Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Nick Pitera

2012-04-15T20:51:36Z

Fetchcomms: rm

'''Nick Pitera''' (born 1986) is an American vocal artist with an extensive vocal range who has become well-known principally through the release of multi-octave range [[YouTube]] videos, several of which have gone [[viral video|viral]].<ref name=sfc20110509/>

{{asof|2011|05}}, Pitera, age 25, also works an animator at [[Pixar Studios]].<ref name=sfc20110509/>

Pitera "is capable of hitting all the high notes in dazzling covers of songs by the likes of [[Leona Lewis]], [[Mariah Carey]] and, in his most popular clip, both Aladdin and Jasmine on '[[A Whole New World]],' from the movie '[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]].'"<ref name=sfc20110509/>

In 2012, Pitera released a medley cover of [[Andrew Lloyd Weber]] songs entitled "One Man Phantom of the Opera."<ref name=bw20120201>
{{cite news |title=Nick Pitera Sings One-Man PHANTOM OF THE OPERA Medley |url=http://broadwayworld.com/article/STAGE-TUBE-Nick-Pitera-Sings-One-Man-PHANTOM-OF-THE-OPERA-Medley-20120201 |accessdate=2012-02-21 |newspaper=Broadway World |work=Stage Tube |date=2012-02-01 }}</ref>

==Viral video release==

In 2011, Pitera released "One Man Disney Movie" using a "'Brady Bunch'-style grid" to perform "an eight-minute-plus mashup of songs from various big-screen musical fairy tales, from "[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]" to "[[Tangled]]," taking on the roles of the heroes, heroines, villains, sidekicks and their furry choirs."<ref name=sfc20110509>
{{cite news |last=Vaziri|first=Aidin |title=Pixar's Nick Pitera becomes YouTube singing star |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/05/08/DDJU1JBT8E.DTL |accessdate=2012-02-13 |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=2011-05-09 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Persondata
| NAME = Pitera, Nick
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1986
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pitera, Nick}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Internet personalities]]
[[Category:American singers]]

{{US-singer-stub}}

Jacob 2/2

2012-03-17T20:10:31Z

Fetchcomms: /* Characters */ rm--very close paraphrasing to http://www.jacob-two-two.com/characters.htm

{{Infobox television
| show_name = Jacob Two-Two
| genre = [[Animation]], [[Comedy]], [[Educational]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| setting = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]
| country of origin = [[Canada]]
| starring = Billy Rosemberg [[Marc McMulkin]] [[Kaitlin Howell]] [[Jeff Berg]] [[Jocelyn Barth]] [[Harvey Atkin]] [[Janet-Laine Green]] [[Julie Lemieux]] [[Kristopher Clark]] Dwayne Hill [[Fiona Reid]] Howard Jerome [[Bret "The Hitman" Hart ]] [[James Rankin]]
|Narrated by = Billy Rosemberg
| company = [[Nelvana]] {{small|(Season 1-4)}} [[9 Story Entertainment]] {{small|(Season 5-present)}} [[Salter Street Films]] {{small|(Season 1-2)}}
| num_seasons = 5
| num_episodes = 61
| list_episodes = List of Jacob Two-Two (TV series) episodes
| network={{flagicon|USA}} [[qubo]] ([[English language|English]]) [[Telemundo]] ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]) {{flagicon|Canada}} [[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]]/[[Nickelodeon Canada|Nickelodeon]] ([[English language|English]]) [[VRAK.TV]] ([[French language|French]])
| first_aired = September 1, 2003
| last_aired = present
| staus = Hiatus
}}

'''''Jacob Two-Two''''' is a [[Canadian]] animated TV series based on a [[Jacob Two-Two|trilogy of books]] written by [[Mordecai Richler]] that first aired on Canadian children's channel [[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]] and aired on the French Canadian [[VRAK.TV]] as '''''Jacob Jacob''''' and in Spanish on [[Telemundo]] as '''''Jacobo Dos Dos'''''. It was produced by [[Nelvana]]; before being put on hiatus in 2005, it has 61 episodes. It has recently been revived by [[9 Story Entertainment]], and new episodes are currently in production. The show aired on ''[[qubo]]'', a 24 hour children's television channel. It is also showing on [[Jetix UK]] from April 14, 2007 and showing on the [[CITV Channel]] in the UK from Spring 2006. The series is set in the Canadian city of [[Montreal]] and follows Jacob Two-Two and his friends on their wild adventures, most of which are one-shots that are resolved in a single episode.

==Episodes==
{{main|List of Jacob Two-Two (TV series) episodes}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jacob-two-two.com/ The official ''Jacob Two Two'' website]
* [http://www.ytv.com/programming/shows/jacob_two_two/ ''Jacob Two Two'' on YTV]
* [http://www.qubo.com/index.php?path=schedule The ''qubo'' schedule webpage]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacob Two-Two (Tv Series)}}
[[Category:YTV shows]]
[[Category:Telemundo network shows]]
[[Category:NBC network shows]]
[[Category:Qubo]]
[[Category:Television programs based on children's books]]
[[Category:2003 Canadian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Canadian children's television series]]
[[Category:Flash cartoons]]

[[es:Jacobo Dos Dos]]
[[fr:Jacob Jacob]]
[[it:Jacob due due]]
[[nl:Jacob Dubbel]]
[[pl:Jakub Jakub]]
[[pt:Jacó Dois-Dois]]
[[sv:Jakob Två-Två]]

Scheide Library

2011-12-29T06:39:36Z

Fetchcomms: ce

The '''Scheide Library''' is a private library associated with the Department of Rare Books and Special Collections of the [[Princeton University Library]]. It is housed in the Harvey S. Firestone Memorial Library on the campus of [[Princeton University]].<ref>http://www.princeton.edu/~rbsc/department/scheide/</ref> The Scheide Library is possibly the finest privately-owned collection of rare books and manuscripts in the Western Hemisphere. It is the only library outside of Europe to possess all four of the first printed bibles: The [[Gutenberg Bible]], the 1460 Bible (or [[Mentelin]] Bible), the 36-Line Bible, and the 1462 Bible. Other notable holdings include manuscripts by [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[J.S. Bach]], and [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], a copy of the [[Declaration of Independence]], and first editions of [[Shakespeare]], and [[Milton]].<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/10/arts/collector-assembles-a-rare-quartet-of-bibles.html?pagewanted=all</ref> The library also holds significant collections of medieval manuscripts and [[incunabula]], printed books on travel and exploration, and Americana.<ref>http://www.princeton.edu/~rbsc/department/scheide/</ref>

The Scheide Library was assembled by three generations of collectors, William T. Scheide, his son, John H. Scheide, and grandson, William H. Scheide, who founded the Bach Aria Group, credited with reviving interest in Bach's cantatas.<ref>http://paw.princeton.edu/issues/2009/02/11/pages/3319/index.xml</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons cat|Princeton University Library}}
* [http://www.princeton.edu/~rbsc/department/scheide/ Official website]
* [http://libguides.princeton.edu/libraryguide Guide to the Princeton University Library]
{{coord|40.349496|-74.657367|region:US-NJ_type:landmark|display=title}}

{{Princeton}}

[[Category:Princeton University]]
[[Category:Libraries in New Jersey]]

Joe Hahn

2011-08-14T03:35:37Z

Fetchcomms: histmerge complete

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Joe Hahn
| image = Joe Hahn.jpg
| caption = Hahn performing live as a part of Linkin Park at RaR 2001.
| image_size = 250
| landscape = Yes
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| Website = www.joehahn.com
| alias =
| Born = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1977|3|15}} [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]], [[United States|USA]]
| instrument = [[Phonograph|Turntables]], [[Sampler (musical instrument)|sampler]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]], [[backing vocals]]
| genre = [[Rap metal]], [[nu metal]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], [[electronica]]
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[music video director]], [[Painting|painter]]
| years_active = 1996-present
| label = [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
| associated_acts = [[Linkin Park]], [[Fort Minor]]
}}

'''Joseph "Joe" Hahn''' (born March 15, 1977), better known by his stage name, '''Mr. Hahn''', is an [[United States|American]] [[Turntablism|turntablist]] and [[film director|director]] best known as the [[Disc jockey|DJ]] and sampler for the band [[Linkin Park]].

==Personal Biography==

Joseph "Joe" Hahn was born the youngest of three children (he has two older sisters)<ref name="'Joe Hahn'">[http://www.lpamerican.com/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=32&lang=en 'Joe Hahn'] (2011) ''Linkin Park American''. Accessed 2011-02-18.</ref> on March 15, 1977 in [[Dallas, Texas]], but he grew up in [[Glendale, California]].<ref name="'Joe Hahn'"/><ref name=mc>[http://www.monstersandcritics.com/movies/news/article_1397174.php/Linkin_Park%E2%80%99s_Joseph_Hahn_releases_The_Seed_on_iTunes Linkin Park's Joseph Hahn releases The Seed on iTunes]. ''Monsters & Critics''. March 27, 2008. Retrieved on March 21, 2010.</ref> Hahn is a second generation [[Korean American]].<ref name=chosun>Han Hyun-Woo."[http://web.archive.org/web/20080415120848/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200310/200310230027.html A Band's Linkin Korea]". ''Chosun Ilbo''. October 23, 2003. Retrieved on March 21, 2010.</ref>

Hahn graduated from Herbert Hoover High School in Glendale in 1995. He then studied at the Art Center of College of Design in Pasadena but did not graduate.<ref>[http://www.fanpix.net/gallery/joseph-hahn-pictures.htm 'Joseph Hahn Pictures'] (2011) ''Fanpix.net''. Accessed 2011-02-18.</ref>

On February 15, 2005, Hahn married Karen Benedit; the couple divorced in 2009.<ref>[http://www.linkinlady.net/2005/05/karen.html 'Karen Benedit'] (May 3, 2005) ''Linkinlady.net''. Accessed 2011-02-18.</ref>

==Career Biography==

Hahn began deejaying in high school,<ref name=pdi>Marinel. R. Cruz. "[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B1s1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=kiUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=703,37182279&dq=hahn+pasadena+xero&hl=en Curse-free music for the young and the restless]". ''Philippine Daily Inquirer''. June 2, 2002. 27.</ref> and he studied illustration at the [[Art Center College of Design]] in [[Pasadena, California]].<ref name=mc/> In college, he met [[Mike Shinoda]], and joined his band Xero, which later became known as [[Linkin Park]].<ref name=pdi/>

Hahn and Shinoda guested in [[The X-Ecutioners]]' hit single "[[It's Goin' Down (X-Ecutioners song)|It's Going Down]]".<ref>Alex Pappademas. "[http://books.google.com/books?id=CleCKauyN34C&pg=PA70&dq=hahn+%22x-ecutioners%22&hl=en&ei=fcivS53wE4LeNc39wJkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=hahn%20%22x-ecutioners%22&f=false RK 101-LP: How to Succeed in Rock'N'Roll by Really, Really Trying]". ''Spin''. May 2003. 70.</ref> Hahn also guested in Shinoda's [[Fort Minor]] album ''[[The Rising Tied]]''.<ref>Corey Moss. "[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1511882/20051020/fort_minor.jhtml Linkin Park MC Gets Director With Flair For Video With Flares]". MTV. October 20, 2005. Retrieved on March 28, 2010.</ref>

Hahn has directed several of Linkin Park's music videos, such as those for "[[Numb (Linkin Park song)|Numb]]", "[[From the Inside (song)|From the Inside]]", "[[What I've Done]]", "[[Somewhere I Belong]]", "[[Pts.OF.Athrty]]", "[[New Divide]]", "[[Bleed it Out]]" and "[[Iridescent (song)|Iridescent]]".<ref name=jon/> He has also directed videos for [[Story of the Year]], [[Xzibit]], and [[Alkaline Trio]].<ref name=mc/> In a 2003 interview, he told [[MTV]] that film-making was his true passion, and that "doing the music [was] more of an extra thing".<ref name=jon>Jon Wiederhorn. "[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1476408/20030808/linkin_park.jhtml?headlines=true In The End, Linkin Park's Joseph Hahn Wants To Be A Filmmaker]". MTV. August 11, 2003. Retrieved on March 21, 2010.</ref>

Outside of his work in music, Hahn provided special effects work on ''[[The X-Files]]'' and the miniseries ''[[Frank Herbert's Dune]]''.<ref>Joe D'Angelo and Corey Moss. "[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1457200/20020826/linkin_park.jhtml Why Linkin Park, Disturbed, Foo Fighters Just Say No To Video Directors]". MTV. August 27, 2002. Retrieved on March 21, 2010.</ref> He also directed a short film called ''[[The Seed]]'',<ref>Steve Baltin. "[http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7539972/linkin_dj_plants_seed Linkin DJ Plants 'Seed']. ''Rolling Stone''. August 9, 2005. Retrieved on March 21, 2010.</ref> and acquired the rights to produce a film adaption of [[China Miéville]]'s novel ''[[King Rat (1998 novel)|King Rat]]''.<ref>Corey Moss. "[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1479388/20030929/linkin_park.jhtml?headlines=true Linkin Park's Joseph Hahn To Take On 'King Rat']. MTV. September 29, 2003. Retrieved on March 21, 2010.</ref>

Recently, Hahn directed the trailer for the video game ''[[Medal of Honor (2010 video game)|Medal of Honor]]'', featuring Linkin Park's single "[[The Catalyst]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medalofhonor.com/linkinpark|title=Medal Of Honor Features Linkin Park "The Catalyst"|publisher=[[Electronic Arts|EA]]|accessdate=2010-07-28}}</ref> Hahn also directed the music video for "The Catalyst", which premiered on August 26, 2010, as well as the music video for Linkin Park's "[[Waiting for the End]]" and "[[Burning in the Skies]]".
On April 13, 2011, [[Mike Shinoda]] confirmed on his blog that the music video for "[[Iridescent]]" will be directed by Hahn.

Hahn became the first Korean American to receive a [[Grammy]] when the band won the 2002 award for [[Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance|Best Hard Rock Performance]].<ref name=chosun/><ref>Bobby Kim. "[http://yellowworld.org/arts_culture_media/265.html Linkin Park: Not Some Korean Kid's Name]". ''KoreAm Journal''. May 9, 2002. Retrieved on March 21, 2010.</ref>

==List of music videos directed by Hahn==
===Linkin Park===
*[[One Step Closer (Linkin Park song)|One Step Closer]]
*[[Papercut]]
*[[In the End]]
*[[Somewhere I Belong]]
*[[From the Inside (song)|From the Inside]]
*[[Breaking the Habit]]
*[[Numb (Linkin Park song)|Numb]]
*[[Leave Out All the Rest]]
*[[Bleed It Out]]
*[[Shadow of the Day]]
*[[What I've Done]]
*[[New Divide]]
*[[The Catalyst]]
*[[Burning in the Skies]]
*[[Waiting for the End]]
*[[Iridescent (song)|Iridescent]]
*[[Wretches and Kings]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=1060386}}
* [http://joehahn.com/ Joe Hahn Official Website]
* [http://joehahn.org/ Joe Hahn Fan Website]
* [http://linkinpark.com/profile/Joe Hahn's official LPN page from linkinpark.com]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=-xIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=%22joe+hahn%22+toys&lr=&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22joe%20hahn%22%20toys&f=false "Billboard" - Google Books]

{{Linkin Park}}

{{Persondata 
|NAME= Hahn, Joe
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=
|DATE OF BIRTH= March 15, 1977
|PLACE OF BIRTH= Dallas, Texas, USA
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
| NAME= Hahn, Joe
| DATE OF BIRTH= March 15, 1977
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn, Joe}}
[[Category:Linkin Park members]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:American musicians of Korean descent]]
[[Category:People from Dallas, Texas]]
[[Category:People from Glendale, California]]
[[Category:Musicians from Texas]]
[[Category:Musicians from California]]
[[Category:American DJs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American music video directors]]
[[Category:Special effects people]]

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Joe Hahn

2011-08-14T03:34:48Z

Fetchcomms: moved Mr. Hahn to Joe Hahn: histmerge

#REDIRECT [[Joe Hahn]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn, Joe}}

Joe Hahn

2011-08-14T03:33:43Z

Fetchcomms: moved Mr. Hahn (turntablist) to Mr. Hahn: histmerge

#REDIRECT [[Joe Hahn]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn, Joe}}

Kingdom Hearts (Computerspiel)

2011-02-07T23:06:41Z

Fetchcomms: perhaps a link will clarify this? "holiday season" is easily understood by most people, afaik, but meh

{{featured article}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Kingdom Hearts
| image = [[File:Kingdom Hearts.jpg|256px|alt=Artwork of a vertical rectangular box. Five people with weapons stand and sit atop a building ledge. A night sky with a heart-shaped moon is in the background. The words "PlayStation 2" and "Kingdom Hearts" are in the top left corner.]]
| caption = North American cover art featuring the main characters, from top: Sora, Riku, Goofy, Kairi, and Donald
| developer = [[Square (company)|Square]]
| publisher = {{vgrelease|JP=Square|NA=[[Square (company)#Square Electronic Arts|Square Electronic Arts]]/[[Disney Interactive Studios|Disney Interactive]]|PAL=[[Sony Computer Entertainment|SCE Europe]]}}
| producer = [[Shinji Hashimoto]] [[Yoshinori Kitase]]
| director = [[Tetsuya Nomura]]
| designer = Tetsuya Nomura Yuichi Kanemori
| writer = Jun Akiyama Daisuke Watanabe [[Kazushige Nojima]]
| artist = Tetsuya Nomura Takayuki Odachi
| composer = [[Yoko Shimomura]]
|series = ''[[Kingdom Hearts]]''
| released = '''''Kingdom Hearts'''''{{vgrelease|JP=March 28, 2002|NA=September 17, 2002|EU=November 15, 2002|AUS=November 22, 2002}} '''''Kingdom Hearts: Final Mix'''''{{vgrelease|JP=December 26, 2002}}
| genre = [[Action role-playing game]]
| modes = [[Single-player]]
| ratings = {{vgratings|CERO=A|ELSPA=11+|ESRB=E|ACB=G8+|PEGI=7+}}
| platforms = [[PlayStation 2]]
| media = 1 [[DVD|DVD-ROM]]
| input = [[Gamepad]]
| picture format = [[480i]] (SDTV)
}}
{{nihongo|'''''Kingdom Hearts'''''|キングダムハーツ|Kingudamu Hātsu}} is an [[action role-playing game]] developed and published by [[Square (company)|Square]] (now [[Square Enix]]) in 2002 for the [[PlayStation 2]] [[video game console]].<ref name="KH-PSUnderground">{{cite web| url = http://www.us.playstation.com/PS2/Games/Kingdom_Hearts| publisher = PlayStation Underground| title = PlayStation 2 - Kingdom Hearts| accessdate=2007-05-15|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070528044336/http://www.us.playstation.com/PS2/Games/Kingdom_Hearts |archivedate = May 28, 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> The first game in the [[Kingdom Hearts|''Kingdom Hearts'' series]], it is the result of a collaboration between Square Enix and [[The Walt Disney Company]]. The game combines characters and settings from [[List of Disney theatrical animated features|Disney animated features]] with those from Square's ''[[Final Fantasy]]'' series. The story follows a young boy, [[Sora (Kingdom Hearts)|Sora]], as he is thrown into an epic battle against the forces of darkness. He is joined by [[Donald Duck]], [[Goofy]], and other classic Disney characters who help him on his quest.

The game was a departure from Square's standard role-playing games, introducing a substantial [[action-adventure game|action-adventure]] element to the gameplay. ''Kingdom Hearts'' has an [[all-star]] [[voice acting|voice cast]] and includes many of the Disney characters' official voice actors.<ref name="voicecast">{{cite web| author = IGN Staff | url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/359/359415p1.html | publisher = IGN | title = Kingdom Hearts Voice Cast | accessdate=2007-05-21 | date=2002-05-14}}</ref> It was longtime Square character designer [[Tetsuya Nomura]]'s first time in a directorial position.<ref name="debut">{{cite web | author = Dengeki PlayStation staff | url = http://www.kingdomhearts3.net/small-new-nomura-interview/ | publisher = [[Dengeki PlayStation]] | title = Small New Nomura Interview | accessdate=2007-05-21 | date=2007-04-27}}</ref>

''Kingdom Hearts'' was praised for its unusual combination of action and role-playing, as well as its unexpectedly harmonious mix of Square and Disney elements.<ref name="BWGS">{{cite web| url = http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/all/bestof2002/general13.html| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2002| accessdate=2007-05-13| year=2002}}</ref> It was a dominating presence in the 2002 [[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]], receiving numerous year-end "Best" video game awards, and went on to achieve [[List of Sony Greatest Hits games|Sony "Greatest Hits"]] status.<ref name="greatesthits">{{cite web| author = GamePro Staff| url = http://www.gamepro.com/article/news/27584/kingdom-hearts-sold-how-many/| publisher = [[GamePro]]| title = Kingdom Hearts sold how many?!| accessdate=2008-09-19 | date=2003-04-30}}</ref> Since its release, ''Kingdom Hearts'' has sold over 5.6 million copies worldwide and has prompted numerous sequels.<ref name="10mil">{{cite web| author = [[SquareSoft]]| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=6165399| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = Kingdom Hearts Series Ships over 10 Million Worldwide| accessdate=2007-05-13 | date=2007-02-05}}</ref>

== Gameplay ==
[[File:Kingdom Hearts Battle Screenshot.png|thumb|left|alt=alt=A horizontal rectangular video game screenshot that is a digital representation of the interior of a whale. A boy in red and white clothing swings a weapon at ghosts surrounding him.|The main character, [[Characters of Kingdom Hearts#Sora|Sora]], fights against [[Universe of Kingdom Hearts#Common elements|Heartless]]. The [[HUD (video gaming)|heads-up display]] consists of a game menu at the bottom left of the screen, and the character health and magic meters on the right side.]]
''Kingdom Hearts'' is influenced by its parent franchise, ''Final Fantasy'',<ref>{{Cite journal |year= July 2007|title= Tetsuya Nomura Interview| journal= [[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]|publisher= [[Future Publishing]]|volume= |issue= 177|pages= 80–81|id= |url= |accessdate= 2007-09-28}}</ref> and carries gameplay elements over into its own action-based, [[hack and slash]] system. The main battle party consists of three characters: Sora, Donald Duck, and Goofy.<ref name="K-H.com">{{cite web| url = http://www.kingdom-hearts.com/uk/index.html| publisher = [[SquareSoft]]| title = Official International Kingdom Hearts Website| accessdate = 2007-05-14}}</ref> Sora is directly controlled by the player from a third person camera angle.<ref name="KH-MobyGames">{{cite web| url = http://www.mobygames.com/game/kingdom-hearts/| publisher = [[MobyGames]]| title = Kingdom Hearts for PlayStation2| accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> All other party members are computer-controlled,<ref name="KHgamespy">{{cite web| url = http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/kingdom-hearts/540394p1.html| title = Kingdom Hearts Review (PS2)| author=Turner, Benjamin | date = 2002-09-03| publisher = [[GameSpy]]| accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref> though the player can customize their behavior to an extent through the pause menu.<ref name="KHgamespot">{{cite web| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/review.html| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = Kingdom Hearts for PlayStation 2 Review | author=Kasavin, Greg| date = 2002-09-09| accessdate = 2007-05-13}}</ref> Donald and Goofy comprise the party in most areas but nearly every level features a character who may replace them. For instance, [[Jack Skellington]] can join the player's party in Halloween Town, but cannot accompany the player elsewhere. In some worlds, the party changes its appearance, has abilities unique to that world, or both. For example, the party can fly in Neverland and acquire aquatic forms in Atlantica, which enable them to survive underwater.

Like traditional role-playing games, ''Kingdom Hearts'' features an [[experience point]] system that determines character development. As enemies are defeated, the [[player character]]s gain experience and grow stronger, gaining access to new [[Statistic (role-playing games)#Skills|abilities]].<ref name="Instructions">{{cite book| author = [[Square Co.]]| year = 2002| title = Kingdom Hearts Instruction Booklet| publisher = Square Co., Limited}}</ref> Unlike other games of its type, ''Kingdom Hearts'' allows a degree of character development customization through a short tutorial found at the beginning of the game. The tutorial allows the player to select from one of three main attributes―strength, defense, or magic―for Sora to excel in and one to lack in.<ref name="KH-StrategyGuide">{{cite book| last= Birlew| first= Dan| year = 2003| title = Kingdom Hearts Official Strategy Guide| publisher = [[BradyGames]] Publishing| isbn= 0-7440-0198-6}}</ref> By choosing certain options, the player may manipulate how Sora learns abilities, [[Attribute (role-playing games)|grows statistically]], and gains levels.<ref name="KH-StrategyGuide"/> Donald, Goofy, and any other additional party members are assigned specific areas of strength from the outset. Donald excels in magic, while Goofy excels in defense and special attacks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=2859681| title = Kingdom Hearts Preview | author = Varanini, Giancarlo |publisher = [[GameSpot]]| accessdate=2007-05-18| date = 2002-04-03}}</ref>

The game progresses linearly from one story event to the next, usually presented as a [[cutscene]], though there are numerous [[Quest (gaming)|side quests]] available that provide bonus benefits to the characters.<ref name="KHgamespot"/> Most of the gameplay occurs on interconnected field maps where battles take place. Combat in ''Kingdom Hearts'' occurs in real time and involves pressing buttons to initiate attacks by the on-screen character.<ref name="GS-CompanyLine">{{cite web| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=6089696| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = Kingdom Hearts Company Line| accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> An action menu, similar to those found in ''Final Fantasy'' games, found at the bottom left of the screen provides other combat options such as using magic and items. There is also a context-sensitive option at the bottom of the menu, usually used for interacting with the environment or performing special attacks. This menu is manipulated by using the right analog stick or digital pad, while movement is controlled by the left analog stick, allowing the player to navigate the menu while avoiding or approaching enemies.<ref name="Instructions"/>

=== Gummi Ship ===
The Gummi Ship is the mode of travel between the various locations in ''Kingdom Hearts''. The gameplay for piloting the vessel is very different from the rest of the game as it switches to a [[Shoot 'em up#Tube and rail shooters|rail shooter]] format. The player controls the Gummi Ship from a rear third-person perspective as it travels in an outer space setting. While traveling, the player must avoid obstacles and defend against enemy ships that attempt to destroy the player's vessel by firing missiles or ramming it. Surviving the route allows access to the next world. At the beginning of the game, there are few options available to customize the vessel, but as the game progresses, new weapons, engines, and armor become available. Different pre-designed blueprints can be found throughout the game that can be used to quickly construct Gummi Ships.<ref name="KH-StrategyGuide"/>

== Plot ==
{{Kingdom Hearts chronology}}

=== Setting ===
{{main|Universe of Kingdom Hearts}}
The universe of ''Kingdom Hearts'' is a collection of various [[Level (computer and video games)|levels]], referred to as "worlds", through which the player must progress. Thirteen can be accessed in the game and one, Disney Castle, is shown in cutscenes. Additional worlds are mentioned by various characters, but are inaccessible because they have been destroyed by the [[Universe of Kingdom Hearts#Heartless and Nobodies|Heartless]], beings of darkness. Ten of the worlds are based on Disney fiction,<ref name="GP-KH">{{cite web| author = Fox, Fennec| url = http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/26235/kingdom-hearts/| publisher = [[GamePro]]| title = Review: Kingdom Hearts for PS2 on GamePro.com| date = 2002-09-30| accessdate=2008-09-19}}</ref> primarily from the [[List of Disney theatrical animated features|Disney animated features canon]], and the other four were created by Square specifically for the game.

The graphics and characters of each world were designed to resemble the artwork style of its respective Disney film. Each Disney world is inhabited by characters from their respective film; [[Hercules (Disney character)|Hercules]] and [[List of Disney's Hercules characters#Phil|Philoctetes]] inhabit Olympus Coliseum, while [[Aladdin (Disney character)|Aladdin]], [[Princess Jasmine]], and [[Jafar (Aladdin)|Jafar]] inhabit Agrabah. Each world is disconnected from the others and exists separately. Most characters in the worlds are unaware of the other worlds' existence, with few exceptions. Players travel from one world to another via Gummi Ship.<ref name="Instructions"/>

The worlds created specifically for the game mirror the overall appearance of the other worlds and feature either new characters or characters from several ''Final Fantasy'' games. The new worlds include: Destiny Islands, where the story opens;<ref name="IGN-KH">{{cite web| url = http://ps2.ign.com/objects/016/016467.html| publisher = IGN| title = IGN: Kingdom Hearts| accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> Traverse Town, which serves as a launching point for most of the game; Hollow Bastion, which many of the ''Final Fantasy'' characters call home; and End of the World, a large, dark world created from the remnants of various worlds consumed by the Heartless.<ref name="Goofy-EndOfWorld">'''Goofy:''' Gawrsh, is that all that's left of the worlds taken by the Heartless? {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square| publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2}}</ref> The main characters travel from world to world to seal each "Keyhole"; this protects the world from the Heartless and ultimately from destruction. They also try to minimize their interaction with characters of other worlds to maintain a balance of separation.<ref name="separate">'''Goofy:''' Oh, right... I gotcha. While we’re in the other worlds, we can’t let on where we’re from. We’ve gotta protect the world border. / '''Donald:''' “Order.” {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square| publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2}}</ref> This sometimes requires Sora, Donald, and Goofy to blend in with the world inhabitants by changing their physical appearance.<ref>'''Goofy:''' This sure is a spooky place. I’ll bet the people here are scary-lookin’ too. / '''Donald:''' Don’t worry. We look spooky, too. If they scare us, we’ll scare them right back! {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square| publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2}}</ref>

=== Characters ===
{{see|Characters of Kingdom Hearts}}
The collaboration between Disney and Square resulted in a mixture of familiar Disney and Square characters, as well as several new characters created and designed by Tetsuya Nomura.<ref name="GS-E3-2001">{{cite web | url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=2761861| author = Gerstmann, Jeff | date=May 17, 2001| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = E3 2001: Square announces Disney RPG for PS2| accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> The primary protagonist of the game is [[Sora (Kingdom Hearts)|Sora]], a 14-year old boy chosen to wield the Keyblade, a large key-like weapon for battling darkness. The game also features two friends from his home world, [[Characters of Kingdom Hearts#Riku|Riku]] and [[Characters of Kingdom Hearts#Kairi|Kairi]]. For most of the game, Sora is joined by [[Donald Duck]] and [[Goofy]]. Donald, the court wizard, and Goofy, captain of the royal guard,<ref name="KH-OfficialWebsiteInfo">{{cite web| url = http://na.square-enix.com/games/kingdomhearts/index1.html| publisher = [[Square Enix]]| title = Official Kingdom Hearts Website: Characters| accessdate=2007-05-21}}</ref> were sent from Disney Castle to find the Keyblade.<ref name="MickeyNote">'''King Mickey's Note:''' Donald, Sorry to rush off without sayin’ goodbye, but there’s big trouble brewin’. Not sure why, but the stars have been blinkin’ out, one by one. And that means disaster can’t be far behind. I hate to leave you all but I’ve gotta go check into it. There’s someone with a “key”—the key to our survival. So I need you and Goofy to find him, and stick with him. Got it? We need that key or we’re doomed! So go to Traverse Town and find Leon. He’ll point you in the right direction. P.S. Would ya apologize to Minnie for me? Thanks, pal. {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square | publisher = Square Electronic Arts | date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2}}</ref> The three join forces to search for King [[Mickey Mouse]], Kairi, and Riku. The primary antagonist is [[Characters of Kingdom Hearts#Xehanort|Ansem]], who seeks power and knowledge by using dark beings called the [[Universe of Kingdom Hearts#Heartless and Nobodies|Heartless]]. The Heartless, hearts corrupted by darkness, serve as most of the enemies encountered in the game and come in a variety of shapes and sizes.

As a game meant to explore the fictional universes of various Disney films, over one hundred Disney characters are featured in various capacities.<ref name="Square-KHsite">{{cite web| publisher = [[Square Enix]]| url = http://na.square-enix.com/games/kingdomhearts/KH_newsframe.html| title = Official Kingdom Hearts Website: News| accessdate=2007-05-14}}</ref> While many serve as major characters in the story, others appear in cameo roles, such as the [[One Hundred and One Dalmatians]] playing a part in a side-quest. Most worlds also feature a [[Disney Villains|Disney villain]] whom the player must defeat. The player can summon various Disney characters to fight alongside Sora in battle, causing Donald and Goofy to withdraw from the battlefield for the duration of the summon. Available summoned characters include the [[Genie (Aladdin)|Genie]] from ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]'', [[Tinker Bell|Tinkerbell]] from ''[[Peter Pan (1953 movie)|Peter Pan]]'', and [[Simba]] from ''[[The Lion King]]'', among others.<ref name="KH-StrategyGuide"/>

Square also incorporated several characters from the ''Final Fantasy'' series into the game, though the characters were slightly altered to fit the game's back-story. On Destiny Islands, the player meets younger versions of [[Tidus]] and [[Characters of Final Fantasy X and X-2#Wakka|Wakka]] from ''Final Fantasy X'' and [[Characters of Final Fantasy VIII#Selphie|Selphie]] from ''Final Fantasy VIII''. In Traverse Town, the player encounters [[Squall Leonhart]] (known in the game as "Leon") from ''Final Fantasy VIII'' as well as [[Aerith Gainsborough|Aerith]], [[Characters of the Final Fantasy VII series#Cid Highwind|Cid]], and [[Characters of the Final Fantasy VII series#Yuffie Kisaragi|Yuffie]] from ''Final Fantasy VII''.<ref name="KH-StrategyGuide"/> [[Rikku]] from ''Final Fantasy X'' was originally set to appear, but was replaced by Yuffie.<ref>{{cite web| author = [[Square Co.|Square]]| url = http://www.kh2.co.uk/kingdom-hearts/artwork| publisher = [http://kh2.co.uk/ Kingdom Hearts Ultimania.com]|title = Early Kingdom Hearts Concept Art| accessdate=2007-05-24}}</ref> [[Cloud Strife|Cloud]] and [[Sephiroth (Final Fantasy)|Sephiroth]], both from ''Final Fantasy VII'', make appearances in Olympus Coliseum, where the player can fight them in tournaments.<ref name="KH-StrategyGuide"/> The emphasis on characters from later ''Final Fantasy'' installments stems from Nomura's hesitation to use characters he did not design.<ref>{{cite web| author = Boulette, Bryan | url = http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q4-2005/112705b.html| publisher = RPGamer| title = Nomura Divulges Kingdom Hearts II Details| date = 2005-11-27 | accessdate=2007-05-21}}</ref> The game also uses other ''Final Fantasy'' icons such as the [[Character design of Final Fantasy#Moogle|Moogles]] who mediate item synthesis.<ref name="Instructions"/>

=== Story ===
''Kingdom Hearts'' begins on Destiny Islands, where Sora, Riku, and Kairi live. The three friends want to leave the islands to explore new worlds and have prepared a raft for this purpose.<ref name="Instructions"/> One night, the islands are attacked by shadow creatures—the Heartless.<ref name="KHgamespy"/> Sora seeks out his friends, finding Riku, who disappears into a dark portal. At the same time, Sora obtains the Keyblade, a weapon effective against the Heartless. However, the islands are destroyed and Sora drifts into space. Meanwhile, King Mickey has left his own world to deal with the increasing numbers of Heartless and left instructions for Donald and Goofy to find the "key" that will protect the worlds from the encroaching darkness.<ref name="MickeyNote"/>

Donald and Goofy use the Gummi Ship to reach Traverse Town, where Sora has drifted. Sora meets Leon, who explains that the Heartless are beings that consume hearts, and that the Keyblade is the only weapon capable of defeating them.<ref>'''Sora:''' The Heartless? / '''Yuffie:''' The ones who attacked you, you remember? / '''Leon:''' Those without hearts. / '''Yuffie:''' The darkness in people’s hearts—that’s what attracts them. / '''Leon:''' And there is darkness within every heart. / ... / '''Leon:''' The Heartless have great fear of the Keyblade. That’s why they’ll keep coming after you no matter what. {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square | publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2}}</ref> A man named Ansem is said to have studied the Heartless. Sora then meets Donald and Goofy, and the three decide to travel together—Donald and Goofy to find King Mickey, and Sora to find Kairi and Riku. The three go to various worlds based on Disney films, finding that the Keyblade also locks "Keyholes", passages to the "heart" of a world which, when sealed, prevent it from being consumed by the Heartless. Meanwhile, a group of Disney villains, led by [[Maleficent]], seek out the seven [[Characters of Kingdom Hearts#Princesses of Heart|Princesses of Heart]] to unlock the final Keyhole that leads to "Kingdom Hearts",<ref name="KH-MobyGames"/> a repository of knowledge and power and the source of all hearts. This group includes Riku; Maleficent promises that she will help him find Kairi in exchange for his support. Maleficent sows distrust in Riku, telling him that Sora abandoned him and Kairi for new friends and the Keyblade.<ref>'''Maleficent:''' You see? It’s just as I told you. While you toiled away trying to find your dear friend, he quite simply replaced you with some new companions. Evidently, now he values them far more than he does you. You’re better off without that wretched boy. Now, think no more of him, and come with me. I’ll help you find what you’re searching for... {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square | publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2}}</ref> An increasingly antagonistic Riku finds Kairi's body, but cannot find her heart.

Sora and his friends eventually arrive at Hollow Bastion, the Ansem's home world and Maleficent's current headquarters. Riku takes the Keyblade from Sora, claiming to be the true Keyblade master and that Sora only received it in his absence.<ref>'''Sora:''' But that’s impossible. How did this happen? I’m the one who fought my way here with the Keyblade! / '''Riku:''' You were just the delivery boy. Sorry, your part’s over now. {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square| publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2}}</ref> Donald and Goofy, having been explicitly ordered to follow the "key", reluctantly leave Sora for Riku.<ref>'''Donald Duck:''' Goofy, let's go. We need to remember our mission. / '''Goofy:''' Oh! Well, I know the king told use to follow the key and all. But... / '''Donald Duck:''' Sora, sorry. {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square| publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2}}</ref> Sora challenges Riku, stating that his heart derives strength from his friends; his friends return to him, as does the Keyblade. Shamed, Riku meets a cloaked man who goads him to give into the darkness. Meanwhile, the three engage and kill Maleficent, but then meet a strangely behaved Riku with a Keyblade that unlocks hearts. Sora finds Kairi's body and confronts Riku, who reveals that he is possessed by Ansem.<ref>'''Sora:''' What? You... You're not Riku. / ... / '''Sora:''' Tell me. Who are you? / '''Ansem:''' It is I, Ansem, the seeker of darkness. {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square | publisher = Square Electronic Arts | date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2}}</ref> Ansem explains that Kairi is a Princess of Heart, and that her heart has been hiding within Sora's body since Destiny Islands was destroyed.<ref>'''Ansem:''' The Keyhole cannot be completed so long as the last princess of heart still sleeps. / '''Sora:''' The princess...? Kairi's a princess? / '''Ansem:''' Yes, and without her power, the Keyhole will remain incomplete. {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square | publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2}}</ref><ref>'''Ansem:''' Don't you see yet? The princess's heart is responding. It has been there all along. Kairi's heart rests within you! / '''Sora:''' Kairi... Kairi's inside me? {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square | publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2}}</ref> After defeating Ansem, Sora impales himself with Ansem's Keyblade, releasing both his and Kairi's heart. Kairi's heart returns to her body, in turn completing the final Keyhole, while Sora becomes a Heartless. Kairi recognizes Sora's Heartless and the light in her heart restores him to human form. He resolves to confront Ansem.

