Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Vertikaltuchakrobatik

2010-07-26T07:50:41Z

Exploding Boy: cleanup

{{dablink|For other uses of this word, see [[Silk (disambiguation)]].}}
[[Image:AerialShowgirlsTissu2.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial silk performer]]
'''Aerial silk''' (also known as '''aerial contortion''', '''aerial ribbons''', '''aerial silks''', '''aerial tissues''', '''fabric''', '''ribbon''', or '''''tissu''''', depending on regional preference)<ref name=Smith>Smith, S.E. [http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-silks.htm What are Silks?] Wisegeek.com. Retrieved on Oct 2, 2009.</ref> is a type of performance in which one or more artists perform aerial [[acrobatics]] while hanging from a special fabric. Performers climbs the suspended fabric without the use of safety lines, and rely only on their training and skill to ensure safety. They use the fabric to wrap, suspend, fall, swing, and spiral their bodies into and out of various positions. Aerial silks may be used to fly through the air, striking poses and figures while flying. Some performers use dried or spray [[rosin]] on their hands and feet to increase the friction and grip on the fabric.

[[Image:Aerial silk.jpg|thumb|right|Christianne "Flip" Sainz of Aerial Angels performing aerial silk at King Richard's Faire, a [[renaissance faire]] in Massachusetts.]]

===Fabrics===

The fabrics used as silks are very strong with some give and flexibility. The width varies depending on the routine and the acrobat. The fabric is usually quite long, as it is doubled for rigging, giving the acrobat two strips of fabric to work with as he or she performs.<ref name=Smith></ref>

* '''Stretch'''
** '''Low stretch fabrics.''' Low stretch fabrics provide a high degree of control for precision choreography. With the spread of motorized rigging and sophisticated shock absorbing hardware, low stretch fabric is used in most modern professional productions.
** '''Medium stretch fabrics.''' Medium stretch fabrics are becoming less common, as they do not have many of the advantages of lower stretch fabrics. Primarily Russian artists and those who trained in the early-mid nineties use mid stretch fabrics.

* '''Width'''. Fabric width is mostly a personal choice. The thickness of the fabric when gathered is also influenced by the "[[Units of textile measurement#Denier|denier]]", or technical thickness of the fabrics weave. 40 denier is a common choice. The following applies to 40 denier nylon fabric:
** 60" - Narrow when open, thin when gathered. Fairly common simply because the fabric is widely available.
** 72-84” - Average for adult performers
** 96" - Wide when open, thick when gathered. Best for adults with large hands.
**108” - Very wide and thick. For adults with very large hands, or specialty acts.

* '''Length'''
**Length is a function of the height of the space available.
** For beginners, it is beneficial if the fabric comes down past the ground, allowing them to practice wraps at a lower level where they can be spotted.
** For intermediate users and above, it is sufficient if the fabrics to come down to the ground.
** For all users, the space required is usually between 20 and 30 ft. There are a great many tricks that can be done on a 12 to 15 foot aerial fabric and a few drops require more than 30 feet but for the most part 20 to 30 feet is best.

==Footnotes==
<references />

== References ==
* [http://community.simplycircus.com/tutorials/aerial/aerial_silks.htm Simply Circus: Aerial Silks Resource Page]
* [http://community.simplycircus.com/pdf/aerial_fabrics_faq_v1.pdf Simply Circus: Aerial Fabrics - FAQ for Aerialists] [PDF, 137 KB]
* [http://www.antepenultimate.org/mediawiki/index.php/Glossary Aerial Silks Visual Glossary]
* [http://community.simplycircus.com/tutorials/aerial/aerial_arts_faq.htm Simply Circus: Aerial Arts FAQ]
* [http://www.fedec.net//website/EN/contain_pageuk/ukpdf/m2(uk).pdf ''Basic Circus Arts Instruction Manual'': Chapter 2 - "Static Trapeze, Rope and Silks."] [PDF, 6.2 MB] European Federation of Professional Circus Schools (FEDEC), 2008.
* [http://www.fedec.net//website/EN/contain_pageuk/ukpdf/m8(uk).pdf ''Basic Circus Arts Instruction Manual'': Chapter 8 - "Manual for Safety and Rigging."] [PDF, 3.3 MB] European Federation of Professional Circus Schools (FEDEC), 2008.
* [http://www.aerialrigging.org/Rigging%20Army%20FM5-125%201995.pdf FM 5-125: ''Rigging Techniques, Procedures, and Applications.''] [PDF, 3.6 MB] US Army, 1995.
* Steven Santos. [http://community.simplycircus.com/powerpoint/Rigging%20I.ppt Simply Circus: "Rigging I."] [Powerpoint presentation, 572 KB]
* Sharon McCutcheon, Geoff Perrem. ''Circus in Schools Handbook.'' Tarook Publishing, 2004. (ISBN 0975687409)
* Hovey Burgess, Judy Finelli. ''Circus Techniques.'' Brian Dube, 1989. (ISBN 0917643003)
* Carrie Heller. ''Aerial Circus Training and Safety Manual.'' National Writers Press, 2004. (ISBN 0881001368)
* Shana Kennedy. ''Aerial Skills Illustrated 2007.'' Project 630570 at Lulu.com, 2007.
* Jayne C. Bernasconi and Nancy E. Smith. ''Aerial Dance.'' United States: Human Kinetics, 2008. (ISBN 0736073965) [http://books.google.com/books?id=yC-5S4Rt8kUC View at Google Books]
* Elena Zanzu, M.A. ''Il Trapezio Oscillante: Storie di Circo nell'Aria.'' (''The Swinging Trapeze: Histories of the Circus in the Air.'') Bologna University, Italy, 2004-2005. Language: Italian.
* Rebekah Leach. ''Beginning Aerial Fabric Instructional Manual.'' Project 7604664 at Lulu.com, 2009. [http://www.aerialdancing.com/AerialDancing/Fabric_Manuals.html View at AerialDancing.com]
* Rebekah Leach. ''Intermediate Aerial Fabric Instructional Manual Parts 1 & 2.'' Publisher: Lulu.com, 2010. [http://www.aerialdancing.com/AerialDancing/Fabric_Manuals.html View at AerialDancing.com]

