Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

HAL (Roboteranzug)

2012-08-26T20:39:59Z

Fayedizard: added Category:Assistive technology using HotCat

{{one source|date=August 2012}}
[[Image:Hybrid Assistive Limb.jpg|right|thumb|A man (left) wearing a prototype version of the suit.]]
The '''hybrid assistive limb''' (also known as '''HAL''') is a [[powered exoskeleton]] suit currently in development by [[Tsukuba University]] in Japan. It has been designed to expand and improve physical capability of users, particularly people with physical disabilities. There are currently two prototypes: HAL 3, which has bulkier servo-motors and only has the leg function, and HAL 5, which is a full-body exoskeleton for the arms, legs, and torso. HAL 5 is currently capable of allowing the operator to lift and carry about five times as much weight as he or she could lift and carry unaided.

In 2011, [[Cyberdyne Inc. (Japanese company)|Cyberdyne]] and Tsukuba University announced that hospital trials of the full HAL suit would begin in 2012, with tests to continue until 2014 or 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110311/business/robot-suit-offers-glimmer-of-hope-to-the-paralysed |title=Robot suit offers glimmer of hope to the paralysed |publisher=timesofmalta.com |date=2011-03-11 |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref>

==History==
The first HAL prototype was suggested by Dr. Sankai, a professor at the Tsukuba. Fascinated with robots since he was in the third grade, Sankai had striven to make a robotic suit in order “to support humans.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fy7ipDAyXtI |title=Cyberdyne power suit |publisher=YouTube |date=2009-07-31 |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref> In 1989 after receiving his Ph.D. in robotics, he started development of HAL. Sankai spent three years from 1990 to 1993, mapping out the [[neurons]] that link the brain to leg movement. It took him and his team an additional four years from 1994 to 1998 to find the proper timing in order to convey the electrical signals to the motor.
The first HAL prototype, developed in the early 2000s, was attached to a computer. Its battery alone weighed nearly 22 kilograms and required two helpers to put on, making it very impractical. HAL-5, which was recently introduced, weighs only 10 kg and has the battery and computer strapped around the waist of the wearer.

==Mechanics==
When a person attempts to move their body, nerve signals are sent from the brain to the muscles through the motoneuron, moving the musculoskeletal system. When this happens, small biosignals can be detected on the surface of the skin. The HAL suit catches these signals through a sensor attached to the skin of the wearer. Based on the signals obtained, the power unit moves the joint simultaneously with the wearer's muscle movement, supporting the wearer's activities. The HAL does not only have a “voluntary control system” but it also has a “robotic autonomous control system” that helps provide human-like movement based on a robotic system which works together with the “autonomous control system.” As a result the HAL-5 is the world's first cyborg-type robot controlled by this unique hybrid system.

==Uses==
HAL is being designed to assist the disabled and elderly in their daily tasks, or any physically demanding job such as disaster rescue or construction. HAL is mainly used by disabled patients in hospitals, and can be modified so that patients can use it for rehabilitation.

==References==
{{Portal|Robotics|Disability}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.cyberdyne.jp/english/index.html}} {{en}} {{jp icon}}
* [http://hybridassistivelimb.com Hybrid Assistive Limb] – Information and Demonstration Video
* [http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/oct05/1901 IEEE Spectrum article October 2005]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hal 5}}
[[Category:Robotic exoskeletons]]
[[Category:Disability robots]]
[[Category:Robots of Japan]]
[[Category:2000s robots]]
[[Category:Assistive technology]]

[[fr:Hybrid assistive limb]]
[[ja:HAL (パワードスーツ)]]
[[ru:Hybrid Assistive Limb]]
[[sv:Hybrid Assistive Limb]]

HAL (Roboteranzug)

2012-08-26T20:39:42Z

Fayedizard: Added {{one source}} tag to article (TW)

{{one source|date=August 2012}}
[[Image:Hybrid Assistive Limb.jpg|right|thumb|A man (left) wearing a prototype version of the suit.]]
The '''hybrid assistive limb''' (also known as '''HAL''') is a [[powered exoskeleton]] suit currently in development by [[Tsukuba University]] in Japan. It has been designed to expand and improve physical capability of users, particularly people with physical disabilities. There are currently two prototypes: HAL 3, which has bulkier servo-motors and only has the leg function, and HAL 5, which is a full-body exoskeleton for the arms, legs, and torso. HAL 5 is currently capable of allowing the operator to lift and carry about five times as much weight as he or she could lift and carry unaided.

