 2 (2012) ; Le Talisman du Téméraire 1. ''Les trois frères'' (2013) ; 2. ''Le diamant de Bourgogne'' (2014) ; ''Le vol du Sancy – Des carats pour Ava ?'' (2016)
* Secret d'état series (3 Novels) ''[[La chambre de la reine]]'' (1997) ; ''Le roi des halles'' (1998) ; ''Le prisonnier masqué'' (1998)
* Le jeu de l'amour et de la mort series (3 Novels) Un homme pour le Roi (1999) ; La messe rouge (2000) ; La comtesse des ténébres (2000)
* Les Chevaliers series (3 Novels) '' [[Thibaut ou la croix perdue]]'' (2002) ; ''Renaud ou la malédiction'' (2003) ; ''Olivier ou les trésors templiers'' (2003)
* Marie series (2 Novels) ''Marie des intrigues'' (2004) ; ''Marie des passions'' (2005)
* Le Sang des Koenigsmark (2 Novels) ''Aurore'' 2006) ; ''Fils de l'Aurore'' (2007)
* Le Temps des Poisons (2 Novels) '' [[On a tué la reine]]'' ! (2008) ; ''La chambre du roi'' (2009)
* Le Bal des Poignards ( 2 Novels) '' [[La dague au lys rouge]] '' (2010) ; ''Le couteau de Ravaillac'' (2010)
* La Guerre des Duchesses (2 Novels) '' [[La fille du condamné]] '' (2012) ; ''Princesse des Vandales'' (2013)

===''Short Stories''===
* ''Les Reines tragiques'' (1962) ; ''Aventuries du Passé (Les chemins de l'Aventure)'' (1963) ; ''Par le fer ou le poison'' (1973) ; ''Le sang, la gloire et l'amour'' (1974) ; ''Trois Seigneurs de la nuit'' (1978) ; ''Grandes Dames petites vertus (Elles ont aimé)'' (1978) ; ''De sac et de corde (Crimes et Criminels)'' (1979) ; ''Tragédies Impériales'' (1980) ; ''Dames,Drames et Demons (Suite Italienne)'' (1980) ; ''Dans le lit des Rois: Nuit de noces'' (1983) ; ''Dans le lit des Reines: les amants'' (1984) ; ''Le Roman des châteaux de France'' (3 Novels) (1985) ; ''Cent ans de vie de château (la vie de Châteaux)'' (1992) ; ''Les reines du Faubourg'' (2006) ; ''Ces belles inconnues de la Révolution'' (2014) ; ''Ces Femmes du Grand Siècle'' (2015)

===''Single Novels''===
* ''Un aussi long chemin'' (1983) ; ''De deux Roses l'une...'' ; (2001) ; ''La petite peste et le chat botté'' (2015)

==Filmography==
In 1968 the producer of the Angélique films was given the job to turn ''Catherine, One love is Enough'' into a film. Alas, it was one of the greatest disappointments in Juliette Benzoni's life. In many interviews she states that when she saw the end product, she cried ''like a fountain''. The producer [[Bernard_Borderie|Bernard Broderie]] had completely changed her story – and as a result the film flopped at the cinema. For the author the adventure Cinema was a topic never to be mentioned again. Yet when French television approached her for the adaption of her second Bestseller ''Marianne, a Star for Napoleon'' with acclaimed director ''Marion Sarraut'' to be in charge, she agreed. Marion Sarraut and Juliette Benzoni were called a dream-team and this time all went well. Juliette Benzoni wrote together with Jean Chatenet the screenplay and the television series became a huge success on the small screen. Confidently she agreed in 1985 to the filming of ''[[Catherine_(1986_TV_series)|Catherine, il suffit d'un amour]]''. It was to be the longest series so far on French television. Not even the badly placed time of 1:30 pm could stop the stupendous success of Catherine. In 1987 there followed Le Gerfaut (The Lure of the Falcon) introducing the very first time a male hero in the leading role. The last book series to be filmed was La Florentine, one of the book series which was alas never translated into English.

Catherine was first adapted in 1969 for Cinema, a ''French, German, Italian Production'' by ''Bernard Broderie''. Four years later ''Antenne 2 – SFP Production'' bought the rights for the filming of four of ''Juliette Benzoni's '' international book series Bestsellers, ''Marianne, a Star for Napoleon'', ''Catherine, One Love is Enough'', ''Le Gerfaut'' and ''La Florentine''.

* ''Catherine'' was adapted for Cinema in 1969 under the title of ''Catherine, il suffit d'un amour'' by [[Bernard_Borderie|Bernard Broderie]], with [[Olga_Georges-Picot|Olga-Georges Picot]] and [[Horst_Frank|Horst Frank]]
* ''Marianne'' was adapted in 1983 for television, a series of 30 episodes by [[:fr:Marion_Sarraut|Marion Sarraut]] with [[Corinne_Touzet|Corinne Touzet]] and Jean-François Poron.
* ''Catherine'' was adapted for television, a series of 60 episodes by [[:fr:Marion_Sarraut|Marion Sarraut]] with Claudine Ancelot and Pierre-Marie Escourrou.
* ''Le Gerfaut'' (Lure of the Falcon) was adapted in 1987 for television, a series of 30 episodes by [[:fr:Marion_Sarraut|Marion Sarraut]] with Laurent Le Doyen and Marianne Anska.
* ''La Florentine'' was adapted in 1991 for television, a series of 10 episodes by [[:fr:Marion_Sarraut|Marion Sarraut]] with Anne Jacquemin and Alain Payan.

==Awards and honours==
French author Juliette Benzoni receives in 1998 Medal Knight of National Order of Merit]] Juliette Benzoni received in 1973 the Alexandre Dumas Prix for her complete work at that time, the ''Catherine and the Marianne series''. The prize was precious to her, she had been a fervent admiress of [[Alexandre_Dumas|Alexander Dumas]] since her childhood. She mentioned in the ''Magazine Littéraire'' that the medal was always on her working table. In 1988 Académie française, (founded in 1635 by [[Cardinal_Richelieu|Cardinal Richelieu]]) had chosen her for the Literature prize Prix Louis Barthou<ref>"Louis Barthou Prix" for the Novel ''Félicia au soleil couchant'' [http://www.academie-francaise.fr/prix-louis-barthou]</ref> ,in the form of a silver medal for Félicia au soleil couchant. In 1998 at the age of 78 she received the Knight of National Order of Merit – Chevalier de l'Ordre National<ref>"Juliette Benzoni,Knight of National Order of Merit" [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000568610]</ref> , awarded by the President of the French Republic.
* 1973 Alexandre Dumas Prix, Bronze Medal
* 1988 Louis Bartou prix – Literature,Silver Medal
* 1998 [[National_Order_of_Merit_(France)| Knight of National Order of Merit]]

==Death==
Juliette Benzoni died peacefully in her sleep on 7 February,<ref>"Death of Juliette Benzoni in ''Le Figaro''" Article by Astrid Eliard [http://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/2016/02/08/03004-20160208ARTFIG00324-mort-de-juliette-benzoni-reine-du-roman-historique.php]</ref> 2016 in Saint-Mandé, two weeks after her last book ''Le Vol du Sancy: Des Carrats pour Ava'' was published, her daughter Anne at her side. She is buried at the Cemetery in Saint-Mandè, where also her Mother, her late husband and her beloved son lie.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

==External links==
* [https://www.juliette-benzoni-officiel.com/ Website dedicated to the life and works of Juliette Benzoni]
* [http://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/ Website dedicated to Juliette Benzoni's first Bestseller Catherine and more. fr/en ]
* {{imdb name|0073156}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benzoni, Juliette}}
[[Category:French women novelists]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre national du Mérite]]
[[Category:20th-century French novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century French novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Paris]]
[[Category:Women historical novelists]]
[[Category:People from Saint-Mandé]]

Juliette Benzoni

2017-08-21T15:13:30Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Juliette Benzoni in 1963.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by Jcb (No permission since 13 August 2017).

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Juliette Benzoni
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1920|10|30}}
| birth_place = Paris, France
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2016|2|7|1920|10|30}}
| death_place = [[Saint-Mandé]],Saint-Mandé France
| resting_place = Cimetière Saint-Mandé Sud, [[Saint-Mandé]],Val-de-Marne, France
| birth_name = Andrée-Marguerite–Juliette Mangin
| occupation = Journalist author scriptwriter
| nationality = French
| genre = [[Historical Romance]], [[historical fiction]]
| years_active = 1962–2016
| awards = [[Alexandre Dumas Prix]] (1973 for Literature) Prix Louis Barthou Académie française (1988) [[National_Order_of_Merit_(France)|Knight of National Order of Merit]] France (1998)
| signature = Signature of Juliette Benzoni.png
| website = {{URL|juliette-benzoni-officiel.com }}
}}

'''Juliette Benzoni''' was born on 30 October 1920 in Paris and died on 7 February 2016 at [[Saint-Mandé]], in her 96th year of her life. She was an international French Bestseller author of various genre, [[Historical Romance]], [[historical fiction]], [[romance novel|romance]], [[mystery fiction|mystery]] and [[screenplay|screenwriter]] writer and was quoted in the Media as the "Queen of History Novels" and the "Daughter of Alexander Dumas". She wrote 86 books, which were translated in at least 36 countries. More than three million books were sold in France and in foreign countries. Fifty million readers all over the world.

==Personal life==
Juliette Benzoni's maiden was ''Andrée-Marguerite–Juliette Mangin''. She was the daughter of Marie-Susanne Arnold (with Alsace and Swiss origin) and Charles-Hubert Mangin. She grew up in an upper-middle-class family in Paris. At the age of nine she discovered in a book [[Joan_of_Arc|Joan of Arc]] at the stake and that was the moment her passion for [[History]] was awakened. It was her father who persuaded her to read the books of [[Alexandre_Dumas|Alexander Dumas]] as she told 2002 the ''Magazine Littéraire''<ref> Magazine Littéraire, Alexandre Dumas 200 ans après 2002[https://www.gallimardmontreal.com/catalogue/livre/magazine-litteraire-no-412-alexandre-dumas-200-ans-apres-2085895000975],</ref> for the two hundred anniversary of that famous author.

:"It was my father who, one fine day, put the [[The_Three_Musketeers|Three Musketeers]] into my hands, saying that it should please me. Being himself a bit of Alexander Dumas and regretting a little that I was not a boy..."

From that day on she always had a copy of one of ''Dumas'' Novels near by. Benzoni was educated at the ''College d'Hulst'' and the ''Institut Catholique'', where she studied philosophy, law and literature. She married at a young age a doctor from [[Dijon]] and went to live there where she became a mother of two children. During that time she studied Burgundian History and stumbled on the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] which inspired her later for the Catherine Series <ref> "Catherine Book Series" [http://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/Books/Books/The_Books.htm Catherine de Montsalvy website]</ref>
Her husband Maurice Gallois died of a heart attack in 1950, leaving her a widow at the age of 30 with two children. She went to [[Morocco]] to visit some relatives of her late husband and found work at a Radio Station. It was there she met her future husband a young French officer, Count André Benzoni di Conza born in [[Corsica]]. When he went to Indochina, she returned back to France. She lived in the Parisian suburb of [[Saint-Mandé]], of which her husband would become deputy mayor. She travelled widely, and enjoyed gardening and cooking.<ref>"Juliette Benzoni par Juliette Benzoni" printed in ''Catherine; 2 Belle Catherine" {{ISBN|978-2-266-25793-0}}</ref>
[[File:Juliette Benzoni in her garden.jpg|thumb|left|Author Juliette Benzoni at Saint-Mandé 1985]]In 1982 fate blew her another stroke, her husband ''André Benzoni'' died – which made her the second time a widow. And again years later when her son Jean-François suffered the same fate as his father Maurice Gallois, dying on a heart-attack. It was the only time the author suffered a [[Writers' block]] while working on the first adventures of Le boiteux de Varsovie. She lived in a beautiful ''Second Empire'' house together with her daughter ''Anne Gallois''. One could see her going for walks with her dog in the [[Bois_de_Vincennes#The_1931_Paris_Colonial_Exposition|Bois de Vincennes]] or always on the go to her favourite library. Her house was full of books from the cellar up to the first floor – you could see not only ''Literary encylopaedia'', ''History books'', Travelling guides but also a collection of [[Agatha_Christie|Agatha Christie's]] or [[Anne_Perry|Anne Perry]]. A beautiful garden with surrounded by roses, a wisteria bush, trees – where in a niche was set a table where the author by lovely weather sat and made notes for a forthcoming book she was working at.

==Career==
Returning back to Paris from Morocco in the beginning of the Fifties, Benzoni started to work as a journalist and writing historical articles at ''Journal du Dimanche'' and ''Histoire pour tous''. Under the name of ''Juliette Jansen'' she interviewed such international celebrities like [[Erich_von_Stroheim|Erich von Stroheim]], [[Jean_Cocteau|Jean Cocteau]], [[Jean_Marais|Jean Marais]]( [[Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1946_film)|The Beauty And the Beast]] directed by Jean Cocteau) and [[Charles_Trenet|Charles Trenet]] (Composer of the Song ''La Mer''). In 1959 she participated at the popular television Quiz Show ''Le Gros Lot'' (in Association with the National Lottery in France). Her subject was the Italian Renaissance [[Caterina_Sforza|Catherina Sforza]]. She floundered on the second last question – but the next day she was summoned to the head office to see Gérald Gauthier, director of the Press Agency at Opera Mundi. He had been so impressed by her historical knowledge that he asked her if she could write a historical novel in the same style as the international Bestseller Series [[Angelique_(novel_series)|Angélique]] by [[Anne_Golon|Anne Golon]] which Opera Mundi had published in 1956. Benzoni agreed and said she had an idea – the legend of the Golden Fleece. She started to write 1'100 pages about a golden-haired girl at the time of the [[Hundred_Years'_War|Hundred Years War]].

''Catherine'' was released in 1962 as a daily [[Cliffhanger]] in the Newspaper ''France-Soir''<ref> France-soir 1962 Catherine, il suffit d'un amour [https://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/History/Press/catherine-series-media-1.htm] </ref> under the title ''Il suffit d'un amour''. The book was not yet published when ten foreign publishing houses bought the rights for ''Catherine''. In 1963 newspaper ''Le Figaro'' wrote: Before the book was even published it beats all records: ''it is already sold to ten different countries''. ''France-Soir'' confirmed: ''it has an unprecedented destiny in the history of publishing...'' On 10 June 1964 the French Newspaper ''Le Provençal'' wrote: A heroine – who takes place – alongside of ''Scarlett O'Hara'' and of ''The Marquise of the Angels'' (Angélique).
The Catherine series, was immediately a huge world-wide success. Yet ''One Love is Enough'' as the first book would be named in English, had not been her first book. ''Editions Trévise'' had already 1962 published two books (collection of short stories) of Benzoni'' La Reines tragiques'' and ''Aventuries du passé''. But it was the Catherine Novels which really launched her career as a Bestseller author.

In August 1964 Benzoni was invited to a Cocktail Party in London by [[Heinemann_(publisher)|Heinemann Ltd]] to introduce to the Press the translated copy of Catherine, One Love is Enough <ref> London, (1964) welcomes One Love is Enough [https://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/History/Press/catherine-series-media-1.htm] </ref> . There followed an interview with BBC radio reporter Leigh Crutchley – introducing the Countess Juliette Benzoni di Conza to the English Press.
What followed seemed like a dream. To this day there can be found at least thirty countries where the story of ''Catherine Legoix'', daughter of a Parisian goldsmith and Arnaud de Montsalvy, Captain in the army of [[Charles_VII_of_France|Charles VII]] was published.

The enormous success had inspired the author to continue writing. There followed seventeen historical series (sixty-five books), a collection of eighteen short story Novels, three unique Novels – all in all eighty-six books. She travelled all over the world for her researches. She never kept a computer but went to the local library at Saint-Mandé to find missing information she needed for her books. Each morning at six-thirty she got up and started typing on her old electric typewriter and wrote three pages – never missing a day, even on Sundays. From time to time she appeared on television<ref> French television, "Lisons ensemble" with Benzoni, 1978 [http://www.ina.fr/video/CPA7805068105/lisons-ensemble-video.html]</ref> invited to introduce one of her new books or was asked to give an interview at a radio station. In 1965 even a song was composed by ''Paul Amar and Benzoni'', with the title Catherine, il suffit d'un amour, sung by ''Michèle Arnaud'' and also ''Bernard Stéphane''.
She met many important historians, authors, professors, directors and stars. The great French historian Alain Decaux was an open admirer of Benzoni – as she was of him. In her book Par le Fer ou le Poison, published in 1973 by Plon, he writes in his preface:

:"You are a great admirer of Alexander Dumas. You see in him your Master. You follow the same road as he does: You help the French love History"

One of the secrets of Benzoni's success as a Romancière consisted of the fact that the plots in her Novels were leak-proof. Why else would the 40th American [[Ronald_Reagan|President Ronald Reagan]] and his wife Nancy have sent her a letter, after they had read her first Novel of the "Le Gerfaut series" – English title "The Lure of the Falcon" for the way she had described the American Independence War? Unfortunatelly the letter perished in a fire in the house of Benzoni, together with the Manuscript of Catherine.

