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High-occupancy toll lane

2013-03-04T07:08:55Z

FastLizard4: /* Variable tolls */ Add some information about how the switchable transponders work and are enforced (edited with ProveIt)

{{globalize/US|date=February 2013}}
[[File:FasTrak Orange County.jpg|thumb|[[FasTrak]] High-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes at [[91 Express Lanes]], at [[Orange County, California|Orange County]], [[California]].]]

'''High occupancy/toll''' lanes ('''HOT''' lanes) is a [[road pricing]] scheme that gives motorists in [[single-occupant vehicle]]s access to [[high-occupancy vehicle lane]]s (or "HOV lanes"). Sometimes, entire [[road]]s are designated for the use of [[High-occupancy vehicle|HOV]]s. Tolls are collected either by manned [[Toll house|toll booth]]s, [[automatic number plate recognition]], or [[electronic toll collection]] systems. Typically, these tolls increase as traffic density and congestion within the tolled lanes increases, a policy known as [[congestion pricing]]. The goal of this pricing scheme is to minimize traffic congestion within the lanes.<ref>[http://www.virginiahotlanes.com/faqs/ FAQ - VA I-495 HOT Lanes] Retrieved October 6, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.brook.edu/views/op-ed/downs/20020510.htm Brookings Institution economic study on HOT Lanes]</ref>

'''Express toll lanes''' ('''ETLs''') is a similar concept. The main difference between HOT and ETLs is that, in HOT lanes, HOVs are granted free access, whereas in ETLs all vehicles pay according to the same schedule. In a third type, called hybrid lanes, HOVs pay a reduced toll.<ref>[http://www.i-95expresstolllanes.com/faq/ MD I-95 Express Toll Lanes] Retrieved October 6, 2009</ref>

==Variable tolls==
[[File:Switchable FasTrak transponder.jpg|right|thumb|A "switchable" FasTrak transponder; the driver indicates the number of occupants in the vehicle using the switch, which the toll system detects and automatically computes the toll (or lack of a toll) for]]

HOT lanes and ETLs require single-occupant vehicles to pay a toll that varies based on demand, called [[congestion pricing]]. The tolls change throughout the day according to real-time traffic conditions, which is intended to manage the number of cars in the lanes to keep them less congested.<ref>[http://www.nvta.org/content.asp?sl=459&contentid=468 Northern Virginia Transportation Alliance]</ref><ref>[http://www.planetizen.com/node/29851 Golden Gate Bridge for variable toll]</ref>

In the Los Angeles [[Metro ExpressLanes]] HOT system, special "switchable" transponders are used on which the driver of a vehicle indicates the number of occupants (including him or herself) by setting a switch on the transponder. Based on the setting of this switch, the electronic toll collection system automatically determines whether or not a toll should be charged, also taking into account variable HOV restrictions (such as HOV being considered three or more occupants during peak hours and two or more occupants at all other times)<ref name="metro-express-lanes-faq-fastrak">{{cite web | url=https://www.metroexpresslanes.net/en/faq/fastrak.shtml | title=FAQs: FasTrak | publisher=[[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] | work=[[Metro ExpressLanes]] | accessdate=March 03, 2013}}</ref><ref name="metro-express-lanes-faq-driving">{{cite web | url=https://www.metroexpresslanes.net/en/faq/driving.shtml | title=FAQs: Driving Metro ExpressLanes | publisher=Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority | work=Metro ExpressLanes | accessdate=March 03, 2013}}</ref>. For enforcement, a beacon light near the receiver lights when a transponder is scanned. The light indicates to highway patrol officers the setting of the occupancy switch of a car's transponder, and the car can then be visually checked to see if there are more or less people in the car than indicated on the transponder.<ref name="metro-expresslanes-rules-of-the-road">{{cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucSZTxlXpg4&t=1m57s | title=Metro ExpressLanes: Rules of the Road | publisher=Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority | date=July 24, 2012 | medium=YouTube | minutes=2}}</ref>

The HOT lanes concept is an expansion of [[HOV lanes]] that allows single-occupant vehicles to also use the lanes, by paying a toll and thus generating a profit. Proponents claim that all motorists will benefit from HOT lanes, even those who choose not to use them. This argument only applies to projects that increase the total number of lanes.<ref name=i495>[http://www.vamegaprojects.com/about-megaprojects/i495-hot-lanes/ About I-495 HOT Lanes] Retrieved August 31, 2009</ref> Proponents also claim that HOT lanes provide an incentive to use transit and ride sharing.

==Criticisms==
Because HOT lanes and ETLs are often constructed within the existing road space, they are criticized as being an [[Ecotax|environmental tax]] or perk for the rich ("[[Lexus]] lanes"). Those who criticize the concepts claim that the lanes provide congestion relief to the motorists of a higher socioeconomic class. With HOT and hybrid lanes, the attempt to address this criticism typically consists of special treatment for HOVs. Personal vehicles carrying more than a specified amount of passengers (typically two or three) are permitted to use the HOV lanes at a reduced toll (hybrid lanes) or for free (HOT lanes). Additionally, public transit vehicles are typically exempted from the toll. A counter-argument is that the rich often already have ways to ease their commute that are not available to the poor, such as buying a home closer to where they work.<ref>[http://www.mtc.ca.gov/planning/hov/faq.htm MTC Planning - HOV/HOT Lanes] Retrieved October 6, 2009</ref>

No existing highways are 100% ETL, but there are several HOT and hybrid systems. The only fully ETL roadway in design/construction is in Maryland, along the [[John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway (Maryland)|John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway]] (Interstate 95) as it travels through Baltimore and Baltimore County. The project will add two express toll lanes in each direction, supplementing the existing four general purpose lanes in each direction.

{{Update|type=following paragraph|date=March 2012}}

Planning for the project took place as part of an I-95 master plan process conducted by the Maryland Transportation Authority. Construction on the I-95 project began in 2006 and is expected to conclude in 2014. The state of Maryland has indicated its interest in exploring the addition of ETLs to other state highways on a case-by-case basis. Other roadways currently being studied include [[Interstate 270 (Maryland)|I-270]] and the [[Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway)|Capital Beltway]].<ref>[http://www.mdot.state.md.us/Planning/Express%20Toll%20Lanes/ETL%20Statewide%20Vision%20Rev%20Final%200607.pdf MD ETL Statewide Revision 200607] Retrieved October 8, 2009</ref>

==Funding and construction==
Implementation of these systems can be prohibitively expensive, due to the initial construction required—particularly with regard to providing access to and from the express toll lanes at interchanges. However, the long-term benefits—the decrease in delay to motorists and increased funding for the transportation agency—may outweigh the costs. To offset costs of construction, many transportation agencies lease public roads to a private institution. As a result, construction may be partially or fully funded by the private institution, which receives all of the income from tolling for a specified period of time.<ref name=i495 /><ref>[http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/JPODOCS/REPTS_TE/13668.html A Guide for HOT Lane Development (FHWA, 2003)]</ref>

==Implementations==
{{main|List of HOT and ETL lanes in the United States}}

==See also==
*[[Road space rationing]]
*[[Transportation Demand Management|Transportation demand management]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gao.gov/assets/590/587833.pdf ''Review of Road Pricing to Reduce Congestion - 2012''], [[U.S. Government Accountability Office]] - includes evaluation of 21 HOT lane projects in the U.S.

{{DEFAULTSORT:High occupancy toll and express toll lanes}}
[[Category:Road transport]]
[[Category:Intelligent transportation systems]]
[[Category:Toll roads]]
[[Category:Electronic toll collection]]

High-occupancy toll lane

2013-03-01T21:21:00Z

FastLizard4: /* Variable tolls */ Oops, just realized that there's a link to FasTrak in the image above's caption

{{globalize/US|date=February 2013}}
[[File:FasTrak Orange County.jpg|thumb|[[FasTrak]] High-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes at [[91 Express Lanes]], at [[Orange County, California|Orange County]], [[California]].]]

'''High occupancy/toll''' lanes ('''HOT''' lanes) is a [[road pricing]] scheme that gives motorists in [[single-occupant vehicle]]s access to [[high-occupancy vehicle lane]]s (or "HOV lanes"). Sometimes, entire [[road]]s are designated for the use of [[High-occupancy vehicle|HOV]]s. Tolls are collected either by manned [[Toll house|toll booth]]s, [[automatic number plate recognition]], or [[electronic toll collection]] systems. Typically, these tolls increase as traffic density and congestion within the tolled lanes increases, a policy known as [[congestion pricing]]. The goal of this pricing scheme is to minimize traffic congestion within the lanes.<ref>[http://www.virginiahotlanes.com/faqs/ FAQ - VA I-495 HOT Lanes] Retrieved October 6, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.brook.edu/views/op-ed/downs/20020510.htm Brookings Institution economic study on HOT Lanes]</ref>

'''Express toll lanes''' ('''ETLs''') is a similar concept. The main difference between HOT and ETLs is that, in HOT lanes, HOVs are granted free access, whereas in ETLs all vehicles pay according to the same schedule. In a third type, called hybrid lanes, HOVs pay a reduced toll.<ref>[http://www.i-95expresstolllanes.com/faq/ MD I-95 Express Toll Lanes] Retrieved October 6, 2009</ref>

==Variable tolls==
[[File:Switchable FasTrak transponder.jpg|right|thumb|A "switchable" FasTrak transponder; the driver indicates the number of occupants in the vehicle using the switch, which the toll system detects and automatically computes the toll (or lack of a toll) for]]

HOT lanes and ETLs require single-occupant vehicles to pay a toll that varies based on demand, called [[congestion pricing]]. The tolls change throughout the day according to real-time traffic conditions, which is intended to manage the number of cars in the lanes to keep them less congested.<ref>[http://www.nvta.org/content.asp?sl=459&contentid=468 Northern Virginia Transportation Alliance]</ref><ref>[http://www.planetizen.com/node/29851 Golden Gate Bridge for variable toll]</ref>

The HOT lanes concept is an expansion of [[HOV lanes]] that allows single-occupant vehicles to also use the lanes, by paying a toll and thus generating a profit. Proponents claim that all motorists will benefit from HOT lanes, even those who choose not to use them. This argument only applies to projects that increase the total number of lanes.<ref name=i495>[http://www.vamegaprojects.com/about-megaprojects/i495-hot-lanes/ About I-495 HOT Lanes] Retrieved August 31, 2009</ref> Proponents also claim that HOT lanes provide an incentive to use transit and ride sharing.

==Criticisms==
Because HOT lanes and ETLs are often constructed within the existing road space, they are criticized as being an [[Ecotax|environmental tax]] or perk for the rich ("[[Lexus]] lanes"). Those who criticize the concepts claim that the lanes provide congestion relief to the motorists of a higher socioeconomic class. With HOT and hybrid lanes, the attempt to address this criticism typically consists of special treatment for HOVs. Personal vehicles carrying more than a specified amount of passengers (typically two or three) are permitted to use the HOV lanes at a reduced toll (hybrid lanes) or for free (HOT lanes). Additionally, public transit vehicles are typically exempted from the toll. A counter-argument is that the rich often already have ways to ease their commute that are not available to the poor, such as buying a home closer to where they work.<ref>[http://www.mtc.ca.gov/planning/hov/faq.htm MTC Planning - HOV/HOT Lanes] Retrieved October 6, 2009</ref>

No existing highways are 100% ETL, but there are several HOT and hybrid systems. The only fully ETL roadway in design/construction is in Maryland, along the [[John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway (Maryland)|John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway]] (Interstate 95) as it travels through Baltimore and Baltimore County. The project will add two express toll lanes in each direction, supplementing the existing four general purpose lanes in each direction.

{{Update|type=following paragraph|date=March 2012}}

Planning for the project took place as part of an I-95 master plan process conducted by the Maryland Transportation Authority. Construction on the I-95 project began in 2006 and is expected to conclude in 2014. The state of Maryland has indicated its interest in exploring the addition of ETLs to other state highways on a case-by-case basis. Other roadways currently being studied include [[Interstate 270 (Maryland)|I-270]] and the [[Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway)|Capital Beltway]].<ref>[http://www.mdot.state.md.us/Planning/Express%20Toll%20Lanes/ETL%20Statewide%20Vision%20Rev%20Final%200607.pdf MD ETL Statewide Revision 200607] Retrieved October 8, 2009</ref>

==Funding and construction==
Implementation of these systems can be prohibitively expensive, due to the initial construction required—particularly with regard to providing access to and from the express toll lanes at interchanges. However, the long-term benefits—the decrease in delay to motorists and increased funding for the transportation agency—may outweigh the costs. To offset costs of construction, many transportation agencies lease public roads to a private institution. As a result, construction may be partially or fully funded by the private institution, which receives all of the income from tolling for a specified period of time.<ref name=i495 /><ref>[http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/JPODOCS/REPTS_TE/13668.html A Guide for HOT Lane Development (FHWA, 2003)]</ref>

==Implementations==
{{main|List of HOT and ETL lanes in the United States}}

==See also==
*[[Road space rationing]]
*[[Transportation Demand Management|Transportation demand management]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gao.gov/assets/590/587833.pdf ''Review of Road Pricing to Reduce Congestion - 2012''], [[U.S. Government Accountability Office]] - includes evaluation of 21 HOT lane projects in the U.S.

{{DEFAULTSORT:High occupancy toll and express toll lanes}}
[[Category:Road transport]]
[[Category:Intelligent transportation systems]]
[[Category:Toll roads]]
[[Category:Electronic toll collection]]

High-occupancy toll lane

2013-03-01T21:19:29Z

FastLizard4: /* Variable tolls */ Add photo of switchable transponder

{{globalize/US|date=February 2013}}
[[File:FasTrak Orange County.jpg|thumb|[[FasTrak]] High-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes at [[91 Express Lanes]], at [[Orange County, California|Orange County]], [[California]].]]

'''High occupancy/toll''' lanes ('''HOT''' lanes) is a [[road pricing]] scheme that gives motorists in [[single-occupant vehicle]]s access to [[high-occupancy vehicle lane]]s (or "HOV lanes"). Sometimes, entire [[road]]s are designated for the use of [[High-occupancy vehicle|HOV]]s. Tolls are collected either by manned [[Toll house|toll booth]]s, [[automatic number plate recognition]], or [[electronic toll collection]] systems. Typically, these tolls increase as traffic density and congestion within the tolled lanes increases, a policy known as [[congestion pricing]]. The goal of this pricing scheme is to minimize traffic congestion within the lanes.<ref>[http://www.virginiahotlanes.com/faqs/ FAQ - VA I-495 HOT Lanes] Retrieved October 6, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.brook.edu/views/op-ed/downs/20020510.htm Brookings Institution economic study on HOT Lanes]</ref>

'''Express toll lanes''' ('''ETLs''') is a similar concept. The main difference between HOT and ETLs is that, in HOT lanes, HOVs are granted free access, whereas in ETLs all vehicles pay according to the same schedule. In a third type, called hybrid lanes, HOVs pay a reduced toll.<ref>[http://www.i-95expresstolllanes.com/faq/ MD I-95 Express Toll Lanes] Retrieved October 6, 2009</ref>

==Variable tolls==
[[File:Switchable FasTrak transponder.jpg|right|thumb|A "switchable" [[FasTrak]] transponder; the driver indicates the number of occupants in the vehicle using the switch, which the toll system detects and automatically computes the toll (or lack of a toll) for]]

HOT lanes and ETLs require single-occupant vehicles to pay a toll that varies based on demand, called [[congestion pricing]]. The tolls change throughout the day according to real-time traffic conditions, which is intended to manage the number of cars in the lanes to keep them less congested.<ref>[http://www.nvta.org/content.asp?sl=459&contentid=468 Northern Virginia Transportation Alliance]</ref><ref>[http://www.planetizen.com/node/29851 Golden Gate Bridge for variable toll]</ref>

The HOT lanes concept is an expansion of [[HOV lanes]] that allows single-occupant vehicles to also use the lanes, by paying a toll and thus generating a profit. Proponents claim that all motorists will benefit from HOT lanes, even those who choose not to use them. This argument only applies to projects that increase the total number of lanes.<ref name=i495>[http://www.vamegaprojects.com/about-megaprojects/i495-hot-lanes/ About I-495 HOT Lanes] Retrieved August 31, 2009</ref> Proponents also claim that HOT lanes provide an incentive to use transit and ride sharing.

==Criticisms==
Because HOT lanes and ETLs are often constructed within the existing road space, they are criticized as being an [[Ecotax|environmental tax]] or perk for the rich ("[[Lexus]] lanes"). Those who criticize the concepts claim that the lanes provide congestion relief to the motorists of a higher socioeconomic class. With HOT and hybrid lanes, the attempt to address this criticism typically consists of special treatment for HOVs. Personal vehicles carrying more than a specified amount of passengers (typically two or three) are permitted to use the HOV lanes at a reduced toll (hybrid lanes) or for free (HOT lanes). Additionally, public transit vehicles are typically exempted from the toll. A counter-argument is that the rich often already have ways to ease their commute that are not available to the poor, such as buying a home closer to where they work.<ref>[http://www.mtc.ca.gov/planning/hov/faq.htm MTC Planning - HOV/HOT Lanes] Retrieved October 6, 2009</ref>

No existing highways are 100% ETL, but there are several HOT and hybrid systems. The only fully ETL roadway in design/construction is in Maryland, along the [[John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway (Maryland)|John F. Kennedy Memorial Highway]] (Interstate 95) as it travels through Baltimore and Baltimore County. The project will add two express toll lanes in each direction, supplementing the existing four general purpose lanes in each direction.

{{Update|type=following paragraph|date=March 2012}}

Planning for the project took place as part of an I-95 master plan process conducted by the Maryland Transportation Authority. Construction on the I-95 project began in 2006 and is expected to conclude in 2014. The state of Maryland has indicated its interest in exploring the addition of ETLs to other state highways on a case-by-case basis. Other roadways currently being studied include [[Interstate 270 (Maryland)|I-270]] and the [[Interstate 495 (Capital Beltway)|Capital Beltway]].<ref>[http://www.mdot.state.md.us/Planning/Express%20Toll%20Lanes/ETL%20Statewide%20Vision%20Rev%20Final%200607.pdf MD ETL Statewide Revision 200607] Retrieved October 8, 2009</ref>

==Funding and construction==
Implementation of these systems can be prohibitively expensive, due to the initial construction required—particularly with regard to providing access to and from the express toll lanes at interchanges. However, the long-term benefits—the decrease in delay to motorists and increased funding for the transportation agency—may outweigh the costs. To offset costs of construction, many transportation agencies lease public roads to a private institution. As a result, construction may be partially or fully funded by the private institution, which receives all of the income from tolling for a specified period of time.<ref name=i495 /><ref>[http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/JPODOCS/REPTS_TE/13668.html A Guide for HOT Lane Development (FHWA, 2003)]</ref>

==Implementations==
{{main|List of HOT and ETL lanes in the United States}}

==See also==
*[[Road space rationing]]
*[[Transportation Demand Management|Transportation demand management]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gao.gov/assets/590/587833.pdf ''Review of Road Pricing to Reduce Congestion - 2012''], [[U.S. Government Accountability Office]] - includes evaluation of 21 HOT lane projects in the U.S.

{{DEFAULTSORT:High occupancy toll and express toll lanes}}
[[Category:Road transport]]
[[Category:Intelligent transportation systems]]
[[Category:Toll roads]]
[[Category:Electronic toll collection]]

Kedleston Hall

2008-11-28T22:26:25Z

FastLizard4: /* Interior */ fix dab

[[Image:Kedleston Hall Derbyshire.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Kedleston Hall was Brettingham's opportunity to prove himself capable of designing a house to rival [[Holkham Hall]]. The opportunity was taken from him by [[Robert Adam]] who completed the North front (above) much as Brettingham designed it, but with a more dramatic [[portico]].]]
'''Kedleston Hall''' {{audio|En-kedleston.ogg|listen}} is an [[English country house]] in [[Kedleston]], [[Derbyshire]], approximately four miles north-west of [[Derby]], and is the seat of the [[Curzon]] family whose name originates in [[Notre-Dame-de-Courson]] in Normandy. Today it is a [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] property.

The Curzon family have owned the [[Estate (house)|estate]] at Kedleston since at least 1297 and have lived in a succession of [[manor house]]s near to or on the site of the present Kedleston Hall. The present house was commissioned by [[Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Baron Scarsdale|Sir Nathaniel Curzon (later 1st Baron Scarsdale)]] in 1759. The house was designed by the [[Palladian]] [[architect]]s [[James Paine]] and [[Matthew Brettingham]] and was loosely based on an original plan by [[Andrea Palladio]] for the never-built [[Villa Mocenigo]]. At the time a relatively unknown architect, [[Robert Adam]] was designing some garden [[temple]]s to enhance the landscape of the park; Curzon was so impressed with Adam's designs, that Adam was quickly put in charge of the construction of the new [[mansion]].

== External design ==
[[Image:Kedleston Hall.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Kedleston Hall. The South front by Robert Adam, based on the [[Arch of Constantine]] in [[Rome]]]]
The design of the three-floored house is of three blocks linked by two segmentally curved corridors. The ground floor is [[rustication (architecture)|rusticated]], while the upper floors are of smooth dressed stone. The central, largest block contains the [[state room]]s and was intended for use only when there were important guests in the house. The East block was a self-contained country house in its own right containing all the rooms for the family's private use, and the identical West block contained the kitchens and all other domestic rooms and staff accommodation. Plans for two more [[pavilion (structure)|pavilion]]s (as the two smaller blocks are known) of identical size, and similar appearance were not executed. These further wings were intended to contain, in the south east a music room, and south west a conservatory and chapel. Externally these latter pavilions would have differed from their northern counterparts by large glazed [[Palladian#The Palladian window|Serlian window]]s on the [[piano nobile]] of their southern facades. Here the blocks were to appear as of two floors only; a [[Mezzanine (architecture)|mezzanine]] was to have been disguised in the north of the music room block. The linking galleries here were also to contain larger windows, than on the north, and niches containing classical statuary.

If the great north front, approximately 107 metres in length, is [[Palladian]] in character, dominated by the massive, six-columned [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] [[portico]], then the south front (''illustrated right'') is pure Robert Adam. It is divided into three distinct sets of bays, the central section is a four-columned, blind [[triumphal arch]] (based on the [[Arch of Constantine]] in Rome) containing one large, pedimented glass door reached from the rusticated ground floor by an external, curved double staircase. Above the door, at second floor height, are stone garlands and medallions in relief. The four Corinthian columns are topped by classical statues. This whole centre section of the facade is crowned by a low dome visible only from a distance. Flanking the central section are two identical wings on three floors, each three windows wide, the windows of the first-floor piano nobile being the tallest. Adam's design for this facade contains huge "movement" and has a delicate almost fragile quality.