In 2011, [[Cyberdyne Inc. (Japanese company)|Cyberdyne]] and Tsukuba University announced that hospital trials of the full HAL suit would begin in 2012, with tests to continue until 2014 or 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110311/business/robot-suit-offers-glimmer-of-hope-to-the-paralysed |title=Robot suit offers glimmer of hope to the paralysed |publisher=timesofmalta.com |date=2011-03-11 |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref>

==History==
The first HAL prototype was suggested by Dr. Sankai, a professor at the Tsukuba. Fascinated with robots since he was in the third grade, Sankai had striven to make a robotic suit in order “to support humans.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fy7ipDAyXtI |title=Cyberdyne power suit |publisher=YouTube |date=2009-07-31 |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref> In 1989 after receiving his Ph.D. in robotics, he started development of HAL. Sankai spent three years from 1990 to 1993, mapping out the [[neurons]] that link the brain to leg movement. It took him and his team an additional four years from 1994 to 1998 to find the proper timing in order to convey the electrical signals to the motor.
The first HAL prototype, developed in the early 2000s, was attached to a computer. Its battery alone weighed nearly 22 kilograms and required two helpers to put on, making it very impractical. HAL-5, which was recently introduced, weighs only 10 kg and has the battery and computer strapped around the waist of the wearer.

==Mechanics==
When a person attempts to move their body, nerve signals are sent from the brain to the muscles through the motoneuron, moving the musculoskeletal system. When this happens, small biosignals can be detected on the surface of the skin. The HAL suit catches these signals through a sensor attached to the skin of the wearer. Based on the signals obtained, the power unit moves the joint simultaneously with the wearer's muscle movement, supporting the wearer's activities. The HAL does not only have a “voluntary control system” but it also has a “robotic autonomous control system” that helps provide human-like movement based on a robotic system which works together with the “autonomous control system.” As a result the HAL-5 is the world's first cyborg-type robot controlled by this unique hybrid system.

==Uses==
HAL is being designed to assist the disabled and elderly in their daily tasks, or any physically demanding job such as disaster rescue or construction. HAL is mainly used by disabled patients in hospitals, and can be modified so that patients can use it for rehabilitation.

==References==
{{Portal|Robotics|Disability}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.cyberdyne.jp/english/index.html}} {{en}} {{jp icon}}
* [http://hybridassistivelimb.com Hybrid Assistive Limb] – Information and Demonstration Video
* [http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/oct05/1901 IEEE Spectrum article October 2005]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hal 5}}
[[Category:Robotic exoskeletons]]
[[Category:Disability robots]]
[[Category:Robots of Japan]]
[[Category:2000s robots]]

[[fr:Hybrid assistive limb]]
[[ja:HAL (パワードスーツ)]]
[[ru:Hybrid Assistive Limb]]
[[sv:Hybrid Assistive Limb]]

HAL (Roboteranzug)

2012-08-26T20:39:02Z

Fayedizard: Filling in 2 references using Reflinks

[[Image:Hybrid Assistive Limb.jpg|right|thumb|A man (left) wearing a prototype version of the suit.]]
The '''hybrid assistive limb''' (also known as '''HAL''') is a [[powered exoskeleton]] suit currently in development by [[Tsukuba University]] in Japan. It has been designed to expand and improve physical capability of users, particularly people with physical disabilities. There are currently two prototypes: HAL 3, which has bulkier servo-motors and only has the leg function, and HAL 5, which is a full-body exoskeleton for the arms, legs, and torso. HAL 5 is currently capable of allowing the operator to lift and carry about five times as much weight as he or she could lift and carry unaided.