From the beginning of her writing career the author had a faithful readership who looked forward to each new publication. Her Novels were published by acclaimed Publishing houses in France and many foreign countries. In some of the Castle's in France, one might find her Series of ''Le Roman des Châteaux de France'', with a foreword by noted ''Stéphane Bern'', journalist and moderator<ref> Foreword by Stéphane Bern, Specialist in Royal families [http://www.editions-perrin.fr/livre/le-roman-des-chateaux-de-france/9782262036607]</ref>. Benzoni narrates for the reader the life of famous historic characters who lived in these castle's in her inimitable way.
Unfortunately the English readers were not so fortunate to read Benzoni's other historical Novels. A genuine loss for the readers who had enjoyed the ''Catherine Series'', ''Marianne Series'' and ''The Lure of the Falcon''.

===''The Aldo Morosini Adventures''===
In the Nineties the Romancière had created a new hero, the Venetian Prince, his Highness Aldo Morosini<ref> Genesis of how the "Blue Star" was born, the Novels of Aldo Morosini [http://bibliojuliettebenzoni.unblog.fr/2009/04/23/genesis-of-letoile-bleue/]</ref> expert on historic precious stones. The origination of the ''Aldo Morosini Novels'' is quite unique, as we learn from the author herself in her foreword. She was working on a script for television (a famous French actor had asked her to write an adventure series where he would have the leading role ). This time the story would not play in bygone centuries, but begin in 1918, quite a novelty for Benzoni. However the producer of the future televison series [[Claude Barma]] died shortly afterwards and the project broke down. Some years later, she remembered that she had still the script and offered it to her publisher. What first started to be a series of 4 Novels, each titled after a world famous precious stone, became another of the authors unquestionably great success, besides the Catherine series. The Novels were devoured not just by the female readers but also the male. ''Prince Aldo Morosini'' a kind of [[Simon_Templar|Simon Templar]], (enthralling detail, the hero is half French, half Venetian), when he returns home from [[World_War_I|World War 1]] to Venice, to his fathers Palace at the [[Grand_Canal_(Venice)|Grand Canal]], he finds his Mother murdered and the family heirloom ''The Blue Star'' (Sapphire) stolen. He decides not to inform the Police, but to search the thief-murderer himself.
Instead of marrying a rich wife as is suggested to him by the family lawyer, he becomes an antiquarian, specialist on precious and ancient stones. The pursuit after the stones and murderer brings him to many foreign countries, like Paris, [[Zurich]], Vienna, London, [[Warsaw]], [[Seville]], Prague, [[Jerusalem]], [[Cairo]] and even as far as the United States.
The adventures of the dashing Aldo Morosini kept Benzoni's readers not just in France spellbound. The books were translated in '' Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Russia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Greece and Poland ''. Due to its success the author started in between other novels to regularly write a new adventure of her favourite hero, of whom Benzoni once said in an Interview 2010 <ref> Interview with Juliette Benzoni in 2010 [https://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/Actors/Interviews/Juliette_BenzoniInterview.htm Prince Aldo Morosini]</ref>: ''I would love to have Aldo Morosini as a nephew''! Even though these excellent and suspenseful Novels – which also are laden with romantic adventures by the handsome hero, were such an outstanding success, no ''English publisher'' ever approached Benzoni's publisher PLON for buying the rights for the Adventures of Aldo Morosini. The fans of his Highness Aldo Morosini called for more stories each time a new book came out. Two weeks before Benzoni's death in 2016, her last Novel ''Le Vol du Sancy'' was published. Acclaimed French historian and writer ''Vincent Meylan'' <ref> Vincent Meylan, Point de Vue February 2016 [https://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/History/Press/juliette-benzoni-media-1.htm] </ref> wrote in his obituary for Benzoni "Aldo Morosini, the Venetian Prince is in mourning..."

===''Catherine Novels''===
After the fulminant start of ‘Catherine’ before even the book was available in the bookstores, it continued its brilliant sales success all over the World. Next to ''Great Brittain'' the American market also published with enormous success Benzoni's series back in 1967 – yet with different book covers and different titles. Their headline said: ''Juliette Benzoni's Belle Catherine'' – A ravishing heroine in the full-blooded tradition of [[Désirée_Clary|Désirée]] and Angélique. Yet just like the English publisher ''Heinemann Ltd'' Avon Books also never translated the seventh book ''La Dame de Montsalvy''. The readers were left with a [[Cliffhanger]], not knowing the destiny of ''Catherine''. The list would be long to add all the countries who for some unknown reasons never translated not just the seventh book, but also the sixth: ''A Snare for Catherine''. To be fair it has to be said that ''Catherine and a Time for love'' had ended in 1968 with an epiloque. The last two books were written years later, 1973 and 1979 – demanded by her readers who looked forward to new adventures about the Countess of Montsalvy and her impulsive husband Captain Arnaud de Montsalvy. In an interview years later, the author said about her first Bestseller: “I have a weakness for Catherine – Because she was the first of my heroines, and also because its history, I invented, while "Marianne, a star for Napoleon", was an order by my publisher for the occasion of the bicentenary of Emperor [[Napoleon]] ... "

In 2014 The English Publishing house [[Telos_Publishing|Telos Publishing]] bought the rights from Benzoni to re-issue the [http://www.telos.co.uk/product/catherine-one-love-is-enough/ Catherine Series]- which included the never before translated seventh book ''La Dame de Montsalvy'', which will be titled ''The Lady of Montsalvy''. Since March 2015, more than forty years later, the first two of the seven ''Catherine Novels'' are again on the market. Telos Publishing announced on their official website that this time the Catherine Novels would be unabbreviated!

==Press==
Many articles were believed lost from the authors earlier years as a writer – but in time of Internet – and the friendship Benzoni shared with two of her greatest fans "Les filles des Grands Chemins" as she called them fondly, it is possible to see for the first time the work history of the beginning of the career of the author on their websites. She had kept in a box at her home all of her most important souvenirs, which she placed into the hands of her trustworthy fans.

==Publications==

===''The Series''===
* Catherine series (7 Novels): ''One Love is Enough'' (1964); ''Catherine'' (1965); ''Belle Catherine'' (1966); ''Catherine and Arnaud'' (1967) ; ''Catherine and a Time for Love'' (1968); ''A Snare for Catherine'' (1974); ''La Dame de Montsalvy'' (1979) not translated into English.
* Marianne series (6 Novels): ''[[Marianne, the bride of Selton Hall]]'' (1969); ''Marianne and the masked Prince'' (1971); ''Marianne and the Privateer'' (1972); ''Marianne and the Rebels'' (1973); ''Marianne and the Lords of the East'' (1975); ''Marianne and the Crown of Fire'' (1975)
* The Lure of the Falcon series (4 Novels): ''[[The Lure of the Falcon]]'' (1978); ''The Devil's Diamonds'' (1980); ''Le Trésor'' (1980) not translated into English ; ''Haute-Savanne'' (1981) not translated into English.

* '''The following Historic Novels were not translated into English so far.'''
* Les Loups de Lauzargues series (3 Novels) ''Jean de la Nuit'' (1985) ; ''Hortense au Point du Jour'' (1985) ; ''Félicia au Soleil couchant'' (1987)
* La Florentine series (4 Novels) ''[[Fiora et le Magnifique]]'' (1988) ; ''Fiora et le Téméraire'' (1988) ; ''Fiora et le Pape'' (1989) ; ''Fiora et le Roi de France '' (1990)
* Les Dames du Méditerranée Express series ( 3 Novels) ''La jeune mariée'' (1990) ; ''La fière Americaine'' (1991) ; ''La princesse Manchou'' (1991)
* Les Treize vents series (4 Novels) ''Le Voyageur'' (1992); ''Le Réfugié'' (1993) ; ''L'Intrus'' (1993) ; ''L'Exilé'' (1994)
* Les aventures d'Aldo Morosini (15 Novels) 1994 – 2016)
* Le Boiteux de Varsovie series (4 Novels) ''[[L'étoile bleue]]'' (1994) ; ''La rose d'York'' (1995) ; ''L'Opale de Sissi'' ( 1996) ; ''Le Rubis de Jeanne la Folle'' (1996)
* La suite des aventures d'Aldo Morosini (11 Novels) ''Les émeraudes du Prophète'' (1999) ; ''La perle de l'Empereur'' (2001) ; ''Les joyaux de la sorcière'' (2004) ; ''Les "larmes" de Marie-Antoinette'' (2006) ; ''Le collier sacré de Montezuma'' (2007) ; ''L'Anneau d'Atlantide'' (2009) ; ''La Chimère d'Or des Borgia'' part 1 from 2 (2011) ; ''La Collection Kledermann'' part 2 from 2 (2012) ; Le Talisman du Téméraire 1. ''Les trois frères'' (2013) ; 2. ''Le diamant de Bourgogne'' (2014) ; ''Le vol du Sancy – Des carats pour Ava ?'' (2016)
* Secret d'état series (3 Novels) ''[[La chambre de la reine]]'' (1997) ; ''Le roi des halles'' (1998) ; ''Le prisonnier masqué'' (1998)
* Le jeu de l'amour et de la mort series (3 Novels) Un homme pour le Roi (1999) ; La messe rouge (2000) ; La comtesse des ténébres (2000)
* Les Chevaliers series (3 Novels) '' [[Thibaut ou la croix perdue]]'' (2002) ; ''Renaud ou la malédiction'' (2003) ; ''Olivier ou les trésors templiers'' (2003)
* Marie series (2 Novels) ''Marie des intrigues'' (2004) ; ''Marie des passions'' (2005)
* Le Sang des Koenigsmark (2 Novels) ''Aurore'' 2006) ; ''Fils de l'Aurore'' (2007)
* Le Temps des Poisons (2 Novels) '' [[On a tué la reine]]'' ! (2008) ; ''La chambre du roi'' (2009)
* Le Bal des Poignards ( 2 Novels) '' [[La dague au lys rouge]] '' (2010) ; ''Le couteau de Ravaillac'' (2010)
* La Guerre des Duchesses (2 Novels) '' [[La fille du condamné]] '' (2012) ; ''Princesse des Vandales'' (2013)

===''Short Stories''===
* ''Les Reines tragiques'' (1962) ; ''Aventuries du Passé (Les chemins de l'Aventure)'' (1963) ; ''Par le fer ou le poison'' (1973) ; ''Le sang, la gloire et l'amour'' (1974) ; ''Trois Seigneurs de la nuit'' (1978) ; ''Grandes Dames petites vertus (Elles ont aimé)'' (1978) ; ''De sac et de corde (Crimes et Criminels)'' (1979) ; ''Tragédies Impériales'' (1980) ; ''Dames,Drames et Demons (Suite Italienne)'' (1980) ; ''Dans le lit des Rois: Nuit de noces'' (1983) ; ''Dans le lit des Reines: les amants'' (1984) ; ''Le Roman des châteaux de France'' (3 Novels) (1985) ; ''Cent ans de vie de château (la vie de Châteaux)'' (1992) ; ''Les reines du Faubourg'' (2006) ; ''Ces belles inconnues de la Révolution'' (2014) ; ''Ces Femmes du Grand Siècle'' (2015)

===''Single Novels''===
* ''Un aussi long chemin'' (1983) ; ''De deux Roses l'une...'' ; (2001) ; ''La petite peste et le chat botté'' (2015)

==Filmography==
In 1968 the producer of the Angélique films was given the job to turn ''Catherine, One love is Enough'' into a film. Alas, it was one of the greatest disappointments in Juliette Benzoni's life. In many interviews she states that when she saw the end product, she cried ''like a fountain''. The producer [[Bernard_Borderie|Bernard Broderie]] had completely changed her story – and as a result the film flopped at the cinema. For the author the adventure Cinema was a topic never to be mentioned again. Yet when French television approached her for the adaption of her second Bestseller ''Marianne, a Star for Napoleon'' with acclaimed director ''Marion Sarraut'' to be in charge, she agreed. Marion Sarraut and Juliette Benzoni were called a dream-team and this time all went well. Juliette Benzoni wrote together with Jean Chatenet the screenplay and the television series became a huge success on the small screen. Confidently she agreed in 1985 to the filming of ''[[Catherine_(1986_TV_series)|Catherine, il suffit d'un amour]]''. It was to be the longest series so far on French television. Not even the badly placed time of 1:30 pm could stop the stupendous success of Catherine. In 1987 there followed Le Gerfaut (The Lure of the Falcon) introducing the very first time a male hero in the leading role. The last book series to be filmed was La Florentine, one of the book series which was alas never translated into English.

Catherine was first adapted in 1969 for Cinema, a ''French, German, Italian Production'' by ''Bernard Broderie''. Four years later ''Antenne 2 – SFP Production'' bought the rights for the filming of four of ''Juliette Benzoni's '' international book series Bestsellers, ''Marianne, a Star for Napoleon'', ''Catherine, One Love is Enough'', ''Le Gerfaut'' and ''La Florentine''.

* ''Catherine'' was adapted for Cinema in 1969 under the title of ''Catherine, il suffit d'un amour'' by [[Bernard_Borderie|Bernard Broderie]], with [[Olga_Georges-Picot|Olga-Georges Picot]] and [[Horst_Frank|Horst Frank]]
* ''Marianne'' was adapted in 1983 for television, a series of 30 episodes by [[:fr:Marion_Sarraut|Marion Sarraut]] with [[Corinne_Touzet|Corinne Touzet]] and Jean-François Poron.
* ''Catherine'' was adapted for television, a series of 60 episodes by [[:fr:Marion_Sarraut|Marion Sarraut]] with Claudine Ancelot and Pierre-Marie Escourrou.
* ''Le Gerfaut'' (Lure of the Falcon) was adapted in 1987 for television, a series of 30 episodes by [[:fr:Marion_Sarraut|Marion Sarraut]] with Laurent Le Doyen and Marianne Anska.
* ''La Florentine'' was adapted in 1991 for television, a series of 10 episodes by [[:fr:Marion_Sarraut|Marion Sarraut]] with Anne Jacquemin and Alain Payan.

==Awards and honours==
French author Juliette Benzoni receives in 1998 Medal Knight of National Order of Merit]] Juliette Benzoni received in 1973 the Alexandre Dumas Prix for her complete work at that time, the ''Catherine and the Marianne series''. The prize was precious to her, she had been a fervent admiress of [[Alexandre_Dumas|Alexander Dumas]] since her childhood. She mentioned in the ''Magazine Littéraire'' that the medal was always on her working table. In 1988 Académie française, (founded in 1635 by [[Cardinal_Richelieu|Cardinal Richelieu]]) had chosen her for the Literature prize Prix Louis Barthou<ref>"Louis Barthou Prix" for the Novel ''Félicia au soleil couchant'' [http://www.academie-francaise.fr/prix-louis-barthou]</ref> ,in the form of a silver medal for Félicia au soleil couchant. In 1998 at the age of 78 she received the Knight of National Order of Merit – Chevalier de l'Ordre National<ref>"Juliette Benzoni,Knight of National Order of Merit" [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000568610]</ref> , awarded by the President of the French Republic.
* 1973 Alexandre Dumas Prix, Bronze Medal
* 1988 Louis Bartou prix – Literature,Silver Medal
* 1998 [[National_Order_of_Merit_(France)| Knight of National Order of Merit]]

==Death==
Juliette Benzoni died peacefully in her sleep on 7 February,<ref>"Death of Juliette Benzoni in ''Le Figaro''" Article by Astrid Eliard [http://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/2016/02/08/03004-20160208ARTFIG00324-mort-de-juliette-benzoni-reine-du-roman-historique.php]</ref> 2016 in Saint-Mandé, two weeks after her last book ''Le Vol du Sancy: Des Carrats pour Ava'' was published, her daughter Anne at her side. She is buried at the Cemetery in Saint-Mandè, where also her Mother, her late husband and her beloved son lie.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

==External links==
* [https://www.juliette-benzoni-officiel.com/ Website dedicated to the life and works of Juliette Benzoni]
* [http://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/ Website dedicated to Juliette Benzoni's first Bestseller Catherine and more. fr/en ]
* {{imdb name|0073156}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benzoni, Juliette}}
[[Category:French women novelists]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre national du Mérite]]
[[Category:20th-century French novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century French novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Paris]]
[[Category:Women historical novelists]]
[[Category:People from Saint-Mandé]]

Juliette Benzoni

2017-08-21T15:11:17Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:A last Farewell of friends.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by Jcb (No permission since 13 August 2017).