Ansem is found in the End of the World, the combined remnants of worlds taken by the Heartless.<ref name="Goofy-EndOfWorld"/> Ansem explains his belief that "darkness is the heart's true essence", and he seeks Kingdom Hearts, hypothesizing it to be the ultimate darkness. However, upon opening the door to Kingdom Hearts, it reveals its light, overwhelming and destroying Ansem. Beyond the door are King Mickey and Riku, and they help Sora and the others close the door, as there are many Heartless beyond it. Mickey and Sora use their Keyblades to lock the door. The worlds lost to the Heartless reconstruct themselves; as the Destiny Islands reform, Kairi returns there while Sora is forced to part with her. The game concludes as Sora, Donald, and Goofy resolve to find Riku and Mickey.<ref>'''Donald:''' Well, now what do we do? / '''Sora:''' We’ve gotta find Riku and King Mickey. {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square | publisher = Square Electronic Arts | date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2}}</ref>

== Development ==
The idea for ''Kingdom Hearts'' came about when producer [[Shinji Hashimoto]] met a Disney executive in an elevator; Square and Disney had previously worked in the same building in Japan.<ref name="IGN-TGS04-NI">{{cite web| publisher = IGN| title = TGS 2004: Tetsuya Nomura Q&A| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/550/550462p1.html| author = Gantayat, Anoop| date = 2004-09-23| accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref> The production team consisted of over one hundred members from both Square and [[Disney Interactive]].<ref name="GS-CompanyLine"/> The game began development in February 2000<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ffx.sakura.ne.jp/kh.htm| title = Kingdom Hearts キングダム　ハーツ| publisher = Final Fantasy 2000| language = Japanese| accessdate=2007-05-30}}</ref> and originally focused more on the gameplay with a simple story to appeal to Disney's target age range.<ref name="Insider-KHU-NI">{{cite web| url = http://www.khinsider.com/content/view/42/41/| title = KHU Interview w/Tetsuya Nomura| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Insider| accessdate = 2007-08-10}}</ref> After executive producer [[Hironobu Sakaguchi]] told director [[Tetsuya Nomura]] the game would be a failure if it did not aim for the same level as the ''Final Fantasy'' series, Nomura began to develop the story further.<ref name="Insider-KHU-NI"/> When choosing the Disney worlds to include in the game, Nomura and his team tried to pick worlds that had distinctively different looks.<ref name="KH-NI-PSE">{{cite web| url = http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/Playstation| title = Playstation.com Europe - E3 Interview| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Ultimania| accessdate=2007-06-15| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070418212412/http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/Playstation| archivedate = April 18, 2007}}</ref> They also tried to take into account worlds with Disney characters that would be interesting.<ref name="Insider-KHU-NI"/> Though they had few restrictions on which worlds they could use from the Disney franchises, they tried to remain within each character's boundaries set by their respective Disney films.<ref name="G4TV-NI">{{cite web| url = http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/features/45555/Tetsuya_Nomura_on_the_Kingdom_Hearts_Sequels.html| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061203020540/http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/features/45555/Tetsuya_Nomura_on_the_Kingdom_Hearts_Sequels.html| archivedate=2006-12-03| publisher = [[G4 (TV channel)|G4TV]]| title = Tetsuya Nomura on the Kingdom Hearts Sequels| accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref>

Additional content was added to the North American release that was absent in the initial Japanese release:<ref name="Square-KHsite"/> new optional bosses, one of which was named after the winner of the official website's "Name-In-Game" sweepstakes,<ref name="Square-KHsite"/> an extra difficulty level,<ref>{{cite web| author = Fox, Fennec| date = 2003-04-30| publisher = [[GamePro]]| url = http://www.gamepro.com/article/news/25541/square-confirms-kingdom-hearts-date/| title = Square Confirms Kingdom Hearts Date| accessdate=2008-09-19}}</ref> and a teaser of ''Kingdom Hearts II'' accessible by meeting certain criteria.<ref name="G4TV-NI"/> Nomura included the teaser in order to gauge fan reaction to the possibility of a sequel; he felt that if the idea was unpopular, then it would be best to leave certain events in the game unexplained.<ref name="KH-NI-KHIIU">{{cite web| title = Kingdom Hearts II Ultimania - Tetsuya Nomura Interview| url = http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/KH2U| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Ultimania| accessdate = 2007-08-10 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070710094227/http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/KH2U |archivedate = July 10, 2007}}</ref> The new content was later added to the Japanese [[international version|re-release]] titled ''Kingdom Hearts Final Mix''. ''Final Mix'' also included additional content such as new items, cut scenes, and enemies. The new content further hinted at plotlines that would be explained in sequels. Some content omitted from ''Kingdom Hearts'' was later added into ''[[Kingdom Hearts II]]''. A world based on ''[[The Lion King]]'', for instance, was infeasible because an additional program was required to process movement on four legs—a necessity since Sora would become a lion in that world.<ref name="KH-NI-Dengeki3">{{cite web| title = Nomura Dengeki Interview #3| url = http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/Dengeki-3| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Ultimania| accessdate=2007-06-15 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070611213907/http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/Dengeki-3 |archivedate = June 11, 2007}}</ref> Due to time constraints, the developers left out an optional boss battle, similar to the Sephiroth battle, against [[Tifa Lockhart]]. She was later included in ''Kingdom Hearts II'' as a more developed character.<ref name="KHII-TN-interview">{{cite web| url = http://www.videogamesblogger.com/2006/08/11/kingdom-hearts-ii-tetsuya-nomura-interview.htm| title = Kingdom Hearts II Tetsuya Nomura interview| publisher = Video Game Blogger| accessdate=2007-06-19}}</ref>

=== Promotion ===
''Kingdom Hearts'' was announced at the [[Electronic Entertainment Expo]] in May 2001.<ref name="GS-E3-2001"/> Initial details were that it would be a collaboration between Square and Disney Interactive and would feature worlds developed by both companies and Disney characters. New characters were designed by Nomura and included Sora, Riku, Kairi, and the Heartless.<ref name="GS-CompanyLine"/><ref name="GS-E3-2001"/> A playable demo was available at the [[Tokyo Game Show]] in 2001. The gameplay of the demo showcased many action role-playing game elements that would be included in the final product.<ref>{{cite web| author = Gerstmann, Jeff| date = 2001-10-12| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=2817757| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = TGS 2001 FallKingdom Hearts hands-on| accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> To help market the English release of the game, Square launched the official website in April 2002, which featured trailers, a "Name-In-Game" sweepstakes, and other Internet content.<ref>{{cite web| author = IGN Staff| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/356/356526p1.html| publisher = IGN| title = Square Opens Kingdom Hearts Page| date = 2002-05-14 | accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> On May 14, 2002, a press release announced a list of the English voice actors. The list included Haley Joel Osment, David Gallagher, and Hayden Panettiere as the three new characters introduced in the game. It also announced that many of the Disney characters would be voiced by the official voice actors from their respective Disney films.<ref name="GS-CompanyLine"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/359/359415p1.html| author = IGN Staff| publisher = IGN| title = IGN: Kingdom Hearts Voice Cast| accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> Other marketing efforts included auctions of the game and related items before the North American release<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gaming-age.com/news/2002/8/8-26| title = Kingdom Hearts auction now live| publisher = Gaming Age| author = Bryant, Paul| date = 2002-08-08| accessdate = 2007-09-25}}</ref> and a Consumer Demo Day in [[San Francisco, California]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gaming-age.com/news/2002/8/13-48| title = Kingdom Hearts Consumer Demo Day| publisher = Gaming Age| author = Klepek, Patrick| date = 2002-08-13| accessdate = 2007-09-25}}</ref>

== Audio ==
=== Musical score ===
{{see|Music of Kingdom Hearts}}
[[Yoko Shimomura]] composed the music of ''Kingdom Hearts''.<ref name="KH-OST">[[Music of Kingdom Hearts#Kingdom Hearts Original Soundtrack|Kingdom Hearts Original Soundtrack]] CD insert. Toshiba-Emi Limited. 2002.</ref> While there are [[Arrangement|arranged]] melodies derived from previous Disney films, most of the soundtrack consists of original themes written specifically for the game by Shimomura. The opening orchestration and ending credits theme were arranged and orchestrated by [[Kaoru Wada]] and performed by the [[New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra]].<ref name="KH-OST"/> The main vocal theme for the original Japanese release is titled {{nihongo|"[[Hikari (song)|Hikari]]"|光}}. The English version of "Hikari", "[[Simple and Clean]]", was used in the Western releases and the Japanese re-release, ''Final Mix''. Both versions were composed and performed by [[Hikaru Utada]]. Her involvement, along with the Japanese song title, was announced in January 2002.<ref>{{cite web| author = IGN Staff| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/100/100803p1.html| publisher = IGN| title = Hikaru Utada Sings Kingdom Hearts Theme| date = 2002-01-10| accessdate = 2007-05-13}}</ref> Utada was the only singer Nomura had in mind for the Kingdom Hearts theme song.<ref name="IGN-KH-Utada">{{cite web| author = Coleman, Stephen | url = http://games.ign.com/articles/368/368583p1.html| publisher = IGN| title = Square, Disney and Japanese Pop Star Utada Hikaru Collaborate on Kingdom Hearts| date = 2002-08-22| accessdate = 2007-05-13}}</ref> This marked the first time Utada had produced a song for a video game. The single, "Hikari", was released in Japan on March 20, 2002<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.emimusic.jp/domestic/release/200203/toct4361.htm| publisher = [[EMI Music Japan]]| title = RELEASE - Single 光| language = Japanese| accessdate=2008-09-19}}</ref> and proved to be very popular; by August 2002, it had sold over 860,000 copies in Japan.<ref name="IGN-KH-Utada"/> The ''Kingdom Hearts'' soundtrack was released on a two CD set on March 27, 2002 in Japan and a year later in the United States. The soundtrack was later included in the ''[[Music of Kingdom Hearts#Kingdom Hearts Original Soundtrack Complete|Kingdom Hearts Original Soundtrack Complete]]'', which was released in Japan on March 28, 2007.<ref name="KHOSC-Toshiba-Emi">{{cite web| url = http://www.emimusic.jp/foozay/kh/index_j.htm| publisher = [[EMI Music Japan]]| title = Kingdom Hearts Original Soundtrack Complete| language = Japanese| accessdate = 2008-09-19}}</ref> Music from ''Kingdom Hearts'' was also included in Yoko Shimomura's best works compilation album ''Drammatica''.<ref name="Drammatica">{{cite web| url = http://www.hmv.co.jp/product/detail/2685351| language = Japanese| publisher = HMV Japan| title = Drammatica -The Very Best Of Yoko Shimomura| accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref>

=== Voice cast ===
''Kingdom Hearts'' featured well-known voice actors for both the Japanese and English versions. The Japanese version featured [[Miyu Irino]] as Sora, [[Risa Uchida]] as Kairi, and [[Mamoru Miyano]] as Riku. Other notable voice actors included [[Kōichi Yamadera]], [[Hideo Ishikawa]], and [[Maaya Sakamoto]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0322968/fullcredits#cast| title = Full cast and crew for Kingdom Hearts (2002) (VG)| publisher = [[Internet Movie Database|IMDB]]| accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref> A special effort was made to preserve the official voice actors of characters from the Disney movies used in ''Kingdom Hearts''. Some of the voice actors from the related television series or direct-to-video sequels were chosen over the original voice actors from films, where applicable (e.g. [[Dan Castellaneta]] as Genie, rather than [[Robin Williams]]). The English version featured [[Haley Joel Osment]] as Sora, [[David Gallagher]] as Riku, and [[Hayden Panettiere]] as Kairi.<ref name="GP-VoiceCast">{{cite web| author = Fox, Fennec| url = http://www.gamepro.com/article/news/23475/kingdom-hearts-voice-talent-announced/| publisher = [[GamePro]]| title = Kingdom Hearts Voice Talent Announced| date = 2003-04-30| accessdate=2008-09-19}}</ref><ref name="ffnet">{{cite web | author=Sains, Alex | title=Kingdom Hearts voice actors | url=http://www.ffnet.org/square-enix/kingdom-hearts/ | work=[http://www.ffnet.org/ Final Fantasy Net] | accessdate=2006-12-23}}</ref> Other notable voice actors included [[Billy Zane]], [[David Boreanaz]], [[James Woods]], and [[Mandy Moore]].<ref name="GP-VoiceCast"/><ref name="KH-GSTechInfo">{{cite web| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/tech_info.html| title = Kingdom Hearts Tech Info| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| accessdate = 2007-09-04}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Kingdom Hearts'' received positive reviews and sales figures. During the first two months of its North American release it was one of the top three highest-selling video games<ref>{{cite web| author = Calvert, Justin| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=2897836| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = October video game sales|date = 2002-11-18|accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref> and was among the top selling titles during the 2002 Christmas and holiday season. In November 2002, [[UBS AG|UBS Warburg]] listed it as the 6th highest console game in terms of sales during the week of November 5.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://games.ign.com/articles/377/377245p1.html| title = UBSW Top 10 Games For the week ending Nov. 11| author = Stephen Coleman| publisher = IGN| date = 2002-11-13| accessdate = 2007-08-09}}</ref> At the end of April 2003, Square announced that ''Kingdom Hearts'' had sold its millionth copy in the United States, which made it eligible for PlayStation's "Greatest Hits" status, and over 3.0 million worldwide.<ref name="greatesthits"/> Sales reached 1.2 million in Japan in the first quarter of 2004, and broke 4.0  million worldwide.<ref>{{cite web| author = GameSpot Staff| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=6091627| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = Kingdom Hearts tips scales at 4 million| date = 2004-03-17| accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> In December 2005, the [[NPD Group]] listed it as "one of the top ten best-selling PlayStation 2 titles of all time in North America".<ref>{{cite web| title = Kingdom Hearts II Gets All-Star Cast| url = http://games.ign.com/articles/686/686944p1.html| author = Coleman, Stephen | publisher = IGN| date = 2006-02-08| accessdate=2007-06-14}}</ref> As of December 2006, ''Kingdom Hearts'' had shipped over 5.6 million copies worldwide with 1.1 million in [[PAL region]]s, 1.5 million in Japan, and 3.0 million in North America.<ref name="10mil"/>

=== Critical response ===
{{Video game reviews
|title =
|state = plain
|1UP = A-<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.1up.com/reviews/kingdom-hearts-ps2| publisher = [[1UP.com]]| title = Kingdom Hearts PS2 Game| accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref>
|EuroG = 8 of 10<ref name="KH-EuroG">{{cite web| author = Mugwum| publisher = [[Eurogamer]]| url = http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=4051| date = 2002-12-11| title = Kingdom Hearts Review| accessdate=2007-06-07|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20050310060425/http://eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=4051 |archivedate=2005-03-10}}</ref>
|Fam = 36 of 40<ref>{{cite web | author= KK | url=http://www.zelda-fans.com/archives/2006/02/highest-scoring-games-in-famitsus-history/ | title=Highest Scoring Games in Famitsu’s History | accessdate=2007-07-11}}</ref>
|GamePro = {{Rating|4.5|5}}<ref name="GP-KH"/>
|GI = 9.5 of 10<ref name="GI-KH-Review">{{cite web| author = Andrew Reiner| url = http://www.gameinformer.com/Games/Review/200210/R03.0731.1541.35640.htm?CS_pid=280415| title = Kingdom Hearts Review| publisher = [[Game Informer]]| accessdate=2007-06-22|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071011045931/http://www.gameinformer.com/Games/Review/200210/R03.0731.1541.35640.htm?CS_pid=280415 |archivedate = October 11, 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
|GSpot = 8.2 of 10<ref name="KHgamespot"/>
|GSpy = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="KHgamespy"/>
|IGN = 9 of 10<ref name="IGN-KH"/>
|MC = 85 of 100<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-2/kingdom-hearts| publisher = [[Metacritic]]| title = Kingdom Hearts (PS2) Reviews| accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref>
|GR = 86.56%<ref name="KHgamerankings">{{cite web| url = http://www.gamerankings.com/ps2/516587-kingdom-hearts/| title = Kingdom Hearts (PS2) Reviews| publisher = [[Game Rankings]]| accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref>
}}
The game received high ratings among reviewers. In [[IGN]]'s Best of 2002 awards, it was nominated for "PS2's Best Game of 2002 Editor's Choice Award" and was a runner up for "PS2's Best Game of 2002 Reader's Choice Award".<ref>{{cite web| title = Best of 2002: Best Game of the Year| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/383/383150p1.html| author = IGNPS2 Staff| publisher = IGN| date = 2003-01-17| accessdate = 2007-08-07}}</ref> In 2007, the website listed ''Kingdom Hearts'' as the 22nd best PlayStation 2 game of all time.<ref name="22nd">{{cite web| author = IGN PlayStation Team| date=2007-03-16| url=http://ps2.ign.com/articles/772/772296p1.html| title = The Top 25 PS2 Games of All Time| publisher = IGN| accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> Critics commended the visuals, orchestral score, voice acting, and hybrid action-adventure and role-playing feel to the game. IGN named it "Best Art Style/Direction", runner-up for "Best CG Graphics", and honorable mention for "Best Animation" in IGN's 2003 list of "Best Looking Games on PS2".<ref>{{cite web| author = Perry, Douglass C. | url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/390/390226p1.html| publisher = IGN| title = The Best Looking Games on PS2| date = 2003-03-20| accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> [[GameSpy]] listed ''Kingdom Hearts'' twice in its "Top 25 Video Game Cinematic Moments".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gamespy.com/articles/771/771937p2.html|page=2| title=GameSpy's Top 25 Video Game Cinematic Moments| publisher=[[GameSpy]]| date=April 16, 2007| accessdate=June 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gamespy.com/articles/771/771937p4.html|page=4| title=GameSpy's Top 25 Video Game Cinematic Moments| publisher=[[GameSpy]]| date=April 16, 2007| accessdate=June 28, 2010}}</ref> ''[[GamePro]]'' stated that the graphics were "gorgeous", giving them high marks.<ref name="GP-KH"/> The audio was also praised, particularly the quality of the voice-overs and musical score.<ref name="KHgamespy"/><ref name="KHgamespot"/> ''GamePro'' had positive comments on the overall audio and gave that aspect a perfect score.<ref name="GP-KH"/>

Criticism about the gameplay was mixed. Many reviews complained that the camera was at times frustrating and the Gummi Ship portions were out of place. GameSpot cited "tedious" gameplay and Gummi Ship sections as "pale imitations of the [[Star Fox (series)|''Star Fox'' series]]", but stated that the combat was fun, particularly the boss fights.<ref name="KHgamespot"/> [[MediaWorks (publisher)|Dengeki Online]] commented on the camera controls, saying that the camera would often run into objects while being rotated by the player.<ref>{{cite web| publisher = Dengeki Online| url = http://www.dengekionline.com/soft/review/rev_kingdomhearts.htm| language = Japanese| title = 電撃オンライン編集部がオススメするソフトを個性的なレビュアーがアツく語る!| accessdate = 2007-07-08 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070609222651/http://www.dengekionline.com/soft/review/rev_kingdomhearts.htm| archivedate = 2007-06-09}}</ref> ''GamePro'' compared the battle system to "old [[Nintendo 64|N64]] [[The Legend of Zelda (series)|''Zelda'' games]]" and had positive comments about Donald and Goofy's [[artificial intelligence]].<ref name="GP-KH"/>

GameSpot commented that the concept of mixing the serious elements of ''Final Fantasy'' with the lighter elements of Disney seemed impossible, but was pulled off quite well. Because of that they awarded ''Kingdom Hearts'' "Best Crossover Since ''[[Capcom vs. SNK]]''" in their 2002 Best and Worst of the Year awards.<ref name="BWGS"/> GameSpy noted that the periodic departure from the main plot into the Disney side stories was disappointing, and when the original plot builds to a climax, "the story fails to gel thanks to a confusing mish-mash of vague terms and symbolism that probably made more sense in the director's head than in this final product." Aside from the plot, they stated that the overall package was worth playing through to the end.<ref name="KHgamespy"/> [[G4 (TV channel)|G4TV]] awarded it "Best Story" at their 2003 [[G-Phoria]] awards show.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://cube.ign.com/articles/431/431546p1.html| title = G-Phoria Report| author = IGN Staff| date = 2003-07-31| publisher = IGN| accessdate = 2007-08-07}}</ref> Fan response was also positive; ''Kingdom Hearts'' was voted as the 19th best game of all-time by readers of the Japanese magazine ''[[Famitsu]]'',<ref name="Famitsu">{{cite web| title=Famitsu Reveals Top 100 Reader-Voted Games Of All-Time| url = http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=8378| publisher = [[Gamasutra]]| date = 2006-03-03| accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref> 16th by the users of website [[GameFAQs]],<ref>{{cite web | year=2005| url = http://www.gamefaqs.com/features/contest/top10| title=Fall 2005: 10-Year Anniversary Contest - The 10 Best Games Ever| publisher = [[GameFAQs]]| accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref> and 92nd by IGN users.<ref>{{cite web| author = IGN Site Staff | year = 2006 | title = Readers' Picks Top 100 Games: 91-100 | url = http://top100.ign.com/2006/091-100.html | publisher = IGN | accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref> ''Kingdom Hearts'' ranked ninth on IGN's most recent "Top 25 PS2 Games of All Time" list.<ref>{{cite web| author = IGN Site Staff | year = 2006 | title =Top 25 PS2 Games of All Time| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/772/772296p4.html| publisher = IGN | accessdate=2010-08-24}}</ref> It was also a nominee for the Best Game Award from the [[:ja:日本ゲーム大賞|CESA Game Awards]] for 2001-2002.<ref>{{cite web | title=最優秀賞は「FF10」!! 「第6回 CESA GAME AWARDS」授賞式 | url=http://www.gpara.com/news/02/10/news200210280717.htm | publisher=GPARA.COM | accessdate=May 28, 2009}}</ref>

== Versions and merchandise ==
{{see|List of Kingdom Hearts media}}
Multiple versions of ''Kingdom Hearts'' have been released. The first was the original Japanese release, followed by the North American and PAL releases, which includes additional content. The game was later [[international version|re-released]] in Japan as ''Kingdom Hearts Final Mix'', which features the content of the North American/PAL release, as well as more new content. Both Square and Disney also released numerous types of merchandise before and after the release of the game. Merchandise ranged from toys and figurines<ref name="Square-KHsite"/> to clothing items and books. Like the ''Final Fantasy'' games, Square released an ''[[Ultimania]]'' book on ''Kingdom Hearts'' in Japan following the release of the game and a revised edition following the release of ''Final Mix''. In North America, a strategy guide was released by [[Brady Games]]. It featured a comprehensive walkthrough and a sticker activity journal.<ref name="KH-StrategyGuide"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bradygames.com/title/0744001986| title = Kingdom Hearts Official Strategy Guide| publisher = [[Brady Games]]| accessdate = 2007-07-07}}</ref> A [[List of Kingdom Hearts media#Manga|manga series]] based on the game was released in Japan and the United States. A novel series also based on the game was released in Japan. It was authored by Tomoco Kanemaki and illustrated by Shiro Amano. The novel series consists of two volumes and was released in North America on March 25, 2008.<ref name="KHNovel1-Indigo">{{cite web| url = http://www.chapters.indigo.ca/books/Kingdom-Hearts-the-First-Door-Shiro-Amano/9781423103950-item.html| title = Kingdom Hearts the First Door| publisher = [[Indigo Books and Music]]| accessdate = 2007-10-02}}</ref><ref name="KHNovel2-Indigo">{{cite web| url = http://www.chapters.indigo.ca/books/Kingdom-Hearts-Darkness-Within-Shiro-Amano/9781423103967-item.html| title = Kingdom Hearts Darkness Within| publisher = [[Indigo Books and Music]]| accessdate = 2007-10-02}}</ref>

=== ''Final Mix'' ===
Released only in Japan, ''Kingdom Hearts Final Mix'' has several events and a number of gameplay tweaks that are not in previous releases. Spoken dialogue is in English, with Japanese subtitles.<ref name="IGN-FinalMix">{{cite web| url = http://ps2.ign.com/objects/665/665093.html| publisher = IGN| title = Kingdom Hearts Final Mix| accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> New scenes, clarifying certain plot points, such as Riku's journey and foreshadowing of ''Kingdom Hearts II'', were included. A gameplay option allows the player to skip cut scenes after seeing them once.<ref name="IGN-FinalMix"/> The optional bosses first included in the English version were introduced to Japanese players for the first time, along with a new fight against "[[Organization XIII#Xemnas|Unknown Man]]", in an attempt to raise interest for the sequel.

In another attempt at foreshadowing, a video titled "Another Side, Another Story 【 deep dive 】" plays at the ending if the player accomplishes certain tasks.<ref name="KHInsider-FinalMix">{{cite web| url = http://www.khinsider.com/kingdom-hearts/final-mix.html| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Insider| title = Kingdom Hearts Insider - Final Mix| accessdate=2007-05-29 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070509045109/http://www.khinsider.com/kingdom-hearts/final-mix.html  |archivedate = 2007-05-09}}</ref> New music tracks incorporated were "Disappeared" and "Another Side". The "Night on Bald Mountain" and "One-Winged Angel" tracks from the English version were included as well. Other changes include new abilities, new weapons, new items, additional and recolored enemies,<ref name="KHS-UltimaniaAlpha">{{cite book| year = 2005| title = Kingdom Hearts Series Ultimania α ~Introduction of Kingdom Hearts II~| publisher = [[Square Enix]]| language = Japanese| isbn= 4-7575-1597-9| author = Studio BentStuff}}</ref> and gameplay tweaks to make the game easier for the player, along with two new levels of difficulty.<ref name="KHInsider-FinalMix"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.neoseeker.com/Games/Products/PS2/kingdomhearts_final/| publisher = Neoseeker| title = Kingdom Hearts: Final Mix (Import)| accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref> When first released, ''Final Mix'' included either a deck of ''Kingdom Hearts'' cards or special music CD. A limited "Platinum Edition" version of ''Kingdom Hearts Final Mix'' was later released with an action figure of Sora, a sticker set, and sketches of some of the main characters.<ref name="IGN-FinalMix"/>

=== Manga ===
The game was adapted into a manga by [[Shiro Amano]]. The story follows the events that took place in the game with a few minor differences to account for the loss of interactivity a video game provides.<ref name="IGN-Manga">{{cite web| url = http://comics.ign.com/articles/650/650332p1.html| title = Kingdom Hearts Vol. 1 Review| publisher = IGN| first = Hilary| last = Goldstein| date = 2002-09-12| accessdate = 2008-03-18}}</ref> Some events that took place in the ''Final Mix'' version were also included. The manga was originally serialized in Japan by [[Enterbrain]]'s ''Famitsū PS2'', but has since been released worldwide in four volumes. The volumes have been published in English in the [[United States]] by [[Tokyopop]]. The first volume was released on October 11, 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.amazon.com/dp/1598162179/| title = Kingdom Hearts, Vol. 1 (Paperback)| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| accessdate=2007-07-29}}</ref> and the fourth volume was released on July 10, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.amazon.com/dp/1598162209/| title = Kingdom Hearts, Vol. 4 (Paperback)| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| accessdate=2007-07-29}}</ref> The entire series was later released in a boxed set on October 10, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.amazon.com/dp/1598168088/| title = Kingdom Hearts Boxed Set--vols 1-4 (Paperback)| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| accessdate=2007-07-29}}</ref>

The manga series has had moderate success. The first volume was ranked 95th in ''[[USA Today]]'''s "Top 150 best sellers" during the week of its release.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://content.usatoday.com/life/books/booksdatabase/default.aspx?lastValue=90&date=10/20/2005| publisher = [[USA Today]]| title = USA Today Best-Selling Books Database - Top 150 best sellers| accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref> IGN praised Amano's artwork and commented on wanting to replay the game after reading. They criticized the lack of new content and stated the transition from game to print lost most of the story's appeal.<ref name="IGN-Manga"/> The series was followed by others based on the game's sequels: ''[[Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories]]'' and ''[[Kingdom Hearts II]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.tokyopop.com/shop/1682/KingdomHeartsChainofMemories/1.html| title = Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories Volume 1| publisher = [[Tokyopop]]| accessdate = 2008-03-13}}</ref><ref name="KH2-1-Manga">{{cite web|url = http://www.amazon.com/dp/1427800588/| title = Kingdom Hearts II Volume 1 (Kingdom Hearts (Graphic Novels)) (Paperback)| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| accessdate = 2007-07-29}}</ref>

== Sequels ==
{{see|Kingdom Hearts}}
''Kingdom Hearts'' was followed by several sequels, becoming the first game in the ''Kingdom Hearts'' series. It was followed by a direct sequel, ''[[Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories]]'', on the Nintendo [[Game Boy Advance]], which was released in Japan on November 11, 2004.<ref name="CoM-IGNProfile">{{cite web| url = http://gameboy.ign.com/objects/606/606154.html| title = Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories| publisher = IGN| accessdate = 2007-09-04}}</ref><ref name="KH-COM-gameFAQs">{{cite web| url = http://www.gamefaqs.com/gba/919011-kingdom-hearts-chain-of-memories/data| publisher = [[GameFAQs]]| title = Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories Info| accessdate = 2007-05-24}}</ref> ''[[Kingdom Hearts II]]'' is the third game in the series, set one year after ''Chain of Memories'', and was released in Japan on December 22, 2005 for Sony PlayStation 2.<ref name="KHII-IGNProfile">{{cite web| url = http://ps2.ign.com/objects/550/550308.html| title = Kingdom Hearts II| publisher = IGN| accessdate = 2007-09-04}}</ref> Like the first game it was re-released as ''Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix''. A ''Kingdom Hearts'' game was developed exclusively for [[V CAST]], [[Verizon Wireless]]'s broadband service, and was released on October 1, 2004 in Japan and on February 4, 2005 in the United States.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wireless.ign.com/objects/706/706954.html| title = Kingdom Hearts| publisher = IGN| accessdate = 2007-08-08}}</ref> In November 2008, ''[[Kingdom Hearts coded]]'' was released for mobile phones in Japan, the game takes place after the events of ''Kingdom Hearts II''. In December 2008, a remake of ''Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories'' was released for the PS2 under the name ''[[Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories#Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories|Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories]]''. A [[midquel]] entitled ''[[Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days]]'' was developed for the [[Nintendo DS]] and released in Japan on May 30, 2009 and in North America on September 29, 2009. A prequel was released in Japan on January 9, 2010, entitled ''[[Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep]]'', for the [[PlayStation Portable]], which takes place 10 years before the events of ''Kingdom Hearts''.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ds.ign.com/articles/821/821306p1.html| title = Three New Kingdom Hearts Titles| publisher = IGN| author = Charles Onyett| date = 2007-09-19| accessdate = 2007-09-19}}</ref> The next title in the series will be ''[[Kingdom Hearts 3D]]'' for the [[Nintendo 3DS]].

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://na.square-enix.com/games/kingdomhearts/ Official ''Kingdom Hearts'' site]
* [http://www.kingdom-hearts.com/ Official international ''Kingdom Hearts ''site]
* {{imdb title|id=0322968}}
* [http://www.tokyopop.com/product/1525/KingdomHearts/1/ Official ''Kingdom Hearts'' TOKYOPOP manga site]

{{Kingdom Hearts series}}

[[Category:2002 video games]]
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[[Category:PlayStation 2-only games]]

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David Wood (Missionar)

2011-02-07T00:34:00Z

Fetchcomms: reflinks: Bot: Converting bare references, using ref names to avoid duplicates, see FAQ

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'''David Wood''' is a Christian [[apologism|apologist]] activist, preacher and professional speaker on comparative religions.<ref>[http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/2010/11/03/kiera-feldman-the-anti-muslim-machine/ The Anti-Muslim Machine]an evangelical pastor named David Wood is passionate about proselytizing to Muslims, Wood’s expertise is Christian apologetics, the practice of arguing unbelievers into faith.</ref><ref>[http://www.muslim-responses.com/david_wood_ David Wood]</ref> Wood is an [[evangelical]] [[missionary]] who generally engages in debates against [[muslims]] or [[atheists]], and also lectures on philosophy.<ref>[http://www.thedebateinitiative.com/#/past-events-2/4534173303 The American Evangelical Christian/Muslim Debate Series]</ref><ref>[http://www.answering-christianity.com/nt_commands_killing_jews.htm Conversation between Shadid Lewis and David Wood]</ref> Wood has a Ph.D. in philosophy and biology, and is also a member of the Society of Christian Philosophers.<ref>History of Dawah Al-Tareekh, (2009) Volume 2, Adam Irshan Abd'Qani</ref><ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Muhammad-Christian-Muslim-Perspectives-Ataie/dp/B000UEASTE Amazon.com: Who Was Muhammad? The Christian and Muslim Perspectives (Ali Ataie vs. David Wood): Ali Ataie, David Wood, Moderated by Saad Siddiqui: Movies & TV]</ref><ref>[http://www.arabdetroit.com/news.php?id=869 Arab Detroit News]David Wood, an evangelical from New York [[Detroit Free Press]] Re-print</ref> Wood has been in over two dozen public debates with muslims and atheists.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SuRNZJ6M11MC&pg=PA272&dq=david+wood+acts17&hl=en&ei=wCk7TeenCMHPhAff0ZS2Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Evidence for God: 50 Arguments for Faith from the Bible, History, Philosophy]By William A. Dembski, Michael R. Licona</ref>

==Career==
David Wood is a former atheist who now challenges<ref>[http://thegreatdebateseries.com/ An Open Debate Challenge to Shabir Ally, Jamal Badawi, and Zakir Naik]</ref> and debates atheists such as John W. Loftus, and several muslims; usually in a public hall or in front of a university audience.<ref>[http://hamptonroads.com/2008/03/itll-be-battle-religions-weekend-norfolk battle of religions] Retrieved 26 January 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.call-to-monotheism.com/rebuttal_to_david_wood_s_article__muhammad_in_the_bible___an_analysis_of_the_muslim_appeal_to_biblical_prophecy_ Rebuttal to David Wood]</ref><ref name="Big list">[http://commonsenseatheism.com/?p=171 Big list of Christian Vs. Muslim debates] ''This article contains links to several David Wood video debates''</ref><ref>[http://articles.dailypress.com/2008-03-15/features/0803140096_1_islamic-center-debate-christian-apologetics Debates Look At Islam, Christianity] [[Daily Press (Virginia)]] newspaper</ref> David Wood was arrested outside [[Dearborn, Michigan]] after preaching at an arab festival and being charged with a misdemeanor of disturbing the peace, but was later acquitted.<ref>[http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article&cat=Community&article=3270 Dearborn attorney holds rally] [[The Arab American News]]</ref><ref>[http://www.mininggazette.com/page/content.detail/id/118925/Jury-acquits--4-arrested--for-behavior-at-Arab-fest.html?isap=1&nav=5014 Jury acquits 4 arrested for behavior at Arab fest]Associated Press re-print</ref><ref>[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2010/september/1.17.html Dispute in Dearborn]Christianity Today magazine</ref><ref>[http://www.jihadwatch.org/2010/06/is-this-america-christian-activists-arrested-in-dearborn.html Is this America? Christian activists arrested in Dearborn just for showing up at Arab Festival]</ref><ref>[http://www.greeleygazette.com/press/?p=3872 Wood is cuffed]retrieved 22 January 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.pressandguide.com/articles/2010/09/28/news/doc4ca214ab4b71a726291932.txt Wood not guilty of incitement]By Sean Delaney, Press & Guide Newspapers</ref><ref>[http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.asp?id=30835 Wood in Michigan]Baptist Press, Christian News</ref><ref>[http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=169353 Four Christians were arrested]World Net Daily</ref> Wood has witten polemics against atheists such as [[Richard Carrier]] which he titled "Good 'n' Senseless Without God: A Critical Review of Richard Carrier's New Book, Sense & Goodness Without God".<ref>[http://www.richardcarrier.info/contrawood.html On the Deceptions of David Wood]</ref> Wood was invited on the [[ABN (TV station)]] on several shows, in inter-religious discussions against atheism and Islam, where among other things he regularly appears on the Aramaic Broadcasting Network.<ref>[http://thereligionofconquest.com/2010/11/27/must-see-islamic-tv-ministry-promoting-abn-the-aramaic-broadcasting-network-at-abnsat-com/ MUST SEE ISLAMIC TV MINISTRY: Promoting ABN (The Aramaic Broadcasting Network) at ABNsat.com « The Religion of Conquest]</ref> He has also written journals against the atheist activist [[Dan Barker]] whilst a leader of the Acts 17 Apologetics Ministry.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lYYS7Bv_HJoC&pg=PR7&dq=david+wood+acts17&hl=en&ei=wCk7TeenCMHPhAff0ZS2Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=david%20wood&f=false Defending the Resurrection]By Ed James Patrick Holding</ref> David Wood was also a stern opponent of the proposed ground zero mosque, stating that the mosque is not a tribute to honour the victims families, but rather a symbol of Islamic victory; stating that the ''[[Cordoba House]]'' was named so in memory of the Islamic cross-continental conquest of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]].<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/08/22/national/main6795732.shtml Face Off over Islamic Center] CBS news</ref><ref>[http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/s_691292.html Mosque plans near Ground Zero]By Pittsburgh Tribine-Review</ref> Wood disagreed with pastor Terry Jones attempts in the [[2010 Qur'an-burning controversy|Quran burning]], and compared it to the [[Uthman_ibn_Affan#Qur'an|Uthman Qur'an]] burning.<ref>[http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/72415 Original Quran-Burning Took Place in the Mid-Seventh Century] CNS News [[Cybercast News Service]]</ref>

==Debates and lectures==
*David Wood vs. Ali Ataie: Which is the true religion?<ref name="Big list"/>
*David Wood vs. John W. Loftus: Does God Exist?
*Jalal Abualrub vs. Wood: Does the Trinity make sense?
*Seymour vs. Wood: Was Muhammad a true Prophet?
*Adnan Rashid vs. David Wood: The Satanic Verses
*Bassan Zawadi vs. Wood: Is Islam True?
*Farhan Qureshi vs. David Wood: Can We Trust the Qur'an?
*Osama Abdallah vs. David Wood: Was Muhammad a True Prophet?
*David Wood vs. Sami Zaatari: Is Christianity a Religion of Peace?
*Sami Zaatari vs. David Wood: Is Islam a Religion of Peace?
*Ehteshaam Gulam vs. David Wood: Was Christ really crucified?

==See also==
*[[Christian apologetics]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
*[http://www.acts17.net/ Official David Wood website]

[[Category:American theologians]]
[[Category:Christian apologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Frankenstrat

2011-01-28T04:51:03Z

Fetchcomms: Reverted edits by 198.209.13.253 (talk) to last version by 78.90.11.157

{{Refimprove|date=July 2009}}
[[Image:EVH frankenstrat.jpg|thumb|Eddie Van Halen's Frankenstrat. Here it is pictured with 22 fret Kramer neck.]]

The '''Frankenstrat''' is a famous [[electric guitar|guitar]] created by [[Eddie Van Halen]], guitarist for the band [[Van Halen]].

==Overview of the Frankenstrat==
The Frankenstrat is Eddie's attempt to combine a [[Gibson]] and [[Fender]]. It is made from an ash [[Stratocaster]] body with a routing that Eddie made to fit in a Gibson PAF [[humbucker|humbucking]] bridge [[Pick up (music technology)|pickup]] [http://www.guitarplayer.com/article/eddie-van-halen/jan-00/4788], with a [[single coil]] neck pickup. The neck pickup was simply for decoration and was never actually wired with the humbucker, due to Eddie's inability to wire the switch properly. It has a [[maple]] neck and fretboard, chrome hardware, and red, black, and white stripes painted on the body. It is a six-string guitar with an original [[Floyd Rose]] [[tremolo arm|tremolo]].

Some support the idea that Eddie Van Halen buried his Bumblebee guitar with
[[Dimebag Darrell|Dimebag Darrell Abbott]]. Eddie Van Halen claims that Darrell always wanted his Bumblebee guitar featured on the cover of [[Van Halen II]], so he "buried” the guitar with Darrell at the funeral.<ref>http://vhnd.com/old/articles/041215-01.shtml </ref>

==Building the Frankenstrat==
===Body and neck===
Eddie Van Halen bought the Frankenstrat's ash body and maple neck for a total of $130. Both of these parts were from Wayne Charvel, who sold [[Boogie Body]]-made bodies and necks. The body of the guitar was a "second," so called because it was not cosmetically pleasing. In Van Halen's case, the body had a [[wood knot|knot]] in the wood. He bought it for $50 anyway because he believed it would perform fine. The maple neck of the guitar cost him $80.

===Pickup===
Eddie got a PAF (Patent Applied For) pickup from his [[Gibson ES-335]]. He had the idea to dip the pickup in [[paraffin wax]] to reduce microphonic feedback, a technique that has been around since pickups were invented, and the way they were made before machine-winding. He screwed the pickup to the guitar in the bridge position slightly sideways to allow for string spacing differences to the pickup's magnetic pole spacing. The pickup was later replaced with a Seymour Duncan humbucker.

===Paint and finish===
Eddie painted the guitar black. After it was dry he put strips of masking tape on the body and painted it white. This would be the black and white "classic" version of the Frankenstrat. Due to companies selling guitars with similar finishes he stopped using it. He then started using the famous yellow and black "bumble bee" (pictured on [[Van Halen II]]). In 1979, after much disappointment with the performance of yellow and black, Eddie put more tape on the body (original black and white frankenstrat) and painted over that with Red Schwinn Bicycle paint. As Eddie said, "The Schwinn Bicycle paint gives it pop."

===Controls===
Van Halen got rid of both tone control [[potentiometers]] (pots) and wired up the pickups in a simple circuit, due largely to his limited knowledge of electrical circuitry. Van Halen famously used a knob reading 'tone' on the volume control spot. He then used a vinyl record he cut up to use as a [[pickguard]] to cover the controls. Later the pickguard was changed to a real pickguard that had been hacked up. A strip of double-sided masking tape was also added near the pickguard, on which he would place several picks.

===Bridge===
Eddie also added a Fender Tremolo System from his '58 Fender Stratocaster. The Floyd Rose was added later.

==Later upgrades==
The Frankenstrat has gone through many necks over the years. It has also housed the '57 Fender tremolo, original Floyd (no fine tuners), and the original Floyd with fine tuners. The 1971 quarter came when he had trouble keeping the Floyd Rose bridge flush on the body. The original PAF has long since been replaced.

During the late seventies and early eighties many guitar companies tried to capitalize on Van Halen's popularity by manufacturing Frankenstrat lookalikes. In an attempt to mislead such companies, Edward Van Halen installed a red single-coil pickup in the neck position of his Frankenstrat (after the layer of red paint was added over the previously black-and-white body), but he did not wire the pickup into the circuitry of the guitar at all; it was totally non-functional. To confuse imitators even further Van Halen screwed a five-way switch into the empty middle-pickup rout in the guitar's body. Like the neck pickup it was purely decorative, intended to do nothing but keep observers guessing as to the nature or purpose of the hard-to-see electrical component.

==Variants==
===Kramers===
Kramer was the first official company that Eddie endorsed. It started in 1983, when they built a Frankenstrat replica for him. He also replaced his original Frankenstrat neck with a Kramer neck. Later, in 1984, Edward was presented with the "[[Hot for Teacher]]" guitar (as seen in the video clip for "Hot for Teacher"), and started advertising for Kramer.

The most famous Kramer that Edward had was the "5150", which he built in the Kramer factory. It is widely thought that this guitar was made out of a [[Kramer Baretta]] body, but it was actually made out of Prototype [[Kramer Pacer|Pacer]] body.
This guitar was used from the [[1984 (Van Halen album)|1984]] tour, through to the [[OU812]] tour, and was last used in the recording for "Judgement Day" for the album [[For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge]]. It is now retired.

A number of other Kramers were also built and used by Eddie during these years, the most notable being the "1984" Kramer, while most were simply striped designs without other markings. These guitars were primarily used as backups for the "5150" guitar on the tours that it was played, and were retired at the same time. Some were simply given away to various people, or in cases such as the "1984" Kramer, in contests.

===Charvel Hybrid VH2 a.k.a. Bumblebee===
Van Halen had another Frankenstrat, this time black and yellow. It was buried with [[Dimebag Darrell]] of [[Pantera]], who had asked for a Charvel Art Series before they were released. Eddie instead gave him the original guitar at his funeral. It is now buried with him.

===The Ibanez Destroyer a.k.a. Shark===
This was a dual humbucker guitar with a radical design made from an [[Ibanez Destroyer]]. Eddie cut a huge chunk of the wood out with a hacksaw, making it look different. The name shark was given to it because the chunk he cut out was serrated and gave the appearance of shark teeth. It was used in the videos for "[[Runnin' With the Devil]]" and "[[You Really Got Me]]" and included a toggle switch. However, because Eddie removed the chunk of wood, he destroyed the sound of the guitar. He was very upset and tried to obtain another, but unfortunately the guitar was made with a different wood at that time. The sound of this was not satisfactory for Van Halen. It is now retired.

===Fender and Charvel===
Charvel made a signature model EVH called the "Charvel EVH Art Series Guitar" that sported one pickup, a Floyd Rose locking tremolo, a custom wound pickup, and could be ordered in either black and white; black, white, and red; or black and yellow. The guitars are not reliced like the original Frankenstrat, but share a similar neck profile.

Fender has recently sold 300 replicas of the original Frankenstrat, scratches and all, for $25,000 and is the parent company to Eddie Van Halen's EVH brand. The Fenders are only the black, red, and white.

===Guitar Hero===
The design of this guitar is shown many times in [[Guitar Hero: Van Halen]].