In 2011, [[Cyberdyne Inc. (Japanese company)|Cyberdyne]] and Tsukuba University announced that hospital trials of the full HAL suit would begin in 2012, with tests to continue until 2014 or 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110311/business/robot-suit-offers-glimmer-of-hope-to-the-paralysed |title=Robot suit offers glimmer of hope to the paralysed |publisher=timesofmalta.com |date=2011-03-11 |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref>

==History==
The first HAL prototype was suggested by Dr. Sankai, a professor at the Tsukuba. Fascinated with robots since he was in the third grade, Sankai had striven to make a robotic suit in order “to support humans.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fy7ipDAyXtI |title=Cyberdyne power suit |publisher=YouTube |date=2009-07-31 |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref> In 1989 after receiving his Ph.D. in robotics, he started development of HAL. Sankai spent three years from 1990 to 1993, mapping out the [[neurons]] that link the brain to leg movement. It took him and his team an additional four years from 1994 to 1998 to find the proper timing in order to convey the electrical signals to the motor.
The first HAL prototype, developed in the early 2000s, was attached to a computer. Its battery alone weighed nearly 22 kilograms and required two helpers to put on, making it very impractical. HAL-5, which was recently introduced, weighs only 10 kg and has the battery and computer strapped around the waist of the wearer.

==Mechanics==
When a person attempts to move their body, nerve signals are sent from the brain to the muscles through the motoneuron, moving the musculoskeletal system. When this happens, small biosignals can be detected on the surface of the skin. The HAL suit catches these signals through a sensor attached to the skin of the wearer. Based on the signals obtained, the power unit moves the joint simultaneously with the wearer's muscle movement, supporting the wearer's activities. The HAL does not only have a “voluntary control system” but it also has a “robotic autonomous control system” that helps provide human-like movement based on a robotic system which works together with the “autonomous control system.” As a result the HAL-5 is the world's first cyborg-type robot controlled by this unique hybrid system.

==Uses==
HAL is being designed to assist the disabled and elderly in their daily tasks, or any physically demanding job such as disaster rescue or construction. HAL is mainly used by disabled patients in hospitals, and can be modified so that patients can use it for rehabilitation.

==References==
{{Portal|Robotics|Disability}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.cyberdyne.jp/english/index.html}} {{en}} {{jp icon}}
* [http://hybridassistivelimb.com Hybrid Assistive Limb] – Information and Demonstration Video
* [http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/oct05/1901 IEEE Spectrum article October 2005]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hal 5}}
[[Category:Robotic exoskeletons]]
[[Category:Disability robots]]
[[Category:Robots of Japan]]
[[Category:2000s robots]]

[[fr:Hybrid assistive limb]]
[[ja:HAL (パワードスーツ)]]
[[ru:Hybrid Assistive Limb]]
[[sv:Hybrid Assistive Limb]]

Zehn-Prozent-Mythos

2012-06-16T21:53:03Z

Fayedizard: Reverted edits by 173.168.202.14 (talk) to last version by S Whistler

The '''10% of brain myth''' is the widely perpetuated [[urban legend]] that most or all [[human]]s only make use of 20%, 10% or some other small [[percent|percentage]] of their [[human brain|brains]]. It has been misattributed to people including [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="sciam">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=people-only-use-10-percent-of-brain| title=Do People Only Use 10 Percent Of Their Brains| publisher=[[Scientific American]]| date=7 February 2008| accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref> By association, it is suggested that a person may harness this unused potential and increase [[intelligence]].

Though factors of intelligence can increase with training,<ref>University of Oxford (2009, October 16). Juggling Enhances Connections In The Brain. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 30, 2012, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2009/10/091016114055.htm "We’ve shown that it is possible for the brain to condition its own wiring system to operate more efficiently.’"</ref> the idea that large parts of the brain remain unused, and could subsequently be "activated" for conscious use, is without foundation. Although many mysteries regarding brain function remain, every part of the brain has a known function.<ref name="snopes10pct">{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/science/stats/10percnt.htm| title=The Ten-Percent Myth| first=Benjamin| last=Radford| publisher=snopes.com| date=8 February 2000| accessdate=2006-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.brainconnection.com/topics/?main=fa/brain-myth| title=Myths About the Brain: 10 percent and Counting| first=Eric| last=Chudler| accessdate=2006-04-12 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060402235936/http://brainconnection.com/topics/?main=fa/brain-myth  |archivedate = 2006-04-02}}</ref>

==Origin==
One possible origin is the [[reserve energy]] theories by Harvard psychologists [[William James]] and [[Boris Sidis]] in the 1890s who tested the theory in the accelerated raising of child prodigy [[William Sidis]] to effect an adulthood [[IQ]] of 250–300; thus William James told audiences that people only meet a fraction of their full mental potential, which is a plausible claim.<ref>{{cite web | title = Debunking Common Brain Myths | url = http://bigthink.com/ideas/14786| accessdate= 24 May 2011 }}</ref> In 1936, American writer [[Lowell Thomas]] summarized this idea (in a foreword to [[Dale Carnegie]]'s ''[[How to Win Friends and Influence People]]'') by adding a falsely precise percentage: “Professor William James of Harvard used to say that the average man develops only ten per cent of his latent mental ability."<ref>{{cite web | title = A Shortcut to Distinction | url = http://www.cyberspacei.com/englishwiz/library/friends/how_to_win_friends.htm| accessdate= 24 May 2011 }}</ref>

