Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Greg Street (Spieleentwickler)

2010-11-18T22:54:14Z

Extransit: Reverted edits by 216.103.134.130 (talk) to last revision by A930913 (HG)

{{Infobox Person
| name = Greg Street
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Video game designer]], former [[marine biologist]]
| employer = [[Blizzard Entertainment]]
| title = Lead Systems Designer
| website =
}}

'''Greg Street''' is an [[United States|American]] [[video game designer]], currently employed by [[Blizzard Entertainment]] as Lead Systems Designer on the award-winning [[MMORPG]] ''[[World of Warcraft]]''. Street is also known by his [[User (computing)|screen name]] "Ghostcrawler" on the ''World of Warcraft'' [[message boards]]. Prior to being employed by Blizzard, Street worked as a marine biologist, eventually moving into the game design field. He also worked with [[Ensemble Studios]] on the ''[[Age of Empires]]'' series of [[real-time strategy game]]s, during which period he was also known by the screen name "Deathshrimp".<ref name="aok-heaven">{{cite web |url=http://aok.heavengames.com/gameinfo/interviews/street |title=Greg "Deathshrimp" Ghostcrawler |publisher=Age of Kings Heaven |author=Angel Omnivac |1998-12-09 |accessdate=2009-10-12 }}</ref>

==Career==
Street graduated from [[McDaniel College]] in 1991 with [[Bachelor of Arts]] degrees in Biology and Philosophy, later earning a [[PhD]] in [[marine science]]. Between 1996 and 1998, Street worked as a Research Assistant Professor at the [[University of South Carolina]].<ref name="linkedin">{{cite web |url=http://www.linkedin.com/pub/greg-street/7/644/b35 |title=Greg Street |publisher=[[LinkedIn]] |accessdate=2009-10-12 }}</ref> Street has said his work was only enjoyable to him "for the first several years or so…As I moved up the ranks, however, I was spending more and more of my time writing grant proposals, filling out paperwork and playing departmental politics." Street found that his profession involved "a lot of doing the same thing over and over again."<ref name="aok-heaven" />

Ensemble Studios, the team behind the real-time strategy series ''Age of Empires'', employed Street as a designer in 1998.<ref name="linkedin" /> With no education or experience in the game industry, Street suspects he was accepted due to his "writing and teaching experience, historical breadth, personal hygiene, gudd speling [''sic''], creativity, [and] my talent at capturing live alligators", as well as the user-created scenario for ''Age of Empires'' he submitted with his application, which later appeared in ''[[Age of Empires: The Rise of Rome]]''. Street helped develop every ''Age of Empires'' game from ''Rise of Rome'' on, until his departure from the company. At first he designed in-game scenarios and maps, and later graduated to being the team's lead designer.<ref name="insidemacgames">{{cite web |url=http://www.insidemacgames.com/features/view.php?ID=488&Page=1 |title=Interview: Ensemble's Greg Street |date=2006-12-20 |first=Michael |last=Phillips |publisher=Inside Mac Games |accessdate=2009-10-12 }}</ref>

Street was hired by Blizzard Entertainment in February of 2008, and is currently the lead systems designer on the MMORPG ''World of Warcraft''.<ref name="linkedin" /> On the ''World of Warcraft'' message boards, he is known by his user name "Ghostcrawler". Street works in a similar capacity with Blizzard as he did with Ensemble as a designer. "Game designers are not artists or programmers, but we use the tools developed by the programmers and the assets created by the artists to get content into the game. Programmers make the game run, artists make it beautiful, but it is the designer's job to make it fun."<ref name="wowboards">{{cite web |url=http://forums.worldofwarcraft.com/thread.html?topicId=14134474969&sid=1&pageNo=6#111 |first=Greg |last=Street |publisher=[[Blizzard Entertainment]] |date=2009-01-14 |title=Re: GC, please stop posting here |accessdate=2009-10-12 }}</ref> Street became well-known in the ''World of Warcraft'' community during the public [[beta test]] for ''[[World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King]]'', during which he was frequently communicating with beta testers on the message boards. He is often on the message boards announcing changes to the game or discussing them with players.<ref name="wowinsider-experiment">{{cite web |url=http://www.wow.com/2009/01/12/the-ghostcrawler-experiment/ |date=2009-01-12 |title=The Ghostcrawler Experiment |first=Adam |last=Holisky |publisher=WoW.com |accessdate=2009-10-12 }}</ref> Because "game balance is one of the most controversial aspects of any multiplayer game…I benefit from being able to engage the community directly."<ref name="wowboards" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Blizzard Entertainment}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Street, Greg}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Blizzard Entertainment]]
[[Category:University of South Carolina faculty]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin alumni]]
[[Category:World of Warcraft]]

[[pt:Greg Street]]

Telephone (Lied)

2010-06-14T09:43:46Z

Extransit: /* Critical reception */ This statement is no good without the full original context, not helpful or informative as a quote.

{{Infobox single 
| Name = Telephone
| Cover = Telephone-LadyGaga.jpg
| Alt = In the upper left corner, a woman with long wavy blond hair holds up her right hand with her index finger extended. On her head, is a headdress made of several blue dials. She wears a white frock over her shoulders. In the lower right corner, a dusky complexioned woman with long wavy brown hair, looks towards the camera. She wears a blue military coat with gold tassles on the shoulders. In the upper right corner, the words "Lady Gaga" in red, "and" in white, and "Beyoncé" in orange are written in a rounded cursive font. In the lower left corner, the words "in" and "Telephone" are both in that same font in white.
| Artist = [[Lady Gaga]] featuring [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]
| Album = [[The Fame Monster]]
| Released = {{Start date|2010|02|15}}
| Format = [[Music download|Digital download]], [[CD single]], [[Gramophone record|7"]]
| Recorded = 2009
| Genre = [[Electropop]], [[dance-pop]]
| Length = 3:40
| Label = Streamline, [[Kon Live Distribution|Kon Live]], [[Cherrytree Records|Cherrytree]], [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]
| Writer = [[Stefani Germanotta]], [[Rodney Jerkins]], [[LaShawn Daniels]], Lazonate Franklin, Beyoncé Knowles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://repertoire.bmi.com/title.asp?blnWriter=True&blnPublisher=True&blnArtist=True&keyID=10400713&ShowNbr=0&ShowSeqNbr=0&querytype=WorkID|title=Telephone Songwriting credits|accessdate=2010-04-19|publisher=[[Broadcast Music Incorporated]]}}</ref>
| Producer = Darkchild
| Certification =
| Chronology = [[Lady Gaga]]
| Last single = "[[Video Phone (song)|Video Phone]] (Extended remix)" (2009)
| This single = "'''Telephone'''" (2010)
| Next single = "[[Alejandro (song)|Alejandro]]" (2010)
| Misc = {{Extra chronology 2
| Artist = [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]
| Type = singles
| Last single = "[[Video Phone (song)|Video Phone]]" (2009)
| This single = "'''Telephone'''" (2010)
| Next single = "[[Put It in a Love Song]]" (2010)
}}
}}

"'''Telephone'''" is a song by American recording artist [[Lady Gaga]] from her second studio album ''[[The Fame Monster]]'', featuring American [[contemporary R&B|R&B]] singer [[Beyoncé Knowles]]. The song was written by Gaga and [[Rodney Jerkins]]. The main inspiration of the song was Gaga's fear of not being able to enjoy herself because of her dedication to her career. The lyrics portray the singer as preferring the dance floor, rather than answering her lover's phone calls. Gaga explained that the telephone addressed in the lyrics of the song, is in reality a person telling her to continue working harder. Musically, the song consists of an expanded [[bridge (music)|bridge]], [[verse (popular music)|verse-rap]] and an [[epilogue]] where the line is disconnected. Knowles appears in the middle of the song, singing the verses in a rapid-fire way, accompanied by double beats.

"Telephone" was appreciated by contemporary critics who frequently noted it as a stand-out track from ''The Fame Monster''. The song charted in a number of countries due to digital sales, namely in the United States, Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and Hungary, following the album's release. The song has been particularly successful in Europe, reaching the top of the charts in Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom. She performed an acoustic rendition of "Telephone" mixed with "Dance In The Dark" at the [[2010 BRIT Awards]] in memory of [[Alexander McQueen]]. It was also added to the setlist of the European leg of [[The Monster Ball Tour]].

Gaga explained that the music video is a continuation of the video for "[[Paparazzi (Lady Gaga song)|Paparazzi]]", and is also shot as a short film. The video features Gaga in a prison, from where she gets bailed out by Beyoncé. They go to a diner where, after a series of events, they kill the guests having breakfast. It ends with Gaga and Beyoncé escaping from the police. Paying homage to [[Quentin Tarantino]] and his films ''[[Kill Bill]]'' (2003–2004) and ''[[Pulp Fiction (film)|Pulp Fiction]]'' (1994) and [[Callie Khouri]]'s ''[[Thelma & Louise]]'', the video was positively received by critics.

== Background ==
Gaga originally wrote "Telephone", with Rodney Jerkins, for Britney Spears. However, Spears' label rejected it and Gaga recorded the song as a collaboration with Beyoncé Knowles for ''[[The Fame Monster]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2009/11/16/new-lady-gaga-song-telephone/|title=New Lady Gaga, 'Telephone': Stream It Here|last=Greenblatt|first=Leah|date=2009-11-16|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|accessdate=2009-12-01}}</ref> Gaga said, "I wrote it for her a long time ago and she just didn't use it for her album. It's fine because I love the song and I get to perform it now."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://spicezee.zeenews.com/articles/story47414.htm|title=Pop princess Britney Spears snubbed Lady Gaga|last=India|first=Press Trust|date=2009-11-26|work=''[[Zee News]]''|publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]|accessdate=2009-12-01}}</ref> Additionally, the guest vocalist was originally going to be Spears, but for an unknown reason, Gaga made Knowles the featured vocalist instead.<ref name="popjustice"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popjustice.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4211&Itemid=243|title=Lady Gaga - Telephone|date=2010-01-09|accessdate=2010-01-20|author=Staff Reporter|publisher=[[Popjustice]]}}</ref> The main inspiration behind the song was Gaga's fear of [[Asphyxia|suffocation]] as she felt that she seldom found time to just let loose and have fun. She further clarified,
<blockquote>
"Fear of suffocation—something that I have or fear is never being able to enjoy myself, [...] 'Cause I love my work so much, I find it really hard to go out and have a good time. [...] "I don't go to nightclubs, [...] You don't see pictures of me falling out of a club drunk. I don't go—and that's because I usually go and then, you know, a whiskey and a half into it, I got to get back to work."<ref name="inspire">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1627050/20091124/lady_gaga.jhtml|title=Lady Gaga Explains Inspiration Behind Beyoncé Collabo, 'Telephone'|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|last2=Calloway|first2= Sway|date=2009-11-25|work=''[[MTV]]''|publisher=[[MTV Networks]]|accessdate=2009-12-01}}</ref>
</blockquote>

== Composition ==
{{listen
| filename = Lady Gaga - Telephone.ogg
| format = [[Ogg]]
| title = Telephone
| position = right
| description = A 22 second sample to "Telephone" featuring the chorus where Gaga sings the line "Stop calling, stop calling, I don't want to talk anymore."
}}
"Telephone" was written by Lady Gaga, [[Rodney Jerkins]], [[LaShawn Daniels]], Lazonate Franklin and Knowles.<ref name="liner">Lady Gaga ''The Fame Monster'' (Liner Notes) [[Interscope Records]] (2009)</ref> Although constructed as a duet, the song features Knowles, first appearing in the middle verse and singing her lyrics through a brief [[musical interval|interlude]], and backs the [[chorus effect|chorus]] during the rest of the song.<ref name="omh"/> The song starts off unassumingly, with Gaga singing in a solemn voice over a [[harp]] melody, which changes immediately to a pounding beat.<ref name="CBBC">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_8540000/newsid_8547700/8547789.stm|title=Single review: Lady Gaga – Telephone (feat. Beyoncé)|date=2010-03-15|accessdate=2010-03-16|work=''[[BBC]]''|publisher=[[BBC Online]]}}</ref> Essentially, Gaga's in a club and her boyfriend keeps ringing, but she could not talk as she was drinking and dancing to her favourite song. The chorus runs as follows: "Stop calling, stop calling, I don't want to talk anymore." "Telephone" consists of an expanded [[bridge (music)|bridge]], [[verse (popular music)|verse-rap]] and an [[epilogue]] where a voice announces that the telephone line is not reachable at that moment.<ref name="omh"/> According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by [[Sony/ATV Music Publishing]], the song is set in the [[time signature]] of common time, with a tempo of 120 [[beats per minute]]. Gaga's vocals range from the low-note of F3 to the high-note of C5. It is set in the key of [[F minor]] and has a basic sequence of Fm–A{{music|flat}}–B{{music|flat}}–Fm as its [[chord progression]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital Sheet Music – Lady Gaga – Telephone |work=''Musicnotes.com''|publisher= [[Sony/ATV Music Publishing]] |accessdate= 2010-02-08}}</ref>

The lyrics of "Telephone" relate to the singer preferring the dance floor to answering someone's call. The verses are sung in a rapid-fire way, accompanied by double beats.<ref name="slant">{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/oldurlredirect.php?type=music&ID=1929|title=Lady Gaga: The Fame Monster|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal|date=2009-11-18|publisher=[[Slant Magazine]]|accessdate=2009-11-19}}</ref> According to Gaga, the phone addressed in the lyrics of the song is not a physical phone, but a person in her head telling her to keep working harder and harder. Gaga explained, "That's my fear—that the phone's ringing and my head's ringing, [...] Whether it's a telephone or it's just the thoughts in your head, that's another fear."<ref name="inspire"/>

== Critical reception ==
The song has garnered positive reviews from music critics. Michael Hubbard from [[MusicOMH]] said that the song was "probably the best thing here [on ''The Fame Monster'']." He also complimented the "brilliant bridge" and the ending of the song where the caller gets through to her voicemail.<ref name="omh">{{cite web|url=http://blog.musicomh.com/musicomh/2009/11/lady-gaga-the-fame-monster-trackbytrack.html|title=Lady Gaga: The Fame Monster, track-by-track|last=Hubbard|first=Michael|date=2009-11-23|publisher=[[MusicOMH]]|accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref> [[Popjustice]] gave the song a positive review: "It's a little bit like [[Gwen Stefani|Gwen]]'s '[[What You Waiting For?]]' meets [[Timbaland]]'s '[[The Way I Are]]' meets about fifty other things....The structure's quite exciting [...] there is something tumultuously brilliant about Beyoncé's contribution that makes everything seem fine and as if it was the plan all along."<ref name="popjustice">{{cite web|url=http://www.popjustice.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4162&Itemid=9 |title=Lady Gaga's 'Fame Monster' - it's a proper album (and a very good one at that) |publisher=[[Popjustice]]|first=Staff|last= Reporter|date=2009-10-26 |accessdate=2009-11-30}}</ref> Evan Sawdey from [[PopMatters]] said that "The much talked-about Beyoncé collaboration 'Telephone', which—with its double-time beat and rapid-fire verses—proves to be one of the most adrenaline-pumped songs that Gaga has yet crafted, the whole thing feeling like it's about to veer of [[sic|[''sic'']]] the tracks at any moment simply due to the giddy excitement shared between the two divas, easily turning it into the unquestioned highlight of ''The Fame Monster''".<ref name="popmatters">{{cite web|url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/116603-lady-gaga-the-fame-monster/|title=Lady Gaga: The Fame Monster < Reviews|last=Sawdey|first=Evan|date=2009-11-23|publisher=[[PopMatters]]|accessdate=2009-11-23}}</ref>

Bill Lamb from [[About.com]] listed it among the top tracks on the album and said: "The Beyoncé assisted 'Telephone' is a club stomper that will draw in R&B and Hip Hop fans as well on the radio."<ref name="about">{{cite news|url=http://top40.about.com/od/albums/fr/ladygagathefamemonster.htm|title=A Real Work of Pop Art - Not a Stopgap Release|last=Lamb|first=Bill|date=2009-11-23|work=''[[About.com]]''|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|accessdate=2009-11-23}}</ref> In a separate review, he compared it to the "[[Just Dance]]" era and commented: "An odd track for a lot of reasons. Lyrically, it is a successor to 'Just Dance'. The lyrics involve Gaga talking about not wanting to use her phone in the club. Having a track like this, when it feels like 'Just Dance' was so long ago and a different Gaga, is a little awkward. Especially when it is a planned single...It's fun and disposable but there are better tracks on ''The Fame Monster'' to offer as singles".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dancemusic.about.com/od/reviews/fr/Lady_Gaga_-_The_Fame_Monster.htm|title=Lady Gaga - "The Fame Monster" Review|last=Lamb|first=Bill|date=2009-11-28|accessdate=2010-03-02|work=''About.com''|publisher=The New York Times Company}}</ref>

Nicki Escuerdo from ''[[Phoenix New Times]]'' listed "Telephone" as a stand-out track from the album.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/uponsun/2009/11/lady_gaga_sexy_vulnerable_on_t.php|title=Lady Gaga Sexy, Vulnerable on 'The Fame Monster'|last=Escuerdo|first=Nicki|date=2009-11-30|work=[[Phoenix New Times]]|publisher=[[Village Voice Media]]|accessdate=2009-12-01}}</ref> Sarah Hajhbagheri from ''[[The Times]]'' was not impressed with the song and said "The appearance of Beyoncé’s vocal alongside ringtones on Telephone adds to the sense of utter chaos."<ref name="times">{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article6920282.ece|title=Lady GaGa: The Fame Monster|last=Hajibagheri|first=Sarah|date=2009-11-21|work=[[The Times]]|publisher=[[News Corporation]]|accessdate=2009-11-23}}</ref> Melanie Bertoldi from ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' gave the song a positive review, stating "Much like [[Kesha]]'s '[[Blah Blah Blah (song)|Blah Blah Blah]]', 'Telephone' sets out to silence bugaboos, with whom featured artist Beyoncé is all too familiar. [...] By the time "Telephone" surges through a wall of cellular bleeps to return to its simple introduction, Gaga and Beyoncé have left the listener with just one option: surrender to the dancefloor."<ref name="bbreview">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/new-releases/lady-gaga-featuring-beyonce-telephone-1004073174.story|title=Lady Gaga featuring Beyoncé, "Telephone"|last=Bertoldi|first=Melanie|date=2010-03-05|accessdate=2010-03-10|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc}}</ref> [[Armond White]], music and film critic for the ''[[New York Press]]'', criticized the song saying that it "celebrates a heedless refusal to communicate; to mindlessly, heartlessly indulge pop culture—Tarantino style."<ref name="hudson">{{cite web|last=White|first= Armond |date=2010-04-16|url=http://www.nypress.com/article-21128-going-gaga.html |title=Going Gaga|work=[[New York Press]]|accessdate= 2010-04-20|authorlink=Armond White}}</ref>

== Chart performance ==
In November 2009 due to strong digital sales, the song charted in Ireland, Australia, and the United Kingdom, debuting at numbers twenty-six, twenty-nine, and thirty respectively.<ref name="acharts">{{cite web |url=http://acharts.us/song/52122 |title=Lady Gaga and Beyoncé – Telephone – Music Charts |work=''αCharts.us'' |accessdate=2009-12-27}}</ref> The song became the top debut on the U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] issue dated December 12, 2009, at number thirty, due to digital sales.<ref name="debuts">{{cite news|url=http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3idf30b42a15c2d86a8b267921b5762373|title=Jay-Z And Alicia Keys' 'Empire' Stays Put On Hot 100|last=Pietrolungo|first=Silvio|date=2009-12-03|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-12-04}}</ref> After a few weeks fluctuating down the charts, "Telephone" has reached a peak of three on the chart, becoming Gaga's sixth consecutive top ten hit in the United States.<ref name="hot100">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/rihanna-remains-atop-hot-100-1004078368.story|title=Rihanna Remains Atop Hot 100|date=2010-03-25|last=Pietrolungo|first=Silvio|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2010-03-26}}</ref> The song peaked at number one on the [[Hot Dance Club Songs]] chart on the issue dated February 27, 2010.<ref name="dance">{{cite news|url=http://www.besternews.com/related/Billboard.com_The_Feed/Chart_Highlights:_Jazz,_Christian_Songs_&amp%3B_More/?ref=feed%7C408%7C0|title=Chart Highlights: Jazz, Christian Songs & More |last=Trust|first=Gary|date=2010-02-15|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref> On March 15, 2010, ''Billboard'' announced that the song reached number one on the [[Pop Songs]] chart, thus becoming Gaga's sixth consecutive number-one on the chart, making her the only artist in history to do this. It also became Beyoncé's sixth number-one on Pop Songs. With this, Gaga and Beyoncé tied with [[Mariah Carey]] for most number-ones since the [[Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems|Nielsen BDS-based]] Top 40 airplay chart launched in 1992.<ref name="popsongs">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-beyonce-match-mariah-s-record-1004075160.story|title=Lady Gaga, Beyoncé Match Mariah's Record |date=2010-03-15|accessdate=2010-03-18|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|last=Trust|first=Gary}}</ref> The song has sold over two million digital downloads according to [[Nielsen Soundscan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/53615/week-ending-may-16-2010-battle-of-the-home-state-anthems/|title=Week Ending May 16, 2010: Battle Of The Home State Anthems|last=Grein|first=Paul|date=2010-05-19|accessdate=2010-05-20|publisher=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref>

In Australia, the song has reached a peak of three.<ref name="aria">{{cite web|url=http://acharts.us/australia_singles_top_50/2010/13|title=Australia Singles Top 50|date=2010-03-29|work=''[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]''|publisher=acharts.us|accessdate=2010-03-29}}</ref> "Telephone" was certified [[music recording sales certifications|Platinum]] by the [[Australian Recording Industry Association]] (ARIA) for shipment of 70,000 copies of the single.<ref name="ariacerti"/> In New Zealand, the song debuted at thirty-one, becoming the highest debut of that week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp|title=Chart# 1701 - Top 40 Singles Chart|date=2009-12-28|work=''[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]]''|publisher=RIANZ.org.nz|accessdate=2009-12-30}}</ref> On April 5, 2010, the song reached a peak of three on the chart.<ref name="rianz">{{cite web|url=http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp|title=Chart# 1715 - Top 40 Singles Chart|date=2010-04-05|work=''Recording Industry Association of New Zealand''|publisher=RIANZ.org.nz|accessdate=2010-04-06}}</ref> "Telephone" debuted at fourteen on the [[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref name="acharts"/> and moved to a peak of three, making it Gaga's sixth consecutive top three single there.<ref name="Billboard Canada"/> It also debuted at thirty-three on the Swedish charts,<ref name="acharts"/> and in the top-ten at number three on the Hungarian charts.<ref name="hungary"/>

In the United Kingdom, after weeks of fluctuating on the chart, "Telephone" reached a new peak of twelve on the [[UK Singles Chart]], on March 15, 2010.<ref name="uk"/> On March 21, "Telephone" topped the UK Singles Chart and became her fourth number-one in the UK and Beyoncé's seventh, including her solo and group singles.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/7493791/Lady-Gaga-at-number-one-with-Telephone.html|title=Lady Gaga at number one with Telephone|last=Reporter|first=Staff|date=2010-03-21|work=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media LLC|accessdate=2010-03-22}}</ref> In Ireland, the song debuted at number twenty-six, and moved up to number two<ref name="ire"/> before reaching the summit of the chart the following week.<ref name="ire"/>

== Music video ==
===Development===
The music video was filmed January 28, 2010 by director [[Jonas Åkerlund]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://popline.mtv.uol.com.br/parceria-com-alicia-keys-e-lady-gaga-beyonce-grava-dois-clipes-nessa-semana/|title=Parceria com Alicia Keys e Lady GaGa: Beyoncé grava dois clipes nessa semana|date=2010-01-25|accessdate=2010-01-27|work=''MTV''|publisher=MTV Networks|author=Em|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1630614/20100127/lady_gaga.jhtml|title=Lady Gaga Says She Raised $500,000 For Haiti Relief|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|date=2010-01-27|work=''MTV''|publisher=MTV Networks|accessdate=2010-01-28}}</ref> ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine reported that the concept of the video involved Beyoncé bailing Gaga out of jail. Published photos from the set portrayed Gaga and Beyoncé shooting for scenes of the video in the car that [[Uma Thurman|Uma Thurman's]] character drove in [[Quentin Tarantino]]'s 2003–04 film ''[[Kill Bill]]'', called the "Pussy Wagon".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1630926/20100201/knowles_beyonce.jhtml|title=Beyoncé, Lady Gaga 'Telephone' Video Pics Revealed|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=2010-02-01|work=''MTV''|publisher=MTV Networks|accessdate=2010-02-02}}</ref> Other concepts of the video involves scenes at a diner, a cameo from singer [[Tyrese Gibson]], and a prison shower scene. Gaga and Beyoncé wore "destroyed denim pieces" by designers Frank Fernández and Oscar Olima.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/01/beyonc_will_reportedly_rescue.html|title=Beyoncé Will Reportedly Rescue Lady Gaga in ‘Telephone’ Video|last=Odell|first=Amy|date=2010-02-02|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|accessdate=2010-02-02}}</ref> With [[E! Online]], Gaga explained the deeper meaning behind the video.
<blockquote>
"There was this really amazing quality in 'Paparazzi', where it kind of had this pure pop music quality but at the same time it was a commentary on fame culture. [...] I wanted to do the same thing with this video.. [...] There certainly is a Tarantino-inspired quality in the ['Telephone'] video, [...] His direct involvement in [it] came from him lending me the Pussy Wagon. We were having lunch one day in Los Angeles and I was telling him about my concept for the video and he loved it so much he said, 'You gotta use the Pussy Wagon.'"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b171259_lady_gaga_on_telephone_its_hidden.html|title=Lady Gaga on "Telephone" and Its Hidden Meaning|last=Candy|first=Jennifer|date=2010-03-12|publisher=[[E! Online]]|accessdate=2010-03-12}}</ref>
</blockquote>

On February 5, 2010, Gaga had an interview on [[KIIS-FM]] with [[Ryan Seacrest]]. She commented on the video saying, "What I like about it is it’s a real true pop event, and when I was younger, I was always excited when there was a big giant event happening in pop music and that’s what I wanted this to be."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2010/02/08/lady-gaga-says-telephone-video-will-top-bad-romance/|title=Lady Gaga Says 'Telephone' Video Will Top 'Bad Romance'|date=2010-02-08|accessdate=2010-02-09|work=[[Rap-Up]]|publisher=Devin Lazerine|last=Taylor|first=J.R.}}</ref> [[Semi Precious Weapons]] confirmed to MTV news that they have a cameo in the music video.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1631848/20100212/lady_gaga.jhtml|title=Beyoncé, Lady Gaga Are 'Magical' In 'Telephone' Video, Semi Precious Weapons Say|date=2010-02-12|accessdate=2010-02-15|work=''MTV''|publisher=MTV Networks|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|last2=Montalto|first2=Daniel}}</ref>

===Synopsis===
[[File:Lady Gaga Telephone music video Cook 'n Kill.jpg|thumb|Lady Gaga poses with the poison she uses to kill the guests at the diner.|alt=A blond woman holds a bottle containing a white substance. The woman wears heavy make-up and tilts her head backwards, as her curled hair falls on the right of her face. To her left, the image displays a blue bottle with a list of names written in pink on it. To her right, a pink logo displaying a skull and bones is seen, underneath of which the words "Poison TV" are written.]]
The music video is over nine minutes long<ref name="mtvrev">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1633772/20100311/lady_gaga.jhtml|title=Lady Gaga Premieres Epic, Outrageous 'Telephone' Video |last=Montogomery|first=Jason|date=2010-03-11|work=''MTV''|publisher=MTV Networks|accessdate=2010-03-12}}</ref> and begins where "[[Paparazzi (Lady Gaga song)|Paparazzi]]" left off, Gaga was arrested for killing her boyfriend by poisoning his drink. She is taken to a women's prison, where she is led to her cell by two prison guards. She is stripped of her shoulder-padded dress and left standing nude, being mocked by the other prison inmates. One of the guards comments, "I told you she didn't have a [[penis|dick]]", referring to the rumors that Gaga is [[intersex]].<ref name="mtvrev"/><ref name="nymag"/> For three minutes, the video shows Gaga's activities in the prison—including kissing another female prisoner in the exercise yard, wearing sunglasses made out of half-smoked [[cigarettes]], and catfights in the commissary. It is also noteworthy that, during the scene in the exercise yard, extracts of Gaga's songs "Paper Gangsta" and "I Like It Rough" from her debut album, ''[[The Fame]]'' are played in the background. Gaga's sister, Natali Germanotta, makes a cameo in the commissary scene.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b171698_lady_gagas_sis_makes_cameo_in_telephone.html|title=Lady Gaga's Sis Makes Cameo in Telephone|last=Candy|first=Jennifer|date=2010-03-12|publisher=E! Online|accessdate=2010-03-17}}</ref> After that, Gaga answers a call from Beyoncé, and begins to sing the song. She performs the first verse and chorus with other scantily-clad inmates, followed by a bridge featuring Gaga wearing only yellow "Caution" tape.<ref name="mtvrev"/>

Gaga is bailed out and exits to find Beyoncé waiting for her in the "Pussy Wagon". Beyoncé is nicknamed Honey Bee, a reference to the character Honey Bunny in Tarantino's 1994 crime film ''[[Pulp Fiction (film)|Pulp Fiction]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|url=|title=Lady Gaga and Beyoncé Unleash Orgy of Sex, Violence, Product Placement in “Telephone” Video|date=2010-03-11|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|publisher=[[Jann Wenner]]|accessdate=2010-03-14|last=Ganz|first=Caryn|issn=0035-791X}}</ref> After an exchange of dialogues, they travel through a desert and pull over at a diner.<ref name="nymag"/> Beyoncé sits opposite to Gibson, but tires of his stupidity and poisons him, but it doesn't kill him like she had hoped.<ref name="nymag"/> The video then shifts to an intermediate sequence called "Let's Make a Sandwich".<ref name="mtvrev"/> Gaga stands in a kitchen, wearing a folded-up telephone on her head, while dancers cavort behind her, wielding salad tongs and assorted cutlery. Ultimately, she prepares a sandwich and eats it, after a dance sequence.<ref name="mtvrev"/> In the meantime, she mixes poison into all of the dishes she is preparing for the unsuspecting customers causing Gibson and everybody else, including characters played by [[Semi Precious Weapons]] and her [[Great Dane]], Lava to die. Gaga and Beyoncé do another dance sequence, wearing American flag inspired garments and shredded denims, while strutting around the dead bodies.<ref name="nymag"/> They then leave in the "Pussy Wagon" and travel on a highway as news reporter (played by [[Jai Rodriguez]]) reports the murders. The last shots show Gaga and Beyoncé travelling through a desert with police sirens wailing in the background. The video ends with the line "To Be Continued..."<ref name="mtvrev"/>

===Release and reception===
On February 15, 2010, three [[film stills]] from the music video were posted on Gaga's website. The stills depicted Gaga in three separate scenes: a kitchen scene where she wears a plastic chef's hat and a telephone made entirely of hair on her head, a scene in a diner with her dancers, where she is seen wearing an American flag patterned bikini and bandana, and a black and white photo of Gaga wearing a hat made from multiple triangles and corded telephones.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ladygaga.com/photos/default.aspx?fid=16698|title=Lady Gaga: Telephone Video pics|date=2010-02-15|accessdate=2010-02-15|work=Ladygaga.com}}</ref> The video was originally slated to premiere in February 2010 but was pushed back to March 2010 instead.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2010/02/08/lady-gaga-says-telephone-video-will-top-bad-romance/|title=Lady Gaga Says ‘Telephone’ Video Will Top ‘Bad Romance’|last=Reporter|first=Rap-Up|date=2010-02-02|accessdate=2010-03-02|work=[[Rap-Up]]|publisher=Devin Lazerine}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2010/02/24/lady-gagas-monster-ball-invades-liverpool/|title=Lady Gaga’s ‘Monster Ball’ Invades Liverpool|last=Reporter|first=Rap-Up|date=2010-02-24|accessdate=2010-03-01|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine}}</ref><ref>{{citenews|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/metrolife/music/813861-lady-gaga-gets-on-the-telephone-for-new-music-video|title=Lady Gaga gets on the Telephone for new music video‎ |last=Shawhan|first=Jason|date=2010-02-17|accessdate=2010-02-19|work=[[Metro (Associated Metro Limited)|Metro]]|publisher=[[Associated Newspapers]]}}</ref> On March 9, 2010, more stills of the video were posted online. The video premiered on [[E! News]] and Vevo.com on March 11, 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1633346/20100307/lady_gaga.jhtml|title=Lady Gaga's 'Telephone' Video To Premiere Thursday Night |last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=2010-03-08|work=''MTV''|publisher=MTV Networks|accessdate=2010-03-08}}</ref>