== Interior ==
[[Image:Kedleston cross section.jpg|thumb|300px|A cross section through the hall and saloon]]
The [[Neoclassicism|neoclassical]] interior of the house was designed by Adam to be no less impressive than the exterior. Entering the house through the great north portico on the piano nobile, one is confronted by the marble hall designed to suggest the open courtyard or [[atrium (architecture)|atrium]] of a Roman [[villa]]. Twenty fluted alabaster columns with Corinthian capitals support the heavily decorated, high-coved cornice. Niches in the walls contain classical statuary; above the niches are [[grisaille]] panels. The floor is of inlaid Italian marble. Matthew Paine's original designs for this room intended for it to be lit by conventional windows at the northern end, but Adam, warming to the Roman theme, did away with the distracting windows and lit the whole from the roof through innovative glass skylights.

If the hall was the atrium of the villa, then the adjoining saloon was to be the [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibulum]]. The saloon, contained behind the triumphal arch of the south front, like the marble hall rises the full height of the house, 62 feet to the top of the dome, where it too is sky-lit through a glass [[oculus]]. Designed as a sculpture gallery, this circular room was completed in 1763. The decorative theme is based on the temples of the [[Roman Forum]] with more modern inventions: in the four massive, [[Apse|apse-like]] recesses are stoves disguised as pedestals for classical urns. The four sets of double doors giving entry to the room have heavy pediments supported by alabaster columns, and at second floor height, grisaille panels depict classical themes.

From the saloon, the atmosphere of the 18th-century [[Grand Tour]] continues throughout the remainder of the principal reception rooms on the piano nobile, though on a slightly more modest scale. The "principal apartment", or State bedroom suite, contains fine furniture and paintings as does the drawing room with its huge Venetian window; the dining room, with its gigantic apse, has a ceiling that Adam based on the [[Palace of Augustus]] in the [[Farnese Gardens]]. The theme carries on through the library, music room, down the grand staircase (not completed until 1922) onto the ground floor and into the so called "Caesar's hall". On the departure of guests, it must sometimes have been a relief to vacate this temple of culture and retreat to the relatively simple comforts of the family pavilion.

Also displayed in the house are many curiosities pertaining to [[George Nathaniel Curzon|Lord Curzon]], [[Viceroy]] of [[India]] at the beginning of the 20th century, including his collection of Far Eastern artifacts. Also shown is Lady Curzon's Delhi Durbah [[Coronation]] dress of 1903. Designed by [[House of Worth|Worth]] of Paris, it was known as the peacock dress for the many precious and semi-precious stones sewn into its fabric. These have now been replaced by imitation stones; however, the effect is no less dazzling.

In addition to that described above, this great country house contains collections of art, furniture and statuary. Kedleston Hall's alternative name, ''The Temple of the Arts'', is truly justified.

== Gardens and grounds ==
[[Image:Sketch by Robert Adam for the Fishing Room and Boat House at Kedleston.png|thumb|300px|A sketch by [[Robert Adam]] for the Fishing Room and Boat House at Kedleston. Circa 1769]] The gardens and grounds, as they appear today are largely the concept of Robert Adam. Adam was asked by Nathaniel Curzon in 1758 to "take in hand the deer park and pleasure grounds". The landscape gardener [[William Emes]] had begun work at Kedleston in 1756, and he continued in Curzon's employ until 1760; however, it was Adam who was the guiding influence. It was during this period that the former gardens designed by [[Charles Bridgeman]] were swept away in favour of a more natural looking landscape. Bridgeman's canals and geometric ponds were metamorphosed into serpentine lakes.

Adam designed numerous temples and [[Folly|follies]], many of which were never built. Those that were include the North [[lodge]] which takes the form of a triumphal arch, the entrance lodges in the village, a bridge, [[cascade]] and the Fishing Room. The Fishing Room is one of the most noticeable of the parks buildings. In the neoclassical style it is sited on the edge of the upper lake and contains a [[cold bath]] and boat house below. Some of Adam's unexecuted design for follies in the park rivalled in grandeur the house itself. A "View Tower" designed in 1760 — 84 feet high and 50 feet wide on five floors, surmounted by a [[saucer dome]] flanked by the smaller [[dome]]s of flanking towers — would have been a small neoclassical [[palace]] itself. Adam planned to transform even mundane utilitarian buildings into architectural wonders. A design for a pheasant house (a platform to provide a vantage point for the game shooting) became a domed temple, the roofs of its classical porticos providing the necessary platforms; this plan too was never completed.

In the 1770s [[George Richardson]] designed the hexagonal summerhouse, and in 1800 the orangery. The Long Walk was laid out in 1760 and planted with [[flower]]ing [[shrub]]s and ornamental trees. In 1763 it was reported that Lord Curzon had given his gardener a seed from rare and scarce Italian shrub, the "Rodo Dendrone" (''sic'').

The gardens and grounds today, over two hundred years later, remain mostly unaltered.

== See also ==
[[Raj Bhavan (West Bengal)|Raj Bhavan]] — the residence of the [[Governor-General of India]] in [[Calcutta]] — was built on the lines of Kedleston Hall. By coincidence, George Nathaniel Curzon, the most illustrious member of this family became Viceroy of India in 1898 and consequently resident of both houses. The travel writer E. V. Lucas later commented that "It is easier in Calcutta to be suddenly transported to England than in any other Indian city that I visited. There are, it is true, more statues of Lord Curzon than we are accustomed to [in England]; but many of the homes are quite English, save for the multitude of servants; Government House, serene and spacious and patrician, is a replica of Kedlestone Hall in Derbyshire."

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-kedlestonhall.htm Kedleston Hall information at the National Trust]
*[http://www.gardenvisit.com/g/ked.htm Kedleston Hall Garden — information on garden history]
*[http://www.dicamillocompanion.com/Houses_hgpm.asp?ID=2312 Kedleston Hall entry from The DiCamillo Companion to British & Irish Country Houses]
*[http://www.archistoria.it/web/opera_immagini.php?opera=1 Drawings and photos]

{{coord|52.9592|-1.5370|display=title|region:GB_type:landmark}}

[[Category:1765 architecture]]
[[Category:Gardens in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed houses]]
[[Category:Houses in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:National Trust properties in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Robert Adam buildings]]

[[pl:Kedleston Hall]]
[[pt:Kedleston Hall]]

{{Derbyshire Places of interest}}

Umbrella (Lied)

2008-05-11T00:04:01Z

FastLizard4: Reverted edits by 68.220.119.43 (talk) to last version by 76.16.154.79

{{otheruses2|Umbrella}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover = Rihanna-jay-z-umbrella.jpg
| Artist = [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]]
| from Album = [[Good Girl Gone Bad]]
| Released = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[March 29]],[[2007]] {{Flagicon|Europe}} [[May 25]],[[2007]] {{Flagicon|UK}} [[May 14]],[[2007]] {{flagicon|World}} [[June 23]],[[2007]] {{flagicon|Haiti}} [[May 29]], [[2008]]
| Format = [[12-inch single|12" maxi single]], [[CD single]], [[digital download]] 
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[pop music|Pop]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]],[[Pop Rock|Pop Rock]]
| Length = 4:14 (radio edit) 3:46 (radio edit without rap) 4:35 (album version)
| Label = [[Def Jam]]
| Writer = [[Jay-Z|Shawn Carter]], [[The-Dream|Terius Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]]
| Producer = [[Christopher Stewart|Tricky Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]] (Vocal Production)
| Certification =
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = Rihanna
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Break It Off]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]" (2007)
}}{{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Jay-Z]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Hollywood (Jay-Z song)|Hollywood]]" (2007)
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Kingdom Come (Jay-Z song)|Kingdom Come]]" (2007)
}}
}}

"'''Umbrella'''" is a [[Grammy Award|Grammy]]-winning [[pop music|pop]] [[song]] written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]], [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher Stewart]], [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell|Kuk Harrell]] and [[Jay-Z]] for [[pop music|pop]] singer [[Rihanna]]'s third studio album, ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' (2007). Featuring vocals by co-writer Jay-Z, it was released as the album's lead single during the second quarter of 2007 (see [[2007 in music]]). "Umbrella" is recognized as the most successful song of 2007 on the United World Chart, gaining more than 8,160,000 points.<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/tracks-2007.htm United World Chart Countdown 2007]</ref> It has been announced as the 6th most successful song of the last decade with 8.614.000 points.<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/top-track-achievements.htm United World Chart tracks - Top achievements]</ref>

Following a highly successful chart run around the world and a warm reception from music critics, the song achieved #1 on ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''<nowiki></nowiki>'s list of the "Ten Best Singles of 2007",<ref>The 10 best songs of 2007 ([[December 23]], [[2007]]). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20162677_20164082_20166984_2,00.html "The 10 best songs of 2007"] ''Entertainment Weekly''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> as well as #3 on ''[[Rolling Stone]]''<nowiki></nowiki>'s list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007;<ref>No byline ([[December 11]], [[2007]]). [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17601363/the_100_best_songs_of_2007 "The 100 Best Songs of 2007"] ''Rolling Stone''. Retrieved [[2007-12-21]]</ref> it was also named Song of the Year in ''[[Blender Magazine]]''<nowiki></nowiki>'s Readers' Poll 2007.<ref>Jody Rosen ([[December 25]], [[2007]]). [http://www.blender.com/ReadersPoll2007/articles/10452.aspx "Readers' Poll 2007"] ''Blender''. Retrieved [[2007-12-28]]</ref> "Umbrella" won a [[50th Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] in addition to receiving nominations for [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] and [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]]. This song is Rihanna's successful single to date as well as Jay-Z's. It is also Rihanna's second number one and Jay-Z's 3rd.

==Background and writing==
The music was written by [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] and [[Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell]] and the lyrics and melody were written by [[The-Dream|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] with the rap intro written and performed by [[Jay-Z]]. The song was produced by Stewart with vocal production by Harrell.<ref>''"Good Girl Gone Bad"'' album sleeve notes.</ref>

"Umbrella" was not originally written for Rihanna. [[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]] composed the song in 2007, with American pop singer [[Britney Spears]] in mind. Her label rejected the song, claiming to have a suitable amount of songs to work with for her future album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]'', while also Spears having professional difficulties at the time.<ref name="Rodriguez">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Umbrella' Was 'The Perfect Storm' That Almost Didn't Happen: Behind The Grammys |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580820/20080201/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[February 06]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

Concurrent to the event was the [[Grammy Award|Grammy]] season of 2007. Stewart and [[Terius Nash|Terius "The Dream" Nash]] decided to pass the song onto [[Mary J. Blige]], and also [[L.A. Reid]], the then-CEO of [[Island Def Jam Music Group|Island Def Jam]], Rihanna's label.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Blige however, was unable to hear the song in full due to her obligations to the Grammys at the time. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Mary J. Blige Says She's 'Just Fine' With Her New Album, Losing 'Umbrella' To Rihanna |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1571625/20071010/blige_mary_j.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[October 23]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref><ref name="Rodriguez"/> Def Jam representatives remained eager to secure the song for Rihanna, the writers themselves still awaiting a response from Blige.<ref name="Rodriguez"/> Reid and his team incessantly called them in the entire Grammy weekend to the extent they finally gave them the record.<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

{| width="40%" cellpadding="5" align="right" style="font-size:85%;border-collapse:collapse; background-color:transparent; border-style:none;"
| width="20" valign=top |
| align="left" |When she recorded the 'ellas,' you knew it was about to be the jump-off and your life was about to change if you had anything to do with that record.
|-
| colspan="3" | <div style="text-align: right;">—[[Christopher Stewart (music producer)|Christopher "Tricky" Stewart]], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''<ref name="Rodriguez"/></div>
|}

Stewart confessed he was still reluctant as to whether Rihanna was the right artist to record the song, but following the addition of the "ella, ella" [[refrain]] into the track, he felt they were onto "something".<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

Following Rihanna's recording, Def Jam CEO-rapper [[Jay-Z]] added his [[rapping|rap]], and then a different verse. Before Stewart and Nash settled on the original rap composed by Jay-Z, he changed it without informing the songwriters. Stewart, however, noted that "from a songwriter's standpoint, he just really made it more about the song, with the metaphors about umbrellas and about the weather versus what he had before."<ref name="Rodriguez"/>

The drumbeat is an Apple loop (vintage funk kit 03) from GarageBand.

==Single release and promotion==
In many parts of the United States, the single was released on [[March 28]], [[2007]],<ref>[http://artists.letssingit.com/artist-9z9nx/news/209316 ''Let'sSingIt.com'' - [[March 21]], [[2007]], "Rihanna’s New Single Hits Radio March 28th"]</ref> although its official release date was the following day.<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_news.php?artist_id=586&news_id=103239 ''Official Website'' - [[March 29]], [[2007]], Rihanna Launches New Single "Umbrella" Worldwide]</ref> The song premiered on the [[New York City|New York]] radio station [[WQHT|Hot 97]] and on Rihanna's [http://www.defjam.com/site/artist_home.php?artist_id=586 official website] on [[March 29]] at 5:00pm [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]].

"Umbrella" premiered on UK radio station [[BBC Radio 1]] on the [[Scott Mills]] show and was released digitally in Britain on May 14, 2007, its physical release following two weeks later by which point the song was already #1. It is claimed though that the song was released first on [[Radio Kado FM]] on May 11, 2007 although this is still disputed whether it was legal to do so.

Rihanna made formal appearances all over the United Kingdom prior and following the release of the single. She also debuted three new tracks in [[Preston]] at the BBC Radio One ''[[One Big Weekend]]'' event. At another promotional concert, she performed "Umbrella", "[[Shut Up and Drive]]" and "Breakin' Dishes". Rihanna performed "Umbrella" at the [[2007 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards 2007]]. In Germany, she performed the song exclusively at ''[[Viva (TV station)|Viva Live]]'', and at the 42nd edition of the chart show ''[[The Dome]]''. "Umbrella" was also performed on [[Live Earth]], [[GMTV]], [[Loose Women]], [[Blue Peter]], Kiss Concert 2007, Sprint Concert, Zootopia Show, Stripped Show, [[Canadian Idol]], 106 & Park and [[The View]].

==Reception==
Andy Kellman of [[All Music Guide]] commented: "'Umbrella,' is her best to date, delivering mammoth if spacious drums, a towering backdrop during the chorus, and vocals that are somehow totally convincing without sounding all that impassioned — an ideal spot between trying too hard and boredom, like she might've been on her 20th take, which only adds to the song's charm."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kellman |first=Andy |title=Review: Good Girl Gone Bad |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:jcftxz85ld0e |work=All Music Guide |publisher=Macrovision Company |date= |accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
The popularity and positive critical reception to "Umbrella" ensured the song was a commercial success. Coupled with relentlessly strong airplay of both the promotional video and indeed the song itself for the time surrounding its impressive chart run around the world, "Umbrella" was to become Rihanna's biggest hit.

Prior to its physical release, "Umbrella" achieved the biggest debut in the six-year history of the [[iTunes Music Store]], breaking a previous record held by [[Shakira]] and [[Wyclef Jean]]’s "[[Hips Don't Lie]]". As a digital single, "Umbrella" topped the [[iTunes Store]] singles chart in more than 16 different countries around the world.

On the issue dated June 9, 2007, "Umbrella" topped the [[Billboard Hot 100]] chart after a rising from the #41 position to the top, a jump of forty places, going on to spend a total of seven consecutive weeks at the top of the chart. The track was downloaded a total of 277,000 times in the United States alone, the highest debut-week sum since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking downloads in 2003. On the [[Billboard]] year end chart, "Umbrella" was ranked at #2, only behind [[Beyonce]]'s "[[Irreplaceable]]".<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/yearend/2007/charts/hot100.html Billboard 2007 Year In Music]</ref> Furthermore, total digital sales of the song stand at a reputable 2.7 million.<ref name="Billboard18">{{cite news
| url = http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003592183
| title = "Rihanna, Shop Boyz Rocket To The Top Of Hot 100"
| author = Jonathan Cohen|publisher=''Billboard.com''
| accessmonthday = May 31
| accessyear = 2007
}}</ref> "Umbrella" was Rihanna’s second number-one single (after "SOS"), and both songs have records for two of the biggest jumps to number one on the Hot 100 chart. In correspondence with this, the song spent a total of four weeks at #1 in [[Canada]], where it became the first song to top the recently debuted [[Canadian Hot 100]] chart.

Perhaps the song's greatest success came in the [[UK Singles Chart|United Kingdom]]. The song debuted at number one on 20 May, 2007, becoming Rihanna's first chart-topper in the country and the third song to reach the top on downloads alone, after [[Gnarls Barkley]]'s [[Crazy (Gnarls Barkley song)|Crazy]] and [[Mika]]'s [[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]. The song spent another week at number one on just downloads, before the physical release saw the song raise its sales to 60,650, the highest figure for a single in nine weeks, and easily enough for a third week at number one.<ref>[http://www.buzzjack.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=39747 Music Week Sales]</ref> Ultimately, the song eventually spent ten weeks in total at number one, just the seventh song in history to reach the benchmark and making it the longest-running chart-topper of the 21st century, as well as the longest since "[[Love Is All Around]]" by [[Wet Wet Wet]] in 1994. However, it should be noted that sales near the top of the chart were very poor for a lot of the song's run; "Umbrella" sold less than 30,000 copies in four of its weeks at number one, and in its final week, it defeated [[Kate Nash]]'s [[Foundations (song)|Foundations]] by just 131 sales. Its reign was finally ended on 29 July, 2007, when it was overtaken by [[Timbaland]]'s [[The Way I Are]] and Nash. By the end of 2007, "Umbrella" had sold 512,730, making it by far her biggest selling single to date and the second biggest selling song of 2007, trailing only [[Leona Lewis]]'s [[Bleeding Love]].

As well as topping the charts in the UK, "Umbrella" was a similar success throughout Europe, also reaching #1 in [[Ireland]], [[Spain]], [[Poland]], [[Sweden]], [[Belgium]], [[Austria]], [[Norway]], [[Italy]], [[Portugal]], [[Romania]], [[Germany]] and [[Spain]].

In [[Australia]] "Umbrella" entered the Australian [[ARIA]] singles chart at #1, spent six consecutive weeks at the top, and was certified Platinum by ARIA. It re-entered the top 50 in its 26th week at the position of #46, ending the year as 2007's 3rd biggest seller.<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s australian-charts.com - Rihanna feat. Jay-Z - Umbrella]</ref> In [[New Zealand]], "Umbrella" reached #1 on the New Zealand [[RIANZ]] singles chart and remained there for six consecutive weeks, ending 2007 as the years biggest seller.

"Umbrella" is considered Rihanna's breakthrough single in many worldwide markets due to the fact it achieved considerable success in countries where her previous singles had not even charted. It did, for example, become a #1 hit in most of the [[Ibero-America|Hispanic America]]n countries, and in some [[Eastern Europe]]an territories.

Due to its success in worldwide markets, "Umbrella" reached #1 on the United World Chart, remaining for for 10 consecutive weeks and gaining 8.3 million points thus far. It ended the year as the most successful song of 2007, beating close competition from similar success story "[[Say It Right]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]].

==Music video==
[[Image:UmbrellaVideo(G3).PNG|thumb|left|Rihanna in the music video for "Umbrella"]]

While working on the album, ideas had already began to circulate concerning Rihanna's image, extending into her music videos. She asked American [[music video]] director [[Chris Applebaum]], who had previously worked with artists such as [[Kid Rock]] and [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], to send her "something" to work with. Def Jam representatives were expecting Applebaum to the treatment.<ref name="Rodriguez2">{{Cite news |last=Rodriguez |first=Jayson |title=Rihanna's 'Painful' 'Umbrella' Shoot Kept Her On Her Toes: VMA Lens Recap |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568860/20070904/rihanna.jhtml |work=MTV News |publisher=MTV Networks |date=([[September 05]], [[2007]]) |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref>

In response, Applebaum hurriedly conceptualized the video, one of his first ideas being the silver body paint that Rihanna is seen in. Applebaum was doubtful whether Rihanna would embrace the idea, but her positive response following a letter the director sent to the artist ensured its approval. Makeup artist Pamela Neal mixed a paint that would give Rihanna such a look. During the session, the paint was re-applied between takes to ensure she was completely covered. The set was closed to Rihanna, Applebaum and a camera assistant.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/> Rihanna also contributed her own ideas towards the video shoot, suggesting to Applebaum that she dance [[en pointe]], an idea which he accepted.<ref name="Rodriguez2"/>

The final cut of the video premiered at on April 26, 2007 at Thisisrihanna.com. Downloads were made available for those in the U.S. only from the website for a limited time. Rihanna and her dancers were choreographed by Tina Landon and the video was officially released on the [[iTunes Store]] on May 11, 2007, peaking at #1 for a period 8 weeks. On May 14, 2007, the "Umbrella" video debuted on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]’s ''[[106 & Park]]'' at #9 before achieving its peak of #4. It was Rihanna’s first video to chart on the countdown since her debut single "[[Pon de Replay]]" in 2005. On May 1, 2007, "Umbrella" debuted on MTV’s ''[[Total Request Live]]'' at #10, before reaching #1 on May 9 where it remained for fifteen days, making it the longest running #1 of 2007. "Umbrella" has been announced as being the most played video ever on Polish music channel MTV Poland, beating previous record holder [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]’s "[[Hung Up]]". Such was the success of the promotional video that it was also nominated for five awards at the [[2007 MTV Video Music Awards]], including "Female Artist of the Year", "Video of the Year" and "Monster Single of the Year", going on to win the latter two.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2007/nominees.jhtml 2007 VMA | Nominees | View Nominees, Music Videos and Photos Including Video Of The Year, Best New Artist and Best Group]</ref> As of [[April 22]], [[2008]], the music video for "Umbrella" has been viewed over 53,700,000 times on popular video-sharing website [[YouTube]], including video duplicates.

==Other versions==
===Acoustic version===

Rihanna recorded an acoustic version of the song with a new arrangement and some added lyrics<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYaXer7Yqb0&feature=related ''YouTube.com'' - Umbrella (acoustic version)]</ref> and later released the song as a [[bonus track]] to "[[Good Girl Gone Bad]]" on the [[iTunes Music Store]].