According to a related origin story, the 10% myth most likely arose from a misunderstanding (or misrepresentation) of neurological research in the late 19th century or early 20th century. For example, the functions of many brain regions (especially in the [[cerebral cortex]]) are complex enough that the effects of damage are subtle, leading early neurologists to wonder what these regions did.<ref>{{cite book | title = Welcome to Your Brain: Why You Lose Your Car Keys but Never Forget How to Drive and Other Puzzles of Everyday Life | url = http://books.google.com/?id=9KmDhPtIcoMC&pg=PR19&lpg=PR19&dq=sam+wang+user+guide+to+brain#v=onepage&q=sam%20wang%20user%20guide%20to%20brain&f=false | author = "Wang, Sam and Aamodt, Sandra | isbn = 9781596912830 | date = 2008-02-02| accessdate= 25 September 2011 }}</ref> The brain was also discovered to consist mostly of [[glial cells]], which seemed to have very minor functions. Separately, some early neuroscientists {{Who|date=May 2011}} used the figure of about 10% to refer to the proportion of neurons in the brain that [[action potential|fire]] at any given time or to refer to percentage of the brain's functions that had been mapped at the time (accounts differ).{{Citation needed |date=May 2011}} Dr. James W. Kalat, author of the textbook ''Biological Psychology'', points out that neuroscientists in the 1930s knew about the large number of "local" neurons in the brain. The misunderstanding of the function of local neurons may have led to the 10% myth.<ref>Kalat, J.W., ''Biological Psychology'', sixth edition, Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 1998, p. 43.</ref> Indeed, it is easy to imagine that the myth propagated simply by a truncation of the statement that "humans use 10% of their brains at any given time."

Although parts of the brain have broadly understood functions, many mysteries remain about how brain cells (i.e., neurons and glia) work together to produce complex behaviors and disorders. Perhaps the broadest, most mysterious question is how diverse regions of the brain collaborate to form conscious experiences. So far, there is no evidence that there is one site for consciousness, which leads experts to believe that it is truly a collective neural effort. Therefore, as with James's idea that humans have untapped cognitive potential, it also is fair to say that a large fraction of questions about the brain have not been fully answered.<ref name=sciam />

The origin has also been attributed to Dr. [[Wilder Penfield]], the U.S. born neurosurgeon who was the first director of [[Montreal Neurological Institute]] of [[McGill University]]<ref>http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/consciousness-and-the-brain/201106/do-we-use-only-10-percent-our-brain</ref>

==Refutation==
Neurologist Barry Gordon describes the myth as laughably false, adding, "we use virtually every part of the brain, and that [most of] the brain is active almost all the time".<ref name="sciam" /> Neuroscientist [[Barry Beyerstein]] sets out seven kinds of evidence refuting the ten percent myth:<ref name="beyerstein">{{cite book|last=Beyerstein|first=Barry L.|title=Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain|editor=Sergio Della Sala|publisher=Wiley|year=1999|pages=3–24|chapter=Whence Cometh the Myth that We Only Use 10% of our Brains?|isbn=0-471-98303-9}}</ref>