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Juliette Benzoni
| image = Juliette Benzoni in 1963.jpg
| caption =Juliette Benzoni 1963
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1920|10|30}}
| birth_place = Paris, France
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2016|2|7|1920|10|30}}
| death_place = [[Saint-Mandé]],Saint-Mandé France
| resting_place = Cimetière Saint-Mandé Sud, [[Saint-Mandé]],Val-de-Marne, France
| birth_name = Andrée-Marguerite–Juliette Mangin
| occupation = Journalist author scriptwriter
| nationality = French
| genre = [[Historical Romance]], [[historical fiction]]
| years_active = 1962–2016
| awards = [[Alexandre Dumas Prix]] (1973 for Literature) Prix Louis Barthou Académie française (1988) [[National_Order_of_Merit_(France)|Knight of National Order of Merit]] France (1998)
| signature = Signature of Juliette Benzoni.png
| website = {{URL|juliette-benzoni-officiel.com }}
}}

'''Juliette Benzoni''' was born on 30 October 1920 in Paris and died on 7 February 2016 at [[Saint-Mandé]], in her 96th year of her life. She was an international French Bestseller author of various genre, [[Historical Romance]], [[historical fiction]], [[romance novel|romance]], [[mystery fiction|mystery]] and [[screenplay|screenwriter]] writer and was quoted in the Media as the "Queen of History Novels" and the "Daughter of Alexander Dumas". She wrote 86 books, which were translated in at least 36 countries. More than three million books were sold in France and in foreign countries. Fifty million readers all over the world.

==Personal life==
Juliette Benzoni's maiden was ''Andrée-Marguerite–Juliette Mangin''. She was the daughter of Marie-Susanne Arnold (with Alsace and Swiss origin) and Charles-Hubert Mangin. She grew up in an upper-middle-class family in Paris. At the age of nine she discovered in a book [[Joan_of_Arc|Joan of Arc]] at the stake and that was the moment her passion for [[History]] was awakened. It was her father who persuaded her to read the books of [[Alexandre_Dumas|Alexander Dumas]] as she told 2002 the ''Magazine Littéraire''<ref> Magazine Littéraire, Alexandre Dumas 200 ans après 2002[https://www.gallimardmontreal.com/catalogue/livre/magazine-litteraire-no-412-alexandre-dumas-200-ans-apres-2085895000975],</ref> for the two hundred anniversary of that famous author.

:"It was my father who, one fine day, put the [[The_Three_Musketeers|Three Musketeers]] into my hands, saying that it should please me. Being himself a bit of Alexander Dumas and regretting a little that I was not a boy..."

From that day on she always had a copy of one of ''Dumas'' Novels near by. Benzoni was educated at the ''College d'Hulst'' and the ''Institut Catholique'', where she studied philosophy, law and literature. She married at a young age a doctor from [[Dijon]] and went to live there where she became a mother of two children. During that time she studied Burgundian History and stumbled on the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] which inspired her later for the Catherine Series <ref> "Catherine Book Series" [http://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/Books/Books/The_Books.htm Catherine de Montsalvy website]</ref>
Her husband Maurice Gallois died of a heart attack in 1950, leaving her a widow at the age of 30 with two children. She went to [[Morocco]] to visit some relatives of her late husband and found work at a Radio Station. It was there she met her future husband a young French officer, Count André Benzoni di Conza born in [[Corsica]]. When he went to Indochina, she returned back to France. She lived in the Parisian suburb of [[Saint-Mandé]], of which her husband would become deputy mayor. She travelled widely, and enjoyed gardening and cooking.<ref>"Juliette Benzoni par Juliette Benzoni" printed in ''Catherine; 2 Belle Catherine" {{ISBN|978-2-266-25793-0}}</ref>
[[File:Juliette Benzoni in her garden.jpg|thumb|left|Author Juliette Benzoni at Saint-Mandé 1985]]In 1982 fate blew her another stroke, her husband ''André Benzoni'' died – which made her the second time a widow. And again years later when her son Jean-François suffered the same fate as his father Maurice Gallois, dying on a heart-attack. It was the only time the author suffered a [[Writers' block]] while working on the first adventures of Le boiteux de Varsovie. She lived in a beautiful ''Second Empire'' house together with her daughter ''Anne Gallois''. One could see her going for walks with her dog in the [[Bois_de_Vincennes#The_1931_Paris_Colonial_Exposition|Bois de Vincennes]] or always on the go to her favourite library. Her house was full of books from the cellar up to the first floor – you could see not only ''Literary encylopaedia'', ''History books'', Travelling guides but also a collection of [[Agatha_Christie|Agatha Christie's]] or [[Anne_Perry|Anne Perry]]. A beautiful garden with surrounded by roses, a wisteria bush, trees – where in a niche was set a table where the author by lovely weather sat and made notes for a forthcoming book she was working at.

==Career==
Returning back to Paris from Morocco in the beginning of the Fifties, Benzoni started to work as a journalist and writing historical articles at ''Journal du Dimanche'' and ''Histoire pour tous''. Under the name of ''Juliette Jansen'' she interviewed such international celebrities like [[Erich_von_Stroheim|Erich von Stroheim]], [[Jean_Cocteau|Jean Cocteau]], [[Jean_Marais|Jean Marais]]( [[Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1946_film)|The Beauty And the Beast]] directed by Jean Cocteau) and [[Charles_Trenet|Charles Trenet]] (Composer of the Song ''La Mer''). In 1959 she participated at the popular television Quiz Show ''Le Gros Lot'' (in Association with the National Lottery in France). Her subject was the Italian Renaissance [[Caterina_Sforza|Catherina Sforza]]. She floundered on the second last question – but the next day she was summoned to the head office to see Gérald Gauthier, director of the Press Agency at Opera Mundi. He had been so impressed by her historical knowledge that he asked her if she could write a historical novel in the same style as the international Bestseller Series [[Angelique_(novel_series)|Angélique]] by [[Anne_Golon|Anne Golon]] which Opera Mundi had published in 1956. Benzoni agreed and said she had an idea – the legend of the Golden Fleece. She started to write 1'100 pages about a golden-haired girl at the time of the [[Hundred_Years'_War|Hundred Years War]].

''Catherine'' was released in 1962 as a daily [[Cliffhanger]] in the Newspaper ''France-Soir''<ref> France-soir 1962 Catherine, il suffit d'un amour [https://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/History/Press/catherine-series-media-1.htm] </ref> under the title ''Il suffit d'un amour''. The book was not yet published when ten foreign publishing houses bought the rights for ''Catherine''. In 1963 newspaper ''Le Figaro'' wrote: Before the book was even published it beats all records: ''it is already sold to ten different countries''. ''France-Soir'' confirmed: ''it has an unprecedented destiny in the history of publishing...'' On 10 June 1964 the French Newspaper ''Le Provençal'' wrote: A heroine – who takes place – alongside of ''Scarlett O'Hara'' and of ''The Marquise of the Angels'' (Angélique).
The Catherine series, was immediately a huge world-wide success. Yet ''One Love is Enough'' as the first book would be named in English, had not been her first book. ''Editions Trévise'' had already 1962 published two books (collection of short stories) of Benzoni'' La Reines tragiques'' and ''Aventuries du passé''. But it was the Catherine Novels which really launched her career as a Bestseller author.

In August 1964 Benzoni was invited to a Cocktail Party in London by [[Heinemann_(publisher)|Heinemann Ltd]] to introduce to the Press the translated copy of Catherine, One Love is Enough <ref> London, (1964) welcomes One Love is Enough [https://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/History/Press/catherine-series-media-1.htm] </ref> . There followed an interview with BBC radio reporter Leigh Crutchley – introducing the Countess Juliette Benzoni di Conza to the English Press.
What followed seemed like a dream. To this day there can be found at least thirty countries where the story of ''Catherine Legoix'', daughter of a Parisian goldsmith and Arnaud de Montsalvy, Captain in the army of [[Charles_VII_of_France|Charles VII]] was published.

The enormous success had inspired the author to continue writing. There followed seventeen historical series (sixty-five books), a collection of eighteen short story Novels, three unique Novels – all in all eighty-six books. She travelled all over the world for her researches. She never kept a computer but went to the local library at Saint-Mandé to find missing information she needed for her books. Each morning at six-thirty she got up and started typing on her old electric typewriter and wrote three pages – never missing a day, even on Sundays. From time to time she appeared on television<ref> French television, "Lisons ensemble" with Benzoni, 1978 [http://www.ina.fr/video/CPA7805068105/lisons-ensemble-video.html]</ref> invited to introduce one of her new books or was asked to give an interview at a radio station. In 1965 even a song was composed by ''Paul Amar and Benzoni'', with the title Catherine, il suffit d'un amour, sung by ''Michèle Arnaud'' and also ''Bernard Stéphane''.
She met many important historians, authors, professors, directors and stars. The great French historian Alain Decaux was an open admirer of Benzoni – as she was of him. In her book Par le Fer ou le Poison, published in 1973 by Plon, he writes in his preface:

:"You are a great admirer of Alexander Dumas. You see in him your Master. You follow the same road as he does: You help the French love History"

One of the secrets of Benzoni's success as a Romancière consisted of the fact that the plots in her Novels were leak-proof. Why else would the 40th American [[Ronald_Reagan|President Ronald Reagan]] and his wife Nancy have sent her a letter, after they had read her first Novel of the "Le Gerfaut series" – English title "The Lure of the Falcon" for the way she had described the American Independence War? Unfortunatelly the letter perished in a fire in the house of Benzoni, together with the Manuscript of Catherine.

From the beginning of her writing career the author had a faithful readership who looked forward to each new publication. Her Novels were published by acclaimed Publishing houses in France and many foreign countries. In some of the Castle's in France, one might find her Series of ''Le Roman des Châteaux de France'', with a foreword by noted ''Stéphane Bern'', journalist and moderator<ref> Foreword by Stéphane Bern, Specialist in Royal families [http://www.editions-perrin.fr/livre/le-roman-des-chateaux-de-france/9782262036607]</ref>. Benzoni narrates for the reader the life of famous historic characters who lived in these castle's in her inimitable way.
Unfortunately the English readers were not so fortunate to read Benzoni's other historical Novels. A genuine loss for the readers who had enjoyed the ''Catherine Series'', ''Marianne Series'' and ''The Lure of the Falcon''.

===''The Aldo Morosini Adventures''===
In the Nineties the Romancière had created a new hero, the Venetian Prince, his Highness Aldo Morosini<ref> Genesis of how the "Blue Star" was born, the Novels of Aldo Morosini [http://bibliojuliettebenzoni.unblog.fr/2009/04/23/genesis-of-letoile-bleue/]</ref> expert on historic precious stones. The origination of the ''Aldo Morosini Novels'' is quite unique, as we learn from the author herself in her foreword. She was working on a script for television (a famous French actor had asked her to write an adventure series where he would have the leading role ). This time the story would not play in bygone centuries, but begin in 1918, quite a novelty for Benzoni. However the producer of the future televison series [[Claude Barma]] died shortly afterwards and the project broke down. Some years later, she remembered that she had still the script and offered it to her publisher. What first started to be a series of 4 Novels, each titled after a world famous precious stone, became another of the authors unquestionably great success, besides the Catherine series. The Novels were devoured not just by the female readers but also the male. ''Prince Aldo Morosini'' a kind of [[Simon_Templar|Simon Templar]], (enthralling detail, the hero is half French, half Venetian), when he returns home from [[World_War_I|World War 1]] to Venice, to his fathers Palace at the [[Grand_Canal_(Venice)|Grand Canal]], he finds his Mother murdered and the family heirloom ''The Blue Star'' (Sapphire) stolen. He decides not to inform the Police, but to search the thief-murderer himself.
Instead of marrying a rich wife as is suggested to him by the family lawyer, he becomes an antiquarian, specialist on precious and ancient stones. The pursuit after the stones and murderer brings him to many foreign countries, like Paris, [[Zurich]], Vienna, London, [[Warsaw]], [[Seville]], Prague, [[Jerusalem]], [[Cairo]] and even as far as the United States.
The adventures of the dashing Aldo Morosini kept Benzoni's readers not just in France spellbound. The books were translated in '' Hungary, Portugal, Spain, Russia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Greece and Poland ''. Due to its success the author started in between other novels to regularly write a new adventure of her favourite hero, of whom Benzoni once said in an Interview 2010 <ref> Interview with Juliette Benzoni in 2010 [https://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/Actors/Interviews/Juliette_BenzoniInterview.htm Prince Aldo Morosini]</ref>: ''I would love to have Aldo Morosini as a nephew''! Even though these excellent and suspenseful Novels – which also are laden with romantic adventures by the handsome hero, were such an outstanding success, no ''English publisher'' ever approached Benzoni's publisher PLON for buying the rights for the Adventures of Aldo Morosini. The fans of his Highness Aldo Morosini called for more stories each time a new book came out. Two weeks before Benzoni's death in 2016, her last Novel ''Le Vol du Sancy'' was published. Acclaimed French historian and writer ''Vincent Meylan'' <ref> Vincent Meylan, Point de Vue February 2016 [https://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/English/History/Press/juliette-benzoni-media-1.htm] </ref> wrote in his obituary for Benzoni "Aldo Morosini, the Venetian Prince is in mourning..."

===''Catherine Novels''===
After the fulminant start of ‘Catherine’ before even the book was available in the bookstores, it continued its brilliant sales success all over the World. Next to ''Great Brittain'' the American market also published with enormous success Benzoni's series back in 1967 – yet with different book covers and different titles. Their headline said: ''Juliette Benzoni's Belle Catherine'' – A ravishing heroine in the full-blooded tradition of [[Désirée_Clary|Désirée]] and Angélique. Yet just like the English publisher ''Heinemann Ltd'' Avon Books also never translated the seventh book ''La Dame de Montsalvy''. The readers were left with a [[Cliffhanger]], not knowing the destiny of ''Catherine''. The list would be long to add all the countries who for some unknown reasons never translated not just the seventh book, but also the sixth: ''A Snare for Catherine''. To be fair it has to be said that ''Catherine and a Time for love'' had ended in 1968 with an epiloque. The last two books were written years later, 1973 and 1979 – demanded by her readers who looked forward to new adventures about the Countess of Montsalvy and her impulsive husband Captain Arnaud de Montsalvy. In an interview years later, the author said about her first Bestseller: “I have a weakness for Catherine – Because she was the first of my heroines, and also because its history, I invented, while "Marianne, a star for Napoleon", was an order by my publisher for the occasion of the bicentenary of Emperor [[Napoleon]] ... "

In 2014 The English Publishing house [[Telos_Publishing|Telos Publishing]] bought the rights from Benzoni to re-issue the [http://www.telos.co.uk/product/catherine-one-love-is-enough/ Catherine Series]- which included the never before translated seventh book ''La Dame de Montsalvy'', which will be titled ''The Lady of Montsalvy''. Since March 2015, more than forty years later, the first two of the seven ''Catherine Novels'' are again on the market. Telos Publishing announced on their official website that this time the Catherine Novels would be unabbreviated!

==Press==
Many articles were believed lost from the authors earlier years as a writer – but in time of Internet – and the friendship Benzoni shared with two of her greatest fans "Les filles des Grands Chemins" as she called them fondly, it is possible to see for the first time the work history of the beginning of the career of the author on their websites. She had kept in a box at her home all of her most important souvenirs, which she placed into the hands of her trustworthy fans.

==Publications==

===''The Series''===
* Catherine series (7 Novels): ''One Love is Enough'' (1964); ''Catherine'' (1965); ''Belle Catherine'' (1966); ''Catherine and Arnaud'' (1967) ; ''Catherine and a Time for Love'' (1968); ''A Snare for Catherine'' (1974); ''La Dame de Montsalvy'' (1979) not translated into English.
* Marianne series (6 Novels): ''[[Marianne, the bride of Selton Hall]]'' (1969); ''Marianne and the masked Prince'' (1971); ''Marianne and the Privateer'' (1972); ''Marianne and the Rebels'' (1973); ''Marianne and the Lords of the East'' (1975); ''Marianne and the Crown of Fire'' (1975)
* The Lure of the Falcon series (4 Novels): ''[[The Lure of the Falcon]]'' (1978); ''The Devil's Diamonds'' (1980); ''Le Trésor'' (1980) not translated into English ; ''Haute-Savanne'' (1981) not translated into English.