==Sources==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/interviews/rock_chronicles/rock_chronicles_1980s_wayne_charvel.html Wayne Charvel Interview]
* [http://www.guitarworld.com/article/eddie_van_halen_on_recreating_frankenstein exclusive video Eddie Van Halen Unveils His "Frankenstein" Replica Guitar]

{{Fender Stratocaster}}
{{Van Halen}}

[[Category:Fender Stratocasters]]
[[Category:Individual guitars]]
[[Category:Instruments of musicians]]

[[nl:Frankenstein (gitaar)]]
[[pt:Frankenstrat]]

Crowley’s Ridge

2011-01-11T20:16:53Z

Fetchcomms: {{for}}

{{for|the former department store|Crowley's}}
[[File:Crowleys Ridge relief v1.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Crowley's Ridge runs through the [[Mississippi embayment]] in this shaded-relief map.]]
[[File:Crowleys Ridge State Park Shiloh Cemetery Paragould AR 05.jpg|thumb|Grave of Benjamin Crowley in Shiloh Cemetery at Crowley's Ridge State Park south of Paragould, Arkansas. The inscription reads "Benjamin Crowley - 1758-1842 - The man for whom Crowley's Ridge is named"]]
'''Crowley's Ridge''' (also '''Crowleys Ridge''') is an unusual geological formation that rises 250 to {{convert|550|ft|m}} above the [[alluvial plain]] of the [[Mississippi embayment]] in a {{convert|150|mi|km|adj=on}} line from southeastern [[Missouri]] to the [[Mississippi River]] near [[Helena-West Helena, Arkansas|Helena, Arkansas]]. It is the most prominent feature in the [[Mississippi Alluvial Plain]] between [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. This narrow rolling hill region rising above the flat plain is the sixth, and smallest, natural division of the state of [[Arkansas]]. Most of the major cities of the [[Arkansas Delta]] region lie along Crowley's Ridge. The ridge received its name from [[Benjamin Crowley]], the first European settler to reach the area (near present day [[Paragould, Arkansas]]) sometime around 1820. The [[American Civil War|Civil War]] [[Battle of Chalk Bluff]] was fought on Crowley's Ridge on May 1-2,1863.

==Composition and origin==
The ridge is primarily composed of sediment as [[loess]]. It contrasts greatly with the flat table land around it and with the black soil that makes up the delta. It varies from half a mile to {{convert|12|mi|km}} wide and reaches an elevation of {{convert|550|ft|m}} near its northern extremity. The formation is generally thought to have originally been an island between the [[Mississippi River]] and [[Ohio River]] that became a long low hilly ridge after the rivers changed course millions of years ago. Recent research, however, questions the fluvial origin. There is evidence that the area's elevation has increased over the years, suggesting that uplift took place and is still taking place. This alternative explanation posits a link between the ridge and the nearby [[New Madrid Seismic Zone]].<ref>Roy B. Van Arsdale, Robert A. Williams, Eugene S. Schweig, Kaye M. Shedlock, Jack K. Odum and Kenneth W. King, "The origin of Crowley's Ridge, northeastern Arkansas: Erosional remnant or tectonic uplift?" ''Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America''; August 1995; v. 85; no. 4; p. 963-985. [http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/85/4/963 Abstract]</ref>

==Soils and vegetation==
The flora and fauna of the ridge seem more closely related to the [[Tennessee]] hills to the east than to the [[Ozark Mountains]] to the west. This unique habitat has resulted in the establishment of several state and city parks, a national forest, recreational lakes, and the nation's newest scenic byway, the ''Crowley's Ridge Parkway''.<ref>[http://www.arkansas.com/things-to-do/scenic-drives/crowleys-ridge.asp Crowley's Ridge Parkway National Scenic Byway]</ref><ref>[http://www.byways.org/explore/byways/2588/ Crowley's Ridge Parkway]</ref>

The soils in this area are moderately fertile and sometimes rich. The land is moderately rugged which does not foster row-crop agriculture. These soils are also easily eroded. There is some commercial agriculture in the loessal plains area of the ridge. The ridge is surrounded by the fertile lands of the delta region. The vegetation is predominantly [[oak]] and [[hickory]] forests, similar to vegetation found in the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. An example is the [[tulip tree]] (a yellow poplar) and the [[American beech]]. Ferns and flowers abound here, including the [[American bell flower]], [[crimson catchfly]], [[butterfly weed]], [[cardinal flower]], [[blue lobelia]], [[phlox]], [[verbena]], [[wild hydrangea]], [[hibiscus]], [[Aster (genus)|aster]] and [[yellow jasmine]]. The low-lying areas around the ridge were once much [[swamp]]ier, and the ridge provided a natural and more healthful place for settlers to establish homes. The ridge became a natural north-south communications link for the region, since travel along the ridge was much easier than through the swampy lowlands.<ref name=Borne>[http://www.scsc.k12.ar.us/BorneC/newpage9.htm Crowley's Ridge]{{Dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref>

==Fossils==
This region adjacent to the ridge is covered with thick deltaic soils and few [[fossil]]s are found except in gravel pits. These pits sometimes reveal the teeth of large mastodons, mammoths and horses which roamed the continent as recently as 10,000 years ago. Crowley's Ridge contains important exposures of fossiliferous Tertiary sediments and contains the only documented [[Miocene]] exposures in the state. A [[Petrifaction|silicified]] conifer stump weighing several tons was unearthed near Wittsburg, and many more were found around [[Piggott, Arkansas|Piggott]]. [[Mastodon]] bones were found within the city limits of [[Helena, Arkansas|Helena]] at the southern end of the ridge. Near [[Forrest City, Arkansas|Forrest City]], in the bed of Crow Creek, a deposit of [[oyster]] shells estimated to be nearly 7,000,000 cubic yards in size was discovered.<ref name=Borne/>

==Namesake==
Crowley's Ridge is named after Benjamin Crowley (1758-1842), the frist settler of the Ridge near [[Paragould, Arkansas]]. Crowley is buried in the Shiloh Cemetery in [[Greene County, Arkansas]], and a monument marks the spot. The cemetery is part of Crowley's Ridge State Park; next to Crowley's grave other early settlers of the ridge are buried in unmarked graves.

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www2.semo.edu/regionalhist/FAQ_ridge.html Crowley's Ridge]
* {{Gnis|66990|Crowleys Ridge}}, [[USGS]] GNIS page

{{Arkansas}}
{{Missouri}}

{{Coord|36.142|N|90.575|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Regions of Arkansas]]
[[Category:Landforms of Missouri]]
[[Category:Historical geology]]
[[Category:National Scenic Byways]]

The Joy of Sex

2010-11-15T02:07:07Z

Fetchcomms: /* Footnotes and references */ rm

{{for|the film|National Lampoon's Joy of Sex}}
[[Image:Joyofsezx.jpg|right|thumb]]''' ''The Joy of Sex'' ''' is an illustrated [[sex manual]] by [[Alex Comfort]], [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|M.B.]], [[Ph.D.]], first published in 1972. An updated edition was released in September, 2008.

==Overview==
It was the first illustrated, serious such manual to gain wide distribution—at least in modern [[United States|America]]. (One might argue, for instance, that the [[Kama Sutra]] provided somewhat similar information over 1,000 years before.) Earlier works, such as the 1966 ''[[Human Sexual Response]]'' ers and Johnson]], were more circumspect and clinical. Conversely, ''The Joy of Sex'' is rather circumspect and clinical in comparison to ''[[The Guide to Getting it On]]'', published 20 years later.

''The Joy of Sex'' spent eleven weeks at the top of the ''New York Times'' [[New York Times Best Seller list|bestseller list]] and more than 70 weeks in the top five (1972–1974).

The original intention was to use the same approach as such cook books as ''[[The Joy of Cooking]]'', hence section titles include "starters" and "main courses". The book features sexual practices such as [[oral sex]] and various [[List of sex positions|sex position]]s as well as bringing "farther out" practices such as [[Bondage (BDSM)|sexual bondage]] and [[swinging]] to the attention of the general public.

The original version was illustrated with a mixture of classical Indian and Japanese erotica and specially commissioned illustrations by [[Chris Foss]] (black-and-white line drawings) and Charles Raymond (colour paintings). These two artists based their work on photographs taken by Chris Foss of Charles Raymond and his wife. The illustrations have become somewhat dated, mainly because of changes in hairstyles. Both the illustrations and text are titillating as well as illustrative, in contrast to the bland, clinical style of earlier books about sex. More recent editions feature new artwork, and added text emphasizing [[safer sex]].

Although the original took a negative view of practices such as [[anal sex]], newer versions reversed previously-supportive positions on topics such as [[swinging]] as extensive textual changes were made at the height of the 1980s [[AIDS]] panic.

A pocket book version entitled, ''The Joy of Sex, the Pocket Edition'' was also published. The book won the [[Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |last=Burkardt |first=John |url=http://people.scs.fsu.edu/~burkardt/fun/wordplay/title_oddest.html|title=The Oddest Book Titles |publisher=John Burkardt |date=2007-06-01 |accessdate=2008-02-24}}</ref>

''The Joy of Sex'' did not address [[gay sex|homosexual sex]] beyond a definitional level. Though there was a careful (for the day) treatment of bondage, other [[BDSM]] activities received definitional coverage at best. The book played a part in what is often called the [[Sexual revolution#Nonfiction sex manuals|sexual revolution]].

==Controversy==
There has been much controversy over ''The Joy of Sex''. Many religious groups have fought to keep it out of [[public libraries]]. In March 2008, the [[Nampa, Idaho]] public library board ruled in favor of removing ''The Joy of Sex'' and ''[[The Joy of Gay Sex]]'' from the libraries' shelves, making them only available upon request in the library director's office. The books were restored to shelves in September 2008 in response to [[American Civil Liberties Union|ACLU]] threats of litigation.<ref name="test">[http://www.idahostatesman.com/166/story/497414.html Nampa library restores 'Joy of Sex' books]. Kristin Rodine. Retrieved on 2008-09-14.</ref>

==Updated 2008 edition==
Publishers Mitchell Beazley have announced the release of an updated edition of the book that was to be launched in September 2008. The new edition has been rewritten and reinvented by relationship psychologist Susan Quilliam, and approved by Nicholas Comfort, the original author's son.<ref>Caroline Davies. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/feb/10/healthandwellbeing.familyandrelationships "Joy of Sex gets makeover for generation that found Viagra"]. ''[[The Observer]]'', February 10, 2008. Accessed 30 July 2008.</ref>

Twenty-five percent more material{{Clarifyme|date=February 2009}} has been added to the book, and the remaining text has been rewritten from both a factual and psychological viewpoint to take into account social shifts since 1972. The new edition presents a more balanced female/male perspective and also contains 120 completely re-shot photographs and re-drawn illustrations.

The quirky style—and the message of the book, that sex is fun—remain the same. Mitchell Beazley are marketing the "New Joy" with the subtitle "a thinking person's guide to sex".

== Publication history ==
* ''The Joy of Sex: A Gourmet Guide to Lovemaking'', 1972
* ''More Joy of Sex: A Lovemaking Companion to The Joy of Sex'', 1973 (sequel)
* ''The Joy of Sex: A Gourmet Guide to Lovemaking'', revised and updated edition, 1986 (revised to include AIDS)
* ''More Joy of Sex: A Lovemaking Companion to The Joy of Sex'', revised and updated edition, 1987 (sequel; revised to include AIDS)
* ''The New Joy of Sex: A Gourmet Guide to Lovemaking for the Nineties'', 1991 (revised to bring the science, especially the sociology, up to date)
* ''The New Joy of Sex'', by Alex Comfort and Susan Quilliam, 2008 ({{ISBN-10|1845334299}}, {{ISBN-13|9781845334291}})

== Footnotes and references ==
{{reflist}}

* John Bear, ''The #1 New York Times Best Seller: intriguing facts about the 484 books that have been #1 New York Times bestsellers since the first list, 50 years ago'', Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1992.

{{Sex}}
{{Sexpositions}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joy of Sex, The}}
[[Category:1972 books]]
[[Category:Sex manuals]]

[[ar:متعة الجنس (كتاب)]]

Benutzer:Fetchcomms

2010-11-12T04:24:36Z

Fetchcomms: -

{{babel|en|fr-2|de-0}}
[[w:User:Fetchcomms|English Wikipedia]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-28T01:48:05Z

Fetchcomms: /* Setting and characteristics */ fix

{{Earthquake
| title = October 2010 Sumatra earthquake
| date = {{Start date|2010|10|25|14|42|22|Z}}
| map = Shakemap October 2010 Indonesia.jpg
| magnitude = 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| depth = {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}
| location = {{coord|3.464|S|100.084|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="USGS-mainquake" /><ref name="maps-google" />
| countries affected = [[Indonesia]]
| intensity =
| casualties = At least 282 dead<ref name="The Guardian Indonesia death" />
}}

The '''October 2010 Sumatra earthquake''' occurred on October 25, 2010, when a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]<ref name="USGS-mainquake" /> [[earthquake]] occurred off the western coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] at 21:42 local time (14:42 [[UTC]]).<ref name="BBC News Major earthquake">{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11621977 | title = BBC News – Major earthquake strikes off Indonesia | work = bbc.co.uk | publisher = BBC | date = 2010-10-25 | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> The earthquake occurred on the same fault that produced the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]. It was widely felt across the provinces of [[Bengkulu]] and [[West Sumatra]] and resulted in a substantial localized [[tsunami]] that struck the [[Mentawai Islands]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=indian.2010.10.25.165759| title = Tsunami Bulletin | publisher = Pacific Tsunami Warning Center | date = 2010-10-25 | accessdate = 2010-10-27 }}</ref>

Many villages on the islands were affected by the tsunami, which reached a height of 3m (9 ft) and swept as far as 600m (1800 ft) inland. The tsunami caused widespread destruction that displaced more than 20,000 people and affected about 4,000 households. Around 300 people were reported to have been killed, with hundreds more still missing.<ref name="The Guardian Indonesia death">"[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/27/indonesia-tsunami-earthquake-death-toll Indonesia death toll reaches 300 with more feared after twin disasters]." ''The Guardian'', 20.49 BST, 27 October 2010.</ref> The subsequent relief effort was hampered by bad weather<ref name="BBC News Indonesia tsunami" /> and the remoteness of the islands, which led to delays in the reporting of casualties.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101026/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_earthquake | last = Nedi | first = John | title = Indonesia tsunami kills 113; scores more missing | date = 2010-10-26 | work = news.yahoo.com | publisher = Yahoo | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>

== Setting and characteristics ==

[[File:USGS Sunda Trench.JPG|thumb|left|260px|Map showing previous rupture areas close to the location of the October 2010 earthquake]]
The earthquake occurred around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]], southwest of [[South Pagai]]. The USGS first reported the [[hypocenter]] of the quake at {{convert|20.5|mi|km}} deep,<ref name="BBC News Major earthquake" /> but later changed it to {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep<ref name="msnbc">{{cite web | author = msnbc.com staff and news service reports | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/ | title = Major quake hits Indonesia | date = 2010-10-25 | work = msnbc.com | publisher = MSNBC | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref> and then {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}. The USGS also estimated the magnitude at 7.5 before revising the measurement to 7.7.<ref name="USGS-mainquake" /> The intensity was MM IV in Bengkulu and MM IV in [[Padang]].

The island of Sumatra lies above the [[Sunda megathrust]], the interface between the [[Subduction|subducting]] [[Australian Plate]] and the overriding [[Sunda Plate]]. Movement on this structure has been responsible for many large historical [[megathrust earthquake]]s. The most recent sequence of large ruptures started with the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] and included the [[2005 Sumatra earthquake]] and the [[2007 Sumatra earthquakes]].<ref name="Sieh">{{cite web | url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/submitted/Snu.pdf| title = The Sunda megathrust: past, present and future|last=Sieh|first=K.| accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref><ref name="Bürgmann">{{cite journal |last = Bürgmann | first = R. | year = 2009 | title = Imperfect dominoes | journal = Nature Geoscience | volume = 2 | pages = 78–88 | url = http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/news/docs/ngeo422.pdf | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> The October 2010 earthquake is thought to have been a result of [[thrust fault]]ing along or near the plate interface from the calculated [[focal mechanism]] and the [[Hypocenter|focal depth]]. The rupture area lies within that for the Mw ~ 9.0 [[1833 Sumatra earthquake]].<ref name="USGS-mainquake" />

Unlike in 2004, the tsunami caused by the October 2010 earthquake did not propagate westwards and other [[Indian Ocean]] nations were unaffected. It has been suggested that the tremor may have been a large aftershock of the much larger Sumatran earthquakes of September 2007.<ref name="Nature">"[http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2010/10/whats_happened_in_the_sumatra.html Sumatra earthquake and tsunami could herald bigger quake]." The Great Beyond, ''Nature'', October 27, 2010</ref>

The earthquake occurred around seven hours after the [[2010 eruption of Mount Merapi|eruption of Mount Merapi]] on the Indonesian island of [[Java]]. However, the two events are not thought to be linked.<ref name="The Guardian Indonesia death" />

== Impact of the earthquake ==
[[File:October 2010 Sumatra Earthquake.png|thumb|right|Epicentre in relation to [[North Pagai|North]] and [[South Pagai]]]]
The earthquake's worst effects were felt on the remote Mentawai Islands. On the island of [[South Pagai]], the tsunami that followed the earthquake reached a height of 3m (9 ft) and swept as far as 600m (1800 ft) inland. According to Indonesian officials, more than 20 villages were hit by the tsunami, displacing more than 20,000 people<ref name="The Guardian Indonesia death">"[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/27/indonesia-tsunami-earthquake-death-toll Indonesia death toll reaches 300 with more feared after twin disasters]." ''The Guardian'', 20.49 BST, 27 October 2010.</ref> and affecting about 4,000 households. The coastal village of Betu Monga on South Pagai was reported to have been destroyed with many residents still missing.<ref name="BBC News Indonesia tsunami">"[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11632982 Indonesia tsunami: Death toll soars to 282]". BBC News Online, 19:47 GMT, 27 October 2010.</ref> Many residents of the villages of Peurogat and Beleerakso were also reported to be missing.<ref name="The Guardian Indonesia death" /> Eighty percent of the houses in the North Pagai village of Muntei Baru were reported damaged or destroyed.<ref name="Jakarta Globe We Couldn't">"http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/we-couldnt-outrun-killer-wave-villager/403642 We Couldn’t Outrun Killer Wave: Villager]". ''The Jakarta Globe'', October 28, 2010</ref>

According to a spokesperson for the [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]] (BMKG), the quake was felt in several mainland towns, but no damage or deaths were reported.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1089435/1/.html | title = 108 dead, 500 missing after tsunami hits Indonesia | publisher = channelnewsasia.com | date = 2010-10-26 | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref> The Mentawai Islands may have acted as a barrier, shielding the Sumatran coast by absorbing the brunt of the tsunami.<ref name="Jakarta Globe We Couldn't" />

As of October 27, 2010, the confirmed death toll stands at 282, with at least 500 more unaccounted for.<ref name="The Guardian Indonesia death" />

Relief teams were initially unable to reach the islands due to poor weather conditions and rough seas. The Indonesian military was mobilised and international aid organizations also began a relief effort.<ref name="BBC News Indonesia tsunami" /><ref name="The Guardian Indonesia death" /> The first aid began to arrive on October 27, two days after the earthquake and tsunami.<ref name="Jakarta Globe We Couldn't" />

== Early warning system problems ==

The BMKG issued a [[tsunami]] warning based on seismographic data.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025 | title = Tsunami warning relaxed after Indonesia quake | date = 2010-10-25 | publisher = Reuters | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> An alert was broadcast from radios and mosque loudspeakers on the mainland, prompting thousands to flee to higher ground.<ref name="Nature" /> It was later cancelled, but officials found that a [[tsunami warning system]] installed following the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]] had failed to function properly. According to Indonesian officials, two of the system's buoys out at sea had been vandalized and were inoperative.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/indonesia/8090377/Indonesian-tsunami-warning-system-was-not-working.html Indonesian tsunami warning system 'was not working']. ''Daily Telegraph'', 6:13PM BST, 27 October 2010.</ref> However, the [[epicentre]] of the earthquake was so close to the islands that a warning would probably have been too late in any case, as the tsunami only took about five to ten minutes to reach Pagai.<ref name="BBC News Indonesia tsunami" />

== Aftershocks ==

Several aftershocks have been recorded since the initial quake,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Maps/10/100_-5_eqs.php | title = Earthquake List for 10-degree Map Centered at 5°S, 100°E | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref> the more significant of which are listed below.

* 5.0 – October 25 15:21:12 UTC<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jOdffOzPaVp4eSUDnE5CfTjRGRJA?docId=a2ed41447c4b411a9918913fd4f385c1 | title = The Associated Press: 7.7-magnitude quake hits off Indonesian island |agency=Associated Press | date = 2010-10-25 | publisher = Google | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 6.1 – October 25 19:37:30 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Major+quake+strikes+Indonesia/3722349/story.html | title = Major 7.7 quake strikes Indonesia | author = Agence France-Presse | date = 2010-10-25 | work = montrealgazette.com | publisher = [[Montreal Gazette]] | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 4.9 – October 25 22:10:03 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044ca.php | title = Magnitude 4.9 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | date = 2010-10-25 | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 6.2 – October 25 22:59:53 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044dt.php | title = Magnitude 6.2 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | date = 2010-10-25 | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 5.3 – October 26 10:51:25 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044md.php | title = Magnitude 5.3 – SOUTHWEST OF SUMATRA, INDONESIA | date = 2010-10-26 | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 5.3 – October 26 11:33:21 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044ms.php | title = Magnitude 5.3 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | date = 2010-10-26 | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 5.0 – October 26 19:40:41 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010cwcf.php | title = Magnitude 5.0 – SOUTHWEST OF SUMATRA, INDONESIA | date = 2010-10-26 | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 5.0 – October 26 23:09:47 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044yn.php | title = Magnitude 5.0 – SOUTHWEST OF SUMATRA, INDONESIA | date = 2010-10-26 | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 5.8 – October 26 23:45:38 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044z1.php | title = Magnitude 5.8 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | date = 2010-10-26 | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>

== Response ==
* {{flag|Indonesia}}: President [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] interrupted a visit to [[Vietnam]] to head back to the Mentawai Islands, which he was expected to visit on October 28.<ref>"[http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/toll-passes-270-in-indonesia-tsunami-disaster/403570 Toll Passes 270 in Indonesia Tsunami Disaster]". ''The Jakarta Globe'', October 27, 2010</ref> [[Boediono]], the Vice President of Indonesia, visited the disaster area by helicopter on October 27 and called for better coordination of the aid effort. He encouraged Indonesians to "be tough in facing disasters", saying that "we must be prepared for whatever happens, just as our ancestors were over thousands of years."<ref name="Jakarta Globe We Couldn't" />

* {{flag|Australia}}: Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]] issued a statement of condolences, saying: "I deeply regret the loss of life and the damage caused, and, of course, our thoughts go out to the families and loved ones of the people affected". She told the Australian Parliament that "the Australian Government has offered assistance to the Government of Indonesia should this be needed."<ref>"[http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/australia-offers-disaster-assistance/1981589.aspx Australia offers disaster assistance]." ''Canberra Times'', 28 October 2010</ref>

* {{flag|Canada}}: [[Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister]] [[Lawrence Cannon]] released a statement saying, "Canada’s condolences to the people of Indonesia following the recent natural disasters that have struck the country. "Canada is deeply concerned for the people of Indonesia, as they deal with the impacts of the recent tsunami and volcanic eruption,” said Minister Cannon. “On behalf of all Canadians, I offer our deepest sympathy to the families and friends of those killed, and wish a quick recovery to the injured. Canada stands ready to provide support to the people of Indonesia if requested. We have received no reports to date of Canadian deaths or injuries due to these disasters. Canadian officials in Ottawa and at the [[List of diplomatic missions of Canada#Asia|Canadian Embassy in Jakarta]] continue to monitor the impact of the disasters and remain in close contact with Indonesian authorities. We invite [[Canadian citizens]] in the affected area, even if they have not been affected by these events, to call home and reassure their loved ones."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2010/346.aspx?lang=eng|title=Canada Offers Condolences Following Natural Disasters in Indonesia|publisher=[[Foreign Affairs Canada]]|date=2010-10-27}}</ref>

* {{flag|United States}}: President [[Barack Obama]] said in a statement: "[[Michelle Obama|Michelle]] and I are deeply saddened by the loss of life, injuries, and damage that have occurred as a result of the recent earthquake and tsunami in West Sumatra. At the same time, I am heartened and encouraged by the remarkable resiliency of the Indonesian people and the commitment of their Government to rapidly assist the victims. As a friend of Indonesia, the United States stands ready to help in any way. Meanwhile, our thoughts and prayers are with the Indonesian people and all those affected by this tragedy."<ref>{{cite web | title = Statement by the President on the Tsunami in Indonesia | date = 2010-10-26 | publisher = Embassy of the United States Jakarta, Indonesia | url = http://jakarta.usembassy.gov/pr_10262010_2.html | accessdate = 2010-10-27 }}</ref>

== See also ==

{{wikinews2|Magnitude 7.7 earthquake strikes off Indonesia coast|113 dead and hundreds missing in Indonesia after tsunami destroys island villages}}
* [[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
* [[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
* [[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Indonesia]]

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist
| colwidth = 30em
| refs =
<ref name="USGS-mainquake">
{{cite web
| url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00043nx.html
| title = Magnitude 7.7 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA
| date = 2010-10-25
| work = earthquake.usgs.gov
| publisher = [[USGS]]
| accessdate = 2010-10-27
}}
</ref>
<ref name="maps-google">
{{cite web
| url = http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=-3.76+99.69&um=1&ie=UTF-8
| title = Google Maps
| work = maps.google.com
| publisher = Google
| accessdate = 2010-10-27
}}
</ref>
}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.educatedearth.net/video.php?id=4290 Double Disaster In Indonesia] Video footage of the eruption & tsunamis.

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 natural disasters|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Tsunamis]]

[[ar:زلزال سومطرة 2010 ,25 أكتوبر]]
[[fr:Séisme du 25 octobre 2010 à Sumatra]]
[[id:Gempa bumi Kepulauan Mentawai 2010]]
[[ml:ഇൻഡോനേഷ്യൻ സുനാമി 2010]]
[[ms:Gempa bumi Sumatera Oktober 2010]]
[[pt:Sismo de Sumatra de outubro de 2010]]
[[ru:Землетрясение у берегов Суматры (2010)]]
[[ta:அக்டோபர் 2010 சுமாத்திரா நிலநடுக்கம்]]
[[vi:Động đất Sumatra tháng 10 năm 2010]]
[[zh:2010年10月苏门答腊地震]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-28T01:46:51Z

Fetchcomms: fix

{{Earthquake
| title = October 2010 Sumatra earthquake
| date = {{Start date|2010|10|25|14|42|22|Z}}
| map = Shakemap October 2010 Indonesia.jpg
| magnitude = 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| depth = {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}
| location = {{coord|3.464|S|100.084|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="USGS-mainquake" /><ref name="maps-google" />
| countries affected = [[Indonesia]]
| intensity =
| casualties = At least 282 dead<ref name="The Guardian Indonesia death" />
}}

The '''October 2010 Sumatra earthquake''' occurred on October 25, 2010, when a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]<ref name="USGS-mainquake" /> [[earthquake]] occurred off the western coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] at 21:42 local time (14:42 [[UTC]]).<ref name="BBC News Major earthquake">{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11621977 | title = BBC News – Major earthquake strikes off Indonesia | work = bbc.co.uk | publisher = BBC | date = 2010-10-25 | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> The earthquake occurred on the same fault that produced the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]. It was widely felt across the provinces of [[Bengkulu]] and [[West Sumatra]] and resulted in a substantial localized [[tsunami]] that struck the [[Mentawai Islands]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=indian.2010.10.25.165759| title = Tsunami Bulletin | publisher = Pacific Tsunami Warning Center | date = 2010-10-25 | accessdate = 2010-10-27 }}</ref>

Many villages on the islands were affected by the tsunami, which reached a height of 3m (9 ft) and swept as far as 600m (1800 ft) inland. The tsunami caused widespread destruction that displaced more than 20,000 people and affected about 4,000 households. Around 300 people were reported to have been killed, with hundreds more still missing.<ref name="The Guardian Indonesia death">"[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/27/indonesia-tsunami-earthquake-death-toll Indonesia death toll reaches 300 with more feared after twin disasters]." ''The Guardian'', 20.49 BST, 27 October 2010.</ref> The subsequent relief effort was hampered by bad weather<ref name="BBC News Indonesia tsunami" /> and the remoteness of the islands, which led to delays in the reporting of casualties.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101026/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_earthquake | last = Nedi | first = John | title = Indonesia tsunami kills 113; scores more missing | date = 2010-10-26 | work = news.yahoo.com | publisher = Yahoo | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>

== Setting and characteristics ==

[[File:USGS Sunda Trench.JPG|thumb|left|260px|Map showing previous rupture areas close to the location of the October 2010 earthquake]]
The earthquake occurred around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]], southwest of [[South Pagai]]. The USGS first reported the [[hypocenter]] of the quake at {{convert|20.5|mi|km}} deep,<ref name="BBC News Major earthquake" /> but later changed it to {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep<ref name="msnbc">{{cite web | author = msnbc.com staff and news service reports | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/ | title = Major quake hits Indonesia | date = 2010-10-25 | work = msnbc.com | publisher = MSNBC | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref> and then {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}. The USGS also estimated the magnitude at 7.5 before revising the measurement to 7.7.<ref name="USGS-mainquake" /> The intensity was MM IV in Bengkulu and MM IV in [[Padang]].

The island of Sumatra lies above the [[Sunda megathrust]], the interface between the [[Subduction|subducting]] [[Australian Plate]] and the overriding [[Sunda Plate]]. Movement on this structure has been responsible for many large historical [[megathrust earthquake]]s. The most recent sequence of large ruptures started with the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] and included the [[2005 Sumatra earthquake]] and the [[2007 Sumatra earthquakes]].<ref name="Sieh">{{cite web | url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/submitted/Snu.pdf| title = The Sunda megathrust: past, present and future|last=Sieh|first=K.| accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref><ref name="Bürgmann">{{cite journal |last = Bürgmann | first = R. | year = 2009 | title = Imperfect dominoes | journal = Nature Geoscience | volume = 2 | pages = 78–88 | url = http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/news/docs/ngeo422.pdf | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> The October 2010 earthquake is thought to have been a result of [[thrust fault]]ing along or near the plate interface from the calculated [[focal mechanism]] and the [[Hypocenter|focal depth]]. The rupture area lies within that for the Mw ~ 9.0 [[1833 Sumatra earthquake]].<ref name="USGS-mainquake" />

Unlike in 2004, the tsunami caused by the October 2010 earthquake did not propagate westwards and other [[Indian Ocean]] nations were unaffected. It has been suggested that the tremor may have been a large aftershock of the much larger Sumatran earthquakes of September 2007.<ref name="Nature">"[http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2010/10/whats_happened_in_the_sumatra.html Sumatra earthquake and tsunami could herald bigger quake." The Great Beyond, ''Nature'', October 27, 2010</ref>

The earthquake occurred around seven hours after the [[2010 eruption of Mount Merapi|eruption of Mount Merapi]] on the Indonesian island of [[Java]]. However, the two events are not thought to be linked.<ref name="The Guardian Indonesia death" />

== Impact of the earthquake ==
[[File:October 2010 Sumatra Earthquake.png|thumb|right|Epicentre in relation to [[North Pagai|North]] and [[South Pagai]]]]
The earthquake's worst effects were felt on the remote Mentawai Islands. On the island of [[South Pagai]], the tsunami that followed the earthquake reached a height of 3m (9 ft) and swept as far as 600m (1800 ft) inland. According to Indonesian officials, more than 20 villages were hit by the tsunami, displacing more than 20,000 people<ref name="The Guardian Indonesia death">"[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/oct/27/indonesia-tsunami-earthquake-death-toll Indonesia death toll reaches 300 with more feared after twin disasters]." ''The Guardian'', 20.49 BST, 27 October 2010.</ref> and affecting about 4,000 households. The coastal village of Betu Monga on South Pagai was reported to have been destroyed with many residents still missing.<ref name="BBC News Indonesia tsunami">"[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11632982 Indonesia tsunami: Death toll soars to 282]". BBC News Online, 19:47 GMT, 27 October 2010.</ref> Many residents of the villages of Peurogat and Beleerakso were also reported to be missing.<ref name="The Guardian Indonesia death" /> Eighty percent of the houses in the North Pagai village of Muntei Baru were reported damaged or destroyed.<ref name="Jakarta Globe We Couldn't">"http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/we-couldnt-outrun-killer-wave-villager/403642 We Couldn’t Outrun Killer Wave: Villager]". ''The Jakarta Globe'', October 28, 2010</ref>

According to a spokesperson for the [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]] (BMKG), the quake was felt in several mainland towns, but no damage or deaths were reported.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1089435/1/.html | title = 108 dead, 500 missing after tsunami hits Indonesia | publisher = channelnewsasia.com | date = 2010-10-26 | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref> The Mentawai Islands may have acted as a barrier, shielding the Sumatran coast by absorbing the brunt of the tsunami.<ref name="Jakarta Globe We Couldn't" />

As of October 27, 2010, the confirmed death toll stands at 282, with at least 500 more unaccounted for.<ref name="The Guardian Indonesia death" />

Relief teams were initially unable to reach the islands due to poor weather conditions and rough seas. The Indonesian military was mobilised and international aid organizations also began a relief effort.<ref name="BBC News Indonesia tsunami" /><ref name="The Guardian Indonesia death" /> The first aid began to arrive on October 27, two days after the earthquake and tsunami.<ref name="Jakarta Globe We Couldn't" />

== Early warning system problems ==

The BMKG issued a [[tsunami]] warning based on seismographic data.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025 | title = Tsunami warning relaxed after Indonesia quake | date = 2010-10-25 | publisher = Reuters | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> An alert was broadcast from radios and mosque loudspeakers on the mainland, prompting thousands to flee to higher ground.<ref name="Nature" /> It was later cancelled, but officials found that a [[tsunami warning system]] installed following the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]] had failed to function properly. According to Indonesian officials, two of the system's buoys out at sea had been vandalized and were inoperative.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/indonesia/8090377/Indonesian-tsunami-warning-system-was-not-working.html Indonesian tsunami warning system 'was not working']. ''Daily Telegraph'', 6:13PM BST, 27 October 2010.</ref> However, the [[epicentre]] of the earthquake was so close to the islands that a warning would probably have been too late in any case, as the tsunami only took about five to ten minutes to reach Pagai.<ref name="BBC News Indonesia tsunami" />

== Aftershocks ==

Several aftershocks have been recorded since the initial quake,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Maps/10/100_-5_eqs.php | title = Earthquake List for 10-degree Map Centered at 5°S, 100°E | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref> the more significant of which are listed below.

* 5.0 – October 25 15:21:12 UTC<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jOdffOzPaVp4eSUDnE5CfTjRGRJA?docId=a2ed41447c4b411a9918913fd4f385c1 | title = The Associated Press: 7.7-magnitude quake hits off Indonesian island |agency=Associated Press | date = 2010-10-25 | publisher = Google | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 6.1 – October 25 19:37:30 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Major+quake+strikes+Indonesia/3722349/story.html | title = Major 7.7 quake strikes Indonesia | author = Agence France-Presse | date = 2010-10-25 | work = montrealgazette.com | publisher = [[Montreal Gazette]] | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 4.9 – October 25 22:10:03 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044ca.php | title = Magnitude 4.9 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | date = 2010-10-25 | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 6.2 – October 25 22:59:53 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044dt.php | title = Magnitude 6.2 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | date = 2010-10-25 | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 5.3 – October 26 10:51:25 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044md.php | title = Magnitude 5.3 – SOUTHWEST OF SUMATRA, INDONESIA | date = 2010-10-26 | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 5.3 – October 26 11:33:21 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044ms.php | title = Magnitude 5.3 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | date = 2010-10-26 | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 5.0 – October 26 19:40:41 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010cwcf.php | title = Magnitude 5.0 – SOUTHWEST OF SUMATRA, INDONESIA | date = 2010-10-26 | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 5.0 – October 26 23:09:47 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044yn.php | title = Magnitude 5.0 – SOUTHWEST OF SUMATRA, INDONESIA | date = 2010-10-26 | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>
* 5.8 – October 26 23:45:38 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044z1.php | title = Magnitude 5.8 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | date = 2010-10-26 | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2010-10-27}}</ref>

== Response ==
* {{flag|Indonesia}}: President [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] interrupted a visit to [[Vietnam]] to head back to the Mentawai Islands, which he was expected to visit on October 28.<ref>"[http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/toll-passes-270-in-indonesia-tsunami-disaster/403570 Toll Passes 270 in Indonesia Tsunami Disaster]". ''The Jakarta Globe'', October 27, 2010</ref> [[Boediono]], the Vice President of Indonesia, visited the disaster area by helicopter on October 27 and called for better coordination of the aid effort. He encouraged Indonesians to "be tough in facing disasters", saying that "we must be prepared for whatever happens, just as our ancestors were over thousands of years."<ref name="Jakarta Globe We Couldn't" />

* {{flag|Australia}}: Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]] issued a statement of condolences, saying: "I deeply regret the loss of life and the damage caused, and, of course, our thoughts go out to the families and loved ones of the people affected". She told the Australian Parliament that "the Australian Government has offered assistance to the Government of Indonesia should this be needed."<ref>"[http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/australia-offers-disaster-assistance/1981589.aspx Australia offers disaster assistance]." ''Canberra Times'', 28 October 2010</ref>

* {{flag|Canada}}: [[Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister]] [[Lawrence Cannon]] released a statement saying, "Canada’s condolences to the people of Indonesia following the recent natural disasters that have struck the country. "Canada is deeply concerned for the people of Indonesia, as they deal with the impacts of the recent tsunami and volcanic eruption,” said Minister Cannon. “On behalf of all Canadians, I offer our deepest sympathy to the families and friends of those killed, and wish a quick recovery to the injured. Canada stands ready to provide support to the people of Indonesia if requested. We have received no reports to date of Canadian deaths or injuries due to these disasters. Canadian officials in Ottawa and at the [[List of diplomatic missions of Canada#Asia|Canadian Embassy in Jakarta]] continue to monitor the impact of the disasters and remain in close contact with Indonesian authorities. We invite [[Canadian citizens]] in the affected area, even if they have not been affected by these events, to call home and reassure their loved ones."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2010/346.aspx?lang=eng|title=Canada Offers Condolences Following Natural Disasters in Indonesia|publisher=[[Foreign Affairs Canada]]|date=2010-10-27}}</ref>

* {{flag|United States}}: President [[Barack Obama]] said in a statement: "[[Michelle Obama|Michelle]] and I are deeply saddened by the loss of life, injuries, and damage that have occurred as a result of the recent earthquake and tsunami in West Sumatra. At the same time, I am heartened and encouraged by the remarkable resiliency of the Indonesian people and the commitment of their Government to rapidly assist the victims. As a friend of Indonesia, the United States stands ready to help in any way. Meanwhile, our thoughts and prayers are with the Indonesian people and all those affected by this tragedy."<ref>{{cite web | title = Statement by the President on the Tsunami in Indonesia | date = 2010-10-26 | publisher = Embassy of the United States Jakarta, Indonesia | url = http://jakarta.usembassy.gov/pr_10262010_2.html | accessdate = 2010-10-27 }}</ref>

== See also ==

{{wikinews2|Magnitude 7.7 earthquake strikes off Indonesia coast|113 dead and hundreds missing in Indonesia after tsunami destroys island villages}}
* [[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
* [[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
* [[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Indonesia]]

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist
| colwidth = 30em
| refs =
<ref name="USGS-mainquake">
{{cite web
| url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00043nx.html
| title = Magnitude 7.7 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA
| date = 2010-10-25
| work = earthquake.usgs.gov
| publisher = [[USGS]]
| accessdate = 2010-10-27
}}
</ref>
<ref name="maps-google">
{{cite web
| url = http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=-3.76+99.69&um=1&ie=UTF-8
| title = Google Maps
| work = maps.google.com
| publisher = Google
| accessdate = 2010-10-27
}}
</ref>
}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.educatedearth.net/video.php?id=4290 Double Disaster In Indonesia] Video footage of the eruption & tsunamis.