* Studies of brain damage: If 90% of the brain is normally unused, then damage to these areas should not impair performance. Instead, there is almost no area of the brain that can be damaged without loss of abilities. Even slight damage to small areas of the brain can have profound effects.
* Evolution: The brain is enormously costly to the rest of the body, in terms of oxygen and nutrient consumption. It can require up to 20% of the body's energy—more than any other organ—despite making up only 2% of the human body by weight.<ref name="power-sciam">{{cite web|last=Swaminathan|first=Nikhil|title=Why Does the Brain Need So Much Power?|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-does-the-brain-need-s|work=[[Scientific American]]|publisher=Scientific American, a Division of Nature America, Inc.|accessdate=19 November 2010|date=29 April 2008}}</ref><ref name=CarpenterCh1>[[#refCarpenter|''Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy'']], Ch. 1</ref> If 90% of it were unnecessary, there would be a large survival advantage to humans with smaller, more efficient brains. If this were true, the process of [[natural selection]] would have eliminated the inefficient brains. By the same token, it is also highly unlikely that a brain with so much redundant matter would have evolved in the first place.
* Brain imaging: Technologies such as [[Positron Emission Tomography]] (PET) and [[functional magnetic resonance imaging]] (fMRI) allow the activity of the living brain to be monitored. They reveal that even during [[sleep]], all parts of the brain show some level of activity. Only in the case of serious damage does a brain have "silent" areas.
* Localization of function: Rather than acting as a single mass, the brain has [[Localization of brain function|distinct regions for different kinds of information processing]]. Decades of research have gone into mapping functions onto areas of the brain, and no function-less areas have been found.
* Microstructural analysis: In the [[single-unit recording]] technique, researchers insert a tiny electrode into the brain to monitor the activity of a single cell. If 90% of cells were unused, then this technique would have revealed that.
* Neural disease: Brain cells that are not used have a tendency to degenerate. Hence if 90% of the brain were inactive, [[autopsy]] of adult brains would reveal large-scale degeneration.

Another evolutionary argument is that, given the historical risk of death in childbirth associated with the large brain size (and therefore skull size) of humans<ref>Rosenberg, K.R., 'The Evolution of Modern Childbirth' in ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'' 35, 1992, p. 89-124.</ref>, there would be a strong selection pressure against such a large brain size if only 10% was actually in use.

In the [[MythBusters (2010 season)#Episode 152 - Tablecloth Chaos|October 27, 2010 episode]] of ''[[MythBusters]]'', the hosts used [[magnetoencephalography]] and functional magnetic resonance imaging to scan the brain of someone attempting a complicated mental task. Finding that well over 10% was active at once, they declared the myth "busted".

==Perpetuation in pop culture==
Several books, films and short stories have been written closely related to this myth, as well as greatly expanded intelligence, artificially caused and otherwise, in general. The most notable of these is the novel ''[[The Dark Fields]]'', and its film adaptation ''[[Limitless]]'', which operates under the notion that the rest of the brain could be accessed through use of a drug.<ref name="msnbc news ref">{{cite web|last=Bahn|first=Christopher|title='Limitless' brainpower plot isn't all that crazy|url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/41953704/ns/today-entertainment/|accessdate=31 March 2011}}</ref> ''[[The Zombie Survival Guide]]'' alleges that humans only use 5% of their brains as a potential explanation of a "sixth sense" in zombies.

Other works involving artificial intellectual enhancement include ''[[The Lawnmower Man (film)|The Lawnmower Man]]'', the short stories "[[Understand (story)|Understand]]" by [[Ted Chiang]] and "[[Lest We Remember]]" (which actually features [[eidetic memory|total recall]], a different concept based on similar premises) by [[Isaac Asimov]]. These, however, do not imply that the human brain is, or should be inherently capable of, this exponential growth.

The 10% brain myth occurs frequently in advertisements,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/tenper.html| title=Neuroscience For Kids| publisher=Eric H. Chudler, Ph.d(University of Washington, Director of Education and Outreach)| accessdate= 14 November 2008 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081027004544/http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/tenper.html| archivedate= 27 October 2008 }}</ref> and is often cited as if it were fact in entertainment media.<ref>[http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/NinetyPercentOfYourBrain Ninety Percent Of Your Brain at [[TV Tropes]]]</ref> The [[Genesis (Heroes)|pilot episode]] of ''[[Heroes (TV series)|Heroes]]'' features a genetics professor who also affirms the unused-brain myth to hint at the human potential for superpowers.

Some [[New Age]] proponents propagate this belief by asserting that the "unused" ninety percent of the human brain is capable of exhibiting [[psionics|psychic powers]] and can be trained to perform [[psychokinesis]] and [[extra-sensory perception]].<ref name="snopes10pct" /><ref name="beyerstein" /> There is no scientifically verified body of evidence supporting the existence of such powers.<ref name="beyerstein" />

==See also==
* [[List of misconceptions about the brain]]
* [[Educational psychology]]
* [[List of common misconceptions]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Ten percent of brain myth.ogg|2012-06-04}}
* http://www.snopes.com/science/stats/10percent.asp

{{Footer Neuropsychology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:10 Of Brain Myth}}
[[Category:Brain]]
[[Category:Urban legends]]