[[Category:Performing arts]]
[[Category:Circus skills]]

[[es:Tela acrobática]]
[[fr:Tissu (agrès)]]

Touch Me (I Want Your Body)

2009-07-29T06:28:38Z

Exploding Boy: not notable

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Touch Me (I Want Your Body)
| Caption = 7" single
| Cover = Touch me (I want your body).jpg|200px
| Artist = [[Samantha Fox]]
| from Album = [[Touch Me (Samantha Fox album)|Touch Me]]
| B-side = "Never Gonna Fall in Love Again"
| Released = 1986
| Format = [[7" single]], [[12"|12" maxi]]
| Recorded = 1986
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]], [[Rock music|Rock]]
| Length = 3:44
| Label = [[Jive Records]]
| Writer = Jon Astrop, Pete Q. Harris, [[Mark Shreeve]]
| Producer = Jon Astrop Pete Q. Harris
| Last single = -
| This single = "'''Touch Me (I Want Your Body)'''" (1986)
| Next single = "[[Do Ya Do Ya (Wanna Please Me)]]" (1987)
{{Extra album cover
| Upper caption = Alternate covers
| Type = Single
| Cover = Touch Me (I Want Your Body) 12 inch.jpg
| Lower caption = 12" single
}}
{{Extra album cover
| Upper caption =
| Type = Single
| Cover = Sam-Fox-Touch-Me-I-Want-Your-Body-US-7-inch.jpg
| Lower caption = U.S. 7" single
}}
{{Extra album cover
| Upper caption =
| Type = Single
| Cover = Sam-Fox-Touch-Me-I-Want-Your-Body-US-12-inch.jpg
| Lower caption = U.S. 12" single
}}
}}

"'''Touch Me (I Want Your Body)'''" was the first hit for [[United Kingdom|British]] singer [[Samantha Fox]]. It was released in 1986 from her debut album ''[[Touch Me (Samantha Fox album)|Touch Me]]''. The was a worldwide hit, hitting #4 in the U.S. (usually a tough market for international acts), #3 in her native UK, and topping the Australian chart. It can be deemed as the singer's [[signature song]].

==Lyrics and music video==
[[Image:Touch Me (I Want Your Body).jpg|left|200px|thumb|From the music video.]]
The song, recorded at Battery Studios, London, is about her searching for a man. The video featured her performing to a packed crowd wearing ripped denim jeans. During the song she pulls a young man from the crowd and teases him before moving on to someone else. A stand-out scene from the video is the close up shot of Samantha as she is heard [[Orgasm|moaning in a sexual manner]].
The song itself is layered with sexual lines, including: "Like a tramp in the night, I was begging for you, to treat my body like you wanted to" and of course the chorus itself, "Touch me, touch me, I wanna feel your body, your heartbeat next to mine, touch me, touch me NOW!".

==Cover versions==
* Parts of the song were sampled by [[The KLF]] in their single [[All You Need Is Love (The JAMs song)|All You Need Is Love]] in [[1987]].
* In August [[2004]] a [[eurodance]] cover version was produced by Swedish music artist [[Mats Söderlund|Günther]] with Samantha Fox performing new vocals for the song. The video also features Fox.
* European alternative band The Hot Stewards covered the song for their 2007 album ''Cover Up''.
* [[Montreal]] acoustic cover band The Lost Fingers recorded a cover of the song for their 2008 album ''Lost In The 80s''.