James Montogomery from MTV commented: "With 'Telephone', Gaga has entered the rarest of pop stratospheres, up there with the Madonnas and the Michael Jacksons."<ref name="mtvrev"/> Matt Donnelly from ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' said that "Telephone" music video is a "visual feast, packed with fantastic fashion, girl fights, poisoned diner food, an army of headpieces and lots of Gaga goodness."<ref name="larev">{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2010/03/lady-gaga-beyonce-telephone-video-world-premiere-.html|title=Lady Gaga, Beyoncé world premiere their 'Telephone' video|last=Donnelly|first=Matt|date=2010-03-11|work=Los Angeles Times|publisher=Tribune Company|accessdate=2010-03-12}}</ref> Amy Odell from ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine said "This is Gaga's video, but Beyoncé is the best part: she actually shows the angry, crazy side that we just knew lurked beneath her too-perfect facade."<ref name="nymag">{{cite news|url=http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/03/the_ten_best_things_about_lady.html|title=The Ten Best Things About Lady Gaga and Beyoncé's 'Telephone' Video|last=Odell|first=Amy|date=2010-03-11|work=New York|publisher=New York Media Holdings|accessdate=2010-03-12}}</ref> Monica Herrera from ''Billboard'' wrote: "[The video] more than measures up to the hype. [...] 'Telephone' clip is chock full of intrigue, prison fights, makeout scenes, mass poisoning and plenty of skin-baring versions of what you might call 'outfits'."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/column/dailynoise/lady-gaga-s-hot-new-video-goes-to-prison-1004074870.story?tag=lrailart|title=Lady Gaga's Hot New Video Goes To Prison|last=Herrera|first=Monica|date=2010-03-14|accessdate=2010-03-15|work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc}}</ref> Tanner Stransky from ''Entertainment Weekly'' said: "Is it as good as her epic 'Bad Romance' video? Sadly, I don’t think so. But it’s better than anything else out there."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2010/03/12/lady-gaga-beyonce-telephone-video/|title=Lady Gaga and Beyoncé's 'Telephone' video: Beautiful cigarette sunglasses, Honey Buns, and sandwich-making|date=2010-03-12|accessdate=2010-03-15|work=Entertainment Weekly|publisher=Time Inc.|last=Stransky|first=Tanner}}</ref> Bill Lamb from About.com said: "It would be nearly impossible for it to live up to the advanced hype, but the Lady Gaga video for 'Telephone' has arrived, and, to these eyes, it is worth watching."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://top40.about.com/b/2010/03/12/lady-gagas-telephone-video-with-beyonce-finally-debuts-worth-the-wait.htm|title=Lady Gaga's "Telephone" Video With Beyoncé Finally Debuts|date=2010-02-12|accessdate=2010-02-15|work=''About.com''|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]}}</ref> [[Sandy Rios]], president of the [[Culture Campaign]] criticised the video on [[Fox News]] in an interview with [[Megyn Kelly]], calling it "disgusting... poison for the minds of our kids".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queerty.com/fox-news-latest-senseless-culture-wars-battle-invokes-la-gaga-20100316/|title=Fox News' Latest Senseless Culture Wars Battle Invokes La Gaga|work=''FOX News''|accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref> Critic [[Armond White]], of the ''[[New York Press]]'', described the video as "cruel and ugly" also stating that it "epitomizes the insanity of the contemporary pop mainstream" and pays "homage to [[Quentin Tarantino|Tarantino]]’s influence" in distorting "pop culture pleasure into nonsense".<ref name="hudson"/>

== Live performances ==
[[File:Gaga uk telephone.jpg|thumb|Gaga performing "Telephone" on [[The Monster Ball Tour]]|alt=A group of performers on a stage. Central to them is a blond woman, wearing a black leotard and has red paint on her neck and bosom. She is standing, with her right hand on her waist and left hand outstretched like a claw. Surrounding her are dancers in black clothes and unkempt hair, writhing on the stage lit with green lights.]]
Gaga performed "Telephone" at the [[2010 BRIT Awards|BRIT Awards]] on February 16, 2010, at [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre]]. The performance was inspired by the recent death of her friend, fashion designer [[Alexander McQueen]]. Initially she had planned a different version of the performance, but changed the concept at the last minute, since she wanted to pay tribute to McQueen.<ref name="wsjt"/> Hence she chose an acoustic version "Telephone" and a remix of "Dance in the Dark". Before the show, she posted a message on her [[Twitter]] account: "Tonight's performance is inspired by our friend. Mask by Phillip Treacy, Sculpture by Nick Knight, Music by Lady Gaga. We miss you."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1631990/20100216/lady_gaga.jhtml|title=Lady Gaga Pays Tribute To Alexander McQueen At Brit Awards |last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=2010-02-16|work=''MTV''|publisher=MTV Networks|accessdate=2010-02-17}}</ref> She started the performance by announcing "This is for Alexander McQueen." Gaga was dressed in a complete white outfit with a huge [[Marie-Antoinette]] style wig.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1251515/Brit-Awards-2010-winners-Lady-GaGa-Lily-Allen-JLS.html|title=Brit Awards 2010: Lily Allen finally wins her first Brit as emotional Lady Gaga cleans up with three gongs|last=Johnson|first=Chris|date=2010-02-17|work=[[Daily Mail]]|publisher=[[Associated Newspapers]]|accessdate=2010-02-17|last2=Cable|first2=Simon}}</ref> The whole performance was low-key compared to her previous ones.<ref name="wsjt">{{cite news|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/02/16/lady-gaga-performs-telephone-dance-in-the-dark-as-tribute-to-alexander-mcqueen-at-brit-awards/|title=Lady Gaga Performs "Telephone," "Dance in the Dark" As Tribute to Alexander McQueen at Brit Awards|author=WSJ Staff|date=2010-02-16|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|publisher=[[Dow Jones & Company]]|accessdate=2010-02-17}}</ref>

Gaga added the song in the setlist of [[The Monster Ball Tour]], for the European leg. It was performed in the second act, titled "Subway". She was dressed in black and played a keytar, which she had previously debuted on the BRIT awards. The keytar, composed of a number of instruments was dubbed by her as "Emma".<ref>{{cite journal|url=|title=Lady Gaga Amps Up “Electro-Opera” Monster Ball for Arena Tour |last=Kreps|first=Daniel|date=2010-02-18|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner|accessdate=2010-03-26|issn=0035-791X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8520915.stm|title=Lady Gaga: The Monster Ball meets Manchester |last=Savage|first=Mark|date=2010-02-19|work=''BBC''|publisher=BBC Online|accessdate=2010-02-22}}</ref> "Telephone", as well as "Brown Eyes" (from ''[[The Fame]]''), was also performed on the British comedy chat show ''[[Friday Night with Jonathan Ross]]'', on March 3, 2010, for an episode that aired on March 5, 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1255035/Lady-Gagas-bodyguard-pushes-eager-young-fan-side.html|title=So, Lady Gaga, the new single you're promoting wouldn't happen to be about telephones by any chance?|last=Thomas|first=Liz|date=2010-03-04|work=Daily Mail|publisher=Associated Newspapers|accessdate=2010-03-04}}</ref> Gaga performed "Telephone" on the Japanese television show ''[[Music Station]]'' on April 16, 2010. She wore a lace cat suit and a pair of plastic batwing shoulders, designed by Somarta and Yuima Nakazato respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1266645/Lady-Gaga-goes-batty-bizarre-winged-outfit--breaks-YouTube-records-1bn-views.html|title=Lady Gaga goes batty in bizarre winged outfit... as she breaks YouTube records with 1bn views |last=Reporter|first=Daily Mail|date=2010-04-17|work=Daily Mail|publisher=Associated Newspapers|accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref>

==Other versions==
On May 2, a supposed [[Britney Spears]]' demo of "Telephone" leaked onto the web.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a217919/britneys-telephone-leaks-onto-web.html |title= Britney's 'Telephone' leaks onto web? |publisher=Digital Spy|last=Levine|first=Nick|date=2010-05-03 |accessdate=2010-05-07}}</ref> After suggestions that the demo may be a fake, the producer of the song, Rodney Jerkins, confirmed via twitter the authenticity of the song. Also, via Ustream, the producer said that the leaked version "was an early demo stage of the version [and that] it wasn't even a mixed version", moreover, denied leaking the song, arguing that, despite the fact that he has been asked to leak the full song, he did not do it.<ref name= SpearsDemo>{{cite news|url=
http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/;kw=%5B13193,143271%5D |title=Britney Spears' Demo of Lady Gaga's "Telephone" Hits the Web|date=2010-05-04 |accessdate=2010-05-07|last=Skewer|first=Jonathan|date=2010-05-06|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1638349/20100504/spears_britney.jhtml |title=Britney Spears' Leaked 'Telephone' Demo Confirmed By Producer Rodney Jerkins| date=2010-05-04| accessdate=2010-05-07|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|date=2010-05-05|work=''MTV''|publisher=MTV Networks}}</ref> The musical style of the demo was compared with Spears' 2007 single "[[Piece of Me]]", and the song itself generated comparisons with Spears' sound in her fifth studio album ''[[Blackout (Britney Spears album)|Blackout]]''.<ref name=SpearsVersion>{{cite web|url= http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/robsheffield/;kw=%5Bblogs,Sheffield_April2010,145794%5D |title=Britney Phone Home: Why Spears' "Telephone" Beats Lady Gaga's By a Robo-Mile| date=2010-05-07| accessdate=2010-05-07|last=Sheffield|first=Rob|date=2010-05-06|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Jann Wenner}}</ref> Rob Sheffield of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' praised Spears' version, and commented that "''Blackout'' may be the most influential pop album of the past five years".<ref name=SpearsVersion/> Other cover version recordings included ones by [[HelenaMaria]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/telephone-lady-gaga-cover/id354974598 |title=HelenaMaria - Lady Gaga Telephone|publisher=iTunes|accessdate=2010-05-28}}</ref> Aston,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://itunes.apple.com/au/album/telephone-single/id370494315|title=Aston - Lady Gaga Telephone|publisher=iTunes|accessdate=2010-05-28}} </ref> Bangin Productions,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/telephone-single/id363494479 |title=Bangin Productions - Lady Gaga Telephone|publisher=iTunes|accessdate=2010-05-28}}</ref> and [[Pomplamoose]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/telephone/id362278813?i=362278859&ign-mpt=uo%3D6 |title=Pomplamoose - Lady Gaga Telephone|publisher=iTunes|accessdate=2010-05-28}} </ref> [[The X Factor (UK)|X Factor]] winner Joe McElderry covered the song in the [[Live Lounge]] tent at [[Radio 1's Big Weekend]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joe-music.com/news/post/joes_big_weekend1/|title=Joe's Big Weekend|date=2010-05-24|publisher=BBC Radio 1|accessdate=2010-06-01}}</ref>

== Track listing and formats ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*'''UK CD Single'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=500275|title=Lady Gaga – Telephone – UK CD Single|publisher=EIL.com|accessdate=2010-03-01}}</ref>
#"Telephone (feat. Beyoncé)" – 3:40
#"Telephone" ([[Alphabeat]] Remix Edit) – 4:51

*'''UK iTunes digital single'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/telephone-feat-beyonce-single/id362078952|title=Telephone (feat. Beyoncé) – Single by Lady GaGa |publisher=iTunes (UK)|accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref>
#"Telephone (feat. Beyoncé)" – 3:40
#"Telephone" (Music Video) – 9:27

*'''UK/France/Italy digital downloads'''
**"Telephone" (Alphabeat Extended Remix) – 6:41<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Telephone-Beyonc%C3%A9-Knowles-Alphabeat-Extended/dp/B003B082R4/ref=sr_1_21?ie=UTF8&qid=1269309160&sr=1-21|title=Telephone Feat. Beyoncé Knowles (Alphabeat Extended Remix)|publisher=Amazon.co.uk|accessdate=2010-03-22}}</ref>
**"Telephone" ([[Crookers]] Vocal Remix) – 4:49<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/telephone-crookers-vocal-remix/id359858945|title=Telephone (Crookers Vocal Remix) - Single de Lady GaGa & Beyoncé - |publisher=iTunes|accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref>
**"Telephone" ([[DJ Dan]] Extended Vocal Remix) – 5:59<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Telephone-Feat-Beyonc%C3%A9-Knowles-Extended/dp/B003B03VWU/ref=sr_1_23?ie=UTF8&qid=1269309160&sr=1-23|title=Telephone Feat. Beyoncé Knowles (DJ Dan Extended Vocal Remix)|publisher=Amazon.co.uk|accessdate=2010-03-22}}</ref> (UK only)
**"Telephone" (Electrolightz Remix) – 4:26<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/telephone-electrolightz-remix/id359847246|title=Telephone (Electrolightz Remix) - Single de Lady GaGa & Beyoncé|publisher=iTunes|accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref>
**"Telephone" ([[Kaskade]] Extended Remix) – 5:24<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/telephone-kaskade-extended/id359853078|title=Telephone (Kaskade Extended Remix) - Single de Lady GaGa & Beyoncé - |publisher=iTunes|accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref>
**"Telephone" (Ming Extended Remix) – 4:31<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/telephone-ming-extended-remix/id359854632|title=Telephone (Ming Extended Remix) - Single de Lady GaGa & Beyoncé |publisher=iTunes|accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref>
**"Telephone" ([[Passion Pit]] Remix) – 5:12<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/telephone-passion-pit-remix/id359857591|title=Telephone (Passion Pit Remix) - Single de Lady GaGa & Beyoncé|publisher=iTunes|accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref>
**"Telephone" (Tom Neville's Ear Ringer Radio Remix) – 4:17<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/telephone-tom-nevilles-ear/id359852652|title=Telephone (Tom Neville's Ear Ringer Radio Remix) - Single de Lady GaGa & Beyoncé|publisher=iTunes|accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref>

*'''UK 7" Vinyl'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=500276|title=Lady Gaga – Telephone – UK 7" Vinyl|publisher=EIL.com|accessdate=2010-03-01}}</ref>
#"Telephone (feat. Beyoncé)" – 3:40
#"Telephone (feat. Beyoncé)" (Passion Pit Remix) – 5:13

{{col-2}}

*'''AUS/U.S. remix EP'''<ref name=usremixcd>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00397B52S/sr=8-4/qid=1269390769/ref=sr_1_4_digr?ie=UTF8&qid=1269390769&sr=8-4|title=US Remixes EP – Lady Gaga – Telephone|accessdate=2010-03-24|publisher=Amazon.com}}</ref>
#"Telephone" (Alphabeat Extended Remix) – 6:41
#"Telephone" (Crookers Vocal Remix) – 4:50
#"Telephone" (DJ Dan Extended Vocal Remix) – 5:59
#"Telephone" (DJ Dan Vocal Remix) – 3:28
#*''Only included on the digital release''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/Telephone-The-Remixes/dp/B00397B52S/ref=dm_ap_alb6?ie=UTF8&qid=1269405909&sr=301-1|title=Telephone (The Remixes): Lady Gaga: MP3 Downloads|accessdate=2010-03-24|publisher=Amazon.com}}</ref>
#"Telephone" (Dr. Rosen Main Remix) – 6:25
#"Telephone" (Electrolightz Remix) – 4:26
#"Telephone" (Kaskade Extended Remix) – 5:24
#"Telephone" (Ming Extended Remix) – 4:31
#"Telephone" (Passion Pit Remix) – 5:13
#"Telephone" (Tom Neville's Ear Ringer Remix) – 7:14

*'''"The DJ Remixes" digital EP'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.masterbeat.com/#release/602527352633|title=Telephone (The DJ Remixes)|accessdate=2010-04-01|publisher=Masterbeat.com}}</ref>
#"Telephone" (Alphabeat Remix Edit) – 4:49
#"Telephone" (Crookers Dub Remix) – 5:08
#"Telephone" (DJ Dan Dub Remix) – 6:22
#"Telephone" (Kaskade Dub Remix) – 4:40
#"Telephone" (Kaskade Radio Remix) – 3:43
#"Telephone" (Ming Dub Remix) – 4:03
#"Telephone" (Ming Radio Remix) – 3:12
#"Telephone" (Tom Neville's Ear Ringer Radio Remix) – 4:18
#"[[Bad Romance]]" (DJ Paulo's Gaga Oh La-La Remix) – 9:41
{{col-end}}

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from ''The Fame Monster'' liner notes.<ref name="liner"/>

* Lady Gaga – [[Record producer|co-production]], [[songwriting]], [[Singing|vocals]]
* Beyoncé Knowles – songwriting, vocals
* [[LaShawn Daniels]] – songwriting
* Lazonate Franklin – songwriting
* Hisashi Mizoguchi – [[Sound recording and reproduction|recording]] (Knowles' vocals)
* [[Mark Stent|Mark "Spike" Stent]] – [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]]
* Mike "Handz" Donaldson – recording, [[special effect]]s
* Paul Foley – recording
* [[Rodney Jerkins|Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins]] – songwriting, [[composer|composition]], mixing, [[Record producer|production]]

== Charts and certifications==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Charts===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Chart (2009–2010)
! Peak position
|-
|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Singles Chart]]<ref name="aria"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/>
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[Ultratop 50|Belgian Singles Chart]] (Flanders)<ref name="hung">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Lady+GaGa+feat%2E+Beyonc%E9&titel=Telephone&cat=s|title=Lady Gaga feat. Beyoncé – "Telephone" World Charts|accessdate=2010-04-02|work=''[[Ultratop]]''|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[Ultratop 40|Belgian Singles Chart]] (Wallonia)<ref name="hung"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[Billboard Brazil|Brazilian Hot 100 Airplay]]<ref>{{cite journal|date=2010-04-01|title=Brazil Hot 100 Airplay|journal=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard Brazil]]|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|location=Brazil|volume=79|issue=2|issn=977-217605400-2|language=Portugese}}</ref>
|align="center"|85
|-
| [[Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems|Bulgarian Airplay Charts]]<ref >{{cite web|url=http://www.bamp-bg.org/en/2009-07-08-09-48-53/nmc-charts/220-week21-2405-30052010.html|title=Bulgarian Charts - WEEK21 24.05-30.05.2010
|publisher=Bamp-Bg.org|work=|accessdate=2010-06-05|date=2010-05-30}}</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref name="Billboard Canada">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.biz/billboardbiz/photos/pdf/canadian_update_0324.pdf|title=Canadian Hot 100 Update|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|work=Billboard|accessdate=2010-03-24|date=2010-03-26}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Czech Airplay Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparada/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=2&titul=147673&sec=faa982ce8514d69b76b2d1265f778efa|title=RADIO TOP100 Oficiální Czech Republic|date=2010-03-31|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|accessdate=2010-04-19}}</ref>
|align="center"|9
|-
|[[Tracklisten|Danish Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[Dutch Top 40]]<ref name="NL">{{cite web|url=http://www.top40.nl/track.aspx?titel_id=19760&jaar=2010&maand=3&week=13|title=De Nederlandse Top 40|language=Dutch|work=[[Dutch Top 40]]|publisher=[[Radio 538]]|date=2010 - week 15|accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
|[[European Hot 100 Singles]]<ref name="Billboard song information">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/song/lady-gaga/telephone/15598428|title=''Billboard'' - Telephone - Lady Gaga Song Information|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2010-03-26}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[YLE|Finnish Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|7
|-
|[[French Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Stromae/news-69849.html|title=Tops : Stromae et Maé restent n°1 avec respectivement 12 913 et 31 |date=2010-04-02|accessdate=2010-04-19|publisher=[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]|last=Reporter|first=SNEP|language=French}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
|[[German Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.media-control.de/metal-oper-avantasia-auf-platz-zwei-der-album-charts.html|title=Metal-Oper Avantasia auf Platz zwei der Album-Charts |date=2010-04-02|accessdate=2010-04-19|publisher=[[Media Control Charts]]|last=Presse|first=News|language=German}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
|[[Mahasz|Hungarian Singles Chart]]<ref name="hungary">{{cite web|url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=kislemez&ev=2009&het=52&submit_=Keresés|title=Single (track) Top 10 lista – 2009. 52. hét|work=[[Mahasz]]|language=Hungarian|date=2009-12-27|accessdate=2010-02-03|publisher=Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name="ire">{{cite web|url=http://www.irma.ie/aucharts.asp|accessdate=2010-03-28|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|title=Top 50 Singles-Week ending 25th March 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[Federation of the Italian Music Industry|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
|[[Japan Hot 100]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/japan-hot-100#/charts/japan-hot-100?begin=21&order=position|title=Billboard Japan Hot 100|date=2010-04-22|accessdate=2010-04-23|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|21
|-
|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Singles Chart]]<ref name="rianz"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|[[Polish Music Charts|Polish Airplay Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/top5.php |title=ZPAV Top5 Airplay 08.05. - 14.05.2010|date= 2010-05-17|publisher=[[Polish Music Charts]]|accessdate=2010-05-17}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Slovak Airplay Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparadask/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=18&titul=145994&sec=c8a46e97e1682f4cc2393206ac163606 |title=RADIO TOP100 Oficiální Slovak Republic|publisher=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry |accessdate=2010-04-04}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|6
|-
|[[Productores de Música de España|Spanish Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|5
|-
|[[Russian Airplay Chart|Russian Singles Chart]]<ref name="ru">{{cite web |url=http://tophit.ru/cgi-bin/trackinfo.cgi?id=21478 |title=Lady Gaga feat. Beyoncé - Telephone – TopHit.ru |work=''TopHit.ru'' |accessdate=2010-04-26}}</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
|[[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Singles Chart]]<ref name="hung"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|4
|-
|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref name="uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=34658|title=Lady Gaga – Telephone – UK Singles Chart|date=2009-12-05|work=[[The Official Charts Company]]|publisher=Chart Stats|accessdate=2010-02-12}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="hot100"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
|US [[Adult Contemporary (chart)|Adult Contemporary]]<ref name="bbtele">{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/song/lady-gaga-feat-beyonce/telephone/15598428|title=Lady Gaga feat. Beyonce - Telephone|date=2010-04-26|accessdate=2010-04-27|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc}}</ref>
|align="center"|25
|-
|US [[Hot Latin Songs]]<ref name="bbtele"/>
|align="center"|23
|-
|US [[Hot Dance Club Songs]]<ref name="dance"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|US [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|Mainstream Top 40]]<ref name="popsongs"/>
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|}

{{col-2}}

===Certifications ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country
! [[Music recording sales certifications|Certifications]] ([[List of music recording sales certifications|sales thresholds]])
|-
|[[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australia]]
|2× Platinum<ref name="ariacerti">{{cite web|url=http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display.asp?chart=1U50|title=ARIA Singles Chart|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|accessdate=2010-02-08}}</ref>
|-
| [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Belgium]]
| Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/certifications.asp?year=2010|title=Gold and Platinum — Singles - 2010|language=Dutch|work=''[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]''|publisher=[[Ultratop 50]]|accessdate=2010-06-12}}</ref>
|-
|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Denmark]]
|Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitlisterne.dk/default.asp?w=19&y=2010&list=t40|title=Tracklisten Top 40 (Check Uge 11-2010)|date=|language=Danish|publisher=Hitlisten|accessdate=2010-06-04}}</ref>
|-
|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand]]
|Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=63|title=Latest Gold / Platinum Singles|publisher=[[Radioscope]]|accessdate=2010-03-29}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

===Chart procession and succesion===
{{Start box}}

{{s-bef | before = "[[Russian Roulette (song)|Russian Roulette]]" by [[Rihanna]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = US [[Hot Dance Club Songs|''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Songs]] [[List of number-one dance singles of 2010 (U.S.)|number-one single]] | years = February 27, 2010 – March 6, 2010}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Hard (song)|Hard]]" by [[Rihanna]] featuring [[Young Jeezy|Jeezy]]}}

{{s-bef | before = "[[Pass Out (Tinie Tempah song)|Pass Out]]" by [[Tinie Tempah]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles from the 2010s (UK)#2010|number-one single]] | years = March 21, 2010 – April 3, 2010}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[This Ain't a Love Song (Scouting for Girls song)|This Ain't a Love Song]]" by [[Scouting for Girls]]}}

{{s-bef | before = "[[Gave It All Away]]" by [[Boyzone]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[Number-one singles of 2010 (Ireland)|number-one single]]
|years = March 25, 2010 – April 15, 2010}}
{{s-aft | rows = 1 |after = "[[Gives You Hell]]" by [[Glee (TV series)|Glee Cast]]}}

{{s-bef | before = "[[Yes Man (song)|Yes Man]]" by [[Bjørn Johan Muri]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian Singles Chart]] number-one single|years = March 31, 2010 – April 14, 2010}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[Fight for This Love]]" by [[Cheryl Cole]]}}

{{s-bef | before = "[[Tik Tok (song)|Tik Tok]]" by [[Kesha]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = US [[Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs)|''Billboard'' Pop Songs]] [[Top 40 Mainstream number-one hits of 2010 (USA)|number-one single]]|years = March 27, 2010 – April 24, 2010}}
{{s-aft | after = "[[In My Head (Jason Derülo song)|In My Head]]" by [[Jason Derulo]]}}

{{s-bef|before = "[[Memories (David Guetta song)|Memories]]" by [[David Guetta]] feat. [[Kid Cudi]] "[[Alors on danse]]" by [[Stromae]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Ultratop 40|Belgian Singles Chart (Wallonia)]] [[Ultratop 40 number-one hits of 2010|number-one single]]|years = April 3, 2010 – May 1, 2010 (first run) May 15, 2010 – May 2, 2010 (second run)}}
{{s-aft|rows=1|after = "Alors on danse" by Stromae "Alors on danse" by Stromae}}

{{s-bef|before = "[[Me and My Guitar (Tom Dice song)|Me and My Guitar]]" by [[Tom Dice]] }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Ultratop 40|Belgian Singles Chart (Flanders)]] [[Ultratop 50 number-one hits of 2010|number-one single]] |years = April 3, 2010 – May 1, 2010}}
{{s-aft|rows=1|after = "Alors on danse" by Stromae}}

{{s-bef|before= "My Dream" by Thomas Ring}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[Tracklisten|Danish Singles Chart]] number-one single | years = April 16 2010 – April 23, 2010}}
{{s-aft| after = "[[Mest ondt]]" by [[Burhan G]] and [[Medina (singer)|Medina]]}}

{{s-bef|before= "Alors on danse" by Stromae}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[European Hot 100 Singles|European Hot 100]] [[List of European number-one hits of 2010|number-one single]]
| years = April 24, 2010 – May 8, 2010}}
{{s-aft| after = "Alors on danse" by Stromae}}

{{s-bef|before= "In Love" by Deep Central}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[Romanian Top 100]] [[List of number-one hits of 2010 (Romania)|number-one single]]
| years = May 9, 2010 – May 15, 2010}}
{{s-aft| after = "[[Gypsy (Shakira song)|Gypsy]]" by [[Shakira]]}}

{{End box}}

==Release history and Radio add dates==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Region
! Date
! Format
|-
|United States
|January 26, 2010
|[[Top 40]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gfa.radioandrecords.com/publishGFA/GFANextPage.asp?sDate=01/26/2010&Format=1 |title=®R&R :: Going For Adds™ :: CHR/Top 40 |publisher=Gfa.radioandrecords.com |date=2010-01-26 |accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref> [[Rhythmic contemporary|Rhythmic]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gfa.radioandrecords.com/publishGFA/GFANextPage.asp?sDate=01/26/2010&Format=9 |title=®R&R :: Going For Adds™ :: Rhythmic |publisher=Gfa.radioandrecords.com |date=2010-01-26 |accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref> Urban,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gfa.radioandrecords.com/publishGFA/GFANextPage.asp?sDate=01/26/2010&Format=5 |title=®R&R :: Going For Adds™ :: Urban |publisher=Gfa.radioandrecords.com |date=2010-01-26 |accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref> [[Hot AC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gfa.radioandrecords.com/publishGFA/GFANextPage.asp?sDate=01/26/2010&Format=10 |title=®R&R :: Going For Adds™ :: Hot AC |publisher=Gfa.radioandrecords.com |date=2010-01-26 |accessdate=2010-03-27}}</ref>
|-
|France
|February 15, 2010
|[[Music download|Digital download]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/telephone-feat-beyonce-single/id354113259|title=Telephone (feat. Beyoncé) - Single Lady GaGa - France digital release|date=2010-02-15|accessdate=2010-02-18|publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
|-
|United States
|rowspan="10"|March 2, 2010
|rowspan="10"|The Remixes [[Extended Play|EP]] – Digital Download
|-
|United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/telephone-the-remixes/id361357988 |title=Telephone (The Remixes) by Lady GaGa & Beyoncé |publisher=iTunes|date=2010-03-02 |accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/telephone-the-remixes/id358639933 |title=Telephone (The Remixes) by Lady GaGa & Beyoncé |publisher=iTunes|date=2010-03-02 |accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|France<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/telephone-the-remixes/id364051004 |title=Telephone (The Remixes) de Lady GaGa & Beyoncé |publisher=iTunes|date= |accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|Denmark<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/dk/album/telephone-the-remixes/id361357988 |title=Telephone (The Remixes) by Lady GaGa & Beyoncé |publisher=iTunes|date=2010-03-02 |accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|Sweden<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/se/album/telephone-the-remixes/id361357988 |title=Telephone (The Remixes) by Lady GaGa & Beyoncé |publisher=iTunes |date=1981-09-04 |accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|Switzeland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/ch/album/telephone-the-remixes/id361357988 |title=Telephone (The Remixes) von Lady GaGa & Beyoncé |publisher=iTunes|date=1981-09-04 |accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|Belgium<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/be/album/telephone-the-dj-remixes/id363865424 |title=Telephone (The DJ Remixes) by Lady GaGa & Beyoncé |publisher=iTunes |date=2010-03-02 |accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|Ireland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/ie/album/telephone-the-remixes/id361357988 |title=Telephone (The Remixes) by Lady GaGa & Beyoncé |publisher=iTunes |date=2010-03-02 |accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|Netherlands<ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/nl/album/telephone-the-remixes/id364051004 |title=Telephone (The Remixes) van Lady GaGa & Beyoncé |publisher=iTunes |date=1981-09-04 |accessdate=2010-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|United Kingdom
|March 15, 2010
|[[CD single]],<ref name="hmvcd">{{cite web|url=http://hmv.com/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?ctx=280;0;-1;-1;-1&sku=769292|title=Lady Gaga - Telephone (Feat Beyoncé) - CD Single|accessdate=2010-02-13|publisher=[[HMV]]}}</ref> [[Gramophone record|7"]], Digital download<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hmv.com/hmvweb/displayProductDetails.do?ctx=280;0;-1;-1;-1&sku=769294|title=Lady Gaga - Telephone (Feat Beyoncé)-(2010)|accessdate=2010-02-13|publisher=HMV}}</ref>
|-
|United States
|March 30, 2010
|The Remixes EP – CD Single<ref name=usremixcd/>
|-
|Germany
|April 2, 2010
|CD single<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.universal-music.de/musik/ladygaga/detail/product/162895/0/telephone/|title=Lady Gaga - Telephone - (CD Single)|accessdate=2010-03-15|publisher=Universal Music Germany}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|France
|April 5, 2010
|Digital Download<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.fr/Telephone/dp/B003FDDKRY/ref=dm_ap_alb3?ie=UTF8&qid=1274733294&sr=8-13|title=Lady Gaga: Telephone French CD single|accessdate=2010-05-25|publisher=Amazon.fr}}</ref>
|-
|April 6, 2010
|CD single<ref>{{cite web|url=http://musique.fnac.com/a2844508/Lady-Gaga-Telephone-CD-single?PID=2&Fr=0&To=0&Nu=4&from=1&Mn=-1&Ra=-28|title=French CD single|publisher=Musique.FNAC.com|accessdate=2010-03-25}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|GQ95z6ywcBY|Official music video on "Vevo"}}

{{Lady Gaga}}
{{Beyoncé Knowles singles}}

{{Link GA|fr}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Telephone (Song)}}
[[Category:2010 singles]]
[[Category:Beyoncé Knowles songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:Irish Singles Chart number-one singles]]
[[Category:Dance-pop songs]]
[[Category:Lady Gaga songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Jonas Åkerlund]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Belgium]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Denmark]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Songs produced by Rodney Jerkins]]
[[Category:Songs written by Beyoncé Knowles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Lady Gaga]]
[[Category:Songs written by Rodney Jerkins]]
[[Category:UK Singles Chart number-one singles]]

[[cs:Telephone]]
[[es:Telephone (canción de Lady Gaga)]]
[[fa:تلفن (آهنگ)]]
[[fr:Telephone (Lady Gaga)]]
[[it:Telephone]]
[[he:Telephone]]
[[hu:Telephone (kislemez)]]
[[nl:Telephone]]
[[ja:テレフォン (曲)]]
[[no:Telephone]]
[[pl:Telephone]]
[[pt:Telephone]]
[[ro:Telephone]]
[[ru:Telephone]]
[[fi:Telephone (single)]]
[[th:เทเลโฟน]]
[[vi:Telephone (bài hát)]]

Millionaires

2009-10-30T06:44:55Z

Extransit: /* List of Upcoming Songs */ fmt

{{otheruses4|the electronica band|other uses|Millionaire (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = Millionaires
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = group_or_band
| Birth_name =
| Alias =
| Born =
| Died =
| Origin = [[Huntington Beach, California]]
| Instrument =
| Voice_type =

| Genre = [[Electronica]] [[Electronic dance music|Club]] [[Pop (music)|Pop]] [[Crunkcore]]
| Occupation =
| Years_active = 2007–present
| Label = [[Decaydance Records]] (only for release of Just Got Paid, Let's Get Laid EP)
| URL = [http://www.myspace.com/millionaires Millionaires' Official MySpace Page]
| Current_members = Melissa Marie Green Allison Green Dani Artaud
}}

'''Millionaires''' is a [[pop music|pop]]-[[electronic music|electronic]] group consisting three girls from [[Orange County, California]]. The group gained huge popularity on [[MySpace]] and climbed the charts early on in their career. The group consists of sisters, Melissa Marie and Allison Green, and their best friend, Dani Artaud.<ref>http://www.myspace.com/millionaires</ref> 
The girls performed the theme songs for ''Teen Cribs'' and ''[[A Double Shot at Love]]'' on [[MTV]].