===Official remix===

*Cinderella/Umbrella (Remix) by [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Jay-Z]] & [[Chris Brown (singer)|Chris Brown]]

===Notable remixes===

*[[Travis Barker]] Remix (rock version)
*Zax Extended Mix<ref>[http://www.blender.com/news/comments.aspx?article=9492 The Ultimate "Umbrella" Remix Guide]</ref>
*Remix featuring [[Lil' Mama]]
*The Lindbergh Palace Remix
*[[Dancehall]] Remix featuring [[Elephant Man (musician)|Elephant Man]]
*[[Seamus Haji]] and Paul Emanuel Remix
*[[Spanglish]] version featuring Jay-Z & Ana Velasco<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9TFu78zo8E ''YouTube.com'' - Umbrella Spanglish]</ref>
*[[Will Mellor]], parody by [[Comedy Dave]] and [[Chris Moyles]]
*Forever (Umbrella Remix) by Justin Garner
*[[Vandalism (band)|Vandalism]] Remix
*[[Klaxons]] and Rihanna performed a remix of Umbrella, which featured interpolations of their song "[[Golden Skans]]", at the [[2008 BRIT Awards]]
*Together Here (Umbrella Remix) by Kado Damball
*[[The Notorious B.I.G.]] remix (sample "The World Is Filled")
*[[Reggae]] remixes featuring [[Vybz Kartel]] & [[Collie Buddz]]

===Unofficial Remixes===
*Dn's Umbrella Remix

==Cover versions and parodies==
===Marié Digby version===
{{Infobox Single 
| Name = Umbrella
| Cover =
| Cover size =
| Caption =
| Artist = [[Marié Digby]]
| from Album = [[Start Here EP]]
| Released = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[August 3]], [[2007]](Download)
| Format = [[digital download]]
| Recorded = 2007
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 3:48
| Label = [[Hollywood Records|Hollywood]]
| Producer =
| Certification =
| Chart position =
| Last single = -
| This single = "'''Umbrella'''" (2007)
| Next single = "'''[[Bring Me Love]]'''" (2007)
}}
"'''Umbrella'''" is [[Marié Digby]] is the first single by American singer [[Marié Digby]], ''[[Start Here EP]]'', and career.
Upcoming singer Digby released an acoustic version of "Umbrella" through [[iTunes]] under [[Hollywood Records]] on August 3, 2007. The single was previously released on the [[Los Angeles]] based radio station [[KYSR|STAR 98.7]] as a 'You Oughta Hear' feature. Canadian ska punk band [[illScarlett]] and [[Terra Naomi]] (a singer who was discovered on YouTube), have also recorded acoustic versions.

===Track listing===
#"Umbrella" – 3:46
#"Umbrella" – 3:48
===Chart performance===
===Charts===

{| class="wikitable"
!align="center"|Chart
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks|Billboard Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks]]
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|110
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles|Bubbling Under Hot 100]]
|align="center"|10
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Pop 100]]
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|Brazil [[Hot100Brasil|Hot 100 Songs & Tracks]]
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|Canada [[Canadian Hot 100]]
|align="center"|—
|-
|align="left"|[[United World Chart]]
|align="center"|—
|}

===Manic Street Preachers version===
{{Infobox Song |
Name = Umbrella |
Artist = [[Manic Street Preachers]] |
Released = CD [[27 February]], [[2008]] Download [[5 March]], [[2008]] |
Format = Limited Edition Free [[CD]] then Purchasable [[Digital Download]] |
Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] |
Length = 3:35|
Label = NME CD 08-01|
Producer = [[Dave Eringa]] |
Chart position = <nowiki></nowiki>
* N/A|
Reviews = <nowiki></nowiki>
* N/A|
Last single = "[[Ghost Of Christmas (Manic Street Preachers song)|Ghost of Christmas]]" (2007) |
This single = "Umbrella" (2008) |
|}}

The [[Wales|Welsh]] rock band [[Manic Street Preachers]] released their [[cover version]] of "Umbrella" to radio stations on 17th February 2008. A video for the cover is available on the band's offical website [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/video/2008/03/27/umbrella_rehearsalo2_footage?headlines-page=1]. The song was included on a CD album titled ''[[NME Awards 2008 (album)|NME Awards 2008]]'' given away free with a special souvenir box set of the magazine ''[[NME]]'' on 27th February, produced in celebration of the [[NME Awards|Shockwaves NME Awards]] 2008 and Big Gig. The Manics were the recipients of the 2008 ''God Like Geniuses Award''. The 14-track album also features covers performed by [[The Kooks]], [[Wombats]], [[Kate Nash]], [[Lightspeed Champion]], [[Kaiser Chiefs]], [[Cribs]], [[Bloc Party]], [[CSS]] and others.<ref>http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/godlikegenius/fans/</ref>

The version has been available as a digital download on [[iTunes]] since 5th March 2008.<ref>http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/godlikegenius/fans/</ref> When made available for purchase on iTunes, the song reached #47 in the UK Singles Chart [http://www.theofficialcharts.com/top40_singles.php]. Despite being chart eligible, the release was not intended as an official single. As bassist [[Nicky Wire]] commented, "The ''Umbrella'' thing is an odd situation, especially for me with my insane marketing head on. Part of me thinks we should have given it a massive push as it’s selling loads on download, maybe we should have had a physical format and made it an official Manics single. I’m really perturbed that if it’s perceived that way, we’ll have had 33 consecutive Top 40 singles since [[Stay Beautiful]], back when we signed to [[Sony BMG Music Entertainment|Sony]]. I don’t want our record ruined. I can take it as a happy accident as long as the sales don’t push it to Number 42 or something but it is definitely not an official Manics single" [http://www.manicstreetpreachers.com/07/blogs/diary/2008/03/27/nicks_blog_march].

Nicky Wire said of the song, "This was my favourite track of 2007. It's just so razor-sharp. And who'd have thought a song called 'Umbrella' would be Number One all over the world? It's such an un-pop word. I love it when a record seems to come from another universe. I just wanted us to have a stab at it!"<ref>NME Big Gig Special Issue, 27/02/2007, p.5</ref>

===Other covers and parodies===
{{unreferenced-section|date=March 2008}}
*[[McFly]] recorded a rock cover, released as a B-Side on their 2007 single "The Heart Never Lies". They also performed it on their Greatest Hits Tour in 2007.

*[[The Dresden Dolls]] have performed "Umbrella" at their concerts.

*Winner of [[Australian Idol 2007]] [[Natalie Gauci]] also performed "Umbrella".

*X Factor finalists [[Hope]] performed Umbrella on the first live show of [[The X Factor|The X Factor 2007]].

*Indie singer-songwriter Scott Simons released a version of "Umbrella" on Myspace and his website which soon became an internet favorite and received radio play on several stations in the U.S. and overseas.<ref>[http://www.scottsimonsmusic.net/umbrella.html Scott Simons’s version]</ref>

*Singer songwriter [[Mechanical Bride]] released a her version on [[Transgressive Records]] at the end on 2007 on 7" vinyl.

*Pop singer and actress [[Mandy Moore]] performed her own version of the song in a slower, more ballad-like arrangement. Moore stated that while she is not the biggest fan of pop music, "...you just can't deny how melodic this song is."<ref>http://music.yahoo.com/promo-42778155-53-20070813</ref>

*"Umbrella" has been covered by [[Biffy Clyro]] during an appearance on BBC Radio One's ''[[Live Lounge]]''.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/jowhiley/galleries/1796/1/ BBC - Radio 1 - Jo Whiley]</ref>

*The Italian pop punk band [[Vanilla Sky (band)|Vanilla Sky]] recorded "Umbrella" for an exclusive on their MySpace in September 2007, receiving over 30,000 plays in its first week online.<ref>[http://www.myspace.com/vanillasky MySpace.com - Vanilla Sky - Rome - Rock / Pop / Punk - www.myspace.com/vanillasky]</ref> The music video has also been shown on [[VH1#VH1 European|VH1e]].

*[[Indie pop]] group [[Tegan and Sara]] performed a cover of the song during shows in [[Kelowna, British Columbia]], [[Calgary, Alberta]], [[Edmonton, Alberta]], [[London, Ontario]], [[Tucson, Arizona]], [[Boston, Massachusetts]], [[Washington DC]], [[Boulder, Colorado]] and Brisbane, Australia.

*Swedish metal band [[Lillasyster]] made a hard metal version of Umbrella and also a video for their version of the song under Gain Music Entertainment. This version of the song has received a lot of attention in [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], [[Germany]] and even in [[Thailand]], and went on Swedish national radio in September 2007 and received radio play on several stations in Sweden. The video is due to be released on October 10th on [[Myspace]], Lillasyster's website and MTV and Swedish MTV did a piece on the making of the video which was aired October 3 and October 7.<ref>[http://www.mtv.se/overdrive.php?StoryId=27981 Mtv | Lillasyster]</ref>

*Irish/English Freakfolk artist [[Patrick Wolf]] performed a cover version of the song at the [[Lowlands]] festival in the Netherlands in 2007.

*"Umbrella" was [[parody|parodied]] by Irish radio presenters Colm and Jimjim to talk about [[Salmonella]].<ref>[http://www.soundclick.com/util/downloadSong.cfm?ID=5917622&key=C4C6EE36-A Exactly Midnight]</ref>

*[[Starsailor (band)|Starsailor]] covered the song while playing their song "Fidelity" on their Latin American tour.

*[[The Mint Chicks]] performed covered this song on New Zealand television show.

*The Axis of Awesome parodied this song in two videos for the 2007 Australian Federal Election, presented by the [[Sydney Morning Herald]]. In both videos, ex-federal treasurer [[Peter Costello]] is seen playing piano and rhyming to "Peter Costello" instead of "Umbrella"

*The Brazilian singer [[Pitty]] also covered it in a few live concerts.

*New York Group Push Play covered the song at their CD Release Party on December 22,2007 at Irving Plaza.<ref>[http://youtube.com/watch?v=dCyt4UNrOoA YouTube - Push Play-Umbrella (cover song)]</ref>

*[[Pop punk]] band [[All Time Low]] has covered this song live. A recorded version of their cover will appear on the compilation [[Punk Goes Crunk]].

*[[Taylor Swift]] performed this acoustic, which is for download on itunes.

*The song was parodied in a 2007 episode of the [[sketch comedy]] series ''[[MADtv]]'', in which [[Nicole Parker]] and [[Keegan-Michael Key]] impersonated 2008 U.S. Presidential candidates [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Barack Obama]], in a video called "Under Barack Obama", which was sung to the tune of "Umbrella".

*[[Mike Shinoda]] of [[Linkin Park]] performed a section of the song at The O2 Arena in London on 28th January 2008.

*[[My Chemical Romance]] performed a short snippet of Umbrella at several live shows. This may be, perhaps, to do with [[Gerard Way]]'s release of comic book [[The Umbrella Academy]].

*Canadian Band [[Parking By Permit Only]] performed a cover of this song at Harnival in November 2007.<ref>[http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=E86meTn36lI YouTube - Umbrella (Rihanna Cover) - Parking By Permit Only]</ref>

*Grammy Award winners [[Keith Urban]] and [[Carrie Underwood]] performed this song as a duet in 2008 during the Love, Pain and the whole crazy Carnival Ride tour.

* [[OneRepublic]] covered this song while on tour.

* Nerdcore artist [[Shael Riley]] did an acoustic cover of the song which was posted on his Myspace.

*Song was used on LivinSick.com for a skateboard montage titled Umbrella Montage which was edited by Matt Swinsky.

==Reported coincidence with weather==
The song's reign at number-one in the United Kingdom and Ireland occurred as the region was hit by [[2007 United Kingdom floods|extreme rainfall and flooding]], which led some people to jokingly suggest the two events were related, the media referring to it as the "Rihanna Curse". Interestingly, the precise day the song was knocked from the #1 position by [[Timbaland]], the weather seemed to improve. A similar situation occurred in [[New Zealand]], where the song hit #1 in the early winter of 2007 as the country was experiencing some of the worst storms in its history.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=264&objectid=10452521 ''Nzherald.co.nz'']</ref> In [[Greece]], "Umbrella" was released at a time when people were suffering through a summer of several major heatwaves topping 47C/117F, and the worst forest fires of modern history, killing 60 people. When the song peaked at #4 in the Greek singles chart in October 2007, the country experienced significant rainfall. Spain also experienced one of its wettest summers in decades, and the coldest August since the beginning of the 20th century during "Umbrella"'s chart run.

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/song/16150 "Rihanna and Jay-Z - Umbrella global chart positions and trajectories"]. aCharts.us. Retrieved [[April 09]], [[2008]].</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian [[Ultratop 50]] Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Hot100Brasil|Brazilian Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Bulgarian National Top 40]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Hot 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Dutch [[Dutch Top 40|Top 40]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Danish Top 20<ref>[http://danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Danish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|[[Euro 200]]<ref>[http://www.euro200.eu/ Euro 200]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Finnish Singles Top 20<ref>[http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Finnish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|French Top 100<ref>[http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s French Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[FIMI|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Israeli Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.fimi.it/classifiche.asp?idtipo_classifica=3 Italian Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Polish National Top 50]]<ref>[http://apcchart.esmartdesign.com/POLISH%20TOP%2050%20ARCHIVES/0059.htm Polish National Top 50]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Portugal Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Spanish Los 40 Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2Dz&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swedish Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Chart<ref>[http://www.swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Rihanna+feat%2E+Jay%2DZ&titel=Umbrella&cat=s Swiss Singles Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Turkish Top 20 Chart<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkish Top 20 Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 U.S. ''Billboard'' Pop 100]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.vnuArtistId=658897&model.vnuAlbumId=933955 U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&pageNumber=Top+1-10&g=Singles U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[United World Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}
{{end box}}

===Year End Charts===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Year End Chart (2007)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Australian [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] Singles Chart<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2007.htm ARIA]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Austria Singles Chart<ref>[http://charts.orf.at/oe3/o-y2k1/2007/single2007/main oe3.ORF.at / SingleCharts 2007]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Belgian Ultratop 50 Chart<ref>[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2007 ultratop.be - ULTRATOP BELGIAN CHARTS]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Dutch Top 40 Chart<ref>[http://www.radio538.nl/web/show/id=44790 Radio 538 = 102 FM - Jaar overzicht]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Hot 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/yearendcharts/chart_display.jsp?f=Pop+100+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles U.S. [[''Billboard'' Pop 100]]]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|[[United World Chart]]<ref>[http://www.mediatraffic.de/year-end-tracks.htm Global Track Chart]</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|}

==References==
{{citation style}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{YouTube|a4X7eFbP3u4}}
* [http://www.myspace.com/chrisapplebaum Chris Applebaum (Umbrella’s Director)] on [[MySpace]]
* [http://lyricwiki.org/Rihanna:Umbrella lyrics on LyricWiki]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Hips Don't Lie]]" by [[Shakira]] featuring [[Wyclef Jean]]
| title = [[United World Chart]] Single of the Year
| years = [[2007]]
| after = [[Incumbent]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Baby's Coming Back/Transylvania]]" by [[McFly]]
| title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 20]] [[2007]] - [[July 28]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Cupid's Chokehold]]" by [[Gym Class Heroes]] featuring [[Patrick Stump]]
| title = [[UK Download Chart]] [[2007 in British music|number-one download]]
| years = [[May 23]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box one to two
| before = "[[Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song)|Girlfriend]]" by [[Avril Lavigne]]
| title1 = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart|number-one single]]
| years1 = [[May 25]] [[2007]] - [[July 13]] [[2007]]
| after1 = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
| title2 = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia of 2007|number-one single]]
| years2 = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after2 = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Take Control]] by [[Amerie]]
| title = [[Gibraltar|GIB Singles Chart number one single]] (first run)
| years = [[May 27]] [[2007]] - [[June 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[This Is My Now]]" by [[Jordin Sparks]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Never Again]]" by [[Kelly Clarkson]]
| title = [[Gibraltar|GIB Singles Chart number one single]] (second run)
| years = [[June 24]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Amor Gitano]]" by [[Beyonce]] & [[Alejandro Fernandez]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] featuring [[Nelly Furtado]] & [[Justin Timberlake]] "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]]
| title = [[Poland]] Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 8]] [[2007]] - [[August 5]], [[2007]] [[August 12]], [[2007]] [[August 26]], [[2007]] - [[September 16]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Katharsis (song)|Katharsis]]" by [[Dorota Rabczewska|Doda]] "[[Feel (band)|A Gdy Jest Już Ciemno]]" by [[Feel (band)|Feel]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Because of You (Ne-Yo song)|Because of You]]" by [[Ne-Yo]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = [[June 4]] [[2007]] - [[July 9]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Bartender (T-Pain song)|Bartender]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Akon]]
}}

{{succession box
| before= "[[Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')]]" by [[T-Pain]] featuring [[Yung Joc]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Hey There Delilah]]" by [[Plain White T's]]
}}
{{succession box
| before= "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[Pop 100|''Billboard'' Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2007 (USA)|number one single]]
| years = [[June 9]] [[2007]] - [[July 21]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Beautiful Liar]]" by [[Beyoncé]] and [[Shakira]]
| title = [[Eurochart Hot 100|''Billboard'' Eurochart Hot 100]] number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[2007]] - [[August 23]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[The Way I Are]]" by [[Timbaland]] feauturing [[Keri Hilson]] and D.O.E.
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]] (on the [[Canadian Singles Chart]])
| title = [[Canadian Hot 100]] number-one single (chart’s first number-one single)
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[July 7]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon 5]]
| title = [[United World Chart]] [[List of number-one hits on the United World Chart|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 16]] [[2007]] - [[August 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Big Girls Don't Cry (Fergie song)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]" by [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[All Good Things (Come to an End)]]" by [[Nelly Furtado]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 2007 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 7]] [[2007]] - [[July 14]] [[2007]]
| after = "My Destiny" by [[Kim English]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The World is Mine]]" by [[David Guetta]] featuring J.D. Davis
| title = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] [[Hot Dance Airplay]] number-one single
| years = [[June 23]], [[2007]]-[[August 4]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Makes Me Wonder]]" by [[Maroon5]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[When the Stars Go Blue]]" by [[The Corrs]] and [[U2]]
| title = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (first run)
| years = [[September 22]] [[2007]] - [[October 13]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Monsoon (song)|Monsoon]]" by [[Tokyo Hotel]]
}}
{{succession box two to one
| before1 = "Nada Que Perder" by [[Conchita]]
| title1 = Spain [[Los 40 Principales|Los 40]] number-one song (second run)
| years1 = [[November 10]] [[2007]]
| after = "Me Enamora" by [[Juanes]]
| before2 = "[[Me Enamora]]" by Juanes
| title2 = [[Argentina Top 40]] number-one single
| years2 = [[November 30]] [[2007]] - [[December 7]] [[2007]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Give It to Me (Timbaland song)|Give It To Me]]" by [[Timbaland]] feat. [[Nelly Furtado]] and [[Justin Timberlake]]
| title = [[Bulgarian National Top 40]] [[Bulgarian National Top 40 number-one singles of 2007|number-one single]]
| years = [[June 10]] [[2007]] - [[August 11]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[LoveStoned]]" by [[Justin Timberlake]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Boa Sorte/Good Luck]]" by [[Vanessa da Mata]] feat. [[Ben Harper]]
| title = [[Hot100Brasil]] [[Hot100Brasil number-one hits of 2007|number-one single]]
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[July 18]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Don't Matter]]" by [[Akon]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Grace Kelly (song)|Grace Kelly]]" by [[Mika (singer)|Mika]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single
| years = [[June 6]] [[2007]] - [[July 4]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Kurt Nilsen|Push Push]]" by [[Kurt Nilsen]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-lista]] number-one single (second run)
| years = [[July 11]] [[2007]] - [[August 8]] [[2007]]
| after = "[[Fuck Deg]]" by [[Sichelle]] ([[The Way I Are|Skip]])
}}
{{end box}}

{{Rihanna}}
{{Jay-Z}}
{{Marié Digby}}
{{Manic Street Preachers}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Airplay number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one singles]]
[[Category:Jay-Z songs]]
[[Category:Marié Digby songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Applebaum]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Austria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Brazil]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Chile]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Croatia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Germany]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Latvia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Lithuania]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Poland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Portugal]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Rihanna songs]]

[[ca:Umbrella]]
[[es:Umbrella (canción)]]
[[fr:Umbrella]]
[[id:Umbrella]]
[[it:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[he:Good Girl Gone Bad#.D7.94.D7.A9.D7.99.D7.A8_Umbrella]]
[[nl:Umbrella (Rihanna)]]
[[ja:アンブレラ (リアーナの曲)]]
[[no:Umbrella (sang)]]
[[pl:Umbrella]]
[[pt:Umbrella]]
[[simple:Umbrella (song)]]
[[fi:Umbrella]]
[[sv:Umbrella]]

Sauerstoffkreislauf

2008-03-15T02:11:12Z

FastLizard4: Reverted edits by 75.0.11.108 (talk) to last version by 99.235.126.127

[[Image:Oxygen_Cycle.jpg|thumb|350px|right|The oxygen cycle.]]
The '''oxygen cycle''' is the [[biogeochemical cycle]] that describes the movement of [[oxygen]] within and between its three main reservoirs: the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]], the [[biosphere]], and the [[lithosphere]]. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is [[photosynthesis]], which is responsible for the modern Earth's atmosphere and life as we know it. Because of the vast amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere, even if all photosynthesis were to cease it would take between 5,000<ref>Walker, J. C. G. (1980) The oxygen cycle in the natural environment and the biogeochemical cycles, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany (DEU)</ref> to 2.4
million years (unknown reference) to strip out more or less all oxygen.

==Reservoirs and Fluxes==

By far the largest reservoir of Earth's oxygen is within the silicate and oxide [[mineral]]s of the [[Crust (geology)|crust]] and [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] (99.5%). Only a small portion has been released as free oxygen to the biosphere (0.01%) and atmosphere (0.36).
The main source of oxygen within the biosphere and atmosphere is photosynthesis, which breaks down carbon dioxide and water to create sugars and oxygen:
:6CO2 + 6H2O + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Photosynthesizing organisms include the plant life of the land areas as well as the [[phytoplankton]] of the oceans. The tiny marine [[cyanobacterium]] [[Prochlorococcus]] was discovered in 1986 and accounts for more than half of the photosynthesis of the open ocean.<ref>Steve Nadis, ''The Cells That Rule the Seas'', Scientific American, Nov. 2003 [http://sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa022&articleID=0005BE47-0078-1FA8-807883414B7F0000] </ref>

An additional source of atmospheric oxygen comes from [[photolysis]], whereby high energy [[ultraviolet]] radiation breaks down atmospheric water and nitrite into component atoms. The free H and N atoms escape into space leaving O2 in the atmosphere:
:2H2O + energy → 4H + O2
:2N2O + energy → 4N + O2

The main way oxygen is lost from the atmosphere is via [[Respiration (physiology)|respiration]] and [[Decomposition|decay]], mechanisms in which [[animal]] life and [[bacteria]] consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

Because lithospheric minerals are oxidised in oxygen, chemical [[weathering]] of exposed rocks also consumes oxygen. An example of surface weathering chemistry is formation of [[iron-oxide]]s (rust):
:4FeO + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
:''Main article: [[Mineral redox buffer]]''

Oxygen is also cycled between the biosphere and lithosphere. Marine organisms in the biosphere create [[calcium carbonate]] shell material (CaCO3) that is rich in oxygen. When the organism dies its shell is deposited on the shallow sea floor and buried over time to create the [[limestone]] rock of the lithosphere. Weathering processes initiated by organisms can also free oxygen from the lithosphere. Plants and animals extract nutrient minerals from rocks and release oxygen in the process.