* '''The following Historic Novels were not translated into English so far.'''
* Les Loups de Lauzargues series (3 Novels) ''Jean de la Nuit'' (1985) ; ''Hortense au Point du Jour'' (1985) ; ''Félicia au Soleil couchant'' (1987)
* La Florentine series (4 Novels) ''[[Fiora et le Magnifique]]'' (1988) ; ''Fiora et le Téméraire'' (1988) ; ''Fiora et le Pape'' (1989) ; ''Fiora et le Roi de France '' (1990)
* Les Dames du Méditerranée Express series ( 3 Novels) ''La jeune mariée'' (1990) ; ''La fière Americaine'' (1991) ; ''La princesse Manchou'' (1991)
* Les Treize vents series (4 Novels) ''Le Voyageur'' (1992); ''Le Réfugié'' (1993) ; ''L'Intrus'' (1993) ; ''L'Exilé'' (1994)
* Les aventures d'Aldo Morosini (15 Novels) 1994 – 2016)
* Le Boiteux de Varsovie series (4 Novels) ''[[L'étoile bleue]]'' (1994) ; ''La rose d'York'' (1995) ; ''L'Opale de Sissi'' ( 1996) ; ''Le Rubis de Jeanne la Folle'' (1996)
* La suite des aventures d'Aldo Morosini (11 Novels) ''Les émeraudes du Prophète'' (1999) ; ''La perle de l'Empereur'' (2001) ; ''Les joyaux de la sorcière'' (2004) ; ''Les "larmes" de Marie-Antoinette'' (2006) ; ''Le collier sacré de Montezuma'' (2007) ; ''L'Anneau d'Atlantide'' (2009) ; ''La Chimère d'Or des Borgia'' part 1 from 2 (2011) ; ''La Collection Kledermann'' part 2 from 2 (2012) ; Le Talisman du Téméraire 1. ''Les trois frères'' (2013) ; 2. ''Le diamant de Bourgogne'' (2014) ; ''Le vol du Sancy – Des carats pour Ava ?'' (2016)
* Secret d'état series (3 Novels) ''[[La chambre de la reine]]'' (1997) ; ''Le roi des halles'' (1998) ; ''Le prisonnier masqué'' (1998)
* Le jeu de l'amour et de la mort series (3 Novels) Un homme pour le Roi (1999) ; La messe rouge (2000) ; La comtesse des ténébres (2000)
* Les Chevaliers series (3 Novels) '' [[Thibaut ou la croix perdue]]'' (2002) ; ''Renaud ou la malédiction'' (2003) ; ''Olivier ou les trésors templiers'' (2003)
* Marie series (2 Novels) ''Marie des intrigues'' (2004) ; ''Marie des passions'' (2005)
* Le Sang des Koenigsmark (2 Novels) ''Aurore'' 2006) ; ''Fils de l'Aurore'' (2007)
* Le Temps des Poisons (2 Novels) '' [[On a tué la reine]]'' ! (2008) ; ''La chambre du roi'' (2009)
* Le Bal des Poignards ( 2 Novels) '' [[La dague au lys rouge]] '' (2010) ; ''Le couteau de Ravaillac'' (2010)
* La Guerre des Duchesses (2 Novels) '' [[La fille du condamné]] '' (2012) ; ''Princesse des Vandales'' (2013)

===''Short Stories''===
* ''Les Reines tragiques'' (1962) ; ''Aventuries du Passé (Les chemins de l'Aventure)'' (1963) ; ''Par le fer ou le poison'' (1973) ; ''Le sang, la gloire et l'amour'' (1974) ; ''Trois Seigneurs de la nuit'' (1978) ; ''Grandes Dames petites vertus (Elles ont aimé)'' (1978) ; ''De sac et de corde (Crimes et Criminels)'' (1979) ; ''Tragédies Impériales'' (1980) ; ''Dames,Drames et Demons (Suite Italienne)'' (1980) ; ''Dans le lit des Rois: Nuit de noces'' (1983) ; ''Dans le lit des Reines: les amants'' (1984) ; ''Le Roman des châteaux de France'' (3 Novels) (1985) ; ''Cent ans de vie de château (la vie de Châteaux)'' (1992) ; ''Les reines du Faubourg'' (2006) ; ''Ces belles inconnues de la Révolution'' (2014) ; ''Ces Femmes du Grand Siècle'' (2015)

===''Single Novels''===
* ''Un aussi long chemin'' (1983) ; ''De deux Roses l'une...'' ; (2001) ; ''La petite peste et le chat botté'' (2015)

==Filmography==
In 1968 the producer of the Angélique films was given the job to turn ''Catherine, One love is Enough'' into a film. Alas, it was one of the greatest disappointments in Juliette Benzoni's life. In many interviews she states that when she saw the end product, she cried ''like a fountain''. The producer [[Bernard_Borderie|Bernard Broderie]] had completely changed her story – and as a result the film flopped at the cinema. For the author the adventure Cinema was a topic never to be mentioned again. Yet when French television approached her for the adaption of her second Bestseller ''Marianne, a Star for Napoleon'' with acclaimed director ''Marion Sarraut'' to be in charge, she agreed. Marion Sarraut and Juliette Benzoni were called a dream-team and this time all went well. Juliette Benzoni wrote together with Jean Chatenet the screenplay and the television series became a huge success on the small screen. Confidently she agreed in 1985 to the filming of ''[[Catherine_(1986_TV_series)|Catherine, il suffit d'un amour]]''. It was to be the longest series so far on French television. Not even the badly placed time of 1:30 pm could stop the stupendous success of Catherine. In 1987 there followed Le Gerfaut (The Lure of the Falcon) introducing the very first time a male hero in the leading role. The last book series to be filmed was La Florentine, one of the book series which was alas never translated into English.

Catherine was first adapted in 1969 for Cinema, a ''French, German, Italian Production'' by ''Bernard Broderie''. Four years later ''Antenne 2 – SFP Production'' bought the rights for the filming of four of ''Juliette Benzoni's '' international book series Bestsellers, ''Marianne, a Star for Napoleon'', ''Catherine, One Love is Enough'', ''Le Gerfaut'' and ''La Florentine''.

* ''Catherine'' was adapted for Cinema in 1969 under the title of ''Catherine, il suffit d'un amour'' by [[Bernard_Borderie|Bernard Broderie]], with [[Olga_Georges-Picot|Olga-Georges Picot]] and [[Horst_Frank|Horst Frank]]
* ''Marianne'' was adapted in 1983 for television, a series of 30 episodes by [[:fr:Marion_Sarraut|Marion Sarraut]] with [[Corinne_Touzet|Corinne Touzet]] and Jean-François Poron.
* ''Catherine'' was adapted for television, a series of 60 episodes by [[:fr:Marion_Sarraut|Marion Sarraut]] with Claudine Ancelot and Pierre-Marie Escourrou.
* ''Le Gerfaut'' (Lure of the Falcon) was adapted in 1987 for television, a series of 30 episodes by [[:fr:Marion_Sarraut|Marion Sarraut]] with Laurent Le Doyen and Marianne Anska.
* ''La Florentine'' was adapted in 1991 for television, a series of 10 episodes by [[:fr:Marion_Sarraut|Marion Sarraut]] with Anne Jacquemin and Alain Payan.

==Awards and honours==
French author Juliette Benzoni receives in 1998 Medal Knight of National Order of Merit]] Juliette Benzoni received in 1973 the Alexandre Dumas Prix for her complete work at that time, the ''Catherine and the Marianne series''. The prize was precious to her, she had been a fervent admiress of [[Alexandre_Dumas|Alexander Dumas]] since her childhood. She mentioned in the ''Magazine Littéraire'' that the medal was always on her working table. In 1988 Académie française, (founded in 1635 by [[Cardinal_Richelieu|Cardinal Richelieu]]) had chosen her for the Literature prize Prix Louis Barthou<ref>"Louis Barthou Prix" for the Novel ''Félicia au soleil couchant'' [http://www.academie-francaise.fr/prix-louis-barthou]</ref> ,in the form of a silver medal for Félicia au soleil couchant. In 1998 at the age of 78 she received the Knight of National Order of Merit – Chevalier de l'Ordre National<ref>"Juliette Benzoni,Knight of National Order of Merit" [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000568610]</ref> , awarded by the President of the French Republic.
* 1973 Alexandre Dumas Prix, Bronze Medal
* 1988 Louis Bartou prix – Literature,Silver Medal
* 1998 [[National_Order_of_Merit_(France)| Knight of National Order of Merit]]

==Death==
Juliette Benzoni died peacefully in her sleep on 7 February,<ref>"Death of Juliette Benzoni in ''Le Figaro''" Article by Astrid Eliard [http://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/2016/02/08/03004-20160208ARTFIG00324-mort-de-juliette-benzoni-reine-du-roman-historique.php]</ref> 2016 in Saint-Mandé, two weeks after her last book ''Le Vol du Sancy: Des Carrats pour Ava'' was published, her daughter Anne at her side. She is buried at the Cemetery in Saint-Mandè, where also her Mother, her late husband and her beloved son lie.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

==External links==
* [https://www.juliette-benzoni-officiel.com/ Website dedicated to the life and works of Juliette Benzoni]
* [http://www.catherinedemontsalvy.ch/ Website dedicated to Juliette Benzoni's first Bestseller Catherine and more. fr/en ]
* {{imdb name|0073156}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benzoni, Juliette}}
[[Category:French women novelists]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre national du Mérite]]
[[Category:20th-century French novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century French novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century women writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Paris]]
[[Category:Women historical novelists]]
[[Category:People from Saint-Mandé]]

Christopher Dawson

2017-07-03T20:43:04Z

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| birth_date = 12 October 1889
| birth_place = [[Hay Castle]], [[Hay-on-Wye]], [[Powys]], Wales
| death_date = 25 May 1970
| death_place = [[Budleigh Salterton]], [[Devon]], England
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| religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
}}
'''Christopher Henry Dawson''' [[Fellow of the British Academy|FBA]] (12 October 1889, [[Hay Castle]] – 25 May 1970, [[Budleigh Salterton]]) was a British [[independent scholar]], who wrote many books on [[cultural history]] and [[Christendom]]. Dawson has been called "the greatest English-speaking Catholic historian of the twentieth century".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/ChristianityAndCultureSelectionsFromTheWritingsOfChristopherDawson_989/dawsonChristianityAndCulture-SelectionsFromChristopherDawson_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "Christianity and Culture: Selections from the Writings of Christopher Dawson (updated 10/08, PDF)"|website=archive.org|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref> The 1988–1989 academic year at the [[College of Europe]] was named in his honour.

==Life==
The only son of Lt. Colonel H.P. Dawson and Mary Louisa, eldest daughter of [[William Latham Bevan|Archdeacon Bevan]], [[Hay Castle]], Dawson was brought up at [[Hartlington]] Hall, [[Yorkshire]]. He was educated at [[Winchester College]] and [[Trinity College, Oxford]]. He obtained 2nd class honours in Modern History at Oxford in 1911.<ref>''Oxford University Calendar 1913'', p. 192.</ref> After his degree he studied economics. He also read the work of the German theologian [[Ernst Troeltsch]]. His background was [[Anglo-Catholic]] but he became a [[Roman Catholic]] convert in 1914. In 1916 Dawson married Valery Mills, youngest daughter of the architect [[Walter Edward Mills]]. They had two daughters and one son.

==Writing==
He began publishing articles in ''The Sociological Review'', in 1920. His starting point was close to that of [[Oswald Spengler]] and [[Arnold J. Toynbee]], others who were also interested in [[grand narrative]]s conducted at the level of a [[civilisation]]. His first book, ''The Age of the Gods'' (1928), was apparently intended as the first of a set of five to trace European civilisation to the twentieth century, but the schematic plan was not followed to a conclusion.

His general point of view is as a proponent of an 'Old West' theory, the later term of [[David Gress]], who cites Dawson in his ''From Plato to Nato'' (1998). That is, Dawson rejected the blanket assumption that the [[Middle Ages]] in Europe failed to contribute any essential characteristics. He argued that the medieval [[Catholic Church]] was an essential factor in the rise of European civilisation, and wrote extensively in support of that thesis.

==Career==
Dawson was considered a leading Catholic historian. He was a Lecturer in the History of Culture, [[University of Exeter|University College, Exeter]] (1930–6), Forwood Lecturer in the Philosophy of Religion, [[University of Liverpool]] (1934), Gifford Lecturer at the [[University of Edinburgh]] (1947 and 1948), and Professor of Roman Catholic Studies, [[Harvard University]] (1958–62). He was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1943.<ref>''Who Was Who, 1961–70, London : A. & C. Black'', 1972, p.287.</ref>

From 1940 for a period he was editor of the ''[[Dublin Review (Catholic periodical)|Dublin Review]]''. He was Chauncey Stillman Chair of Roman Catholic Studies at Harvard University from 1958–1962.

==Influence==
His writings in the 1920s and 1930s made him a significant figure of the time, and an influence in particular on [[T. S. Eliot]], who wrote of his importance. He was on the fringe of '[[Oldham's Moot|The Moot]]', a discussion group involving Eliot, [[John Baillie (theologian)|John Baillie]], [[Karl Mannheim]], [[Walter Hamilton Moberly|Walter Moberly]], [[Michael Polanyi]], [[Marjorie Reeves]], [[Bernard Lonergan]] and [[Alexander Roper Vidler|Alec Vidler]];<ref>Reeves, Marjorie (editor). ''Christian Thinking and Social Order: Conviction Politics from the 1930s to the Present Day,'' p. 25, Cassell, 1999.</ref> and also the [[Sword of the Spirit]] [[ecumenical]] group. According to Bradley Birzer, Dawson also influenced the theological underpinnings of [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s writings.<ref>Birzer, Bradley J.''Tolkien's Sanctifying Myth'', p. 136, ISI Books, 2003.</ref> [[Russell Kirk]] was another who greatly admired Dawson, although the two men never met. The topical approach outlined by Dawson for the study of Christian culture forms the core of the [http://www.aquinas.edu/catholicstudies/ Catholic Studies] program at [[Aquinas College (Michigan)|Aquinas College]]. His work was influential in the founding of Campion College in NSW, Australia, and in the formation in 2012 of [http://www.dawsonsociety.com.au The Christopher Dawson Society for Philosophy and Culture Inc.] in Perth, Western Australia.