== Background ==
Millionaires started in August 14, 2007, when Melissa Marie and Allison were just messing around and made a song on their new laptop with GarageBand. They named the song "I Like Money", and decided they needed a name for themselves to make a [[MySpace]] profile for the song. Melissa Marie and Allison decided on Millionaires, to go with the name of the song. The next day, Dani came in the mix, and they made their second song, "Hoe Down".

After a few months,DJ Hyphy Crunk brought them out and they began to perform shows locally and traveled only small distances for shows. They got spots in music festivals such as Bamboozle Left 2008 and Audio Overload 2008. By July 2008, they were ready to tour and they went out on their first tour co-headlining with [[Breathe Carolina]] across the West coast. Later in July, they headlined the GET F$CKED UP tour.

In July 2008, they performed on [[MTV]]'s ''[[TRL]]'' as part of On The Radar,<ref>http://www.mtv.com/photos/?fid=1529568&pid=3103093</ref> a segment where popular unsigned bands perform. The girls returned in January and February 2009 on their Just Got Paid, Let's Get Laid tour, which sold out every date.

They made a short song titled "Take a Shot", which became the theme song for [[MTV]]'s reality show ''[[A Double Shot at Love|A Double Shot At Love]]'' with the [[Ikki Twins]]<ref>http://www.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendID=230323216&blogID=454889830</ref>. Their song "Hey Rich Boy" was also used as the theme for [[MTV]]'s ''Teen Cribs''. Their song "Alcohol" was also featured on the soundtrack for the third series of ''[[Skins]]''. Their music and backing tracks are composed by Mark Maxwell.


== Tours ==
*They co-headlined a tour across the west coast with [[Breathe Carolina]] in July 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sodajerkpresents.com/show/detail/15832|title=Breathe Carolina w/ Millionaires, Brokencyde, Defending The Pilot|accessdate=2009-08-11}}</ref>
*They headlined the "GET F$CKED UP" tour in July-August 2008 with [[Hyper Crush]], [[Brokencyde|brokeNCYDE]], [[And Then There Were None (band)|And Then There Were None]], and The Arrival.
*They headlined the "Just Got Paid, Let's Get Laid" tour in January-February 2009 with [[Cash Cash]], [[I Set My Friends On Fire]], and Watchout! There's Ghosts.
*They are on every date of the [[Warped Tour 2009|2009 Vans Warped Tour]], playing on the Skullcandy and Hurley.com stage.<ref>http://warpedtour.com/warpedtour/bands.asp</ref>

==Discography==
===EPs===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
|'''Date of Release'''
|'''Title'''
|'''Label'''
|-
|[[July 2]], [[2008]]
|''Bling, Bling, Bling!''
|Self-Released
|-
|[[June 23]], [[2009]]
|''Just Got Paid, Let's Get Laid''
|[[Decaydance]]
|}

===List of Songs===
*"Alcohol"
*"Hey Rich Boy"
*"Hoe Down"
*"I Like Money"
*"I Move It"
*"In My Bed"
*"Just Got Paid, Lets Get Laid"
*"Martinis and Mixed Feelings"
*"Ohh Uh Huh"
*"Painted Whore"
*"Take a Shot"
*"Take Your Shirt Off"
*"Talk Shit"
*"The One"
*"Up in My Bubble"

===List of Upcoming Songs===
*"Off Like a Prom Dress"
*"Back Stabber"

==External links==
*[http://www.myspace.com/millionaires Official Myspace]

== References ==
{{Primary sources|date=September 2009}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Girl groups]]
[[Category:Crunkcore groups]]

[[simple:Millionaires]]

Millionaires

2009-10-30T06:43:05Z

Extransit: moved Millionaires to Millionaires (band) over redirect

{{otheruses4|the electronica band|other uses|Millionaire (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = Millionaires
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = group_or_band
| Birth_name =
| Alias =
| Born =
| Died =
| Origin = [[Huntington Beach, California]]
| Instrument =
| Voice_type =

| Genre = [[Electronica]] [[Electronic dance music|Club]] [[Pop (music)|Pop]] [[Crunkcore]]
| Occupation =
| Years_active = 2007–present
| Label = [[Decaydance Records]] (only for release of Just Got Paid, Let's Get Laid EP)
| URL = [http://www.myspace.com/millionaires Millionaires' Official MySpace Page]
| Current_members = Melissa Marie Green Allison Green Dani Artaud
}}

'''Millionaires''' is a [[pop music|pop]]-[[electronic music|electronic]] group consisting three girls from [[Orange County, California]]. The group gained huge popularity on [[MySpace]] and climbed the charts early on in their career. The group consists of sisters, Melissa Marie and Allison Green, and their best friend, Dani Artaud.<ref>http://www.myspace.com/millionaires</ref> 
The girls performed the theme songs for ''Teen Cribs'' and ''[[A Double Shot at Love]]'' on [[MTV]].

== Background ==
Millionaires started in August 14, 2007, when Melissa Marie and Allison were just messing around and made a song on their new laptop with GarageBand. They named the song "I Like Money", and decided they needed a name for themselves to make a [[MySpace]] profile for the song. Melissa Marie and Allison decided on Millionaires, to go with the name of the song. The next day, Dani came in the mix, and they made their second song, "Hoe Down".

After a few months,DJ Hyphy Crunk brought them out and they began to perform shows locally and traveled only small distances for shows. They got spots in music festivals such as Bamboozle Left 2008 and Audio Overload 2008. By July 2008, they were ready to tour and they went out on their first tour co-headlining with [[Breathe Carolina]] across the West coast. Later in July, they headlined the GET F$CKED UP tour.

In July 2008, they performed on [[MTV]]'s ''[[TRL]]'' as part of On The Radar,<ref>http://www.mtv.com/photos/?fid=1529568&pid=3103093</ref> a segment where popular unsigned bands perform. The girls returned in January and February 2009 on their Just Got Paid, Let's Get Laid tour, which sold out every date.

They made a short song titled "Take a Shot", which became the theme song for [[MTV]]'s reality show ''[[A Double Shot at Love|A Double Shot At Love]]'' with the [[Ikki Twins]]<ref>http://www.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendID=230323216&blogID=454889830</ref>. Their song "Hey Rich Boy" was also used as the theme for [[MTV]]'s ''Teen Cribs''. Their song "Alcohol" was also featured on the soundtrack for the third series of ''[[Skins]]''. Their music and backing tracks are composed by Mark Maxwell.


== Tours ==
*They co-headlined a tour across the west coast with [[Breathe Carolina]] in July 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sodajerkpresents.com/show/detail/15832|title=Breathe Carolina w/ Millionaires, Brokencyde, Defending The Pilot|accessdate=2009-08-11}}</ref>
*They headlined the "GET F$CKED UP" tour in July-August 2008 with [[Hyper Crush]], [[Brokencyde|brokeNCYDE]], [[And Then There Were None (band)|And Then There Were None]], and The Arrival.
*They headlined the "Just Got Paid, Let's Get Laid" tour in January-February 2009 with [[Cash Cash]], [[I Set My Friends On Fire]], and Watchout! There's Ghosts.
*They are on every date of the [[Warped Tour 2009|2009 Vans Warped Tour]], playing on the Skullcandy and Hurley.com stage.<ref>http://warpedtour.com/warpedtour/bands.asp</ref>

==Discography==
===EPs===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
|'''Date of Release'''
|'''Title'''
|'''Label'''
|-
|[[July 2]], [[2008]]
|''Bling, Bling, Bling!''
|Self-Released
|-
|[[June 23]], [[2009]]
|''Just Got Paid, Let's Get Laid''
|[[Decaydance]]
|}

===List of Songs===
*"Alcohol"
*"Hey Rich Boy"
*"Hoe Down"
*"I Like Money"
*"I Move It"
*"In My Bed"
*"Just Got Paid, Lets Get Laid"
*"Martinis and Mixed Feelings"
*"Ohh Uh Huh"
*"Painted Whore"
*"Take a Shot"
*"Take Your Shirt Off"
*"Talk Shit"
*"The One"
*"Up in My Bubble"

===List of Upcoming Songs===
*"Off Like a Prom Dress"
"Back Stabber"

==External links==
*[http://www.myspace.com/millionaires Official Myspace]

== References ==
{{Primary sources|date=September 2009}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Girl groups]]
[[Category:Crunkcore groups]]

[[simple:Millionaires]]

Millionaires

2009-10-30T06:42:24Z

Extransit: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Millionaires closed as keep

{{otheruses4|the electronica band|other uses|Millionaire (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = Millionaires
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = group_or_band
| Birth_name =
| Alias =
| Born =
| Died =
| Origin = [[Huntington Beach, California]]
| Instrument =
| Voice_type =

| Genre = [[Electronica]] [[Electronic dance music|Club]] [[Pop (music)|Pop]] [[Crunkcore]]
| Occupation =
| Years_active = 2007–present
| Label = [[Decaydance Records]] (only for release of Just Got Paid, Let's Get Laid EP)
| URL = [http://www.myspace.com/millionaires Millionaires' Official MySpace Page]
| Current_members = Melissa Marie Green Allison Green Dani Artaud
}}

'''Millionaires''' is a [[pop music|pop]]-[[electronic music|electronic]] group consisting three girls from [[Orange County, California]]. The group gained huge popularity on [[MySpace]] and climbed the charts early on in their career. The group consists of sisters, Melissa Marie and Allison Green, and their best friend, Dani Artaud.<ref>http://www.myspace.com/millionaires</ref> 
The girls performed the theme songs for ''Teen Cribs'' and ''[[A Double Shot at Love]]'' on [[MTV]].

== Background ==
Millionaires started in August 14, 2007, when Melissa Marie and Allison were just messing around and made a song on their new laptop with GarageBand. They named the song "I Like Money", and decided they needed a name for themselves to make a [[MySpace]] profile for the song. Melissa Marie and Allison decided on Millionaires, to go with the name of the song. The next day, Dani came in the mix, and they made their second song, "Hoe Down".

After a few months,DJ Hyphy Crunk brought them out and they began to perform shows locally and traveled only small distances for shows. They got spots in music festivals such as Bamboozle Left 2008 and Audio Overload 2008. By July 2008, they were ready to tour and they went out on their first tour co-headlining with [[Breathe Carolina]] across the West coast. Later in July, they headlined the GET F$CKED UP tour.

In July 2008, they performed on [[MTV]]'s ''[[TRL]]'' as part of On The Radar,<ref>http://www.mtv.com/photos/?fid=1529568&pid=3103093</ref> a segment where popular unsigned bands perform. The girls returned in January and February 2009 on their Just Got Paid, Let's Get Laid tour, which sold out every date.

They made a short song titled "Take a Shot", which became the theme song for [[MTV]]'s reality show ''[[A Double Shot at Love|A Double Shot At Love]]'' with the [[Ikki Twins]]<ref>http://www.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendID=230323216&blogID=454889830</ref>. Their song "Hey Rich Boy" was also used as the theme for [[MTV]]'s ''Teen Cribs''. Their song "Alcohol" was also featured on the soundtrack for the third series of ''[[Skins]]''. Their music and backing tracks are composed by Mark Maxwell.


== Tours ==
*They co-headlined a tour across the west coast with [[Breathe Carolina]] in July 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sodajerkpresents.com/show/detail/15832|title=Breathe Carolina w/ Millionaires, Brokencyde, Defending The Pilot|accessdate=2009-08-11}}</ref>
*They headlined the "GET F$CKED UP" tour in July-August 2008 with [[Hyper Crush]], [[Brokencyde|brokeNCYDE]], [[And Then There Were None (band)|And Then There Were None]], and The Arrival.
*They headlined the "Just Got Paid, Let's Get Laid" tour in January-February 2009 with [[Cash Cash]], [[I Set My Friends On Fire]], and Watchout! There's Ghosts.
*They are on every date of the [[Warped Tour 2009|2009 Vans Warped Tour]], playing on the Skullcandy and Hurley.com stage.<ref>http://warpedtour.com/warpedtour/bands.asp</ref>

==Discography==
===EPs===
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
|'''Date of Release'''
|'''Title'''
|'''Label'''
|-
|[[July 2]], [[2008]]
|''Bling, Bling, Bling!''
|Self-Released
|-
|[[June 23]], [[2009]]
|''Just Got Paid, Let's Get Laid''
|[[Decaydance]]
|}

===List of Songs===
*"Alcohol"
*"Hey Rich Boy"
*"Hoe Down"
*"I Like Money"
*"I Move It"
*"In My Bed"
*"Just Got Paid, Lets Get Laid"
*"Martinis and Mixed Feelings"
*"Ohh Uh Huh"
*"Painted Whore"
*"Take a Shot"
*"Take Your Shirt Off"
*"Talk Shit"
*"The One"
*"Up in My Bubble"

===List of Upcoming Songs===
*"Off Like a Prom Dress"
"Back Stabber"

==External links==
*[http://www.myspace.com/millionaires Official Myspace]

== References ==
{{Primary sources|date=September 2009}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Girl groups]]
[[Category:Crunkcore groups]]

[[simple:Millionaires]]

Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephalliokinklopeleiolagoosiraiobaphetraganopterygon

2008-12-03T02:47:10Z

Extransit: Reverted to revision 255516899 by Madkayaker; rvv. (TW)

{{Unencyclopedic}}
'''Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephalliokigklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterýgōn''' is a fictional dish mentioned in [[Aristophanes]]' comedy ''[[Assemblywomen]].''

It is a transliteration of the Ancient Greek word [[Wiktionary:λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλ...|λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλλιοκιγκλοπελειολαγῳοσιραιοβαφητραγανοπτερύγων]] in the Greek alphabet (1169-74). Liddell and Scott translate this as "name of a dish compounded of all kinds of dainties, fish, flesh, fowl, and sauces."

{{wiktionary|λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλ...|λοπαδοτεμαχο...}}

{{wiktionary|lepadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiotyromelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephaliokinklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetragalopterygon|lepado...}}

The original Greek spelling had 171 characters (something which is not obvious in the [[Roman alphabet|Roman]] transcription, depending on the variant) and for centuries it was the [[Longest word in English#Coinages|longest word known]].

The dish was a [[fricassee]], with 17 sweet and sour ingredients, including the following:

*[[Fish]] slices
*Fish of the [[Elasmobranchii]] subclass (a [[shark]] or [[ray]])
*Rotted [[dogfish]] or [[Shark|small shark's]] head
*Generally sharp-tasting dish of several ingredients grated and pounded together
*[[Silphion]] "laserwort," apparently a kind of [[giant fennel]]
*A kind of [[crab]], [[beetle]], or [[crayfish]]
*[[Honey]] poured down
*Wrasse (or [[Thrush (bird)|thrush]])
*Was topped with a kind of [[sea fish]] or [[Blackbird]]
*[[Wood pigeon]]
*[[Domestic pigeon]]
*[[Chicken]]
*Roasted head of [[dabchick]]
*[[Hare]], which could be a kind of [[bird]] or a kind of [[sea hare]]
*[[Must|New wine boiled down]]
*[[Wing]] and/or [[fin]]

== Role in the play ==

The [[gynecocracy]] depicted in ''Assemblywomen'' attempts to treat everyone equally. They create this dish so that they can serve one food that fits everyone's needs. The dish's name is mentioned only twice, in one of the last speeches of the play.

==References==
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=EKSHvbY5howC&q=%22longest+word%22+aristophanes&dq=%22longest+word%22 Guinness Book of World Records, 1990 ed, pg. 129] ISBN 0806957905

[[Category:Fictional foods|Lopadot...terygon]]

[[es:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[eo:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[fr:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[he:לופאדוטמאכוס...פטריגון]]
[[no:Lopado…pterygon]]
[[fi:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]

Albert Facey

2008-07-20T07:49:41Z

Extransit: Reverted edits by 124.180.219.135 to last version by Icewedge (using Huggle)

'''Albert Barnett Facey''' ([[August 31]] [[1894]] – February 1982) is an [[Australia]]n writer, whose main work was his [[autobiography]] ''[[A Fortunate Life]]'', now considered a classic in [[Australian literature]].

He was born in [[Maidstone, Victoria]]. His father died on the Goldfields of [[Western Australia]] in 1896 of [[typhoid fever]] and Albert's mother left her children to the care of their grandmother shortly afterwards. In 1899 he moved from Victoria to Western Australia with his grandmother and three of his six older siblings. Most of his childhood was spent in the [[Wickepin, Western Australia|Wickepin]] area.

He started working on farms at the age of eight and had little education and therefore could not read or write. As a child he taught himself to read and write. By the age of 14 he was an experienced bushman, and at 18 a professional boxer. He was badly injured at [[Gallipoli]] in August 1915 during the [[First World War]], in which two of his brothers were killed. While recuperating he met his future wife Evelyn Gibson and they were married in [[Bunbury, Western Australia|Bunbury]] in August 1916. The Faceys lived in East Perth before returning to Wickepin six years later with their children, where they lived until 1934. The couple had seven children - the eldest, Barney, was killed during the [[Second World War]] - and twenty-eight grandchildren.

As he got older Facey began making notes on his life and, at the urging of his wife and children, eventually had the notes printed into a book. It was published just nine months before his death in February 1982.[http://www.about-australia.com.au/travel-guides/western-australia/australias-golden-outback/attractions/building-structure/albert-facey-homestead/]

His home in Wickepin is a tourist attraction today, while a government building on [[Forrest Place]] in the state capital, [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]], is named in his honour and is home to Perth's main travel bureau and visitor centre. A public library in [[Mundaring, Western Australia|Mundaring]], a street in [[Maidstone, Victoria|Maidstone]] and a hotel in [[Narrogin, Western Australia|Narrogin]] also bear his name. The manuscripts of ''[[A Fortunate Life]]'' are housed in the Scholars' Centre in the [[University of Western Australia Library]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Facey, A. B. (1988) '' A Fortunate Life''. (illustrations by [[Robert Juniper]]). Ringwood, Victoria. Penguin. ISBN 0140108696. Previously published: (1981) Fremantle, W.A. Fremantle Arts Centre Press.

==Further reading==
* Findlay. Len "A Son's Fortunate life with no regrets" ''[[The West Australian]]'' [[11 June]] [[2007]] p.71 regarding death of Joseph Lindsay Facey - 5th of 7 children of Albert.



{{Persondata
|NAME=Facey, Albert
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=A. B. Facey
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[Western Australia]]n pastoral worker well know for autobiography ''[[A Fortunate Life]]''
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[1894]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[1982]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Western Australia]], [[Australia]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Facey, Albert Barnett}}
[[Category:Australian memoirists]]
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Western Australia]]

Albert Facey

2008-07-20T07:48:11Z

Extransit: Reverted edits by 124.180.219.135 to last version by Rjwilmsi (using Huggle)

Victorianischer Goldrausch

2008-07-16T07:50:58Z

Extransit: Reverted edits by 121.72.64.227 (using Huggle)

[[Image:Nerrena Fossickers in the Creek Nerrena.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Nerrena Fossickers in Nerrena Creek outside Ballarat]]

The '''Victorian [[gold rush]]''' was a period in the history of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]] approximately between 1851 and the late 1860s.

During this era Victoria dominated the world's [[gold]] output. [[Ballarat]] for a while ranked number one in terms of gold production.<ref> Weston Bate, ''Lucky City: The first generation of Ballarat, 1851-1901''( 1978) </ref>

Gold discoveries in [[Beechworth]], Ballarat and [[Bendigo]] sparked gold rushes similar to those of [[California]] in 1849. <ref>David Goodman, ''Gold Seeking: Victoria and Calfornia in the 1850s'' (1994)</ref> At its peak some two tonnes of gold per week flowed into the [[Old Treasury Building, Melbourne|Treasury Building]] in [[Melbourne]].

The gold era evolved Victoria from a sheep grazing economy based around squatters, into an emerging industrial base and small (yeoman) farming community. The social impact of gold was that Victoria's population boomed and the lack of available land for small farming generated massive social tensions. Those on-going tensions around land and selection (small farming) culminated in the Kelly Outbreak of 1878. <ref> John McQuilton, ''The Kelly Outbreak 1878-1880; The geographical dimensions of social banditry'' (1979)</ref>

It was gold that created the growth and power of Melbourne over its rivals; this is witnessed in the rail networks radiating out of Melbourne to its regional towns and ports. Politically, Victoria's goldminers introduced male franchise and secret ballots, based on [[Chartist]] principles. As gold dwindled, pressures for land reform, protectionism and political reform grew and generated social struggles. <ref> Antony O'Brien, ''Shenanigans on the Ovens Goldfields''</ref> <ref> I.D. McNaughton, 'Colonial Liberalism, 1851-92', in Gordon Greenwood (ed.) ''Australia: A social and political history'' (1955)</ref> A Land Convention in Melbourne during 1857 demanded land reform. Melbourne, or "Smellbourne" (due to the stench of the tanneries along the river) became one of the great cities of the [[United Kingdom|British Empire]] and the world. Following the huge gold rushes were the [[Chinese people|Chinese]] in 1854. Their presence on the goldfields of Bendigo, Beechworth and the [[Bright, Victoria|Bright]] district resulted in riots, entry taxes, killings and segeration in the short term and became the foundations of the [[White Australia policy]]. <ref> Katherine Cronin, ''Colonial Casualties: Chinese in Early Victoria'' (1982); and ''Cf'' O'Brien, Ch. 3.</ref> In short, the gold rush was a revolutionary event and reshaped Victoria, its society and politics.

== Background ==
By 1840 the city of [[Melbourne]], in the south of Victoria, was nearly five years old. Population growth in Melbourne and the surrounding countryside had been steady, and the population was around 10,000.

In July [[1851 in Australia|1851]], Melbourne's 29,000 residents celebrated as they broke away from [[New South Wales]] and the Colony of [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]] was born. Weeks later [[gold]] was found in Victoria. The discovery by [[Louis Michel]], and William McKay Aberdeen at Anderson's Creek, near [[Warrandyte, Victoria|Warrandyte]] 30 kilometres north-east of Melbourne was awarded a prize by the new Victorian Government, with other discoveries by [[James Esmond]] at [[Clunes, Victoria|Clunes]] in July 1851, and [[Thomas Hiscock]] at [[Buninyong, Victoria|Buninyong]], near Ballarat, on [[2 August]] [[1851]].

On [[20 July]] [[1851]] [[Thomas Peters]], a hut-keeper on William Barker’s ''Mount Alexander'' station, found specks of gold at what is now known as Specimen Gully. This find was published in the Melbourne ''[[The Argus (Australia)|Argus]]'' on [[8 September]] [[1851]], leading to a rush to the [[Mount Alexander]] or Forest Creek diggings, centred on present-day [[Castlemaine, Victoria|Castlemaine]], claimed as the richest shallow [[alluvial]] goldfield in the world.

These discoveries were soon surpassed by [[Ballarat, Victoria|Ballarat]] and [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]]. Further discoveries including Beechworth in 1852, Bright, [[Omeo, Victoria|Omeo]], [[Chiltern, Victoria]] (1858-9) and [[Walhalla, Victoria|Walhalla]] followed.

{| class="prettytable" style="float:right"
!Year
!Population of Melbourne
|-
|1835||0
|-
|1840||10,000
|-
|1851||29,000
|-
|1854||123,000
|}

The population of Melbourne grew swiftly as the gold fever took hold. The total number of people in Victoria also rose. By 1851 it was 75,000 people. Ten years later this rose to over 500,000.

First obtained was the alluvial gold found on the surface. It is reported that miners when first arrived on the [[Mount Tarrengower]] fields nuggets were picked up without digging. This was followed by exploitation of [[alluvial]] gold usually in creeks and rivers. The seekers used gold pans, puddling boxes and cradles to separate this gold from the dirt and water.

As alluvial gold ran out, underground or deep lead [[mining]] began. This was harder and dangerous. Locales such as Bendigo and Ballarat saw great concentrations of miners as teams and syndicates sank shafts. Coupled with erratic and vexatious policing and licence checks, tensions flared around Beechworth Bendigo and Ballarat. These tensions culminated in the Eureka Rebellion of 1854. Following the rebellion, a range of reforms gave miners a greater democratic say in resolving disputes via Mining Courts and an extended electoral franchise.

At [[Walhalla, Victoria|Walhalla]] alone, Cohens Reef produced over 50 tonnes (1.6 million tr oz) of gold in 40 years of mining.

== Major and long lasting impact ==

[[Image:ProspectorsHut Dargo.jpg|right|thumb|Prospector's Hut, Upper [[Dargo, Victoria]] ([[Gippsland]]), [[1870 in Australia|1870]].]]
Australia's population changed dramatically as a result of the rushes. In 1851 the Australian population was 437,655, of which 77,345, or just under 18%, were Victorians. A decade later the Australian population had grown to 1,151,947 and the Victorian population had increased to 538,628; just under 47% of the Australian total and a seven-fold increase. In some small country towns where gold was found aboundant, the population could grow of over 1000% in a decade (e.g. Rutherglen had a population of ~2'000. Ten years later, it had ~60'000 which is a 3000% increase). The rapid growth was predominantly a result of the gold rushes.<ref>{{cite book | last = Caldwell | first = J. C. | authorlink = | editor = Wray Vamplew (ed.) | title = Australians: Historical Statistics | date = 1987 | publisher = Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates | location = Broadway, New South Wales, Australia | id = ISBN 0-949288-29-2 | pages = pages 23 and 26 | chapter = Chapter 2: Population}}</ref>

The gold rush is reflected in the architecture of Victorian gold-boom cities like Melbourne, [[Castlemaine, Victoria|Castlemaine]], [[Ballarat, Victoria|Ballarat]], [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]] and [[Ararat, Victoria|Ararat]]. Ballarat has [[Sovereign Hill]] — a 60 acre (240,000 m²) recreation of a gold rush town — as well as the Gold Museum, while Bendigo has a large operating gold mine system which also functions as a tourist attraction.

The rushes left the legacy of quaint Victorian towns in the Goldfields tourist region like [[Maldon, Victoria|Maldon]], [[Beechworth, Victoria|Beechworth]], [[Clunes, Victoria|Clunes]], [[Maryborough, Victoria|Maryborough]], [[Daylesford, Victoria|Daylesford]], [[Stawell, Victoria|Stawell]], [[Beaufort, Victoria|Beaufort]], [[Creswick, Victoria|Creswick]], [[St Arnaud, Victoria|St Arnaud]], [[Dunolly, Victoria|Dunolly]], [[Inglewood, Victoria|Inglewood]] and [[Buninyong, Victoria|Buninyong]]. With the exception of Ballarat and Bendigo, many of these towns were substantially larger than they are today. Most populations moved to other districts when gold played out in a given locality. <ref> O'Brien</ref>

At the other end of the spectrum ghost towns, such as [[Walhalla, Victoria|Walhalla]], [[Mafeking, Victoria|Mafeking]] and [[Steiglitz, Victoria|Steiglitz]] still exist.

[[Image:Cassilis historical area.jpg|thumb|right|As with many gold towns, after deposits of gold had been exploited, the town of [[Cassilis, Victoria|Cassilis]] ceased to exist. This picture shows the remains of part of King Cassilis Mine]]
The last major gold rush in Victoria was at [[Berringa, Victoria|Berringa]], south of Ballarat, in the first decade of the 20th century. Gold mining ceased in Victoria, not because there was no more gold but in part because of the depth and cost of pumping. The [[First World War]] also drained Australia of the labour needed to work the mines, but worse the prohibition on the export of gold from Australia in 1915, the abolition of the gold standard throughout the Empire, saw many goldtowns in Victoria die.<ref>Marnie Hague-Muir, "The economy at war" ,Joan Beaumont (ed.) Australia's War 1914-18</ref>. The slump in gold production never recovered. However, as of 2005 the recent increase in the gold price has seen a resurgence in commercial mining activity; mining has yet to be resumed in [[Bendigo, Victoria|Bendigo]], whilst some is occurring in [[Ballarat, Victoria|Ballarat]], and exploration proceeds elsewhere, for example, in [[Glen Wills, Victoria|Glen Wills]], an isolated mountain area near [[Mitta Mitta, Victoria|Mitta Mitta]] in north-eastern Victoria.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== See also ==
*[[Gold rush]]
*[[Welcome Stranger]]
*[[California Gold Rush]] (1848-1855)

==Further reading==
* Robyn Annear,''Nothing but Gold'' Robyn Annear ISBN 1-876485-07-8
* G.F. James & C.G. Lee,''Walhalla Heyday'' G.F. James & C.G. Lee ISBN 0-9596311-3-5
* John Aldersea & Barbara Hood,''Walhalla: Valley of Gold'' John Aldersea & Barbara Hood ISBN 0-9750887-0-X
* James Fleet, ''The history of gold discovery in Victoria,'', 1970.
* Vivine McWaters, ''Beechworth's little canton'', 2002.
* Geoffrey Serle, ''The Golden Age: A history of the colony of Victoria, 1851-1861'', 1963.
* Carole Woods, ''Beechworth: A titan's field'', 1985.
* John Maloney, ''Eureka'', 1984.
* Dianne Talbot, ''The Buckland Valley Goldfield'', 2004.
* Frank Cusack (ed.), ''Songs of the goldfields'', 1991.

== External links ==
*[http://www.egold.net.au/ eGold - Electronic Encyclopedia of Gold in Australia]
*[http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/windows/gold/index.asp Victorian Museum]
*[http://www.walhalla.org.au Walhalla]
*[http://www.sovereignhill.com.au/ Sovereign Hill]
*[http://www.sovereignhill.com.au/museum/index.shtml Gold Museum at Ballarat]
*[http://www.abc.net.au/rural/news/stories/s1032324.htm Report on resumed exploration]

[[Category:Australian gold rushes]]
[[Category:History of Victoria|Gold rush]]
[[Category:1850s]]
[[Category:1860s]]
[[Category:History of Australia (1851-1900)]]
[[Category:History of mining]]

Charles Hazlitt Upham

2008-07-02T07:48:41Z

Extransit: Reverted edits by 219.89.171.221 to last version by XLerate (using Huggle)

{{dablink|For the U.S. Representative from Massachusetts, see [[Charles Wentworth Upham]].}}
{{Infobox Military Person
|name=Charles Hazlitt Upham
|lived=[[September 21]], [[1908]] - [[November 22]], [[1994]]
|image=[[Image:VCCharlesHazlittUpham.jpg]]
|caption=Charles Upham in field uniform
|nickname=[[Pug]]<ref name="LAUNCH">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nzedge.com/heroes/upham.html|title=Charles Upham |work=nzedge.com|accessdate=2007-07-08}}</ref>
|placeofbirth=[[Christchurch]], [[New Zealand]]
|placeofdeath=Christchurch, New Zealand
|allegiance=[[Commonwealth realm|Commonwealth]]
|branch=[[2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force]] HQ 4 Infantry Brigade 20th Battalion
|serviceyears=
|rank=Captain
|unit=
|commands=
|battles=[[Battle of Greece]] [[Battle of Crete]] North Africa
|awards=[[Victoria Cross]] and Bar [[1939-1945 Star]] [[Africa Star]] [[Defence Medal]] [[War Medal 1939–1945|War Medal]] + [[Mentioned in Despatches|MiD]] [[Oak leaf cluster|Oakleaf]] [[New Zealand War Service Medal]] [[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]] [[Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal]] New Zealand Commemorative Medal<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/puupham.htm|title=List of Upham's medals |work=The History of the Victoria Cross|last= Stewart |first=Iain|accessdate=2007-07-08}}</ref><ref name="Army Museum Waiouru">{{Cite web |url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ddnzewel.htm|title=Photograph of Upham's Medals |work=The History of the Victoria Cross|last= Stewart |first=Iain|accessdate=2007-07-08}}</ref>
|relations=
|laterwork=Farmer
}}

[[Captain]] '''Charles Hazlitt Upham''', [[Victoria Cross|VC and Bar]] ([[September 21]] [[1908]] – [[November 22]] [[1994]]) was a [[New Zealand]] soldier who earned the [[Victoria Cross]] twice during the [[World War II|Second World War]]: in [[Crete]] in May 1941, and at Ruweisat Ridge, [[Egypt]], in July 1942. He was only the third person to receive the VC twice, the only person to receive two VCs during the Second World War and the only combat soldier to receive the award twice (the other dual recipients, [[Arthur Martin-Leake]] and [[Noel Godfrey Chavasse]], both served in the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]] in the [[World War I|First World War]]).