==Oxygen reservoir capacities and fluxes==

The following tables offer estimates of oxygen cycle reservoir capacities and fluxes. These numbers are based primarily on estimates from (Walker, J.C.G.):

'''Table 1''': Major reservoirs involved in the oxygen cycle

{| border="1" cellpadding="10"
|----- align="center"
! Reservoir
! Capacity (kg O2)
! Flux In/Out (kg O2 per year)
! Residence Time (years)
|----- align="right"
| align="left" | Atmosphere || 1.4 * 1018
| 30,000 * 1010 || 4,500
|----- align="right"
| align="left" | Biosphere || 1.6 * 1016
| 30,000 * 1010 || 50
|----- align="right"
| align="left" | Lithosphere || 2.9 * 1020
| 60 * 1010 || 500,000,000
|}

'''Table 2''': Annual gain and loss of atmospheric oxygen (Units of 1010 kg O2 per year)

{| border="1" cellpadding="10"
|-----
| colspan="2" | ''Gains''
|-----
| Photosynthesis (land) Photosynthesis (ocean) Photolysis of N2O Photolysis of H2O
| align="center" | 16,500 13,500 1.3 0.03
|-----
| align="right" | Total Gains || align="center" | ~ 30,000
|-----
| colspan="2" | ''Losses - Respiration and Decay''
|-----
| Aerobic Respiration Microbial Oxidation Combustion of Fossil Fuel (anthropologic) Photochemical Oxidation Fixation of N2 by Lightning Fixation of N2 by Industry (anthropologic) Oxidation of Volcanic Gases
| align="center" | 23,000 5,100 1,200 600 12 10 5
|-----
| colspan="2" | ''Losses - Weathering''
|-----
| Chemical Weathering Surface Reaction of O3
| align="center" | 50 12
|-----
| align="right" | Total Losses || align="center" | ~ 30,000
|}

== Ozone ==
The presence of atmospheric oxygen has led to the formation of [[ozone]] and the [[ozone layer]] within the [[stratosphere]]. The ozone layer is extremely important to modern life as it absorbs harmful [[ultraviolet]] radiation:
:O2 + uv energy → 2O
:O + O2 → O3

== Phosphorus ==

An interesting theory is that [[phosphorus]] (P) in the [[ocean]] helps regulate the amount of atmospheric oxygen. Phosphorus dissolved in the oceans is an essential nutrient to photosynthetic life and one of the key limiting factors. Oceanic photosynthesis contributes approximately 45% of the total free oxygen to the oxygen cycle. The population growth of photosynthetic organisms is primarily limited by the availability of dissolved phosphorus.

One side-effect of mining and industrial activities is a dramatic increase in the amount of phosphorus being discharged to the world's oceans. However, this increase in available phosphorus has not resulted in a corresponding increase in oceanic photosynthesis. This is because an increase in photosynthesizer population results in increased oxygen levels in the oceans. The elevated oxygen levels promote the growth of certain types of [[bacteria]] that compete for uptake of dissolved phosphorus. This competition limits the amount of phosphorus available to photosynthetic life thus buffering their total population as well as the levels of O2.

== References ==
<references/>
*Cloud, P. and Gibor, A. 1970, The oxygen cycle, Scientific American, September, S. 110-123
*Fasullo, J., Substitute Lectures for ATOC 3600: Principles of Climate, Lectures on the global oxygen cycle, http://paos.colorado.edu/~fasullo/pjw_class/oxygencycle.html
*Morris, R.M., OXYSPHERE - A Beginners' Guide to the Biogeochemical Cycling of Atmospheric Oxygen, http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/rmorris/oxy/Oxy.htm
{{Biogeochemical cycle}}

[[Category:Ecology]]
[[Category:Geochemistry]]
[[Category:Chemical oceanography]]
[[Category:Photosynthesis]]

[[cs:Koloběh kyslíku]]
[[es:Ciclo del oxígeno]]
[[fr:Cycle de l'oxygène]]
[[fi:Hapen kiertokulku]]
[[th:วัฏจักรออกซิเจน]]
[[zh:氧循環]]

Frank Church–River of No Return Wilderness

2008-02-25T02:32:43Z

FastLizard4: Reverted edits by Gimie the beat boys (talk) to last version by Lightmouse

{{Infobox_protected_area | name = Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness
| iucn_category = Ib
| image = US_Locator_Blank.svg
| caption =
| locator_x = 52
| locator_y = 42
| location = [[Idaho]], [[United States|USA]]
| nearest_city = [[Boise, Idaho|Boise, ID]]
| lat_degrees = 45
| lat_minutes = 3
| lat_seconds = 55
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 114
| long_minutes = 57
| long_seconds = 16
| long_direction = W
| area = 2,366,757 acres (9,577 km²)
| established = [[January 1]], [[1980]]
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[United States Forest Service|U.S. Forest Service]] U.S. [[Bureau of Land Management]]
}}


[[Image:River_of_No_Return_Wilderness.jpg|right|300px]]

The '''Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness Area''' is a protected [[wilderness area]] located in [[Idaho]]. It was created in [[1980]] by the [[United States Congress]] as the ''River of No Return Wilderness Area'', and renamed in [[1984]] as the ''Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness Area'' in honor of [[United States Senator|U.S. Senator]] [[Frank Church]].

At 2.3 million acres (9,300 km²), it is the largest contiguous area of protected wilderness in the continental United States. Together with the adjacent [[Gospel Hump Wilderness]] and surrounding unprotected roadless [[United States Forest Service|Forest Service]] land, it is the core of a 3.3 million acre (13,000 km²) roadless area. It is separated from the [[Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness]], to the north, by a single dirt road (the Magruder Corridor). The wilderness contains parts of several mountain ranges, including the [[Salmon River Mountains]], the [[Clearwater Mountains]], and the [[Bighorn Crag]]s. The ranges are split by steep canyons of the Middle and Main forks of the [[Salmon River (Idaho)|Salmon River]]. The Salmon River is a popular destination for whitewater [[rafting]], and is colloquially known as the "River of No Return" for its swift current which makes upstream travel difficult. Most of the area is covered by [[conifer]]ous forests, with dry, open land along the rivers at lower elevations.

While designation as a Wilderness Area in the United States generally requires the prohibition of any motorized machinery, the use of [[jetboat]]s and several airstrips are permitted in this wilderness as [[Grandfather clause|grandfathered]] existing uses before the wilderness was designated.

== History ==
In 1931, 1,090,000 acres (4,400 km²) in [[Central Idaho]] were declared by the U.S. Forest Service as The Idaho Primitive Area. In 1963, the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness was split into three parts: The Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness, the Salmon River Breaks Primitive area, and the Magruder Corridor-the land between the two areas.

Frank Church was the Senate floor sponsor for The [[Wilderness Act of 1964]], which protected 9 million acres (36,000 km²) of United States land as part of the [[National Wilderness Preservation System]]. In 1968, he introduced the [[Wild and Scenic Rivers Act]], which included the Middle Fork of the Salmon River, so that rivers "shall be preserved in free-flowing condition, and that they and their immediate environments shall be protected for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations."

Church's environmental legislation culminated in 1980 with the passage of the Central Idaho Wilderness Act. The act created the River of No Return Wilderness by combining the Idaho Primitive Area, the Salmon River Breaks Primitive Area, and a portion of the Magruder Corridor. The Act also added 125 miles of the Salmon River to the Wild and Scenic Rivers System. In March of 1984, weeks before his death, Congress honored Senator Church by renaming the area, The Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness.

== Wildlife ==
Because of its size the wilderness area provides a secluded habitat for a wide variety of mammal species, including some rare, vulnerable species. The wilderness is inhabited by a large population of [[mountain lion]]s, and [[Wolf|grey wolves]] that visit the area. Populations of [[black bear|black bears]], as well as: [[lynx]], [[coyote]], and [[red fox]] are scattered throughout the area. Other observable [[ruminant]] wildlife within the Wilderness include: [[bighorn sheep]], [[mountain goat|mountain goats]], [[elk]], [[moose]], [[mule deer]], and [[white tail deer]]. While this area has been deemed as one of the few remaining areas in the continental U.S. with suitable habitat for [[grizzly bears]], no established populations are known to exist. The wilderness also offers some of the most critical habitat for [[wolverine|wolverines]] in the lower 48 states.

== External links ==
* [http://www.fs.fed.us/r4/sc/recreation/fcronr/index.shtml US Forest Service Page on the Frank Church-RNR Area]
* [http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&wname=Frank%20Church-River%20of%20No%20Return Wilderness.net wilderness information]
* [http://www.topozone.com/map.asp?z=11&n=5022428&e=701319&s=100&size=l&u=7&datum=nad83&layer=DRG25 Topozone map of the wilderness]
* [http://www.svguide.com/w06/w06_wolverines.htm Wolverines: Ghosts In Our Woods] from Sun Valley Guide

[[Category:Regions in Idaho]]
[[Category:Wilderness Areas of Idaho]]

Gangster Disciples

2008-02-19T04:07:28Z

FastLizard4: Reverted edits by 67.9.13.43 (talk) to last version by ClueBot

{{unreferenced|date=January 2008}}

The '''Gangster Disciples''' are a largely [[Chicago]]-based street [[gang]].{{Fact|date=January 2008}}

==History==
The history of the Gangster Disciples begins with [[Larry Hoover]], who entered and rose through the ranks of the Chicago gang circuit in the 1960s and took control of the gang in 1974 by leading a series of increasingly powerful alliances{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. He ended up running the gang from prison until he was transferred to a higher security wing in the 1990s{{Fact|date=January 2008}}.
Larry Hoover was born in [[Jackson, Mississippi|Jackson]], [[Mississippi]] on [[November 30]], [[1950]]. He moved to Chicago with his family in [[1955]]{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. At the age of 16, Hoover joined a gang of 50 older youths called the ''[[Supreme Gangsters]]'', including Quadarrus Mosley, Larry Hoover's brother-in-law. {{Fact|date=January 2008}}. They hung around the corner of 68th and Green Street in the impoverished [[Englewood, Chicago|Englewood]] neighborhood, on the South Side of Chicago where Hoover lived{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. Hoover was kicked out of high school on the first day of his sophomore year, in [[1965]], after being shot in the thigh by a rival gang member {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.

=== 1967: Hoover Joins the Supreme Gangsters of Chicago===
Eventually, Hoover became the leader of the Supreme Gangsters{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. In [[1967]] Hoover and his Supreme Gangsters overcame the [[King Cobras]], who outnumbered the Supreme Gangsters, and Hoover caused most of the Cobras to join his gang of SG's{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Eventually Hoover was able to organize the '''[[Gangster Nation]]''', an alliance of sorts, which consisted of several different gangs in the [[Englewood, Chicago|Englewood]] neighborhood including The Supreme Gangsters (the father/main branch of the 'nation') and the [[Imperial Gangsters]] {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.

===1960s: David Barksdale creates the Disciple Nation===
[[David Barksdale]], another South Side-based gang leader Jerome"King Shorty"Freeman,and Don Charles Jones created the '''[[Disciple Nation]]''' consisting of his ''[[Devil's Disciples]]'' street gang (the main branch of the 'nation'), the [[Falcon Disciples]] and others{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. During this time, Barksdale also controlled three other lesser gangs.{{Fact|November 2007|date=November 2007}}
Georgia also is one of the biggest disciple houses in the united states{{Fact|date=January 2008}} G.A contains one of the head folk members who ever lived .Earl porter aka King porter from middle Georgia.
Raised in Chicago on the south side. Due to murder charges from Don Jones King porter was moved to Georgia to get away from the gang violence in 1987.David and Hoover tried to get king porter to come back to Chicago but he never came back.None of the King disciples heard from Earl ever since{{Fact|date=January 2008}}.
His disciple branch was never complete. His brother Mike aka Mike Mayor was found dead after a three million dollar drug deal gone bad{{Fact|date=January 2008}}.King Earl should have been the nations president but he left Chicago.The last time any of the leading head family members heard from King porter was when he served a four year sentence in prison for drug trafficking charges in Atlanta GA{{Fact|date=January 2008}}.

===1963: Name changes during gang mergers===
In [[1963]] Barksdale and king porters farther Charles Jones changed the name of the Disciple Nation to the '''Black Disciples'''{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. The Black Disciples and the '''Gangster Nation''' were two separate alliances that were similar to the present day [[Folk Nation]] alliance. Before an individual gang could become a part of the Gangster Nation or Black Disciples, they had to alter their names to reflect membership in the alliance{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. To be a part of the Disciple Nation, a street gang had to adopt the last name of ''Disciple'' (although there were exceptions like the Black Souls, West Side Cobras, and Del Vikings) {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Likewise, to be a part of the [[Gangster Nation]], a gang had to adopt the last name of ''Gangster'' {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.But new member join the nation such as GeraldTate,Black and more

===Late 1960s: Alliances grow between gangs...into a 'nation'===
During the late [[1960s]] the Gangster Nation was growing but still lagged behind the development of the Black Disciples and the [[Black P. Stones|Blackstone Rangers]]{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. However, Barksdale and Hoover had a powerful alliance. Jeff Fort, who was the leader of the Blackstone Rangers at that time, invited Larry Hoover to absorb his Gangster Nation into the Blackstone's and offered Hoover the position of Ambassador, which was a much lesser position than the position Hoover held as Leader of the Gangster Nation {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Fort offered to rename the Gangster Nation to the ''Gangster Stones'', but Hoover declined this offer. Instead, Hoover and Barksdale combined forces and created the ''[[Black Gangster Disciple Nation]]''(BGDN) in [[1969]] {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. The BGDN was at that time an alliance and '''not''' a gang. The Black Disciples were separate, and the Gangs that joined the BGDN Alliance had their independence--similar to the Supreme Gangsters and the gangs that joined the Gangster Nation in the 60s{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. The BGDN was essentially one entity because the president, David Barksdale, and the vice president, Larry Hoover and Charles Jones worked together constantly, acting as one "nation."{{Fact|date=January 2008}}

Right before the BGDN was formed there was the BGD which was the Black Gangsters Disciples which Larry Hoover started{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. He changed the name of the Gangster Nation to the Black Gangster Disciples and soon expanded throughout the South Side. During this time right before the merger in [[1969]], the BGD's and the BD's were at war. So Barksdale and Hoover became enemies in the late 1960s{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. 

===Early 1970s: BGDN enters the drug trade===
When the BGDN was formed the wars ended and they instead combined forces in an attempt to eliminate the Blackstone Rangers{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. The Chairman Larry Hoover needed a way to take over the drug game in Chicago. In 1978 the Englewood community was selling the most heroin and cocaine in Chicago. "Clever Larry" needed the drug game to spread, at the BGD picnic held at Washington Park Hoover met other loyal Gangsters from the westside who were willing to join the general on major Lumpsome of heroin , and crack cocaine that was shipped from Englewood to Garfield Park, 22cd and state, Fosko park, And Franklin Park{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. Mant of the Plans had died out within the time period of 15 years the first westside joint was Frankilin Park to get indited. The Drug Lords were Tennessee aka James B. Georgia aka Frank Gordon, and Kentucy aka Kenton Kendricks. Agter the west side went down Gangster Disciple had to keep the drug flow on the south side{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. Hoover said " Chicago Police is too hot on the westside" We move in silence for now on......

===1973: Larry Hoover sentenced to prison; appointed president of BGDN===
In [[1973]] Larry Hoover was sentenced to a life sentence on [[November 5]], [[1973]] for murder. [[Joshua Shaw]] was the witness to testify against Hoover who claimed he saw Hoover and [[Antonio Strong Sr. ]] kidnap William Young from 69th and Wentworth, Later Young was found shot dead in an alley way at 6814 S. Lowe on [[February 26th]], [[1973]]{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. Young was said to have stolen drugs from the BGDN's drug supply because Young was an addict. Howard and Hoover were given 150-200 year sentences each. Then in 1974 David Barksdale died of Kidney failure that was caused by complications from a gunshot wound that Barksdale suffered in a [[1969]] attempt on his life by an [[11.9]]{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. Afterward a new president needed to be appointed and it was to be between Ed "Lil E" Isom or [[Earl King Porter ]]{{Fact|date=January 2008}}.

It was decided that Hoover should be the new President{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. Two years later in [[1976]], young King Porter angry at Don Charles disbanded from the BGDN to make the Black Disciples a separate organization after he got the ok from his father Don Charles Jones{{Fact|date=January 2008}}.

=== Hoover asserts BGD influence while in prison===
It was very frustrating for law enforcement when they saw how the BGD's were still functioning full force and making massive profits on the streets and still growing in numbers even with Hoover in prison due to young and powerful King porter{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. However, Hoover's exploits were not limited to the streets. While incarcerated at [[Pontiac prison]] in Illinois, Hoover incited an inmate riot that resulted in three dead correctional officers{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. No disciplinary action was taken against Hoover, due to lack of cooperation from his and King Porters fellow gang members in testifying against him{{Fact|date=January 2008}}.

The second great showing of power was Hoover's creation of [[Folk Nation]]. At this point, the BGDN was one street gang and not an alliance like it was in the 60s; therefore, Hoover wanted to create a new alliance that would unify several street gangs{{Fact|date=January 2008}}.

===Tense relations between Hoover's Folk Nation and Freeman's spin off Black Disciples ===
Because of their past relations with King Earl and BGD's [[Black Disciples]] joined the Folks Nation, as did the newly formed Black Gangsters that were a break away gang that used to be part of the BGD prior to [[1978]]{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. The Satan Disciples joined Folk because they were related to Porters Black Disciples. The [[Latin Disciples]] joined because they formed an alliance with the BGD's earlier in the 70s. Then all the gangs that were in the U.L.O ([[United Latino Organization]]) with the Latin Disciples joined Folks: [[Imperial Gangsters]], [[Latin Eagles]], and [[Spanish Cobras]]{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. The Spanish Cobras good friends the [[Orchestra Albanie's]] joined Folks that year because Cobras did. Porter then offered [[Simon City Royals]] Leaders Toddy and Mike Brewer a good business proposition if the Royals joined Folks; therefore the Royals joined Folks and they got their closest allies the [[North Side Insane Popes]] to join Folks too{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. The Royals and Disciples relationship helped both nations out alot both in prison and on the streets of Chicago. Two Six also joined Folks that year. Young King Porter had absorbed some of Chicago's biggest and fastest growing gangs. In the early [[1980s]], the Folk nation expanded and took in several other gangs{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. By this time the BGD's had opened up sets on the [[North Side of Chicago]] they even opened up a Latino faction known as the [[Spanish Gangsters Disciples]]. Throughout the [[1980s]] Hoover held together the Folk nation while incarcerated behind prison walls as the BGDN recruited more and more members and opened up more and more sets all around Chicago and into the suburbs{{Fact|date=January 2008}}.

===1990s: Inter alliance wars between BDs and BGD's; Gangster Disciples forms===
In [[1991]] the BGD's and the BD's started shooting at each other which started an inter alliance war. This war set a violent example for all gangs under the Folk nation, and subsequently several inter alliance wars broke out within the Folk Nation{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. Also the BGD's went to war with the Black Gangsters too which caused the Black Gangsters to sever all ties and even leave the Folk alliance. During the month of August in the year [[1991]] when the BGD's and BD's went to war, the BGDs were so angry with the Black Disciples that King Porter dropped the letter B from their initials which mean they were no longer known as the Black Gangster Disciples but now known as the [[Gangsters Disciples]] or GD or GDN{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. Also in the early [[1990s]] the GD's became the largest street gang in Chicago. The power of the Gangsters Disciples was so great that they were bringing in millions of dollars from drug profits alone{{Fact|date=January 2008}}.

== Other Information of Interest==

===The Folk Nation===
Originally formed on the [[South side (Chicago)|South Side]] of Chicago, the Gangster Disciples now have an enormous presence in the [[St. Louis]] and [[East St. Louis]] area, as well as in major Midwestern cities such as [[Detroit]], [[Minneapolis-St. Paul]],[[Chicago]], [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], [[Racine, Wisconsin|Racine]], [[Milwaukee]], [[Cincinnati]], and [[Indianapolis]]{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. They are also now starting to move into some of the southern states such as [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Arkansas]], [[Tennessee]], [[Alabama]], and [[South Carolina]], [[ North Carolina]] and even [[Florida]]. They are by far the largest group that makes up the [[Folk Nation]] coalition of [[street organizations]], which includes the Gangster Disciples, Maniac Latin Disciples, White Gangster Disciples, Spanish Cobras, Satan Disciples, Simon City Royals and a number of smaller organizations{{Fact|date=January 2008}}.

===Markings and symbols===
Symbols used by the Gangster Disciples include the colors black and blue, a six-pointed star ([[Star of David]]), a three-pointed 'Devil's pitchfork' pointed upward and resembling the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[Psi (letter)|psi]], a heart with wings, horns, and tail, and a five-pointed crown upside down{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. To display the pitchfork down is considered an insult. Origins of the use of the six-pointed star have been disputed. Rumor states that the 6 pointed star represent the 6 points of "honor" that they abide by{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. The six points of the star represent "life, love, loyalty, knowledge, wisdom, and understanding"-representing 360 degrees of knowledge. Some say that there is no connection with the Jewish [[star of David]], other than a remembrance of the gang's co-founder 'King' David Barksdale; however, other accounts add that it is also a tribute to Chicago's [[Black Hebrew Israelite]] movement{{Fact|date=January 2008}}. This may be seen as analogous to other facets of African American organized crime's varying levels of connection to Black religious sects such as the [[Nation of Islam]].<ref>See [[Black Mafia]]</ref>{{Fact|date=January 2008}}.

[[Category:Gangster Disciples| ]]
[[Category:Folk Nation]]

Council of Conservative Citizens

2008-02-03T03:10:15Z

FastLizard4: Reverted edits by 70.152.123.11 (talk) to last version by Yahel Guhan

{{POV|date=January 2008}}
The '''Council of Conservative Citizens''' ('''CofCC''') is an [[United States|American]] [[white supremacist]]<ref>http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/CCCitizens.asp?xpicked=3&item=12</ref> organization that supports a large variety of [[Conservativism|conservative]] causes. Some members of the CofCC board of directors are former leaders of the [[Racial segregation|segregationist]] Citizen Councils of America, founded by Maj. Bob Patterson, which is sometimes referred to as the [[White Citizens Council]]. It is headquartered in [[St. Louis, Missouri]], and its most active chapter is in [[Mississippi]]. Other US states with active chapters include [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Alabama]], [[Louisiana]], [[Tennessee]], [[South Carolina]], [[North Carolina]], [[Virginia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Michigan]], [[Indiana]], [[Illinois]] and [[New York]]. Sporadic CofCC activities occur in other parts of the country as well.

==History==
The CofCC was founded in [[1988]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]], and is now headquartered in [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Missouri]]. The CofCC was formed by various leaders of the [[Citizens Councils of America]], sometimes called "white citizen's council" by the media, the American Populist Party, and others. [[Lester Maddox]], the late former [[segregationist]] governor of Georgia, was a charter member.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cofcc.org/memoriam/lester_maddox.htm
| title = Remembering Lester Maddox
| Council of Conservative Citizens Website
| accessdate = 2007-04-19}}</ref> [[Gordon Lee Baum]] is the current CEO. Tom Dover, head of Dover Cylinder Repair is the president. Lenard Wilson, a former Alabama State Committeeman for both Republican and Democratic parties, sits on the CofCC Executive Board. Bill Lord Sr, Carrol County Coroner, former head of the Carrol Academy School Board, also sits of the Executive Board.