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 natural disasters|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Tsunamis]]

[[ar:زلزال سومطرة 2010 ,25 أكتوبر]]
[[fr:Séisme du 25 octobre 2010 à Sumatra]]
[[id:Gempa bumi Kepulauan Mentawai 2010]]
[[ml:ഇൻഡോനേഷ്യൻ സുനാമി 2010]]
[[ms:Gempa bumi Sumatera Oktober 2010]]
[[pt:Sismo de Sumatra de outubro de 2010]]
[[ru:Землетрясение у берегов Суматры (2010)]]
[[ta:அக்டோபர் 2010 சுமாத்திரா நிலநடுக்கம்]]
[[vi:Động đất Sumatra tháng 10 năm 2010]]
[[zh:2010年10月苏门答腊地震]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-27T02:32:18Z

Fetchcomms: reflinks: Bot: Converting bare references, using ref names to avoid duplicates, see FAQ

{{Current}}
{{Earthquake
| title = October 2010 Sumatra earthquake
| date = {{Start date|2010|10|25|14|42|22|Z}}
| map = Shakemap October 2010 Indonesia.jpg
| magnitude = 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| depth = {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}
| location = {{coord|3.464|S|100.084|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="usgs">{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00043nx.html | title = Magnitude 7.5 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = [[USGS]] | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=-3.76+99.69&um=1&ie=UTF-8 | title = Google Maps | work = maps.google.com | publisher = Google | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
| countries affected = [[Indonesia]]
| intensity =
| casualties = At least 113 dead, dozens missing<ref>{{cite web|last=Creagh |first=Sunanda | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE69P0QN20101026?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+reuters/topNews+%28News+/+US+/+Top+News%29 | title = Reuters | publisher = Reuters | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-10/26/c_13576263.htm | title = Xinhua | publisher = News.xinhuanet.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= Andy Saputra | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/26/indonesia.quake/?hpt=T1 | title = At least 112 dead, more than 500 missing after Indonesia quake | work = cnn.com | publisher = CNN | date = 2010-10-26 | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
}}
The '''October 2010 Sumatra earthquake''' occurred on 25 October 2010, when a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.7<ref name="usgs" /> [[earthquake]] occurred off the coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) stated that the quake happened at 9:42 p.m. local time (14:42 [[UTC]]), around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]]. The USGS first reported the [[epicenter]] of the quake at {{convert|20.5|mi|km}} deep,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11621977 | title = BBC News – Major earthquake strikes off Indonesia | work = bbc.co.uk | publisher = BBC | date = 2010-10-25 | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> but later changed it to {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep<ref name="msnbc">{{cite web | author = msnbc.com staff and news service reports | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/ | title = Major quake hits Indonesia - World news - Asia-Pacific | work = msnbc.com | publisher = MSNBC | date = 2010-10-25 | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> and then {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}. The USGS also estimated the magnitude at 7.5 before revising the measurement to 7.7.<ref name="usgs" />

The [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]] (BMKG) had issued a [[tsunami]] warning.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025 | title = Tsunami warning relaxed after Indonesia quake | publisher = Reuters | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> According to the [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]], the quake generated a "significant tsunami",<ref>http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=indian.2010.10.25.165759</ref> which reportedly struck the Macaronis Surf Resort on the [[Mentawai Islands]], causing two charter boats to collide.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/-/world/8196921/tsunami-hits-indonesia-report | title = Tsunami hits Indonesia: report – Yahoo!7 | publisher = Au.news.yahoo.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> A local tsunami watch had been issued, but was later canceled after the threat had passed.<ref>{{cite web|author=By the CNN Wire Staff | url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/25/indonesia.quake/?hpt=T2 | title = 7.5-magnitude quake strikes off Indonesian coast | publisher = CNN.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> According to a spokesperson for the BMKG, the quake was felt in several nearby towns, but no damage or deaths were reported.<ref>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1089435/1/.html 23 people are dead, including nine Australians] 26 October 2010</ref> The agency had also put the magnitude of the quake at a magnitude of 7.2.<ref name="msnbc" /> At least 113 people were reported to have died,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20101026/as-indonesia-earthquake/ | title = Indonesia tsunami kills 113; scores more missing | publisher = Huffingtonpost.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> as well as over 500 missing, but the remoteness of the location (the islands are only reachable by boat) led to delays in the reporting of casualties.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101026/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_earthquake | title = Indonesia tsunami kills 113; scores more missing – Yahoo! News | publisher = News.yahoo.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>

"Eighty percent of buildings in [[Muntei]] village have been damaged by the waves and many people are missing there," said the director of Indonesia's Health Ministry Crisis Centre.<ref>[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Tsunami+volcanic+eruption+leave+dead+Indonesia/3730394/story.html Tsunami, volcanic eruption leave 121 dead in Indonesia]</ref>

== Tectonic setting ==
[[File:USGS Sunda Trench.JPG|thumb|left|260px|Map showing previous rupture areas close to the location of the October 2010 earthquake]]
The island of Sumatra lies above the [[Sunda megathrust]], the interface between the [[Subduction|subducting]] [[Australian Plate]] and the overriding [[Sunda Plate]]. Movement on this structure has been responsible for many large historical [[megathrust earthquake]]s. The most recent sequence of large ruptures started with the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] and included the [[2005 Sumatra earthquake]] and the [[2007 Sumatra earthquakes]].<ref name="Sieh">{{cite web | url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/submitted/Snu.pdf| title = The Sunda megathrust: past, present and future|last=Sieh|first=K.| accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref><ref name="Bürgmann">{{cite journal|last=Bürgmann|first=R.|year=2009| title = Imperfect dominoes|journal=Nature Geoscience|volume=2|pages=78–88 | url = http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/news/docs/ngeo422.pdf|accessdate=26 October 2010}}</ref> The October earthquake is thought to have been a result of [[thrust fault]]ing along or near the plate interface from the calculated [[focal mechanism]] and the [[Hypocenter|focal depth]]. The rupture area lies within that for the Mw ~ 9.0 [[1833 Sumatra earthquake]].<ref name="usgs"/>

== Aftershocks ==
Several aftershocks have been recorded in the 36 hours since the initial quake<ref>[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Maps/10/100_-5_eqs.php Earthquake List for 10-degree Map Centered at 5°S, 100°E]</ref>, the more significant of which are listed below
* 5.0 – October 25 15:21:12 UTC<ref>{{cite web|author=(AP) – 1 day ago | url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jOdffOzPaVp4eSUDnE5CfTjRGRJA?docId=a2ed41447c4b411a9918913fd4f385c1 | title = The Associated Press: 7.7-magnitude quake hits off Indonesian island | publisher = Google.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 6.1 – October 25 19:37:30 UTC<ref>{{cite web|author=Agence France-Presse October 25, 2010 | url = http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Major+quake+strikes+Indonesia/3722349/story.html | title = Major 7.7 quake strikes Indonesia | work = montrealgazette.com | publisher = [[Montreal Gazette]] | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 4.9 – October 25 22:10:03 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044ca.php | title = Magnitude 4.9 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 6.2 – October 25 22:59:53 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044dt.php | title = Magnitude 6.2 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 5.3 – October 26 10:51:25 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044md.php | title = Magnitude 5.3 – SOUTHWEST OF SUMATRA, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 5.3 – October 26 11:33:21 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044ms.php | title = Magnitude 5.3 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 5.0 – October 26 19:40:41 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010cwcf.php | title = Magnitude 5.0 – SOUTHWEST OF SUMATRA, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 5.0 - October 26 23:09:47 UTC<ref>[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044yn.php Magnitude 5.0 - SOUTHWEST OF SUMATRA, INDONESIA]</ref>
* 5.8 - October 26 23:45:38 UTC<ref>[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044z1.php Magnitude 5.8 - KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA]</ref>

== See also ==
{{wikinews2|Magnitude 7.7 earthquake strikes off Indonesia coast|113 dead and hundreds missing in Indonesia after tsunami destroys island villages}}
* [[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
* [[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
* [[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Indonesia]]

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist
| colwidth = 30em
| refs =

}}

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 natural disasters|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Tsunamis]]

[[fr:Séisme du 25 octobre 2010 à Sumatra]]
[[id:Gempa bumi Kepulauan Mentawai 2010]]
[[pt:Sismo de Sumatra de outubro de 2010]]
[[ta:அக்டோபர் 2010 சுமாத்திரா நிலநடுக்கம்]]
[[vi:Động đất Sumatra tháng 10 năm 2010]]
[[zh:2010年10月苏门答腊地震]]

The Concourse

2010-10-27T01:42:28Z

Fetchcomms: /* History */ fix

{{Infobox Skyscraper
|building_name = The Concourse
|image = [[Image:The Concourse 3, Aug 07.JPG|200px]]

|location = [[Beach Road, Singapore|Beach Road]], [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]]
|coordinates = {{coord|1|18|03.8|N|103|51|43.8|E|region:SG-01_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|type = [[High-rise]]
|use = [[Commercial property|Commercial]] and [[Residential]]
|floor_count = 41
|status = Completed



|elevator_count =
|management = Hong Fok Land
|owner = Hong Fok Land
|website =
}}
'''The Concourse''' ({{zh|s=鸿福中心|t=鴻福中心|p=Hóngfú zhōngxīn}}) is a [[postmodern architecture|post-modern]] [[high-rise]] [[Commercial property|commercial]] and [[residential property|residential]] building on [[Beach Road, Singapore|Beach Road]] in [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]].

==History==
[[File:The Concourse at night.jpg|thumb|The Concourse, by [[Beach Road, Singapore|Beach Road]]]]
The Concourse is located in Singapore's "Golden Mile", which refers to the strip of land between [[Nicoll Highway]] and Beach Road. It was planned by the [[Singapore Government]] as a high-rise spine fronting [[Kallang Basin]]. The area used to be occupied by [[squatter]]s and small marine [[industries]].<ref name="Edwards">{{cite book|last1= Edwards|first1= Norman|last2= Keys|fist2= Peter|title= Singapore : a guide to buildings, streets, places|year= 1988|publisher= Times Books International|location= Singapore, Kuala Lumpur|isbn= 9789971652319|oclc= 19663390}}</ref>

[[File:Concourse Singapore2 courtesy copy.jpg|left|thumb|Early design for The Concourse, circa 1979–1981.]]
The Concourse's site was acquired in competition in the [[Urban Redevelopment Authority]]'s 8th Sales of Sites programme in 1979. The project commenced in 1981 as the '''Hong Fok Centre''' but [[construction]] stopped when [[Singapore's economy]] was hit by a [[recession]] in the mid-1980s.

In 1987, the [[architectural firm]] [[Architects 61]] and [[architect]] [[Paul Rudolph (architect)|Paul Rudolph]] re-designed the complex. They retained what was already constructed, and revamped the remainder in order to accommodate new [[Brief (architecture)|programmatic]] requirements.

Built at a cost of [[S$]]248.1 million and to a [[height]] of 175 metres (574 ft)<ref name="SkyscraperPage">{{cite web |url= http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b4789 |title= The Concourse |accessdate=2007-08-15 |format= |work= SkyscraperPage}}</ref> for its [[office]] [[tower]], The Concourse was completed on 5 February 1994.

==Architecture==
[[Image:The Concourse 5, Aug 07.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The Concourse's most prominent architectural feature is the [[aluminium]] [[curtain wall]] system incorporating inclined [[window]]s that form clusters of units.]]
The Concourse is a mixed-use development, comprising a 41-story office tower, a three-level [[retail]] [[podium]] and nine storeys of [[serviced apartment]]s. The three distinct components, with their different usage, have separate [[Door|entrance]]s. These overlook the traditional low-rise [[shophouse]]s and office blocks in the Beach Road area.

Paul Rudolph designed The Concourse as a "[[Tropical]] [[Skyscraper]]". His use of [[sun|solar]] [[shading]], wide overhangs, and [[communal]] [[garden]]s and external [[balconies]] has some similarities with the ideas advanced by [[Ken Yeang]] for the [[bioclimatic]] skyscraper. The [[correlation]] between [[wikt:form|form]] and [[Functionalism (architecture)|function]] arises out of Rudolph's grounding in [[modern architecture]], for he was taught by [[Walter Gropius]] at [[Harvard University]].

Approaching the [[Central Area, Singapore|city]] from [[Singapore Changi Airport]], The Concourse's tower stands out as a [[landmark]] because of its distinctive [[silhouette]] when viewed from across the [[Kallang Basin]]. The tower is [[octagon]]al in [[Plan view|plan]], as the number "[[8 (number)|8]]" for the octagon is associated with [[prosperity]] in [[Chinese culture]], and is typical of Paul Rudolph's buildings. It is also supported by huge [[pilotis]], which is another feature of Rudolph's earlier buildings in the [[United States]], such as the [[Yale Art and Architecture Building|Art and Architecture Building]] at [[Yale]] (1964), and also of [[The Colonnade, Singapore|The Colonnade]] in Singapore. The distinctive soaring effect of the tower is accentuated by these lofty [[column]]s on the first storey which also effectively elevate the building, but is mitigated by the [[facet]]ed [[façade]] of the serviced apartments and retail podium.

The Concourse's most prominent architectural feature is the [[aluminium]] [[curtain wall]] system incorporating inclined [[window]]s that form clusters of units. These interlocking clusters are stacked vertically, like [[dinner plate]]s, one above the other, [[rotating]] around the building.

A five-storey [[atrium (architecture)|atrium]] [[Lobby (room)|lobby]] greets visitors to The Concourse, and 14 sky-atria within the tower form [[Waiting room|reception]] lobbies for [[multinational corporation]]s and [[organisation]]s. The serviced apartment units in the lower block vary in size, and facilities include a [[swimming pool]], [[squash court]]s and a [[fitness centre]]. The apartments overlook Nicoll Highway and the [[Kallang River]] Basin. [[Retailing|Shop]]s are arranged around a three-storey sky-lit atrium in the retail podium.

Due to its unique and unconventional [[building design]], a [[scale model]] of The Concourse once went for an architectural [[art exhibition|exhibition]] tour around the world.<ref name="SG Infopedia">{{cite web |url= http://infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/articles/SIP_889_2004-12-23.html |title= Singapore Infopedia: Beach Road |accessdate=2007-08-16 |format= |work= [[National Library Board]]}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1= Wong|first1= Yunn Chii|last2= Tan|first2= Kok Hiang|last3= Siew|first3= Man Kok|last4= Low|first4= Chwee Lye|title= Singapore 1:1 - city : a gallery of architecture & urban design|year= 2005|publisher= [[Urban Redevelopment Authority]]|location= Singapore|isbn= 9789810544676|oclc= 62361690}}
*{{cite book|last1= Powell|first1= Robert|last2= Lim|first2= Albert K S|last3= Chee|first3= Li Lian|title= Singapore: Architecture of a Global City|year= 2000|publisher= Archipelago Press|location= Singapore|isbn= 9789814068055|oclc= 46686780}}
*{{cite book|last1= Powell|first1= Robert|last2= Bingham-Hall|first2= Patrick|title= Singapore Architecture|year= 2004|publisher= Periplus|location= Singapore|isbn= 9780794602321|oclc= 54536026}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.concourse.com.sg/ The Concourse]
*{{commons-inline|The Concourse}}

{{Singapore malls}}
{{Singapore skyscrapers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Concourse}}
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Singapore]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 150 and 199 meters]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in Singapore]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Singapore]]
[[Category:1994 architecture]]
[[Category:Kallang]]
[[Category:Office buildings in Singapore]]

The Concourse

2010-10-27T01:42:08Z

Fetchcomms: pic

{{Infobox Skyscraper
|building_name = The Concourse
|image = [[Image:The Concourse 3, Aug 07.JPG|200px]]

|location = [[Beach Road, Singapore|Beach Road]], [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]]
|coordinates = {{coord|1|18|03.8|N|103|51|43.8|E|region:SG-01_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|type = [[High-rise]]
|use = [[Commercial property|Commercial]] and [[Residential]]
|floor_count = 41
|status = Completed



|elevator_count =
|management = Hong Fok Land
|owner = Hong Fok Land
|website =
}}
'''The Concourse''' ({{zh|s=鸿福中心|t=鴻福中心|p=Hóngfú zhōngxīn}}) is a [[postmodern architecture|post-modern]] [[high-rise]] [[Commercial property|commercial]] and [[residential property|residential]] building on [[Beach Road, Singapore|Beach Road]] in [[Kallang]], [[Singapore]].

==History==
[[File:The Concourse at night.jpg|The Concourse, by [[Beach Road, Singapore|Beach Road]]]]
The Concourse is located in Singapore's "Golden Mile", which refers to the strip of land between [[Nicoll Highway]] and Beach Road. It was planned by the [[Singapore Government]] as a high-rise spine fronting [[Kallang Basin]]. The area used to be occupied by [[squatter]]s and small marine [[industries]].<ref name="Edwards">{{cite book|last1= Edwards|first1= Norman|last2= Keys|fist2= Peter|title= Singapore : a guide to buildings, streets, places|year= 1988|publisher= Times Books International|location= Singapore, Kuala Lumpur|isbn= 9789971652319|oclc= 19663390}}</ref>

[[File:Concourse Singapore2 courtesy copy.jpg|left|thumb|Early design for The Concourse, circa 1979–1981.]]
The Concourse's site was acquired in competition in the [[Urban Redevelopment Authority]]'s 8th Sales of Sites programme in 1979. The project commenced in 1981 as the '''Hong Fok Centre''' but [[construction]] stopped when [[Singapore's economy]] was hit by a [[recession]] in the mid-1980s.

In 1987, the [[architectural firm]] [[Architects 61]] and [[architect]] [[Paul Rudolph (architect)|Paul Rudolph]] re-designed the complex. They retained what was already constructed, and revamped the remainder in order to accommodate new [[Brief (architecture)|programmatic]] requirements.

Built at a cost of [[S$]]248.1 million and to a [[height]] of 175 metres (574 ft)<ref name="SkyscraperPage">{{cite web |url= http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b4789 |title= The Concourse |accessdate=2007-08-15 |format= |work= SkyscraperPage}}</ref> for its [[office]] [[tower]], The Concourse was completed on 5 February 1994.

==Architecture==
[[Image:The Concourse 5, Aug 07.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The Concourse's most prominent architectural feature is the [[aluminium]] [[curtain wall]] system incorporating inclined [[window]]s that form clusters of units.]]
The Concourse is a mixed-use development, comprising a 41-story office tower, a three-level [[retail]] [[podium]] and nine storeys of [[serviced apartment]]s. The three distinct components, with their different usage, have separate [[Door|entrance]]s. These overlook the traditional low-rise [[shophouse]]s and office blocks in the Beach Road area.

Paul Rudolph designed The Concourse as a "[[Tropical]] [[Skyscraper]]". His use of [[sun|solar]] [[shading]], wide overhangs, and [[communal]] [[garden]]s and external [[balconies]] has some similarities with the ideas advanced by [[Ken Yeang]] for the [[bioclimatic]] skyscraper. The [[correlation]] between [[wikt:form|form]] and [[Functionalism (architecture)|function]] arises out of Rudolph's grounding in [[modern architecture]], for he was taught by [[Walter Gropius]] at [[Harvard University]].

Approaching the [[Central Area, Singapore|city]] from [[Singapore Changi Airport]], The Concourse's tower stands out as a [[landmark]] because of its distinctive [[silhouette]] when viewed from across the [[Kallang Basin]]. The tower is [[octagon]]al in [[Plan view|plan]], as the number "[[8 (number)|8]]" for the octagon is associated with [[prosperity]] in [[Chinese culture]], and is typical of Paul Rudolph's buildings. It is also supported by huge [[pilotis]], which is another feature of Rudolph's earlier buildings in the [[United States]], such as the [[Yale Art and Architecture Building|Art and Architecture Building]] at [[Yale]] (1964), and also of [[The Colonnade, Singapore|The Colonnade]] in Singapore. The distinctive soaring effect of the tower is accentuated by these lofty [[column]]s on the first storey which also effectively elevate the building, but is mitigated by the [[facet]]ed [[façade]] of the serviced apartments and retail podium.

The Concourse's most prominent architectural feature is the [[aluminium]] [[curtain wall]] system incorporating inclined [[window]]s that form clusters of units. These interlocking clusters are stacked vertically, like [[dinner plate]]s, one above the other, [[rotating]] around the building.

A five-storey [[atrium (architecture)|atrium]] [[Lobby (room)|lobby]] greets visitors to The Concourse, and 14 sky-atria within the tower form [[Waiting room|reception]] lobbies for [[multinational corporation]]s and [[organisation]]s. The serviced apartment units in the lower block vary in size, and facilities include a [[swimming pool]], [[squash court]]s and a [[fitness centre]]. The apartments overlook Nicoll Highway and the [[Kallang River]] Basin. [[Retailing|Shop]]s are arranged around a three-storey sky-lit atrium in the retail podium.

Due to its unique and unconventional [[building design]], a [[scale model]] of The Concourse once went for an architectural [[art exhibition|exhibition]] tour around the world.<ref name="SG Infopedia">{{cite web |url= http://infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/articles/SIP_889_2004-12-23.html |title= Singapore Infopedia: Beach Road |accessdate=2007-08-16 |format= |work= [[National Library Board]]}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1= Wong|first1= Yunn Chii|last2= Tan|first2= Kok Hiang|last3= Siew|first3= Man Kok|last4= Low|first4= Chwee Lye|title= Singapore 1:1 - city : a gallery of architecture & urban design|year= 2005|publisher= [[Urban Redevelopment Authority]]|location= Singapore|isbn= 9789810544676|oclc= 62361690}}
*{{cite book|last1= Powell|first1= Robert|last2= Lim|first2= Albert K S|last3= Chee|first3= Li Lian|title= Singapore: Architecture of a Global City|year= 2000|publisher= Archipelago Press|location= Singapore|isbn= 9789814068055|oclc= 46686780}}
*{{cite book|last1= Powell|first1= Robert|last2= Bingham-Hall|first2= Patrick|title= Singapore Architecture|year= 2004|publisher= Periplus|location= Singapore|isbn= 9780794602321|oclc= 54536026}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.concourse.com.sg/ The Concourse]
*{{commons-inline|The Concourse}}

{{Singapore malls}}
{{Singapore skyscrapers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Concourse}}
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Singapore]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers between 150 and 199 meters]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in Singapore]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Singapore]]
[[Category:1994 architecture]]
[[Category:Kallang]]
[[Category:Office buildings in Singapore]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-27T00:14:27Z

Fetchcomms: reflinks: Bot: Converting bare references, using ref names to avoid duplicates, see FAQ

{{Current}}
{{Earthquake
| title = October 2010 Sumatra earthquake
| date = {{Start date|2010|10|25|14|42|22|Z}}
| map = Shakemap October 2010 Indonesia.jpg
| magnitude = 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| depth = {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}
| location = {{coord|3.464|S|100.084|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="usgs">{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00043nx.html | title = Magnitude 7.5 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = [[USGS]] | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=-3.76+99.69&um=1&ie=UTF-8 | title = Google Maps | work = maps.google.com | publisher = Google | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
| countries affected = [[Indonesia]]
| intensity =
| casualties = At least 113 dead, dozens missing<ref>{{cite web|last=Creagh |first=Sunanda | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE69P0QN20101026?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+reuters/topNews+%28News+/+US+/+Top+News%29 | title = Reuters | publisher = Reuters | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-10/26/c_13576263.htm | title = Xinhua | publisher = News.xinhuanet.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= Andy Saputra | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/26/indonesia.quake/?hpt=T1 | title = At least 112 dead, more than 500 missing after Indonesia quake | work = cnn.com | publisher = CNN | date = 2010-10-26 | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
}}
The '''October 2010 Sumatra earthquake''' occurred on 25 October 2010, when a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.7<ref name="usgs" /> [[earthquake]] occurred off the coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) stated that the quake happened at 9:42 p.m. local time (14:42 [[UTC]]), around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]]. The USGS first reported the [[epicenter]] of the quake at {{convert|20.5|mi|km}} deep,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11621977 | title = BBC News – Major earthquake strikes off Indonesia | work = bbc.co.uk | publisher = BBC | date = 2010-10-25 | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> but later changed it to {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep<ref name="msnbc">{{cite web | author = msnbc.com staff and news service reports | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/ | title = Major quake hits Indonesia - World news - Asia-Pacific | work = msnbc.com | publisher = MSNBC | date = 2010-10-25 | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> and then {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}. The USGS also estimated the magnitude at 7.5 before revising the measurement to 7.7.<ref name="usgs" />

The [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]] (BMKG) had issued a [[tsunami]] warning.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025 | title = Tsunami warning relaxed after Indonesia quake | publisher = Reuters | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> According to the [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]], the quake generated a "significant tsunami",<ref>http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=indian.2010.10.25.165759</ref> which reportedly struck the Macaronis Surf Resort on the [[Mentawai Islands]], causing two charter boats to collide.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/-/world/8196921/tsunami-hits-indonesia-report | title = Tsunami hits Indonesia: report – Yahoo!7 | publisher = Au.news.yahoo.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> A local tsunami watch had been issued, but was later canceled after the threat had passed.<ref>{{cite web|author=By the CNN Wire Staff | url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/25/indonesia.quake/?hpt=T2 | title = 7.5-magnitude quake strikes off Indonesian coast | publisher = CNN.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> According to a spokesperson for the BMKG, the quake was felt in several nearby towns, but no damage or deaths were reported.<ref>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1089435/1/.html 23 people are dead, including nine Australians] 26 October 2010</ref> The agency had also put the magnitude of the quake at a magnitude of 7.2.<ref name="msnbc" /> At least 113 people were reported to have died,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20101026/as-indonesia-earthquake/ | title = Indonesia tsunami kills 113; scores more missing | publisher = Huffingtonpost.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> as well as over 500 missing, but the remoteness of the location (the islands are only reachable by boat) led to delays in the reporting of casualties.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101026/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_earthquake | title = Indonesia tsunami kills 113; scores more missing – Yahoo! News | publisher = News.yahoo.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>

"Eighty percent of buildings in [[Muntei]] village have been damaged by the waves and many people are missing there," said the director of Indonesia's Health Ministry Crisis Centre.<ref>[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Tsunami+volcanic+eruption+leave+dead+Indonesia/3730394/story.html Tsunami, volcanic eruption leave 121 dead in Indonesia]</ref>

== Tectonic setting ==
[[File:USGS Sunda Trench.JPG|thumb|left|260px|Map showing previous rupture areas close to the location of the October 2010 earthquake]]
The island of Sumatra lies above the [[Sunda megathrust]], the interface between the [[Subduction|subducting]] [[Australian Plate]] and the overriding [[Sunda Plate]]. Movement on this structure has been responsible for many large historical [[megathrust earthquake]]s. The most recent sequence of large ruptures started with the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] and included the [[2005 Sumatra earthquake]] and the [[2007 Sumatra earthquakes]].<ref name="Sieh">{{cite web | url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/submitted/Snu.pdf| title = The Sunda megathrust: past, present and future|last=Sieh|first=K.| accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref><ref name="Bürgmann">{{cite journal|last=Bürgmann|first=R.|year=2009| title = Imperfect dominoes|journal=Nature Geoscience|volume=2|pages=78–88 | url = http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/news/docs/ngeo422.pdf|accessdate=26 October 2010}}</ref> The October earthquake is thought to have been a result of [[thrust fault]]ing along or near the plate interface from the calculated [[focal mechanism]] and the [[Hypocenter|focal depth]]. The rupture area lies within that for the Mw ~ 9.0 [[1833 Sumatra earthquake]].<ref name="usgs"/>

== Aftershocks ==
* 5.0 – October 25 15:21:12 UTC<ref>{{cite web|author=(AP) – 1 day ago | url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jOdffOzPaVp4eSUDnE5CfTjRGRJA?docId=a2ed41447c4b411a9918913fd4f385c1 | title = The Associated Press: 7.7-magnitude quake hits off Indonesian island | publisher = Google.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 6.1 – October 25 19:37:30 UTC<ref>{{cite web|author=Agence France-Presse October 25, 2010 | url = http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Major+quake+strikes+Indonesia/3722349/story.html | title = Major 7.7 quake strikes Indonesia | work = montrealgazette.com | publisher = [[Montreal Gazette]] | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 4.9 – October 25 22:10:03 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044ca.php | title = Magnitude 4.9 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 6.2 – October 25 22:59:53 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044dt.php | title = Magnitude 6.2 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 5.3 – October 26 10:51:25 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044md.php | title = Magnitude 5.3 – SOUTHWEST OF SUMATRA, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 5.3 – October 26 11:33:21 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044ms.php | title = Magnitude 5.3 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 5.0 – October 26 19:40:41 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010cwcf.php | title = Magnitude 5.0 – SOUTHWEST OF SUMATRA, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{wikinews2|Magnitude 7.7 earthquake strikes off Indonesia coast|113 dead and hundreds missing in Indonesia after tsunami destroys island villages}}
* [[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
* [[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
* [[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Indonesia]]

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist
| colwidth = 30em
| refs =

}}

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]

[[fr:Séisme du 25 octobre 2010 à Sumatra]]
[[id:Gempa bumi Kepulauan Mentawai 2010]]
[[pt:Sismo de Sumatra de outubro de 2010]]
[[vi:Động đất Sumatra tháng 10 năm 2010]]
[[zh:2010年10月苏门答腊地震]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-27T00:13:52Z

Fetchcomms: ref

{{Current}}
{{Earthquake
| title = October 2010 Sumatra earthquake
| date = {{Start date|2010|10|25|14|42|22|Z}}
| map = Shakemap October 2010 Indonesia.jpg
| magnitude = 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| depth = {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}
| location = {{coord|3.464|S|100.084|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="usgs">{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00043nx.html | title = Magnitude 7.5 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = [[USGS]] | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=-3.76+99.69&um=1&ie=UTF-8 | title = Google Maps | work = maps.google.com | publisher = Google | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
| countries affected = [[Indonesia]]
| intensity =
| casualties = At least 113 dead, dozens missing<ref>{{cite web|last=Creagh |first=Sunanda | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE69P0QN20101026?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+reuters/topNews+%28News+/+US+/+Top+News%29 | title = Reuters | publisher = Reuters | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-10/26/c_13576263.htm | title = Xinhua | publisher = News.xinhuanet.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= Andy Saputra | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/26/indonesia.quake/?hpt=T1 | title = At least 112 dead, more than 500 missing after Indonesia quake | work = cnn.com | publisher = CNN | date = 2010-10-26 | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
}}
The '''October 2010 Sumatra earthquake''' occurred on 25 October 2010, when a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.7<ref name="usgs" /> [[earthquake]] occurred off the coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) stated that the quake happened at 9:42 p.m. local time (14:42 [[UTC]]), around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]]. The USGS first reported the [[epicenter]] of the quake at {{convert|20.5|mi|km}} deep,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11621977 | title = BBC News – Major earthquake strikes off Indonesia | work = bbc.co.uk | publisher = BBC | date = 2010-10-25 | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> but later changed it to {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep<ref name="msnbc">{{cite web | author = msnbc.com staff and news service reports | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/ | title = Major quake hits Indonesia - World news - Asia-Pacific | work = msnbc.com | publisher = MSNBC | date = 2010-10-25 | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> and then {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}. The USGS also estimated the magnitude at 7.5 before revising the measurement to 7.7.<ref name="usgs" />

The [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]] (BMKG) had issued a [[tsunami]] warning.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025 | title = Tsunami warning relaxed after Indonesia quake | publisher = Reuters | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> According to the [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]], the quake generated a "significant tsunami",<ref>http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=indian.2010.10.25.165759</ref> which reportedly struck the Macaronis Surf Resort on the [[Mentawai Islands]], causing two charter boats to collide.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/-/world/8196921/tsunami-hits-indonesia-report | title = Tsunami hits Indonesia: report – Yahoo!7 | publisher = Au.news.yahoo.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> A local tsunami watch had been issued, but was later canceled after the threat had passed.<ref>{{cite web|author=By the CNN Wire Staff | url = http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/25/indonesia.quake/?hpt=T2 | title = 7.5-magnitude quake strikes off Indonesian coast | publisher = CNN.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> According to a spokesperson for the BMKG, the quake was felt in several nearby towns, but no damage or deaths were reported.<ref>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1089435/1/.html 23 people are dead, including nine Australians] 26 October 2010</ref> The agency had also put the magnitude of the quake at a magnitude of 7.2.<ref name="msnbc" /> At least 113 people were reported to have died,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20101026/as-indonesia-earthquake/ | title = Indonesia tsunami kills 113; scores more missing | publisher = Huffingtonpost.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref> as well as over 500 missing, but the remoteness of the location (the islands are only reachable by boat) led to delays in the reporting of casualties.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101026/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_earthquake | title = Indonesia tsunami kills 113; scores more missing – Yahoo! News | publisher = News.yahoo.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>

"Eighty percent of buildings in [[Muntei]] village have been damaged by the waves and many people are missing there," said the director of Indonesia's Health Ministry Crisis Centre.<ref>http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Tsunami+volcanic+eruption+leave+dead+Indonesia/3730394/story.html</ref>

== Tectonic setting ==
[[File:USGS Sunda Trench.JPG|thumb|left|260px|Map showing previous rupture areas close to the location of the October 2010 earthquake]]
The island of Sumatra lies above the [[Sunda megathrust]], the interface between the [[Subduction|subducting]] [[Australian Plate]] and the overriding [[Sunda Plate]]. Movement on this structure has been responsible for many large historical [[megathrust earthquake]]s. The most recent sequence of large ruptures started with the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] and included the [[2005 Sumatra earthquake]] and the [[2007 Sumatra earthquakes]].<ref name="Sieh">{{cite web | url = http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~sieh/pubs_docs/submitted/Snu.pdf| title = The Sunda megathrust: past, present and future|last=Sieh|first=K.| accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref><ref name="Bürgmann">{{cite journal|last=Bürgmann|first=R.|year=2009| title = Imperfect dominoes|journal=Nature Geoscience|volume=2|pages=78–88 | url = http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/news/docs/ngeo422.pdf|accessdate=26 October 2010}}</ref> The October earthquake is thought to have been a result of [[thrust fault]]ing along or near the plate interface from the calculated [[focal mechanism]] and the [[Hypocenter|focal depth]]. The rupture area lies within that for the Mw ~ 9.0 [[1833 Sumatra earthquake]].<ref name="usgs"/>

== Aftershocks ==
* 5.0 – October 25 15:21:12 UTC<ref>{{cite web|author=(AP) – 1 day ago | url = http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jOdffOzPaVp4eSUDnE5CfTjRGRJA?docId=a2ed41447c4b411a9918913fd4f385c1 | title = The Associated Press: 7.7-magnitude quake hits off Indonesian island | publisher = Google.com | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 6.1 – October 25 19:37:30 UTC<ref>{{cite web|author=Agence France-Presse October 25, 2010 | url = http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Major+quake+strikes+Indonesia/3722349/story.html | title = Major 7.7 quake strikes Indonesia | work = montrealgazette.com | publisher = [[Montreal Gazette]] | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 4.9 – October 25 22:10:03 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044ca.php | title = Magnitude 4.9 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 6.2 – October 25 22:59:53 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044dt.php | title = Magnitude 6.2 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 5.3 – October 26 10:51:25 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044md.php | title = Magnitude 5.3 – SOUTHWEST OF SUMATRA, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 5.3 – October 26 11:33:21 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044ms.php | title = Magnitude 5.3 – KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>
* 5.0 – October 26 19:40:41 UTC<ref>{{cite web | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2010cwcf.php | title = Magnitude 5.0 – SOUTHWEST OF SUMATRA, INDONESIA | work = earthquake.usgs.gov | publisher = USGS | date = | accessdate = 2010-10-26}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{wikinews2|Magnitude 7.7 earthquake strikes off Indonesia coast|113 dead and hundreds missing in Indonesia after tsunami destroys island villages}}
* [[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
* [[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
* [[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Indonesia]]

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist
| colwidth = 30em
| refs =

}}

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]

[[fr:Séisme du 25 octobre 2010 à Sumatra]]
[[id:Gempa bumi Kepulauan Mentawai 2010]]
[[pt:Sismo de Sumatra de outubro de 2010]]
[[vi:Động đất Sumatra tháng 10 năm 2010]]
[[zh:2010年10月苏门答腊地震]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-26T12:41:13Z

Fetchcomms: wn

{{earthquake
| title = October 2010 Sumatra earthquake
| date = {{Start date|2010|10|25|14|42|22|Z}}
| map = Shakemap October 2010 Indonesia.jpg
| magnitude = 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| depth = {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}
| location = {{coord|3.464|S|100.084|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="usgs">[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00043nx.html Magnitude 7.5 - KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA]</ref> <ref>[http://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&q=-3.76+99.69&um=1&ie=UTF-8 Google Maps]</ref>
| countries affected = [[Indonesia]]
| intensity =
| casualties = At least 23 dead, 160 missing<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE69P0QN20101026?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+reuters/topNews+%28News+/+US+/+Top+News%29 Reuters]</ref><ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-10/26/c_13576263.htm Xinhua]</ref> <ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/26/indonesia.quake/?hpt=T1 CNN]</ref>
}}
The '''October 2010 Sumatra earthquake''' occured on 25 October 2010, when a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.7<ref name="usgs" /> [[earthquake]] occurred off the coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) stated that the quake happened at 9:42 p.m. local time (14:42 [[UTC]]), around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]]. The USGS first reported the [[epicenter]] of the quake at {{convert|20.5|mi|km}} deep,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11621977 BBC News - Major earthquake strikes off Indonesia]</ref> but later changed it to {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep<ref name="msnbc">[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/ Major quake hits Indonesia - World news - Asia-Pacific - msnbc.com]</ref> and then {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}. The USGS also estimated the magnitude at 7.5 before revising the measurement to 7.7.<ref name="usgs" />

The [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]] (BMKG) had initially issued a [[tsunami]] warning, but later canceled it.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025 Tsunami warning relaxed after Indonesia quake | Reuters]</ref> According to the [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]], the quake generated a "significant tsunami",<ref>http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=indian.2010.10.25.165759</ref> which reportedly struck the Macaronis Surf Resort on the [[Mentawai Islands]], causing two charter boats to collide.<ref>[http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/-/world/8196921/tsunami-hits-indonesia-report Tsunami hits Indonesia: report - Yahoo!7]</ref> A local tsunami watch had been issued, but was later canceled after the threat had passed.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/25/indonesia.quake/?hpt=T2 7.5-magnitude quake strikes off Indonesian coast - CNN.com]</ref> According to a spokesperson for the BMKG, the quake was felt in several nearby towns, but no damage or deaths were reported. <ref>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1089435/1/.html 23 people are dead, including nine Australians] 26 October 2010 </ref> The agency had also put the magnitude of the quake at a magnitude of 7.2.<ref name="msnbc" /> At least 23 people are reported to have died, as well as over 160 missing, but the remoteness of the location (the islands are only reachable by boat) has lead to delays in the reporting of casualties.<ref>http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101026/ap_on_re_as/as_indonesia_earthquake</ref>

"Eighty percent of buildings in [[Muntei]] village have been damaged by the waves and many people are missing there," Mudjiharto said.

==Aftershocks==
*5.0 - October 25 15:21:12 UTC<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jOdffOzPaVp4eSUDnE5CfTjRGRJA?docId=a2ed41447c4b411a9918913fd4f385c1 The Associated Press: 7.7-magnitude quake hits off Indonesian island]</ref>
*6.1 - October 25 19:37:30 UTC<ref>[http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Major+quake+strikes+Indonesia/3722349/story.html Major 7.7 quake strikes Indonesia]</ref>
*4.9 - October 25 22:10:03 UTC<ref>[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044ca.php Magnitude 4.9 - KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA]</ref>
*6.2 - October 25 22:59:53 UTC<ref>[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044dt.php Magnitude 6.2 - KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA]</ref>

==See also==
{{wikinews|Magnitude 7.7 earthquake strikes off Indonesia coast}}
*[[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]

[[id:Gempa bumi Kepulauan Mentawai 2010]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T23:45:17Z

Fetchcomms: reflinks: Bot: Converting bare references, using ref names to avoid duplicates, see FAQ

{{current disaster}}
{{earthquake
| title = October 2010 Sumatra earthquake
| date = {{Start date|2010|10|25|14|42|22|Z}}
| map = Shakemap October 2010 Indonesia.jpg
| magnitude = 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| depth = {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}
| location = {{coord|3.464|S|100.084|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="usgs">[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00043nx.html Magnitude 7.5 - KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA]</ref>
| countries affected = [[Indonesia]]
| intensity =
| casualties = 0
}}
The '''October 2010 Sumatra earthquake''' occured on 25 October 2010, when a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.7<ref name="usgs" /> [[earthquake]] occurred off the coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) stated that the quake happened at 9:42 p.m. local time (14:42 [[UTC]]), around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]]. The USGS first reported the [[epicenter]] of the quake at {{convert|20.5|mi|km}} deep,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11621977 BBC News - Major earthquake strikes off Indonesia]</ref> but later changed it to {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep<ref name="msnbc">[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/ Major quake hits Indonesia - World news - Asia-Pacific - msnbc.com]</ref> and then {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}. The USGS also estimated the magnitude at 7.5 before revising the measurement to 7.7.<ref name="usgs" />

The [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]] (BMKG) had initially issued a [[tsunami]] warning, but later canceled it.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025 Tsunami warning relaxed after Indonesia quake | Reuters]</ref> According to the [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]], the quake generated a "significant tsunami",<ref>http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=indian.2010.10.25.165759</ref> which reportedly struck the Macaronis Surf Resort on the [[Mentawai Islands]], causing two charter boats to collide.<ref>[http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/-/world/8196921/tsunami-hits-indonesia-report Tsunami hits Indonesia: report - Yahoo!7]</ref> A local tsunami watch had been issued, but was later canceled after the threat had passed.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/25/indonesia.quake/?hpt=T2 7.5-magnitude quake strikes off Indonesian coast - CNN.com]</ref> According to a spokesperson for the BMKG, the quake was felt in several nearby towns, but no damage or deaths were reported. The agency had also put the magnitude of the quake at a magnitude of 7.2.<ref name="msnbc" />

==Aftershocks==
*5.0 - October 25 15:21:12 UTC<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jOdffOzPaVp4eSUDnE5CfTjRGRJA?docId=a2ed41447c4b411a9918913fd4f385c1 The Associated Press: 7.7-magnitude quake hits off Indonesian island]</ref>
*6.1 - October 25 19:37:30 UTC<ref>[http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Major+quake+strikes+Indonesia/3722349/story.html Major 7.7 quake strikes Indonesia]</ref>
*4.9 - October 25 22:10:03 UTC<ref>[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044ca.php Magnitude 4.9 - KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA]</ref>
*6.2 - October 25 22:59:53 UTC<ref>[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044dt.php Magnitude 6.2 - KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA]</ref>

==See also==

*[[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T23:44:11Z

Fetchcomms: update

{{current disaster}}
{{earthquake
| title = October 2010 Sumatra earthquake
| date = {{Start date|2010|10|25|14|42|22|Z}}
| map = Shakemap October 2010 Indonesia.jpg
| magnitude = 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| depth = {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}
| location = {{coord|3.464|S|100.084|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="usgs">[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00043nx.html Magnitude 7.5 - KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA]</ref>
| countries affected = [[Indonesia]]
| intensity =
| casualties = 0
}}
The '''October 2010 Sumatra earthquake''' occured on 25 October 2010, when a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.7<ref name="usgs" /> [[earthquake]] occurred off the coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) stated that the quake happened at 9:42 p.m. local time (14:42 [[UTC]]), around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]]. The USGS first reported the [[epicenter]] of the quake at {{convert|20.5|mi|km}} deep,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11621977 BBC News - Major earthquake strikes off Indonesia]</ref> but later changed it to {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep<ref name="msnbc">[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/ Major quake hits Indonesia - World news - Asia-Pacific - msnbc.com]</ref> and then {{convert|12.8|mi|km}}. The USGS also estimated the magnitude at 7.5 before revising the measurement to 7.7.<ref name="usgs" />

The [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]] (BMKG) had initially issued a [[tsunami]] warning, but later canceled it.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025 Tsunami warning relaxed after Indonesia quake | Reuters]</ref> According to the [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]], the quake generated a "significant tsunami",<ref>http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=indian.2010.10.25.165759</ref> which reportedly struck the Macaronis Surf Resort on the [[Mentawai Islands]], causing two charter boats to collide.<ref>[http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/-/world/8196921/tsunami-hits-indonesia-report Tsunami hits Indonesia: report - Yahoo!7]</ref> A local tsunami watch had been issued, but was later canceled after the threat had passed.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/25/indonesia.quake/?hpt=T2 7.5-magnitude quake strikes off Indonesian coast - CNN.com]</ref> According to a spokesperson for the BMKG, the quake was felt in several nearby towns, but no damage or deaths were reported. The agency had also put the magnitude of the quake at a magnitude of 7.2.<ref name="msnbc" />

==Aftershocks==
*5.0 - October 25 15:21:12 UTC<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jOdffOzPaVp4eSUDnE5CfTjRGRJA?docId=a2ed41447c4b411a9918913fd4f385c1 The Associated Press: 7.7-magnitude quake hits off Indonesian island]</ref>
*6.1 - October 25 19:37:30 UTC<ref>[http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Major+quake+strikes+Indonesia/3722349/story.html Major 7.7 quake strikes Indonesia]</ref>
*4.9 - October 25 22:10:03 UTC<ref>http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044ca.php</ref>
*6.2 - October 25 22:59:53 UTC<ref>http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00044dt.php</ref>