==Early life==
Upham was born in Christchurch on [[21 September]] [[1908]], the son of John Hazlitt Upham, a lawyer, and his wife, Agatha Mary Coates. He boarded at Waihi School, Winchester, South Canterbury, between 1917 and 1922 and at [[Christ's College, Canterbury|Christ's College]], Christchurch, from 1923-27. He attended Canterbury Agricultural College (presently known as [[Lincoln University, New Zealand|Lincoln University]]) where he earned a diploma in agriculture in 1930.<ref name="LAUNCH"/>

He worked first as a sheep farmer, later as manager, and then as farm valuer for the New Zealand government. In 1937 he joined the Valuation Department as assistant district valuer in Timaru, and the following year he became engaged to Mary (Molly) Eileen McTamney (a distant relative of Noel Chavasse, VC and Bar). In 1939 he returned to Lincoln to complete a diploma in valuation and farm management.

Upham enlisted in the [[New Zealand Expeditionary Force|2nd NZ Expeditionary Force]] (2NZEF) at the age of 30 in September 1939 and was posted to the [[2nd Division (New Zealand)|20th Canterbury–Otago Battalion]].<ref name="LAUNCH" /> He was promoted to temporary [[Lance Corporal]], but initially declined a place in an Officer Cadet Training Unit (OCTU). In December he was promoted to [[Sergeant]] and a week later sailed for Egypt. In July 1940 he was finally persuaded to join an OCTU.

==First VC==
In March 1941 [[2nd Division (New Zealand)|Upham's battalion]] left for [[Battle of Greece|Greece]] and then withdrew to [[Battle of Crete|Crete]], and it was here that he was wounded in the action — from 22-30 May 1941 — that gained him his first VC. When informed of the award, his first response was: "It's meant for the men."<ref >Sandford, ''Mark of the Lion'', p.146</ref>

The award citation declared that he displayed outstanding gallantry in close-quarter fighting, and was twice hit by [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] shrapnel and badly wounded. In spite of this and an attack of [[dysentery]] which reduced him to a skeletal appearance, he refused hospital treatment and carried a badly wounded man to safety when forced to retire. Eight days later he fended off an attack at [[Sphakia]], 22 German soldiers falling to his fire.

==Second VC==
Upham was evacuated to Egypt, now promoted to Captain. He received a Bar to his VC for his actions on 14-15 July 1942.

When leading his company attacking an enemy-held ridge overlooking the [[El Alamein]] [[battlefield]], he was wounded twice but took the objective after fierce fighting. He destroyed a German tank, several guns and vehicles with grenades. A machinegun bullet through the elbow shattered Upham's arm, but he went on again to a forward position and brought back some of his men who had become isolated.

==POW in Colditz Castle==
After his wounds were dressed, he returned to his men but was again severely wounded and unable to move. He was eventually overrun by the superior weight of the enemy forces and taken [[prisoner of war]] (POW). While in captivity, he was sent to an Italian hospital to recuperate but attempted to escape numerous times before being branded "dangerous" by the Germans and incarcerated in the infamous [[Oflag IV-C]] (Colditz) on [[October 14]] [[1944]].

[[Image:VCElevenNewZealandWinners.jpg|thumb|350px|A group of 11 NZ VC Holders. From left: '''Back Row:''' Col [[L.W. Andrew]], Maj [[R.S. Judson]], Pte [[J.D. Crichton]], Lt [[H.J. Laurent]], Lt [[C.R.G. Bassett]]. '''Front row:''' Sgt [[Jack Hinton|J.D. Hinton]], Lt [[K. Elliott]], Capt C.H. Upham, Sgt [[A.C. Hulme]], Capt [[S. Frickleton]], Lt [[J.G. Grant]]. From the QEII Army Memorial Museum]]

One attempted escape occurred when a group of POWs were being transported in open trucks through Italy. Upham jumped from the truck at a bend and managed to get {{convert|400|yd}} away before being recaptured. He had broken an ankle in jumping from the moving truck.

==Aftermath==
When Colditz was liberated by American forces, most of the inmates made their own way home immediately. Upham broke into a German armoury, helped himself to weaponry, and went out hunting Germans. Upham was keen to see action again, but was instead sent to Britain where he was reunited with Molly McTamney, who was then serving as a nurse. They were married at [[New Milton]], [[Hampshire]], on [[20 June]] [[1945]]. He returned to NZ in early September, and Molly followed him in December.

[[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI]] had invested Upham with his first Victoria Cross at [[Buckingham Palace]] on [[11 May]] [[1945]]. When the recommendation was made for a second VC, the King remarked to Major-General [[Howard Kippenberger]] that a bar to the cross would be "very unusual indeed" and inquired firmly: "Does he deserve it?" Kippenberger replied: {{cquote2|In my respectful opinion, sir, Upham won the VC several times over<ref name="Mark of the Lion">Sandford, ''Mark of the Lion'', pp.366-381</ref>}}

==Post war==
[[Image:VCCharlesHazlittUphamGrave.jpg|thumb|350px|Charles Upham's gravestone - Photo by Terry Macdonald]]

After the war Upham returned to NZ, and the community raised £10,000 to buy him a farm. However, he declined and the money went into the C. H. Upham Scholarship for children of ex-servicemen to study at Lincoln College or the University of Canterbury.<ref name="Mark of the Lion"/>

He obtained a war rehabilitation loan and bought a farm on Conway Flat, [[Hundalee]], North Canterbury. It is said that for the remainder of his life, Upham would allow no German car on to his property.<ref name="LAUNCH"/>

Although somewhat hampered by his injuries, he became a successful farmer and served on the board of governors of Christ’s College for nearly 20 years. He and Molly had three daughters, and lived on their farm until January 1994, when Upham's poor health forced them to retire to Christchurch. He died there on [[22 November]] [[1994]], survived by Molly and his daughters. His funeral was conducted with full military honours and he was buried in the graveyard of St Paul's Church [[Papanui]].

A bronze statue stands outside the [[Hurunui District]] Council buildings in [[Amberley, New Zealand|Amberley]], [[Canterbury, New Zealand|North Canterbury]], depicting Charles Upham "the observer".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hurunui.govt.nz/Information/HurunuiInformation/CharlesUpham.htm|title=Captain Charles Upham VC and Bar 1908 - 1994 |work=Hurunui District Council|accessdate=2007-07-08}}</ref>

His VC and Bar was on display at the [[QEII Army Memorial Museum]], [[Waiouru]] until its theft in December 2007. In November 2006 the medals had been sold by Upham's daughters to the [[Imperial War Museum]] for an undisclosed sum.<ref name="SMH">{{cite journal | last = Cheng | first = Derek | date = [[4 July]] [[2007]] | title = Medal elevates winner to highest pinnacle | url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=123&objectid=10449417 | journal = [[The New Zealand Herald]] |accessdate=2007-07-08 }}</ref> However, as NZ legislation prohibits the export of such historic items, the Imperial War Museum agreed to a permanent loan of the medals to the Waiouru Army Museum.<ref name="Army Museum Waiouru"/> On [[December 2]] [[2007]], Upham's VC was among nine stolen from locked, reinforced glass cabinets at the Museum.<ref name=NZHerald>{{cite web |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10479634|title=Army medal theft 'insult' to our nation's heritage|publisher=[[New Zealand Herald]]|accessdate=2007-12-02}}</ref> On [[16 February]] [[2008]] New Zealand Police announced all the medals had been recovered as a result of a [[New Zealand dollar|NZ$]]300,000 reward offered by [[Michael Ashcroft]] and Tom Sturgess.<ref>[http://police.govt.nz/news/release/3701.html Stolen War Medals Recovered]</ref>

== Memorials ==
*There is a street in suburban Christchurch named ''Charles Upham Avenue''.

*[[HMNZS Charles Upham|HMNZS ''Charles Upham'']], a Royal New Zealand Navy ship, was commissioned in 1995, and decommissioned in 1998.

*As a [[tribute]] to Charles Upham, NZ heavy metal band Subtract wrote and released a song titled "Mark of the Lion".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.blastwave.co.uk/reviews/arevs/show_album_review.asp?ID=1032|title=Subtract - Formula One |work=Blastwave.co.uk|last= Stott |first=Patrick|accessdate=2007-07-08}}</ref>

*In late 2006 it was announced that a film portraying the life of Upham was to be made, provisionally titled ''Upham - Mark of the Lion''.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last=Sandford| first=Kenneth|year=1990| origyear=1962|title=Mark of the Lion: The Story of Capt. Charles Upham, V.C. and Bar| location=London| publisher=Arrow|isbn=0099644304}}

==See also==
*[[New Zealand's Top 100 History Makers]]
*[[Victoria Cross for New Zealand]]
*[[Military history of New Zealand during World War II]]
*[[List of New Zealanders]]
*[[List of New Zealander Victoria Cross recipients]]
*[[List of Victoria Cross recipients by nationality]]
*[[List of Victoria Cross recipients by name - U]]
*[[List of Second World War Victoria Cross recipients]]
*[[List of Victoria Cross recipients of the New Zealand Expeditionary and Military Forces]]
*[[List of people on stamps of New Zealand]]
*[[List of South Islanders]]

==External links==
*[http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/U/UphamCharlesHazlitt/UphamCharlesHazlitt/en Biography in 1966 ''Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]
*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/theartofwar/valgal/valour/INF3_0429.htm Second Lieutenant C.H. Upham] in ''The Art of War'' exhibition at the [[National Archives (UK)|UK National Archives]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Upham, Charles}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Colditz prisoners of WWII]]
[[Category:Lincoln University, New Zealand alumni]]
[[Category:New Zealand Army personnel]]
[[Category:New Zealand farmers]]
[[Category:New Zealand military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:New Zealand prisoners of war]]
[[Category:New Zealand Victoria Cross recipients]]
[[Category:New Zealand World War II Victoria Cross recipients]]
[[Category:People from Christchurch]]
[[Category:Victoria Cross and Bar recipients]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Germany]]

Releaseformate (Warez)

2008-06-30T03:35:21Z

Extransit: Reverted edits by 68.106.130.213 to last version by DustWolf (using Huggle)

{{Refimprove|date=January 2008}}

With regard to [[warez]] groups or [[Copyright infringement of audio-visual works|organized piracy groups]], a movie is usually released in several formats and different versions as to the fact that the primary sources used by a group for a particular movie may vary. Pirated movies are primarily released by these organized groups referred to as "scene" groups or "warez groups". These groups first release of a movie is usually lower quality (due to a lack of sources), and is eventually replaced with better quality releases as better sources are available.

==Background== 

[[Cam (movie piracy)|Cam]] releases were the early attempts at movie piracy which are implemented by
taping the on-screen projection of a movie in a cinema. This enabled groups to pirate movies which were in their theatrical period (not released for personal entertainment). But because these releases often suffered distinctly low quality, alternative methods were sought.


A prime example was the EViL release of ''[[American Pie (movie)|American Pie]]''.<ref>[http://www.theisonews.com/release.php?releaseid=4262 Video CD: American Pie]. ''iSONews''.</ref> This is notable for three reasons:
#It was released in an uncensored workprint format. The later theatrical release was cut down by several minutes and had scenes reworked to avoid nudity to pass [[Motion Picture Association of America|MPAA]] guidelines.
#It was released nearly two months prior to its release in theaters ([[CNN Headline News]] reported on its early release).
#It was listed by the movie company as one of the reasons it released an [[Motion picture rating system|Unrated]] DVD edition.

In October 1999, [[DeCSS]] was released. This program allowed anyone to remove the [[Content-scrambling system|CSS]] encryption on a DVD. Although its authors claimed that this software was meant only for playback purposes, it also meant that one could decode the content perfectly for [[ripping]]; combined with the "[[DivX]] 3.11 Alpha" codec released shortly after, the new codec increased video quality from near [[VHS]] to almost DVD quality when encoding from a DVD source.

The early DivX releases were mostly internal for group use, but once the codec spread, it became accepted as a standard and quickly became the most widely used format for scene. With help from associates who either worked for a [[movie theater]], [[movie production]] company, or [[rental shop|video rental]] company, groups were supplied with massive amounts of material, and new releases began appearing at a very fast pace. When a new release of DivX came out (Version 4.0), the codec went commercial, and the need for a free codec [[XviD]] emerged. Today, XviD has replaced DivX almost entirely. Although DivX codec has evolved from version 4 to 6.4 during this time, it is considered obsolete due to the commercial nature of the codec.

==Release formats==

Here is a table of pirated movie release types along with respective sources, ranging from the lowest quality to the highest. [[Standard (warez)|Scene rules]] define in which format and way each release type is to be packaged and distributed.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" width="90%"
! width="15%" |Type
! width="15%" |Label
! width="15%" |Rarity
|-
|align="center"|[[Cam (bootleg)|Cam]]
|align="center"|"CAM"
|align="center"|Common; losing popularity due to DVD rip and low quality
|-
|colspan="3"|A copy made in a cinema using a camcorder, possibly mounted on a tripod. The sound source is the camera microphone. Cam rips can quickly appear online after the first preview or premiere of the film. The quality ranges from terrible to very good, depending on the group of persons performing the recording and the resolution of the camera used. The main disadvantage of this is the sound quality. The microphone does not only record the sound from the movie, but also the background sound in the cinema. The camera can also record movements of the audience in the theater, like when someone stands up in front of the screen.
|-
|align="center"|[[Workprint]]
|align="center"|"WP" "WORKPRINT"
|align="center"|Very rare
|-
|colspan="3"|A copy made from an unfinished version of a film produced by the studio. Typically a workprint has missing effects and overlays, and may not be identical to its theatrical release. Some workprints have a time index marker running in a corner or on the top edge; some may also include a watermark. A workprint might be an uncut version, and missing some material that would appear in the final movie. Note that the index timer is below the frame in the image.
|-
|align="center"|[[Telesync]]
|align="center"|"TS" "TELESYNC"
|align="center"|Very common
|-
|colspan="3"|Contrary to popular belief, the video quality of a TS is not necessarily better than a cam. The term Telesync doesn't indicate better video quality but better audio quality. The CAM source is then synchronized with a secondary audio recording, either done with a professional microphone in an empty cinema (even though by Scene Rules this would be nuked since the audio is not direct, they are hard to tell the difference), fed directly from the cinema's sound system, or captured from an [[Frequency modulation|FM]] radio transmission intended for hearing-impaired customers. Often, a "Cam" is mislabeled as a telesync.
|-
|align="center"|[[R5 (bootleg)|R5]]
|align="center"|"R5"
|align="center"|Very common
|-
|colspan="3"|The R5 Line is a retail DVD from region 5. Region 5 consists of Eastern Europe (Former Soviet Union), Indian subcontinent, Africa, North Korea, and Mongolia. R5 releases differ from normal releases in that they are a direct Telecine transfer of the film without any of the image processing. They take the information from the DVD disc and sync it to an English version of the film, usually a previously released version. Which means that the sound often isn't as good as DVDRips.
|-
|align="center"|[[Screener]]
|align="center"|"SCR" "SCREENER" "DVDSCR" "DVD-SCREENER" "VHS-SCREENER"
|align="center"|Common
|-
|colspan="3"|These are early DVD or VHS releases of the theatrical version of a film, typically sent to movie reviewers, [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|Academy]] members, and executives for review purposes. A screener normally has a message overlaid on its picture, with wording similar to: "The film you are watching is a promotional copy, if you purchased this film at a retail store please contact 1-800-NO-COPIES to report it." Apart from this, some movie studios release their screeners with a number of scenes of varying duration shown in [[black-and-white]]. Aside from this message, and the occasional B&W scenes, screeners are normally of only slightly lower quality than a retail DVD-Rip, due to the smaller investment in DVD mastering for the limited run.

''Note: Screeners make a small exception here, since the content may differ from a retail version, it can be considered as lower quality than a DVD-Rip (even if the screener in question was sourced from a DVD).''
|-
|align="center"|[[Telecine (piracy)|Telecine]]
|align="center"|"TC" "TELECINE"
|align="center"|Fairly rare; losing popularity due to R5
|-
|colspan="3"|A copy captured from a film print using a machine that transfers the movie from its analog reel to digital format. These were rare because telecine machines for making these prints were very costly and very large, however, recently they have become much more common. Telecine has basically the same quality as DVD, since the technique is same as digitizing the actual film to DVD. However, the result is inferior since the source material is usually a lower quality copy reel. Telecine machines usually cause a slight left-right jitter in the picture and have inferior color levels compared to DVD. Note the piece of lint in frame above; this is a common occurrence during digital film transfer, particularly when not done in a clean room environment.
|-
|align="center"|DVD Rip
|align="center"|"DVDRip"
|align="center"|Very common
|-
|colspan="3"|A final retail version of a film, typically released before it is available outside its originating [[DVD#Region codes|region]]. Often after one "release group" releases a high-quality DVD-Rip, the "race" to release that film will stop. Because of their high quality, DVD-Rips generally replace any earlier copies that may already have been circulating.
|-
|align="center"|DVDR
|align="center"|"DVDR image"
|align="center"|Very common
|-
|colspan="3"|A final retail version of a film in DVD format. Usually a complete copy from the original DVD. If the original DVD is released in the DVD-9 format, extras might be removed and/or the video re-encoded to make the image fit the more common and less expensive (for burning) DVD-5 format. DVDR releases often follow DVD-Rips after a few hours.
|-
|align="center"|HDTV or DS Rip
|align="center"|"TVRip" "DSR" "PDTV" "HDTV" "DVBRip"
|align="center"|Most common
|-
|colspan="3"|TVRip is a capture source from an analog capture card (coaxial/composite/s-video connection) Digital stream rip (DSR) is a rip that is captured from a non standard definition digital source like satellite. [[HDTV]] or [[PDTV]] rips often come from Over-the-Air transmissions. With an HDTV source, the quality can sometimes even surpass DVD. Movies in this format are starting to grow in popularity. Analog, DSR, and PDTV sources are often re-encoded to 512x384 if fullscreen, 640x352 if widescreen. HDTV sources are re-encoded to multiple resolutions such as 640x352 (360p), 960x528 (540p), 1280x720 (720p) at various file sizes for pirated releases. In Europe, '''[[DVB-S]]''' is a method for recording from [[satellite decoder]]s like [[British Sky Broadcasting|SKY]]. They can be [[progressive scan]] captured or not ([[480i]] digital transmission).
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Copyright infringement]]
[[Category:Warez]]

[[es:Tipos de películas pirateadas]]
[[ru:Видеопиратство]]

Key Lime Pie

2008-06-30T03:25:28Z

Extransit: Reverted edits by 70.132.236.79 to last version by Childhoodtrauma (using Huggle)

[[Image:Key limepie.jpg|thumb|250px|Key lime pie]]
[[Image:Keylimepiecut.jpg|thumb|250px|Cut-away view of a traditional key lime pie.]]
[[Image:Keylimepieslice.jpg|thumb|250px|A slice of key lime pie.]]
'''Key lime pie''' is a [[dessert]] made of [[key lime]] juice, [[egg yolk]]s, and [[sweetened condensed milk]] in a [[pie]] crust. The authentic pie is topped with [[meringue]] and baked until the meringue is a golden brown.<ref>"Conch Cooking" L.P. Artman, Jr., August 1975 Florida Keys Printing & Publishing, page 74</ref> Some key lime pies use other types of [[whipped topping]]s or none at all. The dish is named after the small key limes (''[[Key lime|Citrus aurantifolia]]'' 'Swingle') that are naturalized throughout the [[Florida Keys]]. Their thorns make them less tractable, their thin yellow rind makes them more [[perishable]], but they are more tart and aromatic than the common [[Persian lime]]s seen year round in most U.S. grocery stores.

Key lime pie is made with canned sweetened condensed milk, since fresh milk was not a common commodity in the [[Florida Keys]] before modern refrigerated distribution methods.

Key lime juice, unlike regular lime juice, is a pale yellow. The filling in key lime pie is also yellow, largely due to the egg yolks.<ref>"Conch Cooking" L.P. Artman, Jr., August 1975 Florida Keys Printing & Publishing, page 74</ref> Some cooks add [[food coloring]] to give the pie filling a green color. This practice is frowned upon by those who make traditional key lime pies.<ref>[http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/PieHistory/KeyLimePie.htm History of Key Lime Pie]</ref><ref>For further discussion see: [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Key_Lime_Pie Wiki Cookbook: Key Lime Pie].</ref>

During mixing, a reaction between the condensed milk and the [[acid|acidic]] lime juice occurs which causes the filling to thicken on its own without requiring baking. Many early recipes for key lime pie did not instruct the cook to ever bake the pie, relying on this [[chemical reaction]] (called [[souring]]) to produce the proper consistency of the filling. Today, in the interest of safety due to consumption of raw eggs, pies of this nature are usually baked for a short time. The baking also thickens the texture even more than the reaction alone.

==Legislation==
In 1965, Florida State Representative Bernie Papy, Jr. introduced legislation calling for a $100 fine to be levied against anyone advertising key lime pie that is not made with key limes. The bill did not pass.<ref>A Chronological History of Key West A Tropical Island City, 3rd edition, Stephen Nichols</ref>
As of [[July 1]], [[2006]], key lime pie is the Florida state pie.<ref> {{cite web| title=SB 676 - Official State Pie/Key Lime| url=http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=32043| accessdate=2006-08-14}} </ref>
==Notes==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

[[Category:American pies]]
[[Category:Cuisine of the Southern United States]]
[[Category:Sweet pies]]
[[Category:Culture of Key West, Florida]]

[[nl:Key lime pie]]

Johannes Larsen

2008-06-23T16:09:43Z

Extransit: category

Johannes Larsen, Danish nature painter, 1867 - 1961. Born in Kerteminde on Funen, Larsen studied art at the Free School in Copenhagen under Kristian Zahrtmann in the 1880's. There he met other painters from Funen, notably Fritz Syberg and Peter Hansen, both from the southern port of Faaborg, and the Funish painters were born. They went on to create an art colony that influenced many Danish and Swedish artists and brought them success. Johannes Larsen's home, Møllebakken in Kerteminde, became the gathering place in summer months for many painters, particulary younger artists from Zahrtmann's school.

Their ideal was to paint outdoors, not just sketching but painting in all kinds of weather. Their paintings have a freshness and energy not previously seen, except in sketches. Once they became successful, they were attacked by symbolist artists for being "farmer painters" in a newspaper debate in 1907. This only brought the Funish group more sympathy, especially from a group of authors working from the provinces in Jutland. Their chief spokesman was Johannes V.Jensen, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930.

In 1910, a canning manufacturer, Mads Rasmussen, decided to start a museum for Funish Art next to his canning factory in Faaborg. He created Faaborg Museum, which still exists, and gave the Funish painters a boost, both by making their works available to a broad public and by supporting them financially. Kristian Zahrtmann exhorted all his students to paint in Italy; now some of them could afford to do so, and the Syberg and Hansen families enjoyed extended stays there. Johannes Larsen and his artist wife, Alhed Warberg, built a large studio and travelled mostly in Scandinavia.

Johannes Larsen was mainly heralded as a bird painter, before this was a genre known in Scandinavia. He popularized images of birds, particularly through his woodcuts and smaller paintings. Later he received commissions to illustrate books and paint large paintings for public buildings, such as the Queen's receiving room at Christiansborg Castle (the Danish Parliament) and the City Hall of Odense, capital city of Fyn.

There were several female Funish painters, struggling to be considered along with their male counterparts with greater or lesser success. They were Alhed Warberg Larsen, Anna Hansen Syberg and Christine Larsen Swane, the wives and/or sisters of Johannes Larsen, Fritz Syberg and Peter Hansen. Their paintings are considered worthy of inclusion in many museums and collections today, though at the time they had a hard time exhibiting on a footing with their male colleagues. Christine Swane, who lived the longest, became a member of the artist cooperative called Corner when she was 60 and enjoyed great success in her later years.

The work of all these artists can be seen at the Johannes Larsen Museum in Kerteminde, Faaborg Museum in Faaborg and at Statens Museum for Kunst (The National Art Museum) in Copenhagen, Funen's Art Museum in Odense and many other museums and collections.

[[category:Danish painters]]

Franz Werner (Zoologe)

2008-05-18T22:09:47Z

Extransit: Reverted edits by 68.228.148.154 (talk) to last version by 77.177.42.254

[[Image:Werner Franz 1867-1939.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Franz Werner.]]

'''Franz Werner''' ([[August 15]] [[1867]] in [[Vienna]] - [[February 28]], [[1939]] in Vienna) was an [[Austrians|Austrian]] [[zoology|zoologist]] and [[exploration|explorer]]. Specializing as a [[herpetology|herpetologist]] and [[entomology|entomologist]], Werner described numerous species and other taxa of frogs, snakes, insects, and other organisms.

His father introduced him at age 6 to [[reptile]]s and [[amphibian]]s. A brilliant student, he corresponded often with [[George Albert Boulenger]] (1858-1937) and [[Oskar Boettger]] (1844-1910) who encouraged his studies with these animals. Werner obtained his doctorate in Vienna in [[1890]] and then after spening a year in [[Leipzig]], began to teach at the Vienna Institute of Zoology. In [[1919]], he became tenured as a professor, maintaining this title until his retirement in [[1933]].

Although working close to the [[Naturhistorisches Museum|Vienna Natural History Museum]], he could not use their herpetological collections, after the death of its director, [[Franz Steindachner]] (1834-1919), who did not like Werner, and had barred him from accessing the collections.

Werner succeeded in constituting an immense personal collection, and published more than 550 publications principally on herpetology. He named many new species of reptiles, amphibians, and [[arthropod]]s, of which he specialized in [[orthoptera]]ns and [[scorpion]]s.

He published in [[1931]], ''Dritte Klasse der Craniota: dritte und zugleich letzte Klasse der Ichthyopsida: Amphibia, Lurche: allgemeine Einleitung in said Naturgeschichte der Amphibia.'' His book, 'Amphibian und Reptilien' (1910), contributed to the popularization of [[terraphilia]], or raising pet reptiles and amphibians in [[terrarium|terraria]].

==List of taxa discovered by Franz Werner==

===higher order taxa===
* Family: [[Leptodactylidae]] (Werner, 1896) (49 genera of Southern frogs or tropical frogs)
* Subfamily: [[Leptodactylinae]] (Werner, 1896)
* Genus: [[Astylosternus]] (Werner, 1898)

===Species===
====Amphibians====
=====Frogs and Toads=====
* [[Turkish Frog]], ''[[Rana holtzi]]'' (Werner, 1898)
* ''[[Rana leporipes]]'' (Werner, 1930)
* [[Nikkō Frog]], ''[[Rana ornativentris]]'' (Werner, 1903)
* [[Garman New Guinea Tree Frog]], ''[[Litoria jeudii]]'' (Werner, 1901)
* [[Humming Frog]], ''[[Neobatrachus pelobatoides]]'' (Werner, 1914)
* ''[[Eleutherodactylus affinis]]'' (Werner, 1899)
* ''[[Eleutherodactylus appendiculatus]]'' (Werner, 1894)
* ''[[Eleutherodactylus bisignatus]]'' (Werner, 1899)
* ''[[Eleutherodactylus frater]]'' (Werner, 1899)
* ''[[Eleutherodactylus laevissimus]]'' (Werner, 1896)
* ''[[Eleutherodactylus rostralis]]'' (Werner, 1896)
* ''[[Rheobates palmatus]]'' (Werner, 1899)
* ''[[Astylosternus diadematus]]'' (Werner, 1898)
* ''[[Leptopelis boulengeri]]'' (Werner, 1898)
* ''[[Leptopelis brevirostris]]'' (Werner, 1898)
* ''[[Leptopelis modestus]]'' (Werner, 1898)
* ''[[Craugastor laevissimus]]'' (Werner, 1896)
* ''[[Craugastor rostralis]]'' (Werner, 1896)
* ''[[Eleutherodactylus affinis]]'' (Werner, 1899)
* ''[[Eleutherodactylus appendiculatus]]'' (Werner, 1894)
* ''[[Eleutherodactylus bisignatus]]'' (Werner, 1899)
* ''[[Eleutherodactylus frater]]'' (Werner, 1899)
* ''[[Phrynopus columbianus]]'' (Werner, 1899)
* ''[[Atelopus subornatus]]'' (Werner, 1899)
* ''[[Chaunus limensis]]'' (Werner, 1901)
* ''[[Chaunus schneideri]]'' (Werner, 1894)
* ''[[Rhaebo nasicus]]'' (Werner, 1903)
* ''[[Wolterstorffina parvipalmata]]'' (Werner, 1898)
* ''[[Telmatobius verrucosus]]'' (Werner, 1899)
* ''[[Cycloramphus asper]]'' (Werner, 1899)
* ''[[Cycloramphus bolitoglossus]]'' (Werner, 1897)
* ''[[Fejervarya schlueteri]]'' (Werner, 1893)
* ''[[Hypsiboas pellucens]]'' (Werner, 1901)
* ''[[Osteocephalus verruciger]]'' (Werner, 1901)
* ''[[Scinax dolloi]]'' (Werner, 1903)
* ''[[Sphaenorhynchus platycephalus]]'' (Werner, 1894)
* ''[[Litoria jeudii]]'' (Werner, 1901)
* ''[[Afrixalus quadrivittatus]]'' (Werner, 1908)
* Incertae sedis: ''[[Hyperolius papyri]]'' (Werner, 1908)
* ''[[Hyperolius balfouri]]'' (Werner, 1908)
* ''[[Neobatrachus pelobatoides]]'' (Werner, 1914)
* ''[[Oreophryne brachypus]]'' (Werner, 1898)
* ''[[Oreophryne wolterstorffi]]'' (Werner, 1901)
* ''[[Plethodontohyla angulifera]]'' (Werner, 1903)
* ''[[Phrynomantis annectens]]'' (Werner, 1910)
* ''[[Ptychadena aequiplicata]]'' (Werner, 1898)
* ''[[Ptychadena schillukorum]]'' (Werner, 1908)
* Incertae Sedis: ''[[Rana temporaria var. nigromaculata]]'' (Werner, 1897)
* ''[[Huia leporipes]]'' (Werner, 1930)
* ''[[Rana holtzi]]'' (Werner, 1898)
* ''[[Rana ornativentris]]'' (Werner, 1903)
* ''[[Buergeria pollicaris]]'' (Werner, 1914)

=====Salamanders=====
* ''[[Bolitoglossa dofleini]]'' (Werner, 1903)
* ''[[Bolitoglossa palmata]]'' (Werner, 1897)

=====Caecilians=====
* ''[[Crotaphatrema bornmuelleri]]'' (Werner, 1899)

====Reptiles====
=====Snakes=====
* [[Bornmueller's Viper]], ''[[Vipera bornmuelleri]]'' (Werner, 1898)
* [[Palestine Viper]], ''[[Vipera palaestinae]]'' (Werner, 1938)
* [[Inca Forest Pit-Viper]], ''[[Bothriopsis oligolepis]]'' (Werner, 1901)
* [[Usambara Bush-Viper]], ''[[Atheris ceratophora]]'' (Werner, 1895)
* [[Milos viper]], ''[[Macrovipera schweizeri]]'' (Werner, 1935)
* [[Many-banded Snake]], ''[[Paranaja multifasciata]]'' (Werner, 1902)
* [[Persian Ratsnake]], ''[[Elaphe persica]]'' (Werner, 1913)
* [[Werner's Garter Snake]], ''[[Elapsoidea laticincta]]'' (Werner, 1919)
* [[Andreas' Racer]], ''[[Coluber andreanus]]'' (Werner, 1917)
* [[Jalisco]] Milksnake, ''[[Lampropeltis triangulum arcifera]]'' (Werner, 1903)
* [[Red-lined Blind Snake]], ''[[Leptotyphlops rubrolineatus]]'' (Werner, 1901)
* ''[[Micrurus diastema alienus]]'' (Werner, 1903)
* ''[[Micrurus diastema sapperi]]'' (Werner, 1903)
* [[Bolivia]]n [[Coral Snake]], ''[[Micrurus frontifasciatus]]'' (Werner, 1927)
* ''[[Micrurus lemniscatus frontifasciatus]]'' (Werner, 1927)
* ''[[Micrurus multifasciatus hertwigi]]'' (Werner, 1897)
* ''[[Micrurus steindachneri steindachneri]]'' (Werner, 1901)
* ''[[Morelia spilota macrospila]]'' (Werner, 1910)
* ''[[Chrysopelea ornata ornatissima]]'' (Werner, 1925)

=====Lizards=====
* [[Werner's Leaf-toed Gecko]], ''[[Asaccus elisae]]''
* [[Ebner's Skink]], ''[[Chalcides ebneri]]'' ( Werner, 1931)

====Insects====
* ''[[Creobroter fasciatus]]'' (Werner, 1927) (a west Asian [[mantid]])

===Taxa named in honor of Franz Werner===
* ''[[Werneria]]'' (genus of toads)
* ''[[Dendropsophus werneri]]'' (frog species)
* ''[[Arthroseps werneri]]'' (lizard species)
* ''[[Chamaelycus werneri]]'' (snake species)
* ''[[Achalinus werneri]]'' (snake species)
* ''[[Testudo werneri]]'' (tortoise species)
* ''[[Stenaelurillus werneri]]'' (spider species)
* ''[[Olios werneri]]'' (spider species)
* ''[[Firmicus werneri]]'' (spider species)
* ''[[Chamaeleo werneri]]'' (chamaeleon species)

== References ==
* Kraig Adler (1989). ''Contributions to the History of Herpetology,'' Society for the study of amphibians and reptiles.
* [http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/names.php?taxon=&family=&subfamily=&genus=&commname=&authority=Werner&year=&geo=0&dist=&comment= Amphibian Species of the World] from the [[American Museum of Natural History]].