[[cs:Mýtus o využití 10 % mozku]]
[[et:10 protsendi müüt]]
[[el:Μύθος του διανοητικού 10%]]
[[es:Mito del 10% del cerebro]]
[[fr:Mythe de l'utilisation incomplète du cerveau]]
[[id:Mitos otak 10%]]
[[it:Sfruttamento del 10% del cervello]]
[[he:מיתוס עשרת האחוזים של המוח]]
[[lt:Dešimties procentų mitas]]
[[hu:Az agykapacitás 10 százalékának mítosza]]
[[pl:Mit 10% mózgu]]
[[pt:Mito do uso de 10% do cérebro]]
[[ru:Миф о 10 % используемой части мозга]]

Pauline Perry, Baroness Perry of Southwark

2012-02-03T23:20:28Z

Fayedizard: Link repair: City & Guild -> City and Guild - You can help!

'''Pauline Perry, Baroness Perry of Southwark''' (born '''Pauline Welch''' on 15 October 1931) is an educationalist, a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician and a member of the British [[House of Lords]]. She was [[Chief Inspector of Schools]] in England.

Perry was educated at [[Wolverhampton Girls' High School]] and [[Girton College, Cambridge]]. In 1952 she married Oxford University lecturer George Perry, and had three sons and a daughter (Christopher, Timothy, Simon and Hilary). She became a teacher and philosophy lecturer, working in [[England]], [[Canada]] and the [[United States]].

In 1970, Perry joined HM Inspectorate at the [[Department of Education and Science (UK)|Department of Education and Science]], and was appointed Chief Inspector of Schools in 1981. In 1986 she became [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[London South Bank University|South Bank Polytechnic]], and serving during its transition to a university became the first woman in history to run a British university. She subsequently held other roles in [[higher education]], including pro-chancellor of the [[University of Surrey]] and President of [[Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge]].

She has also been active in the [[Southwark Cathedral]] and [[Church of England]] community and the [[City of London]]. She was appointed chair of the review group examining the operation of the Crown Appointment Commission, the body which nominate Diocesan Bishops.

Perry was awarded the [[Freedom of the City of London]] in 1991 and became a [[life peer]] as The Right Honourable '''Baroness Perry of Southwark''', of Charlbury in the County of [[Oxfordshire]] the same year. She sits on the Conservative Party benches. She was a member of the [[Nuffield Council on Bioethics]] 2003-2005 and chaired the Working Party on the ''Ethics of research involving animals''<ref>[http://nuffieldbioethics.org/animal-research ''Ethics of research involving animals'' Nuffield Council on Bioethics' official website]</ref> (2003-2005) Chair, Commission on Secondary Reorganisation for the London Borough of Hammersmoith and Fulham, Chair, Commission on Academies and Free Schools in the London Borough of Wandsworth.

She was the co-chair of The Conservatives Public Services Commission which reported in 2007.

She was appointed a Conservative Party Whip in the Lords in January 2011.

==Appointments==
* President, [[CIFE – the Council for Independent Education|Council for Independent Education (CIFE)]]
* President, Foundation for Higher Education
* President, Westminster & City Branch of Chartered Management Institute
* Chair of [[City and Guild]]s Quality and Standards Committee
* Governor of [[Gresham's School]], Holt
* Chair of Governors and Trustee of [[Roehampton Institute]], [[University of Surrey]]
* Pro-Chancellor and Member of Council, University of Surrey
* Trustee, Bacon's City Technology College
* Trustee, Cambridge University Foundation
* Trustee, Daphne Jackson Memorial Trust
* Companion of the Institute of Management
* Member of the [[Institute of Directors]]
* Member of the [[International Women's Forum]]
* Liveryman of the [[Worshipful Company of Bakers]]
* Honorary Freeman of the [[Worshipful Company of Fishmongers]]
* Political Editorial Advisor at i-MAGAZINE www.imagazine.gb.com

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*[http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld/ldreg/reg19.htm House of Lords Register of Interests: Baroness Perry of Southwark]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Perry of Southwark, Pauline Perry, Baroness
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 15 October 1931
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Perry of Southwark, Pauline Perry, Baroness}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Female life peers]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) life peers]]
[[Category:People associated with London South Bank University]]
[[Category:English schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Civil servants in the Department of Education (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:English educationists]]
[[Category:People associated with the University of Surrey]]
[[Category:Honorary Fellows of Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Presidents of Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:People from Wolverhampton]]
[[Category:Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Members of the Institute of Directors]]
[[Category:People educated at Wolverhampton Girls' High School]]

{{UK-baron-stub}}

John Hales (Politiker)

2011-10-07T12:25:47Z

Fayedizard: Link repair: Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford -> Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford - You can help!