In 1997, several members of the CofCC attended an event hosted by [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]]'s [[Front National (France)|National Front]] party. The delegation from the CofCC presented Le Pen a [[Confederate flag]], which had been flown over the [[South Carolina]] state capitol building.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Taylor
| first = Jared
| url = http://www.amren.com/9811issue/9811issue.html
| title = A Festival for France: The Front National's gigantic celebration of French Nationalism
| work = American Renaissance
| accessdate = 2007-03-12
| date = 1998-09 }}</ref>

The CofCC became involved in national politics during the 1990s when it was discovered by journalists and researchers that many politicians, including [[Bob Barr]], had belonged to or spoken at CofCC functions (saying later in Barr's case that he found the groups' racial views to be "repugnant," and didn't realize the nature of the group when he agreed to attend), had either attended the group's meetings, corresponded with its leaders, and/or spoken favorably of it.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990317-2,00.html
| authorlink = Bob Barr
| last = Barr
| first = Bob
| date = 1999-03-01
| accessdate = 2007-03-12
| title = Representative Barr Responds (Letter)
| work = Time Magazine }}</ref>
Subsequently it was found that [[U.S. Senate Majority Leader]] [[Trent Lott]] had also spoken at a CofCC meeting. In the ensuing controversy the CofCC was denounced by the Chairman of the [[Republican National Committee]], [[Jim Nicholson (U.S. politician)|Jim Nicholson]], for holding "racist and nationalist views". Other national and state politicians who have given speeches or attended CofCC meetings include former [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Jesse Helms]], and former governors [[H. Guy Hunt]] of [[Alabama]] and [[Kirk Fordice]] of Mississippi. Former House Minority Leader [[Dick Gephardt]] also attended event of the organization's St. Louis predecessor the "Metro-South Citizens Council" shortly before the name change in the mid-[[1980s]] an event he has repeatedly referred to as a mistake.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,108068,00.html
| last = Cameron
| first = Carl
| title = Gephardt Admits Mistake on Race Issues in '70s
| work = FoxNews.com
| date = 2004-01-11
| accessdate = 2007-03-12 }}</ref>

The SPLC and the ''[[Miami Herald]]'' tallied a further 38 federal, state, and local politicians who appeared at CofCC events between 2000 and 2004.<ref>http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=487</ref>

The ADL states the following politicians are members or have spoke at meetings. Senator [[Trent Lott]], Mississippi Governor [[Haley Barbour]], Mississippi state senators [[Gary Jackson]], and [[Dean Kirby]], several Mississippi state representatives. Ex-Governors [[Guy Hunt]] of Alabama, and [[Kirk Fordice]] of Mississippi, also have spoke at CofCC meetings. U.S. Rep. [[Roger Wicker]] is said to have attended.<ref>http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/CCCitizens.asp?xpicked=3&item=12</ref>

In 1993, [[Mike Huckabee]], then the Lieutenant Governor of [[Arkansas]], agreed to speak at the CofCC's national convention in [[Memphis, Tennessee]]. By the time of the convention, Huckabee was unable to leave Arkansas. Instead, he sent a videotaped speech, which "was viewed and extremely well received by the audience," according to the CofCC newsletter.<ref>{{cite web| last =Blumenthal| first = Max| title ="Mike Huckabee's White Supremacist Links"| publisher = ''[[The Nation]]''| date = 01/18/2008| url = http://www.thenation.com/blogs/campaignmatters?pid=272545| accessdate = 2008-01-21}}</ref>

In 2005, the Council of Conservative Citizens held its National Conference in [[Montgomery, Alabama]]. [[George Wallace Jr.]], an Alabama Public Service Commissioner and former State Treasurer who was then running for Lieutenant Governor, and [[Sonny Landham]], an actor, spoke at the conference.

==Issues==
The CofCC considers itself a traditional conservative group opposing liberals and [[neo-conservativism|neo-conservatives]] and they also seek to promote some of the ideals of the [[Confederate States of America]]. Its specific issues include [[states rights]], [[race relations]], and conservative [[Christianity]]. They have criticized [[Martin Luther King]],<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.cofcc.org/foundation/reparations.htm
| title = Reparations for Slavery: Strategies and Tactics
| date = 2003
| accessdate = 2007-03-14
}} </ref> [[Abraham Lincoln]], the [[American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|Civil Rights Movement]], and the [[Frankfurt School]] on their website. Consistent with paleoconservatism, they regard American culture as an offshoot of the [[Europe]]an cultural tradition. The Council of Conservative Citizens is currently fighting against immigration by non-whites, [[affirmative action]] and racial quotas, [[interracial marriage]], [[homosexuality]], [[forced busing]] for school [[Racial integration|integration]], and [[gun control]]. The CofCC also looks favorably towards European [[nationalist]] and anti-immigration groups such as [[British National Party]], [[Front National (France)|Front National]], and [[Vlaams Belang]].

In 2005 the CofCC staged the largest protest ever held in front of the offices of the SPLC in Montgomery, Alabama. About 72 members demonstrated and received state-wide publicity. The CofCC has also protested speaking engagements by [[Morris Dees]] in Alabama, Mississippi, Missouri, Indiana, and South Carolina.

==Activities==
The CofCC publishes the ''Citizens Informer'' newspaper quarterly. Previously edited by the late [[Samuel Francis]], [[Joel T. LeFevre]] took over, and the editorial board includes Baum, [[Virginia Abernethy]], Sam G. Dickson, [[Wayne Lutton]], and [[Jared Taylor]]. Recent contributors to the ''Citizen Informer'' have included [[Ilana Mercer]], [[Lawrence Auster]], and [[Robert Locke]]. It has also printed syndicated columns of [[Joseph Sobran]], [[Patrick Buchanan]] and [[United States Congress|Congressional]] speeches of [[Ron Paul]]. Numerous Mississippi businesses advertise in the ''Citizens Informer'', most notably the famous Crystal Grill.

The CofCC has a non-profit foundation, the Conservative Citizens Foundation, which is currently raising money for a [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] monument project.

==State chapters==
===Mississippi===
In Mississippi there are several chapters that are working closely with private “academies”. These academies (many of which were originally called “council schools”) in Mississippi are inexpensive [[private school]]s that provide whites with an alternative to sending their children to majority-black [[public school]]s.

Mississippi is the only state that has major politicians who are open CofCC members, including [[Mississippi State Senate|State Senators]] and [[Mississippi House of Representatives|State Representatives]]. The CofCC once claimed 34 members in the Mississippi legislature.<ref name="SPLC40">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=115&printable=1
| title = 40 to Watch: What does the radical right look like after a year of reverses? The future may lie in the personalities still peopling the fringe
| author = Beirich, Heidi
| coauthors = Potok, Mark
| work = Intelligence Report
| publisher = Southern Poverty Law Center
| date = Fall 2003 }}</ref>

Every four years, Mississippi State Chairman Bill Lord holds the Blackhawk Rally in [[Blackhawk, Mississippi]]. The rally raises money for the [[Carroll County, Mississippi|Carroll County]] Academy busing association that provides buses for private academies. The rally is co-sponsored by the CofCC and other county organizations.

[[Haley Barbour]], a long-time [[Republican National Committee]] chairman and later the [[Governor of Mississippi]], spoke at a Blackhawk Rally. A photograph of Barbour with CofCC members appeared on the CofCC webpage during Barbour's gubernatorial campaign, and a firestorm of media demanded that Barbour ask for his picture to be removed from the site. Barbour refused; his Democratic opponent said that he would also have appeared at the event, but for a scheduling conflict. Barbour was later elected governor.

===South Carolina===

The South Carolina CofCC held a rally opposing amnesty for [[2006 U.S. immigration reform protests|illegal immigrants]] with over 1,000 in Greenville, SC on [[April 29]], [[2006]], the largest such rally in the nation . After WYFF NBC Greenville falsely reported that only "dozens attended," the SC CofCC demonstrated in front of their station with about 125 people.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

[[Image:Sc immigration rally.jpg|thumb|Council of Conservative Citizens]]

The Council of Conservative Citizens held mass demonstrations in South Carolina between 1993 and 2000 to keep the [[Confederate flag]] on the state house dome. Demonstrations were held in the upstate, down to the tourist coast in Myrtle Coast and [[Hilton Head Island]]. The rallies started as a response to NAACP rallies calling for the flag to come down. The CofCC fought a lone battle to keep the flag up for seven years. After a 1999 rally, when the CofCC drew 1,500 demonstrators to the capital, other groups asked to form a coalition. In 2000, a coalition march drew 8,000 people. However, several coalition members endorsed a compromise that led to the flag coming down and being placed in front of the statehouse on the Confederate Soldier statue.

The previous SC CofCC state director, Francis Bell passed away in 2005 after fighting a long battle with cancer. The South Carolina CofCC is now headed by a four member board of directors. and has active chapters in Charleston and Greenville.

==Controversy and criticism==
The CofCC is considered by the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] (SPLC) to be part of the "[[neo-confederate]] movement." The [[NAACP]], [[League of United Latin American Citizens]], SPLC (which lists it as a "hate group"<ref name="SPLCreport">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.splcenter.org/center/splcreport/article.jsp?aid=103
| title = Center Report Exposes Links Between Hate Group, Lawmakers
| accessdate = 2007-03-12
| publisher = Southern Poverty Law Center
| date = September 2004 }}</ref>) [[Anti-Defamation League]], and even some conservative groups, such as [[Conservative Political Action Conference]],<ref>http://www.thenation.com/doc/20060911/george_allen/3</ref> consider the Council of Conservative Citizens a [[racism|racist]] and [[homophobia|homophobic]] organization, pointing to its purported advocacy of [[white supremacy]]. This view is partially based on the CofCC's statement of principles, which condemns racial integration (see item 2), immigration by non-Europeans (see item 2), homosexuality, and interracial marriage (see item 6).<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cofcc.org/manifest.htm
| title = Statement of Principles
| accessdate = 2007-04-04
| publisher = Council of Conservative Citizens
| date = unknown }}</ref>

The group has not responded to this charge. The Council of Conservative Citizens often resorts to what opponents assert is slanted and inflammatory language and images to promote its message. An April 2005 photo essay on the CCC website shows gruesome pictures of decapitated, burnt and mangled bodies of [[whites|white]] victims of black violence in [[South Africa]], while the caption states that whites may one day become a minority in the United States.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20050204012636/cofcc.org/shelby.htm</ref>

==See also==
*[[American Renaissance (magazine)]]
*[[Conservatism]]
*[[Occidental Quarterly]]
*[[Paleoconservatism]]
*[[Right-wing politics]]
*[[VDARE]]
*[[White Citizens' Council]]
*[[States' Rights]]
*[[Kirk Fordice]]
*[[Lester Maddox]]

==Footnotes==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.cofcc.org/ Official website]
**[http://www.cofcc.org/manifest.htm A Statement of the Principles of the Council of Conservative Citizens]
**[http://alcofcc.wordpress.com/ Alabama Chapter]
**[http://scccc.wordpress.com/ Southern California Chapter]
**[http://ctcofcc.wordpress.com/ Connecticut Chapter]
**[http://www.chicagoamren.com/ Illinois Chapter]
**[http://members.aol.com/kidrebel777/KidRebel777/ Southeast Missouri Chapter]
**[http://www.galilei.com/stl/cofcc/ Missouri {St. Louis) Chapter]
**[http://stlcofcc.wordpress.com/ St. Louis CofCC Blog]
**[http://heritagelost.wordpress.com/ South Carolina Chapter]
**[http://www.cofccne.com/ Massachusetts Chapter]
**[http://www.micofcc.org/ Michigan Chapter]
**[http://micofcc.wordpress.com/ Michigan CofCC Blog]
**[http://members.aol.com/kidrebel777/KidRebel777/ Southeast Missouri]

*[http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/05023/446341.stm ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'': Jared Taylor, a racist in the guise of 'expert'] January 23, 2005 (Part one of two-part series. Focuses on Taylor but includes information about CofCC).
*[http://www.adl.org/mwd/ccc.asp Summary of newspaper reports of CofCC by Anti-Defamation League] Last updated February 4, 1999.
*[http://www.adl.org/learn/Ext_US/CCCitizens.asp?xpicked=3&item=12 Anti-Defamation League: Extremism in America]
*[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=487 SPLC's ''Intelligence Report'': Communing with the Council] Fall 2004
*[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?pid=460 The Neo-Confederates]
*[http://mediamatters.org/items/200505040001 "Christian Science Monitor failed to note Minuteman Project volunteer's white supremacist ties"] by [[MediaMatters]]

{{White supremist organizations}}

[[Category:Politics and race]]
[[Category:Conservative organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Southern United States]]
[[Category:Paleoconservatism]]

Logan Browning

2008-01-31T01:41:34Z

FastLizard4: Reverted edits by 69.85.144.142 (talk) to last version by Alexfusco5

{{Infobox actor
| name = Logan Browning
| image = Bratz 07-26-07 046.jpg
| caption = Browning at the Toronto premiere of ''Bratz''. (Photo by Nikki Lamb)
| birthname = Logan Browning
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1989|06|09}}
| birthplace = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| othername =
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2004 – Present
| website =
| academyawards =
| awards =
}}
'''Logan Browning''' (born [[June 9]], [[1989]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[actress]].

==Biography==

Logan Browning made her acting debut on the teen series Summerland as the character Carrie, and in the [[teen drama]] ''[[Vanessa]] on the [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] series ''[[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]]'' in 2005 through [[2006 in television|2006]].

In 2007, she starred as one of the main characters, Sasha, in the live-action theatrical feature ''[[Bratz (film)|Bratz]]'', based on the [[Bratz|popular fashion doll line]]. It was her first starring role, her first role in a feature length film, and her first theatrical role. In 2008, the [[Golden Raspberry Awards]] nominated Browning and her three co-stars together for [[Razzie Award for Worst Actress|Worst Actress]] for their roles in the film <ref>http://www.razzies.com/history/07nomActr.asp</ref>.

She also makes a brief appearance in [[Prima J|Prima J's]] "Rockstar" music video , as well as B5's music video "U Got Me".

===Personal life===
Browning was born in [[Atlanta, Georgia]].<ref name="browning1">{{cite news|last=Larsen|first=Dave|coauthors=|title=Logan browning: "Brat" actress has Dayton ties|pages=|publisher=Dayton Daily News|date=[[2007-08-03]]|url=http://www.daytondailynews.com/e/content/oh/story/entertainment/theater/2007/08/02/ddn080307gologan.html|accessdate=2007-08-05}}</ref> She resides in Atlanta where she attended [[Fayette County High School (Georgia)|Fayette County High School]] in [[Fayetteville, Georgia]] where she became homecoming queen. She also attended the [[Barbizon Modeling School of Atlanta]] which she graduated from in [[2003]].<ref>http://www.barbizonatlanta.com/models/browning/index.html</ref> She has three siblings. She currently attends Vanderbilt University. Browning speaks fluent Swahili.

==Filmography==
===films===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Bratz (film)|Bratz: The Movie]]'' || Sasha
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2004-2005 || ''[[Summerland (TV series)|Summerland]]'' || Carrie || 4 episodes
|-
| 2005-2006 || ''[[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]]'' || Vanessa || 5 episodes
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons|category:Logan Browning|Logan Browning}}
*{{imdb name|2503064}}
*[http://www.thebratzfilm.com/ TheBratzFilm.Com] (features brief biography)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Browning, Logan}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:African-American actors]]
[[Category:American child actors]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:Baptists from the United States]]
[[Category:Georgia (U.S. state) actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Atlanta]]

{{actor-stub}}

[[eu:Logan Browning]]

Piedmont (Appalachen)

2008-01-31T00:58:55Z

FastLizard4: Reverted edits by Poolparty 89 (talk) to last version by Pharmboy

{{otheruses2|Piedmont}}
[[Image:NelsonCountyPiedmont.wmg.jpg|right|thumb|400px|The [[James River (Virginia)|James River]] winds its way among Piedmont hills in central [[Virginia]]. Most of the hills in the Piedmont region are smaller than these.]]
[[Image:piedmontmap.png|right|frame| '''Piedmont''' plateau region (shaded)]]

'''Piedmont''' is a plateau region located in the eastern [[United States]] between the [[Atlantic Coastal Plain]] and the main [[Appalachian Mountains]], stretching from [[New Jersey]] in the north to central [[Alabama]] in the south. The '''Piedmont province''' is a [[Physiographic regions of the world|physiographic province]] of the larger [[Appalachian Mountains|Appalachian]] division. The province consists of the [[Piedmont Upland]] and [[Piedmont Lowlands]] sections. The [[Fall line]] marks its eastern boundary with the Coastal Plain. To the west the Piedmont is mostly bounded by the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]], the easternmost range of the main Appalachians. Physiographically, the Piedmont is considered a province of the larger Appalachian Highlands physiographic division.<ref name="USGS-Water">{{cite web | title = Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S. | publisher = U.S. Geological Survey | url = http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/physio.xml | accessdate = 2007-12-06 }}</ref> The width of the Piedmont varies, being quite narrow above the [[Delaware River]] but nearly 300 miles (475 km) wide in [[North Carolina]]. The Piedmont's area is approximately 80,000 square miles (207,000 sq km).<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite web | title = Piedmont | publisher = The Columbia Gazetteer of North America, 2000. | url = http://www.bartleby.com/69/70/P04470.html | accessdate = 2007-12-09 }}</ref>

The name "Piedmont" derives from the [[Italy|Italian]] region of [[Piedmont (Italy)|Piedmont]] (in [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Piemonte''). The word means "foothills" or "at the foot of a mountain".<ref name="oed">{{cite web | title = piedmont, n. and adj. | url = http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50178839?query_type=word&queryword=piedmont&first=1&max_to_show=10&single=1&sort_type=alpha | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | work = [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED Online]] | accessdate = 2007-12-09 }}</ref>

==Geology==
The surface relief of the Piedmont is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills with heights above [[sea level]] between 200 feet (50 m) and 800 feet to 1,000 feet (250 m to 300 m). Its [[geology]] is complex, with numerous rock formations of different materials and ages intermingled with one another. Essentially, the Piedmont is the remnant of several ancient [[Mountain range|mountain chains]] that have since been eroded away. Geologists have identified at least five separate events which have led to [[sediment]] deposition, including the [[Grenville orogeny]] (the collision of continents that created the [[supercontinent]] [[Rodinia]]) and the [[Appalachian orogeny]] during the formation of [[Pangaea]]. The last major event in the history of the Piedmont was the break-up of Pangaea, when [[North America]] and [[Africa]] began to separate. Large [[sedimentary basin|basins]] formed from the [[rift]]ing and were subsequently filled by the sediments shed from the surrounding higher ground. The series of [[Mesozoic]] basins is almost entirely located within the Piedmont region.

==Soils and farming==
Piedmont soils are generally clayey and moderately fertile. In some areas they have suffered from erosion and over-cropping, particularly in the south where cotton is the chief crop. In the central Piedmont region of North Carolina and Virginia, tobacco is the main crop, while in the north there is more diversity, including orchards, dairying, and general farming.<ref name="gazetteer"/>

==Music==
The Piedmont region is closely associated with the [[Piedmont blues]], a style of [[blues]] music that originated there in the late 19th century. Most Piedmont blues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], Black Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who may otherwise have spread into rural areas instead stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, [[Piedmont blues]] was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs -- styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.

The Piedmont is also characteristic of a style of dance known as the [[cakewalk]] or the Slow Drag, which originated based on the local culture and community.

==Cities==
Many major cities are located on the [[Fall line]], the eastern boundary of the Piedmont. Within the Piedmont region itself there are several areas of urban concentration. For example, the [[Piedmont Crescent]] in North Carolina includes several metropolitan clusters such as [[Charlotte metropolitan area|Metrolina]], the [[Piedmont Triad]], and [[The Triangle (North Carolina)|The Triangle]]. Another major city of the Piedmont is [[Atlanta, Georgia]].

==See also==
* [[Cecil (soil)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Michael A. Godfrey (1997). ''Field Guide to the Piedmont.'' Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 524 pages. ISBN 0-8078-4671-6.

==External links==
* [http://www.hiltonpond.org Hilton Pond Center for Piedmont Natural History]

{{New York}}
{{New Jersey}}
{{Pennsylvania}}
{{Delaware}}
{{Maryland}}
{{District of Columbia}}
{{Virginia}}
{{North Carolina}}
{{South_Carolina}}
{{Georgia}}
{{Alabama}}
{{Geography navigation}}
{{Physical Geography Sub-disciplines}}

[[Category:Regions of the United States]]
[[Category:Regions of South Carolina]]
[[Category:Regions of Virginia]]
[[Category:Geology of New Jersey]]
[[Category:Geology of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Geology of Delaware]]
[[Category:Geology of Maryland]]
[[Category:Geology of Virginia]]
[[Category:Geology of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Geology of South Carolona]]
[[Category:Geology of Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Geology of Alabama]]
[[Category:Geology of Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Physiographic provinces]]

[[af:Piedmont (VSA)]]
[[es:Piedmont]]
[[ja:ピードモント台地]]
[[pl:Piedmont (płaskowyż)]]

Dungeons & Dragons (Album)

2008-01-30T00:51:19Z

FastLizard4: Reverted edits by 24.17.171.103 (talk) to last version by J Milburn

{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Dungeons & Dragons
| Type = soundtrack
| Longtype =
| Artist = [[Midnight Syndicate]]
| Cover = Dungeons and Dragons album cover.jpg
| Cover size =
| Caption =
| Released = [[August 12]], [[2003]]<ref name="Discography">{{cite web |url= http://www.midnightsyndicate.com/themusic.htm|title= Discography|accessdate=2007-07-04 |year= 2006|work= Midnight Syndicate's official site|publisher= [[Midnight Syndicate]]/Entity Productions}}</ref>
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Ambient music|Ambient]]
| Length = 64:56<ref name="amg">{{cite web |url= http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:acfixq8aldje|title= Dungeons and Dragons overview|accessdate=2007-07-04 |publisher= [[All Music Guide]]}}</ref> (approximate)<ref name="mm.nl">{{cite web |url= http://www.musicmeter.nl/album/72825|title= Midnight Syndicate - Dungeons & Dragons (2003)|accessdate=2007-07-04 |publisher= MusicMeter|language= Dutch}}</ref>
| Language =
| Label = Entity ProductionsDarkcell<ref>{{cite web |url= http://music.aol.com/artist/midnight-syndicate/370952/album/dungeons-and-dragons/659288|title= Midnight Syndicate: Dungeons & Dragons Album|accessdate=2007-10-02 |work= AOL Music|publisher= [[AOL]]}}</ref>
| Producer = Edward Douglas and Gavin Goszka<ref name="D&D">{{cite web |url= http://www.midnightsyndicate.com/dd.htm|title= DUNGEONS & DRAGONS (more info)|accessdate=2007-07-04 |year= 2003|work= Midnight Syndicate official site|publisher= [[Midnight Syndicate]]/Entity Productions}}</ref>
| Reviews =
| Compiled by =
| Chronology =
| Last album = ''[[Vampyre (album)|Vampyre]]'' (2002)
| This album = ''Dungeons & Dragons'' (2003)
| Next album = ''[[The 13th Hour]]'' (2005)
| Misc =
}}

'''''Dungeons & Dragons''''' is a [[studio album]] by [[Midnight Syndicate]], released [[12 August]], [[2003]] by Entity Productions. The album is designed as a soundtrack to the role-playing game ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' and was produced by Midnight Syndicate at the request of [[Wizards of the Coast]], the company which owns the rights to the ''Dungeons & Dragons'' franchise. Midnight Syndicate were approached by game designers at a [[gaming convention]] where they had set up stall, and they agreed to produce the album.