==Track listings==
; 7" single
# "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)" — 3:44
# "Never Gonna Fall in Love Again" — 5:06

; 12" maxi
# "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)" (extended version) — 5:19
# "Never Gonna Fall in Love Again" — 5:07

; 12" maxi - Remixes
# "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)" (blue mix) — 5:49
# "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)" (alternative version) — 4:09
# "Tonight's the Night" — 3:16

; 12" maxi - U.S.
# "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)" (extended version) — 5:19
# "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)" — 3:44
# "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)" (blue mix) — 5:49
# "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)" (alternative version) — 4:09
# "Drop Me a Line" - 3:47

==Certifications==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Country
!Certification
!Date
!Sales certified
|-
|Canada<ref>Canada certifications [http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php cria.ca] (Retrieved January 12, 2009)</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|February 26, 1987
|align="center"|50,000
|-
|France<ref>French certifications [http://www.chartsinfrance.net/certifications/artiste-211.htm Chartsinfrance.net] (Retrieved January 19, 2009)</ref>
|align="center"|Silver
|align="center"|1986
|align="center"|200,000
|-
|UK<ref>UK certifications [http://www.bpi.co.uk/ Bpi.co.uk] (Retrieved January 19, 2009)</ref>
|align="center"|Silver
|align="center"|April 1, 1986
|align="center"|200,000
|-
|}

==Charts==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1986)
!Peak position
|-
|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>Austrian Singles Chart [http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Samantha+Fox&titel=Touch+Me+%28I+Want+Your+Body%29&cat=s Austriancharts.at] (Retrieved December 21, 2007)</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|Canadian Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|French SNEP Singles Chart<ref>French Singles Chart [http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Samantha+Fox&titel=Touch+Me+%28I+Want+Your+Body%29&cat=s Lescharts.com] (Retrieved December 21, 2007)</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|German Singles Chart<ref>German Singles Chart [http://www.charts-surfer.de/musiksearch.php Charts-surfer.de] (Retrieved January 19, 2009)</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|Irish Singles Chart<ref>Irish Single Chart [http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement Irishcharts.ie] (Retrieved January 19, 2009)</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|Italian FIMI Singles Chart
|align="center"|3
|-
|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>Norwegian Singles Chart [http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Samantha+Fox&titel=Touch+Me+%28I+Want+Your+Body%29&cat=s Norwegiancharts.com] (Retrieved December 21, 2007)</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|South African Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>Swedish Singles Chart [http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Samantha+Fox&titel=Touch+Me+%28I+Want+Your+Body%29&cat=s Swedishcharts.com] (Retrieved December 21, 2007)</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>Swiss Singles Chart [http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Samantha+Fox&titel=Touch+Me+%28I+Want+Your+Body%29&cat=s Hitparade.ch] (Retrieved December 21, 2007)</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|UK Singles Chart<ref>"Touch Me (I Want Your Body)", UK Singles Chart [http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=13236 Chartstats.com] (Retrieved January 19, 2009)</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="Billboard">Billboard [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&searchlink=SAMANTHA|FOX&sql=11:difpxqe5ldke~T51 Allmusic.com] (Retrieved January 19, 2009)</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play<ref name="Billboard"/>
|align="center"|41
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales<ref name="Billboard"/>
|align="center"|27
|-
|}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The Final Countdown (song)|The Final Countdown]]" by [[Europe (band)|Europe]]
| title = [[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish]] [[List of Swedish number-one hits|number-one single]]
| years = July 9, 1986 - August 13, 1986 (8 weeks)
| after = "Do Ya Do Ya (Wanna Please Me)" by [[Samantha Fox]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Jeanny]]" by [[Falco]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-Lista]] [[List of number-one hits in Norway|number-one single]]
| years = 27/1986 - 30/1986 (4 weeks)
| after = "[[Papa Don't Preach]]" by [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "Midnight Lady" by [[Chris Norman]]
| title = [[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss]] [[List of Swiss number-one hits of 1986|number-one single]]
| years = June 15, 1986 - July 6, 1986 (4 weeks)
| after = "[[Venus (Shocking Blue song)|Venus]]" by [[Bananarama]]
}}
{{end box}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://mfile.akamai.com/9139/wmv/stream.wmg.com/wmi/sweden/video/gunther_samanthafox_touchme_hi.wmv Günther - Touch Me (video) featuring Samantha Fox]
*[http://youtube.com/watch?v=u8LiaBtgvNk&search=samantha%20fox%20touch%20me the video shown on YouTube]

[[Category:1986 singles]]
[[Category:Günther songs]]
[[Category:Number-one debut singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Sweden]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Samantha Fox songs]]

Casual Sex

2009-05-22T02:15:18Z

Exploding Boy: Reverted edits by 67.189.209.6 (talk) to last version by 71.102.163.39

{{Close Relationships}}
''For the 1988 comedy film starring Lea Thompson, see "[[Casual Sex?]]".''