==See also==

*[[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T23:23:04Z

Fetchcomms: reflinks: Bot: Converting bare references, using ref names to avoid duplicates, see FAQ

{{current disaster}}
{{earthquake
| title = October 2010 Sumatra earthquake
| date = {{Start date|2010|10|25|14|42|22|Z}}
| map = Shakemap October 2010 Indonesia.jpg
| magnitude = 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| depth = {{convert|8.8|mi|km}}
| location = {{coord|3.464|S|100.084|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="usgs">[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00043nx.html Magnitude 7.5 - KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA]</ref>
| countries affected = [[Indonesia]]
| intensity =
| casualties = 0
}}
The '''October 2010 Sumatra earthquake''' occured on 25 October 2010, when a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.7<ref name="usgs" /> [[earthquake]] occurred off the coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) stated that the quake happened at 9:42 p.m. local time (14:42 [[UTC]]), around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]]. The USGS first reported the [[epicenter]] of the quake at {{convert|20.5|mi|km}} deep,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11621977 BBC News - Major earthquake strikes off Indonesia]</ref> but later changed it to {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep.<ref name="msnbc">[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/ Major quake hits Indonesia - World news - Asia-Pacific - msnbc.com]</ref> It also estimated the magnitude at 7.5 before revising the measurement to 7.7.<ref name="usgs" />

The [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]] (BMKG) had initially issued a [[tsunami]] warning, but later canceled it.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025 Tsunami warning relaxed after Indonesia quake | Reuters]</ref> According to the [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]], the quake generated a "significant tsunami,"<ref>http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=indian.2010.10.25.165759</ref> which reportedly struck the Macaronis Surf Resort on the [[Mentawai Islands]], causing two charter boats to collide.<ref>[http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/-/world/8196921/tsunami-hits-indonesia-report Tsunami hits Indonesia: report - Yahoo!7]</ref> A local tsunami watch had been issued, but was later canceled after the threat had passed.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/25/indonesia.quake/?hpt=T2 7.5-magnitude quake strikes off Indonesian coast - CNN.com]</ref> According to a spokesperson for the BMKG, the quake was felt in several nearby towns, but no damage or deaths were reported. The agency had also put the magnitude of the quake at a magnitude of 7.2.<ref name="msnbc" />

==Aftershocks==
*5.0 - October 25 15:21:12 UTC<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jOdffOzPaVp4eSUDnE5CfTjRGRJA?docId=a2ed41447c4b411a9918913fd4f385c1 The Associated Press: 7.7-magnitude quake hits off Indonesian island]</ref>
*6.1 - October 25 19:37:30 UTC<ref>[http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Major+quake+strikes+Indonesia/3722349/story.html Major 7.7 quake strikes Indonesia]</ref>

==See also==

*[[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T23:22:42Z

Fetchcomms: ce

{{current disaster}}
{{earthquake
| title = October 2010 Sumatra earthquake
| date = {{Start date|2010|10|25|14|42|22|Z}}
| map = Shakemap October 2010 Indonesia.jpg
| magnitude = 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| depth = {{convert|8.8|mi|km}}
| location = {{coord|3.464|S|100.084|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="usgs">[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00043nx.html Magnitude 7.5 - KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA]</ref>
| countries affected = [[Indonesia]]
| intensity =
| casualties = 0
}}
The '''October 2010 Sumatra earthquake''' occured on 25 October 2010, when a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.7<ref name="usgs" /> [[earthquake]] occurred off the coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) stated that the quake happened at 9:42 p.m. local time (14:42 [[UTC]]), around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]]. The USGS first reported the [[epicenter]] of the quake at {{convert|20.5|mi|km}} deep,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11621977 BBC News - Major earthquake strikes off Indonesia]</ref> but later changed it to {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep.<ref name="msnbc">[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/ Major quake hits Indonesia - World news - Asia-Pacific - msnbc.com]</ref> It also estimated the magnitude at 7.5 before revising the measurement to 7.7.<ref name="usgs" />

The [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]] (BMKG) had initially issued a [[tsunami]] warning, but later canceled it.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025 Tsunami warning relaxed after Indonesia quake | Reuters]</ref> According to the [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]], the quake generated a "significant tsunami,"<ref>http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=indian.2010.10.25.165759</ref> which reportedly struck the Macaronis Surf Resort on the [[Mentawai Islands]], causing two charter boats to collide.<ref>http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/-/world/8196921/tsunami-hits-indonesia-report</ref> A local tsunami watch had been issued, but was later canceled after the threat had passed.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/25/indonesia.quake/?hpt=T2 7.5-magnitude quake strikes off Indonesian coast - CNN.com]</ref> According to a spokesperson for the BMKG, the quake was felt in several nearby towns, but no damage or deaths were reported. The agency had also put the magnitude of the quake at a magnitude of 7.2.<ref name="msnbc" />

==Aftershocks==
*5.0 - October 25 15:21:12 UTC<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jOdffOzPaVp4eSUDnE5CfTjRGRJA?docId=a2ed41447c4b411a9918913fd4f385c1 The Associated Press: 7.7-magnitude quake hits off Indonesian island]</ref>
*6.1 - October 25 19:37:30 UTC<ref>[http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Major+quake+strikes+Indonesia/3722349/story.html Major 7.7 quake strikes Indonesia]</ref>

==See also==

*[[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T21:24:57Z

Fetchcomms: reflinks: Bot: Converting bare references, using ref names to avoid duplicates, see FAQ

{{current disaster}}
{{earthquake
| title = October 2010 Sumatra earthquake
| date = {{Start date|2010|10|25|14|42|22|Z}}
| map = Shakemap October 2010 Indonesia.jpg
| magnitude = 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| depth = {{convert|8.8|mi|km}}
| location = {{coord|3.464|S|100.084|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="usgs">[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00043nx.html Magnitude 7.5 - KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA]</ref>
| countries affected = [[Indonesia]]
| intensity =
| casualties = 0
}}
The '''October 2010 Sumatra earthquake''' occured on 25 October 2010, when a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.7<ref name="usgs" /> [[earthquake]] occurred off the coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) stated that the quake happened at 9:42 p.m. local time (14:42 [[UTC]]), around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]]. The USGS first reported the [[epicenter]] of the quake at {{convert|20.5|mi|km}} deep,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11621977 BBC News - Major earthquake strikes off Indonesia]</ref> but later changed it to {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep.<ref name="msnbc">[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/ Major quake hits Indonesia - World news - Asia-Pacific - msnbc.com]</ref> It also estimated the magnitude at 7.5 before revising the measurement to 7.7.<ref name="usgs" />

The [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]] (BMKG) had initially issued a [[tsunami]] warning, but later canceled it.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025 Tsunami warning relaxed after Indonesia quake | Reuters]</ref> The [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]] issued a local tsunami watch but said a large wave was not likely.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/25/indonesia.quake/?hpt=T2 7.5-magnitude quake strikes off Indonesian coast - CNN.com]</ref> According to a spokesperson for the BMKG, the quake was felt in several nearby towns, but no damage or deaths were reported. The agency had also put the magnitude of the quake at a magnitude of 7.2.<ref name="msnbc" />

==Aftershocks==
*5.0 - October 25 15:21:12 UTC<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jOdffOzPaVp4eSUDnE5CfTjRGRJA?docId=a2ed41447c4b411a9918913fd4f385c1 The Associated Press: 7.7-magnitude quake hits off Indonesian island]</ref>
*6.1 - October 25 19:37:30 UTC<ref>[http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Major+quake+strikes+Indonesia/3722349/story.html Major 7.7 quake strikes Indonesia]</ref>

==See also==

*[[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T21:24:44Z

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{{current disaster}}
{{earthquake
| title = October 2010 Sumatra earthquake
| date = {{Start date|2010|10|25|14|42|22|Z}}
| map = Shakemap October 2010 Indonesia.jpg
| magnitude = 7.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
| depth = {{convert|8.8|mi|km}}
| location = {{coord|3.464|S|100.084|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="usgs">[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usa00043nx.html Magnitude 7.5 - KEPULAUAN MENTAWAI REGION, INDONESIA]</ref>
| countries affected = [[Indonesia]]
| intensity =
| casualties = 0
}}
The '''October 2010 Sumatra earthquake''' occured on 25 October 2010, when a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.7<ref name="usgs" /> [[earthquake]] occurred off the coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) stated that the quake happened at 9:42 p.m. local time (14:42 [[UTC]]), around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]]. The USGS first reported the [[epicenter]] of the quake at {{convert|20.5|mi|km}} deep,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11621977 BBC News - Major earthquake strikes off Indonesia]</ref> but later changed it to {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep.<ref name="msnbc">[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/ Major quake hits Indonesia - World news - Asia-Pacific - msnbc.com]</ref> It also estimated the magnitude at 7.5 before revising the measurement to 7.7.<ref name="usgs" />

The [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]] (BMKG) had initially issued a [[tsunami]] warning, but later canceled it.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025 Tsunami warning relaxed after Indonesia quake | Reuters]</ref> The [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]] issued a local tsunami watch but said a large wave was not likely.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/25/indonesia.quake/?hpt=T2 7.5-magnitude quake strikes off Indonesian coast - CNN.com]</ref> According to a spokesperson for the BMKG, the quake was felt in several nearby towns, but no damage or deaths were reported. The agency had also put the magnitude of the quake at a magnitude of 7.2.<ref name="msnbc" />

==Aftershocks==
*5.0 - October 25 15:21:12 UTC<ref>http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jOdffOzPaVp4eSUDnE5CfTjRGRJA?docId=a2ed41447c4b411a9918913fd4f385c1</ref>
*6.1 - October 25 19:37:30 UTC<ref>http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Major+quake+strikes+Indonesia/3722349/story.html</ref>

==See also==

*[[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T21:17:59Z

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Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T17:12:09Z

Fetchcomms: Automatic reference titling and consolidation using reflinks

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T17:11:15Z

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Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T16:47:12Z

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Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T16:41:20Z

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Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T16:35:08Z

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{{current disaster}}

On October 25, 2010 a [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] 7.5 earthquake occurred off the coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The [[United States Geological Survey]], or USGS, said that the quake happened at 9:42 p.m. local time (14:42 [[UTC]]) around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]]. The USGS reported the [[epicenter]] of the quake at {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep.<ref name="msnbc">http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/</ref> The [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]] had initially issued a tsunami warning, but later canceled it.<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025</ref> The agency had also put the magnitude of the quake at a magnitude of 7.2.<ref name="msnbc" />

According to a spokesperson of the Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics, the quake was felt in several nearby towns, but no damage or deaths were reported.<ref name="msnbc" />

==See also==

*[[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T16:32:57Z

Fetchcomms: fix

{{current disaster}}

On October 25, 2010 a magnitude 7.5 earthquake occurred off the coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The [[United States Geological Survey]], or USGS, said that the quake happened at 9:42 p.m. local time (14:42 [[UTC]]) around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]]. The USGS reported the [[epicenter]] of the quake at {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep.<ref name="msnbc">http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/</ref> The Indonesian government had initially issued a tsunami warning, but later canceled it.<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025</ref>

According to a spokesperson for the [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]], the quake was felt in several nearby towns, but no damage or deaths were reported.<ref name="msnbc" />

==See also==

*[[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T16:32:38Z

Fetchcomms: +

{{current disaster}}

On October 25, 2010 a magnitude 7.5 earthquake occurred off the coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. The [[United States Geological Survey]], or USGS, said that the quake happened at 9:42 p.m. local time (14:42 [[UTC]]) around {{convert|150|mi|km}} west of [[Bengkulu]], close to the [[Mentawai Islands]]. The USGS reported the [[epicenter]] of the quake at {{convert|8.8|mi|km}} deep.<ref name=
msnbc">http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39831929/ns/world_news-asiapacific/</ref> The Indonesian government had initially issued a tsunami warning, but later canceled it.<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSGE69O0K120101025</ref>

According to a spokesperson for the [[Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics]], the quake was felt in several nearby towns, but no damage or deaths were reported.<ref name="msnbc" />

==See also==

*[[March 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes]]
*[[April 2010 Sumatra earthquake]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Earthquakes in 2010}}

[[Category:2010 earthquakes|Sumatra]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Indonesia|Sumatra]]
[[Category:2010 in Indonesia|Sumatra]]

Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T16:26:36Z

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Sumatra-Erdbeben vom Oktober 2010

2010-10-25T16:26:15Z

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Geosoziales Netzwerk

2010-10-23T02:59:03Z

Fetchcomms: reflinks: Bot: Converting bare references, using ref names to avoid duplicates, see FAQ

'''Geosocial Networking''' is [[social network service|social network]]ing in which [[geography|geographic]] services and capabilities such as [[geocoding]] and [[geotagging]] are used to enable additional social dynamics.<ref>{{cite news|last=Needleman|first=Rafe|title=Reporters' Roundtable: Checking in with Facebook and Foursquare|url=http://www.cnet.com/8301-30976_1-20015615-10348864.html|accessdate=8 October 2010|newspaper=CNET|date=3 September 2010|author2=Claire Cane Miller|author3=Adrianne Jeffries}}</ref><ref name= "qr10">[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~dq209/publications/recommending10quercia.pdf"Recommending Social Events from Mobile Phone Location Data"], Daniele Quercia, et al., ICDM 2010</ref> User-submitted location data or [[geolocation]] techniques can allow social networks to connect and coordinate users with local people or events that match their interests. Geolocation on web-based [[social network service]]s can be [[IP address|IP]]-based or use [[hotspot (Wi-Fi)|hotspot]] [[trilateration]]. For [[mobile social network]]s, [[text messaging|texted]] location information or [[mobile phone tracking]] can enable [[location-based service]]s to enrich social networking.

==Uses==

Geosocial networking can allow users to interact relative to location and time. [[Web mapping]] services with geocoding data for places such as streets, buildings, and parks can be used with geotagged information (such as meetups, concert events, or nightclub or restaurant reviews) to match a user with a place or event or local group in which to socialize, or enable a group of users to decide on a meeting activity. In disaster scenarios, geosocial networking can allow users to coordinate around [[collaborative filtering|collaboratively filtered]] geotag information on hazards and disaster aid activities to develop a [[collective intelligence|collective]] [[situational awareness]] through an assembly of individual perspectives. This type of geosocial networking is known as [[collaborative mapping]].

==History==

By 2008, expanded geolocation technologies including [[GSM localization|cell tower localization]] became available, and devices such as [[digital camera]]s and [[camera phones]] began to integrate features such as [[Wi-Fi]] connectivity and [[GPS navigation device|GPS navigation]] into more sophisticated capabilities such as [[auto-geotagging]].

By June, 2010, Twitter Co. integrated [[API]] into their applications

==Privacy Policies==
Some sites like Facebook have been scrutinized for allowing users to tag their friends via email while checking in. Google's new project, Buzz, is an automatic opt-out application, having access to social information of all g-mail users.

====Opt-in Vs. Opt-Out====

An "opt in" is a permission-based network that requires a user to join or sign up. The host is then given permission to access the user's information and to contact them. An "opt out" network is defaulted to have the user included in a group. The user must remove themselves from the network if they wish to not be included.

====Facebook, Inc. and Consumer Privacy====
Consumer privacy groups filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission claiming the social networking site was compromising user privacy. Facebook Inc. had supplied user information to companies including [[Microsoft]], [[Yelp]], and [[Pandora]] to which users had previously restricted access. <ref>http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Do-Facebook-Privacy-Concerns-Really-Require-Government-Regulation-793578/</ref> The information, concerning employment history, location, education and recreational preferences served the same purpous as consumer surveys.

====Twitter Co. vs. the FTC====
Early in 2009 [[Twitter]] faced two different security incidents and user accounts were accessed by unauthorized sources. There were 45 accounts accessed in a January incident and 10 that April for short periods of time. In the first incident, unauthorized joke tweets were made from nine accounts and hackers may have accessed nonpublic information such as email addresses and mobile phone numbers. In the second, private information was accessible and at least one user’s password was reset. Within hours of the January breach, Twitter Co. closed the security hole and notified affected account holders. In the April incident, within minutes of the hack Twitter Co. removed administrative access to the hacker and we quickly notified affected users.
The [[United States Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) launched an inquiry into Twitter Co.'s security practices related to these attacks and announced that both them and Twitter Co. reached an agreement that resolves the FTC's security concerns. Since the account breaches and FTC statements, Twitter Co. has implemented many of the FTC's suggestions and released a statement that the agreement "formalizes our commitment to those security practices."<ref>[http://blog.twitter.com/2010/06/ftc-announcement.html Twitter Blog: FTC Announcement]</ref>

==Additional Features==
All Geosocial networks revolve around specific features that are additional to geolocating.
====Ad Hoc Networking====

A [[Mobile ad hoc network]] is an opt-in group of Mobile devices in the same immediate area linked to a master device. These groups are then able to communicate freely with each other. This sort of social networking is used mostly during events so the host (operating the master device) can provide information, suggestions or coupons specific to the event.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.socialtimes.com/2010/04/8-mobile-geo-location-application-types/ 8 Mobile Geo-Location Application Types]</ref>

====Food Sourcing====
A less utilized form of Geosocial Networking is utilized by fast food restaurants, like 4Food, in which the customer checks in their order rather than themselves. Users chose the ingredients of their order, name it, and are awarded points for every order placed because of their update. The customer is given discounts and coupons with their involvement and the restaurant receives more customers.<ref>[http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/13/making-lunch-a-social-networking-game/?scp=6&sq=social%20networking&st=Search Making Lunch a Social Networking Game - NYTimes.com]</ref>

====Freelancing====
Freelancing Networks are created with the specific purpose to allow users to find or post temporary employment opportunities. Users establish and operate a professional profile and are able to connect with past and possible employers, employees, colleagues, classmates and friends.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

====Location-planning====
With Location-Planning, or social-mapping, users are able to search and browse nearby stores, restaurants, etc. Users Venues are assigned profiles and users can rate them, share their opinions and post pictures. These networks use the location of mobile phones to connect users and may also provide directions to and from the venue by linking to a [[GPS]] service.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

====Moodsourcing====
Certain networks use Moodsourcing as a recreational way to make user's status's seem more similar to personal interaction. In addition to checking in, users convey their current mood with a corresponding [[emoticon]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />

====Paperless Ticketing====
Paperless Ticketing is a feature that uses [[smart phones]] as digital tickets for concerts and events.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Besides becoming more convenient, this eliminates the need for printing out tickets and confirmation, creating less waste.

====Social Shopping====
Social Shopping Service users create personal profiles to collect information on different items they find. Instead of simply updating their status on other social networks with a description or link of their purchases, users download software that allows them to grab images of those products to post on their own shopping lists. Some Social Shopping sites form affiliate relationships with merchants, who often pay percent commissions on sales that come as a result of their products being featured on other sites. <ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/11/technology/11ecom.html</ref> Sites have gone so far as to allow users to add their credit card number so their purchases are automatically checked in.

Some fashion corporations have invested in sensors placed in their stores and dressing rooms so users on Social Shopping applications have to physically be in their store or trying something on in order to gather points. This increases participation and encourages customers to to try on other clothes.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==

*[[Geolocation]]
*[[Location awareness]]
*[[List of social networking websites]]
*[[Virtual community]]
*[[Geographic information system]]

'''''Geosocial Services'''''
#[[Brightkite]]
#[[Fire Eagle]]
#[[Facebook Places]]
#[[Foursquare (service)|Foursquare]]
#[[Gbanga]]
#[[Geoloqi]]
#[[Google Latitude]]
#[[Gowalla]]
#[[Hotlist]]
#[[Koprol]]
#[[Scvngr]]
#[[Socialight]]
#[[ThisNext]]



{{DEFAULTSORT:Geosocial Networking}}
[[Category:Social networks]]
[[Category:Collaborative mapping]]
[[Category:Geosocial networking| ]]

Lucas Bryant

2010-10-20T19:46:57Z

Fetchcomms: Automatic reference titling and consolidation using reflinks

{{Infobox actor
| name = Lucas Bryant
| image = 200806_TV11_Lucas2.jpg‎
| imagesize = 150px
| birthname = Lucas Bryant
| birthdate = {{birthdate and age|1978|12|23}}
| birthplace = [[Elmira, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2002-present
| spouse = Unknown (1 child)}}

'''Lucas Bryant''' (born December 23, 1978) is a [[Canadian]]-[[United States|American]] actor.

==Biography==
Bryant was born in [[Elmira, Ontario]], [[Canada]] and he currently has dual Canadian and U.S. Citizenship.<ref>[http://www.tv.com/lucas-bryant/person/127205/biography.html Lucas Bryant on TV.com]</ref> His father is from North Dakota and is of Scandinavian/Finnish heritage.<ref>[http://scifiandtvtalk.typepad.com/scifiandtvtalk/2010/08/havens-lucas-bryant-a-man-of-few-words.html#tp Haven's Lucas Bryant - A Man Of Few Words - SciFiAndTvTalk]</ref><ref>[http://www.tvismypacifier.com/?p=6129 Interview with Emily Rose, Lucas Bryant and Exec Producers Jim Dunn & Sam Ernst from Haven | TV Is My Pacifier]</ref> Bryant graduated from [[Elmira District Secondary School]] and studied acting at [[Sheridan College]] in [[Oakville, Ontario]].<ref>[http://sn.soapnet.go.com/shows/mvp/cast/lucas-bryant Lucas Bryant | MVP | SOAPnet]</ref>

===Acting career===
He was the star of the short-lived [[UPN]] [[television series]] ''[[Sex, Love & Secrets]]''. For television, Bryant has appeared in the movies ''[[Playing House]]'' and ''More Sex and the Single Mom'', as well as guest starred in the series ''[[Queer as Folk (North American TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'', ''[[Odyssey 5]]'' and ''[[Playmakers]]''. He has also starred in Canadian television projects, including ''Crazy Canucks'', ''An American in Canada'' and ''The Eleventh Hour''. Bryant has appeared on stage all over Canada in many productions, including ''The Crucible'' and ''The King and I''.<ref>{{tvtome person|id=127205|name=Lucas Bryant}}</ref> In a high-profile role, Bryant appeared as Gabe McCall on the CBC drama ''MVP: The Secret Lives of Hockey Wives''. He currently stars in [[Haven (TV series)|Haven]], a TV series based on [[Stephen King]]'s novel "The Colorado Kid".<ref>[http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/37296/teaser-promo-stephen-kings-haven Teaser Promo: Stephen King's Haven]</ref> He and ''[[Haven (TV series)|Haven]]'' co-star [[Emily Rose (actress)|Emily Rose]] previously starred together in the 2010 "made-for-TV" suspense-thriller ''Perfect Plan''<ref>Perfect Plan trailer http://www.worldscreen.com/worldscreenings/display/211</ref>

===Personal life===
As of July 2010, Bryant is currently living in [[Santa Monica, California]] with his wife and daughter.<ref>[http://www.syfy.com/haven/cast.php?id=3&type=actor Lucas Bryant as Nathan Wournos | Cast | Haven | Syfy]</ref><ref>[http://news.therecord.com/article/743032 TheRecord.com - arts - Elmira native finds haven on new TV series]</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2|2010 || ''[[Haven (TV series)|Haven]]'' || Nathan Wournos || TV Series (Series Regular)
|-
|''Perfect Plan'' || Sean/Keenan Blake || TV Movie
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Dollhouse (TV series)|Dollhouse]]'' || Travis Leeds || TV Series (uncredited: deleted scenes)
|-
| rowspan=3|2008 || ''[[A Very Merry Daughter Of the Bride]]'' || Dylan || TV Movie
|-
| ''[[Strike.TV|Faux Baby]]'' || Harry || Web Series (Series Regular)
|-
| ''[[MVP (TV series)|MVP]]: The Secret Lives of Hockey Wives''|| Gabe McCall || TV Series (Series Regular)
|-
|2007 || ''I Hate Musicals'' || Brad || Short Film
|-
| rowspan=2|2006 ||''[[Playing House]]'' || Calvin Puddie || TV Movie
|-
| ''Sunday Morning'' (a.k.a. "A Sweet Dream About Nuclear War") || Karey Brant || Movie
|-
| rowspan=3|2005||''[[Sex, Love & Secrets]]'' || Milo || TV Series (Series Regular)
|-
| ''[[Queer as Folk (North American TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'' || Tucker || TV Series (2 Episodes)
|-
| ''More Sex & the Single Mom'' || Gabe Emerson || TV Movie
|-
|2004|| ''[[Crazy Canucks]]'' || Ken Read || TV Movie
|-
| rowspan=3|2003 || ''[[Odyssey 5]]'' || Young Chuck Taggert || TV Series (1 episode)
|-
| ''[[Playmakers]]'' || (Unknown) || TV Series
|-
|''[[An American in Canada]]'' || (Unknown) || TV Series
|-
| rowspan=2|2002 || ''[[Queer as Folk (North American TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'' || Student || TV Series (1 episode)
|-
| ''[[The Eleventh Hour (TV series)|The Eleventh Hour]]'' (a.k.a. "Bury the Lead") || (Unknown) || TV Series
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=1674903|name=Lucas Bryant}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bryant, Lucas}}
[[Category:Canadian television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Lucas Bryant

2010-10-20T19:45:52Z

Fetchcomms: ce

{{Infobox actor
| name = Lucas Bryant
| image = 200806_TV11_Lucas2.jpg‎
| imagesize = 150px
| birthname = Lucas Bryant
| birthdate = {{birthdate and age|1978|12|23}}
| birthplace = [[Elmira, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2002-present
| spouse = Unknown (1 child)}}

'''Lucas Bryant''' (born December 23, 1978) is a [[Canadian]]-[[United States|American]] actor.

==Biography==
Bryant was born in [[Elmira, Ontario]], [[Canada]] and he currently has dual Canadian and U.S. Citizenship.<ref>http://www.tv.com/lucas-bryant/person/127205/biography.html</ref> His father is from North Dakota and is of Scandinavian/Finnish heritage.<ref>http://scifiandtvtalk.typepad.com/scifiandtvtalk/2010/08/havens-lucas-bryant-a-man-of-few-words.html#tp</ref><ref>http://www.tvismypacifier.com/?p=6129</ref> Bryant graduated from [[Elmira District Secondary School]] and studied acting at [[Sheridan College]] in [[Oakville, Ontario]].<ref>http://sn.soapnet.go.com/shows/mvp/cast/lucas-bryant</ref>

===Acting career===
He was the star of the short-lived [[UPN]] [[television series]] ''[[Sex, Love & Secrets]]''. For television, Bryant has appeared in the movies ''[[Playing House]]'' and ''More Sex and the Single Mom'', as well as guest starred in the series ''[[Queer as Folk (North American TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'', ''[[Odyssey 5]]'' and ''[[Playmakers]]''. He has also starred in Canadian television projects, including ''Crazy Canucks'', ''An American in Canada'' and ''The Eleventh Hour''. Bryant has appeared on stage all over Canada in many productions, including ''The Crucible'' and ''The King and I''.<ref>{{tvtome person|id=127205|name=Lucas Bryant}}</ref> In a high-profile role, Bryant appeared as Gabe McCall on the CBC drama ''MVP: The Secret Lives of Hockey Wives''. He currently stars in [[Haven (TV series)|Haven]], a TV series based on [[Stephen King]]'s novel "The Colorado Kid".<ref>[http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/37296/teaser-promo-stephen-kings-haven Teaser Promo: Stephen King's Haven]</ref> He and ''[[Haven (TV series)|Haven]]'' co-star [[Emily Rose (actress)|Emily Rose]] previously starred together in the 2010 "made-for-TV" suspense-thriller ''Perfect Plan''<ref>Perfect Plan trailer http://www.worldscreen.com/worldscreenings/display/211</ref>

===Personal life===
As of July 2010, Bryant is currently living in [[Santa Monica, California]] with his wife and daughter.<ref>http://www.syfy.com/haven/cast.php?id=3&type=actor</ref><ref>http://news.therecord.com/article/743032</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2|2010 || ''[[Haven (TV series)|Haven]]'' || Nathan Wournos || TV Series (Series Regular)
|-
|''Perfect Plan'' || Sean/Keenan Blake || TV Movie
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Dollhouse (TV series)|Dollhouse]]'' || Travis Leeds || TV Series (uncredited: deleted scenes)
|-
| rowspan=3|2008 || ''[[A Very Merry Daughter Of the Bride]]'' || Dylan || TV Movie
|-
| ''[[Strike.TV|Faux Baby]]'' || Harry || Web Series (Series Regular)
|-
| ''[[MVP (TV series)|MVP]]: The Secret Lives of Hockey Wives''|| Gabe McCall || TV Series (Series Regular)
|-
|2007 || ''I Hate Musicals'' || Brad || Short Film
|-
| rowspan=2|2006 ||''[[Playing House]]'' || Calvin Puddie || TV Movie
|-
| ''Sunday Morning'' (a.k.a. "A Sweet Dream About Nuclear War") || Karey Brant || Movie
|-
| rowspan=3|2005||''[[Sex, Love & Secrets]]'' || Milo || TV Series (Series Regular)
|-
| ''[[Queer as Folk (North American TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'' || Tucker || TV Series (2 Episodes)
|-
| ''More Sex & the Single Mom'' || Gabe Emerson || TV Movie
|-
|2004|| ''[[Crazy Canucks]]'' || Ken Read || TV Movie
|-
| rowspan=3|2003 || ''[[Odyssey 5]]'' || Young Chuck Taggert || TV Series (1 episode)
|-
| ''[[Playmakers]]'' || (Unknown) || TV Series
|-
|''[[An American in Canada]]'' || (Unknown) || TV Series
|-
| rowspan=2|2002 || ''[[Queer as Folk (North American TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'' || Student || TV Series (1 episode)
|-
| ''[[The Eleventh Hour (TV series)|The Eleventh Hour]]'' (a.k.a. "Bury the Lead") || (Unknown) || TV Series
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=1674903|name=Lucas Bryant}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bryant, Lucas}}
[[Category:Canadian television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]

420 (Cannabis-Kultur)

2010-10-17T03:56:16Z

Fetchcomms: reflinks: Bot: Converting bare references, using ref names to avoid duplicates, see FAQ

[[Image:420Louis.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Louis Pasteur]], at [[San Rafael High School]].]]
'''420''', '''4:20''' or '''4/20''' (pronounced '''four-twenty''') refers to consumption of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and, by extension, a way to identify oneself with cannabis [[subculture]]. The date [[April 20]] is sometimes referred to as "Weed Day" or "Pot Day".<ref name=UCSC>{{cite web |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070426081319/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm |title=Thousands at UCSC burn one to mark cannabis holiday |first=Matt |last=King |date=April 24, 2007 |work=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |publisher=[[MediaNews Group]]}}</ref>

The term was allegedly coined by a group of teenagers at [[San Rafael High School]] in [[San Rafael, California]], United States in 1971.<ref name=Snopes>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/stories/420.asp|publisher=[[Snopes.com]]|title=420}}</ref><ref name=point>{{cite news|first=Jesse|last=McKinley|title=Marijuana Advocates Point to Signs of Change|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/us/20marijuana.html|quote=Mr. Hager said the significance of April 20 dates to a ritual begun in the early 1970s in which a group of Northern California teenagers smoked cannabis every day at 4:20 p.m. Word of the ritual spread and expanded to a yearly event in various places. Soon, cannabis aficionados were using "420" as a code for smoking and using it as a sign-off on flyers for concerts where the drug would be plentiful. In recent years, the April 20 events have become so widespread that several colleges have urged students to just say no. At the University of Colorado, Boulder, where thousands of students regularly use the day to light up in the quad, administrators sent an e-mail message this month pleading with students not to "participate in unlawful activity that debases the reputation of your university and degree."|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 19, 2009 |accessdate=April 20, 2009|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]}}</ref> The teens would meet after school at 4:20 p.m. to smoke marijuana outside the school.<ref name=420Meaning>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/20/420-meaning-the-true-stor_n_543854.html|title=420 Meaning: The True Story Of How April 20 Became 'Weed Day'|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=April 20, 2009|accessdate=April 20, 2010|first=Ryan|last=Grim|authorlink=Ryan Grim}}</ref>

The group called itself the Waldos because its members hung out by a wall after school.<ref>[[The Huffington Post]], April 2009''</ref> Writer [[Ryan Grim]], citing interviews with anonymous Waldos, claims that the group met by a statue of [[Louis Pasteur]] on the school grounds at 4:20 p.m. to search for an abandoned cannabis crop near [[Point Reyes]] that they had heard about. They never found the stash, Grim writes, but smoked plenty of marijuana while looking for it.<ref name=Grim>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html|title=What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number|date=April 20, 2009|work=The Huffington Post|first=Ryan|last=Grim}}</ref>

''[[High Times]]'' Creative Director [[Steven Hager]] was the first person to track down the Waldos and publish their account of the origins of the term. Hager wrote an article in October 1998 issue ''[[High Times]]'' "Are You Stoner Smart or Stoner Stupid?" in which he called for 4:20 PM to be the socially accepted hour of the day to consume cannabis. "I believe 420 is a ritualization of cannabis use that holds deep meaning for our subculture," wrote Hager. "It also points us in a direction for the responsible use of cannabis."

== April 20 observances ==

April 20 (4/20 in U.S. [[Date and time notation by country#United States|date notation]]) has evolved into a [[counterculture]] holiday, where people gather to celebrate and consume cannabis.<ref name=UCSC/> Some events have a political nature to them, advocating for the [[decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States]].

===American observance===
==== University of Colorado, Boulder ====
A large celebration is held every year on the [[University of Colorado system|University of Colorado]]'s [[University of Colorado at Boulder|Boulder campus]], with attendance reaching more than 10,000 in 2008. It has been estimated that in 2009 the crowd surpassed the 10,000 attendee mark that was set in 2008. This would make CU Boulder's celebration of the hopeful legalization of marijuana one of the largest such celebrations in the United States.<ref name=point/><ref name=autogenerated1>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080728060041/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/apr/20/cus-420-pot-smoke-out-draws-10000/ CU's 4/20 pot smoke-out draws crowd of 10,000 : CU News].</ref> University police have tried various methods to prevent the gathering, including photographing students participating in the event,<ref>[http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle-old/434/colorado.shtml Marijuana: University of Colorado Posts Pics of Students at Pot Rally, Offers Reward for Naming Them].</ref> but the crowd has grown every year.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The university and police have taken a more hands-off approach since 2006, emphasizing event safety over possession citations. Recent growth of the medical marijuana industry in Colorado is expected to add momentum to future events.<ref>[http://www.dailycamera.com/archivesearch/ci_14855977?IADID=Search-www.dailycamera.com-www.dailycamera.com#axzz0lJwVBnxu. Medical marijuana expected to give momentum to CU-Boulder 4/20 event - Boulder Daily Camera]</ref>

On April 15, 2009, the Office of the Chancellor sent an e-mail to all CU students regarding the 2009 celebration of 4/20 stating that the event would debase "the reputation of your university and degree." The CU student newspaper disagreed with the Chancellor's analysis.<ref>[http://www.coloradodaily.com/news/2009/apr/19/university-colorado-boulder-420-cu-email-apology/ Student Voice: CU owes students apology for 4/20 e-mail]{{Dead link|date=March 2010}}.</ref>

No possession tickets were issued at the 2009 event.<ref>[http://www.truthalliance.net/Archive/News/tabid/67/ID/2579/CUs-420-smokeout-draws-10000-No-possession-tickets-issued.aspx No possession tickets issued during CU's 4/20 smokeout].</ref>

==== MarleyFest in Austin, Texas ====
[[Austin]] [[Texas]], the home of the 50,000 student [[University of Texas at Austin]] has a yearly MarleyFest that celebrates the life of [[Bob Marley]] and the music of [[reggae]]. The celebration of [[marijuana]], including the sale of paraphernalia and hemp clothing, a strong presence by [[NORML]], and a general groovy spirit, is considered one typical of Austin's "Keep Austin Weird" culture. The festival is known for attracting a wide age range, with police officers hired to keep the peace and essentially ignore the consumption of marijuana by smoke, vapor, or in food.

===Canadian observance ===
====Ottawa, Ontario====
Annually, on April 20 thousands of activists gather on [[Parliament Hill]] and Major's hill to look toward the peace tower as they join each other in smoking marijuana when the clock strikes 4:20. Police keep an eye on protesters to make sure the peace is kept.<ref>[http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2009/04/19/9165666-sun.html Pot activists to light up on Hill - Canada - Canoe.ca]</ref><ref>[http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/290409 Ottawa's Parliament Hill just one site for planned 4/20 protest]</ref>

==== Montréal, Québec ====

Every Year on April 20, thousands of people gather at the Mont-Royal monument to celebrate 4/20. Police do not make arrests, however they do make their presence known.

==== London, Ontario ====

Each year on 4/20 thousands gather at Victoria Park downtown to celebrate. Over 2000 people joined the festivities in 2010 that included live music. London police made a presence but announced they were not going to lay any marijuana related charges. London is also the hometown of [[Marc Emery]].

==== Vancouver, British Columbia ====

On April 20, 2009, an estimated nearly 10,000 people gathered around the [[Vancouver Art Gallery]] to celebrate "420". The police did not attempt to make arrests. This event has taken place in Vancouver annually for many years, and the police are generally tolerant of all marijuana use on April 20.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Thousands+marijuana+smokers+gather+Vancouver+celebrate/1515882/story.html |title=Thousands of marijuana smokers gather in Vancouver to celebrate "420" |first=Neal |last=Hall |publisher=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |date=May 2, 2009 |accessdate=September 30, 2009}}</ref>

=== New Zealand observance ===
====Auckland====
In [[Auckland]], New Zealand a 420 group meets regularly at the [[Daktory]].<ref name="Hopkins">{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3218470/Pot-clubs-go-nationwide|title=Pot clubs go nationwide|last=Hopkins|first=Steve|date=January 10, 2010|publisher=Sunday News|accessdate=January 13, 2010}}</ref>
====Dunedin====
In [[Dunedin]], New Zealand, members of [[Otago NORML]] and some students at [[University of Otago]] meet every Wednesday and Friday at 4:20 pm under a Walnut tree on the University's Union Lawn to smoke cannabis in defiance of New Zealand's cannabis laws. There was considerable media and police interest in the '420' group in 2008, resulting in the arrest of a student and the issuance of trespass notices to members of the public at one of the 4:20 pm meetings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/9276/police-swoop-cannabis-protest|title=Police swoop on cannabis protest|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=June 12, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=March 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=420 Protest|url=http://www.ch9.co.nz/node/7704|date=February 22, 2008|work=Channel 9 News Dunedin|accessdate=October 7, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/12872/campus-arrests-follow-marijuana-complaints|title=Campus arrests follow marijuana complaints (+ video)|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=July 11, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/24064/moore039s-appeal-rejected|title=Moore's appeal rejected|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 26, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/14321/lack-quorum-foils-cannabis-vote|title=Lack of quorum foils cannabis vote|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=July 22, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/23171/ousa-general-meeting-promises-controversy|title=OUSA general meeting promises controversy|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 20, 2008|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref> The group leader was arrested for cannabis possession at a university Market Day unrelated to the 4:20 meetings,<ref name="ODT_guilty">{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/42645/norml-leader-guilty|title=Norml leader guilty |date=February 10, 2009|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=August 23, 2009}}</ref> but was later discharged without conviction on all charges.<ref>{{cite journal | authorlink = Court Reporter
| title = Ex-Norml leader discharged
| journal = The Otago Daily Times
| date = 4 December 2009}}</ref> The group celebrated their 5th anniversary on 11 September 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/73731/fifth-anniversary-420-protests|title=Fifth anniversary of 4:20 protests|last=Gibb|first=John |date=September 12, 2009|publisher=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=December 9, 2009}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Legality of cannabis by country]]
* [[Spiritual use of cannabis]]
* [[Cannabis legalization in Canada]]
* [[Cannabis in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Cannabis in the United States]]
* [[Drug subculture]]
* [[Hash Bash]]
* [[420 (Family Guy)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number] by Ryan Grim, ''The Huffington Post'', April 20, 2009
* [http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_12087719 Mom and Dad now know about '4/20'] by Gevevieve Bookwalter, ''Santa Cruz Sentinel'', April 7, 2009
* [http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/30/image/ig-potculture30 Marijuana's New High Life] by ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]''

{{drug use}}

{{Cannabis resources}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:420 (Cannabis Culture)}}
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Cannabis culture]]
[[Category:Unofficial observances]]
[[Category:In-jokes]]
[[Category:Cannabis in the United States]]

[[cs:Světový den marihuany]]
[[es:420 (cannabis)]]
[[fr:420 (cannabis)]]
[[ka:420 (მარიხუანა)]]
[[la:420 (fumatio cannabis)]]
[[nl:420 (cannabiscultuur)]]
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[[fi:420 (kannabiskulttuuri)]]

An den Herbst

2010-10-16T03:20:03Z

Fetchcomms: /* References */ shorter for smaller screens

[[File:A Day with Keats, Neatby plate - Autumn.png|thumb|Illustration for "To Autumn" by W.J. Neatby, from ''A Day with Keats'', 1899|alt=Drawing of trees with orange and red leaves with a lake at the bottom and hills in the distance.]]

"'''To Autumn'''" is a [[poetry|poem]] by English [[Romanticism|Romantic]] poet [[John Keats]] (31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821). The work was composed on 19 September 1819 and published in a volume of Keats's poetry that included ''[[Lamia (poem)|Lamia]]'' and ''[[The Eve of Saint Agnes]]'' in 1820. "To Autumn" is the final work in a group of poems known as [[John Keats's 1819 odes|Keats's "1819 odes"]]. Although he had little time throughout 1819 to devote to poetry because of personal problems, he composed "To Autumn" after a walk near [[Winchester, Hampshire|Winchester]] one autumnal evening. The work marks the end of his poetic career as he needed to earn money and could no longer devote himself to the lifestyle of a poet. A little over a year following the publication of "To Autumn", Keats died in [[Rome, Italy|Rome]].

The poem has three eleven-line [[stanza]]s which describe a progression through the season, from the late maturation of the crops to the harvest and to the last days of autumn when winter is nearing. The imagery is richly achieved through the [[personification]] of Autumn, and the description of its bounty, its sights and sounds. It has parallels in the rural landscapes of the English painter [[John Constable]], <ref>Boey Kim Cheng, 2008</ref> with Keats himself describing the fields of stubble that he saw on his walk as being "like a painting".

The work is often interpreted as an [[allegory]] of death. It is also interpreted in different ways as Keats's response to the [[Peterloo Massacre]] which took place in the same year. It may be seen as the poet's response to the many English poems, such as [[Byron]]'s [[Childe Harold's Pilgrimage]], written in praise of the natural beauties of other countries, or as a direct contrast to [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]]'s [[Ode to the West Wind]], published the previous year. It has also been cited as an expression of [[colonialism|colonialist]] sentiment. "To Autumn" has been regarded by critics as one of the most perfect short poems in the English language and it is one of the most [[anthology|anthologised]] English [[lyric poem]]s.