{{Other persons|John Hales}}

'''John Hales''' (Hayles) (''ca.'' 1516 - 28 December 1571) was an [[Kingdom of england|English]] writer, administrator and politician.

==Life==

A son of Thomas Hales of Hales Place, [[High Halden|Halden]], [[Kent]],<ref name=EB1911>http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Hales</ref> Hales was brought up by [[Christopher Hales]],<ref name = ODNB>{{ODNBweb|id=11913|title=Hales, John|first=Ben|last=Lowe}}</ref> who was an uncle or else a more distant relation.<ref name = Commons>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=u_eIrJpc_T0C&pg=PA276&lpg=PA276&dq=%22Highway+to+Nobility%22&source=bl&ots=DnGhjuEJ-2&sig=NVYfvt5PN3CPtUPK0WHRcVrPC8k&hl=en&ei=WqtZTIzCJJKI4AaBjOTKDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Highway%20to%20Nobility%22&f=false ''The House of Commons: 1509-1558'']</ref> Without a university education, he learned Latin, Greek, French, and German. He was lamed by an accident in youth and was often called ‘Club-foot’ Hales.<ref name = DNB>{{DNB Cite|wstitle=Hales, John (d.1571)}}

</ref> Dissatisfied with working under Christopher Hales, he wrote in 1534 to [[Thomas Cromwell]], asking for employment. Taken on in some capacity by 1535, he struck up a lasting friendship with [[Ralph Sadler]] and in 1537 became secretary to Sir [[John Gostwick]].<ref name = Commons/> He may have been Clerk of the [[Hanaper]] for Henry VIII,<ref>Ellis, Henry, ''Original Letters illustrative of British History'', 2nd series vol. 2, London (1827), 285 note.</ref> and was deputy to [[Ralph Sadler]], as Master of the Great Wardrobe in 1545.<ref>Folger Shakespeare Library, ''Guide to the Loseley Collection'', (1955/2000), 87, L.b.479.</ref>

He was the founder of a free grammar school at [[Coventry]], based on the grant in 1545 of St. John's Hospital, Coventry and its property;<ref>http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=16017</ref> it is now [[King Henry VIII School, Coventry]]. In political life Hales, who was member of parliament for [[Preston (UK Parliament constituency)|Preston]], was specially concerned with opposing the [[Enclosure|enclosure of land]], being the most active of the commissioners appointed in 1548 to redress this evil; but he failed to carry several remedial measures through parliament.<ref name=EB1911/>

When the protector, [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset]], was deprived of his authority in 1550, Hales left England and lived for some time at [[Strasbourg|Strassburg]] and [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfort]], returning to his own country on the accession of [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]. However he soon lost the royal favour by writing a pamphlet, ''A Declaration of the Succession of the Crowne Imperiall of Inglande'', which declared that the recent marriage between [[Lady Catherine Grey]] and [[Edward Seymour, earl of Hertford]], was legitimate, and asserted that, failing direct heirs to Elizabeth, the English crown should come to Lady Catherine as the descendant of Mary, daughter of [[Henry VII of England]].<ref name=EB1911/><ref>http://www.jstor.org/pss/4052892</ref>

Hales was imprisoned, but was quickly released.<ref name=EB1911/> He was the Member of Parliament for [[Lancaster (UK Parliament constituency)|Lancaster]] from 1563 to 1567.

==Works==

He wrote his ''Highway to Nobility'' about 1543. He wrote ''Introductiones ad grammaticam'' (in [[Latin]]) for his newly-founded school.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{worldcat id|lccn-n85-310586}}
*{{1911}} [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Hales Source]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Hales, John
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1571
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hales, John}}
[[Category:1571 deaths]]
[[Category:English political writers]]
[[Category:English politicians]]
[[Category:People of the Tudor period]]
[[Category:Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of England]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:People from Kent]]
[[Category:16th-century writers]]
[[Category:16th-century English people]]

{{England-MP-stub}}

[[pl:John Hales]]