'''Casual sex''' refers to certain types of [[human sexual behavior|sexual activity]] outside the context of a [[romantic relationship]]. The term is not always used consistently: some use it to refer to any [[extramarital sex]], some use it to refer to sex in a [[casual relationship]], whereas others reserve its use for [[One-night stand|one-time encounters]], [[promiscuity]], or to refer to sex in the absence of emotional attachment or love.<ref>[http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/casual casual - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/casual%20sex casual sex - Definitions from Dictionary.com]</ref>

==Related terms==

A '''hookup''' ([[colloquialism|colloquial]] [[American English]]) is casual sex activity that could consist of manual stimulation, [[oral sex]], or [[sexual intercourse]]. An '''extended hookup''' sometimes refers to prolonged instances of casual sex interactions. This is a situation in which the involved parties occasionally meet for casual sex multiple times, always without a long-term commitment. This is a [[casual relationship]] specifically for sex and without any emotional aspect.

Other [[colloquialism|colloquial]] terms used to describe two people engaged in a relationship in which there is no emotional but purely sexual involvement are "fuck buddies", "friends with benefits", and "[[Booty call (slang)|booty call]]".

==Social norms and moral concerns==
Many religions consider sex outside of marriage to be immoral (see [[Religion and sexuality]]). People's ideas about casual sex range from conservative religious views (chastity) to liberal views. During the [[sexual revolution]] in the [[United States]] and [[Europe]] in the 1960s and 1970s, social attitudes about sex underwent considerable change. Divorce and abortions became easier to obtain.

The term "hookup" gained popularity and attracted media attention during the late 1990s and has been widely accepted by [[Millennial Generation|Millennials]]{{Fact|date=March 2008}}.

== One-night stand ==

''[[One-night stand]]'' is a single [[human sexual behavior|sexual encounter]] between individuals, where at least one of the parties has no immediate intention or expectation of establishing a longer-term sexual or romantic relationship.

=== Anonymous sex ===
''[[Anonymous sex]]'' is a form of [[one-night stand]] or ''casual sex'' between people who have very little or no history with each other, often engaging in [[sexual activity]] on the same day of their meeting and usually never seeing each other again afterwards.<ref>[http://www.thebody.com/content/art32205.html Anonymous Sex - The Body]</ref>

==Commercial sites==
There are many specialist [[online dating service]]s known as "adult personals" or "adult matching" sites which cater to people looking a purely physical relationship without emotional attachments. The [[internet]] provides a relatively anonymous forum whereby two people geographically close but in totally separate work and social circles can meet without any expectation of an emotional relationship.

==See also==
*[[List of sexology topics]]
*[[Anonymous sex]]
*[[Booty call (slang)|Booty call]]
*[[Casual relationship]]
*[[Cottaging]]
*[[Dogging (sexual slang)|Dogging]]
*[[Group sex]]
*[[Sexual norm]]
*[[Swinging]]
*[[Friends with benefits]]
*[[Sexually transmitted disease|STD]]s

==References==
===Bibliography===
*[[Barbara Ehrenreich|Ehrenreich, Barbara]], Elizabeth Hess, and Gloria Jacobs. ''Re-Making Love: The Feminization of Sex''. Doubleday, 1986 (ISBN 0-385-18498-0)

===Notes===
{{refimprovesmall|date=September 2008}}
{{Reflist}}



{{sex-stub}}

[[Category:Intimate relationships]]
[[Category:Casual sex| ]]

[[de:Schäferstündchen]]
[[es:Cortejo sexual]]
[[fr:Sexualité libre]]

Japanophilie

2008-08-29T20:03:45Z

Exploding Boy: Reverted edits by 92.11.96.177 (talk) to last version by TXiKiBoT

[[Image:Lafcadio hearn.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lafcadio Hearn]], aka Koizumi Yakumo, a notable scholar and author well known for his strong interest in Japanese culture and books on Japan.]]

'''Japanophilia''' is an interest in, or love of, [[Japan]] and all things Japanese. (Its opposite is [[Japanophobia]].) One who has such an interest or love is a '''Japanophile'''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Japanophile|encyclopedia=Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged|year=2002|publisher=Merriam-Webster|quote=one who especially admires and likes Japan or Japanese ways|url=http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com|accessdate=2008-01-08}}</ref> Various cultures and peoples have gone through various periods of Japanophilia, for various reasons, throughout history.

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, [[Carl Peter Thunberg]] and [[Philipp Franz von Siebold]], who stayed in the Dutch outpost of [[Dejima]], helped introduce Japanese flora, artworks, and other objects to Europe. Some consider them to be among the earliest Japanophiles.<ref>{{cite book|title=William and Henry Walters, the Reticent Collectors|author=William R. Johnston|pages=76|date=1999|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=0801860407}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Topsy-Turvy 1585|author=Robin D. Gill|pages=25|date=2004|publisher=Paraverse Press|isbn=0974261815}}</ref> (This was before the [[Meiji Restoration]] in 1868, when Japan became more open to foreign trade.)