[[category:Austrian entomologists|Werner, Franz]]
[[category:herpetologists|Werner, Franz]]
[[category:1867 births|Werner, Franz]]
[[category:1939 deaths|Werner, Franz]]

[[fr:Franz Werner]]

Babbel

2008-05-18T21:17:26Z

Extransit: clean up using AWB

{{orphan|date=May 2008}}

{{deadend|date=May 2008}}

'''Babbel''' ([http://www.babbel.com www.babbel.com]) is an online language learning application with social networking and wiki elements, launched in January, 2008. The website is owned and operated by Lesson Nine, GmbH, a young company based in Berlin, Germany. The free-access website allows users to join and learn any of five languages: English, French, Italian, Spanish or German, and there are currently localized versions available in all of these languages except Italian. Originally created in response to a perceived lack of user-friendly language-learning software<ref>[http://www.infoq.com/news/2008/04/flex-startup-babbel]</ref> , and modeled after a video game console<ref>http://freelanguage.org/learn/babbel-virtual-flashcard-language-share-site-english-french-german-italian-spanish-tools-and-video-game-like-interface</ref>, Babbel incorporates images and spoken voices for an "intuitive" learning experience.

What differentiates Babbel from other online language learning applications is its collaborative approach to populating the vocabulary lists<ref>http://freelanguage.org/learn/babbel-virtual-flashcard-language-share-site-english-french-german-italian-spanish-tools-and-video-game-like-interface</ref>. The core content of the website is generated by an in-house staff, but this is augmented by user-contributed content and feedback. Babbel users upload photos that are used in lessons and rate photos contributed by other users to make sure the images correspond to the meanings attributed to them.

The name for the company, "Babbel," is derived from the German Swabian dialect verb "babbeln," which means to speak casually and vividly. It is also associated with the English verb "to babble", which like the German verb, comes from the name of the biblical city of Babylon, the Tower of Babel and the legend of the confusion of languages.

== The Website ==

The application lets users participate in learning packages through virtual flashcard software that includes user-contributed images. The flash card stacks are organized into "packages" (groups of cards) that treat a common theme, such as youth hostels, winter sports, restaurants and eating out, fruits and vegetables, clothing, standard greetings, giving and receiving compliments, etc. With input and contributions from the users, these packages get consistently more comprehensive as more people contribute<ref>http://freelanguage.org/learn/babbel-virtual-flashcard-language-share-site-english-french-german-italian-spanish-tools-and-video-game-like-interface</ref>. Another feature of the website is the so-called "refresher tool" that keeps track of users' progress and tells them when they are due for review.

Babbel.com takes after popular social-networking sites like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook Facebook] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook MySpace], and has users create profiles so as to communicate with others on the website, via private message or on the public "Board". Lesson Nine created this element to facilitate users partnering up for language exchanges, known by the German word "tandem," (exchange). The viewing of profile data and communicating with people on Babbel is limited to Babbel users<ref>http://www.downloadsquad.com/2008/03/24/learn-a-new-language-at-babbel-por-favor/</ref>. <ref>http://www.riapedia.com/tags/languages</ref>

== History ==

Two software developers, Thomas Holl and Toine Diepstraten, online marketing expert Markus Witte and software entrepreneur Lorenz Heine founded Lesson Nine in Berlin, Germany in August 2007. Holl and Diepstraten were friends as students when they founded the music software company [http://d-lusion.com d-lusion] in 1996<ref>[http://d-lusion.com]</ref>. Notable products of theirs were the bass synthesizer [http://d-lusion.com/ProductsRubberduck.html Rubberduck]and the DJ mixer [http://d-lusion.com/ProductsMJStudio.html MJ Studio] which was the direct predecessor of Native Instruments'[http://www.native-instruments.com/index.php?id=traktor3 Traktor DJ Studio]. Both Holl and Diepstraten worked as Audio Software Developers for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Instruments Native Instruments] in Berlin after they sold MJ Studio to them. Holl later also worked as a consultant for Accenture, and Diepstraten in mobile technology. Witte met them at Native Instruments, where he established their website in 2000 as Head of the Online Department<ref>[http://www.native-instruments.com/]</ref>. He also has background in academic teaching at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University Humboldt University] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU NYU], among others. Lorenz Heine was also one of the founders of Native Instruments<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Instruments] </ref> in 1996. He worked in product design and as the company's CFO for more than 10 years, and is one of the creative minds behind many of Native Instruments' products.

They later employed pedagogy expert Ulrike Kerbstat. Who together with a freelance team of native speakers is the author of the Babbel content. The company is completely independent and is currently funded by the four founders<ref>[http://qoove.soup.io/post/842006]</ref>.

== An Adobe Flex Application ==

Highly interactive, more than a website, Babbel is a full Web-software-powered environment for foreign language learning built with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flex Adobe Flex]. The founders found [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash Adobe Flash] to be the best technology available for playing sounds and graphic effects<ref>[http://qoove.soup.io/post/842006]</ref>. Four developers have been working on Babbel - two of them focusing on the Flex client and two developing the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails Ruby On Rails] based backend running on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_ec2 Amazon EC2] instances. Development time to the first public version in January 2008 was about 8 months.<ref>[http://www.infoq.com/news/2008/04/flex-startup-babbel]</ref>.

According to Thomas Holl, the CTO, <blockquote>
The server consists of 12K lines of Ruby code, the Flex client is about 50K LOC (including 7K lines of generated integration code).

"We’re following an iterative development process - and found out that a length of one week seems to work best for us. Besides that, we’re using best practice tools and processes, e.g. Subversion for version control, Trac for defect tracking/documentation/communication, automated builds/deployment via Ant/Capistrano, etc.<ref>[http://www.flex888.com/2008/04/18/the-best-flex-startup-architecture-ever-seen.html]</ref>
</blockquote>

The website has currently more than 40,000 users worldwide.

== External links ==

* [http://www.babbel.com www.babbel.com]
* [http://www.techcrunch.com/tag/babbel/ www.techcrunch.com/tag/babbel/]
* [http://lifehacker.com/345434/hone-your-foreign-language-skills-with-babbel lifehacker.com/345434/hone-your-foreign-language-skills-with-babbel]
* [http://qoove.soup.io/post/842006 qoove.soup.io/post/842006]
* [http://www.downloadsquad.com/2008/03/24/learn-a-new-language-at-babbel-por-favor/ www.downloadsquad.com/2008/03/24/learn-a-new-language-at-babbel-por-favor/]
* [http://freelanguage.org/learn/babbel-virtual-flashcard-language-share-site-english-french-german-italian-spanish-tools-and-video-game-like-interface freelanguage.org/learn/babbel-virtual-flashcard-language-share-site-english-french-german-italian-spanish-tools-and-video-game-like-interface]
* [http://www.infoq.com/news/2008/04/flex-startup-babbel www.infoq.com/news/2008/04/flex-startup-babbel]
* [http://demogirl.com/2008/03/24/learn-how-to-play-guitar-and-how-to-speak-a-new-language-all-from-your-desk/ demogirl.com/2008/03/24/learn-how-to-play-guitar-and-how-to-speak-a-new-language-all-from-your-desk/]
* [http://www.crunchbase.com/company/babbel-com www.crunchbase.com/company/babbel-com]

{{Uncategorized|date=May 2008}}

4,2-Kilojahr-Ereignis

2008-05-18T21:06:11Z

Extransit: clean up using AWB

The '''22nd century BC drought''' (also named '''4.2ka BP aridification event''') was one of the most severe climatic events of the [[Holocene]] period. Starting in ≈2200 BC, it probably lasted the entire 22nd century BC. It is very likely that it caused the collapse of the [[Old Kingdom]] in [[Egypt]] as well as the [[Akkadian Empire]] in [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Gibbons, Ann | year = 1993 | title = How the Akkadian Empire Was Hung Out to Dry | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | volume = 261 | issue = 5124 | pages = 985 | doi = 10.1126/science.261.5124.985 }}</ref> Also, the drought may have initiated southeastward habitat tracking within the [[Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan cultural domain]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Staubwasser |first=M. |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2003 |month= |title=Climate change at the 4.2 ka BP termination of the Indus valley civilization and Holocene south Asian monsoon variability |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=1425 |doi=10.1029/2002GL016822 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref>

== Ancient Egypt ==
In ca. 2150 BC the [[Old Kingdom]] was hit by a series of exceptionally low [[Nile]] floods, which was instrumental in the sudden collapse of centralized government in ancient Egypt.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Stanley, Jean-Daniel; ''et al.'' | year = 2003 | title = Nile flow failure at the end of the Old Kingdom, Egypt: Strontium isotopic and petrologic evidence | journal = Geoarchaeology | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 395-402 | doi = 10.1002/gea.10065 }}</ref> Famines, social disorder, and fragmentation during a period of approximately 40 years were followed by a phase of rehabilitation and restoration of order in various provinces. Egypt was eventually reunified within a new paradigm of kingship. The process of recovery depended on capable provincial administrators, the deployment of the idea of justice, irrigation projects, and an administrative reform.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=Arz |first=Helge W. |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2006 |month= |title=A pronounced dry event recorded around 4.2 ka in brine sediments from the northern Red Sea |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=432-441 |doi=10.1016/j.yqres.2006.05.006 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}
* {{cite journal | author = Booth, Robert K.; ''et al.'' | year = 2005 | title = A severe centennial-scale drought in midcontinental North America 4200 years ago and apparent global linkages | journal = [[The Holocene]] | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 321-328 | doi = 10.1191/0959683605hl825ft }}
* {{cite journal | author = Davis, Mary E.; Thompson, Lonnie G. | year = 2006 | title = An Andean ice-core record of a Middle Holocene mega-drought in North Africa and Asia | journal = [[Annals of Glaciology]] | volume = 43 | issue = | pages = 34-41 | url = http://www-bprc.mps.ohio-state.edu/Icecore/Abstracts/Annals%202006%20Davis%20&%20LGT.pdf }}
* {{cite journal | author = Drysdale, Russell; ''et al.'' | year = 2005 | title = Late Holocene drought responsible for the collapse of Old World civilizations is recorded in an Italian cave flowstone | journal = [[Geology (journal)|Geology]] | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 101-104 | doi = 10.1130/G22103.1 }}
* {{cite journal | author = Kerr, Richard A. | year = 1998 | title = Sea-Floor Dust Shows Drought Felled Akkadian Empire | journal = Science | volume = 279 | issue = 5349 | pages = 325-326 | doi = 10.1126/science.279.5349.325 }}
*Ristvet, L. (2003). "Agriculture, Settlement, and Abrupt Climate Change: The 4.2ka BP event in Northern Mesopotamia". In: ''American Geophysical Union'', Fall Meeting 2003, abstract #PP22C-02.

[[Category:Droughts]]
[[Category:Holocene]]
[[Category:22nd century BC]]
[[Category:Ancient Near East]]
[[Category:History of climate]]
[[Category:Ancient Egypt]]
[[Category:Akkadian Empire]]

{{AncientNearEast-stub}}
{{weather-stub}}

[[sr:Суша 22 века п. н. е.]]

Alton Castle

2008-04-24T04:56:07Z

Extransit: small changes

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Alton Castle
|partof=
|location=
|coordinates=
|image=[[Image:Alton Castle.jpg|300px]]
|caption=
|image2=
|caption2=
|type=[[Masonry Castle]]
|code=
|built=[[12th century]]
|builder=[[Bertram de Verdun]]
|materials=
|height=
|used=
|demolished=
|condition=
|ownership=
|open_to_public=
|controlledby=
|garrison=
|current_commander=
|commanders=
|occupants=
|battles=
|events=
}}

'''Alton Castle''' is in the village of [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]], [[Staffordshire]] ({{gbmapping|SK074425}}). The castle is also known as or referrd to in historical documents as Alverton or Aulton. The remains of the castle are a Grade I [[listed building]]. It is also a [[Scheduled Monument|scheduled ancient monument]].<ref name=images>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275004 |title=Images of England: Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

== Phisical description ==
The castle is located on a hill above the Churnet Valley.

== History ==
Alton Castle was founded by [[Bertram de Verdun|Bertram de Verdon]] and built on a rocky precipice overlooking the [[River Churnet]] in the 12th century. It was substantially reconstructed during the 15th century and subsequently was damaged during the [[English Civil War|Civil War]]. In 1847 it was significantly reconstructed by [[Augustus Pugin|Pugin]] as a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[country house]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/128/altoncastle.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=CastleUK.Net }}</ref> for the 16th [[Earl of Shrewsbury]].<ref name=images/>

The site was taken over by the [[Sisters of Mercy]] in 1855 and the presbytery became their convent. The castle remained a private residence until 1919 when the Sisters of Mercy brought it for £3,500 to extend their boarding school. The school closed in 1989 and the castle was left empty until in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.search.staffspasttrack.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=13101 |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Staffordshire County Council }}</ref>

In 1996 it was established by the [[Archdiocese of Birmingham]] as a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] Youth Retreat Centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.altoncastle.co.uk/ |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Gabriel Education Trust }}</ref> As many as 7,000 children age 9-13 spend time there each year.<ref>Paul Connor. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/content/articles/2006/02/02/faith_alton_castle_christian_retreat_feature.shtml "Alton Castle - a Christian haven".] [[BBC]].</ref>

This is a Grade II* listed building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275005 |title=Images of England: St. John's Preparatory School |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.webbaviation.co.uk/gallery/v/alton/alton-castle-aerial-aa04173b.jpg.html |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Webb Aviation }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.pugin.com/PugAcas.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Pugin Society }}

==See also==
*[[Alton Towers]] - a nearby but separate property

{{coor title d|52.97980|N|1.89124|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SK074425)}}

[[Category:Castles in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Houses in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in England]]

Alton Castle

2008-04-24T04:54:46Z

Extransit: /* Phisical description */ +

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Alton Castle
|partof=
|location=
|coordinates=
|image=[[Image:Alton Castle.jpg|300px]]
|caption=
|image2=
|caption2=
|type=[[Castle]]
|code=
|built=[[12th century]]
|builder=[[Bertram de Verdun]]
|materials=
|height=
|used=
|demolished=
|condition=
|ownership=
|open_to_public=
|controlledby=
|garrison=
|current_commander=
|commanders=
|occupants=
|battles=
|events=
}}

'''Alton Castle''' is in the village of [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]], [[Staffordshire]] ({{gbmapping|SK074425}}). The castle is also known as or referrd to in historical documents as Alverton or Aulton. The remains of the castle are a Grade I [[listed building]]. It is also a [[Scheduled Monument|scheduled ancient monument]].<ref name=images>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275004 |title=Images of England: Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

== Phisical description ==
The castle is located on a hill above the [[Churnet Valley]].

== History ==
Alton Castle was founded by [[Bertram de Verdun|Bertram de Verdon]] and built on a rocky precipice overlooking the [[River Churnet]] in the 12th century. It was substantially reconstructed during the 15th century and subsequently was damaged during the [[English Civil War|Civil War]]. In 1847 it was significantly reconstructed by [[Augustus Pugin|Pugin]] as a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[country house]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/128/altoncastle.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=CastleUK.Net }}</ref> for the 16th [[Earl of Shrewsbury]].<ref name=images/>

The site was taken over by the [[Sisters of Mercy]] in 1855 and the presbytery became their convent. The castle remained a private residence until 1919 when the Sisters of Mercy brought it for £3,500 to extend their boarding school. The school closed in 1989 and the castle was left empty until in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.search.staffspasttrack.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=13101 |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Staffordshire County Council }}</ref>

In 1996 it was established by the [[Archdiocese of Birmingham]] as a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] Youth Retreat Centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.altoncastle.co.uk/ |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Gabriel Education Trust }}</ref> As many as 7,000 children age 9-13 spend time there each year.<ref>Paul Connor. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/content/articles/2006/02/02/faith_alton_castle_christian_retreat_feature.shtml "Alton Castle - a Christian haven".] [[BBC]].</ref>

This is a Grade II* listed building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275005 |title=Images of England: St. John's Preparatory School |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.webbaviation.co.uk/gallery/v/alton/alton-castle-aerial-aa04173b.jpg.html |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Webb Aviation }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.pugin.com/PugAcas.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Pugin Society }}

==See also==
*[[Alton Towers]] - a nearby but separate property

{{coor title d|52.97980|N|1.89124|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SK074425)}}

[[Category:Castles in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Houses in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in England]]

Alton Castle

2008-04-24T04:52:18Z

Extransit: +

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Alton Castle
|partof=
|location=
|coordinates=
|image=[[Image:Alton Castle.jpg|300px]]
|caption=
|image2=
|caption2=
|type=[[Castle]]
|code=
|built=[[12th century]]
|builder=[[Bertram de Verdun]]
|materials=
|height=
|used=
|demolished=
|condition=
|ownership=
|open_to_public=
|controlledby=
|garrison=
|current_commander=
|commanders=
|occupants=
|battles=
|events=
}}

'''Alton Castle''' is in the village of [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]], [[Staffordshire]] ({{gbmapping|SK074425}}). The castle is also known as or referrd to in historical documents as Alverton or Aulton. The remains of the castle are a Grade I [[listed building]]. It is also a [[Scheduled Monument|scheduled ancient monument]].<ref name=images>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275004 |title=Images of England: Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

== Phisical description ==

== History ==
Alton Castle was founded by [[Bertram de Verdun|Bertram de Verdon]] and built on a rocky precipice overlooking the [[River Churnet]] in the 12th century. It was substantially reconstructed during the 15th century and subsequently was damaged during the [[English Civil War|Civil War]]. In 1847 it was significantly reconstructed by [[Augustus Pugin|Pugin]] as a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[country house]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/128/altoncastle.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=CastleUK.Net }}</ref> for the 16th [[Earl of Shrewsbury]].<ref name=images/>

The site was taken over by the [[Sisters of Mercy]] in 1855 and the presbytery became their convent. The castle remained a private residence until 1919 when the Sisters of Mercy brought it for £3,500 to extend their boarding school. The school closed in 1989 and the castle was left empty until in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.search.staffspasttrack.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=13101 |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Staffordshire County Council }}</ref>

In 1996 it was established by the [[Archdiocese of Birmingham]] as a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] Youth Retreat Centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.altoncastle.co.uk/ |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Gabriel Education Trust }}</ref> As many as 7,000 children age 9-13 spend time there each year.<ref>Paul Connor. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/content/articles/2006/02/02/faith_alton_castle_christian_retreat_feature.shtml "Alton Castle - a Christian haven".] [[BBC]].</ref>

This is a Grade II* listed building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275005 |title=Images of England: St. John's Preparatory School |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.webbaviation.co.uk/gallery/v/alton/alton-castle-aerial-aa04173b.jpg.html |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Webb Aviation }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.pugin.com/PugAcas.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Pugin Society }}

==See also==
*[[Alton Towers]] - a nearby but separate property

{{coor title d|52.97980|N|1.89124|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SK074425)}}

[[Category:Castles in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Houses in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in England]]

Alton Castle

2008-04-24T04:46:40Z

Extransit: /* History */ expand

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Alton Castle
|partof=
|location=
|coordinates=
|image=[[Image:Alton Castle.jpg|300px]]
|caption=
|image2=
|caption2=
|type=[[Castle]]
|code=
|built=[[12th century]]
|builder=[[Bertram de Verdun]]
|materials=
|height=
|used=
|demolished=
|condition=
|ownership=
|open_to_public=
|controlledby=
|garrison=
|current_commander=
|commanders=
|occupants=
|battles=
|events=
}}

'''Alton Castle''' is in the village of [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]], [[Staffordshire]] ({{gbmapping|SK074425}}). The remains of the castle are a Grade I [[listed building]]. It is also a [[Scheduled Monument|scheduled ancient monument]].<ref name=images>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275004 |title=Images of England: Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

== History ==
Alton Castle was founded by [[Bertram de Verdun|Bertram de Verdon]] and built on a rocky precipice overlooking the [[River Churnet]] in the 12th century. It was substantially reconstructed during the 15th century and subsequently was damaged during the [[English Civil War|Civil War]]. In 1847 it was significantly reconstructed by [[Augustus Pugin|Pugin]] as a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[country house]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/128/altoncastle.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=CastleUK.Net }}</ref> for the 16th [[Earl of Shrewsbury]].<ref name=images/>

The site was taken over by the [[Sisters of Mercy]] in 1855 and the presbytery became their convent. The castle remained a private residence until 1919 when the Sisters of Mercy brought it for £3,500 to extend their boarding school. The school closed in 1989 and the castle was left empty until in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.search.staffspasttrack.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=13101 |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Staffordshire County Council }}</ref>

In 1996 it was established by the [[Archdiocese of Birmingham]] as a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] Youth Retreat Centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.altoncastle.co.uk/ |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Gabriel Education Trust }}</ref> As many as 7,000 children age 9-13 spend time there each year.<ref>Paul Connor. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/content/articles/2006/02/02/faith_alton_castle_christian_retreat_feature.shtml "Alton Castle - a Christian haven".] [[BBC]].</ref>

This is a Grade II* listed building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275005 |title=Images of England: St. John's Preparatory School |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.webbaviation.co.uk/gallery/v/alton/alton-castle-aerial-aa04173b.jpg.html |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Webb Aviation }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.pugin.com/PugAcas.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Pugin Society }}

==See also==
*[[Alton Towers]] - a nearby but separate property

{{coor title d|52.97980|N|1.89124|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SK074425)}}

[[Category:Castles in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Houses in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in England]]

Alton Castle

2008-04-24T04:39:25Z

Extransit: /* History */

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Alton Castle
|partof=
|location=
|coordinates=
|image=[[Image:Alton Castle.jpg|300px]]
|caption=
|image2=
|caption2=
|type=[[Castle]]
|code=
|built=[[12th century]]
|builder=[[Bertram de Verdun]]
|materials=
|height=
|used=
|demolished=
|condition=
|ownership=
|open_to_public=
|controlledby=
|garrison=
|current_commander=
|commanders=
|occupants=
|battles=
|events=
}}

'''Alton Castle''' is in the village of [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]], [[Staffordshire]] ({{gbmapping|SK074425}}). The remains of the castle are a Grade I [[listed building]]. It is also a [[Scheduled Monument|scheduled ancient monument]].<ref name=images>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275004 |title=Images of England: Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

== History ==
Alton Castle was founded by [[Bertram de Verdun|Bertram de Verdon]] and built on a rocky precipice overlooking the [[River Churnet]] in the 12th century. It was substantially reconstructed during the 15th century and subsequently was damaged during the [[English Civil War|Civil War]]. In 1847 it was significantly reconstructed by [[Augustus Pugin|Pugin]] as a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[country house]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/128/altoncastle.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=CastleUK.Net }}</ref> for the 16th [[Earl of Shrewsbury]].<ref name=images/>

The site was taken over by the [[Sisters of Mercy]] in 1855 and the presbytery became their convent. The castle remained a private residence until 1919 when the Sisters of Mercy brought it for £3,500 to extend their boarding school. The school closed in 1989 and the castle was left empty until in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.search.staffspasttrack.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=13101 |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Staffordshire County Council }}</ref>

In 1996 it was established by the [[Archdiocese of Birmingham]] as a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] Youth Retreat Centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.altoncastle.co.uk/ |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Gabriel Education Trust }}</ref> This is a Grade II* listed building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275005 |title=Images of England: St. John's Preparatory School |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.webbaviation.co.uk/gallery/v/alton/alton-castle-aerial-aa04173b.jpg.html |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Webb Aviation }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.pugin.com/PugAcas.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Pugin Society }}

==See also==
*[[Alton Towers]] - a nearby but separate property

{{coor title d|52.97980|N|1.89124|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SK074425)}}

[[Category:Castles in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Houses in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in England]]

Alton Castle

2008-04-24T04:34:42Z

Extransit: enlarge picture

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Alton Castle
|partof=
|location=
|coordinates=
|image=[[Image:Alton Castle.jpg|300px]]
|caption=
|image2=
|caption2=
|type=[[Castle]]
|code=
|built=[[12th century]]
|builder=[[Bertram de Verdun]]
|materials=
|height=
|used=
|demolished=
|condition=
|ownership=
|open_to_public=
|controlledby=
|garrison=
|current_commander=
|commanders=
|occupants=
|battles=
|events=
}}

'''Alton Castle''' is in the village of [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]], [[Staffordshire]] ({{gbmapping|SK074425}}). The remains of the castle are a Grade I [[listed building]]. It is also a [[Scheduled Monument|scheduled ancient monument]].<ref name=images>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275004 |title=Images of England: Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

== History ==
Alton Castle was founded by [[Bertram de Verdun|Bertram de Verdon]] and built on a rocky precipice overlooking the [[River Churnet]] in the 12th century. It was substantially reconstructed during the 15th century and subsequently was damaged during the [[English Civil War|Civil War]]. In 1847 it was significantly reconstructed by [[Augustus Pugin|Pugin]] as a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[country house]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/128/altoncastle.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=CastleUK.Net }}</ref> for the 16th [[Earl of Shrewsbury]].<ref name=images/>

The site was taken over by the [[Sisters of Mercy]] in 1855 and the presbytery became their convent. The castle remained a private residence until 1919 when the Sisters of Mercy brought it for £3,500 to extend their boarding school. The school closed in 1989 and the castle was left empty<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.search.staffspasttrack.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=13101 |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Staffordshire County Council }}</ref> until in 1996 it was established by the [[Archdiocese of Birmingham]] as a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] Youth Retreat Centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.altoncastle.co.uk/ |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Gabriel Education Trust }}</ref> This is a Grade II* listed building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275005 |title=Images of England: St. John's Preparatory School |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.webbaviation.co.uk/gallery/v/alton/alton-castle-aerial-aa04173b.jpg.html |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Webb Aviation }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.pugin.com/PugAcas.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Pugin Society }}

==See also==
*[[Alton Towers]] - a nearby but separate property

{{coor title d|52.97980|N|1.89124|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SK074425)}}

[[Category:Castles in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Houses in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in England]]

Alton Castle

2008-04-24T04:29:27Z

Extransit: added headers

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Alton Castle
|partof=
|location=
|coordinates=
|image=[[Image:Alton Castle.jpg|200px]]
|caption=
|image2=
|caption2=
|type=[[Castle]]
|code=
|built=[[12th century]]
|builder=[[Bertram de Verdun]]
|materials=
|height=
|used=
|demolished=
|condition=
|ownership=
|open_to_public=
|controlledby=
|garrison=
|current_commander=
|commanders=
|occupants=
|battles=
|events=
}}

'''Alton Castle''' is in the village of [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]], [[Staffordshire]] ({{gbmapping|SK074425}}). The remains of the castle are a Grade I [[listed building]]. It is also a [[Scheduled Monument|scheduled ancient monument]].<ref name=images>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275004 |title=Images of England: Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

== History ==
Alton Castle was founded by [[Bertram de Verdun|Bertram de Verdon]] and built on a rocky precipice overlooking the [[River Churnet]] in the 12th century. It was substantially reconstructed during the 15th century and subsequently was damaged during the [[English Civil War|Civil War]]. In 1847 it was significantly reconstructed by [[Augustus Pugin|Pugin]] as a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[country house]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/128/altoncastle.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=CastleUK.Net }}</ref> for the 16th [[Earl of Shrewsbury]].<ref name=images/>

The site was taken over by the [[Sisters of Mercy]] in 1855 and the presbytery became their convent. The castle remained a private residence until 1919 when the Sisters of Mercy brought it for £3,500 to extend their boarding school. The school closed in 1989 and the castle was left empty<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.search.staffspasttrack.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=13101 |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Staffordshire County Council }}</ref> until in 1996 it was established by the [[Archdiocese of Birmingham]] as a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] Youth Retreat Centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.altoncastle.co.uk/ |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Gabriel Education Trust }}</ref> This is a Grade II* listed building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275005 |title=Images of England: St. John's Preparatory School |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.webbaviation.co.uk/gallery/v/alton/alton-castle-aerial-aa04173b.jpg.html |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Webb Aviation }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.pugin.com/PugAcas.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Pugin Society }}

==See also==
*[[Alton Towers]] - a nearby but separate property

{{coor title d|52.97980|N|1.89124|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SK074425)}}

[[Category:Castles in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Houses in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in England]]

Alton Castle

2008-04-24T04:28:14Z

Extransit: added infobox

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Alton Castle
|partof=
|location=
|coordinates=
|image=[[Image:Alton Castle.jpg|200px]]
|caption=
|image2=
|caption2=
|type=[[Castle]]
|code=
|built=[[12th century]]
|builder=[[Bertram de Verdun]]
|materials=
|height=
|used=
|demolished=
|condition=
|ownership=
|open_to_public=
|controlledby=
|garrison=
|current_commander=
|commanders=
|occupants=
|battles=
|events=
}}

'''Alton Castle''' is in the village of [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]], [[Staffordshire]] ({{gbmapping|SK074425}}). The remains of the castle are a Grade I [[listed building]]. It is also a [[Scheduled Monument|scheduled ancient monument]].<ref name=images>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275004 |title=Images of England: Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

Alton Castle was founded by [[Bertram de Verdun|Bertram de Verdon]] and built on a rocky precipice overlooking the [[River Churnet]] in the 12th century. It was substantially reconstructed during the 15th century and subsequently was damaged during the [[English Civil War|Civil War]]. In 1847 it was significantly reconstructed by [[Augustus Pugin|Pugin]] as a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[country house]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/128/altoncastle.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=CastleUK.Net }}</ref> for the 16th [[Earl of Shrewsbury]].<ref name=images/>

The site was taken over by the [[Sisters of Mercy]] in 1855 and the presbytery became their convent. The castle remained a private residence until 1919 when the Sisters of Mercy brought it for £3,500 to extend their boarding school. The school closed in 1989 and the castle was left empty<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.search.staffspasttrack.org.uk/engine/resource/exhibition/standard/default.asp?resource=13101 |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Staffordshire County Council }}</ref> until in 1996 it was established by the [[Archdiocese of Birmingham]] as a [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] Youth Retreat Centre.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.altoncastle.co.uk/ |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Gabriel Education Trust }}</ref> This is a Grade II* listed building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/search/details.aspx?pid=1&id=275005 |title=Images of England: St. John's Preparatory School |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=http://www.webbaviation.co.uk/gallery/v/alton/alton-castle-aerial-aa04173b.jpg.html |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Webb Aviation }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.pugin.com/PugAcas.htm |title=Alton Castle |accessdate=2007-11-29 |publisher=Pugin Society }}

==See also==
*[[Alton Towers]] - a nearby but separate property

{{coor title d|52.97980|N|1.89124|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SK074425)}}

[[Category:Castles in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Houses in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in England]]

Jacob 2/2

2008-03-07T01:34:58Z

Extransit: Reverted edits by 99.233.236.148 (talk) to last version by ShelfSkewed

{{Infobox television
|show_name = Jacob Two Two
|format = [[Animation]], [[Children]], [[Comedy]], [[Educational]]
|country = {{flagicon|Canada}}Canada
|num_episodes = 61
|network=[[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]] ([[English language|English]]) [[Télétoon (Canada)|Télétoon]] ([[French language|French]])
|first_aired = September 2001
|last_aired = present
}}

'''''Jacob Two Two''''' (aired on the French Canadian [[Télétoon (Canada)|Télétoon]] as '''''Jacob Jacob''''' and in Spanish on [[Telemundo]] as '''''Jacobo Dos Dos''''') is an animated TV series based on a [[Jacob Two-Two|trilogy of books]] written by [[Mordecai Richler]]. It was produced by [[Nelvana]]; before being put on hiatus in 2005, it had at least fifty episodes. It has recently been revived by [[9 Story Entertainment]], and new episodes are currently in production. The show is also seen in the United States on ''[[qubo]]'', a children's block on [[NBC]], [[ION Television]] and [[Telemundo]]. It is also showing on [[Jetix UK]] from [[April 14]] [[2007]] and showing on the [[CITV Channel]] in the UK from Spring 2006.