==Comparable historians==
As a revivalist of the Christian historian, Christopher Dawson has been compared with [[Kenneth Scott Latourette]] and [[Herbert Butterfield]].<ref>[[W. A. Speck|Speck, W. A.]] "Herbert Butterfield: The Legacy of a Christian Historian." In ''A Christian View of History?'', [[George Marsden]], [[Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]], 1975, p.100.</ref>
Comparisons have also been made between the work of Dawson and German sociologist and historian [[Max Weber]]. Both employ a metahistorical approach to their subjects, and their subjects themselves bear similarities; namely, the influence of religion on aspects of western culture.<ref>Weber, Max. ''The Protestant Ethic and the "Spirit" of Capitalism, and Other Writings.'' [[Penguin Books]], 2002, p. xx.</ref>

==Works==

===Books===
* ''The Age of Gods'' (1928). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2012)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laditQAACAAJ|title=The Age of the Gods|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|isbn=9780813219776|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Progress and Religion: An Historical Inquiry'' (1929). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2001)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb9AQzKYRPgC|title=Progress and Religion: An Historical Inquiry (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2001-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813210155|language=en}}</ref>
* [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015035313090 ''Christianity and the New Age''] (1931)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jq5KAAAAMAAJ|title=Christianity and the new age|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1931-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|language=en}}</ref><ref>Hittinger, Russell. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/ModernAge-1989q2-00372 "The Failure of Liberal Humanism,"] ''Modern Age,'' June 1989.</ref>
* ''The Making of Europe: An Introduction to the History of European Unity''. London: [[Sheed and Ward]], 1932. Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]], 2003.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015000353949|title=The making of Europe;an introduction to the history of European unity,|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1952-01-01|publisher=New York,}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/makingofeurope00daws#page/n5/mode/2up|title=Making of Europe|website=archive.org|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a99zdvANyGkC|title=The Making of Europe: An Introduction to the History of European Unity|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1932-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813210834|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Spirit of the [[Oxford Movement]]'' (1933)<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.amazon.com/spirit-Oxford-movement-Christopher-Dawson/dp/B00086UN1W|title=The spirit of the Oxford movement|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1934-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|edition=1st|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTk6YAAACAAJ|title=The Spirit of the Oxford Movement|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1934-01-01|publisher=AMS Press|isbn=9780404140250|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Enquiries into Religion and Culture'' (1933). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2009)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpyGBD9cIEYC|title=Enquiries Into Religion and Culture (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|last2=Royal|first2=Robert|date=2009-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813215433|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Medieval Religion and Other Essays'' (1935)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdFxNAAACAAJ|title=Medieval Religion and Other Essays|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1935-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Religion and the Modern State'' (1936)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/library/77331007/religion-and-the-modern-state|title=Religion and the Modern State by Christopher Dawson, 1935 - Online Research Library: Questia|website=www.questia.com|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref>
* ''Beyond Politics'' (1939)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qx9nQEACAAJ|title=Beyond Politics|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1941-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|language=en}}</ref>
* [http://artsandsciences.colorado.edu/ctp/tag/christopher-dawson/ ''The Claims of Politics''] (1939)
* ''The Judgment of the Nations'' (1942). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2011)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZ8q6qtvn0IC|title=The Judgment of the Nations|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2011-11-28|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813218809|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gifford Lectures]] 1947–49
** [http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPRCUL&Volume=0&Issue=0&ArticleID=1 ''Religion and Culture''] (1948) {{ISBN|0-404-60498-6}}
** [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=d5rTOQqqTywC&oi=fnd&pg=PT3&ots=ZIXY7AyEZK&sig=oUkU0f7OWJ1larZdARA1Hx1Sk70#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Religion and the Rise of Western Culture''] (1950) {{ISBN|0-385-42110-9}}
* ''Understanding Europe'' (1952). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2009)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Understanding_Europe_The_Works_of_Christ.html?id=QySlsAQ-IOQC|title=Understanding Europe (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2008-12-23|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813215440|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Medieval Essays'' (1954). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2002)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcDueTlRZoAC|title=Medieval Essays (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1954-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813210179|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Mongol Mission: Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries'' (1955)]. Republished in 1966 as ''Mission to Asia''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYiYAQAACAAJ|title=The Mongol Mission: Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1955-01-01|publisher=AMS Press|isbn=9780404170080|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Dynamics of World History'' (1957).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/dynamicsofworldh008899mbp#page/n9/mode/2up|title=The Dynamics Of World History|website=archive.org|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref> Edited by [[John J. Mulloy]] et al. Reissued by the [[Intercollegiate Studies Institute]] (2002).<ref>Royal, Robert. [http://staging.weeklystandard.com/Content/Protected/Articles/000/000/002/326nygug.asp "Dawson's History: Resurrecting the Work of Christopher Dawson,"] ''The Weekly Standard,'' Vol. VIII, N°. 26, 17 March 2003.</ref>
* ''The Movement of World Revolution'' (1959)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IErAAAAIAAJ|title=The movement of world revolution|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1959-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Progress and Religion: An Historical Enquiry'' (1960) with others Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2001)
* ''The Historic Reality of Christian Culture'' (1960)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.gy/books/about/The_Historic_Reality_of_Christian_Cultur.html?id=5-AIAQAAIAAJ&hl=en|title=The Historic Reality of Christian Culture: A Way to the Renewal of Human Life|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1960-01-01|publisher=Harper|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Crisis of Western Education: With Specific Programs for the Study of Christian Culture'' (1961). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2010)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0LOfd9WKAoC|title=The Crisis of Western Education (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2010-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813216836|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Dividing of Christendom'' (1965)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Dividing_of_Christendom.html?id=-i2KAAAAMAAJ|title=The Dividing of Christendom|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1967-01-01|publisher=Image Books|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Formation of Christendom'' (1967)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wS78LsGaZpkC|title=The Formation of Christendom|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Ignatius Press|isbn=9781586172398|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Gods of Revolution'' (1972)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngNoAAAAMAAJ|title=The gods of revolution|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1972-01-01|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Religion and World History: A Selection from the Works of Christopher Dawson'' (1975)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfMXAAAAIAAJ|title=Religion and World History: A Selection from the Works of Christopher Dawson|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1975-01-01|publisher=Image Books|isbn=9780385095518|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Christianity and European Culture: Selections from the Work of Christopher Dawson'' edited by [[Gerald J. Russello]] Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (1998)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/ChristianityAndCultureSelectionsFromTheWritingsOfChristopherDawson_989/dawsonChristianityAndCulture-SelectionsFromChristopherDawson_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "Christianity and Culture: Selections from the Writings of Christopher Dawson (updated 10/08, PDF)"|website=archive.org|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref>

===Selected articles===
* [https://stormfields.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/cd-first-article-1915.pdf "The Catholic Tradition and the Modern State,"] ''The Catholic Review'', January/March 1915.
* [http://www.unz.org/Pub/AmericanRev-1933apr-00036 "The Significance of Bolshevism,"] ''The American Review,'' April 1933.
* [http://www.unz.org/Pub/Scrutiny-1939sep-00136 "The Claims of Politics,"] ''Scrutiny,'' September 1939.
* [http://www.crisismagazine.com/2011/catholicism-and-the-bourgeois-mind "Catholicism and the Bourgeois Mind,"] ''Crisis Magazine,'' 27 December 2011.<ref>Stork, Thomas. [http://distributistreview.com/mag/2012/12/catholics-and-the-bourgeois-mind/ "Catholics and the Bourgeois Mind,"] ''The Distributist Review,'' 31 December 2012.</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Birzer, Brad. ''Sanctifying the World: The Augustinian Life and Mind of Christopher Dawson,'' Christendom Press, 2007.
* Birzer, Brad. [http://www.imaginativeconservative.org/2012/06/christopher-dawson-on-liberalism-part-i.html#.UQ2dbx2ZmSo "Christopher Dawson on Liberalism,"] [http://www.imaginativeconservative.org/2012/06/christopher-dawson-on-liberalism-part.html Part II,] [http://www.imaginativeconservative.org/2012/06/christopher-dawson-on-liberalism-part_07.html#.UQ2dKB2ZmSo Part III], ''The Imaginative Conservative,'' June 2012.
* Birzer, Brad. [http://www.crisismagazine.com/2012/the-liberal-arts-dawsons-prerequisite-for-the-reconstruction-of-christendom "The Liberal Arts: Dawson’s Prerequisite for the Reconstruction of Christendom,"] ''Crisis Magazine,'' 11 October 2012.
* Bliese, John R. E. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/ModernAge-1979q3-00259 "Christopher Dawson,"] ''Modern Age,'' Summer 1979.
* Caldecott, Stratford and Morril, John. ''Eternity in Time: Christopher Dawson and the Catholic Idea of History,'' T. & T. Clark, 1997.
* Fitzgibbon, George F. "The Cyclical Theory of Christopher Dawson," ''The American Catholic Sociological Review,'' Vol. 2, No. 1, Mar. 1941.
* Hart, Jeffrey. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/ModernAge-1997q3-00210 "Christopher Dawson and the History We Are Not Told,"] ''Modern Age,'' September 1997.
* Hittinger, Russell. [http://catholiceducation.org/articles/civilization/cc0048.html "Christopher Dawson on Technology and the Demise of Liberalism,"] ''CERC,'' 1993.
* Kirk, Russell. [http://www.kirkcenter.org/index.php/bookman/article/the-high-achievement-of-christopher-dawson/ "The High Achievement of Christopher Dawson,"] ''The University Bookman,'' Volume 47, Number 1, Winter 2010.
* Marshall, Caroline T. [http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2001/issue72/16.45.html "Modern Pioneers: Christopher Dawson, Champion of Christian Culture,"] ''Christianity Today,'' 10 January 2001.
* Olsen, Glenn W. [http://www.communio-icr.com/articles/PDF/olsen35-1.pdf "Why We Need Christopher Dawson,"] ''Communio,'' Vol. 35, Spring 2008.
* Olsen, Glenn W. "Christopher Dawson and the Renewal of Catholic Education," ''Logos,'' Volume 13, Number 3, Summer 2010.
* Parkes, H. B. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/Scrutiny-1937mar-00365 "Christopher Dawson,"] ''Scrutiny,'' March 1937.
* Quinn, Dermot. [http://www.humanitas.cl/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=262:christopher-dawson-historian-and-prophet-of-our-time-dermot-quinn&catid=89:dawson-y-la-filosofia-de-la-historia "Christopher Dawson: Historian and Prophet of Our Time,"] ''Humanitas,'' [n.d].
* Quinn, Dermot. [http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/dawsons-creed/ "Dawson’s Creed,"] ''The American Conservative,'' 1 February 2010.
* Russello, Gerald J. "Christopher Dawson's 'America and the Secularization of Modern Culture.'" ''Logos,'' Vol. 3, 2000.
* Russello, Gerald J. [http://www.crisismagazine.com/2011/christopher-dawson-on-christ-in-history "Christopher Dawson: Christ in History,"] ''Crisis Magazine,'' 27 December 2011.
* Schwartz, Adam. "Confronting the "Totalitarian Antichrist": Christopher Dawson and Totalitarianism," ''The Catholic Historical Review,'' Volume 89, Number 3, July 2003.
* Scott, Christina. ''A Historian and His World: A Life of Christopher Dawson, 1889-1970,'' Sheed & Ward, 1984.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Historian-His-World-Christopher-Conservative/dp/1560000139 www.amazon.com]</ref>
* Ward, Leo R. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/ModernAge-1973q4-00399 "Dawson on Education in Christian Culture,"] ''Modern Age,'' Fall 1973.

==External links==
* Catholic Education Resource Center: [http://www.catholiceducation.org/links/search.cgi Christopher Dawson].
* [http://www.dawsonsociety.com.au The Christopher Dawson Society for Philosophy and Culture Inc.]
* [http://www.stthomas.edu/libraries/special/rare/dawson/ The Christopher Dawson Collection]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309205249/http://www.deepsight.org/bibliog/dawbib.htm |date=9 March 2006 |title=Full Dawson Bibliography }}
* [http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2008/bbirzer_interview_feb08.asp Rediscovering Christopher Dawson: An Interview with Dr. Bradley J. Birzer]
* [http://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/DAWSON.TXT The Achievement of Christopher Dawson]
* Catholic Authors: [http://www.catholicauthors.com/dawson.html Christopher Dawson]
* [http://www.theimaginativeconservative.org/christopher-dawson-twofold-nature-of/#.UUNo7xeG2Sp Christopher Dawson: The Twofold Nature of Christian History]
* {{YouTube|S_tHH6Y4JKQ|Gleaves Whitney on Christopher Dawson}}
* [http://www.isi.org/lectures/lectures.aspx?SBy=search&SSub=title&SFor=christopher%20dawson Lectures on Christopher Dawson]
* [http://www.bennozuiddam.com Launch Christopher Dawson Centre, Hobart, Tasmania]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dawson, Christopher}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English historians]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Christian humanists]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism]]
[[Category:English Anglo-Catholics]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholic writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Harvard Divinity School faculty]]
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]
[[Category:People from Hay-on-Wye]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic writers]]
[[Category:Sociologists of religion]]

Chand Raat

2017-06-26T12:15:06Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Chand Raat Rawalpindi Raja Bazar.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by Yann (Copyright violation, see Commons:Commons:Licensing).

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}
'''''Chaand Raat''''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: চাঁদ রাত, {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''چاند رات'''}}}}, [[Hindi]]: चाँद रात; literally ''Night of the moon'') is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]] [[Figure of speech|locution]] used in [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] for the eve of the [[Muslim]] festival of [[Eid ul-Fitr]]; it can also mean a night with a full moon. Chaand Raat is a time of celebration when families and friends gather in open areas at the end of the last day of [[Ramadan]] to spot the [[new moon]], which signals the arrival of the [[Islam]]ic [[month]] of [[Shawwal]] and the day of Eid. Once the moon is sighted, people wish each other ''Chaand Raat Mubarak'' ("Have a blessed night of the new moon") or ''[[Eid Mubarak]]'' ("Blessings of the Eid day"). Women and girls decorate their hands with [[mehndi]] ([[henna]]), and people prepare desserts for the next day of Eid and do last rounds of shopping.<ref name="The News">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/212876-Chand-Raat-is-here-again|title=‘Chand Raat’ is here again|author=Jamila Achakzai|publisher=The News|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> City streets have a festive look, and brightly decorated malls and markets remain open late into the night.<ref name="Web Chutney">{{cite news|url=http://www.webchutney.pk/12-things-that-only-pakistanis-do-on-chand-raat/|title=12 Things That Only Pakistanis Do On Chand Raat|author=Adeela Akmal|publisher=Web Chutney|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/city-gears-for-chand-raat/articleshow/30303491.cms| title =City gears for Chand Raat|publisher =Times of India|accessdate =2009-08-01|date=5 December 2002}}</ref> ''Chaand Raat'' is celebrated festively and passionately by Muslims (and occasionally non-Muslims as well) all over South Asia, and in socio-cultural significance, is comparable to [[Christmas Eve]].

==Etymology==
[[Image:Chand raat.jpg|thumb|A ''Chaand Raat'' celebration in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]]]
The term is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] words ''candrá'' (चंद्र) "[[moon]]"<ref name="spokensanskrit.de (moon)">{{cite web|url =http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&tinput=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0&country_ID=&trans=Translate&direction=AU| title =चन्द्र, candra, moon|publisher =Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary|accessdate =2009-08-01}}</ref> and ''rā́tri'' (रात्रि) "[[night]]".<ref name="spokensanskrit.de (night)">{{cite web|url =http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=raatri&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes| title =रात्रि, raatri, night|publisher =Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary|accessdate =2009-08-01}}</ref>

==Background==
''Chaand Raat'' celebrations occur on the eve of Eid ul-Fitr, which is celebrated on the 1st of [[Shawwal]]. The beginning of an Islamic month depends on the first sighting of the lunar crescent and thus the month of Ramadan can be of either 29 or 30 days. The new moon is announced by the [[Ruet-e-Hilal Committee]] and Chaand Raat occurs on the same evening (on which first lunar crescent of the month of Shawwal is observed). As the exact day of Eid ul-Fitr is dependent on the moon sighting, Chaand Raat is considered more festive on Eid ul-Fitr than [[Eid ul-Adha]], which is known well in advance.

==Festivities==
As soon as the Ruet-e-Hilal Committee announces the sighting of the new moon, announcements are made from [[mosques]], television channels and radio stations. Festivities begin almost instantly and continue all night until the morning Fajr prayer. Entire families head out towards the local bazaars, markets and shopping malls. Women usually purchase items such as [[Shalwar Kameez]], bangles, jewellery and bags while men mostly concentrate on shoes. Gifts and sweets are brought for friends while toys are brought for children. Barbar shops and beauty parlors are also heavily visited in the evening in preparation for the following day. Women and girls decorate their hands with mehndi as well. Decorative lights are put up in markets as well as government buildings, banks and mosques. Chaand Raat also gives a chance for people to meet with friends and extended family.<ref name="Shugal.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.shughal.com/13-times-pakistanis-go-wild-on-every-chaand-raat/|title=13 Times Pakistanis Go Wild On Every Chaand Raat|author=S.K. Pakistan|publisher=Shugal.com|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Festivals in Pakistan]]
* [[Ruet-e-Hilal Committee]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.chandraat.com/ Official Chand Raat in Australia ]
*[http://www.faentertainments.com/ Official Chand Raat Mela in Virginia ]
*[http://moonsighting.com/ Moon sighting curves]

{{Eid}}

[[Category:Sawm]]
[[Category:Festivals of Bangladeshi culture]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Eid (Islam)]]
[[Category:Ramadan]]

Chand Raat

2017-06-26T12:15:02Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Chand Raat Karachi.jpg (en). It was deleted on Commons by Yann (Copyright violation, see Commons:Commons:Licensing).