[[Lafcadio Hearn]], an Irish-Greek author who made his home in Japan in the 19th century, was described to be "a confirmed Japanophile" by [[Tuttle Publishing|Charles E. Tuttle Company]] in their foreword to most of his books.<ref>{{citation|title=Lafcadio Hearn, Heather Hale looks at the life of the noted writer|newspaper =Japanfile, the Website of Kansai Time Out Magazine|date=1990-09|url=http://www.japanfile.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=139}}</ref>

In the first decade of the 20th century, British writers were lauding Japan. In 1904, for example, [[Beatrice Webb]] wrote that Japan was a "rising star of human self-control and enlightenment", praising the "innovating collectivism" of the Japanese, and the "uncanny" purposefulness and open-mindedness of its "enlightened professional elite". [[H. G. Wells]] similarly named the élite of his ''A Modern Utopia'' "samurai". In part this was a result of British industrial decline, with Japan and Germany rising at the same time. Germany was seen as a threat close to hand, but Japan was seen as an ally. The British sought efficiency as the solution, and after the publication of [[Alfred Stead]]'s 1906 book ''Great Japan: A Study of National Efficiency'', pundits in Britain looked to Japan for lessons. This interest ended with [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Parallax Visions: Making Sense of American-East Asian Relations|author=Bruce Cumings|chapter=Archaeology, Descent, Emergence: American Mythology and East Asian Reality|date=1999|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0822329247|pages=25}}</ref>

The [[United States]] went through a similar period of Japanophilia in the 1980s, anticipated in the 1960s by the writing of [[Peter Drucker]], who pointed to the "consensual decision-making" in Japanese corporations and celebrated Japanese corporate management techniques (even claiming credit for giving this system to the Japanese via his books and seminars). During that period, American students took Japanese language classes with the hope of doing business with Japan.

A different form of Japanophilia has taken over in the United States with the turn of the 21st century, as Japan, has become more of a cultural influence through the export of its creative goods. A surge of Japanophilia in youth across the globe has occurred that is a love of its culture and fantasy creations, such as [[anime]], [[manga]], [[trading card]]s, and entertainment technology.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
* [[Japonism]]
* [[Japanology]]
* [[Orientalism]]
* [[Otaku]]
* [[Sinophile]]

[[Category:Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Admiration of foreign cultures]]
[[Category:Japanese subcultures]]

[[es:Japonófilo]]
[[ko:친일파]]
[[ja:親日派]]
[[sv:Japanofil]]
[[zh:亲日派]]

Jero

2008-08-25T18:08:38Z

Exploding Boy: Reverted edits by 170.177.35.11 (talk) to last version by 213.89.76.33

{{expand|date=April 2008}}
{{Infobox Musical artist
|Img =
|Img_size = 150
| Name = Jero
| Img_capt =
| Landscape =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Jerome Charles White, Jr.
| Alias =
| Born = {{birth date and age|1981|09|04}}
| Origin = [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], [[USA]]
| Instrument =
| Voice_type =
| Genre = [[Enka]]
| Occupation = [[Singer]], [[Computer engineer]]
| Years_active =
| Label = [[Victor Entertainment]]
| Associated_acts =
| URL = http://www.jvcmusic.co.jp/jero/
| Notable_instruments =
}}

{{nihongo|'''Jero'''|ジェロ||born '''Jerome Charles White, Jr.''' <ref name="sponichi">{{cite web|url=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2008/02/01/03.html|title=秋元氏＆宇崎氏サポートで米国人演歌道（芸能） ― スポニチ Sponichi Annex ニュース|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref>in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], on [[September 4]], [[1981]]}} is an American-born [[Japan]]ese [[enka]] singer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jvcmusic.co.jp/jero/|title=Jero Profile}}{{jp icon}}</ref>. His maternal grandmother was [[Japanese people|Japanese]]. He is the first [[Black people|black]] [[enka]] singer in [[Japanese music]] history.<ref>[http://www.daily.co.jp/gossip/2008/02/01/0000821046.shtml Daily Sports Online]{{jp icon}} [[February 1]], [[2008]]</ref>

Jero majored in [[information science]] at [[University of Pittsburgh]] and graduated in 2003, and moved to Japan in the same year. Two months after arriving in Japan, he entered the [[NHK Nodo Jiman]] competition broadcast on TV.