After an initial meeting with Wizards of the Coast, the two members of Midnight Syndicate—Edward Douglas and Gavin Goszka—were left to write and produce the album themselves. They went their separate ways and produced tracks independently of one another, but came back together to arrange the album and master the tracks. The album was a change in style for Midnight Syndicate because it was mostly based around a [[fantasy]] feel, whereas their earlier works had been almost entirely [[Gothic horror|horror]]-based. Artwork within the album booklet came from ''Dungeons & Dragons'' sourcebooks including works from prominent game designers such as [[Skip Williams]]. The album was well received by Wizards of the Coast with positive reviews from music critics and the gaming community. It is reputedly the only official ''Dungeons & Dragons'' soundtrack.

==Conception and production==
According to Bob Ignizio of ''Utter Trash'', an [[ezine]] featuring "music, movies and more",<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uttertrash.net/index.html|title= Welcome|accessdate=2007-09-23 |publisher= Utter Trash}}</ref> Midnight Syndicate's older albums had already been used as background music to role-playing sessions for many years.<ref name="trash">{{cite web |url= http://www.uttertrash.net/midnightsyndicate.htm|title= Dungeon Masters (An interview with Gavin Goszka of Midnight Syndicate)|accessdate=2007-07-04 |last= Ignizio|first= Bob|publisher= Utter Trash}}</ref> Wizards of the Coast even described the band's music as "the perfect accompaniment to role-playing game sessions".<ref name="WotC">{{cite web |url= http://www.wizards.com/default.asp?x=dnd%2Fdnd%2F20030421x|title= Midnight Syndicate Makes D&D Music|accessdate=2007-07-04 |date= [[2003]]-[[04-21]]|work= Wizards of the Coast website|publisher= [[Wizards of the Coast]]}}</ref> Support for Midnight Syndicate's music as a [[Role playing game|role-playing]] aid grew so much that the band decided to set up stalls at [[gaming convention]]s. It was at the first one that Midnight Syndicate was approached by Wizards of the Coast who subsequently asked if they would be interested in recording an official soundtrack, at which time they agreed.<ref name="Paragon"/><ref name="Flames">{{cite web |url= http://www.flamesrising.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=625&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0|title= Interviews: Gavin Goszka, Midnight Syndicate|accessdate=2007-08-27 |last= McElroy|first= Matt M.|publisher= Flames Rising}}</ref>

Before the band started writing or recording music they sat down with the ''Dungeons & Dragons'' designers who informed them of several elements that were essential on the album.<ref name="trash"/> According to Ed Stark, special project manager of Wizards of the Coast, this consisted of "a chase scene and a fight scene and things like that".<ref name="Scream Kings">{{cite web |url= http://www.clevescene.com/2005-05-25/news/scream-kings/print|title= Scream Kings|accessdate=2007-09-25 |last= Bracelin|first= Jason|date= [[2005]]-[[05-25]]|publisher= Cleveland Scene}}</ref> This was new to the band who had never written music to fit around someone else's ideas before.<ref name="trash"/> Stark said, however, that "...they really got that. We were very impressed, because we're in sort of a niche industry, and we're not always used to people getting exactly what we need right away".<ref name="Scream Kings"/> After this, the band was mostly left to deal with the music themselves.<ref name="trash"/> The designers were already familiar with Midnight Syndicate's music and knew what to expect from the album.<ref name="trash"/> As inspiration for earlier albums had sometimes come from ''Dungeons & Dragons'' gaming sessions, Douglas said that writing the album came very naturally.<ref name="Paragon"/>

After the initial meeting with game designers, the album was written in the same way Midnight Syndicate conventionally write. First, Douglas and Goszka agreed on the setting they were trying to create with the album and then filled in details about the setting. Once this was done, they worked on music separately, in their own different studios.<ref name="Paragon"/> They remained in contact throughout the writing process to ensure that their work was cohesive and appropriate for the album.<ref name="Paragon"/> Once writing was complete, they worked together on arranging, mastering and mixing the tracks.<ref name="Paragon"/>

Douglas said that, for him, instrument choice came naturally and that "sounds and sometimes even melodies fall in line themselves".<ref name="Paragon"/> The band has a great number of instruments at their disposal, as all the music is produced on [[synthesizers]].<ref name="Movement">{{cite web |url= http://www.midnightsyndicate.com/movementmagazinems1006.htm|title= Dungeons & Dragons review|accessdate=2007-07-04 |last= Harvey|first= Chris|year= 2003|month= October|publisher= Movement Magazine}}</ref> To ensure Douglas stayed true to creating the musical landscape he intended, his studio was covered with ''Dungeons & Dragons'' artwork and module covers throughout recording.<ref name="Paragon"/>

Joseph Vargo, executive producer on Midnight Syndicate's albums ''[[Born of the Night]]'' and ''[[Realm of Shadows]]'', as well as the author of LegionoftheNight.com, says that he was the one who initiated the first contact between Wizards of the Coast and the band. Vargo claims that, in 1999, he sent a copy of ''Born of the Night'' to ''Dungeons & Dragons'' game designer Jason Carl,<ref name="lotn">{{cite web |url= http://www.legionofthenight.com/botn_creation.html|title= Born of the Night|accessdate=2007-08-19 |last= Vargo|first= Joseph|publisher= Legion of the Night}}</ref> at the time employed by [[TSR Inc.|TSR]], who described the album as "terrific gaming music."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.legionofthenight.com/images/Wizards.pdf|title= Scan of an informal letter to Joseph Vargo|accessdate=2007-08-27 |last= Carl|first= Jason|year= 1999|month= May|format= PDF|publisher= Legion of the Night}}</ref> Vargo also says that he sent a copy of ''Realm of Shadows'' to Carl a year later, and this communication helped forge the link between the band and ''Dungeons & Dragons'' game designers.<ref name="lotn"/>

===First soundtrack===
Wizards of the Coast claimed that the album was the first official ''Dungeons & Dragons'' soundtrack,<ref name="WotC"/> one that was mirrored by other groups, including Metropolis Mail Order,<ref name="Metropolis"/> GamingReport.com<ref name="gr.com"/> and Skirmisher Game Store.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://skirmisher.com/st-D&D-music.html|title= Dungeons & Dragons Music by Midnight Syndicate|accessdate=2007-08-27 |work= Dungeons & Dragons Music Store|publisher= Skirmisher Game Store}}</ref> It was not, however, the first official ''Dungeons & Dragons'' music. Years earlier another album, ''First Quest: The Music'', was released by Filmtrax and licensed by [[TSR, Inc.|TSR]], then owners of ''Dungeons and Dragons'', for [[Editions_of_Dungeons_%26_Dragons#Advanced_Dungeons_.26_Dragons|Advanced Dungeons & Dragons]].<ref name="Cover">{{cite web |url= http://www.acaeum.com/ddindexes/miscpages/miscscans/firstquest.html|title= Scan of First Quest record cover|accessdate=2007-08-27 |format= JPG|publisher= Filmtrax/[[TSR Inc.]], hosted by The Acaeum}}</ref><ref name="Odd"/> The album was released both as a [[Compact Cassette|cassette]] and a [[Gramophone record|record]] and came with a pre-printed [[Adventure (Dungeons & Dragons)|module]]. Both formats proved unpopular and are difficult to find today.<ref name="Odd">{{cite web |url= http://www.acaeum.com/ddindexes/miscpages/odd.html|title= Odd Items|accessdate=2007-08-27 |publisher= The Acaeum}}</ref> The music on ''First Quest'' was keyed specifically to the module that came with it, rather than as a soundtrack to the game in general.<ref name="Odd"/>

==Musical style==
According to Mario Mesquita Borges of [[All Music Guide]], Midnight Syndicate typically create "darkly blended compositions", described both as "gloomy" and "brooding".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wm02.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:fbftxq9jldte|title= Midnight Syndicate Biography|accessdate=2007-09-26 |last= Borges|first= Mario Mesquita|publisher= [[All Music Guide]]}}</ref> Leonard Pickel of ''Haunted Attraction Magazine'' stated that "each year, the band's music becomes more a part of America's Halloween culture", and stated that the band had "literally formed their own musical genre".<ref name="HA">{{cite web |url= http://www.hauntedattraction.com/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=37|title= Midnight Syndicate: Setting the Mood for an Industry!|accessdate=2007-09-26 |last= Pickel|first= Leonard|date= [[2006]]-[[05-31]]|publisher= Haunted Attraction Magazine}}</ref> For Douglas, however, ''Dungeons & Dragons'' was a different style of music from other albums and soundtracks that the band had produced. Originally, he had described Midnight Syndicate's music as "Gothic Nightmare Soundtracks", but claimed that ''Dungeons & Dragons'' had a more [[fantasy]] feel than previous releases which focused more on [[Gothic horror|horror]], meaning that he now describes the band's music as "Gothic Fantasy Nightmare Soundtracks".<ref name="Paragon">{{cite web |url= http://www.midnightsyndicate.com/paragonintvwms1006.htm|title= Paragon Magazine Interview with Edward Douglas|accessdate=2007-07-04 |first= 'Kate'|year= 2003|month= October|publisher= Paragon Magazine}}</ref> Chris Harvey of ''Movement Magazine'' — a magazine supporting "underground" music and arts — <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.movementmagazine.com/|title= Home Page|accessdate=2007-09-23 |publisher= Movement Magazine}}</ref> described the album as being [[symphonic]], which he claimed added to the feel of the album.<ref name="Movement"/> Sounds were also sampled, including the sounds of battle on "Final Confrontation",<ref name="Movement"/> and spoken words in "Craft of the Wizard".<ref name="Bat"/>

Peter-Jan Van Damme, owner of the alternative music ezine ''Darker than the Bat'', described ''Dungeons & Dragons'' as going more in the direction of [[Contemporary classical music|contemporary classical]] [[composers]] such as [[Trevor Jones]], while still retaining the horror sound typical of Midnight Syndicate.<ref name="Bat"/> The album has been categorized into many genres by various reviewers, including [[Neoclassical (Dark Wave)|neoclassical]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.middlepillar.com/archives/2005/12/index.html|title= December 2005 Archives|accessdate=2007-07-04 |year= 2005|month= December|publisher= Middle Pillar}}</ref> Gothic [[Ambient music|ambient]],<ref name="Metropolis">{{cite web |url= http://www.industrial-music.com/product.php?prodnum=MS+1006|title= Dungeons & Dragons|accessdate=2007-07-04 |publisher= Metropolis Mail Order}}</ref> [[Ethereal Wave|ethereal]],<ref name="Metropolis"/> and [[Gothic rock]].<ref name="amg"/>

==Reception==
Wizards of the Coast were happy with the resulting album with Anthony Valterra, RPG category manager, saying that Midnight Syndicate "have succeeded at capturing the magic of ''D&D'' through music".<ref name="WotC"/> Numerous critics picked up on the idea that new subject matter had resulted in a new feel for the music, with reviewers claiming that the fantasy influence had given the album a different sound to Midnight Syndicate's classic Gothic horror soundtracks.<ref name="Movement"/><ref name="LDG">{{cite web |url= http://www.midnightsyndicate.com/livingdeadgirlsms1006.htm|title= Dungeons & Dragons review|accessdate=2007-07-04 |year= 2003|month= September|publisher= Living Dead Girls}}</ref> An unnamed writer for the now defunct ''Living Dead Girls'' [[ezine]] said that ''Dungeons & Dragons'' "brings a wider range of songs than Midnight Syndicate produces for their Gothic horror soundtracks", meaning the album "displays for the first time the diversity and musical craft Midnight Syndicate is capable [of]".<ref name="LDG"/> GamingReport.com claimed that the album "furthered the band’s establishment as the leading producer/supplier of music to the hobby game industry".<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url= http://www.gamingreport.com/print.php?sid=15440|title= Midnight Syndicate: The 13th Hour Trailer|accessdate=2007-09-25 |date= [[2004]]-[[12-20]]|publisher= GamingReport.com}}</ref> The band became the best-selling role-playing game soundtrack ever in its first month of release,<ref name="HA"/><ref name="GR2"/> and Leonard Pickel of ''Haunted Attraction Magazine'' claimed that the album helped spread the band's popularity to Europe where "[[Halloween]] and Haunted Attractions are just beginning to take hold".<ref name="HA"/>

The album was criticized by Marc Shayed, of hobby gaming news site GamingReport.com, for focusing too much on combat and ambiance. He explained that there was only one track that felt triumphant and no tracks suitable for traveling or character "down time", which are standards in fantasy gaming. This, Shayed said, meant that there were gaps in the album, meaning it could not be considered a complete soundtrack for the game. He claimed, however, that the album still met and exceeded the target of being the "ultimate gaming soundtrack".<ref name="gr.com"/> The album was further criticized by Gene Vogal of the ''National Gamers Guild'' who said that it lacked a lot of the "oomph" that ''Vampyre'' had, and speculated that this may have been because of the influence that Wizards of the Coast had on the direction of the music. He did claim, however, that the fact that the music was made specifically for gaming was a good thing, meaning it was more appropriate than film soundtracks to use as backing music to gaming sessions. He also compared it to the [[Music of The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|''The Lord of the Rings''' soundtracks]], stating that, compared to ''Vampyre'', the album lacked originality.<ref name="ngg">{{cite web |url= http://www.nggnet.com/games/rpgs/ArticlesReviews/MSdungeonsanddragonscd.htm|title= Dungeons & Dragons Soundtrack|accessdate=2007-08-27 |last= Vogal|first= Gene|date= [[2004]]-[[01-20]]|publisher= National Gamers Guild}}</ref>

==Personnel==
The album was written and produced by Edward Douglas and Gavin Goszka,<ref name="D&D"/> the only two members of Midnight Syndicate.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.midnightsyndicate.com/main.htm|title= Midnight Syndicate Bio|accessdate=2007-07-04 |year= 2007|work= Midnight Syndicate official site|publisher= [[Midnight Syndicate]]/Entity Productions}}</ref> The album's graphical design was executed by Mark Rakocy and Jeff Visgaitis, with 'additional design' credited to "Stan!"<ref name="D&D"/> The album heralded a change in production in that it was the first album in which the band hired a professional writer to write the descriptions in the album booklet and the blurb. Before this point the descriptions had been written by Douglas or by Joseph Vargo who had been responsible for artwork in some earlier albums.<ref name="Paragon"/> Artwork for the album was taken from ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'' role-playing sourcebooks. Douglas said that he was "a huge fan of ''Dungeons & Dragons'' artwork, so having free reign on that material was fun".<ref name="Paragon"/> This artwork was praised by Gene Vogal who described it as "one plus to the possible Wizards of the Coast interference" and said that the "CD jacket was done very nicely and has some cool artwork throughout".<ref name="ngg"/> The album contains artwork by game designers [[Todd Lockwood]] and [[Skip Williams]], as well as from artists Scott Fischer, Brian Snoddy, Lars Grant-West, Wayne Reynolds, Mark Tedin, and Sam Wood.<ref name="D&D"/>

==Track listing==
{|
|'''#''' || '''Track title'''<ref name="D&D"/> || '''Writer'''<ref name="amg"/> || '''Length'''<ref name="amg"/> || '''Notes'''
|-
|1 || "Prelude" || Goszka || 2:14 || Described as sounding similar to [[Danny Elfman]]'s music.<ref name="legend">{{cite web |url= http://www.legendsmagazine.net/140/mid.htm|title= REVIEW: Midnight Syndicate - “D&D Roleplaying Soundtrack"|accessdate=2007-08-27 |last= Van Horn|first= Ray|work= LegendsMagazine.net|publisher= Legends Magazine}}</ref>
|-
|2 || "Troubled Times" || Goszka || 4:37 || Described as sounding similar to Danny Elfman's music.<ref name="legend"/>
|-
|3 || "Ride to Destiny" || Douglas || 4:11
|-
|4 || "The Fens of Sargath" || Douglas || 1:30
|-
|5 || "Descent into the Depths" || Douglas || 3:27
|-
|6 || "Stealth and Cunning" || Douglas || 1:16
|-
|7 || "Behind Door #1" || Douglas; Goszka || 0:37 || Unusual in that it was worked on by both members.<ref name="Bat">{{cite web |url= http://www.midnightsyndicate.com/dttbms1006.htm|title= Dungeons & Dragons review|accessdate=2007-07-04 |last= Van Damme|first= Peter-Jan|year= 2003|month= October|publisher= Darker Than The Bat}}</ref>
|-
|8 || "Skirmish" || Goszka || 4:30 || Contains "subtle sword clangs".<ref name="legend"/>
|-
|9 || "Eternal Mystery" || Goszka || 3:55 || Features the sound of a [[mantra]] being spoken.<ref name="legend"/>
|-
|10 || "Heroes' Valor" || Douglas || 3:09
|-
|11 || "Relic Uncovered" || Douglas || 1:47
|-
|12 || "Deep Trouble" || Goszka || 1:48
|-
|13 || "Chant" || Goszka || 0:11
|-
|14 || "Craft of the Wizard" || Goszka || 3:23 || Has the sound of spoken words.<ref name="Bat"/>
|-
|15 || "Beasts of the Borderlands" || Douglas || 2:57 || Compared to the opening of ''[[Conan the Barbarian (film)|Conan the Barbarian]]''.<ref name="Movement"/>
|-
|16 || "Secret Chamber" || Douglas || 2:04
|-
|17 || "Lair of the Great Wyrm" || Douglas || 3:29
|-
|18 || "Ancient Temple" || Douglas || 2:43
|-
|19 || "How Strange" || Goszka || 1:43
|-
|20 || "Army of the Dead" || Goszka || 4:08
|-
|21 || "Final Confrontation" || Douglas || 4:47 || Features the sounds of battle.<ref name="Movement"/>
|-
|22 || "Ruins of Bone Hill" || Douglas || 2:23 || Bonus track.<ref name="D&D"/>
|-
|23 || "City of Sails" || Goszka || 3:31 || Bonus track.<ref name="D&D"/> Described as the only song with a "triumphant feel".<ref name="gr.com">{{cite web |url= http://www.gamingreport.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=Reviews&file=index&req=showcontent&id=705|title= Dungeons & Dragons (Music of the Midnight Syndicate)|accessdate=2007-07-04 |last= Shayed|first= Marc|date= [[2003]]-[[08-24]]|publisher= GamingReport.com}}</ref>
|}

There is a final 36-second bonus track, which sometimes receives no title,<ref name="amg"/> and sometimes named "BOTCH!"<ref name="mm.nl"/> The Midnight Syndicate website does not mention the track at all.<ref name="D&D"/> It features the sound of dice being rolled in which Chris Harvey of ''Movement Magazine'' described as being "hilarious".<ref name="Movement"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:acfixq8aldje Dungeons & Dragons] at [[All Music Guide]]
*[http://www.discogs.com/release/936952 Dungeons & Dragons] at [[Discogs]]

[[Category:2003 albums]]
[[Category:Midnight Syndicate albums]]
[[Category:Soundtrack albums]]

{{featured article}}

Bay Buchanan

2008-01-26T07:23:27Z

FastLizard4: Reverted edits by 24.155.247.14 (talk) to last version by Guy Harris

[[image:Angela M Buchanan sig.jpg|thumb|right|Buchanan's signature, as used on American currency]]
'''Angela Marie "Bay" Buchanan''' (born [[December 23]], [[1948]]) served as [[Treasurer of the United States]] under President [[Ronald Reagan]] and was the youngest person to serve in this post when she became Treasurer at the age of 32. She held that post from [[March 17]] [[1981]] to [[July 5]] [[1983]]. She is the sister of [[Pat Buchanan|Patrick J. Buchanan]] and managed his three unsuccessful campaigns for [[President of the United States]]. After appearing regularly on CNN's news program "Inside Politics," she became a commentator for [[CNN]]'s [[The Situation Room]].

Bay Buchanan is president of ''The American Cause'' and her brother Pat is chairman. In 2007, during the immigration debate their opinions were widely discussed: {{cquote|
During the 45 years leading up to the Immigration Act of 1965, 10 million immigrants came to the U.S. and were successfully integrated into American culture. But the onset of mass immigration since the late 60s has overwhelmed our ability to assimilate. This year, 1.3 million more immigrants will pour into the U.S. - 400,000 of them illegal aliens. If America is to survive as one nation, we must stem this tide to mend the melting pot and assimilate the 28 million foreign-born already living within our borders.{{cite web|url=http://www.theamericancause.org/issues.htm#immigration|title=The American Cause: On the Issues}}}}

In May 2006 Bay Buchanan was appointed chair of Team America PAC, a [[political action committee]] founded by [[Tom Tancredo]]. The mission of this [[political action committee|PAC]] is to highlight the problems created by [[illegal immigration]], and to support candidates for public office who are committed to securing the borders of the [[United States]] against [[illegal immigration]]. In 2007, Bay served as senior advisor to Tancredo's [[Tom Tancredo presidential campaign, 2008|presidential campaign]], after which she publicly endorsed [[Mitt Romney]]. She is a convert to the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]] (Mormons).

==Bibliography==
{{cite book|
last=Buchanan| first=Bay| title=The Extreme Makeover of [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary (Rodham) Clinton]]| publisher=[[Regnery Publishing]]| year=2007| isbn=1596985070
}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[Treasurer of the United States|Treasurer of the United States]]|years=[[1981]]—[[1983]]|before=[[Azie Taylor Morton]]|after=[[Katherine D. Ortega]]}}
{{end box}}

{{USTreasurers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buchanan, Angela Marie}}
[[Category:Treasurers of the United States]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1948 births]]

[[es:Angela Marie Buchanan]]

Game Designer

2008-01-22T04:32:00Z

FastLizard4: Revert previous revision by 75.17.160.245

A '''game designer''' is a person who designs [[game]]s. The term can refer to a person who designs [[video game]]s, or one who designs traditional games such as [[board game]]s.

==Video and computer game designer==
A video or computer game designer develops the layout, concept and [[gameplay]], the [[game design]] of a video or computer game. This may include playfield design, specification writing, and entry of numeric properties that balance and tune the gameplay. A game designer works for a [[video game developer|developer]] (which may additionally be the game's [[video game publisher]]).

This person usually has a lot of [[writer|writing]] experience and may even have a degree in writing or a related field (such as [[English language|English]]). This person's primary job function is writing, so the more experience they have with that activity, the better. Some [[artist|art]] and [[programmer|programming]] skills are also helpful for this job, but are not strictly necessary. In addition game designers often study relevant liberal arts such as [[psychology]], [[sociology]], [[drama]], [[fine art]] or [[philosophy]]. Due to the increasing complexity of the game design process, many young game designers may also come from a [[computer science]] or other computer engineering background.