==Background==
[[File:Keats19.jpg|thumb|left|Sketch of Keats by Charles Brown, August 1819, one month before the composition of "To Autumn"|alt=Partially completed portrait in pencil of a man in his mid-twenties with medium-length curly hair. He is leaning on his right arm and faces right. He is wearing a white jacket.]]

During the spring of 1819, Keats wrote many of his major odes: "[[Ode on a Grecian Urn]]", "[[Ode on Indolence]]", "[[Ode on Melancholy]]", "[[Ode to a Nightingale]]", and "[[Ode to Psyche]]". After the month of May, he began to pursue other forms of poetry, including the verse tragedy ''Otho the Great'' in collaboration with friend and roommate Charles Brown, the second half of ''Lamia'', and a return to his unfinished epic ''[[Hyperion (poem)|Hyperion]]''.<ref name="Bate pp. 526–562">Bate 1963 pp. 526–562</ref> His efforts from spring until autumn were dedicated completely to a career in poetry, alternating between writing long and short poems, and setting himself a goal to compose more than fifty lines of verse each day. He devoted his free time to studying works such as [[Robert Burton (scholar)|Robert Burton]]'s ''[[Anatomy of Melancholy]]'' to further his own ideas.<ref>Gittings 1968 pp. 269–270</ref>

Although Keats managed to write many poems in 1819, he was suffering from a multitude of financial troubles throughout the year. These troubles were compounded with his concerns over his brother, George, who, after emigrating to America, was badly in need of money. Keats was distracted by his and his brother's fiscal problems, but on 19 September 1819 he set aside time to write "To Autumn". The poem marks the final moment of his career as a poet. He could no longer afford to devote his time to the composition of poems and began working on more lucrative projects.<ref name="Bate pp. 526–562"/> In addition to his monetary problems, Keats's declining health and personal responsibilities provided more obstacles to his poetic efforts.<ref name="Motion p. 461">Motion 1999 p. 461</ref>

On 19 September 1819, Keats walked near Winchester along the [[River Itchen, Hampshire|River Itchen]]. In a letter to his friend John Hamilton Reynolds written on 21 September, Keats described the impression the scene had made upon him and its influence on the composition of "To Autumn":<ref>Bate 1963 p. 580</ref> "How beautiful the season is now – How fine the air. A temperate sharpness about it [...] I never lik'd stubble fields so much as now [...] Somehow a stubble plain looks warm – in the same way that some pictures look warm – this struck me so much in my sunday's walk that I composed upon it."<ref>Keats 2008 p. 184</ref> Not everything on Keats's mind at the time was bright; the poet knew in September that he would have to finally abandon ''Hyperion''. Thus, in the letter that he wrote to Reynolds, Keats also included a note saying that he abandoned his long poem.<ref>Bate 1963 p. 585</ref> Keats did not send "To Autumn" to Reynolds, but did include the poem within a letter to Richard Woodhouse, Keats's publisher and friend, and dated it on the same day.<ref>Evert 1965 pp. 296–297</ref>

The poem was revised and included in Keats's 1820 collection of poetry titled ''Lamia, Isabella, the Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems''. Although the publishers Taylor and Hessey feared the kind of bad reviews that had plagued Keats's 1818 edition of ''[[Endymion (poem)|Endymion]]'', they were willing to publish the collection after the removal of any potentially controversial poems to ensure that there would be no politically motivated reviews that could give the volume a bad reputation.<ref>McGann 1979 pp. 988–989</ref>

==Poem==
[[File:John Keats - To Autumn Manuscript 1 unrestored.jpg|right|thumb|Manuscript copy of "To Autumn" page 1|alt=A white sheet of paper that is completely filled with a poem in cursive hand writing. Many of the lines mid-way down the page are scratched out.]]
[[File:John Keats - To Autumn Manuscript 2 unrestored.jpg|right|thumb|Manuscript copy of "To Autumn" page 2|alt=A white sheet of paper that is completely filled with a poem in cursive hand writing. A few of the words are scratched out with other words written above as corrections. Words can be partly seen from the other side of the page but they are illegible. A note midway down the page describes that it is an "Original manuscript of John Keats's Poem to Autumn."]]

:Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness
:Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun
:Conspiring with him how to load and bless
:With fruit the vines<ref>ie. grape vines</ref> that round the thatch-eaves run;
:To bend with apples the moss'd cottage-trees,
:And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core;
:To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells
:With a sweet kernel; to set budding more,
:And still more, later flowers for the bees,
:Until they think warm days will never cease,
:For Summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy cells.

:Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store?
:Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find
:Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,
:Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind;
:Or on a half-reap'd furrow sound asleep,
:Drows'd with the fume of poppies, while thy hook
:Spares the next swath and all its twined flowers:
:And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keep
:Steady thy laden head across a brook;
:Or by a cider-press, with patient look,
:Thou watchest the last oozings hours by hours.

:Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they?
:Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,-
:While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day,
:And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;
:Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn
:Among the river sallows, borne aloft
:Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies;
:And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn;
:Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft
:The red-breast whistles from a garden-croft;
:And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.

==Themes==

"To Autumn" describes, in its three stanzas, three different aspects of the season, its fruitfulness, its labour and its ultimate destitution. Through the stanzas there is a progression from early autumn to mid autumn and then to the heralding of winter. Parallel to this, the poem depicts the day turning from morning to afternoon and into dusk. These progressions are joined with a shift from the tactile sense to that of sight and then of sound, creating a three part symmetry which is missing in Keats's other odes.<ref name=Sp>Sperry 1973 p. 337</ref>

Throughout the poem, Autumn is [[personification|personified]] as one who conspires, who ripens fruit, who harvests and makes music. The first stanza of the poem represents Autumn as involved with the promotion of natural processes, growth and ultimate maturation, two forces in opposition in nature, but together creating the impression that the season will not end.<ref name="Bate p. 582">Bate 1963 p. 582</ref> In this stanza the fruits are still ripening and the buds still opening in the warm weather. The tactile sense spoken of by Sperry is suggested by the imagery of growth and gentle motion: swelling, bending and plumping.<ref name=Sp/>

The second stanza presents the personification of Autumn as the harvester, to be seen by the viewer in various guises performing labouring tasks essential to the provision of food for the coming year. There is a lack of definitive action, all motion being gentle. Autumn is not depicted as actually harvesting but as seated, resting or watching.<ref name="Bate p. 582"/> In lines 14–15 Autumn is described [[Metaphor|metaphorically]] as an exhausted labourer. Near the end of the stanza, the steadiness of the gleaner in lines 19–20 again emphasises a motionlessness within the poem.<ref name= Wag/> The progression through the day is revealed in actions that are all suggestive of the drowsiness of afternoon: the harvested grain is being winnowed, the harvester is asleep or returning home, the last drops issue from the cider press.<ref name=Sp/>

The last stanza contrasts Autumn's sounds with those of Spring. The sounds that are presented are not only those of Autumn but essentially the gentle sounds of the evening. Gnats wail and lambs bleat in the dusk. As night approaches within the final moments of the song, death is slowly approaching alongside of the end of the year. The full-grown lambs, like the grapes, gourds and hazel nuts will be harvested for the winter. The twittering swallows gather for departure, leaving the fields bare. The whistling red-breast and the chirping cricket are the common sounds of winter. In this stanza the songs of autumn becomes a song about life in general.<ref>Bate 1963 pp. 582–583</ref> The references to Spring, the growing lambs and the migrating swallows remind the reader that the seasons are a cycle.

"To Autumn" is thematically connected to many of Keats's 1819 odes. For example, his "Ode to Melancholy" introduces the acceptance of the process of life, and the concept is taken up again within "To Autumn".<ref>Bate 1962 p. 522</ref> The poem as a whole creates within the imagination an image of death and a finality that is welcomed. There are none of the contrary ideas that are common within the other odes of 1819. Instead, "To Autumn" puts forth the idea that the progress of growth is no longer necessary as maturation is complete, and life and death are in harmony.<ref>Bloom 1968 pp. 95–97</ref> Along with this harmony, the placing of the couplet before the end of each stanza creates a suspension of closing within the poem. This suspension within the poem reinforces the theme of continuation.<ref name= Wag>Wagner 1996 pp. 110–111</ref>

There is a union between the ideal and the real which leads to fulfilment. Of all of Keats's poems, "To Autumn" most closely describes an actual paradise while focusing on the archetypal images that are connected with autumn. Within the poem, the season of autumn represents the growth, the maturation, and finally an approaching death.<ref>Bate 1963 pp. 581–583</ref>

The poem also defends art's role in helping society in a manner similar to Keats's "[[Ode on Indolence]]" and "[[Ode to Psyche]]". According to Helen Vendler "To Autumn" describes a system in which nature and culture are two separate parts of the universe, and nature is turned into culture by an artist. Civilization is furthered by man's ability to use nature for agricultural cultivation. The artist, like the farmer, has to process nature into a consumable object, which in turn allows people sustenance. The end of the poem is joined in song as nature gives way to civilization, which represents the self-sacrificing of both nature and the artist for society.<ref>Vendler 1988 pp. 124–125</ref>

In a 1979 essay, Jerome McGann argued that while the poem was indirectly influenced by historical events, Keats had deliberately ignored the political landscape of 1819.<ref>McGann 1979 pp. 988–1032</ref> Countering this view, Andrew Bennett, Nicholas Roe and others focused more on the political aspects of the poem, Roe arguing for a direct connection to the [[Peterloo Massacre]] of 1819.<ref>Strachan 2003 p. 175</ref> Later, Paul Fry further argued against McGann's stance when he pointed out, "It scarcely seems pertinent to say that 'To Autumn' is therefore an evasion of social violence when it is so clearly an encounter with death itself [...] it is not a politically encoded escape from history reflecting the coerced betrayal [...] of its author's radicalism. McGann thinks to rescue Keats from the imputation of political naïveté by saying that he was a radical browbeaten into quietism".<ref>Fry 1995 pp. 123–124</ref> In regards to other political aspects, post-colonial critic Alan Bewell interpreted the themes of Keats's ode in the context of British imperialism. He claimed "To Autumn" promoted the moderate climate of Britain over tropical climates.<ref>Bewell 2008 pp. 635–638</ref>

==Structure==
"To Autumn" is a poem of three stanzas, each of eleven lines. Like others of Keats's odes written in 1819, the structure is that of an [[Ode#English ode|odal hymn]], having three clearly defined sections corresponding to the Classical divisions of [[strophe]], [[antistrophe]], and [[epode]]. <ref>Bate 1963 p. 499</ref> The stanzas differ from those of the other odes through use of eleven lines rather than ten, and have a [[couplet]] placed before the concluding line of each stanza.<ref name="B182">Bate 1962 pp. 182–184</ref>

"To Autumn" employs poetical techniques which Keats had perfected in the five poems written in the Spring of the same year, but departs from them in some aspects, dispensing with the [[narrator]] and dealing with more concrete concepts.<ref name="B581">Bate 1963 pp. 581–582</ref> There is no dramatic movement in "To Autumn" as there is in many earlier poems; the poem progresses in its focus while showing little change in the objects it is focusing on. There is, in the words of Walter Jackson Bate, "a union of process and stasis", "energy caught in repose", an effect that Keats himself termed "stationing".<ref>Bate 1963 pp. 581–584</ref> Twice at the beginning of verses he employs the dramatic [[Ubi sunt]] device associated with a sense of melancholy, and questions the personified subject: ''"Where are the songs of Spring?"''<ref>Flesch, p170</ref>

Like the other odes, "To Autumn" is written in [[iambic pentameter]] with five stressed syllables to a line, each usually preceded by an unstressed syllable.<ref>Blades, p.104</ref> Keats varies this form by the employment of Augustan inversion, sometimes using a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable at the beginning of a line, including the first: ''"Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness"''; and employing [[spondee]]s in which two stressed syllables are placed together at the beginnings of both the following stanzas, adding emphasis to the questions that are asked: ''"Who hath not seen thee..."'', ''"Where are the songs...?"''

The [[rhyme]] of "To Autumn" follows a pattern of starting each stanza with an [[Sonnet#English (Shakespearean) sonnet|ABAB pattern]] which is followed by [[rhyme scheme]] of CDEDCCE in the first verse and CDECDDE in the second and third stanzas.<ref name="Bate182">Bate 1962 pp. 182–184</ref> In each case, there is a couplet before the final line. Some of the language of "To Autumn" resembles phrases found in earlier poems with similarities to ''[[Endymion (poem)|Endymion]]'', ''[[Sleep and Poetry]]'', and ''Calidore''.<ref>Ridley 1933 pp. 283–285</ref> Keats characteristically uses [[syllable|monosyllabic words]] such as ''"...how to load and bless with fruit the vines that round the thatch-eaves run."'' The words are weighted by the emphasis of [[bilabial consonants]] (b, m, p), with lines like ''"...for Summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy cells."'' There is also an emphasis on [[vowel length#Long vowels in English|long vowels]] which control the flow of the poem, giving it a slow measured pace: ''"...while barred clouds bloom the soft dying day"''. Despite the emphasis on long vowels, there is almost an absence of [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] where two adjacent vowels occur without a separating [[consonant]].<ref name="Bate182"/>

Between the manuscript version and the published version of "To Autumn" Keats tightened the language of the poem. One of Keats's changes emphasised by critics is the change in line 17 of "Drows'd with red poppies" to "Drows'd with the fume of poppies", which emphasises the sense of smell instead of sight. The later edition relies more on [[passive voice|passive]], [[participle|past participles]], as apparent in the change of "While a gold cloud" in line 25 to "While barred clouds".<ref>Bate 1962 p. 183</ref> Other changes involve the strengthening of phrases, especially within the transformation of the phrase in line 13 "whoever seeks for thee may find" into "whoever seeks abroad may find". Many of the lines within the second stanza were completely rewritten, especially those which did not fit into a rhyme scheme. Some of the minor changes involved adding punctuation missing from the original manuscript copy and altering capitalisation.<ref>Ridley 1933 pp. 285–287</ref>

==Critical reception==
Critical and scholarly praise has been unanimous in declaring "To Autumn" one of the most perfect poems in the English language. [[Algernon Charles Swinburne|A.C. Swinburne]] placed it with "Ode on a Grecian Urn" as "the nearest to absolute perfection" of Keats's odes; Aileen Ward declared it "Keats's most perfect and untroubled poem"; and Douglas Bush has stated the poem is "flawless in structure, texture, tone, and rhythm";<ref>Bennett 1991 qtd. p. 159</ref> Walter Evert, in 1965, stated "To Autumn" is "the only perfect poem that Keats ever wrote – and if this should seem to take from him some measure of credit for his extraordinary enrichment of the English poetic tradition, I would quickly add that I am thinking of absolute perfection in whole poems, in which every part is wholly relevant to and consistent in effect with every other part."<ref>Evert 1965 p. 298</ref>

Early reviews of "To Autumn" focused on it as part of Keats's collection of poems ''Lamia, Isabella, the Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems''. An anonymous critic in the July 1820 ''Monthly Review'' claimed, "this writer is very rich both in imagination and fancy; and even a superabundance of the latter faculty is displayed in his lines 'On Autumn,' which bring the reality of nature more before our eyes than almost any description that we remember [...] If we did not fear that, you as is Mr K., his peculiarities are fixed beyond all the power of criticism to remove, we would exhort him to become somewhat less strikingly original,—to be less fond of the folly of too new or too old phrases,—and to believe that poetry does not consist in either the one or the other."<ref>Matthews 1971 qtd. p. 162</ref> Josiah Conder in the September 1820 ''Eclectic Review'' argued, "One naturally turns first to the shorter pieces, in order to taste the flavour of the poetry. The following ode to Autumn is no unfavourable specimen."<ref>Matthews 1971 qtd. p. 233</ref> The ''Edinburgh Magazine'' ran a review in 1820 which simply said, "The ode to 'Fancy,' and the ode to 'Autumn,' also have great merit.<ref>Matthews 1971 qtd. p. 215</ref>

Mid-19th century critics viewed the poem favourably. A review in the October 1859 ''National Review'' explained that there are "four exquisite odes,—'To a Nightingale,' 'To a Grecian Urn,' 'To Melancholy,' and 'To Autumn,'—all so pregnant with deep thought, so picturesque in their limning, and so suggestive."<ref>Matthews 1971 qtd. p. 356</ref> In 1865, [[Matthew Arnold]] used the poem as evidence that Keats was a better poet than [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]].<ref>Arnold 1865 p. 109</ref> John Dennis, in an 1883 work about great poets, wrote that "the 'Ode to Autumn', ripe with the glory of the season it describes—must ever have a place among the most precious gems of lyrical poetry."<ref>Dennis 1883 p. 372</ref> The 1888 Britannica declared, "Of these [odes] perhaps the two nearest to absolute perfection, to the triumphant achievement and accomplishment of the very utmost beauty possible to human words, may be that of to Autumn and that on a Grecian Urn".<ref>Baynes 1888 p. 23</ref>

At the turn of the 20th century, a 1904 analysis of great poetry by Stephen Gwynn claimed, "above and before all [of Keats's poems are] the three odes, ''To a Nightingale'', ''On a Grecian Urn'', and ''To Autumn''. Among these odes criticism can hardly choose; in each of them the whole magic of poetry seems to be contained."<ref>Gwynn 1904 p. 378</ref> [[Sidney Colvin]], in his 1920 biography, pointed out that "["To Autumn"] opens up no such far-reaching avenues to the mind and soul of the reader as the odes ''To a Grecian Urn'', ''To a Nightingale'', or ''On Melancholy'', but in execution is more complete and faultless than any of them."<ref>Colvin 1920 p. 422</ref> Following this in a 1934 analysis of Romantic poetry, Margaret Sherwood stated that the poem was "a perfect expression of the phase of primitive feeling and dim thought in regard to earth processes when these are passing into a thought of personality."<ref>Sherwood 1934 p. 263</ref>

[[Harold Bloom]], in 1961, described "To Autumn" as "the most perfect shorter poem in the English language."<ref>Bloom 1993 p. 432</ref> Following this, Walter Jackson Bate, in 1963, claimed that "[...] each generation has found it one of the most nearly perfect poems in English."<ref>Bate 1963 p. 581</ref> Later in 1973, Stuart Sperry wrote, "'To Autumn' succeeds through its acceptance of an order innate in our experience – the natural rhythm of the seasons. It is a poem that, without ever stating it, inevitably suggests the truth of 'ripeness is all' by developing, with a richness of profundity of implication, the simple perception that ripeness is fall."<ref>Sperry 1973 p. 336</ref> In 1981, William Walsh argued that "Among the major Odes [...] no one has questioned the place and supremacy of 'To Autumn', in which we see wholly realized, powerfully embodied in art, the complete maturity so earnestly laboured at in Keats's life, so persuasively argued about in his letters."<ref>Walsh 1981 p. 118</ref> Literary critic and academic [[Helen Vendler]], in 1988, declared that "in the ode 'To Autumn,' Keats finds his most comprehensive and adequate symbol for the social value of art."<ref>Vendler 1988 p. 124</ref>

In 1997, Andrew Motion summarised the critical view on "To Autumn": "it has often been called Keats's 'most ... untroubled poem' [...] To register the full force of its achievement, its tensions have to be felt as potent and demanding."<ref name="Motion p. 461"/> Following in 1998, [[M. H. Abrams]] explained, "'To Autumn' was the last work of artistic consequence that Keats completed [...] he achieved this celebratory poem, with its calm acquiescence to time, transience and mortality, at a time when he was possessed by a premonition [...] that he had himself less than two years to live".<ref>Abrams pp. 51–52</ref> James Chandler, also in 1998, pointed out that "If ''To Autumn'' is his greatest piece of writing, as has so often been said, it is because in it he arguably set himself the most ambitious challenge of his brief career and managed to meet it."<ref>Chandler 1998 p. 430</ref> Timothy Corrigan, in 2000, claimed that {{"'}}To Autumn' may be, as other critics have pointed out, his greatest achievement in its ability [...] to redeem the English vernacular as the casual expression of everyday experience, becoming in this his most exterior poem even in all its bucolic charm."<ref>Corrigan 2000 p. 156</ref> In 2008, Stanley Plumly wrote, "history, posterity, immortality are seeing 'Ode to a Nightingale,' 'Ode on a Grecian Urn,' and 'To Autumn' as three of the most anthologized lyric poems of tragic vision in English."<ref>Plumly 2008 p. 343</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Abrams, M. H. "Keats's Poems: The Material Dimensions" in ''The Persistence of Poetry''. Ed. Robert Ryan and Ronald Sharp. Amherst: University of Mass. Press, 1998. ISBN 1-55849-175-9
* Arnold, Matthew. ''Essays in Criticism''. London: Macmillan, 1865. OCLC 3012869.
* Bate, Walter Jackson. ''John Keats''. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963. OCLC 291522
* Bate, Walter Jackson. ''The Stylistic Development of Keats''. New York: Humanities Press, 1962. OCLC 276912.
* Baynes, Thomas (Ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Vol XIV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1888. OCLC 1387837
* Bennett, Andrew. ''Keats, Narrative and Audience''. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-521-44565-5.
* Bewell, Alan. "'To Autumn' and the Curing of Space" in ''Keats's Poetry and Prose'' ed Jeffrey Cox, 634–642. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2008. ISBN 978-0-393-92491-6
* Blades, John. ''John Keats: the poems''. Macmillan, 2002. ISBN 978-0-333-94895-8
* Bloom, Harold. ''The Visionary Company''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8014-0622-6
* Bloom, Harold. "The Ode ''To Autumn''" in ''Keats's Odes'' ed. Jack Stillinger, 44–47. Englewood, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968. OCLC 176883021
* [[Boey Kim Cheng]]. [http://www.qlrs.com/essay.asp?id=618 ''On First Looking into Keats' "To Autumn"''], ''Quarterly Literary Review Singapore'', Vol. 7 No. 2 Apr 2008, accessed 13-10-2010
* Chandler, James. ''England in 1819''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. ISBN 0-226-10108-8
* Colvin, Sidney. ''John Keats''. London: Macmillan, 1920. OCLC 257603790
* Corrigan, Timothy. "Keats, Hazlitt and Public Character" in ''Challenge of Keats''. Ed. Allan Christensen, Lilla Jones, Giuseppe Galigani, and Anthony Johnson. Atlanta: Rodopi, 2000. ISBN 90-420-0509-2
* Dennis, John. ''Heroes of Literature, English Poets''. New York: E. & J. B. Young, 1883. OCLC 4798560
* Evert, Walter. ''Aesthetics and Myth in the Poetry of Keats''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965. OCLC 291999
* Flesch, William. ''Companion to British Poetry, 19th Century''. Facts on File, 2009. ISBN 978-0816058969
* Fry, Paul. ''A Defense of Poetry''. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8047-2452-0
* Gittings, Robert. ''John Keats''. London: Heinemann, 1968. OCLC 295596
* Gwynn, Stephen. ''The Masters of English Literature''. London: Macmillan, 1904. OCLC 3175019
* Keats, John. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J-su12fRTngC The Life and Letters of John Keats]'' ed. Richard Houghton (reprint). Read Books, 2008.
* Matthews, G. M. (ed.). ''John Keats: The Critical Heritage''. London: Routledge, 1971. ISBN 0-7100-7147-7
* McGann. "Keats and the Historical Method in Literary Criticism" ''MLN'' 94 (1979): 988–1032.
* Motion, Andrew. ''Keats''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. ISBN 0-226-54240-8
* Plumly, Stanley. ''Posthumous Keats''. New York: W. W. Norton, 2008. ISBN 978-0-393-06573-2
* Ridley, Maurice. ''Keats' Craftsmanship''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1933. OCLC 1842818
* Sherwood, Margaret. ''Undercurrents of Influence in English Romantic Poetry''. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1934. OCLC 2032945
* Sperry, Stuart. ''Keats the Poet''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973. ISBN 0-691-06220-X
* Strachan, John. ''A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on the Poems of John Keats''. London: Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0-415-23477-8
* Vendler, Helen. ''The Music of What Happens''. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-674-59152-6
* Wagner, Jennifer. ''A Moment's Monument''. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8386-3630-6
* Walsh, William. ''Introduction to Keats''. London: Methuen, 1981. ISBN 0-416-30490-7
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|To Autumn (Keats)}}
* Audio: [http://poemsoutloud.net/blog/archive/the_critic_and_john_keats/ Listen to Robert Pinsky read "To Autumn"] by John Keats (via [http://poemsoutloud.net/ poemsoutloud.net])

{{featured article}}
[[Category:British poems]]
[[Category:Poetry by John Keats]]
[[Category:1819 poems]]

[[be-x-old:Да восені]]
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Sean Parker

2010-09-14T02:58:38Z

Fetchcomms: ce

'''Sean Parker''' (born December 3, 1979) is an [[United States|American]] [[businessman]] and [[entrepreneur]]. Parker graduated from [[Oakton High School]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/articleprint.asp?article=311523&paper=63&cat=104 |publisher=Fairfax Connection |title=Oakton grad helps launch Napster, Facebook. |date=March 11, 2008 |accessdate=August 12, 2010 |author=Matt Johnson}}</ref> in [[Vienna, Virginia]]. He went on to co-found [[Napster]], [[Plaxo]] and [[Causes:_Online_Advocacy_and_Fundraising|Causes]],<ref name="WSJ_041609">{{cite news | title = Firm Lets Others Choose Start-Ups | author = Vascellaro, Jessica E. | date = 2009-04-16 | publisher = ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' | url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123984100075223223.html | accessdate = 2009-05-18 }}</ref> and was President of [[Facebook|Facebook, Inc.]]<ref name="USAT_220908">{{cite news | author = Mutzabaugh, Ben | title = Today in the Sky | url = http://www.usatoday.com/travel/flights/item.aspx?type=photo&photo_id=0ac5bHsh1w6yt&pn=4&tid=000000000 | publisher = ''[[USA Today]]'' | date = 2008-09-22 | accessdate = 2009-05-18 }}</ref>

In 1999, Parker co-founded [[Napster]], a free file-sharing service for music that drew the ire of recording labels and the [[Recording Industry Association of America]].<ref name="VENTURE_121206">{{cite news | title = Founders Fund hires Sean Parker as partner, to launch second fund | author = Marshall, Matt | date = 2006-12-12 | publisher = ''Venture Beat'' | url = http://venturebeat.com/2006/12/12/founders-fund-hires-edgy-sean-parker-as-partner-to-launch-second-fund/ | accessdate = 2009-05-18 }}</ref> Lawsuits by various industry associations eventually shut down the service.<ref name="BBC_270700">{{cite news | title = Napster shut down | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/852283.stm | publisher = [[BBC News Online]] | year = 2000 | date = 2000-07-27 | accessdate = 2009-05-18 }}</ref><ref name="BBC_260302">{{cite news | title = Napster must stay shut down | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1893904.stm | publisher = [[BBC News Online]] | year = 2002 | date = 2002-03-26 | accessdate = 2009-05-18 }}</ref>

Parker subsequently launched [[Plaxo]], an online [[address book]] and [[social networking]] service that integrated with [[Microsoft Outlook]], in November 2002.<ref name="WIRED_111202">{{cite news | title = Napster Co-Founder's New Venture | author = Jardin, Xeni | date = 2002-11-12 | publisher = ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' | url=http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2002/11/56322 | accessdate = 2009-05-18 }}</ref> He left Plaxo for unpublicised reasons after disputes with two shareholders, [[Sequoia Capital]] and [[Ram Shriram]].<ref name="VENTURE_121206" />

In 2004, Parker began informally advising the creators of [[Facebook]], and became its president when the company incorporated in 2004.<ref name="NYT_260505">{{cite news | author = Rosen, Ellen | title = Student's Start-Up Draws Attention and $13 Million | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/business/26sbiz.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=thefacebook+parker&st=nyt | publisher = ''[[The New York Times]]'' | year = 2005 | date = 2005-05-26 | accessdate = 2009-05-18 }}</ref> He was forced to leave [[Facebook]] after being arrested for, but not charged with, cocaine possession.<ref name ="VanityFair201010">{{cite news | author = Kirkpatrick, David | title = With a Little Help From His Friends | url = http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2010/10/sean-parker-201010?currentPage=all | publisher = ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine) | Vanity Fair]]'' | accessdate = 2010-09-06 | year = 2010 | date = 2010-09-06 }}</ref>

In 2006, Parker joined the [[The Founders Fund|Founders Fund]], a venture capital fund based in [[San Francisco]], as Managing Partner.<ref name="VENTURE_121206" /><ref name="WSJ_041609" />

Parker will be played by [[Justin Timberlake]] in the upcoming film, ''[[The Social Network]]'', directed by David Fincher.<ref name ="VanityFair201010"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parker, Sean}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]

[[sv:Sean Parker]]

Sean Parker

2010-09-14T02:58:28Z

Fetchcomms: correct per source

'''Sean Parker''' (born December 3 1979) is an [[United States|American]] [[businessman]] and [[entrepreneur]]. Parker graduated from [[Oakton High School]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/articleprint.asp?article=311523&paper=63&cat=104 |publisher=Fairfax Connection |title=Oakton grad helps launch Napster, Facebook. |date=March 11, 2008 |accessdate=August 12, 2010 |author=Matt Johnson}}</ref> in [[Vienna, Virginia]]. He went on to co-found [[Napster]], [[Plaxo]] and [[Causes:_Online_Advocacy_and_Fundraising|Causes]],<ref name="WSJ_041609">{{cite news | title = Firm Lets Others Choose Start-Ups | author = Vascellaro, Jessica E. | date = 2009-04-16 | publisher = ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' | url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123984100075223223.html | accessdate = 2009-05-18 }}</ref> and was President of [[Facebook|Facebook, Inc.]]<ref name="USAT_220908">{{cite news | author = Mutzabaugh, Ben | title = Today in the Sky | url = http://www.usatoday.com/travel/flights/item.aspx?type=photo&photo_id=0ac5bHsh1w6yt&pn=4&tid=000000000 | publisher = ''[[USA Today]]'' | date = 2008-09-22 | accessdate = 2009-05-18 }}</ref>

In 1999, Parker co-founded [[Napster]], a free file-sharing service for music that drew the ire of recording labels and the [[Recording Industry Association of America]].<ref name="VENTURE_121206">{{cite news | title = Founders Fund hires Sean Parker as partner, to launch second fund | author = Marshall, Matt | date = 2006-12-12 | publisher = ''Venture Beat'' | url = http://venturebeat.com/2006/12/12/founders-fund-hires-edgy-sean-parker-as-partner-to-launch-second-fund/ | accessdate = 2009-05-18 }}</ref> Lawsuits by various industry associations eventually shut down the service.<ref name="BBC_270700">{{cite news | title = Napster shut down | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/852283.stm | publisher = [[BBC News Online]] | year = 2000 | date = 2000-07-27 | accessdate = 2009-05-18 }}</ref><ref name="BBC_260302">{{cite news | title = Napster must stay shut down | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1893904.stm | publisher = [[BBC News Online]] | year = 2002 | date = 2002-03-26 | accessdate = 2009-05-18 }}</ref>

Parker subsequently launched [[Plaxo]], an online [[address book]] and [[social networking]] service that integrated with [[Microsoft Outlook]], in November 2002.<ref name="WIRED_111202">{{cite news | title = Napster Co-Founder's New Venture | author = Jardin, Xeni | date = 2002-11-12 | publisher = ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' | url=http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2002/11/56322 | accessdate = 2009-05-18 }}</ref> He left Plaxo for unpublicised reasons after disputes with two shareholders, [[Sequoia Capital]] and [[Ram Shriram]].<ref name="VENTURE_121206" />

In 2004, Parker began informally advising the creators of [[Facebook]], and became its president when the company incorporated in 2004.<ref name="NYT_260505">{{cite news | author = Rosen, Ellen | title = Student's Start-Up Draws Attention and $13 Million | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/26/business/26sbiz.html?_r=2&scp=1&sq=thefacebook+parker&st=nyt | publisher = ''[[The New York Times]]'' | year = 2005 | date = 2005-05-26 | accessdate = 2009-05-18 }}</ref> He was forced to leave [[Facebook]] after being arrested for, but not charged with, cocaine possession.<ref name ="VanityFair201010">{{cite news | author = Kirkpatrick, David | title = With a Little Help From His Friends | url = http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2010/10/sean-parker-201010?currentPage=all | publisher = ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine) | Vanity Fair]]'' | accessdate = 2010-09-06 | year = 2010 | date = 2010-09-06 }}</ref>

In 2006, Parker joined the [[The Founders Fund|Founders Fund]], a venture capital fund based in [[San Francisco]], as Managing Partner.<ref name="VENTURE_121206" /><ref name="WSJ_041609" />

Parker will be played by [[Justin Timberlake]] in the upcoming film, ''[[The Social Network]]'', directed by David Fincher.<ref name ="VanityFair201010"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parker, Sean}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]

[[sv:Sean Parker]]

FaceTime

2010-09-01T20:55:31Z

Fetchcomms: fix

'''FaceTime''' is a [[video calling]] software feature for [[iPhone 4]] and [[iPod Touch]], developed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] and announced at [[WWDC 2010]]. It is based on numerous open industry standards and Apple has pledged to release it as an open standard allowing other companies to develop around it.<ref name="AppleInsider">{{cite web|url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/10/06/08/inside_iphone_4_facetime_video_calling.html |date=2010-06-08 |accessdate=2010-06-09 |title=Inside iPhone 4: FaceTime video calling |publisher=AppleInsider |author=Daniel Eran Dilger}}</ref> Apple has purchased the name "FaceTime" from FaceTime Communications.<ref name="FaceTime Communications">{{cite web |url=http://facetime.com/LearnMore.aspx |accessdate=2010-06-07 |title=Our name – FaceTime |author=FaceTime Communications}}</ref>

== Standards ==

FaceTime is based on numerous technologies:
* [[H.264]] and [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]] – video and audio [[codec]]s respectively
* [[Session Initiation Protocol|SIP]] – [[IETF]] signaling protocol for [[VoIP]]
* [[Session Traversal Utilities for NAT|STUN]], [[Traversal Using Relay NAT|TURN]] and [[Interactive Connectivity Establishment|ICE]] – IETF technologies for traversing [[Firewall (computing)|firewalls]] and [[Network address translation|NAT]]
* [[Real-time Transport Protocol|RTP]] and [[Secure Real-time Transport Protocol|SRTP]] – IETF standards for delivering real-time and encrypted media streams for VoIP

== Implementation ==
Currently, FaceTime works only with a [[Wi-Fi]] connection, as there is no official 3G ([[UMTS]]/[[High Speed Packet Access|HSPA]]) data support at the moment. FaceTime can only work by connecting an iPhone 4 to another iPhone 4; the previous generations of [[iPhone]] are not supported. No company other than Apple has made a FaceTime-compatible device. FaceTime communities such as [http://www.ftfun.com/ FTFun] have surfaced, attempting to connect iPhone 4 owners.

FaceTime works in the Phone application, instead of being a separate app. It can be activated when in the Phone application by placing a call, and pressing the FaceTime button. FaceTime is located beneath the Keypad button and is to the right of the Add Call button and replaced the Hold button (which is now available by pressing and holding the Mute button). The icon resembles a camcorder. It is also possible to initiate a FaceTime call directly from a contact file.

Although Apple limits FaceTime to Wi-Fi only, FaceTime over 3G can be achieved by using third party [[iOS jailbreaking|jailbreaking]] software such as 3GUnrestrictor or My3G which fools the phone into believing that it is connected via Wi-Fi. These programs are only available on jailbroken iPhones via the Cydia Store. FaceTime uses about three megabytes of data per minute of conversation, so users with a limited data plan must be careful to not overextend their data limit. However, cellular talk time/minutes aren't used after switching from a voice call to a FaceTime call.

Later releases of iOS 4 have been rumored to have support for a user's Apple ID as opposed to requiring the iPhone 4 phone number to initiate a FaceTime call, however, this has not yet been confirmed by Apple.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}FaceTime functionality is incorporated into Apple's newest [[iPod touch]]. There are also accounts of services such as [[iP4Play]].com, which are not endorsed by Apple or FaceTime, charging their customers in increments for use of the FaceTime interface for adult video chat.<ref name= "Cult of Mac">{{cite web|url=http://www.cultofmac.com/iphone-facetime-porn-service-claims-1000-paid-chats-in-5-days/56269/ |date=2010-07-25 |accessdate=2010-08-26 |title=iPhone FaceTime Porn Service Claims 1,000 Paid Chats In Five Days publisher=Cult of Mac |author=Nicole Martinelli}}</ref> Current generations of the iPod touch do not have microphones or cameras, meaning only currently unreleased models could support FaceTime.

There are also accounts of services such as [[iP4Play]].com, which are not endorsed by Apple or FaceTime, charging their customers for use of the FaceTime interface for adult video chat.

Although FaceTime runs over Wi-Fi, the service provider in Hong Kong also charges the subscriber from HK$3 within Hong Kong or HK$4 for international call. <ref>http://www.one2free.com/iphone/eng/serviceplan/pop/tc.html</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

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Benutzer:Doc Taxon/Royal Gold Cup

2010-08-06T17:29:18Z

Fetchcomms: /* References */ smaller

[[File:British Museum Royal Gold Cup.jpg|thumb|300px|The Royal Gold Cup, {{Nowrap|23.6 cm}} high, {{Nowrap|17.8 cm}} across at its widest point; weight 1.935 kg, [[British Museum]]. [[Saint Agnes]] appears to her friends in a vision.]]


The '''Royal Gold Cup''' or '''Saint Agnes Cup''' is a solid [[gold]]-covered cup lavishly decorated with [[vitreous enamel|enamel]] and [[pearl]]s. It was made for the [[Members of the French Royal Families#John_II_of_France_.281319.E2.80.931364.2C_r.1350.E2.80.931364.29|French royal family]] at the end of the 14th century, and later belonged to several English monarchs before spending nearly 300 years in Spain. It has been in the [[British Museum]] since 1892, and is generally agreed to be the outstanding surviving example of late medieval French plate. It has been described as "the one surviving royal magnificence of the [[International Gothic]] age";<ref>Lightbown, 78</ref> and according to [[Thomas Hoving]], former director of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in New York, "of all the princely jewels and gold that have come down to us, this is the most spectacular—and that includes the great royal treasures."<ref>Hoving, 61, calling it the "Saint Agnes Cup"; in French it is always the ''Coupe de Saint Agnes'', as in Neil Stratford.</ref>

The cup is made of solid gold, stands 23.6 cm (9.25 inches) high with a diameter of 17.8 cm (6.94 inches) at its widest point,<ref>"British Museum collection database"</ref> and weighs 1.935 kg (4.26 lb).<ref>Dalton, 1; Steane, 135</ref> It has a cover that lifts off, but the triangular stand on which it once stood is now lost. The stem of the cup has twice been extended by the addition of cylindrical bands, so that it was originally much shorter,<ref>There are illustrations of the original shape in Dalton's Figure 1 (drawing), and Cherry, p. 24 (edited photo, also in Henderson, 138). However, Neil Stratford, 263, raises the possibility that there was originally a longer stem.</ref> giving the overall shape "a typically robust and stocky elegance."<ref>Lightbown, 81</ref> The original decorated knop or finial on the cover has been lost, and a moulding decorated with 36 pearls has been removed from the outer edge of the cover; a strip of gold with jagged edges can be seen where it was attached. Presumably it matched the one still in place round the foot of the cup.<ref>Dalton, 1, and Lightbown, 81–82. Neil Stratford, 263, adds that the hexagonal top of the cover is modern. See [[Royal Gold Cup#Provenance|Provenance]] section for the missing parts.</ref>

The gold surfaces are decorated with scenes in ''[[basse-taille]]'' enamel with translucent colours that reflect light from the gold beneath; many areas of gold both underneath the enamel and in the background have [[engraving|engraved]] and ''[[pointillé]]'' decoration worked in the gold. In particular the decoration features large areas of translucent red, which have survived in excellent condition. This colour, known as ''rouge clair'', was the most difficult to achieve technically, and highly prized for this and the brilliance of the colour when it was done successfully.<ref>"British Museum Investigation"</ref> Scenes from the life of [[Saint Agnes]] run round the top of the cover and the sloping underside of the main body. The [[Four Evangelists|symbols of the Four Evangelists]] run round the foot of the cup, and there are enamel medallions at the centre of the inside of both the cup and the cover. The lower of the two added bands contains enamel [[Tudor rose]]s on a [[Diapering|diapered]] pointillé background; this was apparently added under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. The upper band has an engraved inscription filled in with black enamel, with a barrier of [[Bay Laurel|laurel]] branches in green to mark off the end of the inscription from its beginning.<ref>Dalton, 1–4; "British Museum collection database"</ref>

The cup came to the British Museum with a custom-made [[hexagonal]] case of leather on a wood frame, with iron lock, handles and mounts. This was either made at the same time or soon after the cup, and has incised and stamped foliate decoration and a [[blackletter]] inscription: ''YHE.SUS.O.MARYA.O.MARYA YHE SUS''.<ref>[http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=48782&partid=1 Wood and leather case] British Museum collection database, accessed June 16, 2010. Registration number: 1892,0501.2</ref>

==Provenance==
[[File:Couronnement Charles VI.jpg|thumb|300px|The coronation of [[Charles VI of France]] in 1380]]
There is no firm evidence as to the date and circumstances of the creation of the cup. It is first clearly documented in an inventory from 1391 of the valuables belonging to [[Charles VI of France]] (reigned 1380–1422), surviving in two copies in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]].<ref>Dalton, 8–9. The inventories are BnF Mss Fr 21445 (f.1b) and 21446 (f.45b)</ref> This lists:
<blockquote>A [[hanaper|hanap]] of gold, all its cover well and richly enamelled on the outside with the life of Madame St Agnes; and the cresting of the foot is garnished with 26 pearls, and the crown around the cover with 36 pearls; and the finial of the said cover (is) garnished with four sapphires, three [[Spinel|balas rubies]] and fifteen pearls. And it weighs 9 [[Mark (mass)|marcs]] 3 ounces of gold. and the said hanap rests on a stand of gold in the form of a tripod, and in the middle of the tripod is represented [[Virgin Mary|Our Lady]] in a sun on a ground of clear red, and the three feet of the tripod are formed by three winged dragons. The said hanap and cover were given to the king by monseigneur the duc de Berry on his journey into [[Touraine]] in the year 91.<ref>Translation from Dalton, 8–9. Crucially, the number of pearls around the foot agrees with the current number. A "marc" is approximately 249 [[gram]]s, so allowing for the changes to the cup, the weight given is consistent. The stand weighed 3 marcs and 5 1/2 ounces. See also Jenny Stratford, 320</ref></blockquote>
[[Image:Dzhon Lankasterskiy.jpg|thumb|left|210px|[[John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford]], kneeling, was the first English owner of the cup. Detail from a miniature by the [[Bedford Master]]]]

[[John, Duke of Berry]] (1340–1416) was Charles VI's uncle and a powerful figure in the kingdom, as well as the most famous and extravagant collector and commissioner of art of his day. He is still best known for commissioning the ''[[Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]]'', the famous International Gothic [[illuminated manuscript]], and also commissioned the [[Holy Thorn Reliquary]], now in the British Museum.<ref>Cherry, 39–43</ref> The young king Charles had been forced to remove his uncle from governorships after the latter's rapacious conduct had led to unrest, and the meeting in 1391 marked their reconciliation after a period of bad relations.<ref>Dalton, 9</ref> Lavish gifts among the [[House of Valois|Valois]] court circle were routine,<ref>The subject of Buettner's article; Cherry, 47, gives alarming statistics</ref> and on this occasion Berry had special reason to be generous.