His first single, {{Nihongo|''Umiyuki''|海雪||literally ''Ocean Snow''}}, was released in Japan on [[February 20]], [[2008]]. It entered the [[Oricon]] charts at number 4.<ref>[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080227a7.html Japan Times] [[February 27]][[2008]]</ref>

[[African American|African-American people]] and [[Black culture|their cultures]] have been extremely popular among young Japanese since the mid-1990s, so many are hoping that he will be able to spark interest in enka in the younger generation.<ref>[http://mainichi.jp/seibu/shakai/news/20080313ddg001040003000c.html Evening Focus]{{jp icon}} [[March 13]], [[2008]] ([[Mainichi Shimbun]])</ref> He held a concert on [[February 20]], [[2008]] in [[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya]], a popular hangout for young people.<ref>[http://news.goo.ne.jp/article/sponichi/entertainment/kfuln20080221006002.html Sports Nippon]{{jp icon}} [[February 21]], [[2008]]</ref>

From [[21 May]] [[2008]], Jero appeared in a Japanese TV [[Television advertisement|commercial]] for [[Kirin Brewery Company|Kirin]] "Fire" coffee, the first time he had appeared in a TV commercial.<ref>[http://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/media/080508/med0805081504001-n1.htm "砂糖“ジェロ”…演歌界の新星が「ファイア」ＣＭで初演技" Sankei Shimbun News, [[8 May]] [[2008]]{{ja icon}}]</ref><ref>[http://www.japantoday.com/category/entertainment-arts/view/mix-master-jero-breathes-new-life-into-enka Mix master: Jero breathes new life into enka]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/27/AR2008052703079.html "A Far Cry From Home", Washington Post, [[28 May]] [[2008]], retrieved [[24 June]] [[2008]]]
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jvcmusic.co.jp/jero/ Jero's Official Website]{{jp icon}}
*[http://blog.goo.ne.jp/jeroenka/ Jero's Official blog]{{jp icon}}
*[http://jasgp.org/content/view/677/179/ Jero: Japan's First African-American Enka Singer] - Article - Japan America Society of Greater Philadelphia

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jero (singer)}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People of mixed Asian-Black African ethnicity]]
[[Category:Pittsburgh musicians]]
[[Category:African American singers]]
[[Category:Americans of Japanese descent]]
[[Category:Enka musicians]]
[[Category:Japanese male singers]]
[[Category:University of Pittsburgh alumni]]

{{Japan-singer-stub}}

[[ja:ジェロ]]
[[sv:Jero]]

Touch Me (I Want Your Body)

2008-02-23T16:34:16Z

Exploding Boy:

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Touch Me (I Want Your Body)
| Cover = Touch me (I want your body).jpg|200px
| Artist = [[Samantha Fox]]
| from Album = [[Touch Me (Samantha Fox album)|Touch Me]]
| B-side = "Never Gonna Fall in Love Again"
| Released = [[1986]]
| Format = [[Vinyl record|7" single]]
| Recorded = [[1986]]
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 3:44
| Label = [[Jive Records]]
| Writer = Jon Astrop Pete Q. Harris Mark Shreeve
| Producer = Jon Astrop Pete Q. Harris
| Certification = [[Music recording sales certification|Silver]] [[SNEP|France]], [[1986]]
| Last single =
| This single = "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)" (1986)
| Next single = "Do Ya Do Ya (Wanna Please Me)" (1987)
}}

'''"Touch Me (I Want Your Body)"''' was the first hit for [[United Kingdom|British]] singer [[Samantha Fox]]. The song is about her searching for a man. The video featured her performing to a packed crowd wearing ripped denim jeans. During the song she pulls a young man from the crowd and teases him before moving on to someone else.

The song itself is layered with sexual lines, including: "Like a tramp in the night, I was begging for you, to treat my body like you wanted to" and of course the chorus itself, "Touch me, touch me, I wanna feel your body, your heartbeat next to mine, touch me, touch me NOW!".

In August [[2004]] a cover version was produced by Swedish music artist [[Mats Söderlund|Günther]]. The video also features Samantha Fox.

==Formats and track listings==

; 7" Single
# "Touch Me (I Want Your Body)" (3:44)
# "Never Gonna Fall in Love Again" (5:06)