With game budgets now running into millions of dollars, the industry can often be volatile and a failed project could force a company into bankruptcy. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} So the design of the game is critical and the industry has been repeatedly criticized for choosing to develop sequels and licensed titles where sales are more certain, rather than investing in new game ideas. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} In larger companies entry level game designers will typically be given simpler tasks such as level design and object placement, while the role of lead designer will be reserved for a designer with more experience and a history of successful titles. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}

===History===
The first video games were designed in the [[1960s]] and [[1970s]] by programmers for whom creating games was a [[hobby]], since there was no way to sell them or earn money from creating games (the games required large [[mainframe computer]]s to play). Some were designed by electrical engineers as exhibits for visitors to computer labs (''[[OXO]]'', ''[[Tennis for Two]]''), others by college students who wrote games for their friends to play (''[[Spacewar!]]'', ''[[Star Trek (text game)|Star Trek]]'', ''[[Dungeon (computer game)|Dungeon]]'').

Some of the games designed during this era, such as ''[[Zork]]'', ''[[Baseball (computer game)|Baseball]]'', ''[[Air Warrior]]'' and ''[[Colossal Cave Adventure|Adventure]]'' later made the transition with their game designers into the early [[video game industry]].

Early in the [[history of computer and video games|history of video games]], game designers were often the [[lead programmer]] or the ''only'' programmer for a game, and this remained true as the video game industry dawned in the 1970s. This person also sometimes comprised the entire art team. This is the case of such noted designers as [[Sid Meier]], [[Chris Sawyer]] and [[Will Wright (game designer)|Will Wright]]. A notable exception to this policy was [[Coleco]], which from its very start separated the function of design and programming.

As games became more complex and [[home computer|computers]] and [[video game console|console]]s became more powerful (allowing more features), the job of the game designer became a separate job function, with the lead programmer splitting his time between the two functions, moving from one role to the other. Later, game complexity escalated to the point where it required someone who concentrated solely on game design. Many early veterans chose the game design path eschewing programming and delegating those tasks to others.

Today, it is rare to find a video or computer game where the principal programmer is also the principal designer, except in the case of [[casual game]]s, such as ''[[Tetris]]'' or ''[[Bejeweled]]''. With very complex games, such as [[MMORPG]]s, or a big budget action or sports title, designers may number in the dozens. In these cases, there are generally one or two principal designers and many junior designers who specify subsets or subsystems of the game. In larger companies like [[Electronic Arts]], each aspect of the game (control, level design or vehicles) may have a separate producer, lead designer and several general designers.

===Notable video and computer game designers===

* [[Danielle Bunten Berry]], of the seminal ''[[M.U.L.E.]]'' and ''[[The Seven Cities of Gold (game)|The Seven Cities of Gold]]''
* [[Marc Blank]], co-designer of ''[[Zork]]'', co-founder of [[text adventure]] publisher [[Infocom]]
* [[Bill Budge]], developer of ''[[Pinball Construction Set]]'', designer who anchored launch of [[Electronic Arts]]
* [[Chris Crawford (game designer)|Chris Crawford]], creator of ''[[Balance of Power (computer game)|Balance of Power]]'' and the founder of the [[Game Developer's Conference]]
* [[Jon Freeman]], designer of the ''[[Archon (computer game)|Archon]]'' series and many original [[Epyx]] titles
* [[Richard Garriott]] (Lord British), developer of the ''[[Ultima]]'' series of games
* [[Ron Gilbert]], creator of ''[[Maniac Mansion]]'' and the [[Monkey Island series|''Monkey Island'' series]]''
* [[Tomonobu Itagaki]], creator of the ''[[Dead or Alive (series)|Dead or Alive series]]'', and the new ''[[Ninja Gaiden (2004 video game)|Ninja Gaiden]]'' series
* [[Hideo Kojima]], creator of the ''[[Metal Gear Solid]]'' series
* [[Jordan Mechner]], designer of ''[[Prince of Persia]]'', ''[[Karateka (computer game)|Karateka]]'', and ''[[The Last Express]]''
* [[Sid Meier]], creator of ''[[Civilization computer game|Civilization]]'', ''[[Railroad Tycoon]]'' and other game series
* [[Shinji Mikami]] creator of the ''[[Resident Evil (series)|Resident Evil]]'' series
* [[Shigeru Miyamoto]], creator of ''[[Donkey Kong (video game)|Donkey Kong]]'', ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]'', ''[[Star Fox]]'' and ''[[Super Mario]]'' series'
* [[Peter Molyneux]], creator of the ''[[Populous]]'', ''[[Black and White (computer game)|Black and White]]'', ''[[Fable (video game)| Fable]]'' series, and ''[[Theme Park]]'' series
* [[Brian Reynolds]], developer of ''[[Civilization II]]'', ''[[Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri]]'' and ''[[Rise of Nations]]''
* [[Warren Robinett]], developer of ''[[Adventure (Atari 2600)|Adventure]]'', the first graphical adventure [[video game]] (and first instance of the [[Easter egg (virtual)|Easter egg]]), and as the founder of [[The Learning Company]]
* [[John Romero]], creator of ''[[Wolfenstein 3D]]'', the ''[[Doom (video game)|Doom]]'' and ''[[Quake]]'' series
* [[Hironobu Sakaguchi]], creator of the ''[[Final Fantasy]]'' series, ''[[Blue Dragon]]'' and ''[[Lost Odyssey]]''
* [[Tim Schafer]], creator of ''[[Grim Fandango]] '' and ''[[Psychonauts]]''
* [[Bruce Shelley]], co-creator of ''[[Age of Empires]]'' series and ''[[Civilization computer game|Civilization]]''
* [[Warren Spector]], developer of ''[[System Shock]]'', ''[[Deus Ex]]'' and ''[[Thief (computer game)|Thief]]'' series
* [[Roberta Williams]], designer of ''[[King's Quest]]'' and several other computer game series
* [[Will Wright (game designer)|Will Wright]], designer of ''[[SimCity]]'', ''[[The Sims]]'' and ''[[Spore (computer game)|Spore]]''

==Notable designers of non-video games==
* [[Milton Bradley]] - creator of ''[[The Checkered Game of Life]]'' and founder of [[Milton Bradley Company]]
* [[Allan B. Calhamer]] - Designer of ''[[Diplomacy (game)|Diplomacy]]''
* [[Frank Chadwick]] - Co-founder of [[GDW]] and designer of over 50 war and role-playing games, including ''[[Twilight 2000]]'' and the ''[[Assault (game)|Assault]]'' series
* [[Jim Dunnigan]] - Founder of [[SPI Games]] and designer of over 100 wargames, including the ''PanzerBlitz/Panzer Leader'' system
* [[James Ernest]] - president and lead game designer for [[Cheapass Games]]
* [[Richard Garfield]] - [[collectible card game]] (''[[Magic: The Gathering]]'') and [[board game]] designer.
* [[Gary Gygax]] and [[David Arneson]] - creators of ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]''
* [[Steve Jackson (US)|Steve Jackson]] - Designer of ''[[Ogre (game)|Ogre]]'', ''[[The Fantasy Trip]]'', ''[[Car Wars]]'', ''[[GURPS]]'', ''[[Hacker (card game)|Hacker]]'', ''[[Illuminati (game)|Illuminati]]'' and others.
* [[Reiner Knizia]] - prolific designer of [[German-style board game]]s who designed 6 of the top 20 games on the [[Internet Top 100 Games List]].
* [[Alan R. Moon]] - prolific designer of [[German-style board game]]s including [[Elfenland]] and [[Ticket to Ride]].
* [[Charles S. Roberts]] - Designer of first commercial board wargame (''[[Tactics II]]'') and founder of [[Avalon Hill]].
* [[Redmond A. Simonsen]] - art director at SPI and designer of ''Starforce'' trilogy and ''BattleFleet Mars''

==See also==
* [[List of game designers]]
* [[List of video game designers]]
* [[List of designers of role-playing games]]

==External links==
* [http://www.gamespot.com/features/6129276/index.html "So You Wanna Be a Game Designer"] at ''[[GameSpot]]''
*[http://www.eurocom.co.uk/content/view/102/81/ The Designer] at [[Eurocom]]

===Newsgroups===
* [http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&group=comp.games.development.design comp.games.development.design via Google Groups]
* [http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&group=rec.games.design rec.games.design via Google Groups]

{{vg-industry}}

[[Category:Game designers| ]]
[[Category:Game design]]
[[Category:Arts occupations]]

[[es:Diseñador de juegos]]
[[fr:Game designer]]
[[hr:Dizajner igara]]
[[id:Perancang permainan]]
[[ms:Pereka permainan]]
[[ja:ゲームデザイナー]]
[[pl:Projektant gier]]
[[pt:Designer de jogos]]
[[ro:Designer de jocuri]]
[[ru:Геймдизайнер]]
[[simple:Game designer]]
[[sr:Дизајнер игара]]

Game Designer

2008-01-22T04:32:00Z

FastLizard4: Revert previous revision by 75.17.160.245

Charles Townshend (Politiker)

2008-01-22T01:25:17Z

FastLizard4: Revert previous revision by 76.31.154.51

{{dablink|This page is on the former [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]. His father was named [[Charles Townshend, 3rd Viscount Townshend|Charles]], as was his [[Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend|grandfather, "Turnip Townshend"]].}}
''' The Honourable Charles Townshend''' ([[August 29]], [[1725]] – [[September 4]], [[1767]]), was born at his family's seat of [[Raynham Hall]] in [[Norfolk]], [[England]]. He was a politician and the second son of [[Charles Townshend, 3rd Viscount Townshend]], and Audrey (d. 1788), daughter and heiress of Edward Harrison of Ball's Park, near Hertford, a lady who rivalled her son in brilliancy of wit and frankness of expression.

==Early years==
Charles was sent for education to [[university of Leiden|Leiden]] and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]. At the Dutch university, where he matriculated on [[October 27]], [[1745]], he associated with a small knot of English youths, afterwards well known in various circles of life, among whom were [[William Dowdeswell|Dowdeswell]], [[John Wilkes|Wilkes]], the witty and unprincipled reformer, and [[Alexander Carlyle]], the genial Scotsman, who devotes some of the pages of his ''Autobiography'' to chronicling their sayings and their doings.

He represented [[Great Yarmouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Great Yarmouth]] in [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] from 1747 to 1756, when he found a seat for the admiralty borough of [[Saltash (UK Parliament constituency)|Saltash]], subsequently transferring in 1761 to [[Harwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Harwich]], another borough where the seat was in the government's gift. Public attention was first drawn to his abilities in 1753, when he delivered a lively attack, as a younger son who might hope to promote his advancement by allying himself in marriage to a wealthy heiress, against [[Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke|Lord Hardwicke]]'s marriage bill. Although this measure passed into law, he attained this object in August 1755 by marrying [[Caroline Townshend, 1st Baroness Greenwich|Caroline Campbell]] (d. 1794), the eldest daughter of the 2nd duke of Argyll and the widow of Francis, Lord Dalkeith, the eldest son of the 2nd duke of Buccleuch.

==Politics==
In April [[1754]] Townshend was transformed from the position of a member of the [[Board of Trade]], which he had held from 1749, to that of a [[Lord of the Admiralty]], but at the close of 1755 his passionate attack against the policy of the ministry, an attack which shared in popular estimation with the scathing denunciations of [[William Pitt the Elder|Pitt]], the supreme success of [[William Gerard Hamilton|Single-Speech Hamilton]], and the hopeless failure of Lord Chesterfield's illegitimate son, caused his resignation. In the administration which was formed in November 1756, and which was ruled by Pitt, the lucrative office of treasurer of the chamber was given to Townshend, and in the following spring he was summoned to the privy council.

With the accession of the new monarch in [[1760]] this volatile politician transferred his attentions from Pitt to the young king's favorite, [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute|Bute]], and when in 1761, at the latter's instance, several changes were made in the ministry, Townshend was promoted to the post of secretary-at-war. In this place he remained after the great commoner had withdrawn from the cabinet, but in December 1762 he threw it up. Bute, alarmed at the growth in numbers and in influence of his enemies, tried to buy back Townshend's co-operation by sundry tempting promises, and at last secured his object in March 1763 with the presidency of the board of trade.

When Bute retired and [[George Grenville]] accepted the cares of official life, the higher post of first lord of the admiralty fell to Townshend's lot, but with his usual impetuosity he presumed to designate one of his satellites, Sir William Burrell (1732-1796), to a place under him at the board, and the refusal to accept the nomination led to his exclusion from the new administration. While in opposition his mind was swayed to and fro with conflicting emotions of dislike to the head of the ministry and of desire to share in the spoils of office. The latter feeling ultimately triumphed; he condescended to accept in the dying days of Grenville's cabinet, and to retain through the "lutestring" administration of [[Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham|Lord Rockingham]] "pretty summer wear," as Townshend styled it, "but it will never stand the winter" the highly paid position of paymaster-general, refusing to identify himself more closely with its fortunes as [[chancellor of the exchequer]].

The position which he refused from the hands of Lord Rockingham he accepted from Pitt in August 1766, and a few weeks later his urgent appeals to the great minister for increased power were favorably answered, and he was admitted to the inner circle of the cabinet. The new chancellor proposed the continuance of the land tax at four shillings in the pound, while he held out hopes that it might be reduced next year to three shillings, whereupon his predecessor, William Dowdeswell, by the aid of the landed gentlemen, carried a motion that the reduction should take effect at once.

This defeat proved a great mortification to Lord Chatham, and in his irritation against Townshend for this blow, as well as for some acts of insubordination, he meditated the removal of his showy colleague. Before this could be accomplished Chatham's mind became impaired, and Townshend, who was the most determined and influential of his colleagues, swayed the ministry as he liked, pledging himself to find a revenue in America with which to meet the deficiency caused by the reduction in the land tax. His wife was created (August 1767) baroness of Greenwich, and his elder brother George, the 4th viscount, was made lord-lieutenant of [[Ireland]].

He himself delivered in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] many speeches unrivalled in parliamentary history for wit and recklessness; and one of them still lives in history as the "champagne speech." His last official act was to carry out his intention by passing through parliament resolutions, which even his colleagues deprecated in the cabinet, for taxing several articles, such as [[glass]], [[paper]] and [[tea]], on their importation into [[United States|America]], which he estimated would produce the insignificant sum of ₤40,000 for the English treasury, and which shrewder observers prophesied would lead to the loss of the American colonies. These measures were known as the [[Townshend Acts]], and he received the support of his cousin [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney|Thomas Townshend]] who was also a minister in the government. Soon after this event he died somewhat suddenly on the 4th of September 1767.

==Appraisal==
Daof Townshend's colleagues allows him the possession of boundless wit and ready eloquence, set off by perfect melody of intonation, but marred by an unexampled lack of judgment and discretion. He shifted his ground in politics with every new moon, and the world fastened on him the nickname, which he himself adopted in his "champagne" speech, of the weathercock. His official knowledge was considerable; and it would be unjust to his memory to ignore the praises of his contemporaries or his knowledge of his country's commercial interests. The House of Commons recognized in him its spoilt child, and [[Edmund Burke|Burke]] happily said that "he never thought, did or said anything" without judging its effect on his fellow members.

From the [http://www.mspong.org/percy/senate.htm Percy Anecdotes] we read; "If we can believe the evidence of his contemporaries, Charles Townshend must have been one of the most accomplished senators that ever sat in Parliament. He was a man of the most pointed wit, and of the most polished eloquence. His speeches in the House of Commons never lasted more than half an hour, and he had, in that time, always debated his subject without fatiguing his hearers. [[Edmund Burke|Mr. Burke]], who knew him well, has paid his talents the tribute of a splendid eulogy. ' ''In truth,'' ' says he, ' ''Charles Townshend was the delight and ornament of the House; and if he had not so great a share of knowledge long treasured up, as some have had who flourished formerly, he knew better than any other man I ever was acquainted with how to bring together, within a short time, all that was necessary to establish, to illustrate, and to decorate that ride of the question he supported. He stated his matter skilfully and powerfully; he particularly excelled in a most luminous explanation and display of his subject; his style of argument was neither trite nor vulgar, nor subtle and abstruse; he hit the house just between wind and water; and not being troubled with too anxious a zeal for any matter in question, was never more tedious, or more earnest, than the preconceived opinions and present temper of his hearers required, to whom he was always in perfect unison; he conformed exactly to the temper of the house, and seemed to guide, because he was always sure to follow it.''

' ''Failings,'' ' continues [[Edmund Burke|Mr. Burke]], ' ''he undoubtedly had; many of us remember them. But he had no failings which were not owing to a noble cause, to an ardent, generous, perhaps an immoderate, passion for fame; a passion which is the instinct of all great souls. He worshipped that goddess wherever she appeared, but he paid his particular devotions to her in her favourite habitation, in her chosen temple, the House of Commons. He was truly the child of the House; he never did, thought, or said anything but with a view to it; he every day adapted himself to your disposition, and adjusted himself before you, as at a looking-glass.'' '"

The town of Townshend in Vermont, USA was named after Charles Townshend in 1753.

A ''Memoir'' by Percy Fitzgerald was published in 1866. See also [[William Edward Hartpole Lecky|WEH Lecky]], ''History of England'' (1892); and [[Horace Walpole]], ''Memoirs of the Reign of George III.'', edited by GFR Barker (1894)jacob'''

==References==
* ''The Percy Anecdotes'', 1823, Reuben and Sholto Percy [http://www.mspong.org/percy/index.htm]
*{{1911}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box | title=[[Treasurer of the Chamber]] | before=[[Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire|The Earl of Hillsborough]] | after=[[Francis Dashwood, 15th Baron le Despencer|Sir Francis Dashwood, Bt]] | years=1756–1761}}
{{succession box | title=[[Paymaster of the Forces]] | before=[[Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland|The Lord Holland]] | after=[[Frederick North, Lord North|Lord North]]''' and '''[[George Cooke]] | years=1765–1766}}
{{succession box| title=[[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] | before=[[William Dowdeswell]] | after=[[Frederick North, Lord North|Lord North]] | years=1766–1767}}
{{end box}}
{{Chancellor of the Exchequer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Townshend, Charles}}
[[Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Lords of the Admiralty]]
[[Category:Paymasters of the Forces]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Younger sons of viscounts]]
[[Category:1725 births]]
[[Category:1767 deaths]]

[[he:צ'ארלס טאונסנד]]

Great Awakening

2008-01-22T00:52:07Z

FastLizard4: Revert previous revision by 72.68.110.56

{{Great awakenings}}
{{protestant}}
The '''Great Awakenings''' refer to several periods of dramatic [[religious revival]] in Anglo-American religious history, generally recognized as beginning in the 1730s. They have also been described as periodic revolutions in [[U.S.]] religious thought. The term is also used in some respects to refer to American religious [[revivalism]] that the [[Protestant Reformation]] inspired during and after the 1500s, as well as to identify general religious trends within distinctly U.S. religious culture.

There are four generally accepted Great Awakenings in U.S. history:

* The [[First Great Awakening]] (often referred by historians as the "Great Awakening") ([[1730s]] - [[1750s]])
* The [[Second Great Awakening]] ([[1800s]] - [[1830s]])
* The [[Third Great Awakening]] ([[1880s]] - [[1900s]])
* The [[Fourth Great Awakening]] ([[1960s]] - [[1970s]])

==Patterns defining a Great Awakening==
Great Awakenings have been marked by the rise of a multitude of new [[Christian denomination|denomination]]s, [[sect]]s, or even entirely new [[religion]]s. In addition, completely new belief systems and existing belief systems gained new popularity. Since, by its nature, religion is traditional and hard to change, many new beliefs attempt to circumvent tradition by appealing to even more ancient (and often fabricated, or at least distorted) tradition, dismissing current beliefs as either innovations or having lost or corrupted some elements over time.

==American Great Awakenings==
Although Great Awakenings influence and are influenced by religious thought from throughout the world, the cycle of Great Awakenings appears unique to the [[USA]]. This could be because the USA is home to many different denominations and sects, while remaining largely [[Protestant]], which is known for its relative freedom in terms of expression of belief as opposed to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]]. The lack of a single dominant faith or state-sanctioned religion means new ideas can be spread without having to slowly reform existing institutions from within, or allowing pressures to build up until the existing institutions are violently overthrown. On the other hand, the established sects have enough prestige and inertia that the pressure for new ideas builds into a regular cycle of bloodless revolution.

===Influence on political life===
Since religion has often been used to support political platforms, the Great Awakenings have exerted significant influence on the politics of America. [[Joseph Tracy]], the minister and historian who gave this religious phenomenon its name in his influential (and still, to many, definitive) 1842 book ''The Great Awakening'', saw the [[First Great Awakening]] as a precursor to the [[American Revolutionary War|War of Independence]]. For another example, the [[abolition]] movement, part of the wider [[Second Great Awakening]], eventually contributed to the crisis over slavery, which led to the [[American Civil War]]. The [[Third Great Awakening]] would go on to be a major influence in guiding the [[USA]] through the [[Great Depression]] and [[World War II]]. In fact the [[New Deal]] was originated from that same era. The idea of an "awakening" implies a slumber or passivity during secular or less religious times. Thus, awakening is a term which originates and is embraced often and primarily by evangelical Christians <ref>Lambert, Frank. ''Inventing the "Great Awakening"'', Princeton University Press, 1999.</ref>. In recent times, the idea of "awakenings" in US history has been put forth by right-wing US evangelicals such as President George W. Bush. <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/12/AR2006091201594.html "Bush Tells Group He Sees a 'Third Awakening'"] ''Washington Post,'' Sept. 12 2006.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bible belt]]
{{Collapsible Christ}}

==Further reading==
*Alan Heimert; ''Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution''; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966
*Robert William Fogel; ''The Fourth Great Awakening & the Future of Egalitarianism''; 2000, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226256626
*Alan Heimert and Perry Miller ed.; ''The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences''; New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967
*Frank Lambert; ''Inventing the Great Awakening'' Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
*Frank Lambert; ''Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals''; Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994
* William G. McLoughlin's ''Revivals, Awakenings and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607-1977'' (1978)
*Joseph Tracy, ''The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield'', 1997, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0851517129. This is a reprint of the original work published in 1842.
*Harry Stout; ''The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism'';Grand Rapids, William B. Eerdmans, 1991

==References==
<references />

[[Category:History of Christianity in the United States]]

[[da:Gudelige vækkelser]]
[[de:Erweckungsbewegung]]
[[fr:Grand réveil]]
[[hu:Great Awakening]]
[[nl:Opwekking (christendom)]]
[[ja:大覚醒]]
[[ru:Ривайвелизм]]
[[simple:Great Awakening]]
[[sv:Väckelse]]
[[vi:Đại Tỉnh thức]]

Wilson (North Carolina)

2008-01-20T07:59:29Z

FastLizard4: Revert previous revision by Robecu

{{Cleanup|date=January 2007}}

{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = City of Wilson
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname = Wide-Awake-Wilson
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|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
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|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[North Carolina]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in North Carolina|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Wilson County, North Carolina|Wilson]]
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|population_total = 47,441
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|longd = 77 |longm = 55 |longs = 25 |longEW = W
|elevation_m = 33
|elevation_ft = 108
|website = http://www.wilsonnc.org
|area_code = [[Area code 252|252]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
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|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
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}}
'''Wilson''' is a city in [[Wilson County, North Carolina|Wilson County]], [[North Carolina]], it is located in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina. [[United States]]. The 17th largest city in the state, Wilson's city population (as of the 2004 census) was 47,441. It is the [[county seat]] of [[Wilson County, North Carolina|Wilson County]].{{GR|6}} The city is one of the most beautiful cities in the state of North Carolina.
==Geography==
Wilson is located at {{coor dms|35|43|52|N|77|55|25|W|city}} (35.731093, -77.923509).{{GR|1}}

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 23.4 [[square mile]]s (60.7 [[km²]]), of which, 23.3 square miles (60.3 km²) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.4 km²) of it (0.64%) is water.