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}
[[Image:Chand Raat Rawalpindi Raja Bazar.jpg|thumb|''Chand Raat'' festivities at [[Raja Bazar]], [[Rawalpindi]], Pakistan.]]
'''''Chaand Raat''''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: চাঁদ রাত, {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''چاند رات'''}}}}, [[Hindi]]: चाँद रात; literally ''Night of the moon'') is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Urdu]] and [[Hindi]] [[Figure of speech|locution]] used in [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] for the eve of the [[Muslim]] festival of [[Eid ul-Fitr]]; it can also mean a night with a full moon. Chaand Raat is a time of celebration when families and friends gather in open areas at the end of the last day of [[Ramadan]] to spot the [[new moon]], which signals the arrival of the [[Islam]]ic [[month]] of [[Shawwal]] and the day of Eid. Once the moon is sighted, people wish each other ''Chaand Raat Mubarak'' ("Have a blessed night of the new moon") or ''[[Eid Mubarak]]'' ("Blessings of the Eid day"). Women and girls decorate their hands with [[mehndi]] ([[henna]]), and people prepare desserts for the next day of Eid and do last rounds of shopping.<ref name="The News">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/212876-Chand-Raat-is-here-again|title=‘Chand Raat’ is here again|author=Jamila Achakzai|publisher=The News|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref> City streets have a festive look, and brightly decorated malls and markets remain open late into the night.<ref name="Web Chutney">{{cite news|url=http://www.webchutney.pk/12-things-that-only-pakistanis-do-on-chand-raat/|title=12 Things That Only Pakistanis Do On Chand Raat|author=Adeela Akmal|publisher=Web Chutney|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/lucknow-times/city-gears-for-chand-raat/articleshow/30303491.cms| title =City gears for Chand Raat|publisher =Times of India|accessdate =2009-08-01|date=5 December 2002}}</ref> ''Chaand Raat'' is celebrated festively and passionately by Muslims (and occasionally non-Muslims as well) all over South Asia, and in socio-cultural significance, is comparable to [[Christmas Eve]].

==Etymology==
[[Image:Chand raat.jpg|thumb|A ''Chaand Raat'' celebration in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]]]
The term is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] words ''candrá'' (चंद्र) "[[moon]]"<ref name="spokensanskrit.de (moon)">{{cite web|url =http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&tinput=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0&country_ID=&trans=Translate&direction=AU| title =चन्द्र, candra, moon|publisher =Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary|accessdate =2009-08-01}}</ref> and ''rā́tri'' (रात्रि) "[[night]]".<ref name="spokensanskrit.de (night)">{{cite web|url =http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=raatri&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes| title =रात्रि, raatri, night|publisher =Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary|accessdate =2009-08-01}}</ref>

==Background==
''Chaand Raat'' celebrations occur on the eve of Eid ul-Fitr, which is celebrated on the 1st of [[Shawwal]]. The beginning of an Islamic month depends on the first sighting of the lunar crescent and thus the month of Ramadan can be of either 29 or 30 days. The new moon is announced by the [[Ruet-e-Hilal Committee]] and Chaand Raat occurs on the same evening (on which first lunar crescent of the month of Shawwal is observed). As the exact day of Eid ul-Fitr is dependent on the moon sighting, Chaand Raat is considered more festive on Eid ul-Fitr than [[Eid ul-Adha]], which is known well in advance.

==Festivities==
As soon as the Ruet-e-Hilal Committee announces the sighting of the new moon, announcements are made from [[mosques]], television channels and radio stations. Festivities begin almost instantly and continue all night until the morning Fajr prayer. Entire families head out towards the local bazaars, markets and shopping malls. Women usually purchase items such as [[Shalwar Kameez]], bangles, jewellery and bags while men mostly concentrate on shoes. Gifts and sweets are brought for friends while toys are brought for children. Barbar shops and beauty parlors are also heavily visited in the evening in preparation for the following day. Women and girls decorate their hands with mehndi as well. Decorative lights are put up in markets as well as government buildings, banks and mosques. Chaand Raat also gives a chance for people to meet with friends and extended family.<ref name="Shugal.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.shughal.com/13-times-pakistanis-go-wild-on-every-chaand-raat/|title=13 Times Pakistanis Go Wild On Every Chaand Raat|author=S.K. Pakistan|publisher=Shugal.com|accessdate=25 June 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Festivals in Pakistan]]
* [[Ruet-e-Hilal Committee]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.chandraat.com/ Official Chand Raat in Australia ]
*[http://www.faentertainments.com/ Official Chand Raat Mela in Virginia ]
*[http://moonsighting.com/ Moon sighting curves]

{{Eid}}

[[Category:Sawm]]
[[Category:Festivals of Bangladeshi culture]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Eid (Islam)]]
[[Category:Ramadan]]

Don Tilley

2017-06-09T18:53:45Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing Commons:File:Don Tilley.png (en). It was deleted on Commons by Daphne Lantier (Copyright violation, see Commons:Commons:Licensing).

{{Multiple issues|{{orphan|date=June 2017}}{{dead end|date=June 2017}}{{notability|1=Academics|date=June 2017}}{{primary sources|date=June 2017}}}}'''Don T. Tilley''' (born in Norman, Oklahoma, November 22, 1954) is the Professor of Chemistry at University of California, Berkeley.

== Career ==
In 1977, Tilley received his B.S degree in chemistry from University of Texas. He earned his Ph.D. degree working on organolanthanide chemistry with Richard Andersen at UC Berkeley in 1982. He conducted a post-doctoral research stint working jointly with Bob Grubbs and John Bercaw at California Institute of Technology and with Luigi Venanzi and Piero Pino at ETH in Switzerland. He started his independent research lab at UC San Diego in 1983. In 1994, he was appointed as a Professor of Chemistry at UC Berkeley and as a Faculty Senior Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). Throughout his career, he has published over 370 papers on various subjects in materials, organometallic and inorganic chemistry. Tilley has also been serving as the North American Associate Editor for Chemical Communication, covering inorganic, organometallic and materials chemistry since 2005.
== Research ==
Tilley’s research group focuses on exploratory synthetic, structural, and reactivity studies on inorganic and organometallic systems. Catalysis and electronic materials are the main themes of his research group. Tilley’s research deals with: organometallic chemistry and homogenous catalysis, materials chemistry and heterogenous catalysis, organic electronic materials and supramolecular chemistry, and solar energy conversion. The different mechanisms of the reactions are investigated through reactivity studies. Metallocene catalysts that produce new polymers have been extensively explored by his team, and many new solid-state materials and heterogenous catalysts have been designed and developed.
[[File:Examples of Scandocene Catalysts.png|left|thumb|267x267px|'''Examples of Scandocene Catalysts''']]
[[File:Chemsketch sigma bond metathesis.png|left|thumb|'''Early Metal Catalysts for Conversions of Hydrocarbons via σ-Bond Metathesis'''
'''Scandocene Catalysts'''
]]
At UC San Diego, Tilley’s early career research focused on organometallic chemistry, particularly the chemistry of transition metal-silicon systems. A new polymerization mechanism for this system, “σ-bond metathesis”, was discovered through the investigations on early transition metal-silicon compounds. It was demonstrated that d0 metal-silicon bonds are highly reactive and can undergo rapid transformations <ref name=":0">Tilley, T. Don. "The coordination polymerization of silanes to polysilanes by a". sigma.-bond metathesis" mechanism. Implications for linear chain growth." ''Accounts of chemical research'' 26.1 (1993): 22-29.</ref>. Tilley’s mechanistic work led to the discovery of dehydropolymerization of hydrosilanes to polysilianes through early metal complex catalysts.

Other transition metal polymers were developed from this chemistry. For example, the first high molecular weight polystannanes were produced from the polymerization of secondary stannanes. Currently, homogenous catalysts for methane conversions via σ-bond metathesis are being developed using this chemistry. One notable example is a scandocene catalyst which can selectively hydromethylate olefins based on ligand composition<ref>Barros, Noémi, et al. "DFT investigation of the catalytic hydromethylation of α-olefins by metallocenes. 1. Differences between scandium and lutetium in propene hydromethylation." ''Organometallics'' 25.24 (2006): 5699-5708.</ref><ref>Barros, Noémi, et al. "DFT investigation of the catalytic hydromethylation of α-olefins by metallocenes. 1. Differences between scandium and lutetium in propene hydromethylation." ''Organometallics'' 25.24 (2006): 5699-5708.</ref><ref>Sadow, Aaron D., and T. Don Tilley. "Homogeneous catalysis with methane. A strategy for the hydromethylation of olefins based on the nondegenerate exchange of alkyl groups and σ-bond metathesis at scandium." ''Journal of the American Chemical Society'' 125.26 (2003): 7971-7977.</ref>. He also has conducted research on the synthesis, structure and function of transition metal complexes with silylene and other reactive silicon “intermediates” as ligands, such as in the dehydrocoupling of silanes <ref name=":0" />. Most of Tilley’s current research deals with solar energy conversion, where surface-attached catalysts on the nanoscale are being developed for possible new methods of generating solar energy. His research program is part of the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis at LBNL. Water oxidation, proton reduction to hydrogen, and CO2 reduction to hydrocarbons are the primary reactions of interest <ref>Wright, Robert J., Christopher Lim, and T. Don Tilley. "Diiron Proton Reduction Catalysts Possessing Electron‐Rich and Electron‐Poor Naphthalene‐1, 8‐dithiolate Ligands." ''Chemistry–A European Journal'' 15.34 (2009): 8518-8525.</ref>.

[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Norman, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:American chemists]]
[[Category:University of Texas alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]

Angelababy

2017-05-22T07:20:28Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:Angelababy2016.jpg (en). Deleted by Daphne Lantier (Copyright violation: www.zjstv.com/news/zjnews/201412/322814.html).

{{Chinese name|[[Yang (surname)|Yang]]}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor
| name = Angelababy
| image =
| chinesename = 杨颖
| caption = Angelababy in 2014
| pinyinchinesename = Yáng Yǐng
|ancestry = [[Shanghai]], [[China]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|02|28}}
| birth_place = [[Shanghai]], [[China]]
| religion =
| ethnicity = 3/4 [[Han Chinese]], 1/4 [[Germans|German]]
| occupation = [[Model (person)|Model]], [[Actor|Actress]]
| label =
| nationality = Chinese
| yearsactive = 2003–present
| spouse = [[Huang Xiaoming]] (m. 2015)
| hongkongfilmwards =
| goldenbauhiniaawards =
| hkfcsawards =
| goldenhorseawards =
| goldenroosterawards =
| ntsawards =
|children=1 (小海绵) (b. 2017)
|website=
|agentcompany=Style International Asia Cross Agency [[Avex Group]] [[Huayi Brothers]] AngelaBaby Studio
|alias=Baby AB
|alma mater=Canossian Sacred Heart Business College, [[Hong Kong]]
|hundredflowersawards=Best Supporting Actress Award
|awards=Chinese Film Media Awards for The most watched Actress Beijing Student Film Festival Most Popular Actress}}
'''Yang Ying''' (born 28 February 1989), better known by her stage name '''Angelababy''', is a Chinese-born model, actress, and singer based in Hong Kong. Her stage name came from the combination of her English name "Angela" and her nickname "Baby".<ref name="angelababy">{{cite web|url=https://www.dramafever.com/news/6-interesting-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-angelababy/%7B%5B%7Bnotification.object.url%7D%5D%7D|title=6 Interesting things you probably didn't know about Angelababy|website=dramafever|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> She is chosen by ''[[Southern Metropolis Daily]]'' as one of the [[Four Dan Actresses|New Four Dan Actresses]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smweekly.com/news/cover/201301/32220.aspx|title=10年之后再评花旦|last=|first=|date=|website=Southern Metropolis Daily|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Yang Ying was born on 28 February 1989 in Shanghai, to a father from Hong Kong, who is of half Chinese and half German descent, and a [[Shanghainese people|Shanghainese]] mother from Shanghai. Her birth name is '''Yang Ying''' (Cantonese: '''Yeung Wing'''). Her father runs a fashion business in Shanghai.<ref name="Q&A">{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/690328/qa-angelababy|title=Q&A: Angelababy|last=|first=|website=[[South China Morning Post]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> She gained an interest in fashion as a child under her father's influence. She said in an interview, "Even though he [her father] sells more mature clothes, I loved going to his store and trying on new outfits, and mixing and matching them. It was fun. I think that's how I developed a passion for fashion".<ref name="Q&A"/>

Yang moved to Hong Kong when she was thirteen,<ref name="Q&A"/> and signed a modeling contract with Style International Management at the age of 14.<ref name=angelababy /> Although her English name is Angela, she was sometimes called "Baby" during her primary and secondary school years. She combined these two names to form her stage name, Angelababy.<ref name="Q&A"/> She speaks [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Cantonese]], [[Shanghainese]] and English.<ref name="angelababy"/>

== Career ==

===2007–2012: Beginnings===
Angelababy debuted as an actress in the movie ''Trival Matters'' in 2007, where she had a 5-minute cameo in the film. She then starred in numerous films as supporting roles, as well as appearing in music videos. In 2011, Angelababy had her first leading role in the film ''[[Love You You]]'' alongside [[Eddie Peng]]. She sung a duet with [[JJ Lin]] titled "Bottom of the Heart" as part of the movie's soundtrack.

In 2012, Angelababy starred in ''[[Black & White Episode I: The Dawn of Assault]]''. She reunited with co-star [[Mark Chao]] in another film, ''[[First Time (2012 film)|First Time]]'', a remake of the 2003 Korean movie. Her performance garnered her Most Anticipated Actress award at the 13th [[Chinese Film Media Awards]].<ref name="film">{{cite web|url=http://english.sina.com/entertainment/2013/0820/620613.html|title=The 13th Chinese Film Media Awards|last=|first=|date=|website=Sina English|publisher=China Daily|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> The same year, she starred in kungfu comedy, ''[[Tai Chi O]]'' and its sequel ''[[Tai Chi Hero]]''.

===2013–2014: Rising popularity===
In 2013, Angelababy starred in [[Tsui Hark]]'s crime action film ''[[Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon]]'', playing a beautiful courtesan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2012-08/03/content_26117876.htm|title=Cast list of Tsui Hark's 'Di Renjie' revealed|last=|first=|date=|website=China.org.cn|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> She won the Most Popular Actress award at the 21st [[Beijing College Student Film Festival]].<ref name="dragon">{{cite web|url=http://english.cntv.cn/2014/05/12/VIDE1399846562841729.shtml|title=Beijing College Student Film Festival concludes|last=|first=|date=|website=CCTV|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> She then starred in ''[[Crimes of Passion (2013 film)|Crimes of Passion]]'' alongside [[Huang Xiaoming]] and Korean actor [[Jae Hee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/entertainment/2013-08/09/content_16883533.htm|title=Beijing College Student Film Festival concludes|last=|first=|date=|website=CCTV|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

In 2014, Angelababy joined the cast of ''[[Running Man China]]'', a spin-off from the South Korean variety program ''[[Running Man (TV series)|Running Man]]''. She gained widespread fame, and became a household name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.ifeng.com/a/20141025/40339775_0.shtml|title=《跑男》毁偶像包装 Angelababy全素颜出镜林更新打鼾|last=|first=|date=|website=ifeng|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The same year, she starred alongside fellow ''Running Man China'' cast [[Michael Chen]] in romance film ''[[Love on the Cloud]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.sina.com/entertainment/2014/1224/767228.html|title=Crimes of Passion premieres in Beijing|website=China Daily|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref>

Angelababy was crowned "Weibo Goddess", as well as "Weibo Queen" for the year 2014.<ref name="weibo">{{cite web|url=http://english.sina.com/entertainment/2015/0116/773846.html|title="Weibo Night" sets Guinness World Record for "Most mentions of an event on Weibo in 24 hours"|last=|first=|date=|website=Sina English|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> She also ranked 12th on [[Forbes China Celebrity 100|''Forbes'' China]] with an estimated income of 41 million yuan (US$6,604,000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/top10/2015-05/12/content_35547596.htm|title=Top 10 Chinese celebrities in 2015 by Forbes|last=|first=|date=|website=[[China Internet Information Center]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

===2015–present: International expansion===
In 2015, she starred alongside Ni Ni in ''[[Bride Wars (2015 film)|Bride Wars]]'', a remake of the 2009 [[Bride Wars|American film]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/asia/fox-international-and-bona-to-produce-chinese-bride-wars-remake-1201239463/|title=Fox International and Bona to Produce Chinese ‘Bride Wars’ Remake|website=Variety|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref> She made her Hollywood film debut in ''[[Hitman: Agent 47]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geekcrusade.com/news/angelababy-star-agent-47-movie/12755/|title=Angelababy to star in Agent 47 movie|website=Geek Crusade|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref> In September, Angelababy starred in her first television drama, ''[[Love Yunge from the Desert]]''.