==Chart==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart (1986)
!align="left"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart<ref>Austrian Singles Chart [http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Samantha+Fox&titel=Touch+Me+%28I+Want+Your+Body%29&cat=s Austriancharts.at] (Retrieved [[December 21]], [[2007]])</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|French Singles Chart<ref>French Singles Chart [http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Samantha+Fox&titel=Touch+Me+%28I+Want+Your+Body%29&cat=s Lescharts.com] (Retrieved [[December 21]], [[2007]])</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|German Singles Chart
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart<ref>Norwegian Singles Chart [http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Samantha+Fox&titel=Touch+Me+%28I+Want+Your+Body%29&cat=s Norwegiancharts.com] (Retrieved [[December 21]], [[2007]])</ref>
|align="center"|1 '''(4)'''
|-
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart<ref>Swedish Singles Chart [http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Samantha+Fox&titel=Touch+Me+%28I+Want+Your+Body%29&cat=s Swedishcharts.com] (Retrieved [[December 21]], [[2007]])</ref>
|align="center"|1 '''(2)'''
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart<ref>Swiss Singles Chart [http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Samantha+Fox&titel=Touch+Me+%28I+Want+Your+Body%29&cat=s Hitparade.ch] (Retrieved [[December 21]], [[2007]])</ref>
|align="center"|1 '''(4)'''
|-
|align="left"|UK Singles Chart
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales]]
|align="center"|27
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Hot Dance Music/Club Play]]
|align="center"|41
|-
|}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[The Final Countdown (song)|The Final Countdown]]" by [[Europe (band)|Europe]]
| title = Swedish Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[July 9]] [[1986]] - [[August 13]] [[1986]]
| after = "Do Ya Do Ya (Wanna Please Me)" by [[Samantha Fox]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "Jeanny Part I" by [[Falco]]
| title = Norwegian Singles Chart number-one single
| years = 27/[[1986]] - 30/[[1986]]
| after = "[[Papa Don't Preach]]" by [[Madonna]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "Midnight Lady" by [[Chris Norman]]
| title = Swiss Singles Chart number-one single
| years = [[June 15]] [[1986]] - [[July 6]] [[1986]]
| after = "[[Venus (Shocking Blue song)|Venus]]" by [[Bananarama]]
}}
{{end box}}

==External links==
*[http://mfile.akamai.com/9139/wmv/stream.wmg.com/wmi/sweden/video/gunther_samanthafox_touchme_hi.wmv Günther - Touch Me (video) featuring Samantha Fox]
*[http://youtube.com/watch?v=u8LiaBtgvNk&search=samantha%20fox%20touch%20me the video shown on YouTube]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Samantha Fox songs]]
[[Category:Günther songs]]
[[Category:Debut singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Sweden]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]

{{1980s-pop-song-stub}}

Tetsubin

2008-02-20T21:54:38Z

Exploding Boy: rmv how-to section

{{Refimprove|date=January 2008}}
{{Cleanup|date=January 2008}}

[[Image:Tetsubin.jpg|thumb|250px|A Japanese cast iron teapot, also known as a [[Tetsubin]].]]
'''''Tetsubin''''' (鉄 tetsu; 瓶 bin) are [[Japan]]ese [[cast iron]] pots used for making [[tea]]. There are two main types: those that are used for brewing tea, and those that are used for heating and carrying water (only) during [[Japanese tea ceremony|Japanese tea ceremonies]].

''Tetsubin'' are often elaborately decorated with [[relief]] designs on the outside and glazed with [[Vitreous enamel|enamel]] on the inside. These features, in addition to their small size and often unusual shape makes them popular with [[Collecting|collectors]]. A typical Tetsubin holds around .5 litres of water. It is usually sold with a [[tea strainer]] and an iron [[trivet]] decorated with a similar relief design.

[[Image:Red_tetsubin.jpg|thumb|250px|Tetsubin can be found in many colors with various designs and patterns such as this red one that has symbols depicting each of the four seasons for good luck.]]

Tetsubin date back to the [[17th century]]<ref>[http://www.calacademy.org/research/anthropology/tetsubin/hist.html History of Tetsubins]</ref> and were originally used to brew [[tea]] or simply boil water over a [[hearth]], lacking the decorative features of today's teapots. During the [[19th century]] infused tea became more popular, and tetsubin were considered primarily [[status symbol|status symbols]], rather than functional kitchen items. Today they are used to brew and serve tea, however tetsubin are not normally placed on the stove. Instead, water is boiled elsewhere and then poured into the teapot to make tea.

The [[prefectures]] of [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] and [[Yamagata Prefecture|Yamagata]] are best known for producing tetsubin.

[[Image:TetsubinBlack.JPG|thumb| In use at the [[Asian Art Museum of San Francisco]] café.]]

==See also==
* [[Japanese tea ceremony]]
* [[Teapot]]
* [[Teakettle]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Japanese tea ceremony]]
[[Category:Japanese crafts]]
[[Category:Teaware]]

[[da:Tetsubin]]
[[eo:Tetsubin]]

Kotobagari

2008-01-09T15:44:27Z

Exploding Boy: rmv incorrect cat

{{Unreferenced|date=January 2008}}
{{Cleanup|date=January 2008}}
{{merge|Political correctness|Talk:Kotobagari#Merger proposal|date=November 2007}}
'''''Kotobagari''''' (言葉狩り, lit. "word hunting") refers to the censorship of words considered [[political correctness|politically incorrect]] in the [[Japanese language]]. It often conveys negative connotations that sarcastically criticize the excess persistence in [[political correctness]]. Words such as ''[[gaijin]]'' (外人 "foreigner"), ''rai'' (癩 "[[leper]]"), ''mekura'' (盲 "blind"), ''tsunbo'' (聾 "deaf"), ''oshi'' (唖 "deaf-mute"), ''kichigai'' (気違い or 気狂い "crazy"), ''tosatsujō'' (屠殺場 "slaughter house"), and ''hakuchi'' (白痴 "moron/retard") are currently not used by the majority of Japanese publishing houses; the publishers often refuse to publish writing which includes these words.