Wilson is located at the intersection of Interstate 95 and US 264; approximately 40 minutes east of Raleigh, the state capital.

==Population==

Wilson has a population of 47,441 (U.S. Census, 2004) and continues to see steady growth. New shopping centers are springing up across the region and many new homes are being built.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 44,405 people, 17,296 households, and 11,328 families residing in Wilson.

''For more information, see [[Wilson, North Carolina (demographics)]].''

==Infrastructure==

In 2006, Wilson was ranked first in North Carolina for economic strength among micropolitan cities(<50K population)by the Policom Corporation [http://www.policom.com/microrank.htm]. Wilson was ranked 13th nationally.

The city has a large supply of water (seven billion gallons capacity) thanks to the 1999 expansion of Buckhorn Lake. City leaders say it should provide water for the next 50 years of growth. The city provides electrical service (since 1893), natural gas, water, wastewater, recycling and garbage collection.

The city of Wilson is building a fiber to the premise (FTTP) network [http://www.wilsonnc.org/FiberOpticProject/index.asp]that will make high-speed Internet available to homes (up to 20M) and businesses (up to 1G). The first customers will be business customers. The first residential customers are expected to receive service in early 2008. City leaders believe the all-fiber system will lure new employers and provide a boost to existing employers, although the costs and results of a fiber optics network of this scale are debatable. City facilities have operated on a fiber backbone since early 2006. The system will enable citizens to subscribe to high-speed broadband Internet, cable TV and/or telephone service.

==Transportation==
{{seealso|Wilson (Amtrak station)}}
Wilson is served by three airports: Wilson Industrial Airport, Rocky Mount-Wilson Airport (RWI) about 15 minutes from town, and Raleigh-Durham International Airport (RDU) about 55 minutes from town. The city has an [[Amtrak]] station. The city of Wilson owns and operates a [[bus]] transit system. The following highways travel through Wilson: [[Interstate 95 in North Carolina|I-95]], U.S. 264, U.S. 301, U.S. 117, N.C. 42, and N.C. 58. Ward Boulevard is a local 5-lane loop road that circles the original city limits (circa 1970).

==Entertainment==

[[Imagination Station Science Museum|Imagination Station]] is a children's interactive science museum located in the Beaux Arts building in downtown Wilson.

The Edna Boykin Center for Performing Arts is owned by the city of Wilson, and operated by the Arts Council of Wilson. The restored Vaudeville theater, built in 1919, seats about 1,000 guests. During the 1970s it was an X-rated Adult theater. It was beautifully restored in the 1990s. In 2006 and 2007 the theater was home to the Theater of the American South, a production that celebrated southern history and culture. Live plays are a mainstay in the Boykin Center, some of which involve youth actors.

The City of Wilson operates Wilson TV [http://www.wilsonnc.org/Government/PublicInformation/wtv/index.asp], a public information cable television channel announcing upcoming events and activities. Wilson TV features original programming such as "City Talk" and "Around Town", both of which address issues and events in the community. Wilson TV also shows meetings of the Wilson City Council and the city Planning Board and Board of Adjustment.

Wilson also hosts the Whirligig Festival [http://www.wilsonnc.org/whirligig/index.asp], which celebrates local and regional artists in an event held the first weekend in November. Whirligigs are wind-driven works of art, many of which have been created by nationally recognized folk artist [[Vollis Simpson]] of [[Wilson County]].

The City of Wilson Human Relations Commission [http://www.wilsonnc.org/Departments/HumanRelations/hrc.asp] hosts the "1st Fridays" events [http://www.wilsonnc.org/Departments/HumanRelations/concerts.asp] each August through October on the library lawn. Musical entertainment and children's activities are featured, and refreshments are available. This year (2007) has seen the largest crowds since the events were created several years ago.

Wilson is also home to the Carmike 10 Cinema which opened in 2006 at Wilson Mall [http://www.hullstorey.com/intro_SRC.htm].

==Shopping==

Wilson Mall (formerly Parkwood Mall) recently completed a major renovation. The 25-year old mall is attracting new clients after several years of decline under a previous owner. Major anchors include J.C. Penney, Sears and Steve and Barry's University Sportswear.

Heritage Crossing Shopping Center includes a new Target, Marshall's, Belk, Omega Sports, Ross' Dress for Less, and rue 21. A Bed Bath and Beyond is planning to locate there. There are several acres available that will be developed in the next year or two. The shopping center will create additional retail jobs.

Wilson includes three new Starbucks Coffee locations and one more is on the way.

Wilson's downtown, which at one time was the main shopping area and cultural hub, has improved considerably in recent years. Downtown streets and sidewalks were renovated in the 1990s and utilities were buried. Free WiFi service is now provided by the city in parts of the downtown area.

Wilson also hosts a wide variety of grocery store chains. Harris Teeter, Food Lion, Piggly Wiggly, Fred's Food Club, Aldi and Wal-Mart all have locations in Wilson. A Farm Fresh store is currently being built in a former Winn Dixie.

[[Home Depot]] is currently under construction on a site that used to be known as KMart. The new store will be 95,000 square feet.

==Real Estate==

The cost of living, approximately 12% less than that of the Raleigh-Durham area, makes Wilson an attractive alternative. Average homes cost less, enabling a willing commuter (40 minutes to the Raleigh Beltline) to have much more house for his/her dollar. Since January 2005, a typical 3 bedroom house sold for approximately $132,000, and larger 4 bedroom homes average $225,000.

In addition to new homes, Wilson is known for its numerous and varied historic bungalows. Historic homes dating from the mid-19th century feature outstanding architectural details and charm. The revitalization of the historic neighborhoods has been aided by the protection of the establishment of local historic districts complimenting the national historic districts. The Wilson Preservation Commission [http://www.wilsonnc.org/Departments/DevelopmentServices/HistoricPreservation/index.asp]oversees the protection of the local historic districts and the landmark properties including the Boykin Center [http://www.wilson-nc.com/Culture.cfm] the Jacob Tomlinson House [http://www.historicwilson.info] the Arts Council Building [http://www.wilson-nc.com/Culture.cfm] The Charles Coon School and the Davis-Whitehead-Harriss House [http://www.whiteheadinn.com/].

==Education==

'''Public Schools'''

Wilson County Public Schools

Elementary Schools (K-5):
Wells, Margaret Hearne, Vick, New Hope, Vinson-Bynum, B.O. Barnes, Winstead, Elm City, Stantonsburg, Lee Woodard, Lucama, Rock Ridge.

Middle Schools:
Darden, Forest Hills, Toisnot, Elm City, Speight, Springfield.

High schools:
E. T. Beddingfield, Ralph L. Fike, James B. Hunt.

Alternative Schools:
Adams Learning Center (K-5),
Daniels Learning Center (6-8).

Sallie B. Howard School for the Arts and Education.

'''Deaf Education'''

Eastern North Carolina School for the Deaf

'''Private Schools'''

Wilson is home to several private schools: Community Christian School (K-12), Garnett Christian Academy, Wilson Christian Academy (K-12), St. Therese Catholic School (K-5) and Greenfield School (Pre-K-12) (non-sectarian).

'''Colleges'''

Wilson is also home to [[Barton College]], a [[liberal arts college]], and [[North Carolina Community College System|Wilson Community College]].

==Notable Citizens==
*[[Bunn Hearn]], major league pitcher.
*[[G.K. Butterfield]], U.S. Congressman for North Carolina's First Congressional District.
*[[Jim Hunt]], only person to serve four terms as the [[Governor of North Carolina]], (1977-1985, 1993-2001).
*The O'Kaysions, an [[R&B]] sextet known for their 1968 Top 5 pop hit "Girl Watcher."
*Julius Peppers (NFL Defensive End for Carolina Panthers), born in Wilson
*Leslie Keith Watson, bass player in WWE's Chris Jericho's band "Fozzy"

==Tallest Buildings==
# BB&T 11 floors
# Wilson County Nash Street Office Building 8 floors
# BB&T Raleigh Road Parkway (under construction) 6 floors
# Wilson Medical Center 6 floors
# Cherry Apartments 6 floors
# Hampton Raleigh Road Parkway (under construction) 5 floors
# Holiday Inn 5 floors
# Belle Meade cooperative (under construction) 4 floors
# Hampton Inn U.S. 264 4 floors
# Candlewood Inn and Suites (under construction) 4 floors
# [[Imagination Station Science Museum]] Building,Formerly Wilson's First Post Office & Courthouse from 1920-1975 4 Floors
# Wal-Mart 3 floors

==External links==
* [http://www.wilsonnc.org/ Official website of Wilson, NC]
* [http://www.ibest.net/WelcomeToWilson/ Wilson Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.wilson-nc.com/ Wilson Visitors Bureau]
* http://www.smm.org/sln/vollis/
*http://www.wilsonnc.org/whirligig/
*http://www.imaginescience.org (Imagination Station Science Museum of Wilson)

{{Mapit-US-cityscale|35.731093|-77.923509}}

{{Wilson County, North Carolina}}
{{North Carolina}}

[[Category:Wilson County, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Cities in North Carolina]]
[[Category:County seats in North Carolina]]
[[Category:Assmaster]]

[[ar:ويلسون، كارولاينا الشمالية]]
[[nl:Wilson (North Carolina)]]
[[ja:ウィルソン (ノースカロライナ州)]]
[[pt:Wilson (Carolina do Norte)]]
[[vo:Wilson (North Carolina)]]

Einhundert-US-Dollar-Banknote

2008-01-20T06:38:36Z

FastLizard4: Revert previous revision by 24.17.86.51

[[Image:Usdollar100front.jpg|thumb|255px|right|Obverse of the Series 2003A $100 bill]]
[[Image:US $100 reverse.jpg|thumb|255px|right|Reverse of the Series 2003A $100 bill]]
The '''United States one hundred-dollar bill''' ($100) is a [[Denomination (currency)|denomination]] of [[United States dollar|United States currency]]. U.S. statesman, inventor, and diplomat [[Benjamin Franklin]] is currently featured on the [[obverse]] of the bill, while [[Independence Hall (United States)|Independence Hall]] is featured on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]]. The bill is one of two current notes that does not feature a [[President of the United States]]; the other is the [[United States ten-dollar bill]], featuring [[Alexander Hamilton]]. It is the largest denomination that has been in circulation since [[July 14]], [[1969]], when the [[Large denominations of United States currency|higher denominations]] of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000 and $100,000 were retired.<ref>{{cite web
| url= http://www.moneyfactory.gov/section.cfm/5/42
| title= For Collectors: Large Denominations
| publisher= [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] | accessdate= 2007-09-27
}}</ref>

The [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] says the "average life" of a $100 bill in circulation is 60 months before it is replaced due to wear. Approximately 7% of all notes produced today are $100 bills.

One hundred-dollar bills are delivered by [[Federal Reserve|Federal Reserve Banks]] in mustard-colored straps.

The Numeral four on the clockface on the reverse of the banknote is incorrectly written as "IV" whereas the real [[Independence Hall (United States)]] clockface has "IIII". [[Roman numerals#Calendars_and_clocks|Roman Numerals in Clocks]]

==Large size note history==
''(approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm)''
[[Image:US $100 1880 United States Note.jpg|thumb|Series 1880 $100 bill]]
*[[1861]]: Three-year 10 dollar [[Interest Bearing Note]]s were issued that paid 7.3% interest per year. These notes were not primarily designed to circulate, and were payable to the original purchaser of the dollar bill. The obverse of the note featured a portrait of General [[Winfield Scott]].
*[[1862]]: The first $100 [[United States Note]] was issued with a [[Bald Eagle]] on the left side of the obverse. Two different variations of this note were issued that resulted in slightly different wording (obligations) on the reverse; the note was issued again in series of 1863.
*[[1863]]: Both one and two and one half year Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 5% interest. The one-year Interest Bearing Notes featured a [[vignette]] of [[George Washington]] in the center, and [[allegorical]] figures representing "The Guardian" to the right and "Justice" to the left . The two-year notes featured a vignette of the [[U.S. Treasury#History|U.S. treasury building]] in the center, a farmer and mechanic to the left, and sailors firing a cannon to the right.
*[[1863]]: The first $100 [[Gold Certificate]]s were issued with a Bald Eagle to the left and large green 100 in the middle of the obverse. The reverse was distinctly printed in '''orange''' instead of green like all other U.S. federal government issued notes of the time.
*[[1864]]: [[Compound Interest Treasury Note]]s were issued that were intended to circulate for three years and paid 6% interest compounded semi-annually. The obverse is similar to the 1863 one-year Interest Bearing Note.
[[Image:US $100 GC 1922.jpg|thumb|275px|right|A 1922 hundred-dollar Gold Certificate]]
*[[1869]]: A new $100 [[United States Note]] was issued with a portrait of [[Abraham Lincoln]] on the left of the obverse and an allegorical figure representing architecture on the right. Although this note is technically a United States Note, TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE.
*[[1870]]: A new $100 Gold Certificate with a portrait of [[Thomas Hart Benton (senator)|Thomas Hart Benton]] on the left side of the obverse was issued. The note was one-sided.
*[[1870]]: One hundred dollar [[National Gold Bank Note]]s were issued specifically for payment in gold coin by participating national gold banks. The obverse featured vignettes of Perry leaving the [[USS St. Lawrence (1848)|USS St. Lawrence]] and an allegorical figure to the right; the reverse featured a vignette of U.S. gold coins.
*[[1875]]: The reverse of the series of 1869 United States Note was redesigned. Also, TREASURY NOTE was changed to UNITED STATES NOTE on the obverse. This note was issued again in series of 1878 and [[1880]].
*[[1878]]: The first $100 [[Silver Certificate]] was issued with a portrait of [[James Monroe]] on the left side of the obverse. The reverse was printed in '''black''' ink, unlike any other U.S. Federal Government issued dollar bill.
*[[1882]]: A new and revised $100 Gold Certificate was issued. The obverse was partially the same as the series 1870 gold certificate; the border design, portrait of Thomas H. Benton, and large word GOLD, and gold-colored ink behind the serial numbers were all retained. The reverse featured a perched Bald Eagle and the [[Roman numeral]] for 100, C.
*[[1890]]: One hundred dollar Treasury or "Coin Notes" were issued for government purchases of silver bullion from the silver mining industry. The note featured a portrait of Admiral [[David G. Farragut]]. The note was also nicknamed a "watermelon note" because of the watermelon-shaped 0's in the large numeral 100 on the reverse; the large numeral 100 was surrounded by an [[ornate]] design that occupied almost the entire note.
*[[1891]]: The reverse of the series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the treasury felt that it was too "busy" which would make it too easy to counterfeit. More open space was incorporated into the new design.
*[[1891]]: The obverse of the $100 Silver Certificate was slightly revised with some aspects of the design changed. The reverse was completely redesigned and also began to be printed in green ink.
*[[1914]]: The first $100 [[Federal Reserve Note]] was issued with a portrait of Benjamin Franklin on the obverse and allegorical figures representing labor, plenty, America, peace, and commerce on the reverse.
*[[1922]]: The series of 1880 Gold Certificate was re-issued with an obligation to the right of the bottom-left serial number on the obverse.

==Small size note history==
''(6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 156 × 66 mm)''

*[[1929]]: Under series of [[1928]], all U.S. currency was changed to its [[Small-sized note|current size]] and began to carry a standardized design. All variations of the $100 bill would carry the same portrait of Benjamin Franklin, same border design on the [[obverse]], and the same [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] with a vignette of Independence Hall. The $100 bill was issued as a [[Federal Reserve Note]] with a green seal and serial numbers and as a [[Gold Certificate]] with a golden seal and serial numbers.
*[[1933]]: As an emergency response to the [[Great Depression]], additional money was pumped into the American economy through Federal Reserve Bank Notes issued under series of 1929. This was the only small-sized $100 bill that had a slightly different border design on the obverse. The serial numbers and seal on it were brown.
[[Image:US $100 Gold Certificate 1934 reverse.jpg|thumb|265px|right|Reverse of the Series 1934 Gold Certificate]]
*[[1934]]: The ''redeemable in gold'' clause was removed from Federal Reserve Notes due to the U.S. withdrawing from the [[gold standard]].
*[[1934]]: Special $100 Gold Certificates were issued for non-public, Federal Reserve bank-to-bank transactions. These notes featured a reverse printed in orange instead of green like all other small-sized notes. The wording on the obverse was also changed to ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS IN GOLD PAYABLE TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND AS AUTHORIZED BY LAW.
*[[1950]]: Many minor aspects on the obverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note were changed. Most noticeably, the treasury seal, gray numeral 100, and the Federal Reserve Seal were made smaller; also, the Federal Reserve Seal had spikes added around it.
*[[1963]]: Because dollar bills were no longer redeemable in silver, WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse of the series 1963 A $100 Federal Reserve Note. The obligation was also changed to its current wording,THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse.
[[Image:US $100 United States Note 1966.jpg|thumb|265px|right|The Series 1966 United States Note]]
*[[1966]]: The first and only small-sized $100 [[United States Note]] was issued with a red seal and serial numbers. It was the first of all United States currency to use the new U.S. [[Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury|treasury seal]] with wording in [[English language|English]] instead of [[Latin]]. Like the series 1963 $2 and $5 United States Notes, it lacked WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND on the obverse and featured the motto IN GOD WE TRUST on the reverse. The $100 United States Note was issued due to legislation that specified a certain dollar amount of United States Notes that were to remain in circulation. Because the $2 and $5 United States Notes were soon to be discontinued, the dollar amount of United States Notes would drop, thus warranting the issuing of this note.
*[[1991]]: The first new-age anti-counterfeiting measures were introduced under series [[1990]] with microscopic printing around Franklin's portrait and a metallic security strip on the left side of the bill.
*[[1996#March|March 25, 1996]]: The first major design change in numerous years took place with the adoption of a contemporary style layout. The main intent of the new design was to deter [[counterfeit]]ing. New security features included a [[watermark]] of Franklin to the right side of the bill, optically variable ink (known as O.V.I) that changed from green to black when viewed at different angles, a higher quality and enlarged portrait of Franklin, and hard-to-reproduce fine line printing around Franklin's portrait and Independence Hall. Older security features such as interwoven red and blue silk fibers, microprinting, and a plastic security thread (which now glows red under a [[black light]]) were kept. The individual Federal Reserve Bank Seal was changed to a unified Federal Reserve Seal along with an additional prefix letter being added to the serial number.
*Late 2008: The redesigned $100 bill is expected to be released, receiving design changes analogous to the current [[United States twenty-dollar bill|$20 bill]], [[United States fifty-dollar bill|$50 bill]], and [[United States ten-dollar bill|$10 bill]]. According to the [[Associated Press]], the new $100 bills will be released after the re-designed $5 bill is released in spring 2008.<ref>{{cite web
| url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13598904/
| title= "Honest Abe to get color makeover on the $5 bill"
| date= June 29, 2006 | publisher= [[Associated Press]]
| accessdate= 2007-09-27
}}</ref> Although the redesign has been publicized as routine, [[superdollar|North Korean counterfeiting operations]] are a major concern.<ref>{{cite web
| url= http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/23/magazine/23counterfeit.htm
| title= "No Ordinary Counterfeit"
| author= Stephen Mihm | date= July 23, 2006 | publisher= ''[[New York Times]]''
| accessdate= 2007-09-27
}}</ref> The new bills will contain a Crane & Co. security feature called Motion, containing up to 650,000 microlenses embedded in the printing which will allow for the image to shift when the bill is moved. This has been used for the first time ever on the Swedish 1,000-kronor note issued on March 15, 2006. A demonstration of this technology on the 1000 SEK bill can be found here: http://www.crane.se/site.aspx?id=572<ref>{{cite web
| url= http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070826/ap_on_go_ca_st_pe/changing_ben_franklin;_ylt=Am3LE1oXyUWRYyGMlha7f32WwvIE
| title= Changing Ben Franklin
| accessdate=
| author= Martin Crutsinger, AP
|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |doi=
|archiveurl= http://www.rangefinderforum.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-46154.html
|archivedate=2007-08-27
|quote=
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url= http://psychohistory.wordpress.com/2007/08/27/ill-take-650000-micro-lenses-for-100-bob/
| title= I’ll Take 650,000 Micro-Lenses for $100, Bob.
| accessdate= 2007-10-13
| author= Adam Nash
|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote=
}}</ref>

==Nicknames==
The $100 bill has many nicknames including:
*'''C-B''', '''C-note''', from the Roman numeral C for 100, and B for Bill;
*'''Franklin''', '''Benjamin''', '''Ben''', '''Benjy''' or '''Benny''' because of [[Benjamin Franklin]]'s portrait;

*'''Hunsky''', '''Hundy''', '''Hundo''', '''Hunj''', '''Hunnard''', '''Hundi''', or '''Hun-Dun''' all variations on "hundred";
*'''Big one''', refers to the largest denomination currently in use;
*'''100 Bones''', '''100 Clams'''.
*'''Bill'''. As in, "I lost a bill at the Casino last night." (100 dollars)
*'''Yard''' in reference to American football and its use of a 100 yard field.

==References==
*{{cite book
| last = Wilhite
| first = Robert
| title = Standard Catalog of United States Paper Money (17th ed)
| publisher = Krause Pubns Inc
| date = 1998
| id = ISBN 0873416538 }}
*{{cite book
| last = Hudgeons
| first = Thomas
| title = The Official Blackbook Price Guide to U.S. Paper Money 2006, Edition #38
| publisher = House of Collectibles
| date = 2005
| id = ISBN 1400048451 }}
*{{cite book
| last = Friedberg
| first = Arthur
| coauthors = Ira Friedberg, David Bowers
| title = A Guide Book Of United States Paper Money: Complete Source for History, Grading, and Prices (Official Red Book)
| publisher = Whitman Publishing
| date = 2005
| id = ISBN 0794817866 }}

==Notes==
{{reflist|1}}

{{US_currency_and_coinage}}
[[Category:Benjamin Franklin]]
[[Category:Paper money of the United States]]