The same year, Angelababy starred in ''[[Mojin: The Lost Legend]]'', based on the fantasy novel ''[[Ghost Blows Out the Light]]''. The film become the highest-grossing Chinese-language IMAX film in China, with {{USD|27.1 million}} (before being surpassed by ''[[The Mermaid (2016 film)|The Mermaid]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url= http://variety.com/2016/film/box-office/mojin-breaks-imax-record-in-china-exclusive-1201675689/|title= ‘Mojin’ Breaks IMAX Box Office Record in China (EXCLUSIVE)|first= Patrick|last= Frater|date= 8 January 2016|accessdate= 9 January 2016|work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Angelababy won the Best Supporting Actress award at the 33rd [[Hundred Flowers Awards]] for her role, but was criticized for her mediocre acting and lackluster performance.<ref name=global>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1008170.shtml|title=China's Golden Rooster & Hundred Flowers Film Festival faces 'popularity vs talent' controversy|website=Global Times|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref>

In 2016, Angelababy co-starred in suspense film ''[[Kill Time (film)|Kill Time]]''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.mtime.com/2015/11/19/1549180.html | title=《谋杀似水年华》曝概念海报 Angelababy阮经天主演定档2016情人节 |date=19 November 2015 |accessdate= 14 December 2015 |work= mtime}}</ref> and Hong Kong fantasy ''[[League of Gods]]''. She then played a major supporting role in Hollywood science fiction film, ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/angelababy-joins-independence-day-2-064200069.html|title=Angelababy joins "Independence Day 2"|website=Yahoo News|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatopix.com/articles/88132/20160522/independence-day-resurgence-news-chinese-actress-angelababy-to-co-star-in-hollywood-film-new-teaser-videos-released.htm|title=‘Independence Day: Resurgence’ News: Chinese Actress Angelababy to Co-Star in Hollywood Film; New Teaser Videos Released|website=China Topix|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref> The same year, she was listed as one of [[Forbes]]' inaugural 30 under 30 Asian Celebrities under the film, music, television and sport category<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/carolinehoward/2016/02/24/g-e-m-angelababy-soo-hyun-kim-and-the-actors-and-athletes-of-30-under-30-asia/#443115ba455b|title=G.E.M., Angelababy, Soo-hyun Kim And The Actors And Athletes Of 30 Under 30 Asia|website=Forbes|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref> Angelababy next starred in romance films ''[[Love O2O (film)|Love O2O]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/metro/entertainment-and-culture/Angelababy-stars-in-romance-film-Love-O2O/shdaily.shtml|title=Angelababy stars in romance film 'Love O2O'|website=Shanghai Daily|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref> and ''[[See You Tomorrow (2016 film)|See You Tomorrow]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.asiaone.com/news/showbiz/listers-tony-leung-takeshi-kaneshiro-and-angelababy-star-new-comedy|title=A-listers Tony Leung, Takeshi Kaneshiro and Angelababy star in new comedy|website=Asia One|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref>

In 2017, Angelababy starred alongside [[Wallace Chung]] in the historical drama, ''[[General and I]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/16/0216/15/BFV5OKG500031GVS.html|title=剧版《孤芳不自赏》将开机 Angelababy主演|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref> Although the drama received criticism for bad acting, the series achieved high ratings and over 17 billion online views.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chinafilminsider.com/no-emoji-acting-please-angelababy/|title=No More Emoji Acting Please, Angelababy|website=China Film Insider|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.163.com/17/0211/00/CCV2JO1L000187VI.html|title=《孤芳不自赏》高收视收官，背后有秘密|work=[[NetEase]]|access-date=2017-02-25}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Angelababy had been dating Chinese actor [[Huang Xiaoming]], who is 12 years her senior, for six years, but their relationship was not revealed to the public until February 2014. On 27 May 2015, they obtained their marriage certificate in [[Qingdao]], China<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/actors-huang-xiaoming-and-angelababy-marry-in-qingdao-planning-big-shanghai|title=Actors Huang Xiaoming and Angelababy marry in Qingdao, planning big Shanghai wedding: Report|last=|first=|website=[[The Straits Times]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> and their [[Marriage in China|wedding]] banquet took place in Shanghai on 8 October 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/actors-huang-xiaoming-and-angelababy-hold-fairy-tale-like-wedding | title=Actors Huang Xiaoming and Angelababy hold fairy-tale like wedding |date=2015-10-09 |accessdate= 2015-10-28 |website= [[The Straits Times]]}}</ref> The wedding banquet was reported to be one of the most lavish in China's history with a reported estimate of US$31 million.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/kristintablang/2015/10/19/inside-chinese-star-angelababy-huang-xiaoming-31-million-wedding-shanghai | title=Inside Chinese Star Angelababy's $31 Million Wedding in Shanghai |last=Tablang |first=Kristin |date=2015-10-19 |accessdate= 2015-10-28 |website= [[Forbes]]}}</ref> In the same month, Angelababy sued a [[Ruili]] clinic for US$80,000 for referring to her as a recipient of [[plastic surgery]]. An examination she underwent at a Beijing hospital concluded that her face showed no signs of prior surgical work.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-34536268 | title=Chinese actress Angelababy's face examined for court case |date=2015-10-15 |accessdate=2015-10-28 |website= [[BBC News]]}}</ref>

In October 2016, Huang and Angelababy announced her pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.com/13495431/angelababy-having-a-baby-extravagant-gifts/|title=Angelababy Is Having a Baby! What to Get the World’s Most Lavish Mom-to-Be|last=|first=|date=|website=vogue|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> She gave birth to their son nicknamed Little Sponge on [[17 January]] 2017 at the [[Hong Kong Adventist Hospital]] in [[Stubbs Road]], [[Happy Valley, Hong Kong]].<ref>[http://www.jaynestars.com/news/new-parents-huang-xiaoming-and-angelababy-greet-the-press/ New Parents Huang Xiaoming and Angelababy Greet the Press ]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/angelababy-and-huang-xiaoming-welcome-a-son-in-hong-kong|title=Actors Angelababy and Huang Xiaoming welcome a son in Hong Kong|last=|first=|website=The Straits Times|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-04-25|date=2017-01-17}}</ref>

==Other activities==
Angelababy has invested in several businesses; including a nail parlour, a cafe (with fellow Hong Kong actor [[Tony Leung Ka-fai]]) and a lifestyle store.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.qq.com/a/20110110/000089.htm|title=Angelababy进攻商界投资百万首开美甲店|last=|first=|website=Tencent|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.qq.com/a/20110820/000104.htm|title=Angelababy投资百万开咖啡店下月装修十月开幕|last=|first=|website=Tencent|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

In 2015, she set up her own venture capital fund, AB Capital. She then brought shares in Chinese overseas purchasing e-commerce site Ymatou and beverage brand HeyJuice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/tech/apps-gaming/article/1823741/chinese-actress-angelababy-uses-own-investment-fund-go-shopping|title=Chinese celeb Angelababy's investment fund goes on shopping spree for e-commerce site, juice-diet brand|last=|first=|website=South China Morning Post|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

In 2016, Angelababy entered the Hurun Philanthropy List, the youngest to be included. She and husband [[Huang Xiaoming]] donated US$2.6 million to a charity program initiated by Huang to help university graduates start a business or seek employment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.sina.com/buz/b/2016-06-08/doc-ifxsvenx3638287.shtml|title=Tencent founders top list of mainland’s most generous|last=|first=|website=Sina English|publisher=Shanghai Daily|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! English title
! Chinese title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2006
|''Under The Lion Rock Band Cream''
|狮子山下菊带霜
|student
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTk3NDk3MjI4.html|title=2006-Angelababy-《狮子山下-菊带霜》|last=|first=|date=|website=youku|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || ''Trivial Matters'' || 破事儿 || Tak Nga ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2009 || ''[[Short of Love]]'' || 矮仔多情 || Angel ||
|-
|''[[G-Force (film)|G-Force]]'' || 神机妙算 || || Voice-dubbed (Cantonese version)
|-
|rowspan=2|2010 || ''[[All's Well, Ends Well 2010]]'' || 花田喜事2010 || Princess Pearl of Flowerland ||
|-
| ''[[Hot Summer Days]]'' || 全城热恋 || Xiao Qi ||
|-
|rowspan=5|2011 || ''[[All's Well, Ends Well 2011]]'' || 最強喜事 || Better ||
|-
| ''[[Tangled]]'' || 魔髮奇緣 || Rapunzel || Voice-dubbed Cantonese version
|-
| ''[[The Founding of a Party]]'' || 建党伟业 || Xiao Fengxian ||
|-
| ''[[Love in Space (film)|Love in Space]]'' || 全球热恋 || Huang Mudan ||
|-
| ''[[Love You You]]'' || 夏日乐悠悠 || Xia Mi ||
|-
|rowspan=5|2012 || ''[[A Simple Life]]'' || 桃姐 || Herself || Guest
|-
| ''[[First Time (2012 film)|First Time]]'' || 第一次 || Song Shiqiao ||
|-
| ''[[Black & White Episode I: The Dawn of Assault]]'' || 痞子英雄 || Fan Ning ||
|-
| ''[[Tai Chi 0]]'' || 太极1：之零开始 || Chen Yuniang ||
|-
| ''[[Tai Chi Hero]]'' || 太极2: 英雄崛起 || Chen Yuniang ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2013 || ''Together'' || 在一起 ||Lin Shengnan ||
|-
| ''[[Crimes of Passion (2013 film)|Crimes of Passion]]'' || 一场风花雪月的事 || Yue Yue ||
|-
| ''[[Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon]]'' || 狄仁杰之神都龙王 || Yin Ruiji ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2014 || ''[[Temporary Family]]'' || 失戀急讓 || Lui Yuen-ping ||
|-
| ''[[Rise of the Legend]]'' || 黃飛鴻之英雄有夢 || Xiao Hua ||
|-
| ''[[Love on the Cloud]]'' || 微爱之渐入佳境 || Chen Xi ||
|-
|rowspan=5|2015 || ''[[Running Man (2015 film)|Running Man]]'' || 奔跑吧！兄弟 || Herself ||
|-
| ''[[You Are My Sunshine (2015 film)|You Are My Sunshine]]'' || 何以笙簫默 || He Yimei ||
|-
| ''[[Bride Wars (2015 film)|Bride Wars]]'' || 新娘大作战 || He Jing ||
|-
| ''[[Hitman: Agent 47]]'' || 代號47 || Diana Burnwood ||
|-
| ''[[Mojin: The Lost Legend]]'' || 鬼吹灯之寻龙诀 || Ding Sitian ||
|-
|rowspan=5|2016 || ''[[Kill Time (film)|Kill Time]]'' || 谋杀似水年华 || Tian Xiaomai ||
|-
| ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]'' || 天煞—地球反擊戰2 || Rain Lao||
|-
| ''[[League of Gods]]'' || 封神傳奇 || Lan Die ||
|-
| ''[[Love O2O (film)|Love O2O]]'' || 微微一笑很倾城 || Bei Weiwei ||
|-
| ''[[See You Tomorrow (2016 film)|See You Tomorrow]]'' || 摆渡人 || Ah Yu ||

|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! English title
! Chinese title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Love Yunge from the Desert]]'' || 大汉情缘之云中歌 || Hou Yunge ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[General and I]]'' || 孤芳不自赏 || Bai Pingting ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Entrepreneurial Age'' || 创业时代 || ||
|}

=== Variety ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Chinese Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2014–Present || ''[[Running Man China]]'' || 奔跑吧兄弟|| Cast ||
|}

== Discography ==

=== Singles ===
* 2010: Beauty Survivor
* 2010: Love Never Stops
* 2010: Everyday's A Beautiful Story
* 2011: Bottom of the Heart – ''[[Love You You]]'' OST (Sung with [[JJ Lin]])
* 2012: Can We Smile Together – ''[[First Time (2012 film)|First Time]]'' OST
* 2015: Today You Will Marry Me – ''[[Bride Wars (2015 film)|Bride Wars]]'' OST (Sung with [[Ni Ni]], [[Chen Xiao]] and Zhu Yawen)
* 2015: Green Luoqun – ''[[Love Yunge from the Desert]]'' OST

=== Compilation albums ===
* 2011: m-flo TRIBUTE ～stitch the future and past～ (Her song "Tripod Baby" is included)

===Music video===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Singer
!Notes
|-
|2008
|Ten Million Youth (千万少年)
|[[William Chan]]
|
|-
|2009
|恋の予感から
|レミオロメン(Remioromen)
|
|-
|2010
|Can't Stand It (受不了)
|[[Huang Xiaoming]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|If Only (可惜没如果)
|[[JJ Lin]]
|
|-
|Alphabet Song (字母歌)
|[[Deng Chao]]
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan=4|2013
| Hong Kong Film Award for Best Cinematography
| Most Charismatic Actress
|
|{{won}}
|
|-
|13th [[Chinese Film Media Awards]]
|Most Anticipated Actress
|''[[First Time (2012 film)|First Time]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=film />
|-
|1st China International Film Festival London
|Best Actress
|''[[Crimes of Passion (2013 film)|Crimes of Passion]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|9th Huading Awards
| Actress with the Most Media Popularity
|
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/ent/2013-04/11/c_124565820.htm|title=AngelaBaby华鼎奖领奖云彩低胸薄纱裹身秀曲线|website=Xinhua News Agency|accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|2014
|21st [[Beijing College Student Film Festival]]
|Most Popular Actress
|rowspan=2|''[[Young Detective Dee: Rise of the Sea Dragon]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=dragon />
|-
| 14th [[Chinese Film Media Awards]]
|Most Anticipated Actress
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|iQiyi All-Star Carnival
|Asian All-Rounded Idol
|
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.qq.com/a/20141208/018341.htm|title=Baby获亚洲全能偶像大奖大赞TFboys可爱|website=Tencent|accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2015
|12th Sina Weibo Awards Night
| Weibo Goddess, Weibo Queen
|
|{{won}}
|<ref name=weibo />
|-
||iQiyi All-Star Carnival
|Best Improvement of the Year
|
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.enorth.com.cn/system/2015/12/06/030676028.shtml|title=尖叫2016爱奇艺之夜颁奖盛典完全获奖名单(图)|website=Enorth.com.cn|accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=4|2016
|13th Sina Weibo Awards Night
| Outstanding Commonweal Figure
|
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/s/m/2016-01-08/doc-ifxnkkuv4195745.shtml|title=Baby晓明齐获"微博之夜"年度卓越公益人物|website=Sina|accessdate=2017-02-26}}</ref>
|-
|[[19th Huading Awards|19th]] [[Huading Awards]]
|Best Actress (Ancient)
| ''[[Love Yunge from the Desert]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|33rd [[Hundred Flowers Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress
|''[[Mojin: The Lost Legend]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=global />
|-
| 8th [[Macau International Movie Festival]]
|Best Actress
|''[[Kill Time (film)|Kill Time]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2854802|Angelababy}}
* [http://weibo.com/realangelababy Angelababy] on [[Sina Weibo]]
* [https://instagram.com/angelababyct Angelababy] on [[Instagram]]

{{Hundred Flowers Award Best Supporting Actress}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Angelababy}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Avex Group talents]]
[[Category:Chinese female models]]
[[Category:21st-century Hong Kong actresses]]
[[Category:Hong Kong female models]]
[[Category:Hong Kong entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Actresses from Shanghai]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Shanghai]]
[[Category:Hong Kong voice actresses]]
[[Category:People with acquired residency of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Chinese television actresses]]
[[Category:Chinese film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Chinese actresses]]
[[Category:Chinese people of German descent]]

Chaltmaagiin Battulga

2017-05-10T23:12:12Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:Kh.Battulga - President of Mongolian Judo Association.png , deleted by Daphne Lantier (Copyright violation, see Commons:Commons:Licensing).

{{multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=May 2017}}
{{dead end|date=May 2017}}
{{inline|date=May 2017}}
}}
'''Battulga Khaltmaa''' was born on 3 March 1963, and is a Mongolian citizen and politician with a business and sports background. Battulga served as Member of the [[Parliament of Mongolia|Parliament]] from 2004-2016. He is currently a Chairman of Mongolian Democratic Union, a caucus within the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]] (DP). Battulga previously acted as the Minister of Industry and Agriculture (2012-2014) and Minister of Roads, Transportation, Construction and Urban Development of Mongolia (2008-2012).

Battulga is an artist (painter) by training and 1978 Olympic [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]] Champion.

Battulga has eight children.

The book ''Genco Battulga That I Know'' by a Mongolian writer became a national best-seller since its publication in November 2015.

==Background==
Battulga is a second child. His father and mother are both from [[Ulaanbaatar]] city. The family was allocated a traditional “ger” in Yarmag ger district in Ulaanbaatar after they lost everything in the flood of [[Tuul River]] in 1966. Hence, Battulga grew up in the streets of Yarmag and went to a local secondary school. When he graduated from 8th grade, his teacher recommended that he apply to an arts school given his talents. Battulga graduated in 1982. While studying at the Arts School, Battulga sold his paintings to tourists around Bayangol Hotel area, learning sufficient English to help sell his artwork.