==Setting==
{{TV-in-universe}}
''Jacob Two Two'' is set in contemporary [[Montreal]]. Jacob, the youngest of five siblings, and his friends are the main characters.

===Characters===
'''Jacob Two Two'''
:A 10-year-old boy who loves wrestling, hockey and spies. He's called "Jacob ''Two-Two''" because he has to say everything twice to be heard. Since he is the youngest he has found a way to be heard in his family.<ref>First episode, ''Pilot: Jacob Two-Two VS the Hooded Fang''</ref> He is friends with pro wrestler Gary aka The Hooded Fang.<ref>First episode, ''Pilot: Jacob Two-Two VS the Hooded Fang''</ref> He has four older siblings he looks up to and is usually called "pipsqueak" and "squirt".<ref>First episode, ''Pilot: Jacob Two-Two VS the Hooded Fang''</ref> He is also picked on by three bullies at school. Jacob plays on the school hockey team as [[goalie]]. His favorite hockey team is the Montreal Marvels (their hometown team). He also looks after his next door neighbour Mr. Dinglebat's hamster Agent Intrepid. He often get into trouble and finds a way to get out of it.

'''Morty'''
:Jacob's dad, the writer of the popular "Amazing Ronald" books. He is said to be based on [[Mordecai Richler]], father of Jacob Richler and author of the Jacob Two Two books. He's fairly laid back.

'''Florence'''
:Jacob's mother, who takes everything in a stride.

'''Daniel'''
:Jacob's oldest brother, the epitome of cool in Jacob's eyes. He always dresses in black. He treats Jacob like of a nuisance at times, but also seems to take him more seriously than Noah, Emma, and Marfa. He likes music, especially classics like the [[Beatles]].

'''Marfa'''
:Jacob's oldest sister, who is short tempered but very smart. She and Jacob argue a lot, she is proud of his achievements and they care about each other. She has a computer, which Jacob often asks to use with little success.

'''Noah and Emma'''
:Jacob's older twin brother and sister respectively. The two of them are avid readers and wrestling fans, much like Jacob, but they don't take Jacob seriously and treat him like a nuisance who can't keep up with them. They form a superhero team known as "Kid Power" and refer to themselves as the fearless O'Toole (Noah) and the intrepid Shapiro (Emma). They pick on Jacob a lot. Jacob begs them a lot to let him join Kid Power.

'''Buford Orville Gaylord Pugh'''
:A [[wiktionary:misfit|misfit]] boy who has a habit in getting himself and others in trouble. He is best friends with Jacob and they usually hang out together. Buford likes to say lots of puns and tries to help Jacob and Renee out with their problems. Despite his oddness, he seems to know more than he realizes.

'''Renee Ratelle'''
:Jacob's rival and one of his closest friends. She is known "Rattlesnake Ratelle" for her skill on the skateboard and is the center on Jacob's hockey team. Renee is one of the smartest kids in school. She speaks English with a French accent and often uses French words.

'''I M Greedyguts'''
:The excessively fat, gluttonous, selfish, vain, greedy, and cowardly principal of Jacob's school, Dreary Meadows. He'll do anything to make a quick buck and take advantage of his students.He loves to eat.

'''Miss Sourpickle'''
:Jacob, Buford, and Renee's spiteful and evil geography teacher. She is excessively harsh towards her students and has a low opinion of all of them, but is quick to credit their work (when done exceptionally) as a result of her teaching. She shows affection only for Greedyguts and her pet poodle.

'''Leo Louse'''
:The school's janitor, who often works for Greedyguts and Sourpickle to ruin the lives of the kids at Dreary Meadows. He looks out for his own interests and will do as little as possible to get a good meal or a lot of money. He also Jacob's school hockey team's coach.

'''Mr. Dinglebat'''
: Jacob's next door neighbour is an international spy, an eccentric but kind and helpful person. Jacob later helps Mr. Dinglebat and Agent Intrepid (a hamster) on top secret missions.

'''Mrs. Darling Sweetiepie'''
: Jacob's neighbour across the street. She's a very sweet old lady, but she can be surprisingly dangerous and a little self-centered when she tries to change things, like eliminating sound and getting rid of winter, to make it easier for herself.

'''Jean-Paul / Cholde Leduc'''
:A ghost and former [[voyageur]]. He is a friend of Jacob's and tends to exaggerate his role in history. He helps Jacob out when he can, though he seems to cause more harm than good everytime he starts relating Canadian history to Jacob.

'''The Bullies (Wilson, Quigley & Duschene)'''
:Three not so smart bullies from Jacob's school who pick on him every opportunity they get.

'''Mr. Moleculus'''
: A highly eccentric science teacher at Jacob's school who looks somewhat manic. He happens to be an ingenious inventor with a mobile laboratory that resembles a stereotypical [[ufo]]. Moleculus is quite open with sharing his latest inventions with Jacob and Buford. While his inventions are made with the intention of helping others, they frequently backfire as a result of unexpected side-effects.

'''Zadie Saul'''
: Jacob's paternal grandfather, who is known for telling dubious stories. A good man with a kind heart, Saul is always willing to give Jacob advice when he needs it.

'''Library Ninjas'''
:The head librarian and assistant librarian at the local library. Local bibliophiles by day, they work to catch partons who don't return books and ruin books for other people as ninjas by night. They later recruit Jacob as a library ninja when he impresses them with his perfect borrowing record.

'''Carl Fester King'''
: Another one of Jacob's nemesis, a bratty man who thinks that he's a king because his name is king. Like Greedyguts, he is always trying to find a dishonest, quick, and easy way to make money. He used to own a newspaper company called the Daily Crown until Jacob stopped that by fixing the problem the paper had hypnotizing people that read it.

'''Dr. Leduc'''

: A veterinarian who everyone thinks is a mad scientist.

'''Fish and Fowl'''
: A disagreeable duo of thieves, also recurring enemies of Jacob.

'''Auntie Goodforyou'''
: Florence's sister who is always coming up with new healthy foods. She means well but her recipes tend to make her what she makes uneatable, despite this she encourages her nephews and nieces to eat her new creations...which is why they pretend they're not here when she turns up.

'''Sergeant Law and Corporal Order```

: This duo are the neighbourhood's local bumbling policemen.

'''The Hooded Fang'''
: A pro-wrestler named Gary, who is actually a really nice guy at heart and that is what Jacob finds out when he meets him when he gets lost getting popcorn. He is an acquaintance of Jacob's.

==Episodes==

'''Season 1'''

Eps #01 - Jacob Two Two vs. the Hooded Fang

Jacob is fed up with sharing a room with his brother Noah - he wants his own room! Dad says he can have the attic if he can spend an entire night up there.

Eps #02 - Jacob Two Two and the Staff Room of Doom

It's his first day at a brand new school and Jacob wants to look cool so he borrows his brother Daniel's favourite skull T-shirt to wear. What he doesn't realize is that skull shirts are against the school rules, and before he knows what's happening Principal Greedyguts has confiscated the shirt and locked it away in the school vault. Jacob's got to get that shirt back!

Eps #03 - Jacob Two Two and the Purloined Hockey Card

When Jacob receives a Gummer Gormley hockey card from his Dad he decides that this is just the lucky charm his hapless hockey team needs to end its record-breaking losing streak. With the card in hand all goes well and the team is finally winning some games... until perfectly loathsome Leo Louse steals the card from Jacob's locker.

Eps #04 - Jacob Two Two and the Conniving Caterer

In a move to divert school funds into his own pocket, Principal Greedyguts replaces the lunch lady with shool janitor Leo Louse. Jacob enlists the help of his neighbour master spy X. Barnaby Dinglebat to expose the stinky plot, and put an end to the even stinkier lunches.

Eps #05 - Jacob Two Two and the Daily Crown

A new newspaper is mesmerizing all of Montreal. Jacob and his pal Buford try to foil a plot by con man Carl Fester King to control the minds of his unsuspecting readers.

Eps #06 - Jacob Two Two and the Mystery of the Malty McGuffin

Jacob reads about an unsolved mystery in an old library book, and enlists pals Buford and Renee to help him solve the clues to find a forty-year old treasure.

Eps #07 - Jacob Two Two and the Unlickable Cowlick

It's school photo day and Jacob has the worst cowlick in history. Can he tame his tresses before Greedyguts spots his mangy mop?

Eps #08 - Jacob Two Two and Scholars for Dollars

Jacob is elated to have scored high marks in a pop quiz in geography class. That is, until he's chosen as the geography expert on his school's team for a nationally televised trivia challenge!

Eps #09 - Jacob Two Two and the Colossal Candy Challenge

Dreary Meadows' decrepit adventure gym has been given a failing grade by the Superintendent. Jacob and his schoolmates work extra hard to sell enough chocolate bars to raise the funds to bring it up to cod

Eps #10 - Jacob Two Two and the Big Bagel Bungle

Jacob is allowed to fetch the bagels for his dad's special Sunday brunch, a task that seems easy until the trip is bungled by buses, bullies and breakaways.

Eps #11 - Jacob Two Two and the Notorious Knit Knapper

Jacob uncovers a plot by a gang of nice little old ladies to knit a giant tea cosy and cover Montreal for the upcoming winter instead of heading south to Florida. Will Jacob be able unravel their plans?

Eps #12 - Jacob Two Two and the Ghost

Jacob discovers he has a ghostly room mate named Claude LaToque who has run away from the local grave yard. What is the shameful secret Claude will not reveal about his past? Jacob is transported back to the time of the coureur de bois to find out.

Eps #13 - Jacob Two Two and the Mouldy Menace

Aunt Good-For-You's green health drinks shake up more than the family's health in this scientific experiment gone haywire!

'''Season 2'''

Eps #14 - Jacob Two Two and the Demon Drooler

Jacob and Buford camp out in the backyard, and come face to jowl with the legendary ‘Demon Drooler’, a beast said to prowl the ravines of Montreal in search of tasty victims.

Eps #15 - Jacob Two Two's Time Trials

When Jacob accidentally breaks brother Daniel’s favorite record, he wishes he could have the fateful moment to live over again.

Eps #16 - Jacob Two Two and the Lost Louse

While searching for his lost house key, Jacob tumbles into the school lost and found box, where he is promptly claimed by dastardly school janitor Leo Louse.

Eps #17 - Jacob Two Two and the Doubtful Double Agent

Noah and Emma finally offer little brother Jacob his chance to join the ranks of their secret organization known as ‘Kid Power’, fighters for kids’ rights everywhere.

Eps #18 - Jacob Two Two and the Fun Fair Fiasco

Jacob and Buford build the ‘Predicto-Magic Machine’ for a fortune telling booth at the school fun fair, and are amazed that it really does predict the future.

Eps #19 - Jacob Two Two and the Tag Team Tempest

Jacob’s pal Gary, a.k.a. The Hooded Fang, seems to be in league with con man Carl Fester King to throw the upcoming bout for the wrestling championship belt.

Eps #20 - Jacob Two Two and the Monster Mix-Up

Jacob reluctantly agrees to do some volunteer to work at the veterinary clinic of Dr. Leduc, who is rumoured to have a secret laboratory where he conducts strange experiments.

Eps #21 - Jacob Two Two and the Fantastic Fountain

Concerned about his Zadie Saul’s long list of aches and pains, Jacob asks spry little old neighbour lady and part time ninja Miss Sweetiepie to tell him the secret to her own amazing get up and go.

Eps #22 - Jacob Two Two and the Spellbound Sibling

Jacob’s wish he could find a way to make big sister Marfa be nicer to him appears to be answered when he finds an ancient book of magic which contains a spell that should do the trick.

Eps #23 - Jacob Two Two and the Furry Felon

Jacob and Buford try to rehabilitate a garbage raiding raccoon by teaching him survival skills needed to live free in the wild.

Eps #24 - Jacob Two Two and the Pet Peeve

Jacob and Renee struggle to help a group of mangy stray cats find good homes, while Leo Louse makes a small fortune returning lost
pets to their grateful owners.

Eps #25 - Jacob Two Two and the Potato Power Project

When he is teamed up with a trio of slackers for an important science project, Jacob is certain he’ll fail and have to spend time in summer school.

Eps #26 - Jacob Two Two and Renee's Rival

Everyone assumes Renee will win a cash prize offered to the school’s top student, but the arrival of a brilliant transfer student named Ann might change everything.

'''Season 3'''

Eps #27 - Jacob Two Two Times Two

Shortly after Jacob vows revenge on practical jokers Emma and Noah, X. Barnaby Dinglebat accidentally creates a "negative" version of Jake using an unusual camera from his collection. Jake's negative twin pulls numerous mean-spirited pranks around town while the real Jacob takes the heat. In the end, Jake learns that pranksters never prevail, because what goes around comes around.

Eps #28 - Jacob Two Two and the Vintage Voice Vortex

When the neighbourhood gets too loud for Miss Sweetiepie, she modifies an old gramophone so that it can capture sound instead of broadcast it. All's well and quiet until Dad's voice is accidentally captured the day before he's to give an important speech. After a pertinent piece of the modernized machine eludes them, the race is on to rebuild the gramophone and recover Dad's voice in time for his big day.

Eps #29 - Jacob Two Two and the Surprise Disguise

Jacob is mistaken for The Amazing Ronald when he dons the colourful costume at his Dad's book signing. At first this causes great embarrassment for Jake, but in the end, he not only fills the costume, he fills the caped crime fighter's shoes, as he foils Fish and Fowl's elaborate plan to take credit for his Dad's latest book. Jake is proud that his adventure is just the inspiration his Dad needs to write his next book.

Eps #30 - Jacob Two Two and the Socks Dimension

Frustrated by never having a matching pair of socks, Jacob investigates the inner workings of the dryer and discovers that it is actually a portal to a parallel universe. A universe so topsy-turvy that Buford has a day-timer, the bullies are his best friends, and socks are used as currency. Jacob and X. Barnaby Dinglebat hatch a plan to get Jacob back to his proper dimension.

Eps #31 - Jacob Two Two and the After School Abattoir

Jake and Buford reluctantly agree to watch a super scary horror movie called "After School Abattoir" with Jake's older siblings. On the day of the viewing, Jake and Buford get trapped inside the school, and the events that take place eerily parellel the movie.

Eps #32 - Jacob Two Two and the Simian Switcheroo

Buford accidentally switches places with Bobo, a chimp from Canadian Space Camp. Since the Space Camp excursion was originally meant for Jake, he's somewhat annoyed that Buford went in his stead… until Bobo turns out to be one cool amigo. Having Bobo as a new best friend improves Jake's social status tenfold. Although Jake's enjoying his new poularity, he can't help but miss his best bud. Bobo helps Jacob rescue an eternally oblivious Buford who is headed for the moon in a rocket built from the most Canadian of building materials; birch bark.

Eps #33 - Jacob Two Two and the Troublesome Twosome

Principal I.M. Greedyguts' good twin brother is so good that everyone at Dreary Meadows wants to enroll in Y.B. Greedyguts' Cheery Meadow's Elementary School. This makes I.M. see the error of his ways when even Sour Pickle jumps ship, but it doesn't move him enough to resort to old-fashioned honesty to get the staff and students to return. And it turns out that if things over at Cheery Meadows seem too good to be true, they probably are.

Eps #34 - Jacob Two Two and the Pirated Pastry

Jacob and Buford investigate Principal Greedyguts' claim to be the investor of the jelly donut, and uncover a sordid tale of mystery, double cross and intrigue!

Eps #35 - Jacob Two Two and the Super Special Skates

Spineless Spencer, a celebrity hockey player who's more interested in the celebrity than the hockey, launches a new line of ice skates. Everyone's got a pair… except for Jacob, who's stuck with an old, hand-me-down pair that look more like boots than skates. Jake endures some light-hearted teasing, but Dad assures him that it's not the gear, but the heart inside the gear that counts. Jake follows this advice and uses it to beat Spineless at his own game.

Eps #36 - Jacob Two Two and the Quibbling Sibbling

Due to a spat between Noah and Emma (a.k.a the Intrepid Shapiro and the Fearless O'Toole), it looks like Kid Power will be disbanded forever, just when Jacob has finally been allowed to join their noble ranks. It's up to Jacob to deal with a looming crisis and heal the rift between his feuding siblings in the process.

Eps #37 - Jacob Two Two and the Dangerous Debut

Miss Sour Pickle press gangs Jacob into acting in the school play, which turns out to be cursed. Will a crazed Phantom prowling the catwalks, and demonically possessed co-star treading the stage spell the final curtain for Jacob Two-Two?

Eps #38 - Jacob Two Two and the Bookworm Brouhaha

Jacob becomes a Library Ninja and vows to track down the "Bookworm" - the Library's most wanted villain and holder of a world record late return fine. To Jacob's shock, it seems all clues lead to his own library-loving Dad!

'''Season 4'''

Eps #39 - Jacob Two Two and the Boggie Beastie

Zaidie Saul sees a legendary sea serpent known as "Boggy," but everyone assumes it's just another one of his tall tales. Jacob sets out to prove his Zaidie is telling the truth, and triggers a sea serpent mania that could endanger the shy and peaceful beast -- if she really exists, that is.

Eps #40 - Jacob Two Two and the Crumbling Cookie

Jacob’s well meaning efforts to make his Aunty Good For You’s ‘Good For You’ cookies taste good too leads her into a business partnership with unsavory con man Carl Fester King. Jacob tries to rescue his Aunt’s recipe and her good reputation.

Eps #41 - Jacob Two Two's Broadcast Bungle

While playing with walkie-talkies borrowed from X. Barnaby Dinglebat, Jacob learns his Mom is the ring leader of a band of spies. He finds that once the Canadian Armed Forces are on red alert, they won’t quit until they get their man... or Mom as the case may be.

Eps #42 - Jacob Two Two and the Cranial Classroom Caper

Miss Darling Sweetiepie’s stint as a substitute teacher leads her to instill old fashioned values in her students by turning them into a bunch of mindless, well behaved zombies. A school full of mindless zombies is the answer to Principal Greedyguts’ wildest dreams.

Eps #43 - Jacob Two Two and the Wicked Glitch

Jacob and friends travel to Ottawa to confront the Wicked Glitch after Jacob’s life is turned upside down thanks to Prime Minister Perry Pleaser’s under-budgeted attempt to bring Canada into the computer age.

Eps #44 - Jacob Two Two and the Big Brain Exchange

When Jacob accidentally switches brains with Principal Greedyguts he decides to make the best of a bad situation by making life better at Dreary Meadows School. Meanwhile Greedyguts does his best to make life miserable for Jacob.

Eps #45 - Jacob Two Two and the Teacher's Pet

Jacob finds life on Miss Sour Pickle’s good side is even worse than being on her bad side. When he attempts to restore the proper order he only becomes even more of a ‘teacher’s pet’.

Eps #46 - Jacob Two Two and the Valentine's Day Disaster

A pesky love bug buzzes into Jacob’s life, causing Melinda to think he has a big crush on her, making Valentine’s even more terrifying than usual.

Eps #47 - Jacob Two Two and the Molecular Mayhem

Jacob must rescue Buford and their science teacher from an unknown dimension after Mr. Moleculus’ latest invention goes haywire. But first he has to rescue the invention, which is stolen by a greedy thief.

Eps #48 - Jacob Two Two and the Puzzling Portable

An off limits portable and the sudden appearance of a muscle-bound supply teacher with a strange monotone accent adds up to Jacob being the ‘chosen one’ who is destined to save all of mankind from some terrible future fate.

Eps #49 - Jacob Two Two and the Priceless Puck

Reformed criminals Fish and Fowl become unlikely allies as Jacob worries that X. Barnaby Dinglebat has become a jewel thief, after he disappears with the fabled Stanley Puck Diamond.

Eps #50 - Jacob Two Two and the Mata Hari Hamster

Jacob fears an important spy mission may be compromised when his spying partner Agent Intrepid falls for a mysterious female hamster named Daisy, while Carl Fester King corners the country’s maple syrup reserves.

Eps #51 - Jacob Two Two and the Halloween Hullabaloo

When Jacob calls his teacher a mean old witch for handing out a homework assignment on Hallowe’en, he almost doesn’t live to regret it.

Eps #52 - Jacob Two Two and the Wooden Nickel Knuckleheads-

Jacob comes into possession of a very rare and valuable coin. Word of his good fortune travels quickly amongst every greedy character he’s ever had the misfortune of meeting, and soon they join forces to take it from him.

'''Season 5'''

Eps # 53 - Jacob Two Two and the Persistent Assistant

Jake’s ghostly friend Claude LaToque, helps Buford become a skateboard stunt artist. Jake’s attempts to end the perilous folly are thwarted by the bully boys, eager to capture a spectacular skateboard crash on video.

Eps #54 - Jacob Two Two and the Book Writing Wrinkle

In a mix-up of literary proportions, Jake wins a student writing competition for a manuscript Dad wrote, while Dad receives a rejection letter from his publisher for a story that Jake wrote. Can the mess be straightened out? Or will Jake end up winning the upcoming national competition for a story that isn't his?

Eps #55 - Jacob Two Two and the Rose Coloured Calamity

To force a letter of recommendation out of the studentbody, Greedyguts turns Dreary Meadows into a work camp! Jake leads the kids in a test of wills, and the outcome hinges on a mysterious pair of sunglasses that make everything seem perfect to whoever puts them on.

Eps #56 - Jacob Two Two and the Uber Odour

Carl Fester King has a new money-making scheme. Using stolen hockey bags, he’ll create the worst smelling substance on earth, stink up Montreal, then make a fortune selling air fresheners! But when the stinkonium is stolen from King, it’s up to Jake and Kid Power to track down the second ‘stinker,’ who has his own agenda for the stuff…

Eps #57 - Jacob Two Two and the Perfect Present

Jake buys a back-scratcher that grants wishes, but before he can wish for the perfect present for his mom’s birthday, Greedyguts and Leo snatch it away. Comic mayhem ensues as the thieves’ selfish wishes go awry.

Eps #58 - Jacob Two Two and the Too Big Tomato

Everything goes wrong for Jacob because he's so small. When Mr. Moleculus shows Jake his formula for growing giant tomatoes, Jacob borrows it to use on himself. But as Jacob grows, his problems grow too.

Eps #59 - Jacob Two Two and the Soap Box

Defending his family's unblemished record in an annual soapbox derby, Jake must decide whether to "cheat or not to cheat" against an arch-rival from school intent on winning the race by any means possible! It's only after Jake gets in touch with his "family's winning spirit" that he finds a way to best the boastful bully and coast to victory!

Eps #60 - Jacob Two Two and the Robot Rescue

When Jake undertakes to mind Marfa's science project, an Artificial Intelligence robot, he doesn't figure on wiping its memory clean. But when he reprograms the robot, he inadvertently loads it with his Dude Funslinger computer game. Now the robot act like Dude Funslinger and is off to rid the world of space zombies.

Eps #61 - Jacob Two Two and the Hockey Seat Hoopla

The spirit of long departed hockey player is released from an old arena seat and possesses Jake’s family. The only way for Jake to break the spell is to join his family and play a hockey game against the Montreal Marvels.

==Voice Cast==
[[Billy Rosemberg]] as Jacob Two-Two
[[Marc McMulkin]] as Noah/Fearless O'Toole
[[Kaitlin Howell]] as Emma/Intrepid Shapiro
[[Jeff Berg]] as Daniel
[[Jocelyn Barth]] as Marfa
[[Harvey Atkin]] as Morty
[[Janet-Laine Green]] as Florence
[[Julie Lemieux]] as Renee
[[Kristopher Clark]] as Buford Orville Gayword Pugh
[[Dwayne Hill]] as Principal Greedyguts
[[Fiona Reid]] as Miss Sour Pickle
[[Howard Jerome]] as Leo Louse
[[Bret "The Hitman" Hart]] as Hooded Fang

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nelvana.com/jacob_two_two/ The official "Jacob Two Two" website]
*[http://www.ytv.com/programming/shows/jacob_two_two/ ''Jacob Two Two'' on YTV]
*[http://kids.aol.com/cartoons/jacob-two-two Watch "Jacob Two Two" Cartoons, download coloring pages and more]
*[http://www.qubo.com/jacob_show.asp "Jacob Two Two on Qubo]
*{{imdb title|id=0381771|title=Jacob Two-Two}}

[[Category:YTV shows]]
[[Category:Telemundo network shows]]
[[Category:NBC network shows]]
[[Category:Qubo]]
[[Category:Television programs based on children's books]]
[[Category:2001 Canadian television series debuts]]

Piero Scaruffi

2008-01-27T17:44:59Z

Extransit: Reverted edits by 84.221.33.248 (talk) to last version by W guice

{{refimprove|date=August 2007}}

'''Piero Scaruffi''' (born in [[Trivero]], [[Italy]], in 1955, but based in [[California]] since 1983) is an Italian music historian. He has also written scientific and philosophical essays about [[Cognitive_science|cognitive science]] and is an amateur [[poet]].

== Work as a historian and critic ==
Scaruffi has lectured on the history of [[knowledge]] subject<ref>[http://www.scaruffi.com/resall.html Piero Scaruffi's Resume]</ref>, but is more famous as a historian of modern music.

He has self-published books on the history of [[rock music]], [[avant garde music]], [[jazz]], and modern [[popular music]]. His most popular book is ''A History of Rock Music'' (2003), a thick scholarly work that spans 50 years of the genre. His writings on music are hosted online<ref>[http://www.scaruffi.com/music.html Scaruffi's music reviews, ''Musica'']</ref> on his website, scaruffi.com, and includes a history of [[jazz]] and a history of modern [[European classical music|classical music]]. The website, especially its music section, was the subject of an article in the ''[[New York Times]]'' on October 15, 2006<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/15/arts/15morr.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin New York Times article on Piero Scaruffi].</ref>.

His rock history has become famous {{Fact|date=February 2007}} over the [[Internet]] partly because of its controversial {{Fact|date=February 2007}} ratings, which often differ greatly from most of the music press and the mainstream<ref>For example, [http://www.scaruffi.com/music/best100.html Scaruffi's list of the greatest rock albums] includes relatively unknown artists such as [[Vampire Rodents]], [[Red Crayola]], and [[Popol Vuh (German band)|Popol Vuh]], while he considers famous artists such as [[The Beatles]][http://www.scaruffi.com/vol1/beatles.html], [[Elvis Presley]][http://www.scaruffi.com/vol1/presley.html], [[David Bowie]][http://www.scaruffi.com/vol3/bowie.html], and [[Radiohead]][http://www.scaruffi.com/vol6/radiohea.html] to be overrated and relatively weak.</ref>. The most significant example is his page about the Beatles,<ref name="beatles">[http://www.scaruffi.com/vol1/beatles.html His page about the Beatles]</ref><ref>[http://www.scaruffi.com/vol1/beatles2.html Readers' correspondence to Scaruffi's Beatles page]</ref> who, in Scaruffi's opinion, are the most overrated band ever. He writes: "The Beatles most certainly belong to the history of the 60s, but their musical merits are at best dubious."<ref name="beatles"/>

==Scientific career==

Piero Scaruffi researched in [[artificial intelligence]] from 1987 until 1996, both in the corporate and academic world (with stints as visiting scholar at the [[MIT]] and at [[Stanford University]]). Afterwards, he conducted independent research on [[neuroscience]], that resulted in his books ''Thinking About Thought'' (2003) and ''The Nature of Consciousness'' (2006) and lectures at several academic institutions.

His basic tenet is that consciousness is due to a general property of matter. This line of research led him to revisit [[physics]]. His most important contribution is a theory of how [[quantum mechanics]] could be an emergent phenomenon due to the "ripples" caused by the observer traveling through spacetime <ref>[The Nature Of Consciousness, 2006, p.446].</ref>.

Believing that one cannot understand the human mind without first understanding what the human mind does, and that, fundamentally, the human mind creates civilizations, he also embarked in a study of the history of knowledge.

In the 1980s, as a computer scientist working at a large computer maker, he pioneered Internet applications, Artificial Intelligence and object-orientated design. As an outgrowth of his computer job, he pioneered Internet-based journalism: in 1985 he created his first [[e-zine]], distributed by e-mail over the Internet, that eventually evolved into his website originally devoted to rock music only (several years before such websites became ubiquitous).

He has been on the board of the art magazine ''Leonardo'' ([[MIT Press]]) and has chaired events of Leonardo's Bay Area Scientists Working Group aimed at bridging the gap between the arts and the sciences <ref>[http://www.scaruffi.com/leonardo.html 2007 Meeting of Bay Area Scientists].</ref>.

==Other works==
===Philosophy===
His [[metaphysics]] is based on his studies in Physics. Scaruffi reached the conclusion that [[Relativity Theory]] is about the universe, about the dimensions of existence, whereas Quantum Theory is about the human world of objects, about the world of "sizes". Relativistic spacetime is the equivalent of an ocean, and quantum values are the equivalent of the ripples caused by an object moving through the ocean of spacetime: Relativity is the theory about the ocean, and Quantum Theory is the theory about the ripples. Quantum Theory describes the ripples caused in spacetime by energy-matter in motion.

===Poetry===
His most notable poem is widely considered "Dialogo degli Amanti/ Dialogue of the Lovers", a dialogue among three characters (identified as "m", "f" and " ", the third one being probably a reference to a superhuman entity).

In 2007 he came third in the first Fog City Writers poetry contest.<ref>[http://www.fogcitywriters.com/Winners.html Fog City Writers Contest Winners]</ref>

==Notes and References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>

==Notable publications==
* Scaruffi, Piero. (2007). ''A History of Jazz Music 1900-2000''. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-9765531-3-7</nowiki>
* Scaruffi, Piero. (2007). ''A History of Popular Music before Rock Music''. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-9765531-2-0</nowiki>
* Scaruffi, Piero. (2006). ''The Nature of Consciousness''. <nowiki>ISBN 0976553112</nowiki>
* Scaruffi, Piero. (2003). ''A History of Rock Music''. iUniverse. <nowiki>ISBN 0595295657</nowiki>
* Scaruffi, Piero. (2003). ''Thinking About Thought: A primer on the new science of mind''. iUniverse. <nowiki>ISBN 0595264204</nowiki>

==External links==
*[http://www.scaruffi.com/ Piero Scaruffi's knowledge base]
*[http://mitpress2.mit.edu/e-journals/Leonardo/rolodex/scaruffi.piero.html The Leonardo Network]
*[http://www.thymos.com Piero Scaruffi's research on cognitive science]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/15/arts/15morr.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin New York Times article on Piero Scaruffi]
*[http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/people/scaruffi Stanford University's description of Piero Scaruffi's research]
*[http://andrewkeen.typepad.com/aftertv/2006/04/piero_scaruffi.html After TV's interview with Piero Scaruffi]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scaruffi, Piero}}

[[Category:Italian historians]]
[[Category:Italian poets]]
[[Category:Music journalists]]
[[Category:Italian music critics]]
[[Category:Italian-Americans]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[it:Piero Scaruffi]]

Jiraiya

2007-10-30T00:24:14Z

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{{three other uses|the folk ninja featured in ''Jiraiya Goketsu Monogatari''|the ninja of the same name featured in ''[[Naruto]]''|Jiraiya (Naruto)|the [[tokusatsu]] series|Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya|the cicada [[genus]]|cicada}}
[[Image:Eight Hundred Heroes of Our Country s Suikoden 12.jpg|thumb|right|Jiraiya , with a heavy gun, overcoming a huge Snake which has preyed on his friends the Toads.]]
[[Image:Jiraya magicien Yoshitoshi.jpg|right|thumb|Jiraya riding a giant toad, depicted in an 1866 print by [[Yoshitoshi]].]]
'''Jiraiya''' (児雷也 - literally "young thunder"), the title character of the [[Japan]]ese [[folktale]] ''Jiraiya Goketsu Monogatari'' (児雷也豪傑物語, "The tale of the gallant Jiraiya"), is a [[ninja]] who uses [[shapeshifting]] [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]] to morph into a gigantic [[toad]]. The heir of a powerful clan in [[Kyūshū]] of the same name, Jiraiya fell in love with [[Tsunade]], a beautiful young princess who masters [[snail]] magic. His arch-enemy was his one-time follower, [[Orochimaru]], who mastered in [[snake]] magic.
== Influences on Fiction ==
* In the game for the [[Neo Geo]] console [[Kabuki Klash]], Jiraiya's name is spelled ''Ziria'' and he's a ninja from the Fire Clan who fights with a [[kodachi]] sword and has a pet frog which grown several times its size when Ziria summons it in combat. Tsunade is a ninja girl from the Roots Clan (the archenemies of the Fire Clan) who uses snails and a huge axe in her attacks and is in love with Orochimaru, a wandering warrior and poet who wields a [[naginata]] and snake magic.