The cup appears in another inventory of Charles V in 1400,<ref>Jenny Stratford, 320</ref> and then is not recorded until it appears as the property of another royal uncle, and collector, [[John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford]] (1389–1435), son of [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]], who was briefly Regent of both France and England for his infant nephew [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]]. How he acquired the cup is not known, but he would have received many gifts from Charles VI, and had both lent the king money and bought from him things such as the library of the [[Louvre Palace|Palais du Louvre]],<ref>Dalton, 10; Jenny Stratford 60–61, on the cup between 1400 and entering Bedford's possession, and generally on Bedford's property.</ref> in the uneasy period when Charles had made peace with the English and made [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] his heir. After the death of his brother Henry V, Bedford [[Hundred Years' War (1415–1429)|struggled to stem]] the resurgent French resistance, which was energised by [[Joan of Arc]]. He died in [[Normandy]] in 1435, leaving Henry VI as his heir.<ref>Jenny Stratford's book is on Bedford's inventories, and includes a brief biography (Chapter 1) and chapter 5 on him as a "Patron and Collector"; Dalton, 10</ref> The cup is more briefly described as the first item in a list of valuables received from Bedford's estate prepared for Henry VI's minister Cardinal [[Henry Beaufort]], but the tripod is not mentioned, some of the jewels are missing, and the subject is mis-identified as the life of Saint Suzanna not Saint Agnes. For some reason it does not appear in a royal inventory of 1441;<ref>Jenny Stratford, 319–325; Dalton, 8. It is the only surviving piece of metalwork from the list (J. Stratford, 319)</ref> Jenny Stratford suggests that this because Beaufort still had it at this point.<ref>Jenny Stratford, 48</ref> Another possibility is because it had been pawned, as it was in 1449 and again in 1451, on both occasions to finance England's [[Hundred Years' War#French victory: 1429–1453|increasingly unsuccessful efforts]] to hold on to French territory;<ref name="D8">Dalton, 8</ref>

The cup first appears in the records of the new [[Tudor dynasty]] under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] in 1521. By now the cover had lost the finial "garnished with four sapphires, three balas rubies and fifteen pearls" described in Charles VI's inventory and had a new one of gold in the form of a closed, or "imperial" crown. This matches a propaganda drive at this time by Henry to assert England as an "empire", a contemporary sense meaning a state recognising no superior, though the [[Great Seal of England]] had already used a closed crown since 1471.<ref>Neil Stratford, 261</ref> Other uses had probably been found for the jewels of the old finial; it is assumed that the lower band with the Tudor roses was added in Henry's reign,<ref>Dalton, 1, 8</ref> as part of a programme of adding Tudor badges to possessions inherited from earlier dynasties, which covered [[tapestries]], [[illuminated manuscripts]] and buildings such as [[King's College Chapel]] in [[Cambridge]].<ref>Anglo, 198-199</ref> The cup is described in inventories in 1532 and after Henry's death in 1547, and then under [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] it was inventoried in 1574 and 1596.<ref>Dalton 8, Jenny Stratford, 324, 320; the cup appears in all known Tudor inventories of the royal plate.</ref>
[[File:The Somerset House Conference, 1604 from NPG.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Somerset House Conference]] representatives in August 1604; Spanish on the left, English on the right. [[Juan Fernández de Velasco, 5th Duke of Frías|The Constable of Castile]] is nearest the window on the left.]]

When [[James I of England|James I]] succeeded to the English throne in 1603, one of his first priorities was to end the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]], which had been dragging on since 1585. A Spanish delegation arrived for the [[Treaty of London (1604)|Somerset House Conference]], which concluded with a treaty signed in 1604. The leader of the [[Habsburg]] diplomats was [[Juan Fernández de Velasco, 5th Duke of Frías]] and [[Constable of Castile]]. The upper extension to the stem of the cup has a Latin inscription that translates as:
<blockquote>This cup of solid gold, a relic of the sacred treasure of England and a memorial to the peace made between the kings, the Constable Juan de Velasco, returning thence after successfully accomplishing his mission, presented as an offering to Christ the Peacemaker.<ref>Translation "British Museum collection database". Dalton has the reading "sacred (royal) treasure", p. 5.</ref></blockquote>

The gift of "some 70 items of silver and gold plate" by James to the Constable, of which the cup was the most notable item, is documented on both the English and Spanish sides;<ref>Ungerer, quoted here, has details and references</ref> the Constable wrote an account of his mission on his return, which mentions the gift from James. The Constable had previously presented both James and the queen with elaborate cups, among other valuable gifts.<ref>Dalton, 6. Ungerer describes several surviving [[bills of exchange]]; most of the Spanish gifts were bought in the [[Spanish Netherlands]].</ref> According to Pauline Croft, "With his usual over-generosity the king gave the departing envoys around half the large gold vessels from the royal possessions he had inherited from Elizabeth. The Constable himself received a stupendous gift of plate, including possibly the most venerable item in the collection, known as "the Royal Gold Cup of the Kings of France and England."<ref>Croft</ref> In 1610 the Constable gave the cup to a convent in [[Medina de Pomar]], near [[Burgos]], as the inscription describes.<ref>Jenny Stratford, 325, has an extract from the list of gifts.</ref> His deed of gift survives, and records that the gift was on condition that the cup was never alienated by the convent. A marginal note on the deed, in the Constable's own handwriting, records that he had obtained the permission of the [[Archbishop of Toledo]] for the cup to be used as a [[Ciborium (container)|ciborium]], or container for consecrated [[Sacramental bread|hosts]]. By this period a rule of the church normally forbade the use of vessels decorated on their inner surface as ciboria.<ref name="D6">Dalton, 6</ref>
[[File:British Museum RGC base crop.jpg|thumb|left|The foot of the cup]]

The cup stayed in the convent until 1882 when the nuns were short of funds and wanted to sell it. It was at some point during this period that the pearl border to the cover and the Tudor finial were removed.<ref>Jenny Stratford, 320</ref> The nuns decided they would get a better price in Paris than in Spain, and the cup was entrusted to Simon Campo, a priest, who took it to Paris and approached several leading dealers and collectors. There had been a spate of forgeries of medieval objects, and the Parisians were suspicious, until one, Baron Jerome Pichon, researched the second added cylinder and was sufficiently convinced that this was the cup documented in 1604 to make a rather low offer, which was accepted. In the course of his researches the baron had contacted the current [[Duke of Frías]], who had supplied useful information, and then initially congratulated the buyer on his purchase. However, on looking further into the matter the duke realized that the sale was contrary to the 1610 deed of gift he had discovered in the family archives, and sued in the French courts to recover the cup.<ref>Dalton 6, Jenny Stratford 320</ref>

The duke eventually lost his case in 1891,<ref>So Dalton, 6; both Jenny Stratford and Neil Stratford (p. 263) mention a judgment of 1885, but there were perhaps appeals.</ref> enabling a further sale that had been set up by Baron Pichon to proceed. This was to the leading firm of Messrs. Wertheimer of [[Bond Street]] in London,<ref name="D6" /><ref>See also [http://jssgallery.org/Essay/Wertheimer_Family/JM_Intro.htm The Wertheimer Family], from the [[Jewish Museum (New York)]].</ref> where the cup was seen by [[Augustus Wollaston Franks]], who had been Keeper of British and Mediaeval Antiquities and Ethnography at the British Museum since 1866, and was president of the [[Society of Antiquaries of London|Society of Antiquaries]]. Samson Wertheimer agreed "with much public spirit" to sell the cup to the British Museum for the £8,000 it had cost the firm.<ref name="D6" /> Franks was worried by the new American collectors such as [[J. P. Morgan]], and in 1891 wrote to Sir [[Henry Tate]], of [[Tate Gallery]] fame: "A very wonderful gold cup has appeared returned to this country after an absence of 287 years, and I am anxious to see it placed in the National Museum and not removed to America."<ref>Wilson, 175</ref> He tried to get wealthy individuals to subscribe £500 each, but even with a grant of £2,000 from [[HM Treasury]] could not raise the price. He was forced to put up £5,000 of his own money temporarily while he continued to try to get smaller amounts from others, and succeeded in 1892 when the Treasury agreed to contribute the final £830; "to Franks this was his greatest acquisition, and the one of which he was most proud."<ref>Wilson, 175–176 (quotation, 176).</ref> Apart from the Treasury, the £500 contributors were Franks and Wertheimer, the [[Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths]], [[Fortnum & Mason|Charles Drury Edward Fortnum]], the [[Algernon Percy, 6th Duke of Northumberland|Duke of Northumberland]], [[John Savile, 1st Baron Savile of Rufford|Lord Savile]], [[Edward Cecil Guinness, 1st Earl of Iveagh|Lord Iveagh]] and the [[James Ludovic Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford|Earl of Crawford]].<ref>Dalton, 6; he lists some donors of smaller amounts. See also Wilson, 175–176 for more detail on the timing. Samson Wertheimer died in 1892, and the sale was actually concluded by his son Asher and other heirs, and the donation by them in his memory.</ref>

==Creation, context and survival==
[[File:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry Janvier.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Berry at a feast for New Year, when gifts were exchanged among his court. To the left there is a ''buffet'' displaying plate, and two courtiers beside it seem to be comparing gifts. January from the calendar of ''[[Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry]]'', by the [[Limbourg Brothers]].]]
Much the most prominent decoration on the cup is the cycle of scenes from the life of [[Saint Agnes]], which is rarely depicted in such detail in art. However, there was one outstanding devotee of the saint in the period: King [[Charles V of France]], Berry's older brother and Charles VI's father. Charles V was born in 1338 on Saint Agnes' [[feast day]], January 21, and is recorded as owning at least 13 works of art featuring her, including a different gold cup enamelled with scenes from her life (both are recorded in the 1391 inventory).<ref>Lightbown, 82; Dalton, 10</ref> Until recent decades the generally accepted hypothesis was that Berry ordered the cup as a present for his brother in 1380, to be ready for his birthday in January 1381. When the king died in September 1380, Berry had retained it for a decade before presenting it to Charles VI.<ref>Dalton, 10; Cherry, 25</ref>
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However in 1978 Ronald Lightbown, Keeper of Metalwork at the [[V&A Museum]], rejected this theory on stylistic grounds, considering that the cup must have been created only shortly before it appeared in Charles VI's inventory in 1391.<ref>Lightbown, 82, in 1978. The old view is presented in Dalton, 10</ref> He says that "in 1380 figure-style was a softly undulating, flowing style, with slender elongated figures and much use of serpentine or curving folds in the drapery, and with trailing dresses ending in sinuous Gothic hem-lines"<ref>Lightbown, 82</ref> —a style that can be seen in the miniature of the coronation of Charles VI in 1380 illustrated above. In contrast, Lightbown says "the figures on the cup are broad, some might even be called stocky, with soft drapery of cylindrical form, or of smooth, tight outlines. The folds are tubular and the hems of the robes are straight with no waving, trailing outlines. The style in fact is the 'Italianate' manner which developed in France as a result of contact with '[[trecento]]' art, and not the purely Northern Gothic International manner."<ref>Lightbown, 82</ref> This view was rejected in 1981 by Neil Stratford, former Keeper of Medieval and Later Antiquities at the British Museum, who pointed to a number of manuscript illuminations in a similar style that date from earlier than 1390.<ref>Neil Stratford, 263–265</ref> John Cherry, another former Keeper of the medieval collections at the British Museum, still presents the older dating in a work of 2010,<ref>Cherry, 25, and biography on rear cover.</ref> and the British Museum website dates the cup to "about 1370-1380".<ref>Both British Museum Highlights" and "British Museum collection database" pages</ref>

Another traditional assumption, based on the language of the inventories and shared by almost all writers, was that the cup was a piece of secular plate, for use at table, or display on a ''buffet'' beside it.<ref>Sir Charles Hercules Read (see further reading), in 1904, quoted in Dalton, 1; Steane,135; Neil Stratford, 265; Jenny Stratford, 320; Buettner and others.</ref> The ''buffet'' of the period was more like a modern [[Welsh dresser]] or shop display unit, with receding shelves for displaying on important occasions all the plate of the household that was not in use.<ref>Steane, 135</ref> Neil Stratford suggests that the cup was only used to drink from on special occasions, including St Agnes' feast day,<ref>Neil Stratford, 265</ref> while Lightbown remarks that at over four pounds in weight the cup is much too heavy to drink from conveniently.<ref>Lightbown, 81</ref> However John Cherry, noting the exclusively religious subjects depicted (including that on the lost tripod stand) considers that the cup may have been intended as a ciborium from the start.<ref>Cherry, 25</ref> It might have been used either to accompany in its carrying case the duke on his tours of his many castles and palaces, or perhaps for his foundation of the ''Saint Chapelle'' at his capital of [[Bourges]], intended to rival the king's ''[[Sainte-Chapelle]]'' in Paris and his brother's foundation at [[Champmol]] in [[Dijon]].<ref>Cherry, 41 on Berry's castles, and 43–44 on the Bourges ''Saint Chapelle''.</ref>

The four sons of King [[John II of France]]—Charles V, [[Louis I, Duke of Anjou]] (1339–1384), Berry and [[Philip the Bold]], [[Duke of Burgundy]] (1342–1404)—all spent huge sums on works in gold and silver, as well as on other works of art. Although it is Berry who is especially remembered as a patron, partly because he specialized in illuminated manuscripts which have little value in their materials, it was his brother Louis of Anjou who was the "most passionately interested in the goldsmith's art";<ref>Lightbown, 89 (quoted), and throughout his later chapters</ref> he had over 3,000 pieces of plate at one point. These included wholly secular pieces with sculptures in enamel that can only be imagined by comparison: in terms of technique to the handful of [[reliquaries]], like the British Museum's [[Holy Thorn Reliquary]], that have survived from the period, and in terms of subject matter to tapestries and illuminations.<ref>Henderson, 134–139; Snyder, 16–17, and chapter 3 on the patronage of the brothers</ref> However in 1381 Anjou melted down almost all his plate to finance a war to pursue his claim to the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. According to the sculptor and goldsmith [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]], writing seventy years later, one of Anjou's goldsmiths, called Gusmin and "a most skillful sculptor, of great talent", was so affected by the destruction of his life's work that he joined an [[Hermit|eremetic monastic order]] and lived out his days in silence.<ref>Henderson, 136; Lightbown, 89; Buettner. Ghiberti does not make it entirely clear which Duke of Anjou Gusmin worked for; it might also have been Duke Louis I's son, [[Louis II of Naples]] or grandson [[Louis III of Naples]], who all pursued their claims to Naples, with Louis I and III dying in Italy.</ref> The Royal Gold Cup was "probably not exceptional as to size or decoration" in this milieu; once "but one member of a class, it now stands alone". An inventory of Charles V records 25 gold cups weighing between five and fifteen ''marcs''; this is slightly over nine without its stand.<ref>Dalton, 11</ref> Smaller gold cups are recorded in sets of a dozen, of which Charles V had three. The largest items were the great table ornaments, in the shape of ships, called [[Nef (metalwork)|nefs]], of which Charles V had five, the heaviest weighing over 53 ''marcs''.<ref>Dalton, 11. The duc de Berry has a nef on his table in the illustration above, and two of Charles V's can be seen on the table [[:File:Grandes Chroniques-entremet.jpg|here]]</ref>

Berry died in 1416 with no male heir, and deeply in debt. Those of his works in precious metal and jewels that had not already gone to his creditors were mostly seized by the English when they took Paris in July 1417.<ref>Cherry, 47–48</ref> This was the first of a number of periods that saw the large-scale destruction of goldsmiths' work that the cup escaped, but thousands of other pieces did not, a survival that Brigitte Buettner finds "almost miraculous".<ref>Buettner</ref> In particular, the move to Spain in 1604 enabled it to avoid the dispersal and destruction of the [[English Crown Jewels]] and royal collection of plate under the [[Commonwealth of England|English Commonwealth]].<ref name="D6" />
[[Image:Mérode Cup.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The [[silver-gilt]] [[Mérode Cup]], about 1400 ([[Victoria and Albert museum|V&A Museum]])]]

As a secular piece the cup would be an almost unique survival at this level of quality, "the one representative left to us of medieval secular plate in its most sumptuous development".<ref>Sir Charles Hercules Read (see further reading), in 1904, quoted, Dalton, 1</ref> Although French plate in silver and gold was made in great quantities, and at a high level of quality, "French silver made prior to the early 19th century is probably scarcer than that of any other European country."<ref>Osbourne, 726</ref> The cost of even very skilled labour was low compared to that of the materials, and in the absence of any reliable way of either depositing or investing money, it was turned into lavish objects, in the knowledge that it might well need to be sold or melted down to finance some future project. If it survived long enough to become old-fashioned it was likely to be melted down and remodelled in a new style.<ref>Osbourne, 726; Campbell (1987), 163; Steane, 134, writing about England</ref>

There are only four other known survivals, secular or religious, of ''basse taille'' enamel on gold, one the small [[George Salting|Salting]] [[Reliquary]], also in the British Museum, and none as fine as the cup.<ref>Dalton, 11. The [http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/r/reliquary_pendant,_holy_thorn.aspx "Salting Reliquary"], British Museum Highlights, accessed, June 16, 2010.</ref> The "King John Cup" in [[King's Lynn]], of ca. 1340, [[silver-gilt]] with transparent enamel, is the best example of ''basse-taille'' work probably made in England; the metalwork expert Herbert Maryon describes this and the Royal Gold Cup as the "two examples of outstanding merit, unsurpassed in any collection."<ref>"Maryon (1971)"</ref> However it is unclear if most of the enamel at King's Lynn is original.<ref>"Maryon (1971)", 187; ([http://www.west-norfolk.gov.uk/images/Regalia%2007.jpg Poor image of King John Cup from West Norfolk Council]). See Campbell (1987), 435–436, with good photo and full catalogue entry; Osbourne, 333. Four restorations and re-enamellings between 1692 and 1782 are recorded in inscriptions under the base – see Campbell (1987).</ref> The closest comparison to the Royal Gold Cup is perhaps the silver-gilt [[Mérode Cup]] of about 1400, which is the only surviving medieval example of ''plique á jour'' enamel, a difficult technique which creates a see-through effect like stained glass.<ref>Ward, 189</ref> A silver-gilt cup in the [[Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam]] of before 1376 has no enamels or gems, and a different shape, but offers an interesting comparison as it has a tripod stand with winged grotesques as legs, a short stem, and the cover has both an elaborate finial and a raised decorated strip around the rim, so that all the altered aspects of the Royal Gold Cup are present.<ref>Legner, I, 112-113. It was perhaps made in [[Cologne]]</ref>

==Iconography==
[[File:Royal Gold Cup lid.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The first scene on the cover; Procopius offers Agnes a casket of jewels. Parts of the next scene can be seen at right, and her martyrdom at left.]]

The cycle of scenes from the life of Saint Agnes, and that of her foster-sister [[Saint Emerentiana]], follows the traditional story of ''[[Golden Legend]]'' of [[Jacobus de Voragine]]; the most popular compilation of [[hagiographies]] of the age, whose wording corresponds to some of the inscriptions in [[banderole]]s or scrolls that explain the scenes. Other texts are quotations from the Latin [[Vulgate]] Bible, mostly derived from the [[liturgy]] for St Agnes' feast day,<ref>Lightbown, 78; Neil Stratford, 265; Jenny Stratford, 320. See Caxton reference for an online English translation of the ''Golden Legend''.</ref> and it has been suggested that the two rings of pearls also reflect the language of the chants for these services.<ref>Neil Stratford, 265</ref> It seems likely that [[clergy|clerical]] advice was taken, at least over the texts used in the inscriptions.<ref>Lightbown, 81</ref> It is tempting to relate the depiction of the story, with its "distinct and vivid tableaux, well suited to adaptation for performance" to [[medieval drama]], often a source for [[iconography]], but the fragmentary records mention no dramas on the life of St Agnes that are close in time or place to the origin of the cup.<ref>Quotation from Cowling, 27. On plays specifically about St Agnes, see Cowling, 19, 24, 27–28. On links between religious art and drama more generally, see Lane, especially 47–59.</ref>

Agnes and her sister were virgins of Rome in the time of the Emperor [[Constantine I|Constantine]], though all figures are shown in contemporary 14th-century dress.<ref>Lightbown, 82; "British Museum collection database" has good images allowing all scenes to be seen, but they have no stable links.</ref> The story begins on the inside of the bowl, which has a round medallion showing St Agnes kneeling before a bearded figure, representing her teacher, wearing a [[chaperon (headgear)|chaperon]]. She holds a book inscribed ''Miserere mei Deus sancte'' ("Have pity on me, Holy God"), while a banderole says ''In corde meo abscondi eloquia tua ut non peccem tibi'' ("Thy words have I hid in my heart that I might not sin against thee". {{bibleverse||Psalms|119:11|KJV}}).<ref>Lightbown, 81; the scene is not visible to visitors, but there is a photo on the "British Museum collection database", and in Lightbown (Plate LXVIIa), and Dalton's Figure 3 has a drawing. All biblical quotations are given in Latin and English per Lightbown (pp. 79 and 81; English version unknown), while the links are to the [[Authorized Version]] (aka "KJV"). The Vulgate text can be accessed via the link by changing the version at the top of the page.</ref> The top of the cover continues the story up to Agnes' [[martyrdom]] in five scenes, shown with a continuous groundline from which small rocks rise up to demarcate the scenes; on the base trees perform this function. Sunrays radiate from the centre of the cover above all the scenes; the red enamel which once filled these is nearly all lost.
[[File:Royal Gold Cup with flash.JPG|thumb|left|300px|On the cover, the second scene with Agnes outside the brothel and Procopius lying dead. Below, the pagans stone [[Emerentiana]], and on the foot the winged [[ox]], symbol of [[Saint Luke]].]]

In the first scene the two girls are returning from school, Agnes accompanied by her punning [[emblem|attribute]],<ref>The ''Golden Legend'' explains, in Caxton's version, "Agnes is said of agna a lamb, for she was humble and debonair as a lamb, or of agnos in Greek, which is to say debonair and piteous, for she was debonair and merciful. Or Agnes of agnoscendo, for she knew the way of truth, and after this [[Saint Augustine|St. Austin]] saith, truth is opposed against vanity, falseness, and doubleness, for these three things were taken from her for the truth that she had."</ref> a [[domestic sheep|lamb]] with a cruciform [[halo (religious iconography)|halo]], and carrying a martyr's [[Arecaceae|palm]]. They are accosted by Procopius, the young son of the [[Prefect of Rome]], who has fallen in love with Agnes and shows her an open casket of jewels to persuade her to marry him. The inside of the casket is white, the only colour of opaque enamel in the original work, used only for a few highlights like the tiny area of the host held by Christ on the inside of the cover.<ref>Cherry, 26; there is also a belt in the lower scenes.</ref> Agnes, not being a Valois, rejects him, with the words ''Illi sum desponsata cui angeli serviunt'' ("I am betrothed to him who the angels serve") in a banderole above. The Prefect stands behind his son, and in the next scene has sentenced her to serve in a [[brothel]] for being a Christian who refuses to sacrifice to the goddess [[Vesta (mythology)|Vesta]]. Caxton's ''Legend'' fills in the intervening action: <blockquote>Then made she of the bordel her oratory, ... All they that entered made honour and reverence to the great clearness that they saw about St. Agnes, and came out more devout and more clean than they entered. At last came the son of the provost with a great company for to accomplish his foul desires and lusts. And when he saw his fellows come out and issue all abashed, he mocked them and called them cowards. And then he, all araged, entered for to accomplish his evil will. And when he came to the clearness, he advanced him for to take the virgin, and anon the devil took him by the throat and strangled him that he fell down dead.<ref>Caxton</ref></blockquote> In the next scene on the cup, Agnes stands outside the sentry box-like brothel, looking down at the Prefect's son who has been strangled to death by the devil crouched over him; a banderole reads ''Quo modo cecidisti qui mane oriebaris'' ("How has thou fallen that risest in the morning", {{bibleverse||Isaiah|14:12|KJV}}), and the Prefect looks on sadly.<ref>Lightbown, 79</ref>

In the following scene Agnes has been moved by the Prefect's grief, and prayed for the son to be restored to life, which an angel has done. The repentant Procopius kneels before her, while she leans down to tell him ''Vade amplius noli peccare'' ("Go forth and sin no more"; from {{bibleverse||John|8:11|KJV}}). However the result of the miracle was that (in [[William Caxton]]'s translation) "the bishops of the idols made a great discord among the people, so that all they cried: Take away this sorceress and witch that turned men's minds and alieneth their wits". The Prefect is now sympathetic to Agnes but fears he will lose his position if he does nothing, so leaves the matter in the hands of another official; the two are seen talking together, with words from {{bibleverse||Luke|23:4|KJV}} ''Nihil invenio cause in eam'' ("I find no cause against her") above. The last scene shows her martyrdom; she was sentenced to be burned but the flames part away from her so that finally the magistrate orders her killed by a spear.<ref>In fact a sword in the ''Golden Legend'', Lightbown, 79</ref> Her last words, from {{bibleverse||Luke|23:46|KJV}}, are ''In manus tuas domine commendo animam meam'' ("Into your hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit").
[[File:British Museum Royal Gold Cup Detail.jpg|thumb|350px|The first scene underneath the bowl, in which Agnes is buried]]

The scenes continue on the underside of the bowl, starting with Agnes' burial. A [[pall (funeral)|pall]] is being laid over her [[sarcophagus]], whose red enamel has significant losses, which reveal clearly the engraved lines beneath. A [[tonsure]]d priest with an [[Aspergillum|aspergil]] for sprinkling [[holy water]] and an [[acolyte]] with a cross attend, with Emerentiana with halo to the left, and Agnes' mother to the right. The banderole above says ''Ecce quod concupivi iam teneo'' ("Behold what I have desired I now possess"). In the next scene pagans have arrived to disrupt the burial, and only Emerentiana has stayed, kneeling in prayer as she is pelted with rocks. The inscription reads ''Veni soror mea mecum in gloria'' ("Come with me my sister into glory"). She dies, and the following scene shows the two martyrs, accompanied by two other unnamed female martyrs (in the source "a great multitude of virgins clad in vestments of gold and silver"),<ref>Lightbown, 79; Caxton</ref> as they appear in a vision to Agnes' friends eight days after her death, as they gather round her sarcophagus, into which Emerentiana's body has also been placed.

The next scene shows the sarcophagus with [[Constantina]], the daughter of the Emperor Constantine, asleep on top of it, wearing a crown.<ref>Constantina developed a medieval legend, and was venerated as a saint, Saint Constance in English. See Kleinhenz, Christopher, ed.; [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MC&pg=PA251&dq=Vita+%22Saint+Agnes%22&hl=en&ei=u4IiTL0iw4g4tcbhiwU&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Vita%20%22Saint%20Agnes%22&f=false ''Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 1]'', Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-4159-3930-5</ref> She has been afflicted with [[leprosy]], and heard of the vision at Agnes' tomb, and come to pray there. The presence at left of a young man on crutches, not in the source, suggests that others are doing the same. The sleeping woman beside the tomb is either another such, or an attendant on the princess. As Constantina sleeps, Agnes, holding her lamb, appears to her, saying ''Si in xpm (Christum) credideris sanaberis'' ("If you believe in Christ you will be healed", an adaptation of the text in the source).<ref>Lightbown, 79; he gives the Latin from the source.</ref> In the final scene, the cured, and baptized, Constantina tells her crowned father the story, with the inscription ''Hec est virgo sapiens una de numero prudencium'' ("This is a wise virgin, one of the number of the prudent").<ref>Lightbown, 79</ref>

The inside of the cover has a circular enamel medallion with worked gold borders, showing a half-length Christ making a blessing gesture and holding a [[chalice]] with a host inside. Around him is a sun-like [[aureole]] in red. Below the two added cylinders on the stem, the four traditional [[Evangelist's symbol|symbols of the Evangelists]] run round the sloping foot of the cup, in pairs facing each other, above a green ground area. Lightbown notes this as "another sign of care for naturalistic effect".<ref>Lightbown, 81</ref>

<gallery>
File:Agnes & Procopius.jpg|The third and fourth scenes on the cover
File:Black pagan.jpg|Detail of black pagan stoning [[Emerentiana]]
File:British Museum Emerentiana stoned.jpg|The stoning of Emerentiana
File:Royal gold cup2.JPG|The two final scenes with [[Constantina]]
</gallery>

==Construction and techniques==
[[File:Medallion bull St Luke MNMA Cl14719.jpg|thumb|left|280px|A 14th century silver plaque in ''[[basse-taille]]'' with translucent enamels, with considerable losses, showing the prepared metal surfaces beneath, and the tinting with different colours]]

Each of the cover, main body, and foot of the cup is made of an inner and outer plate, and the enamelled medallions inside the cover and bowl were made separately before attachment. The enamel areas may have been designed by the goldsmith, or an artist more used to painting on panels or in manuscripts may have produced drawings. A number of names of goldsmiths appear in records of the period, but in contrast to many contemporary manuscripts, the few surviving goldsmith's pieces are not signed or marked and cannot be matched to any names. Not a single maker's name is recorded for the more than 3,000 items in precious metal in the inventory mentioned above of the possessions of Berry's brother Anjou.<ref>Nash, 44</ref> High quality courtly work like the cup is conventionally assigned to Paris in the absence of other stylistic evidence; this is where other documentary sources locate the main concentration of goldsmiths.<ref>Lightbown, 89 and throughout; Cherry, 25; Osbourne, 726</ref>

The process for creating the ''[[basse-taille]]'' enamel areas began by marking the outline of the design and the main internal outlines on the gold with a tool called a "tracer". Then the interior area was worked with [[Repoussé and chasing|chasing tools]], hammering and punching rather than cutting, to form a shallow recess to hold the enamel. The more important parts of the design were modelled by varying the depth of the surface to produce different intensities of colour when the translucent enamel was added; the gold under folds of drapery often rises near the surface to create a paler highlight. In many of the recessed areas decoration was added by either engraving or punching which would show through the translucent enamel, or to facet the background so the reflections change as the viewing angle changes slightly. In these last-mentioned areas cutting tools were used. Most of the background outside the enamelled areas was decorated in the same way. After the enamel was added and fired the surfaces were cleaned up, made good and polished, including removing by scraping any bumps showing through on the reverse of the metal.<ref>Lightbown, 78; Maryon (1951) – see further reading – and his colleagues established the method for making the recesses, which Read and Dalton had thought were all cut out with [[chisel]]s. For other objects with translucent enamels, see Campbell (1987), 458–461.</ref>

The enamel lies flush with the gold surfaces; it was a preparation of finely ground glass paste applied with great care to the prepared recessed areas, and then fired. Different colours of enamel meet each other with a neat boundary, which was achieved by firing one colour with a retaining border of [[gum tragacanth]] before adding the next. The difficulty was increased by the application of tints of a different colour to a base shade of enamel before firing, so that the added colour blends gradually into the background colour around the edges of the tinted area. This is especially used on "flux", or colourless enamel, as in the ground areas, rocks and trees. Flux was also used for flesh areas as on a gold background it darkens slightly when fired to a suitable colour for skin. The ''rouge clair'' or "ruby glass" red, used so effectively here, was made by adding tiny particles of [[copper]], silver and gold to the glass; here scientific tests have shown that copper was used. After firing the enamel was polished flush with the surrounding metal. The technique had been known to the Ancient Romans, but was lost at the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century. The added cylinders use opaque enamel,<ref>"British Museum Investigation"; Maryon (1971), 188; Osbourne, 333</ref> except for the red on the Tudor roses, which is translucent ''rouge clair'', of a similar composition to the original reds.<ref>Campbell (2001), 129</ref> Translucent enamel is more fragile than opaque, and medieval survivals in good condition are very rare.<ref>Osbourne, 333</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*Anglo, Sydney. ''Tudor Dynastic Symbols'' in Lascombes, André (ed.), ''Spectacle & Image in Renaissance Europe'', BRILL, 1993, ISBN 9789004097742
* "[http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=43901&partid=1&searchText=royal+gold+cup&fromDate=1370&fromADBC=ad&toDate=1450&toADBC=ad&numpages=10&orig=%2fresearch%2fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx&currentPage=1 British Museum collection database]". ''Royal Gold Cup''. British Museum. Accessed July 13, 2010
* "British Museum Highlights". [http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/t/the_royal_gold_cup.aspx ''The Royal Gold Cup'']. British Museum. Accessed July 13, 2010
* "British Museum Investigation". [http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/i/investigation_royal_gold_cup.aspx ''Investigation of the 'rouge clair' glass on the Royal Gold Cup'']. British Museum. Accessed June 16, 2010
* Buettner, Brigitte. ''Past Presents: New Year's Gifts at the Valois Courts, Ca. 1400''. ''[[The Art Bulletin]]'', Volume 83, Issue 4, 2001. 598
* Campbell, Marian (1987); in Jonathan Alexander and Paul Binski (eds). ''Age of Chivalry, Art in Plantagenet England, 1200–1400''. London: [[Royal Academy]]/Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1987
* Campbell, Marian (2001); in Blair, John and Ramsay, Nigel (eds). ''English Medieval Industries: Craftsmen, Techniques, Products'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2001, ISBN 1-8528-5326-3
* [[William Caxton|Caxton, William]] (translation of [[Jacobus de Voragine]]). ''[[Golden Legend]]'', [http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/goldenLegend/agnes.htm online version of Temple Classics edition], 1275/1483, with modernized spelling.
* Cherry, John. ''The Holy Thorn Reliquary''. The British Museum Press, 2010, ISBN 9780714128207
* Cowling, Jane. ''A Fifteenth-century Saint Play in Winchester''. In [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ftNYbmSOetUC&pg=PA26&dq=%22Saint+Agnes+Cup%22&hl=en&ei=aUciTKu8J8b6_AbW7KQP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Medieval and Renaissance Drama in England''], Volume 13. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8386-3889-9
* Croft, Pauline. ''England and the Peace with Spain, 1604: Pauline Croft Analyses the Causes and Traces the Consequences of a Momentous Treaty''. ''History Review'', Issue 49, 2004
* Dalton, Ormonde M. ''The Royal Gold Cup in the British Museum''. London: British Museum, 1924
* Henderson, George. ''Gothic''. Penguin, 1967. ISBN 0-1402-0806-2
* [[Thomas Hoving|Hoving, Thomas]]. ''Greatest Works of Western Civilization''. Artisan, 1997. ISBN 1-8851-8353-4
* Lane, Barbara G. ''The Altar and the Altarpiece, Sacramental Themes in Early Netherlandish Painting''. Harper & Row, 1984. ISBN 0-0643-0133-8
*Legner, Anton (ed). ''Die Parler und der Schöne Stil, 1350-1400'', Catalogue of an exhibition in the [[Schnütgen Museum]], Köln, 1978. 3 vols.
* Lightbown, Ronald W. ''Secular Goldsmiths' Work in Medieval France: A History''. Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Volume XXXVI, 1978. 75–82
* "Maryon (1971)": Maryon, Herbert. ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AOP_RiQE6-AC&pg=PA187&dq=%22king+john+cup%22+King%27s+Lynn&hl=en&ei=G-EaTKu3KI_00gS_xsiBCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22king%20john%20cup%22%20King%27s%20Lynn&f=false Metalwork and enamelling: a practical treatise on gold and silversmiths' work and their allied crafts]''. Courier Dover Publications, 1971. ISBN 0-4862-2702-2
* Nash, Susie. ''Northern Renaissance Art'', Oxford History of Art, Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-1928-4269-2,
* Osborne, Harold (ed). ''The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975. ISBN 0-1986-6113-4
* Snyder, James. ''Northern Renaissance Art''. Harry N. Abrams, 1985. ISBN 0-1362-3596-4
* Stratford, Jenny. ''The Bedford Inventories'', Society of Antiquaries of London, 1993, ISBN 0-8543-1261-7
* Stratford, Neil, in Baron, Françoise; Avril, François; Chapu, Phillipe; Gaborit-Chopin, Danielle; Perrot, Françoise. ''Les fastes du gothique: le siècle de Charles V''. Paris, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Réunion des musées nationaux, 1981 (in French) – Catalogue of an exhibition including the cup (as the ''Coupe de Sainte Agnes'')
* Steane, John. ''The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy''. Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0-4151-9788-0
* Ungerer, Gustav. ''Juan Pantoja De la Cruz and the Circulation of Gifts between the English and Spanish Courts in 1604/5''. ''Shakespeare Studies'', 1998
* Ward, Gerald W. R. (ed). ''The Grove encyclopedia of materials and techniques in art''. Oxford University Press US, 2008. ISBN 0-1953-1391-7
* [[David M. Wilson|Wilson, David M.]] ''The British Museum; A History''. The British Museum Press, 2002. ISBN 0-7141-2764-7
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* "Maryon (1951)": Maryon, Herbert. "New Light on the Royal Gold Cup". ''The British Museum Quarterly'', Vol. 16, No. 2, April 1951.
* Meiss, Millard. ''French painting in the time of Jean de Berry: The late XIV century and the patronage of the duke'' (two vols). Phaidon, 1967
* Read, Sir Charles Hercules. ''The Royal Gold Cup of the Kings of France and England, now preserved in the British Museum''. ''Vetusta Monumenta'' Volume 7, part 3, 1904

==External links==
{{commonscat|Royal Gold Cup, British Museum}}
* Stein, Wendy A. [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/berr/hd_berr.htm "Patronage of Jean de Berry (1340–1416)"]. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], 2000–. (May 2009)
* [http://www.louvre.fr/llv/dossiers/page_theme.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226583&CURRENT_LLV_THEME%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226583&bmLocale=en ''In-Depth Studies: France in 1400''], from the Louvre
* [http://www.history.ac.uk/richardII/ ''Richard II's Treasure; the Riches of a Medieval King''], from The Institute of Historical Research and Royal Holloway, University of London.

{{British-Museum-object|M&ME 1892,0501.1|id=43901}}

{{featured article}}
[[Category:Medieval European objects in the British Museum]]
[[Category:Gold objects]]
[[Category:Vitreous enamel]]
[[Category:14th-century works]]

[[ca:Copa de Santa Agnès]]
[[fr:Coupe de sainte Agnès]]
[[it:Coppa di sant'Agnese]]

Ben Stein

2010-08-01T22:58:56Z

Fetchcomms: Filling in 5 references using Reflinks

{{infobox Person
|name = Ben Stein
|image = Bensteindol.jpg
|imagesize = 310px
|caption = Stein speaking at 2006 National Summit on Retirement Savings
|birth_name = Benjamin Jeremy Stein
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|11|25}}
|birth_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]]
|deathdate =
|deathplace =
|nationality = [[United States|American]]
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|occupation = Actor, writer, commentator, lawyer, economist, teacher, humorist
|religion = [[Judaism|Jewish]]
|yearsactive = 1970s–present
|othername =
|home_page = http://www.benstein.com
|academyawards =
|emmyawards = '''[[Daytime Emmy Awards|Daytime Emmy]] - Outstanding Game Show Host''' 1999 ''[[Win Ben Stein's Money]]'' with [[Jimmy Kimmel]]
|spouse = Alexandra Denman (1968-1974; 1977-present)
|children = Tom (adopted)
}}
'''Benjamin Jeremy "Ben" Stein''' (born November 25, 1944) is an [[United States|American]] actor, writer, lawyer, and commentator on political and economic issues. He attained early success as a speechwriter for American presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald Ford]]. Later he entered the entertainment field and became an actor, comedian, and [[Emmy Award]]-winning game show host.

Stein has frequently written commentaries on economic, political, and social issues, along with financial advice to individual investors. He is the son of noted economist and writer [[Herbert Stein]],<ref name=imdbbio>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0825401/bio IMDB: Ben Stein bio]</ref> who worked at the [[White House]] under President Nixon. His sister, Rachel, is also a writer. While as a character actor he is well-known for his nerdy monotone, in real life he is a public speaker on a wide range of economic and social issues.

==Biography==
===Early years===
Stein was born in [[Washington, D.C.]], the son of Mildred ([[married and maiden names|née]] Fishman), a homemaker, and [[Herbert Stein]], a writer, economist, and presidential adviser.<ref name="filmr">{{cite web |title=Ben Stein Biography (1944-) |work=filmreference.com |publisher=NetIndustries, LLC |url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/41/Ben-Stein.html |accessdate=2008-04-22}}</ref> He is [[Jewish religion|Jewish]] and grew up in the Woodside Forest neighborhood of [[Silver Spring, Maryland]]. Stein graduated from [[Montgomery Blair High School]] in 1961 along with classmate [[journalist]] [[Carl Bernstein]]; actress [[Goldie Hawn]] (class of 1963) was two years behind. Actor [[Sylvester Stallone]] was a schoolmate at Montgomery Hills Junior High School.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,35056,00.html Ben Stein Also Sings - ''Time'' magazine]</ref> He went on to major in [[economics]] at [[Columbia University|Columbia University's]] [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]], where he was a member of [[Alpha Delta Phi]] society and the [[Philolexian Society]]. After graduating with honors from Columbia in 1966, Stein went to [[Yale Law School]], graduating in June 1970. He says that he did not have the highest grades in his class at Yale, but was voted [[valedictorian]] by the students because he was most popular.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0805/02/gb.01.html }}</ref>

===Legal and academic career===
[[Image:Ben Stein.jpg|right|thumb|Stein speaking at [[Miami University]] in 2003]]
He was first a [[poverty]] lawyer in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], and [[Washington, D.C.]] before becoming a [[trial (law)|trial]] lawyer for the [[Federal Trade Commission]].<ref name=jdjournal>JD Journal: "[http://www.jdjournal.com/articles/jdjben-stein.php Winning Thoughts from Ben Stein]"</ref>

Stein's first teaching stint was as an adjunct [[professor]], teaching about the political and social content of mass culture at [[American University]] in Washington, D.C., and then at [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. He also held classes on the political and [[civil rights]] of the [[United States Constitution]] at [[UC Santa Cruz]]. At [[Pepperdine University]] in [[Southern California]], Stein taught [[libel]] law and [[United States securities law]] and its ethical aspects. He was a professor of law at [[Pepperdine University Law School]], from about 1990 to 1997.<ref name=bshome>Ben Stein's [http://www.benstein.com/bio.html official biography]</ref>

In addition, Stein is very interested in [[American Civil War]] history, and is a strong supporter of the [[Civil War Preservation Trust]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

Stein was the commencement speaker for the [[Liberty University]] 2009 graduation on Saturday, May 9, at Williams Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liberty.edu/index.cfm?PID=18495&MID=6873 |title=News & Events - News Article - Liberty University |publisher=Liberty.edu |date=2009-04-06 |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref> At this ceremony, the University awarded him an [[honorary degree]]. According to the school, Stein "delivered a message of creationism, patriotism and value for humanity to graduates and their families."<ref>https://www.liberty.edu/index.cfm?PID=18495&MID=8025</ref>

===Writing career===
Stein writes frequently on a variety of topics, including politics, investing and [[economics]]. He writes a regular column in the conservative magazines ''[[The American Spectator]]'' and ''[[Newsmax]]''. He has also written for numerous publications including ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[New York Magazine]]'', ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'', ''Los Angeles Magazine'' and ''[[Barron's Magazine]]'', where his discussion of the [[Michael Milken]] [[Drexel Burnham Lambert]] [[junk bond]] situation, as well as the ethical dimensions of [[management buyouts]], attracted heavy US national attention in the 1980s and 1990s.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} He wrote a regular biweekly column for ''Yahoo! Finance'' online, with his last article dated August 7, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/expert/archive/yourlife/ben-stein/1 |title=Ben Stein - Expert Financial Advice Columns on Yahoo! Personal Finance |publisher=Finance.yahoo.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref> His bestselling books (with investment advisor Phil DeMuth) include ''Yes, You Can Retire Comfortably'', ''Can America Survive?'', and ''Yes, You Can Time the Market''. In 2009, he published a collection of essays, ''The Real Stars''.