His father was a coach of Mongolian traditional wrestling and thus Battulga grew up wrestling. Battulga was a member of the Mongolian National wrestling team in 1979-1990. Battulga won the world cup championship in Ulaanbaatar in 1989. Wrestling allowed Battulga to travel internationally at a period, when travel abroad for Mongolians was not allowed. Battulga was awarded an Merited Sportsmen of Mongolia in 1995, thereafter being selected as the Chairman of Mongolian [[Judo]] Federation in 2006. Under Battulga’s leadership at the Judo Federation, Mongolian judokas became Olympic Champions for the first time in history.

In 1990, Battulga started sewing and selling jeans locally and in Hungary. This allowed him to make $600, sufficient to buy a video camera and to start an export-import business trading electronics from Singapore to Mongolia, Russia and Eastern Europe.<ref>Became national bestseller, 8 January 2016, http://www.gencobook.com/blog/-/2016/1/8
“24 Facts from the Biography of a Mongolian Millionaire: Kh.Battulga” by D.Undrakh, 24tsag.mn, 22 August 2012, http://www.24tsag.mn/content/17013.shtml </ref>

Battulga, like many others of his generation was fascinated with ''[[The Godfather]]'' movie. Thus, he named his first company Genco. This nickname has stuck with him ever since.

Genco acquired controlling interests during the privatization of state-owned assets such as Bayangol Hotel and meat-processing factory Makh-Impex in 1997 and 1999 respectively. In the 1990s Genco group started one of the first taxi businesses in Mongolia called City Taxi, retail store operations under Sapporo name, lottery business, restaurant and night club operations, flour milling and bread making factory Talkh Chikher LLC.

==Political views==

In 2004, Battulga became a Member of Parliament for the first time from [[Bayankhongor Province|Bayankhongor province]]. He was re-elected to parliament in 2008 and 2012.

Battulga believes that every Mongolian citizen should benefit from its mineral wealth according to article 6.1 of the [[Constitution of Mongolia]], under which mineral resources are to be developed in consideration of ensuring the nation's economic security and the development of all forms of property and social development of the population. Due to landlocked geography of Mongolia, Battulga views that a unified railway network would enhance the global competitiveness of its national mining industry by creating multiple access points through which the country can target multiple inland and seaborne markets. Furthermore, Battulga believes, given the cyclical nature of commodity markets, industrial clusters designed to do value-add processing of mineral products should be established to create skilled jobs, introduce downstream industrial technologies and diversify the economy, enhancing local purchasing power that would create economic multiplier effect in housing, services and other economic sectors. Battulga thinks that agriculture has a prominent place in diversifying the economy as Mongolia is rich in livestock, about 60 million, with largest consumers of agricultural products as its neighbors. He believes cashmere and leather products could be successfully marketed internationally because of the scarcity factor.

Recognizing these principles, Battulga sponsored the State Policy of Railway Transportation of Mongolia (“Railway Policy”) with the Parliament approving it with 84% votes in 24 June 2010 to construct 5,600 km railway base infrastructure in three phases that calls for providing access to multiple seaports in China and Russia, creating three transportation corridors between China, Russia and Europe, as well as establishing and industrial cluster in Sainshand.

Battulga acknowledges that limited human resources and financial capability of Mongolia requires multilateral international participation in the development of the economy, rather than making bilateral arrangement with its neighbors. Battulga strongly opposes control of mineral resources by a few politically connected businessmen reaping of great profits and increase income gap between the rich and the poor, potentially creating political and social instability in the country. For example, as the Minister responsible for development of infrastructure and industrial projects, Battulga encouraged participation of international companies in the development of business cases, feasibility and necessary detailed engineering studies, resulting in selection of Bechtel Enterprises, BNP Paribas, Deutsche Bank, Guggenheim, Fluor, McKinsey & Company, Nippon Koei, Pillsbury Winthrop Pittman Shaw LLP, Samsung, Sidley Austin LLP, Taylor Wessing. As a result, many international companies have expressed their interest to invest, provide technologies and construction services, such as Air Liquide (France), Baotou Steel (China), Dandong Port (China), Overseas Infrastructure Alliance (India), OAO Russian Railways (Russia), Rao UES (Russia), Sembcorp (Singapore), Sinohydro (China), Steel Authority of India Limited (India), among many others.

<ref> “Stories Behind Imprisonments” by G.Mongon, Eagle.com, 27 November 2015, http://old.eagle.mn/content/read/37605.htm
Corporate website Talkh Chikher LLC, http://talkh-chikher.mn/#page-home
Constitution of Mongolia, Article 5.4, 13 January 1992, http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/6a6a23469e136afaa4860bf5869f6f8f659c6688.pdf </ref>

On 3 November 2012, the Government of Mongolia announced that it resolved to build 1,800 km railway infrastructure integrating Phase 1 and 2 of the Railway Policy. Stakeholders such as Hong Kong listed Mongolian Mining Corporation greeted such government policy in its press release stating that the policy is particularly beneficial for Mongolian coal exporters.

Battulga was instrumental in background coordination for preparation work and ultimate signing of a Memorandum of Cooperation between Governments of Mongolia and Japan during official visit of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in 22 October 2015. This memorandum expresses intention of Japan to invest in the construction of railway infrastructure from Tavan Tolgoi coal mine to Sainshand railway line connecting it to the Trans-Mongolian Railway Network and providing access to Chinese and Russian seaports. Furthermore, plans have been made for Chinese, Russian and Japanese investments in financing the railway in exchange of coking coal sourcing from Mongolia. Investment blueprint and roadmap was agreed with the Japanese government, Japan Bank for International Cooperation and Japanese major trading companies.

Battulga believes foreign direct investment on balanced terms is an important catalyzer for Mongolia’s economic development and job creation. His policies has been aimed at enhancing fair, transparent and reciprocal trade.

Battulga criticizes Mongolian economy’s heavy dependence on a single trade partner, thus faces fierce opposition and attacks from shareholders and stakeholders of coal miners.

==Social contributions==
Battulga sponsored construction of Chingis Khan Equestrian Statue near Ulaanbaatar to celebrate national pride. The statue became one of the main tourist attraction sights.

Battulga is also the President of Mongolian Judo Association. Under his guidance, Mongolian judoka Tuvshinbayar Naidan became an Olympic Judo Champion in Beijing 2008 and many other successful judokas that have become national heroes. Thanks to these successes judo has become one of the most popular sports in Mongolia.

<ref> Land Locked Countries Conference, Ministry of Roads and Transportation of Mongolia, June 2014, http://www.lldc2conference.org/custom-content/uploads/2014/06/8-Mr.-Yo.-Manlaibayar-MRT_Railways_WTO-meeting_eng.pdf
Mongolian Mining Corporation, Announcement On The Government Of Mongolia’s Decision On Unified Railway Network Development, 4 November 2012, http://www.mmc.mn/admin/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Announcement_on_the_government_of_Mon_eng.pdf </ref>

<ref> Genghis Khan Rules Mongolia Again, in a P.R. Campaign, New York Times, 2 August 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/03/world/asia/03genghis.html
Mongolian Judo: From Tradition to Modernity, 10 August 2013, http://judotalk.com/profiles/blogs/mongolian-judo-from-tradition-to-modernity </ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Democratic Party (Mongolia) politicians]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ulaanbaatar]]
{{improve categories|date=May 2017}}

Chaltmaagiin Battulga

2017-05-10T23:12:10Z

Filedelinkerbot: Bot: Removing c:File:Kh.Battulga's morning exercise during Chinese president's visit in Ulaanbaatar.png , deleted by Daphne Lantier (Copyright violation, see Commons:Commons:Licensing).

{{multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=May 2017}}
{{dead end|date=May 2017}}
{{inline|date=May 2017}}
}}
'''Battulga Khaltmaa''' was born on 3 March 1963, and is a Mongolian citizen and politician with a business and sports background. Battulga served as Member of the [[Parliament of Mongolia|Parliament]] from 2004-2016. He is currently a Chairman of Mongolian Democratic Union, a caucus within the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]] (DP). Battulga previously acted as the Minister of Industry and Agriculture (2012-2014) and Minister of Roads, Transportation, Construction and Urban Development of Mongolia (2008-2012).

Battulga is an artist (painter) by training and 1978 Olympic [[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]] Champion.

Battulga has eight children.

The book ''Genco Battulga That I Know'' by a Mongolian writer became a national best-seller since its publication in November 2015.

==Background==
Battulga is a second child. His father and mother are both from [[Ulaanbaatar]] city. The family was allocated a traditional “ger” in Yarmag ger district in Ulaanbaatar after they lost everything in the flood of [[Tuul River]] in 1966. Hence, Battulga grew up in the streets of Yarmag and went to a local secondary school. When he graduated from 8th grade, his teacher recommended that he apply to an arts school given his talents. Battulga graduated in 1982. While studying at the Arts School, Battulga sold his paintings to tourists around Bayangol Hotel area, learning sufficient English to help sell his artwork.

His father was a coach of Mongolian traditional wrestling and thus Battulga grew up wrestling. Battulga was a member of the Mongolian National wrestling team in 1979-1990. Battulga won the world cup championship in Ulaanbaatar in 1989. Wrestling allowed Battulga to travel internationally at a period, when travel abroad for Mongolians was not allowed. Battulga was awarded an Merited Sportsmen of Mongolia in 1995, thereafter being selected as the Chairman of Mongolian [[Judo]] Federation in 2006. Under Battulga’s leadership at the Judo Federation, Mongolian judokas became Olympic Champions for the first time in history.

In 1990, Battulga started sewing and selling jeans locally and in Hungary. This allowed him to make $600, sufficient to buy a video camera and to start an export-import business trading electronics from Singapore to Mongolia, Russia and Eastern Europe.<ref>Became national bestseller, 8 January 2016, http://www.gencobook.com/blog/-/2016/1/8
“24 Facts from the Biography of a Mongolian Millionaire: Kh.Battulga” by D.Undrakh, 24tsag.mn, 22 August 2012, http://www.24tsag.mn/content/17013.shtml </ref>

Battulga, like many others of his generation was fascinated with ''[[The Godfather]]'' movie. Thus, he named his first company Genco. This nickname has stuck with him ever since.

Genco acquired controlling interests during the privatization of state-owned assets such as Bayangol Hotel and meat-processing factory Makh-Impex in 1997 and 1999 respectively. In the 1990s Genco group started one of the first taxi businesses in Mongolia called City Taxi, retail store operations under Sapporo name, lottery business, restaurant and night club operations, flour milling and bread making factory Talkh Chikher LLC.

==Political views==

In 2004, Battulga became a Member of Parliament for the first time from [[Bayankhongor Province|Bayankhongor province]]. He was re-elected to parliament in 2008 and 2012.

Battulga believes that every Mongolian citizen should benefit from its mineral wealth according to article 6.1 of the [[Constitution of Mongolia]], under which mineral resources are to be developed in consideration of ensuring the nation's economic security and the development of all forms of property and social development of the population. Due to landlocked geography of Mongolia, Battulga views that a unified railway network would enhance the global competitiveness of its national mining industry by creating multiple access points through which the country can target multiple inland and seaborne markets. Furthermore, Battulga believes, given the cyclical nature of commodity markets, industrial clusters designed to do value-add processing of mineral products should be established to create skilled jobs, introduce downstream industrial technologies and diversify the economy, enhancing local purchasing power that would create economic multiplier effect in housing, services and other economic sectors. Battulga thinks that agriculture has a prominent place in diversifying the economy as Mongolia is rich in livestock, about 60 million, with largest consumers of agricultural products as its neighbors. He believes cashmere and leather products could be successfully marketed internationally because of the scarcity factor.

Recognizing these principles, Battulga sponsored the State Policy of Railway Transportation of Mongolia (“Railway Policy”) with the Parliament approving it with 84% votes in 24 June 2010 to construct 5,600 km railway base infrastructure in three phases that calls for providing access to multiple seaports in China and Russia, creating three transportation corridors between China, Russia and Europe, as well as establishing and industrial cluster in Sainshand.

Battulga acknowledges that limited human resources and financial capability of Mongolia requires multilateral international participation in the development of the economy, rather than making bilateral arrangement with its neighbors. Battulga strongly opposes control of mineral resources by a few politically connected businessmen reaping of great profits and increase income gap between the rich and the poor, potentially creating political and social instability in the country. For example, as the Minister responsible for development of infrastructure and industrial projects, Battulga encouraged participation of international companies in the development of business cases, feasibility and necessary detailed engineering studies, resulting in selection of Bechtel Enterprises, BNP Paribas, Deutsche Bank, Guggenheim, Fluor, McKinsey & Company, Nippon Koei, Pillsbury Winthrop Pittman Shaw LLP, Samsung, Sidley Austin LLP, Taylor Wessing. As a result, many international companies have expressed their interest to invest, provide technologies and construction services, such as Air Liquide (France), Baotou Steel (China), Dandong Port (China), Overseas Infrastructure Alliance (India), OAO Russian Railways (Russia), Rao UES (Russia), Sembcorp (Singapore), Sinohydro (China), Steel Authority of India Limited (India), among many others.

<ref> “Stories Behind Imprisonments” by G.Mongon, Eagle.com, 27 November 2015, http://old.eagle.mn/content/read/37605.htm
Corporate website Talkh Chikher LLC, http://talkh-chikher.mn/#page-home
Constitution of Mongolia, Article 5.4, 13 January 1992, http://www.unesco.org/education/edurights/media/docs/6a6a23469e136afaa4860bf5869f6f8f659c6688.pdf </ref>

On 3 November 2012, the Government of Mongolia announced that it resolved to build 1,800 km railway infrastructure integrating Phase 1 and 2 of the Railway Policy. Stakeholders such as Hong Kong listed Mongolian Mining Corporation greeted such government policy in its press release stating that the policy is particularly beneficial for Mongolian coal exporters.

Battulga was instrumental in background coordination for preparation work and ultimate signing of a Memorandum of Cooperation between Governments of Mongolia and Japan during official visit of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in 22 October 2015. This memorandum expresses intention of Japan to invest in the construction of railway infrastructure from Tavan Tolgoi coal mine to Sainshand railway line connecting it to the Trans-Mongolian Railway Network and providing access to Chinese and Russian seaports. Furthermore, plans have been made for Chinese, Russian and Japanese investments in financing the railway in exchange of coking coal sourcing from Mongolia. Investment blueprint and roadmap was agreed with the Japanese government, Japan Bank for International Cooperation and Japanese major trading companies.

Battulga believes foreign direct investment on balanced terms is an important catalyzer for Mongolia’s economic development and job creation. His policies has been aimed at enhancing fair, transparent and reciprocal trade.

Battulga criticizes Mongolian economy’s heavy dependence on a single trade partner, thus faces fierce opposition and attacks from shareholders and stakeholders of coal miners.

==Social contributions==
[[File:Kh.Battulga - President of Mongolian Judo Association.png|thumb|Kh.Battulga - President of Mongolian Judo Association]]

Battulga sponsored construction of Chingis Khan Equestrian Statue near Ulaanbaatar to celebrate national pride. The statue became one of the main tourist attraction sights.

Battulga is also the President of Mongolian Judo Association. Under his guidance, Mongolian judoka Tuvshinbayar Naidan became an Olympic Judo Champion in Beijing 2008 and many other successful judokas that have become national heroes. Thanks to these successes judo has become one of the most popular sports in Mongolia.

<ref> Land Locked Countries Conference, Ministry of Roads and Transportation of Mongolia, June 2014, http://www.lldc2conference.org/custom-content/uploads/2014/06/8-Mr.-Yo.-Manlaibayar-MRT_Railways_WTO-meeting_eng.pdf
Mongolian Mining Corporation, Announcement On The Government Of Mongolia’s Decision On Unified Railway Network Development, 4 November 2012, http://www.mmc.mn/admin/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Announcement_on_the_government_of_Mon_eng.pdf </ref>

<ref> Genghis Khan Rules Mongolia Again, in a P.R. Campaign, New York Times, 2 August 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/03/world/asia/03genghis.html
Mongolian Judo: From Tradition to Modernity, 10 August 2013, http://judotalk.com/profiles/blogs/mongolian-judo-from-tradition-to-modernity </ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Democratic Party (Mongolia) politicians]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ulaanbaatar]]
{{improve categories|date=May 2017}}