* [[Akimitsu Takagi]]'s [[detective novel]] ''[[The Tattoo Murder Case]]'' uses the character representations in [[tattoo]]s worn by three of the main characters: Kinue Nomura (Orochimaru, the snake), her brother Tsunetaro (Jiraiya, the frog) and sister Tamae (Tsunade, the slug; translated as Tsunade-hime), all set within a series of murders that takes all three's lives.

* In [[Naruto]], a popular [[manga]] and [[anime]] television series, [[Jiraiya (Naruto)|Jiraiya]], [[Tsunade (Naruto)|Tsunade]], and [[Orochimaru (Naruto)|Orochimaru]] appear as three legendary ninjas known as the [[Sannin]]. Instead of transforming into a toad, Jiraiya can summon toads into battle, up to and including [[Kaiju]]-sized monsters. This summoning ability is predicated on Jiraiya having established a blood-contract with all species of toad-kind. Tsunade can summon slugs, and Orochimaru can summon snakes.

* In the [[tokusatsu]] movie ''[[The Magic Serpent]]'', Jiraiya (also known as Ikazuchi-Maru) was the protagonist. He and his arch-nemesis [[Orochimaru]] transform into two [[Kaiju|daikaiju]], a toad and Oriental dragon, respectively, and have a duel to the death.

* In the tokusatsu superhero series [[Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya]], Jiraiya is the protagonist of the series. A Japanese professional wrestler uses the Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya character appearance as his gimmick.

* One of the five characters in [[Ninja Sentai Kakuranger]] is named Jiraiya / NinjaBlack.

==External links==
*[http://www.kiseido.com/printss/ji.html The Gallant Jiraiya (article)]

[[Category:Fictional ninjas]][[Category:Ninjas|Jiraiya]]

[[es:Jiraiya]]
[[fr:Jiraiya]]
[[ms:Jiraiya]]
[[ja:自来也]]
[[ru:Дзирайя]]

Association Fallacy

2007-10-11T02:55:18Z

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An '''association fallacy''' is an [[Inductive reasoning|inductive]] [[formal fallacy]] of the type [[hasty generalization]] or [[Ignoratio elenchi|red herring]] which asserts that qualities of one thing are inherently qualities of another, merely by an irrelevant association. The two types are sometimes referred to as '''guilt by association''' and '''honor by association'''. Association fallacies are a special case of [[red herring]], and can be based on an [[appeal to emotion]].

== Form ==
In notation of [[First-order logic]], this type of fallacy can be expressed as (∃''x''∈''S'':''φ(x)'')→ (∀''x''∈''S'':''φ(x)''), meaning "if there exists any ''x'' in the set ''S'' so that a property ''φ'' is true for ''x'', then for '''all''' ''x'' in ''S'' the property ''φ'' must be true."

:'''Premise''' A particular thing A is a B
:'''Premise''' A is also a C
:'''Conclusion''' Therefore, all Cs are Bs

[[Image:Association fallacy argument map.png|left|The form of an association fallacy]]

{{-}}

== Guilt by association ==
{{see also|Collective guilt}} for legal and ethical aspects
=== Examples ===
Some [[syllogism|syllogistic]] examples of guilt by association are:

* ''[[Knut (polar bear)|Knut]] attracted people who took pictures. The people also took pictures of Pan Pan, killing him. Knut killed Pan Pan.
* ''The Nazis supported [[eugenics]]. Nazis are evil. Therefore eugenics must be evil.''
* ''[[Bill Clinton]] is a Democrat. Clinton was unfaithful to his spouse. Therefore all Democrats are unfaithful to their spouses.''
*''[[Osama bin Laden]] is opposed to the invasion of Iraq. Osama bin Laden is a terrorist. Therefore anyone opposed to the invasion of Iraq must be a terrorist.''
*''[[George W. Bush]] supports the invasion of Iraq. George W. Bush is a Republican. Therefore all supporters of the invasion of Iraq are Republicans.''
* In the [[BBC]] [[situation comedy|sitcom]] ''[[Yes, Prime Minister]]'', the wordplay-prone [[Sir Humphrey Appleby]] commits the logical fallacy ''All dogs have four legs; my cat has four legs. Therefore, my cat is a dog.''

=== Guilt by association as an ad hominem fallacy ===
Guilt by association can sometimes also be a type of ad hominem fallacy, if the argument attacks a person because of the similarity between the views of someone making an argument and other proponents of the argument.

This form of the argument is as follows:
:A makes claim P.
:Bs also make claim P.
:Therefore, A is a B.

== Honor by association ==
The logical inverse of "guilt by association" is '''honor by association''', where one claims that someone or something must be reputable because of the people or organizations that are related to it or otherwise support it. For example:

=== Examples ===
* ''Alice is a lawyer, and Alice thinks highly of Bob. Therefore, Bob must know the law.''
* ''Aaron will make a good race car driver, because his friend is a good race car driver.''
* ''Mother Theresa was good and a Catholic, so all Catholics are good.''
* ''Citizens of Country X have won more nobel prizes/gold medals/literary awards than citizens of Country Y. Therefore, a citizen of Country X is superior to a citizen of Country Y."

== See also ==
*[[Ad hominem]]
*[[Reductio ad Hitlerum]]

== References ==
{{unreferenced|date=May 2007}}
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

== External links ==
* [http://www.propagandacritic.com/articles/ct.fc.transfer.html Propagandacritic.com] "Transfer technique"
* [http://www.propagandacritic.com/articles/ct.fc.testimonial.html Propagandacritic.com] "Testimonial"



{{Relevance fallacies}}

[[Category:Genetic fallacies]]
[[Category:Deception]]

[[he:אשמה בגלל קרבה]]
[[sv:Guilt by association]]

Ben Hall (Räuber)

2007-09-15T01:58:59Z

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{{For|the actor|Ben Hall (actor)}}
'''Ben Hall''' ([[9 May]], [[1837]] - [[5 May]], [[1865]]) was a noted [[Australia]]n [[bushranger]] of the 19th century.
[[Image:BenHallPainting.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Ben Hall]]

==Early life==

Ben Hall was born on [[9 May]], [[1837]], in [[Maitland, New South Wales|Maitland]] (though some reports say [[Breeza, New South Wales|Breeza]]), in the [[Hunter Valley]] of [[New South Wales]]. His parents were Benjamin Hall (b. [[Bristol]] 1802) and Eliza Somers (b. [[Dublin]] 1807), both convicted for minor stealing offences and [[Penal transportation|transported]] to New South Wales. They married in 1834 and had numerous children; Ben junior was the third. After they received [[Ticket of leave|tickets of leave]] they moved to the Hunter Valley and Benjamin senior squatted on a small area of land in an isolated valley. Here Benjamin built a rough hut and began raising cattle and collecting any wild cattle and horses he could find in the hills. In 1842 he bought a small block of land near [[Murrurundi, New South Wales|Murrurundi]] where he established a butcher shop. The family were hard working but there were numerous brushes with the law regarding the dubious ownership of cattle and horses.

About the end of 1850 Ben senior moved down to the [[Lachlan River]] area taking with him some of children Ben junior, William, Mary and stepson Thomas Wade. It appears that Ben junior never returned to Murrurundi although his father did in 1851. Young Ben worked on numerous cattle properties along the Lachlan and gained a reputation as a hard working and reliable stockman.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
[[Image:YoungBenHall.jpg|left|thumb|Ben Hall]]
In 1856, at the age of 19, Hall married Bridget Walsh (1841 - 1923) at Bathurst.<ref>http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/familyHistory/benHall.htm</ref> One of Bridget's sisters was the mistress of [[Frank Gardiner]]; another sister married John Maguire. On 7 August, 1859, Ben and Biddy had a son, also named Benjamin. In 1860, Ben Hall and John Maguire jointly leased the "Sandy Creek" run of 10,000 acres (40 km²) about 50 km south of [[Forbes, New South Wales|Forbes]]. Hall built a house, sheds and stockyards and established a stock of cattle which he sold at the [[Lambing Flat]] goldfield; this was where he met Frank Gardiner.

==Bushranger==
[[Image:Ben Hall Bushranger.jpg|thumb|Ben Hall]]
What happened next in his life remains shrouded in mystery, but circumstances and chance caused Ben Hall to turn from a successful grazier to an infamous [[bushranger]]. By early 1862, his marriage was in trouble and Biddy left to live with a man named James Taylor from Humbug Creek now called [[Ungarie, New South Wales|Ungarie]]. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} At this time there were many highwaymen operating around the area where Ben Hall lived and he would have known most of them. Robbery became almost a way of life for many young men. In April 1862, Ben was arrested on the orders of Police Inspector Sir [[Frederick Pottinger]] for participating in an armed robbery at a race meeting. He was later acquitted of the robbery due to a lack of evidence but when he returned to [[Sandy Creek, New South Wales|Sandy Creek]], his house was burnt down and all his cattle and horses were gone.

He was soon involved with [[Frank Gardiner]] and on [[15 June]], [[1862]], a gang of 10 led by Gardiner and including Hall robbed the gold escort coach near [[Eugowra, New South Wales|Eugowra]] of more than 14,000 pounds in gold and banknotes.

From then on Ben Hall seems to have abandoned his cattle property and taken to the roads full-time.

In one instance of his period of bushranging, Hall and his gang bailed up Robinson's Hotel in [[Canowindra, New South Wales|Canowindra]] and held all the people of the town captive for three days. The prisoners were allegedly not mistreated, and were provided with entertainment. The local policeman was subjected to some humiliation by being locked in his own cell. When the prisoners were set free the gang insisted on paying the hotelier and giving the townspeople “expenses”. The aim, which was achieved, was to make public the gang’s power and lampoon the police.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

[[Image:CaptureofBenHall.jpg|left|thumb|Death of Ben Hall]]
After the gang killed a police sergeant during a robbery at [[Collector, New South Wales|Collector]], Hall along with [[John Gilbert (bushranger)|Johnny Gilbert]] and [[John Dunn (bushranger)|John Dunn]] were declared outlaws under the Felons Apprehension Act. This piece of legislation was rushed through [[NSW Parliament]] for the specific purpose of declaring Hall and his comrades outlaws, and meant that they could be killed by anyone. However, the Act did not become law until [[May 10]], five days after Hall was shot to death by police <ref name= "2007NewInquest"> [http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/family-urges-new-ben-hall-inquest/2007/03/30/1174761754719.html "Family seeks justice for Bold Ben's demise"], -- Meacham, Steve, ''[[The Age]]'', March 31, 2007</ref>.

By May 1865, Hall had decided to escape from New South Wales. However he was allegedly betrayed by a man known as Michael Coneley, who had previously given Hall assistance and protection. At dawn on [[5 May]], [[1865]] Ben Hall was ambushed by eight police who were armed with double-barrelled shotguns and .56 calibre Colt rifles. Hall was outnumbered eight to one, and fled without firing a shot. He was shot in the back as he ran away, eventually being shot 30 times.
Coneley received a substantial reward for the betrayal of his friend and subsequently left the district to become a grazier and publican at [[Gobondry, New South Wales|Gobondry]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Ben Hall was dragged first through the streets of Forbes then was buried at [[Forbes, New South Wales|Forbes]] cemetery. A headstone was erected in the 1920s and his grave is well maintained.<ref>http://www.wilmap.com.au/bushrangers/hall.html</ref>

In [[2007]] Peter Bradley, a descendent of Ben Hall's younger brother Henry, announced he was calling for the inquest into the bushranger's death to be reopened. Bradley believes that as the ''Felon Apprehension Act'' had not yet come into force when Hall was killed, he was deliberately assassinated, despite the original inquest finding a cause of [[justifiable homicide]].<ref name= "2007NewInquest"/>

A memorial "Ben Halls Wall" is located in [[Breeza, New South Wales|Breeza]], south of [[Gunnedah, New South Wales]].

"Ben Halls Gap" is a small section of State Forest named in memory of the bushranger, which is located near [[Nundle, New South Wales]].

==Folklore==
* A number of folk songs celebrate Hall's life and exploits. The most notable is [[Streets of Forbes]], which has been recorded by numerous singers and groups. Others include [[The Ballad of Ben Hall's Gang]],[[The Death of Ben Hall]] and [[The Ghost of Ben Hall]].
* A possible reason for Ben Hall's position as a hero rather than a criminal, and his immortalization in history as a rebel against the government of the time cannot be understood easily. He has been seen as a "chivalrous champion of the people".[http://www.randomhouse.com.au/WEB_ASP/ttle_detail.asp?ISBN=1740512812]

==References==

<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/familyHistory/benHall.htm Death certificate - New South Wales Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages]
* [http://www.wilmap.com.au/hall.html Ben Hall Bushranger]
* [http://www.frenchviss.qld.edu.au/projectbenhall.htm Famous Australians]

{{Australian crime}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hall, Ben}}
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1865 deaths]]
[[Category:Bushrangers]]
[[Category:Australian outlaws]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Australia]]

Kingdom Hearts (Computerspiel)

2007-08-06T21:09:31Z

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{{dablink|This article contains information on the first ''Kingdom Hearts'' video game. For the series, see [[Kingdom Hearts (series)]].}}
{{featured article}}
{{Infobox CVG
|title = Kingdom Hearts
|image = [[Image:Kingdom Hearts.jpg|256px]]
|developer = [[Square Co.|Square]]
|publisher = '''[[Japan|JPN]]''' [[Square Co.|Square]] '''[[North America|NA]]''' [[Square Electronic Arts]]/[[Disney Interactive Studios|Disney Interactive]] '''[[PAL region|PAL]]''' [[Sony Computer Entertainment|SCE Europe]]
|designer = Shinji Hashimoto ([[game producer]]) [[Hironobu Sakaguchi]] ([[executive producer]]) [[Tetsuya Nomura]] ([[game director]], [[character design]]er, concept) Jun Akiyama ([[scenario]] writer) [[Daisuke Watanabe]] ([[scenario]] writer) [[Kazushige Nojima]] ([[scenario]] writer) [[Yoko Shimomura]] ([[video game music|music composer]])<ref name="Instructions">{{cite book | author = [[Square Co.]] | year = 2002 | title = Kingdom Hearts Instruction Booklet | publisher = Square Co., Limited | language = English}}</ref>
|series = [[Kingdom Hearts (series)|''Kingdom Hearts'' series]]
|engine =
|released = {{vgrelease|Japan|JPN|[[March 28]], [[2002]]}} {{vgrelease|North America|NA|[[September 17]], [[2002]]}} {{vgrelease|Europe|EUR|[[November 15]], [[2002]]}} {{vgrelease|Australia|AUS|[[November 22]], [[2002]]}} {{vgrelease|International version|INT|[[December 26]], [[2002]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/ps2/data/516587.html| publisher = [[GameFAQs]]| title = Kingdom Hearts Info| accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> — as ''Kingdom Hearts Final Mix''}}
|genre = [[Action role-playing game]]
|modes = [[Single player]]
|ratings = [[Computer Entertainment Rating Organization|CERO]]: All Ages [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: Everyone [[Pan European Game Information|PEGI]]: 7+ [[Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle|USK]]: 6+ [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)|OFLC]]: G8+ [[Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association|ELSPA]]: 11+
|platforms = [[PlayStation 2]]
|media = 1 [[DVD|DVD-ROM]]
|requirements =
|input = [[DualShock|DualShock 2]]
|picture format = [[480i]] (SDTV)
}}
{{nihongo|'''''Kingdom Hearts'''''|キングダムハーツ|Kingudamu Hātsu}} is an [[action role-playing game]] developed and published by [[Square Co.|Square]] (now [[Square Enix]]) in [[2002 in video gaming|2002]] for the [[Sony Computer Entertainment|Sony]] [[PlayStation 2]] [[video game console]].<ref name="KH-PSUnderground">{{cite web| url = http://www.us.playstation.com/PS2/Games/Kingdom_Hearts| publisher = PlayStation Underground| title = PlayStation 2 - Kingdom Hearts| accessdate=2007-05-15}}</ref> It is the result of a collaboration between Square and [[The Walt Disney Company]]. The game combines characters and settings from Disney's [[animation|animated]] [[List of Disney theatrical animated features|features]] with those from the ''[[Final Fantasy (series)|Final Fantasy]]'' video game series, developed by Square. The story follows [[Sora (Kingdom Hearts)|Sora]], a young boy, as he is thrown into an epic battle against the darkness. He is joined by [[Donald Duck]] and [[Goofy]], classic Disney characters, who help him on his quest.

''Kingdom Hearts'' was a departure from Square's standard role-playing games by introducing a substantial [[action-adventure game|action-adventure]] element. In addition, it had an [[all-star]] voice cast which included many of the Disney characters' original voice actors.<ref name="voicecast">{{cite web| author = IGN Staff | url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/359/359415p1.html | publisher = [[IGN]] | title = Kingdom Hearts Voice Cast | accessdate=2007-05-21 | date=2002-05-14}}</ref> ''Kingdom Hearts'' was also longtime Square character designer [[Tetsuya Nomura]]'s first time in a directorial position.<ref name="debut">{{cite web | author = Dengeki PlayStation staff | url = http://www.kingdomhearts3.net/small-new-nomura-interview/ | publisher = [[Dengeki PlayStation]] | title = Small New Nomura Interview | accessdate=2007-05-21 | date=2007-04-27}}</ref>

''Kingdom Hearts'' garnered praise for its unusual combination of action and role-playing, as well as its unexpectedly harmonious mix of Square and Disney.<ref name="BWGS">{{cite web| url = http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/all/bestof2002/general13.html| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = GameSpot's Best and Worst of 2002| accessdate=2007-05-13 | date=2002}}</ref> It received numerous year-end "Best" video game awards and was a dominating presence in the 2002 holiday season and went on to achieve [[List of Sony Greatest Hits games|Sony "Greatest Hits"]] status.<ref name="greatesthits">{{cite web| author = GamePro Staff| url = http://www.gamepro.com/news.cfm?article_id=27584| publisher = [[GamePro]]| title = Kingdom Hearts sold how many?!| accessdate=2007-05-15 | date=2003-04-30}}</ref> Since its release, ''Kingdom Hearts'' has sold over 5.6 million copies worldwide.<ref name="10mil">{{cite web| author = [[SquareSoft]]| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=6165399| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = Kingdom Hearts Series Ships over 10 Million Worldwide| accessdate=2007-05-13 | date=2007-02-05}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
[[Image:Kingdom Hearts Battle Screenshot.jpg|thumb|left|A battle in the [[Monstro]] world.]]
''Kingdom Hearts'' is influenced by its parent franchise, ''Final Fantasy'', and carries gameplay elements over into its own action-based, [[hack and slash]] system. The main battle party consists of three characters: Sora, Donald Duck and Goofy.<ref name="K-H.com">{{cite web| url = http://www.kingdom-hearts.com/uk/index.html| publisher = [[SquareSoft]]| title = Official International Kingdom Hearts Website| accessdate = 2007-05-14}}</ref> Sora is directly controlled by the player from a [[Grammatical person#Use of grammatical person in creative media|third person]] camera angle.<ref name="KH-MobyGames">{{cite web| url = http://www.mobygames.com/game/kingdom-hearts/| publisher = [[MobyGames]]| title = Kingdom Hearts for PlayStation2| accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> All other party members are computer-controlled,<ref name="KHgamespy">{{cite web| url = http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/kingdom-hearts/540394p1.html| title = Kingdom Hearts Review (PS2)| author=Turner, Benjamin | date=September 3, 2002 | publisher = [[GameSpy]]| accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref> though the player can customize their behavior to an extent through the pause menu.<ref name="KHgamespot">{{cite web| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/review.html| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = Kingdom Hearts for PlayStation 2 Review | author=Kasavin, Greg | date=September 9, 2002 | accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> Donald and Goofy are the computer-controlled characters that are usable in most areas; nearly every world in the game features its own party member who can be chosen to replace Goofy or Donald in the party while the party is in that world. For instance, [[Jack Skellington]] can join the player's party in Halloween Town, but can not accompany the player elsewhere.

Like many traditional role-playing games, ''Kingdom Hearts'' features an [[experience point]] system which determines character development. As enemies are defeated, the player gains experience which can lead up to a "level up", where the characters grow stronger and gain access to new [[Statistic (role-playing games)#Skill|abilities]].<ref name="Instructions"/> Unlike other games of its type, ''Kingdom Hearts'' allows a certain degree of character development customization through a short tutorial found at the beginning of the game. The tutorial allows the player to select from one of three main attributes ― strength, defense, and magic ― for Sora to excel in and one to lack in.<ref name="KH-StrategyGuide">{{cite book| last= Birlew| first= Dan| year = 2003| title = Kingdom Hearts Official Strategy Guide| publisher = [[BradyGames]] Publishing| language = English| isbn= 0-7440-0198-6}}</ref> By choosing certain options, the player is able to manipulate how Sora learns abilities, [[Statistic (role-playing games)#Attributes|grows statistically]], and even gains levels.<ref name="KH-StrategyGuide"/> Donald, Goofy, and any other additional party members are assigned specific areas of strength from the outset. Donald excels in magic and Goofy excels in defense and special attacks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=2859681| title = Kingdom Hearts Preview | author = Varanini, Giancarlo |publisher = [[GameSpot]]| accessdate=2007-05-18| date = 2002-04-03}}</ref>

The game is driven in a primarily linear progression to the next story event, usually told in the form of a [[full motion video]] [[cut scene]], though there are numerous [[Quest (gaming)#Side-quest|side quests]] available that provide bonus benefits to the characters.<ref name="KHgamespot"/> Most of the gameplay occurs on interconnected field maps where battles take place. Combat in ''Kingdom Hearts'' is in real time<ref name="GS-CompanyLine">{{cite web | url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=2761861| author = Gerstmann, Jeff | date=May 17, 2001| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = E3 2001: Square announces Disney RPG for PS2| accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> and involves pressing buttons to initiate attacks by the on-screen character. A role-playing game menu, similar to those found in ''Final Fantasy'' games, found at the bottom left of the screen provides other combat options such as using magic and items. There is also a context-sensitive option at the bottom of the menu, usually used for interaction with the environment or for performing special attacks. This menu is manipulated by using the right analog stick or digital pad, while movement is controlled by the left analog stick, allowing the player to navigate the menu while avoiding or approaching enemies.<ref name="Instructions"/>

===Gummi Ship===
The Gummi Ship is the mode of travel between the various worlds in ''Kingdom Hearts''. The gameplay is very different from the rest of the game as it switches to a [[rail shooter]] format while piloting the Gummi Ship. The player controls the vessel from a rear, third person perspective as it travels in an outer space setting. At the beginning of the game, there are few options available to customize the ship, but as the game progresses, new weapons, engines, and armor become available. In addition, many different pre-designed blueprints can be found throughout the game which can be used to quickly construct ships.<ref name="KH-StrategyGuide"/>

==Plot==

===Setting===
{{main|Universe of Kingdom Hearts}}
The world of ''Kingdom Hearts'' is a collection of various [[Level (computer and video games)|levels]] that the player progresses through. Each level in Kingdom Hearts is referred to as a "world". Thirteen can be accessed throughout the game and one, the Disney Castle, is shown in cutscenes. Additional worlds are mentioned by various characters, but are not accessible because they have been destroyed by the [[Heartless]]. Ten of the worlds are based on Disney fiction,<ref name="GP-KH">{{cite web| author = FENNECFOX| url = http://www.gamepro.com/sony/ps2/games/reviews/26235.shtml| publisher = [[GamePro]]| title = Review: Kingdom Hearts for PS2 on GamePro.com| date = 2002-09-30| accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref> primarily from the [[List of Disney animated features|Disney animated features canon]], and the other four were created by Square specifically for the game.

Each world varies in appearance and setting, depending on the Disney world upon which it is based. The graphics of the world and characters were meant to resemble the artwork style of the environments and characters from their respective Disney film. Each Disney world is inhabited by characters from their respective Disney film; [[Hercules (Disney character)|Hercules]] and [[Philoctetes]] inhabit Olympus Coliseum, and [[Aladdin (Disney character)|Aladdin]], [[Princess Jasmine]], and [[Jafar (Aladdin)|Jafar]] inhabit Agrabah. Each world is disconnected from the others and exists separately. Most characters in the worlds are unaware of the existence of the other worlds, but some notable ones are aware. Players travel from one world to another via Gummi Ship.<ref name="Instructions"/>

The worlds created specifically for the game mirror the overall appearance of the other worlds and feature either new characters or characters from several ''Final Fantasy'' games. The new worlds include: Destiny Islands, which is where the story initially begins;<ref name="IGN-KH">{{cite web| url = http://ps2.ign.com/objects/016/016467.html| publisher = [[IGN]]| title = IGN: Kingdom Hearts| accessdate=2007-05-12}}</ref> Traverse Town, which serves as a launching point for most of the game; Hollow Bastion, which many of the ''Final Fantasy'' characters call home; and End of the World, a large, dark world created from the remnants of various worlds consumed by the darkness.<ref name="Goofy-EndOfWorld">'''Goofy:''' Gawrsh, is that all that's left of the worlds taken by the Heartless? {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square| publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2| language = English}}</ref> The main characters travel from world to world to seal each "Keyhole"; this protects the world from the Heartless and ultimately from destruction. They also try to minimize their interaction with characters of other worlds in order to maintain a balance of separation.<ref name="separate">'''Goofy:''' Oh, right... I gotcha. While we’re in the other worlds, we can’t let on where we’re from. We’ve gotta protect the world border. / '''Donald:''' “Order.” {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square| publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2| language = English}}</ref> To blend in with the inhabitants of a world, Sora, Donald, and Goofy sometimes change their physical appearance.<ref>'''Goofy:''' This sure is a spooky place. I’ll bet the people here are scary-lookin’ too. / '''Donald:''' Don’t worry. We look spooky, too. If they scare us, we’ll scare them right back! {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square| publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2| language = English}}</ref>

===Characters===
{{see|Characters of Kingdom Hearts}}
Because ''Kingdom Hearts'' was a collaboration between Disney and Square, it features a mixture of familiar Disney and Square characters, as well as several new characters designed and created by Nomura.<ref name="GS-CompanyLine"/> The primary protagonist of the game is Sora, who is chosen to wield the Keyblade, a weapon for battling darkness. The game also features two of his friends, [[Kairi (Kingdom Hearts)|Kairi]] and [[Riku (Kingdom Hearts)|Riku]]. For most of the game, Sora is joined by Donald Duck and Goofy. Donald, the court wizard, and Goofy, captain of the royal guard,<ref name="KH-OfficialWebsiteInfo">{{cite web| url = http://na.square-enix.com/games/kingdomhearts/index1.html| publisher = [[Square Enix]]| title = Official Kingdom Hearts Website: Characters| accessdate=2007-05-21}}</ref> were sent from Disney Castle to find the Keyblade.<ref name="MickeyNote">'''King Mickey's Note:''' Donald, Sorry to rush off without sayin’ goodbye, but there’s big trouble brewin’. Not sure why, but the stars have been blinkin’ out, one by one. And that means disaster can’t be far behind. I hate to leave you all but I’ve gotta go check into it. There’s someone with a “key”—the key to our survival. So I need you and Goofy to find him, and stick with him. Got it? We need that key or we’re doomed! So go to Traverse Town and find Leon. He’ll point you in the right direction. P.S. Would ya apologize to Minnie for me? Thanks, pal. {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square | publisher = Square Electronic Arts | date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2| language = English}}</ref> The three join forces to search for King [[Mickey Mouse]], Kairi, and Riku. The primary antagonist is [[Xehanort|Ansem]], who is seeking to find power and knowledge by using dark beings called the [[Heartless]]. The Heartless, hearts corrupted by darkness, serve as most of the enemies encountered in the game and come in a variety of shapes and sizes.

As a game meant to explore the fictional universes of various Disney films, there are over 100 Disney characters.<ref name="Square-KHsite">{{Cite web| publisher = [[Square Enix]]| url = http://na.square-enix.com/games/kingdomhearts/KH_newsframe.html| title = Official Kingdom Hearts Website: News| accessdate=2007-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gamestop.com/product.asp?product%5Fid=280415| title = Kingdom Hearts - PS2| publisher = [[GameStop]]| accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref> While many serve as major characters in the story, others appear in cameo roles, such as the ''[[One Hundred and One Dalmatians]]'' puppies playing part in a side-quest. Most worlds also feature a Disney villain that the player must defeat. The player can summon various Disney characters to fight alongside Sora in battle, causing Donald and Goofy to withdraw from the battlefield for the duration of the summon. Available summoned characters include the [[Genie (Aladdin)|Genie]] from ''[[Aladdin (film)|Aladdin]]'', [[Tinkerbell]] from ''[[Peter Pan (1953 movie)|Peter Pan]]'', [[Dumbo]], and [[Simba]] from ''[[The Lion King]]''.<ref name="KH-StrategyGuide"/>

Square also incorporated several of its famous characters from the ''Final Fantasy'' series into the game, though the characters have been tweaked slightly for novelty and to fit the game's back-story. On Destiny Islands, the player meets younger versions of [[Tidus]], [[Wakka]] (both from ''Final Fantasy X''), and [[Characters of Final Fantasy VIII#Selphie Tilmitt|Selphie Tilmitt]] (from ''Final Fantasy VIII''). In Traverse Town, the player encounters [[Squall Leonhart]] (known in this game as "Leon") from ''Final Fantasy VIII'' as well as [[Aerith Gainsborough]], [[Cid Highwind]], and [[Yuffie Kisaragi]] from ''Final Fantasy VII''.<ref name="KH-StrategyGuide"/> [[Rikku]] from ''Final Fantasy X'' and [[Irvine Kinneas]] from ''Final Fantasy VIII'' were both originally set to make cameo appearances, but were replaced by Yuffie and Wakka respectively.<ref>{{cite web| author = [[Square Co.|Square]]| url = http://kh2.co.uk/?kh=Artwork| publisher = [http://kh2.co.uk Kingdom Hearts Ultimania.com]|title = Early Kingdom Hearts Concept Art| accessdate=2007-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0322968/trivia| publisher = [[IMDB]]| title = Trivia for Kingdom Hearts |accessdate=2007-05-24}}</ref> [[Cloud Strife|Cloud]] and [[Sephiroth (Final Fantasy VII)|Sephiroth]] (both from ''Final Fantasy VII'') make appearances in Olympus Coliseum, where the player can fight them in the tournaments.<ref name="KH-StrategyGuide"/> The emphasis on characters from later ''Final Fantasy'' installments stems from Tetsuya Nomura's hesitation to use characters he did not design.<ref>{{cite web| author = Boulette, Bryan | url = http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q4-2005/112705b.html| publisher = RPGamer| title = Nomura Divulges Kingdom Hearts II Details| date = 2005-11-27 | accessdate=2007-05-21}}</ref>

The game also uses other ''Final Fantasy'' icons. [[Moogle]]s appear to provide item synthesis.<ref name="Instructions"/> Several weapons, such as "Lionheart" and "Save the Queen", share names with other weapons from previous entries in the ''Final Fantasy'' series. The name of the raft Riku had suggested was Highwind, a reference to the airship of ''Final Fantasy VII''. The magic-naming system in ''Kingdom Hearts'' (i.e. Fire, Fira, Firaga, etc.) is identical to ''Final Fantasy'' magic. The names of various spells are also the names of Gummi blocks, and various summons, weapons, bosses, and monsters are the names of Gummi ship blueprints.