Stein was fired from his position as a Sunday Business columnist at ''The New York Times'' in August 2009 due to a policy forbidding writers from performing product endorsements or advertising. Stein had recently become an advertising spokesperson for credit information company [[Freescore.com|FreeScore.com]], and according to a ''Times'' statement, had assumed there would be no conflict provided that he did not discuss credit scoring in general or FreeScore.com itself in his column. However, the publication felt that it would be inappropriate for him to write for them while he was involved in advertising, and terminated his contract.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gawker.com/5331835/pitchman-ben-stein-gets-economist-ben-stein-fired-at-the-new-york-times |title=Pitchman Ben Stein Gets Economist Ben Stein Fired at the New York Times |publisher=Gawker.com |date=2009-08-06 |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref> Writing in ''The Spectator'', Stein states his belief that the real reasons for his firing were budget cuts at the ''Times'', his criticism of President Obama, and pressure from those critical of ''Expelled'', who "bamboozled some of the high pooh-bahs at the ''Times'' into thinking there was a conflict of interest".<ref>{{cite web|last=Stein |first=Ben |url=http://spectator.org/archives/2009/08/10/expelled-from-the-new-york-tim/1 |title=The American Spectator : Expelled From the New York Times |publisher=Spectator.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref>

===Political career===
Stein began his political career as a speechwriter and lawyer for President [[Richard Nixon]], and later for President [[Gerald Ford]]. On May 3, 1976, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine speculated on the possibility of Stein having actually been [[Deep Throat]]. Stein responded over the years by not only denying he was Deep Throat, but by going further and accusing journalist [[Bob Woodward]] of falsifying the famous secret source. In the May 14–21, 1998, edition of the ''[[Philadelphia City Paper]]'' Stein is quoted saying, "Oh, I don't think there was a Deep Throat. That was a fake. I think there were several different sources and some they just made up."<ref>Interview by Brian Howard: "[http://www.citypaper.net/articles/051498/20q.benstein.shtm 20 Questions: Ben Stein]" ''Philadelphia City Paper'' May, 1998</ref> After [[W. Mark Felt|Mark Felt]]'s identity as [[Deep Throat]] was revealed, Stein stated that [[Richard Nixon]] would have prevented the rise to power of the [[Khmer Rouge]] if he had not been forced to resign. For his actions leading to that resignation, Stein said: {{cquote|If there is such a thing as [[karma]], if there is such a thing as [[justice]] in this life or the next, [[Mark Felt]] has bought himself the worst future of any man on this earth. And [[Bob Woodward]] is right behind him, with [[Ben Bradlee]] bringing up the rear. Out of their smug arrogance and contempt, they hatched the worst nightmare imaginable: [[genocide]].<ref>Stein, Ben: "[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=8242 Deep Throat and Genocide]", "The American Spectator", June 1, 2005</ref>}}

In 2005, Stein said in the ''[[American Spectator]]'':{{cquote|Can anyone even remember now what Nixon did that was so terrible? He ended the war in [[Vietnam]], brought home the POWs, ended the war in the Mideast, opened relations with China, started the first nuclear weapons reduction treaty, saved [[Eretz Israel|Eretz Israel's]] life, started the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Administration]]. Does anyone remember what he did that was bad?

Oh, now I remember. He lied. He was a politician who lied. How remarkable. He lied to protect his subordinates who were covering up a ridiculous burglary that no one to this date has any clue about its purpose. He lied so he could stay in office and keep his agenda of peace going. That was his crime. He was a [[peacemaker]] and he wanted to make a world where there was a generation of peace. And he succeeded.

That is his legacy. He was a peacemaker. He was a lying, conniving, covering up peacemaker. He was not a lying, conniving [[drug addict]] like [[John F. Kennedy|JFK]], a lying, conniving war starter like [[Lyndon B. Johnson|LBJ]], a lying, conniving [[seducer]] like [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]]—a lying, conniving peacemaker.<ref>[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=8242 Deep Throat and Genocide]</ref>}}

On June 24, 2008, Stein received the Freedom of Expression Award at the Entertainment Merchants Association’s Home Entertainment Awards for "his outspoken economic and political beliefs."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.homemediaexpo.com/hmexpo/v42/press.cvn?id=11&p_id=23|title=This Time Ben Stein Wins!|last=Lee|first=Grace|date=June 10, 2008|accessdate=2009-06-01}}</ref>

===Career in the media===
{{cquote2|I've said to my wife repeatedly, I just want on my gravestone, 'He loved dogs' and 'Bueller, Bueller.'|Stein on the impact of ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'' on his life.<ref>Chaney, Jen: "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/09/AR2006010900642.html 'Bueller, Bueller' Edition Almost Saves 'Ferris']", "The Washington Post", January 10, 2006</ref>}}
Stein became a [[entertainment industry|Hollywood]] [[consultant]] before he moved into acting. His film career was launched by his performance as the monotonic [[economics]] teacher in the 1986 movie ''[[Ferris Bueller's Day Off]]''. In one scene, he gives an unscripted economics lecture, relying on his own experience in economics. The topics covered in his lecture are the [[Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act|Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930]] and the then-current debate over [[supply-side economics]].<ref>http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0104807/quotes</ref> Stein decided to just run with it when the [[John Hughes (filmmaker)|director]] told him to speak about something he knows well. The only scripted lines are those in which he calls attendance, repeating "Bueller?...Bueller?" in a monotone voice.

Stein played similarly bland and unemotional characters. He had a recurring role in the TV series ''[[The Wonder Years]]'' and played himself in ''[[Dave (film)|Dave]]''.

He also appeared in several [[television commercials]], most notably for Clear Eyes throughout the 1990s and 2000s ''("The difference is clear…Clear Eyes.")''—many ads spoof movies of the day, such as one where Stein is a painter (a play on ''[[The Da Vinci Code (movie)|The Da Vinci Code]]''). Stein's [[deadpan]], monotone deliveries stand in stark contrast to the more typical enthusiasm of commercial personalities. Before this, he appeared for a [[Godfather's Pizza]] ad in 1987 and as a bland science teacher in a 1990 ad for [[Keebler Company|Keebler]] Sprinkle Cookies.

In 1997, Stein was given his own [[game show]] by [[Comedy Central]] titled ''[[Win Ben Stein's Money]]'' along with co-host [[Jimmy Kimmel]] (replaced by [[Nancy Pimental]] and later by [[Sal Iacono]]). True to its name, the money that contestants won on the show was subtracted from the $5,000 Stein earned per episode (in addition to his salary). The show won five Daytime [[Emmy]] awards before ending its run in 2003.

In 1999, during the height of ''Win Ben Stein's Money'''s popularity, Comedy Central gave Stein another show, a [[talk show]] with celebrity guests entitled ''Turn Ben Stein On''. One of the mainstays of the show was Stein's dog, Puppy Wuppy, who had free run of the set.

Other movies and television shows in which Ben Stein has appeared include: ''[[Charles in Charge]]'', ''[[Seinfeld]]'', ''[[Full House]]'', ''[[Casper (film)|Casper]]'', ''[[Casper: A Spirited Beginning]]'', ''[[Casper Meets Wendy]]'', ''[[The Mask (film)|The Mask]]'' and its sequel, ''[[Son of the Mask]]'' as well as the TV show, ''[[The Mask: The Animated Series]]'', ''[[Earthworm Jim (TV series)|Earthworm Jim]]'', ''[[Star Search]]'', ''[[MacGyver]]'', ''[[Richie Rich]]'', ''[[Game Show Moments Gone Bananas]]'', ''[[Cavuto on Business]]'', ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]'', ''[[CBS News Sunday Morning]]'', ''[[Planes, Trains and Automobiles]]'', ''[[Family Guy]]'', the Michael Berger-hosted version of ''[[Match Game]]'', ''[[Fairly Odd Parents]]'', ''[[Duckman]]'', ''[[Married... with Children]]'', ''[[The Emperor's New School]]'', and the [[intelligent design]] vs. [[evolution]] documentary'' [[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]]''.<ref>[http://www.premisemedia.com/EXPELLED-PressRelease_08-22-07.pdf ''Expelled'' Press Release]</ref>

In addition, Stein's voice roles include [[The Pixies (The Fairly OddParents)|The Pixies]], magical creatures on the [[animated series]] ''[[The Fairly OddParents]]'', [[The Emperor's New School|Mr. Purutu]] on the animated Series ''[[The Emperor's New School]]'', Professor Wisenstein in ''[[Bruno the Kid]]'', the birthday party clown on "[[The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius]]" and [[Pip]] on ''[[Animaniacs]]''. Stein also voiced a psychiatrist, again named after himself, in the USA TV series [[Duckman]]; he once appeared in the sitcom [[Married with Children]] as a receptionist in the animal afterlife. He also made a [[cameo appearance]] in the [[comic book]] [[Young Justice]]; as Ali Ben Styn. Another [[cameo appearance]] was in the [[Family Guy]] episode ''[[When You Wish Upon a Weinstein]]''. Stein also voiced the character Sam Schmaltz in the 1996 computer adventure game ''[[Toonstruck]]''.

In addition, Stein has written for the television industry. He is noted for his outlines for the TV movie ''Murder in Mississippi'' and for the lengthy ABC miniseries ''[[Amerika (TV miniseries)|Amerika]]''. He has also contributed to the creation of the well-liked TV [[comedy]] ''[[Fernwood 2-Night]]''.

Ben Stein hosted a show on [[VH1]] called ''[[America's Most Smartest Model]]''.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1055400/ "America's Most Smartest Model" (2007)]</ref> The show aimed to find the smartest among fourteen models through a series of challenges.<ref>[http://www.realityblurred.com/realitytv/archives/future_shows/2007_Jun_21_vh1_thursdays reality blurred + VH1 plans America's Most Smartest Model, The Salt-N-Pepa Show, Danny Bonaduce's Child Star, and Click!]</ref>

On May 14, 2006, during an appearance on the [[Fox News]] program [[Your World with Neil Cavuto]], Stein called for a tax increase of 3.5% for wealthy Americans, to be earmarked for soldiers and military initiatives. Indeed, Stein wrote an editorial for ''[[The New York Times]]'' critical of those who would rather make money in the world of finance than fight terrorism.<ref>Stein, Ben: "[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/20/business/yourmoney/20every.html?ex=1313726400&en=59d2227ed9dfee59&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss Looking for the Will Beyond the Battlefield]", "New York Times", August 20, 2006</ref>

On December 28, 2009; Stein appeared on CNN's [[Larry King Live]] with Dr. [[Ron Paul]] to discuss the [[Northwest Airlines Flight 253|attempted bombing of an American plane]] on Christmas Day 2009. Stein said that Dr. Paul's stance that the United States were "occupiers" in Iraq and Afghanistan "is the same anti-Semitic argument we've heard over and over again."<ref>[http://www.thenewamerican.com/index.php/usnews/politics/2651-ben-stein-says-ron-paul-uses-anti-semitic-arguments Ben Stein says Ron Paul uses anti-semetic arguments] "The New American", December 29, 2009</ref> The comment started a shouting match between the two men and prompted anger from Dr. Paul's supporters and those who believe Stein went too far in calling Paul's argument anti-Semitic.<ref>[http://www.yaliberty.org/posts/win-ben-steins-apology Win Ben Stein's Apology] "Young Americans for Liberty", December 29, 2009</ref> Stein issued an apology on December 30, 2009.<ref>[http://spectator.org/archives/2009/12/30/a-ron-paul-moment A Ron Paul Moment] "The American Spectator" December 30, 2009</ref>

He is an occasional political and economics commentator on [[CNBC]]'s ''[[Kudlow & Company]]''.

===Financial advice prior to 2008 stock market crash===
On March 18, 2007, in a column for ''[[CBS News]]'' online version of [[CBS News Sunday Morning]], Stein famously proclaimed in the beginning of the [[subprime mortgage crisis]] that the foreclosure problem would "blow over and the people who buy now, in due time, will be glad they did," the economy was "still very strong," and the "smart money" was "now trying to buy — not sell — as much distressed merchandise" in mortgages as possible.<ref>Stein, Ben:"[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/18/sunday/main2581859.shtml Ben Stein Says Economy Is Fine, Says Don't Worry About Foreclosure Blues, The Mortgage Market Is Robust]","CBS News", March 18, 2007</ref>

On August 18, 2007, on [[Fox News Channel]]'s ''Cavuto on Business'', Stein appeared with other financial experts dismissing worries of a coming credit crunch.<ref name=CAVUTO>"Fox News recap Aug. 18, 2007", http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,293819,00.html</ref> The lone dissenter was [[Peter Schiff]], who predicted that the mortgage sector would create a crisis leading to massive recession, a view that produced laughter from the other experts. Stein strongly recommended investing in then-troubled financial institutions.<ref name="CAVUTO"/>

<blockquote>
'''Ben Stein:''' The credit crunch is way overblown. The [financial institutions] are being given away; they're so unbelievably cheap...The subprime problem is a problem, but it's a tiny problem in the context of this economy...It's a buying opportunity, especially for the financials, maybe like I've never seen before in my entire life.</blockquote>

<blockquote>[...]</blockquote>

<blockquote>'''Peter Schiff:''' This is just getting started. It's not just subprimes. This is a problem for the entire mortgage industry. It's not just people with bad credit that committed to mortgages they couldn't afford. It's not just people with bad credit who are going to see their home equity vanish... This is going to be an enormous credit crunch...</blockquote>

<blockquote>'''Neil Cavuto:''' You must be a laugh-riot at parties.</blockquote>

<blockquote>(LAUGHTER)</blockquote>

<blockquote>[...]</blockquote>

<blockquote>'''Ben Stein:''' ...subprime is tiny. Subprime is a tiny, tiny blip.</blockquote>

<blockquote>'''Peter Schiff:''' It's not tiny. And again, it's not just subprime. It's the entire mortgage market.</blockquote>

<blockquote>'''Ben Stein:''' You're simply wrong about that... Defaults for the whole mortgage market are tiny.</blockquote>

<blockquote>[...]</blockquote>

<blockquote>'''Ben Stein:''' I think stocks will be a heck of a lot higher a year from now than they are now.
</blockquote>

A year and a month later, in the [[Global financial crisis in September 2008|Global Financial Crisis of September 2008]], global stock markets crashed, [[Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers|Lehman Brothers went bankrupt]], [[Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac|Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were taken over by the US government]], [[American International Group#Federal Reserve Bailout|AIG was bailed out by the Federal Reserve]], [[Merrill Lynch]] was sold to [[Bank of America Corporation]], and [[Morgan Stanley]] and [[Goldman Sachs]] confirmed that they would become traditional bank holding companies.

In a [[Yahoo! Finance]] article written on October 17, 2008, Stein explained that his understanding of the debt obligations based on real estate loans was less than the "staggeringly large" amount of obligations that were created through trade in derivatives of those, and so why it wasn't as similar to collapse of junk bond empire in early 1990s as he'd thought it would be: "Where I missed the boat was not realizing how large were the CDS based on the junk mortgage bonds."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://finance.yahoo.com/expert/article/yourlife/115733 |title=Yahoo! Personal Finance: Calculators,Money Advice,Guides,& More |publisher=Finance.yahoo.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref>

==Political views==
===Abortion===
Stein is a [[pro-life]] activist and was given a Pro-Life Award in 2003 by the [[National Right to Life Committee|National Right to Life Educational Trust Fund]].<ref>Richard Kimble, "[http://www.nrlc.org/news/2003/NRL05/tenth_annual_proudly_pro.htm Tenth Annual Proudly Pro-Life Awards Dinner Provides a Powerful Testimony for Life]"</ref>

===Larry Craig scandal===
In 2007, Stein chastised the police and the GOP leadership for their response to the [[Larry Craig]] [[Larry craig#2007 arrest and consequences|scandal]]. Stein said that Craig's sexuality should not be an issue: "A party that believes in individual rights should be rallying to his defense, not making him walk the plank."<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/02/sunday/main3228091.shtml Ben Stein Says Craig Was Lynched Twice] CBS News</ref>

===Tax code===
Though often labeled as a political and economic [[conservative]], Stein has criticized the [[U.S. tax code]] for being too lenient on the wealthy. He has repeated the observation made by [[Warren Buffett]], one of the richest individuals in the world (who pays mostly [[capital gains tax]]), that Buffett pays a lower overall tax rate than his secretaries (who pay [[income tax]]es). Stein has advocated increasing taxation on the wealthy.<ref>Stein, Ben. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/business/yourmoney/26every.html?_r=2&ref=business&oref=slogin&oref=slogin In Class Warfare, Guess Which Class Is Winning]. New York Times. November 26, 2006.</ref>

===Other===
Quite notably Ben Stein endorsed Democrat [[Al Franken]] in the [[United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2008|2008 Minnesota Senate race]], calling him an "impressive guy".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/07/27/preston.mccain/index.html?iref=newssearch | work=CNN | title=Preston on Politics: Bueller? Bueller? -- McCain needs Rove - CNN.com | date=July 28, 2008 | accessdate=April 26, 2010}}</ref>

==Invesco Field interview==
Stein drew fire for a 2008 interview with [[Glenn Beck]] in which Stein compared U.S. President [[Barack Obama]]'s campaign rally at [[Invesco Field at Mile High|Invesco Field]] to [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Nazi Party|Nazi]] rallies at [[Nuremberg]]. ''The Economist'' called Stein's invocation of Nazism an intentional use of [[Reductio ad Hitlerum|logical fallacy]] to distract from the campaign.<ref name="TheEconomist">{{cite news|title=The Truth About eSStonia|date=October 16, 2007|url= http://www.economist.com/PrinterFriendly.cfm?story_id=9645274 |work=[[The Economist]]}}</ref>

==Views on evolution and science==
Stein has publicly denounced the theory of [[evolution]], which he and other [[intelligent design]] advocates call "[[Darwinism#Other uses|Darwinism]]", declaring it to be "a painful, bloody chapter in the history of ideologies," "the most compelling argument yet for [[Imperialism]]," and the inspiration for the [[Holocaust]].<ref>"Better Than We Deserve," American Spectator 2007 Dec.</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=John | last=Rennie | coauthors= | title=Ben Stein's Expelled: No Integrity Displayed | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=ben-steins-expelled-review-john-rennie | work =Scientific American | pages = | accessdate = 2008-04-12 | language = }}</ref> Stein does not say belief in the theory of evolution alone leads to genocide, but that scientific materialism is a necessary component.<ref>"Ben Stein's Diary #60: From Boston To Berlin," American Spectator 2007 Sep., [https://www.spectator.org/digspec_mag_Sept07.asp]</ref> He co-wrote and stars in ''[[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]]'', a film that aims to persuade viewers that the theory of evolution was instrumental to the rise of the [[eugenics]] movement, [[Nazi Germany]], and the [[Holocaust]], and portrays advocates of intelligent design as victims of intellectual discrimination by the [[scientific community]], which has rejected intelligent design as [[creationism|creationist]] [[pseudoscience]].<ref name=USATODAY>"This is propaganda, a political rant disguised as a serious commentary on stifled freedom of inquiry." {{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2008-04-17-also-opening_N.htm |title=Also opening: 'Bin Laden,' 'Intelligence,' 'Forbidden Kingdom'|author=Claudia Puig |date=April 18, 2008 |publisher=[[USA Today]].com |accessdate=2008-05-03}}</ref><ref name=NYTR/><ref name="sciam-shermer">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=ben-steins-expelled-review-michael-shermer |title=Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed--Ben Stein Launches a Science-free Attack on Darwin |accessdate=2008-04-19 |last=Shermer |first=Michael |date=2008-04-09 |publisher=Scientific American}}</ref>

The general media response to the film has been largely unfavorable. It received a 10% meta-score from [[Rotten Tomatoes]]. Multiple reviews, including those of ''[[USA Today]]'' and ''[[Scientific American]]'', have described the film as [[propaganda]].<ref name="USATODAY"/><ref name=NYTR/><ref name="sciam-shermer"/> The ''[[Chicago Tribune|Chicago Tribune's]]'' rating was "1 star (poor),"<ref>{{cite news | first = Moore | last = Roger | title = 'Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed' (Ben Stein monkeys with evolution) | url = http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/chi-18-expelled-review,1,6127461.story | work = [[Chicago Tribune]] | date = | accessdate = 2007-04-24 }}</ref> while the ''[[New York Times]]'' described it as "a conspiracy-theory rant masquerading as investigative inquiry" and "an unprincipled propaganda piece that insults believers and nonbelievers alike."<ref name=NYTR>{{cite news | first = Jeannette | last = Catsoulis | title = Resentment Over Darwin Evolves Into a Documentary | url = http://movies.nytimes.com/2008/04/18/movies/18expe.html?ref=movies | work = [[New York Times]] | date = 2008-04-18 | accessdate = 2008-04-24}}</ref> Noted evolutionary biologist [[Richard Dawkins]], who appeared in the film, has strongly criticised Stein's film in an open letter on his website.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.richarddawkins.net/articles/2488|title='Open Letter to a victim of Ben Stein's lying propaganda' by Richard Dawkins |publisher=richarddawkins.net |accessdate=2009-09-22 }}</ref>

In a [[Trinity Broadcasting Network]] interview with [[Paul Crouch Jr.]] regarding Stein's movie,<ref>[http://corner.nationalreview.com/post/?q=NWRmOTU2YzZlN2RhMzhjNzEwNzQ3MzFiZDE2NjM3NWE= Science Equals Murder] (article at National Review Online)</ref> Stein made the following statement about science and religion:

<blockquote>'''Stein:''' When we just saw that man, I think it was [[PZ Myers|Mr. Myers]], talking about how great scientists were, I was thinking to myself the last time any of my relatives saw scientists telling them what to do they were telling them to go to the showers to get gassed … that was horrifying beyond words, and that’s where science — in my opinion, this is just an opinion — that’s where science leads you.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''Crouch:''' That’s right.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''Stein:''' …Love of God and compassion and empathy leads you to a very glorious place, and science leads you to killing people.</blockquote>
<blockquote>'''Crouch:''' Good word, good word.</blockquote>

Due in part to the notoriety he received for a talk he gave on economics at the [[University of Vermont]], Stein was invited to be the commencement speaker at the graduation ceremony for the class of 2009. After the announcement, university president, Dan Fogel, notified Stein that a number of people had complained about Stein speaking at the commencement and receiving an [[honorary degree]] from the school, so that when he came he "would not be blindsided". The complaints were because his views of science were "affronts to the basic tenets of the academy." Due to the furor, Stein declined his commencement invitation.

==Personal life==
Stein is twice married to entertainment lawyer [[Alexandra Denman]], with whom he has an adopted son.<ref name=imdbbio /> He lives with Denman in [[Beverly Hills]] and [[Malibu, California|Malibu]], [[California]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=93744710 | title=Ben Stein | publisher=[[MySpace]] |year= 2008 | first= | last= | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=8242 | title=Ben Stein | publisher=[[The American Spectator]] |date= 2005-06-01 | first=Ben | last=Stein | accessdate =2008-05-17}}</ref> Stein also has a summer home in [[Sandpoint, Idaho]].<ref>Stein, Ben: [http://spectator.org/archives/2004/06/01/happy-bush-country] American Spectator, June 1, 2004, "Happy Bush Country"</ref>
Stein also owns an apartment in the [[Watergate complex]] in [[Washington, DC]], which he inherited from his parents.<ref>Stein, Ben: [http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/people/11059.html] Washingtonian, January 1, 2009, "Home Sweet Home"</ref>

==Bibliography==
Stein's book titles to date (7 fiction, 21 nonfiction) include:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Publisher !! ISBN
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[1978 in literature|1978]]
|-
| ''On the Brink: A Novel'' (coauthor: Herbert Stein)
| Ballantine Books
| {{ISBNT|0-345-27650-7}}
|-
| [[1978 in literature|1978]]
| ''Dreemz'' (hardcover: ''California Dreemz'')
| Ballantine Books
| {{ISBNT|0-345-28156-X}}
|-
| [[1979 in literature|1979]]
| ''The View from Sunset Boulevard: America as brought to you by the people who make television''
|
|
|-
| [[1982 in literature|1982]]
| ''Ludes''
|
|
|-
| [[1985 in literature|1985]]
| ''Financial Passages''
|
|
|-
| [[1986 in literature|1986]]
| ''Her Only Sin''
|
| {{ISBNT|0-312-90636-6}}
|-
| [[1988 in literature|1988]]
| ''Hollywood Days, Hollywood Nights: the Diary of a Mad Screenwriter''
|
|
|-
| [[1992 in literature|1992]]
| ''A License to Steal: the Untold Story of Michael Milken and the Conspiracy to Bilk the Nation''
|
| {{ISBNT|0-671-74272-8}}
|-
| [[2002 in literature|2002]]
| ''How to Ruin Your Life''
|
| {{ISBNT|1-56170-974-3}}
|-
| [[2003 in literature|2003]]
| ''How to Ruin Your Love Life''
|
| {{ISBNT|1-4019-0240-5}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[2004 in literature|2004]]
| ''How to Ruin Your Financial Life''
|
| {{ISBNT|1-4019-0241-3}}
|-
| ''Can America Survive? The Rage of the Left, the Truth, and What to Do About It''
|
| {{ISBNT|1-4019-0333-9}}
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[2005 in literature|2005]]
| ''Yes, You Can Be a Successful Income Investor: Reaching for Yield in Today's Market''
|
| {{ISBNT|1-4019-0319-3}}
|-
| ''Yes, You Can Still Retire Comfortably: The Baby-Boom Retirement Crisis and how to Beat It''
|
| {{ISBNT|1-4019-0318-5}}
|-
| [[2006 in literature|2006]]
| ''How Successful People Win: Using "Bunkhouse Logic" to Get What You Want in Life''
|
| {{ISBNT|1-56170-975-1}}
|-
| [[2007 in literature|2007]]
| ''The Real Stars: In Today's America, Who Are the True Heroes?''
| New Beginnings Press
| {{ISBNT|1-40191-144-7}}
|-
| [[2008 in literature|2008]]
| ''How to Ruin the United States of America''
|
| {{ISBNT|1-40191-869-7}}
|}

== References ==

{{refs|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Too many links}}
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
*{{imdb name|id=0825401|name=Ben Stein}}
*[http://www.benstein.com/ Ben Stein's Official Website]
*[http://www.nrlc.org/news/2003/NRL05/tenth_annual_proudly_pro.htm Ben Stein's remarks upon being awarded one of the NRLC's Proudly Pro-Life Awards]
*[http://finance.yahoo.com/expert/archive/yourlife/ben-stein/1 Ben Stein's column on Yahoo! Finance]
*[http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2008/12/win_ben_steins_mind.html Roger Ebert blog review and discussion of "Expelled" movie]

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{{Succession box |before = [[Pat Sajak]] |title = [[Daytime Emmy Awards|Daytime Emmy Award]] for Outstanding Game Show Host |years = 1999 with [[Jimmy Kimmel]] |after = [[Bob Barker]] and [[Tom Bergeron]]}}
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{{Persondata
|NAME= Stein, Ben
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Stein, Benjamin Jeremy
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Actor, writer, commentator, lawyer, teacher, humorist
|DATE OF BIRTH= 1944-11-25
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stein, Ben}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Actors from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:American comedians]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American game show hosts]]
[[Category:Washington, D.C. Republicans]]
[[Category:American pro-life activists]]
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[[Category:American speechwriters]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American television personalities]]
[[Category:American University faculty and staff]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Connecticut lawyers]]
[[Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Intelligent design advocates]]
[[Category:Jewish actors]]
[[Category:Jewish American writers]]
[[Category:Jewish creationists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Beverly Hills, California]]
[[Category:People from Montgomery County, Maryland]]
[[Category:People from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:University of California, Santa Cruz faculty]]
[[Category:Washington, D.C. lawyers]]
[[Category:Watergate figures]]
[[Category:Writers from California]]
[[Category:Writers from Maryland]]
[[Category:Writers from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Yale Law School alumni]]
[[Category:People from Silver Spring, Maryland]]

[[fr:Ben Stein]]
[[nl:Ben Stein]]
[[ja:ベン・スタイン]]
[[pt:Ben Stein]]
[[simple:Ben Stein]]
[[sv:Ben Stein]]

Wikipedia:Logo

2010-07-29T21:38:46Z

Fetchcomms: moved Wikipedia's Logo to Logo of Wikipedia over redirect: not discussed

{{cleanup-afd|Wikipedia Globe Logo|date=May 2010}}
{{original research|date=May 2010}}
[[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|right|thumb|Wikipedia's current logo]]

The '''[[logo]]''' of '''[[Wikipedia]]''', an [[Internet]]-based multilingual [[encyclopedia]], is an unfinished globe constructed from [[jigsaw]] pieces – some pieces are still missing at the top – inscribed with [[glyph]]s from many different [[writing system]]s. As displayed on the web pages of the English-language version of Wikipedia, there is a wordmark WikipediA under the globe, and below that the text "The Free Encyclopedia", in the free [[open source|open-source]] [[Linux Libertine]] font.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2010/05/12/126789933/new-globe-new-user-interface-for-wikipedia |title=New Globe, User Interface For Wikipedia |author=Oma L. Gallaga |publisher=NPR |date=May 23, 2010}}</ref>

== Design ==

Each piece bears a glyph ([[letter]] or [[character (symbol)|character]]), symbolizing the multilingualism of Wikipedia. They include the letter [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic letter]] [[I (Cyrillic)|И]] ("I"), the [[Greek alphabet|Greek letter]] [[Omega|Ω]] (Omega), the [[Chinese character]] [[:wikt:維|維]] (Wéi), at the bottom u have kannada "ವಿ" an one of India's oldest languages and the [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] (and also [[Yiddish]]) letter [[ו]] (Vav). As for the [[Latin alphabet|Latin letter]] "W", these glyphs are mostly the first glyph of the name "Wikipedia" as rendered in various languages (for example, 维基百科 in [[Chinese (language)|Chinese]]).

== History ==

[[File:Wikipedia_Logo_1.0.png|150px|right|thumb|Wikipedia's former logo]]

The logo was created by Paul Stansifer, a 21 year old Wikipedia user, whose entry won a [[design competition]] run by the site in 2003. It was then improved by David Friedland, then a student and now a Microsoft developer. He changed the styling of the jigsaw pieces so that their boundaries seemed indented and simplified their contents to be a single letter, rather than a word.<ref name="NYT-20070625">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/25/technology/25wikipedia.html?fta=y |title=Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia’s Logo Fractures the Sanskrit |author=Noam Cohen |date=June 25, 2007 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> In the process, some errors were introduced, which can be traced to the incorrect handling by some [[web browser]]s of glyph combinations in certain writing systems.<ref name="NYT-20070625"/>

Wikipedia's globe logo has reflected some recent changes. Wikipedia has changed its new page look and altered the logo a bit, most notably adding a new Chinese character below the letter Omega, at the bottom there is a [[Kannada language|Kannada]] "ವಿ" an one of India's oldest languages and to the left of letter Cyrillic I. The name Wikipedia and its slogan also changed the font and its new look also reflected the "Try Beta" feature previously.

== Trade Mark Registration ==

The (former) logo was registered as a European [[Community Trade Mark]] by Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. The trade mark bears a filing date of 31 January 2008 and a registration date of 20 January 2009<ref>http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ohim?ohimnum=E6671838</ref>.

==Similar logos or images used by others==

The UK Trade Mark Registry uses a similar logo, featuring a spherical jigsaw device, for it online search facility<ref>http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/tm/t-os.htm</ref>.

==See also==

*[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia logos]]

== References ==

{{refs}}

== External links ==

* [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2010/wikipedia-in-3d/ Wikimedia Blog: Wikipedia in 3D] Describes the new puzzle globe logo
* [http://blog.wikimedia.org/2010/a-new-look-for-wikipedia/ Wikimedia Blog: A new look for Wikipedia]

{{internet-stub}}

[[Category:Wikipedia]]

Benutzer:Parzi/Importe/Pull quote

2010-07-08T22:32:22Z

Fetchcomms: gr

{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
{{Redirect|Callout|the song by Axium|The Story Thus Far (album)}}
[[File:Pull-Quote.PNG|thumb|300px|A pull quote [[mockup]] using text from [[Wikipedia|Wikipedia's article about itself]]]]
[[File:SARJ with callouts.jpg|thumb|An example of a pull quote providing information about an illustration]]
A '''pull quote''' (also known as a '''lift-out quote''' or a '''call-out''') is a [[quotation]] or edited [[wikt:excerpt|excerpt]] from an article that is typically placed in a larger [[typeface]] on the same page, serving to lead readers into an article and to highlight a key topic. The term is principally used in [[journalism]] and [[publishing]]. Some publications choose not to align the pull quote with the columns on a page; in that case, it cuts into two or more columns to reduce the linearity of a page. Placement of a pull quote on a page is usually defined in a publication's own [[style guide]].
A callout may also be a short string of letters and symbols, connected by a line, arrow, or point of a balloon shape to a feature of an illustration or technical drawing, giving information about that feature, such as geometric dimensioning and tolerancing.

{{Typography terms}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pull Quote}}
[[Category:Page layout]]

{{Typography-stub}}

Benutzer:Parzi/Importe/Pull quote

2010-07-08T22:32:10Z

Fetchcomms: fix

{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
{{Redirect|Callout|the song by Axium|The Story Thus Far (album)}}
[[File:Pull-Quote.PNG|thumb|300px|A pull quote [[mockup]] using text from [[Wikipedia|Wikipedia's article about itself]]]]
[[File:SARJ with callouts.jpg|An example of a pull quote providing information about an illustration]]
A '''pull quote''' (also known as a '''lift-out quote''' or a '''call-out''') is a [[quotation]] or edited [[wikt:excerpt|excerpt]] from an article that is typically placed in a larger [[typeface]] on the same page, serving to lead readers into an article and to highlight a key topic. The term is principally used in [[journalism]] and [[publishing]]. Some publications choose not to align the pull quote with the columns on a page; in that case, it cuts into two or more columns to reduce the linearity of a page. Placement of a pull quote on a page is usually defined in a publication's own [[style guide]].
A callout may also be a short string of letters and symbols, connected by a line, arrow, or point of a balloon shape to a feature of an illustration or technical drawing, giving information about that feature, such as geometric dimensioning and tolerancing.

{{Typography terms}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pull Quote}}
[[Category:Page layout]]

{{Typography-stub}}

Ben Nighthorse Campbell

2010-06-24T21:38:54Z

Fetchcomms: remove unsourced content in a WP:BLP|

{{Infobox Senator
| name=Ben Nighthorse Campbell
| nationality=American
| image=BenNCampbell.jpg
| jr/sr=United States Senator
| state=[[Colorado]]
| party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] 1982–1995 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] 1995–present
| term_start=January 3, 1993
| term_end=January 3, 2005
| preceded=[[Tim Wirth]]
| succeeded=[[Ken Salazar]]
| state2=[[Colorado]]
| district2=[[Colorado's 3rd congressional district|3rd]]
| term_start2=January 3, 1987
| term_end2=January 3, 1993
| preceded2=[[Michael Strang]]
| succeeded2=[[Scott McInnis]]
| date of birth={{Birth date and age|1933|4|13|mf=y}}
| place of birth= [[Auburn, California]]
| dead=alive
| date of death=
| place of death=
| spouse=Linda Price
| children=Colin Campbell Shanan (Campbell) Wells
| alma_mater=[[San Jose State University]] [[Meiji University]]
| religion=[[Roman Catholic]]<ref>[http://adherents.com/people/pc/Ben_Nighthorse_Campbell.html The religion of Ben Nighthorse Campbell, Senator from Colorado]</ref>
|branch=[[United States Air Force]]
|serviceyears=1951-1954
|rank=[[Airman Second Class]]
|battles=[[Korean War]]
|awards=[[Korean Service Medal]] [[Air Medal]]
}}
'''Benjamin Nighthorse Campbell''' (born April 13, 1933) is an [[Politics of the United States|American politician]]. He was a [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] from [[Colorado]] from 1993 until 2005 and was for some time the only [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] serving in the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]]. Campbell was a three term [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from 1987 to 1993, when he was sworn into office as a Senator following his election on November 3, 1992. He was the third Native American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. He was also the second Native American (after [[Charles Curtis]], Kaw, R-Kansas) to serve in the U.S. Senate. Campbell also serves as one of forty-four members of the Council of Chiefs of the [[Cheyenne|Northern Cheyenne]] Indian Tribe.

Originally a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], Campbell [[party switching|switched]] to the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] on March 3, 1995. Reelected in [[U.S. Senate election, 1998|1998]], Campbell announced in March 2004 that he would not run for reelection to a third term in November of that year. He expressed interest in running for [[Governor of Colorado]] in 2006. However, on January 4, 2006, he announced that he would not enter the race. His Senate seat was won by Democrat [[Ken Salazar]] in the [[U.S. Senate election, 2004|November 2004 election]].

==Early life, military service and family==
[[File:Ben Nighthorse Campbell speech.jpg|thumb|Campbell speaks at the commissioning of the USS ''Mesa Verde'' (LPD 19)]]
Campbell was born in [[Auburn, California]]. His mother, Mary Vierra (Vieira), was a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] immigrant who had come with her mother to the U.S. at age six through Ellis Island, (according to Campbell, his maternal grandfather had entered the United States some time before.)<ref>http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/1690263/detail.html</ref> There Vierra's family settled in the large Portuguese community near [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]]. When Vierra contracted [[tuberculosis]] in her youth, she was forced to convalesce at a nearby hospital, often for months at a time during treatment. It was there that she met an [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] patient Albert Campbell, who was at the hospital for [[alcoholism]] treatment. Albert Campbell was of predominantly [[Northern Cheyenne]] descent, but according to Nighthorse Campbell biographer, [[Herman Viola]], Albert Campbell spent much of his youth in [[Crow Agency]] [[boarding school]] and may have had some [[Pueblo Indian]] and [[Apache Indian]] blood in his background as well. The couple married in 1929, and Campbell was born in 1933. He is listed as '''Ben M. Campbell''' in his college records and records of his Olympic competition.<ref>http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1964/or1964v1pt2.pdf p. 620</ref>

During Campbell's childhood, his father continued to have problems with alcoholism, often leaving the family for weeks and months at a time. His mother continued to have health problems, with [[tuberculosis]], a highly contagious disease that limited the contact she could have with her children and continued to force her into the hospital for long periods of time. These problems led to Ben and his older sister Alberta (who died in an apparent suicide at age 44) spending much of their early lives in nearby Catholic [[orphanage]]s.

Campbell attended [[Placer High School]], dropping out in 1951 to join the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]]. He was stationed in [[Korea]] during the [[Korean War]] as an air policeman; he left the Air Force in 1953 with the rank of Airman Second Class, as well as the [[Korean Service Medal]] and the [[Air Medal]].

Campbell was married and divorced from Elaine Morgan before he married the former Linda Price, a [[grade school]] [[teacher]] who was a native of Colorado, in 1966. The couple has two children, Colin Campbell and Shanan Wells. They have four grandchildren.

==External links==
*{{congbio|C000077}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{start box}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{USRepSuccessionBox
| state=Colorado
| district=3
| before=[[Michael Strang]]
| after=[[Scott McInnis]]
|years=1987–1993}}
{{s-par|us-sen}}
{{U.S. Senator box
| state=Colorado
| class=3
| before=[[Tim Wirth]]
| after=[[Ken Salazar]]
| years=1993–2005
| alongside=[[Hank Brown]], [[Wayne Allard]]}}
{{s-off|us}}
{{succession box
| title=Chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs|Senate Indian Affairs Committee]]
| before=[[John McCain]]
| after=[[Daniel Inouye]]
| years=1997–2001}}
{{succession box
| title=Chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs|Senate Indian Affairs Committee]]
| before=[[Daniel Inouye]]
| after=[[John McCain]]
| years=2003–2005}}
{{end box}}
{{USSenCO}}

{{Persondata
|NAME= Campbell, Ben Nighthorse
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Politician, athlete and rancher
|DATE OF BIRTH= April 13, 1933
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Auburn, California]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Campbell, Ben Nighthorse}}
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Colorado]]
[[Category:American judoka]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Korean War]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Air Medal]]
[[Category:American ranchers]]
[[Category:American politicians of Portuguese descent]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholic politicians]]
[[Category:Cheyenne tribe]]
[[Category:Judoka at the 1964 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Motorcycle Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Native American politicians]]
[[Category:Native American leaders]]
[[Category:Native American sportspeople]]
[[Category:American athlete-politicians]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:Colorado Republicans]]
[[Category:Olympic judoka of the United States]]
[[Category:People from Placer County, California]]
[[Category:San Jose State University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Colorado House of Representatives]]
[[Category:United States Air Force airmen]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[ca:Ben Nighthorse Campbell]]
[[es:Ben Nighthorse Campbell]]
[[fr:Ben Nighthorse Campbell]]
[[ja:ベン・ナイトホース・キャンベル]]
[[pl:Ben Nighthorse Campbell]]
[[sv:Ben Nighthorse Campbell]]