===Story===
''Kingdom Hearts'' begins on Destiny Islands, where Sora, Riku and Kairi live. The three friends seek to leave the islands to explore new worlds and have prepared a raft for this purpose.<ref name="Instructions"/> One night, the islands are attacked by darkness and shadow creatures.<ref name="KHgamespy"/> Sora seeks out his friends, only to find Riku, who disappears into darkness. At the same time, Sora obtains the Keyblade. Despite his efforts at battling the shadow creatures, the islands are destroyed, and Sora is left adrift. Meanwhile, King Mickey Mouse has left his world to deal with the increasing power of darkness and left instructions for mage Donald Duck and knight Goofy to find the "key".<ref name="MickeyNote"/>

Donald and Goofy use a Gummi Ship to travel to Traverse Town, where Sora has drifted. Sora encounters the shadow creatures again, and meets Leon, who explains the shadow creatures are [[Heartless]], creatures that consume hearts, and that the Keyblade is the only weapon capable of defeating them.<ref>'''Sora:''' The Heartless? / '''Yuffie:''' The ones who attacked you, you remember? / '''Leon:''' Those without hearts. The darkness in people’s hearts—that’s what attracts them. And there is darkness within every heart. / ... / '''Leon:''' The Heartless have great fear of the Keyblade. That’s why they’ll keep coming after you no matter what. {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square | publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2| language = English}}</ref> A man named [[Ansem]], the leader of Leon's home world, is said to have studied the Heartless. Sora meets Donald and Goofy and the three decide to travel together: Donald and Goofy to find Mickey, and Sora to find Kairi and Riku. The three travel to various worlds based on Disney films, finding that the Keyblade also locks "Keyholes", passages that the Heartless use to take the heart of the world. A group of Disney villains, led by [[Maleficent]], seek out the seven Princesses of Heart to unlock the Keyhole that leads to Kingdom Hearts,<ref name="KH-MobyGames"/> a repository of knowledge and power and the source of all hearts. This group includes Riku, who Maleficent promises will help find Kairi. Maleficent sows distrust in Riku, telling him that Sora has abandoned him and Kairi for new friends and the Keyblade.<ref>'''Maleficent:''' You see? It’s just as I told you. While you toiled away trying to find your dear friend, he quite simply replaced you with some new companions. Evidently, now he values them for more than he does you. You’re better off without that wretched boy. Now, think no more of him, and come with me. I’ll help you find what you’re searching for... {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square | publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2| language = English}}</ref> An increasingly antagonistic Riku finds Kairi's body, but cannot find her heart.

Sora and his friends eventually arrive at Hollow Bastion, the home world of Ansem and the headquarters of Maleficent. Riku takes the Keyblade from Sora, claiming that he was simply the "delivery boy".<ref>'''Sora:''' But that’s impossible. How did this happen? I’m the one who fought my way here with the Keyblade! / '''Riku:''' You were just the delivery boy. Sorry, your part’s over now. Here, go play hero with this. {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square| publisher = Square Electronic Arts| date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2| language = English}}</ref> Donald and Goofy, taking their order to follow the "key" seriously, leave with Riku. Sora then challenges Riku again, stating that his heart derives strength from his friends; his friends return to him, as does the Keyblade. Shamed, Riku meets a cloaked man who goads him to give into the darkness. The three engage and kill Maleficent but then meet a strangely-behaved Riku with a Keyblade that unlocks hearts. Sora finds Kairi's body and Riku, who reveals himself to be Ansem, possessing Riku's body.<ref>'''Sora:''' What? You... You're not Riku. / ... / '''Sora:''' Tell me. Who are you? / '''Ansem:''' It is I, Ansem, the seeker of darkness. {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square | publisher = Square Electronic Arts | date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2| language = English}}</ref> Ansem explains that Kairi is a Princess of Heart and that her heart was trapped within Sora's body since Destiny Islands was decimated. After defeating Ansem, Sora uses Ansem's Keyblade to unlock his heart, releasing both his and Kairi's heart. Kairi's heart returns to her body, in turn completing the final Keyhole, while Sora's heart becomes a Heartless. Sora is then returned to human form by Kairi's heart and resolves to follow Ansem.

Ansem is found in End of the World, the combined remnants of worlds taken by the Heartless.<ref name="Goofy-EndOfWorld"/> Ansem explains his belief that darkness is the heart's true essence, and he seeks Kingdom Hearts, as that would be the ultimate darkness. However, upon opening the door to Kingdom Hearts, it reveals its light, killing Ansem. Beyond the door are Mickey and Riku, and they help Sora and the others close the door, as there are many Heartless beyond it. Mickey and Sora use their Keyblades to lock the door. The worlds reconstruct themselves, separating Sora and Kairi. The game concludes as Sora, Donald, and Goofy resolve to find Riku and Mickey.<ref>'''Donald:''' Well, now what do we do? / '''Sora:''' We’ve gotta find Riku and King Mickey. {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square | publisher = Square Electronic Arts | date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2| language = English}}</ref>

==Audio==
===Musical score===
{{see|Music of Kingdom Hearts}}
[[Image:KingdomHeartsAlbumCover.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Cover of the Kingdom Hearts soundtrack.]]
The music is composed by [[Yoko Shimomura]].<ref name="KH-OST">[[Kingdom Hearts Original Soundtrack]] CD insert. Toshiba-Emi Limited. 2002.</ref> While there are some melodies derived from previous Disney films, most of the soundtrack consists of original themes written specifically for the game by Shimomura. The opening orchestration and ending credits theme were arranged and orchestrated by [[Kaoru Wada]] and performed by the [[New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra]].<ref name="KH-OST"/> The main vocal theme for the original Japanese release was titled {{nihongo|"[[Hikari (song)|Hikari]]"|光}}. The English version of "Hikari", "[[Simple and Clean]]", was used in the Western releases and the Japanese re-release, ''Final Mix''. Both versions of the song were composed and performed by [[Utada Hikaru]]. Her involvement, along with the Japanese song title, was announced in January 2002.<ref>{{cite web| author = IGN Staff| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/100/100803p1.html| publisher = [[IGN]]| title = Hikaru Utada Sings Kingdom Hearts Theme| date = 2002-01-10 | accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> Utada was the only singer Nomura had in mind for the Kingdom Hearts theme song.<ref name="IGN-KH-Utada">{{cite web| author = Coleman, Stephen | url = http://games.ign.com/articles/368/368583p1.html| publisher = [[IGN]]| title = Square, Disney and Japanese Pop Star Utada Hikaru Collaborate on Kingdom Hearts| date = 2002-08-22 | accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> This marked the first time Utada had produced a song for a video game. The single, ''Hikari'', was released in Japan on [[March 20]], [[2002]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.toshiba-emi.co.jp/domestic/release/200203/toct4361.htm| publisher = [[Toshiba-Emi]]| title = RELEASE - Single 光| language = Japanese| accessdate=2007-05-16}}</ref> and proved to be very popular; by August 2002, it had sold over 860,000 copies in Japan.<ref name="IGN-KH-Utada"/> The Kingdom Hearts soundtrack was released on a two CD set on March 27, 2002 in Japan and a year later in the United States. The soundtrack was later included in the [[Music of Kingdom Hearts#Kingdom Hearts Original Soundtrack Complete|''Kingdom Hearts'' Original Soundtrack Complete]], which was released in Japan on the March 28, 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.play-asia.com/SOap-23-83-47e4-71-8l-77-5-49-en-15-kingdom-84-j-70-1tsc.html| publisher = PlayAsia| title = Video Game Soundtrack - Kingdom Hearts Original Soundtrack Complete Box| accessdate=2007-05-16}}</ref>

===Voice cast===
Kingdom Hearts featured well-known voice actors for both the Japanese and English versions. The Japanese version featured [[Miyu Irino]] as Sora, [[Risa Uchida]] as Kairi, and [[Mamoru Miyano]] as Riku. Other notable voice actors included [[Kōichi Yamadera]], [[Hideo Ishikawa]], [[Maaya Sakamoto]], [[Takashi Aoyagi]], [[Yutaka Shimaka]] and [[Shinichirō Miki]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0322968/fullcredits#cast| title = Full cast and crew for Kingdom Hearts (2002) (VG)| publisher = [[Internet Movie Database|IMDB]]| accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref> A special effort was made to preserve the original voice actors from the Disney movies used in ''Kingdom Hearts''. Some of the voice actors from the related television series or direct-to-video sequels were chosen over original voice actors, where applicable (e.g. [[Dan Castellaneta]] as Genie, rather than [[Robin Williams]]). The English version featured [[Haley Joel Osment]] as Sora, [[David Gallagher]] as Riku, and [[Hayden Panettiere]] as Kairi.<ref name="GP-VoiceCast">{{cite web| author = GamePro Staff| url = http://www.gamepro.com/news.cfm?article_id=23475| publisher = [[GamePro]]| title = Kingdom Hearts Voice Talent Announced| date = 2003-04-30 | accessdate=2007-05-15}}</ref><ref name="ffnet">{{cite web | author=Sains, Alex | title=Kingdom Hearts voice actors | url=http://www.ffnet.org/square-enix/kingdom-hearts/ | work=[http://www.ffnet.org/ Final Fantasy Net] | accessdate=2006-12-23}}</ref> Other notable voice actors included [[Sean Astin]], [[Lance Bass]], [[David Boreanaz]], [[Mandy Moore]], and [[Christy Romano]].<ref name="GP-VoiceCast"/>

==Development==
The idea for ''Kingdom Hearts'' came about when producer Shinji Hashimoto met with a Disney executive in an elevator; Square and Disney had previously worked in the same building in Japan.<ref name="IGN-TGS04-NI">{{cite web| publisher = [[IGN]]| title = TGS 2004: Tetsuya Nomura Q&A| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/550/550462p1.html| author = Gantayat, Anoop | date = 2004-09-23| accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref> The game began development in February 2000<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ffx.sakura.ne.jp/kh.htm| title = Kingdom Hearts キングダム　ハーツ| publisher = Final Fantasy 2000| language = Japanese| accessdate=2007-05-30}}</ref> and was announced at E3 in May of 2001.<ref name="GS-CompanyLine"/> Initial details were that it would be a collaboration between Square and Disney Interactive and would feature worlds developed by both companies and Disney characters. New characters were designed by Tetsuya Nomura and include Sora, Riku, Kairi, and the Heartless. The production team was comprised of over 100 members from both Square and Disney.<ref name="GS-CompanyLine"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=6089696| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = Kingdom Hearts Company Line| accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> A playable demo was available at the [[Tokyo Game Show]] in the autumn of 2001. The gameplay of the demo showcased many action role-playing game elements that would be included in the final product.<ref>{{cite web| author = Gerstmann, Jeff | date=October 12, 2001| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=2817757| publisher = GameSpot| title = TGS 2001 FallKingdom Hearts hands-on| accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> When choosing the Disney worlds to include in the game, Nomura and his team tried to pick worlds that had distinctively different looks.<ref name="KH-NI-PSE">{{cite web| url = http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/Playstation| title = Playstation.com Europe - E3 Interview| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Ultimania| accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref> Though they had few restrictions on which worlds they could use from the Disney franchises, they tried to remain within each character's boundaries set by their respective Disney films.<ref name="G4TV-NI">{{cite web| url = http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/features/45555/Tetsuya_Nomura_on_the_Kingdom_Hearts_Sequels.html| publisher = [[G4 (TV channel)|G4TV]]| title = Tetsuya Nomura on the Kingdom Hearts Sequels| accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref> Some content that did not make it into ''Kingdom Hearts'' was later added into ''[[Kingdom Hearts II]]''. The "Pride Land" from ''[[The Lion King]]'', for instance, was infeasible because a different program was required for Sora to turn into a lion and walk on four legs.<ref name="KH-NI-Dengeki3">{{cite web| title = Nomura Dengeki Interview #3| url = http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/Dengeki-3| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Ultimania| accessdate=2007-06-15}}</ref> [[Tifa Lockheart]] was considered to be included along with Sephiroth, but was left out due to time constraints.<ref name="KHII-TN-interview">{{cite web| url = http://www.videogamesblogger.com/2006/08/11/kingdom-hearts-ii-tetsuya-nomura-interview.htm| title = Kingdom Hearts II Tetsuya Nomura interview| publisher = Video Game Blogger| accessdate=2007-06-19}}</ref>

To help market the English release of the game, Square launched the official website in April 2002, which featured trailers, a "Name-In-Game" sweepstakes, and other Internet content.<ref>{{cite web| author = IGN Staff| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/356/356526p1.html| publisher = [[IGN]]| title = Square Opens Kingdom Hearts Page| date = 2002-05-14 | accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> On [[May 14]], [[2002]], a press release announced a list of the English voice actors. The listed included Haley Joel Osment, David Gallagher, and Hayden Panettiere as the three new characters introduced in the game. It was also announced that many of the Disney characters would be voiced by their original voice actors from their respective Disney films.<ref name="GS-CompanyLine"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/359/359415p1.html| author = IGN Staff| publisher = [[IGN]]| title = IGN: Kingdom Hearts Voice Cast| accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> Additional content was added to the North American release that was not included in the initial Japanese release.<ref name="Square-KHsite"/> The new content included new optional bosses, one of which was named after the winner of the official website's "Name-In-Game" sweepstakes,<ref name="Square-KHsite"/> an additional difficulty level,<ref>{{cite web| author = GamePro Staff| date = 2003-04-30| publisher = [[GamePro]]| url = http://www.gamepro.com/news.cfm?article_id=25541| title = Square Confirms Kingdom Hearts Date| accessdate=2007-05-15}}</ref> and an unlockable teaser of ''Kingdom Hearts II''.<ref name="G4TV-NI"/> The new content was later added to the Japanese re-release titled ''Kingdom Hearts Final Mix''. ''Final Mix'' also included additional content such as new items, cut scenes, and enemies. The new content served as a [[Canon (fiction)|canonical]] update to the original release and further hinted at plotlines that would be explained in sequels.

==Reception==
<div style="font-size: 90%;float:right;border-left:1em solid white">
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Review scores'''
!Publication
!Score
|-
|<center>''[[1UP.com]]''
|<center>8.8 out of 10<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.1up.com/do/gameOverview?cId=2006486| publisher = 1UP.com| title = Kingdom Hearts PS2 Game| accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref>
|-
|<center>''[[Eurogamer]]''
|<center>8 out of 10<ref name="KH-EuroG">{{cite web| author = Tom Bramwell| publisher = [[Eurogamer]]| url = http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=4051| date = 2002-12-11| title = Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories Review| accessdate=2007-06-07}}</ref>
|-
|<center>''[[Famitsu]]''
|<center>36 out of 40<ref>{{cite web | author= KK | url=http://www.zelda-fans.com/archives/2006/02/highest-scoring-games-in-famitsus-history/ | title=Highest Scoring Games in Famitsu’s History | accessdate=2007-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|<center>''[[Game Informer]]''
|<center>9.5 out of 10<ref name="GI-KH-Review">{{cite web| author = Andrew Reiner| url = http://www.gameinformer.com/Games/Review/200210/R03.0731.1541.35640.htm?CS_pid=280415| title = Kingdom Hearts Review| publisher = [[Game Informer]]| accessdate=2007-06-22}}</ref>
|-
|<center>''[[GameSpot]]''
|<center>8.2 out of 10<ref name="KHgamespot"/>
|-
|<center>''[[GameSpy]]''
|<center>4 out of 5<ref name="KHgamespy"/>
|-
|<center>''[[IGN]]''
|<center>9 out of 10<ref name="IGN-KH"/>
|-
|<center>''[[X-Play]]''
|<center>4 out of 5<ref name=">{{cite web| author = Miguel Concepcion| date = 2002-12-25| title = Kingdom Hearts (PS2) Review| publisher = [[G4 (TV channel)|G4TV]]| url = http://www.g4tv.com/techtvvault/features/39625/Kingdom_Hearts_PS2_Review.html| accessdate=2007-06-22}}</ref>
|-
!colspan=2|Compilations of multiple reviews
|-
|<center>''[[Game Rankings]]''
|<center>86%<ref name="KHgamerankings">{{cite web| url = http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages4/516587.asp| title = Kingdom Hearts (PS2) Reviews| publisher = [[Game Rankings]]| accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref>
|-
|<center>''[[Metacritic]]''
|<center>85 out of 100<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ps2/kingdomhearts| publisher = [[Metacritic]]| title = Kingdom Hearts (PS2) Reviews| accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref>
|}
</div>
''Kingdom Hearts'' received overall positive reviews and sales figures. During the first two months of its North American release it was one of the top three highest-selling video games<ref>{{cite web| author = Calvert, Justin | url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=2897836| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = October video game sales |date=2002-11-18 |accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref> and was one of the top selling titles during the 2002 holiday season. At the end of April 2003, Square announced that ''Kingdom Hearts'' had sold its millionth copy in the United States, which made it eligible for PlayStation's "Greatest Hits" status, and over 3 million worldwide.<ref name="greatesthits"/> Sales reached 1.2 million in Japan in the first quarter of 2004, and broke 4 million worldwide.<ref>{{cite web| author = GameSpot Staff| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=6091627| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = Kingdom Hearts tips scales at 4 million| date = 2004-03-17 | accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> In December 2005, the [[NPD Group]] listed it as "one of the top ten best-selling PlayStation 2 titles of all time in North America".<ref>{{cite web| title = Kingdom Hearts II Gets All-Star Cast| url = http://games.ign.com/articles/686/686944p1.html| author = Coleman, Stephen | publisher = [[IGN]]| date = 2006-02-08| accessdate=2007-06-14}}</ref> As of December 2006, ''Kingdom Hearts'' had shipped over 5.6 million copies worldwide with 1.1 million in [[PAL region]]s, 1.5 million in Japan, and 3 million in North America.<ref name="10mil"/>

===Critical response===
The game received high ratings among reviews. In 2007, [[IGN]] listed ''Kingdom Hearts'' as the 22nd best PlayStation 2 game of all time.<ref name="22nd">{{cite web| author = IGN PlayStation Team| date=2007-03-16| url=http://ps2.ign.com/articles/772/772296p1.html| title = The Top 25 PS2 Games of All Time| publisher = [[IGN]]| accessdate=2007-03-18}}</ref> Critics commended the visuals, orchestral score, voice acting, and action-adventure role-playing game feel to the game. IGN named it "Best Art Style/Direction", runner-up for "Best CG Graphics", and honorable mention for "Best Animation" in IGN's 2003 list of "Best Looking Games on PS2".<ref>{{cite web| author = Perry, Douglass C. | url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/390/390226p1.html| publisher = [[IGN]]| title = IGN: The Best Looking Games on PS2| date = 2003-03-20 | accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> ''GamePro'' stated the graphics were "gorgeous" and rated them a 4.5 out of 5.<ref name="GP-KH"/> The audio was also praised, particularly the quality of the voice-overs<ref name="KHgamespy"/><ref name="KHgamespot"/> and a well received musical score. ''GamePro'' had positive comments on the overall audio and rated it a 5 out of 5.<ref name="GP-KH"/>

Criticism about the gameplay was mixed. Many reviews complained that the camera was at times frustrating and the Gummi Ship portions were out of place. GameSpot cited "tedious" gameplay and Gummi Ship sections as "pale imitations of the [[Star Fox (series)|''Star Fox'' series]]", but stated that the combat was fun, particularly the boss fights.<ref name="KHgamespot"/> They also commented that the concept of mixing the serious elements of ''Final Fantasy'' with the lighter elements of Disney seemed impossible, but was pulled off quite well. Because of that they awarded ''Kingdom Hearts'' "Best Crossover Since Capcom vs. SNK" in their 2002 Best and Worst of the Year awards.<ref name="BWGS"/> [[MediaWorks (publisher)|Dengeki Online]] commented on the camera controls, saying that the camera would often run into objects while being rotated by the player.<ref>{{cite web| publisher = Dengeki Online| url = http://www.dengekionline.com/soft/review/rev_kingdomhearts.htm| language = Japanese| title = 電撃オンライン編集部がオススメするソフトを個性的なレビュアーがアツく語る!| accessdate = 2007-07-08}}</ref> GameSpy cited that the periodic departure from the main plot into the Disney side stories was disappointing, and when the original plot builds to a climax, "...the story fails to gel thanks to a confusing mish-mash of vague terms and symbolism that probably made more sense in the director's head than in this final product." Aside from the plot, they stated the overall package was worth playing through to the end.<ref name="KHgamespy"/> Fan response was also positive; ''Kingdom Hearts'' was voted as the 19th best game of all-time by readers of the Japanese magazine ''[[Famitsu]]'',<ref name="Famitsu">{{cite web| title=Famitsu Reveals Top 100 Reader-Voted Games Of All-Time| url = http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=8378| publisher = [[Gamasutra]]| date = 2006-03-03 | accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref> 16th by the users of website [[GameFAQs]],<ref>{{cite web | author=GameFAQs Site Staff| year=2005| url = http://www.gamefaqs.com/features/contest/top10| title=Fall 2005: 10-Year Anniversary Contest - The 10 Best Games Ever| publisher = [[GameFAQs]]| accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref> and 92nd by IGN users.<ref>{{cite web| author = IGN Site Staff | year = 2006 | title = Readers' Picks Top 100 Games: 91-100 | url = http://top100.ign.com/2006/091-100.html | publisher = [[IGN]] | accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref>

==Versions and merchandise==
There were a multiple versions of ''Kingdom Hearts'' released. The first was the original Japanese release which was followed by the North American and PAL releases, which included additional content. The game was later re-released in Japan as ''Kingdom Hearts Final Mix'', which featured the content of the North American/PAL release, as well as new content. Both Square and Disney also released numerous types of merchandise before and after the release of the game. Merchandise ranged from toys and figurines<ref name="Square-KHsite"/> to clothing items and books. Like the ''Final Fantasy'' games, Square released an ''[[Ultimania]]'' book on ''Kingdom Hearts'' in Japan following the release of the game and a revised edition following the release of ''Final Mix''. In North America, a strategy guide was released by [[Brady Games]]. It featured a comprehensive walkthrough and a sticker activity journal.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bradygames.com/title/0744001986| title = Kingdom Hearts Official Strategy Guide| publisher = [[Brady Games]]| accessdate = 2007-07-07}}</ref><ref name="KH-StrategyGuide"/> A [[Kingdom Hearts (manga series)|manga series]] based on the game was also released in both Japan and the United States. A novel series also based on the game was released in Japan. It was authored by Tomoco Kanemaki and illustrated by Shiro Amano. The novel series consists of two volumes and is scheduled to be released in the United States in August 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.amazon.com/Kingdom-Hearts-First-Door/dp/1423103955/| title = Kingdom Hearts: The First Door - #1 (Kingdom Hearts) (Paperback)| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| accessdate=2007-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| url = http://www.amazon.com/Kingdom-Hearts-Darkness-Within/dp/1423103963/| title = Kingdom Hearts: Darkness Within - #2 (Kingdom Hearts) (Paperback)| accessdate=2007-06-27}}</ref>

===Final Mix===
[[Image:Neo Shadow.jpg|200px|thumb|bottom|right|Neoshadows, one of the new enemies, in ''Final Mix'', along with the One-Winged Angel Keyblade.]]
''Kingdom Hearts Final Mix'' has several events and a number of gameplay tweaks that are not in previous releases. Spoken dialogue is in English,<ref name="IGN-FinalMix">{{cite web| url = http://ps2.ign.com/objects/665/665093.html| publisher = [[IGN]]| title = IGN: Kingdom Hearts Final Mix| accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref> with Japanese subtitles. New scenes, clarifying certain plot points, such as Riku's journey and foreshadowing of ''Kingdom Hearts II'', were included. A gameplay tweak allows the player to skip cut scenes after seeing them once.<ref name="IGN-FinalMix"/> The optional bosses first included in the English version were introduced to Japanese players for the first time, along with "[[Organization XIII#I. Xemnas|Unknown]]", in an attempt to raise interest for the sequel. In another attempt at foreshadowing, a video titled "Another Side, Another Story [deep dive]" plays at the ending if the player accomplishes certain tasks.<ref name="KHInsider-FinalMix">{{cite web| url = http://www.khinsider.com/kingdom-hearts/final-mix.html| publisher = Kindgom Hearts Insider| title = Kingdom Hearts Insider - Final Mix| accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref> New music tracks incorporated were "Disappeared" and "Another Side". The "Night on Bald Mountain" and "One-Winged Angel" tracks from the English version were included as well. Other changes include new abilities, new weapons, new items, additional and recolored enemies,<ref name="KHS-UltimaniaAlpha>{{cite book| year = 2005| title = Kingdom Hearts Series Ultimania α ~Introduction of Kingdom Hearts II~| publisher = [[Square Enix]]| language = Japanese| isbn= 4-7575-1597-9}}</ref> and gameplay tweaks to make the game easier for the player, along with two new difficulty levels.<ref name="KHInsider-FinalMix"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.neoseeker.com/Games/Products/PS2/kingdomhearts_final/| publisher = [[Neoseeker]]| title = Kingdom Hearts: Final Mix (Import)| accessdate=2007-05-29}}</ref>

On the first day of the re-release, the game also included either a deck of Kingdom Hearts cards or a special music CD. A limited "Platinum Edition" version of ''Kingdom Hearts Final Mix'' was also released. The platinum version included an action figure of Sora, a sticker set, sketches of some of the main characters, and the game itself.<ref name="IGN-FinalMix">{{cite web| url = http://ps2.ign.com/objects/665/665093.html| publisher = [[IGN]]| title = IGN: Kingdom Hearts: Final Mix| accessdate=2007-05-13}}</ref>

===Manga===
{{see|Kingdom Hearts (manga)}}
[[Image:KingdomHeartsMangaVol1Cover.jpg|thumb|left|118px|Cover of the first volume of the ''Kingdom Hearts'' manga.]]
The game was adapted into a [[Kingdom Hearts (manga series)|manga]] by [[Shiro Amano]]. The story follows the events that took place in the game with a few minor differences to account for the loss of interactivity a video game provides. Some events that took place in the ''Final Mix'' version were also included. The manga was originally serialized in Japan by Square's ''[[Monthly Shōnen Gangan]]'', but has since been released worldwide. All four volumes have been published in English in the [[United States]] by [[Tokyopop]]. The first volume was released on October 11, 2005<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.amazon.com/Kingdom-Hearts-Vol-Shiro-Amano/dp/1598162179/| title = Kingdom Hearts, Vol. 1 (Paperback)| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| accessdate=2007-07-29}}</ref> and was ranked 95th in [[USA Today|USA Today's]] "Top 150 best sellers" during the week of its release.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://asp.usatoday.com/life/books/booksdatabase/default.aspx?lastValue=90&date=10/20/2005| publisher = [[USA Today]]| title = USA Today Best-Selling Books Database - Top 150 best sellers| accessdate=2007-07-05}}</ref> The fourth volume was released on July 10, 2006<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.amazon.com/Kingdom-Hearts-Vol-Shiro-Amano/dp/1598162209/| title = Kingdom Hearts, Vol. 4 (Paperback)| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| accessdate=2007-07-29}}</ref> and was followed by a boxed set containing all four volumes on October 10, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.amazon.com/Kingdom-Hearts-Boxed-Set-vols-1-4/dp/1598168088/| title = Kingdom Hearts Boxed Set--vols 1-4 (Paperback)| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| accessdate=2007-07-29}}</ref> The series was followed by a second manga series, ''[[Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories]]''. A noteworthy feature of the manga is that even in its original, Japanese language edition, the ''Kingdom Hearts'' comic adaptation was designed to be read from left to right, contrary to the Japanese norm, although the later ''Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories'' and ''Kingdom Hearts II'' comic adaptations are read from right to left.
{{-}}

==References==
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<references />
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==External links==

{{wikiquote}}

*[http://na.square-enix.com/games/kingdomhearts/ Official ''Kingdom Hearts'' site]
*[http://www.kingdom-hearts.com/ Official international ''Kingdom Hearts ''site]
*{{imdb title|id=0322968}}
*{{moby game|id=/kingdom-hearts}}

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[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 2-only games]]

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Carrot Top (Komiker)

2007-07-31T21:30:11Z

Extransit: Reverted 1 edit by Mean Mr Mustard 17 to last revision by SummonerMarc. using TW

[[Image:Carrot top.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Carrot Top on the cover of a portraiture book by Ryan McGinness]]
:''For the record label, see [[Carrot Top Records]]''
'''Carrot Top''', born '''Scott Thompson''' on [[February 25]], [[1965]] (though he has claimed in interviews to be born in 1967 and 1969) in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] is an [[United States|American]] [[prop comic|prop comedian]] famous for his red hair. According to his official site Carrot Top spends fifteen weeks a year doing live performances in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] (currently performing at the [[Luxor Hotel]]) and does over 100 shows a year on tour. His comedy routine is most known for his comedic use of props. He was also the [[continuity announcer]] for [[Cartoon Network]] between [[1995 in television|1995]] and [[1999 in television|1999]].

Carrot Top grew up in Florida where his father, Larry, was a scientist at [[NASA]].<ref name="bio">[http://www.carrottop.com/ Carrot Top] - [http://www.carrottop.com/newcarrot/bio/index.html Biography]. Retrieved [[3 November]] [[2006]].</ref> He graduated from [[Cocoa High School]] in 1983.<ref>http://cocoahigh.alumnivillage.com/ProfileView.asp?alumni=1902</ref> He is a graduate of [[Florida Atlantic University]] in [[Boca Raton, Florida|Boca Raton]].<ref name="bio"/> When someone suggested he try out for the college talent show he tried a few old jokes, but found real success the next year when he added a few props to his act.

Carrot Top has also appeared in movies, including [[1998 in film|1998]]'s ''[[Chairman of the Board (movie)|Chairman of The Board]]'', and has served as a spokesman in commercials for [[1-800-CALL-ATT]].

== Trivia ==
{{Trivia|date=June 2007}}
*Carrot Top's father appeared as a contestant on [[GSN]]'s revival of ''[[I've Got a Secret]]''. The Panel figured out his secret, and Carrot Top gave a performance.
*He has made guest appearances in TV shows such as ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'', ''[[Reno 911!]]'', ''[[Figure It Out]]'', and ''[[Mind Freak]]''.
*Carrot Top has also been frequently parodied, often in a manner mocking his routine as unfunny. Such examples include ''[[Mr. Show]]'' (in which [[David Cross]] appears as "Blueberry Head"), ''[[King of the Hill]]'' ("Celery Head"), and ''[[Family Guy]]'' ("Carrot Scalp"). Even his ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'' appearance as himself shows him being unfunny to the present [[Medical intern|interns]].
*Carrot Top recorded a commentary track for the 2002 Roger Avery film ''[[The Rules of Attraction (film)|The Rules of Attraction]].'' On the commentary he states that the reason he did it was because "they couldn't find anyone else to do it."{{citation}}
*During the late 1990s, Carrot Top started an Internet company that specialized in [[Dewey Decimal System]] mechanics.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} The company was quickly bought out by [[DataNet Systems Corporation]] for reasons unknown. On two appearances on an East Coast comedy tour, Carrot Top jokes about how he revolutionized the Internet based data retrieval system.
*Numerous rumors have surfaced about the appearance of Carrot Top in recent appearances. A distinct difference in his features has caused speculation on blogs and entertainment sites that the change is due to plastic surgery.<ref>{{cite web| title=A Man with Two Faces | publisher=TMZ Productions, Inc | url=http://www.tmz.com/2007/01/19/a-man-with-two-faces/ | accessdate=2007-04-02}}</ref>
*Carrot Top took up [[bodybuilding]] in 2001.<ref>[http://www.hollywoodrag.com/ Hollywood Rag] - [http://www.hollywoodrag.com/index.php?/weblog/comments/carrot_top_gets_buff/ Carrot Top Gets Buff]. Published [[18 August]] [[2005]]. Retrieved [[3 November]] [[2006]].</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
*[[American Comedy Award]]: "Best Male Stand-Up", 1994

== References ==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

== External links ==
* [http://www.carrottop.com/ Carrot Top's official website.]
* {{imdb name|id=0005488|name=Carrot Top}}
* [http://www.crazewire.com/features/2002120872.php Carrot Top Interview]
* [http://www.canada.com/topics/entertainment/story.html?id=1bde849e-fa58-4355-8dfe-b25973f14952&k=85677 An interview with CanWest News Service.]
* [http://www.americasupportsyou.mil/americasupportsyou/Content.aspx?ID=14256200&SectionID=1 Spirit of America Tour press release]
* [http://clunt.proboards84.com/index.cgi Carrot Top Community]

[[Category:1965 births|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:American comedians|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:American film actors|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:American stand-up comedians|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:American television personalities|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:Florida Atlantic University alumni|Top, Carrot]]
[[Category:Living people|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:People from Brevard County, Florida|Carrot Top]]
[[Category:Prop comics|Carrot Top]]

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