Critics of ''kotobagari'' point out that the activity often does not serve the purpose of correcting the underlying cause of discrimination. For example, a school janitor in [[Japan]] used to be called a ''kozukai-san'' (小使いさん "chore person"). Some felt that the word had a derogatory meaning, so it was changed to ''yōmuin'' (用務員 "task person"). Now ''yōmuin'' is considered demeaning, so there is shift to use ''kōmuin'' (校務員 "school task person") or ''kanrisagyōin'' (管理作業員 "maintenance person") instead.

Other examples of words which have become unacceptable include the replacement of the word ''hyakushō'' (百姓) for farmer with ''nōka'' (農家), or the replacement of the word ''[[Shina (word)|shina]]'' (支那) for [[China]] written in [[kanji]] with the version written in [[katakana]] (シナ) or with the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese name for China, ''Chūgoku'' (中国).

==Kotobagari and Ideology==
Kotobagari has led to some confusing terminology.

[[NHK]], the Japanese Broadcasting Company runs a [[Korean language]] study program, but the language is called "[[Hangul]]" to avoid being politically incorrect. This is a result of both the North and South Korean governments demanding that the program be called by the name of one country. [[North Korea]] wanted the show to be called "Chōsen language" (朝鮮語) taken from its full name, 朝鮮民主主義人民共和国 or Democratic People's Republic of Korea. [[South Korea]] wanted "Kankoku language" (韓国語) from 大韓民国 or Republic of Korea. As a compromise, "Hangul" was selected, but this has led to the use of the neologism "Hangul language" (ハングル語) to refer to the Korean language; "Hangul" normally refers to the Korean writing system.

[[Category:Censorship]]
[[Category:Japanese vocabulary]]
[[Category:Japanese words and phrases]]

[[fr:Kotobagari]]
[[ko:고토바가리]]
[[ja:言葉狩り]]

Affen von Silver Spring

2007-07-02T05:45:01Z

Exploding Boy: /* Final experiments */

{{animal rights}}
The '''Silver Spring monkeys''' were 17 monkeys kept in small wire cages inside the Institute of Behavioral Research in [[Silver Spring, Maryland]], by Dr. Edward Taub, who was researching [[neuroplasticity]] with a grant from the [[National Institute of Health]] (NIH).

Taub had cut sensory ganglia that supplied nerves to the monkeys' fingers, hands, arms, legs, a process called "deafferentation"; with some of the monkeys, he had deafferented the entire spinal column.<ref name=Doidge141>Doidge, Norman. ''The Brain That Changes Itself''. Viking Penguin 2007, p. 141.</ref> He then subjected the monkeys to various stimuli to explore how to force them to use the deafferented limbs. The stimuli included persistent electric shock, prolonged physical restraint of an intact arm or leg, and withholding of food.<ref name=Johnson>Johnson, David. [http://www.curledup.com/mindbrai.htm Review of ''The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force''], ''curledup.com''.</ref>

The laboratory was raided by police after a tip-off from animal rights activist [[Alex Pacheco (activist)|Alex Pacheco]], founder of [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA). Taub was convicted of six counts of animal cruelty, largely as a result of the monkeys' reported living conditions, making the monkeys "the most famous lab animals in history," according to psychiatrist Norman Doidge, as a result of the controversy that followed Taub's arrest.<ref name=Doidge136>Doidge, Norman. ''The Brain That Changes Itself''. Viking Penguin 2007, p. 136.</ref> The case, which lasted ten years, resulted in the first reduction of federal funding for government-supported research; led to the creation of PETA; to the introduction of the Animal Welfare Act of 1985; and became the first [[animal testing]] case to be argued before the [[United States Supreme Court]], which rejected PETA's application for custody of the monkeys. They remained, by court order, in the custody of the NIH until they died.

Taub's conviction for cruelty was set aside on appeal. His research on the monkeys led to new discoveries about brain plasticity and the development of constraint-induced movement therapy, which helps people relearn how to move limbs paralysed after strokes, or as a result of [[cerebral palsy]].<ref name=Doidge134>Doidge, Norman. ''The Brain That Changes Itself''. Viking Penguin 2007, p. 134.</ref>

==Background==
In 1982, Pacheco, then a student at the [[George Washington University]], took a summer job in the laboratory. He visited the institute at night and took photographs that, according to the Institute of Laboratory Animal Research journal, showed the monkeys were living in "filthy" conditions. <ref name=Sideris>Lisa Sideris, Charles McCarthy, and David H. Smith. [http://dels.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/40_1/40_1Roots.shtml "Bioethics of Laboratory Animal Research. Roots of Concern with Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Ethics"], ILAR Journal V40(1) 1999.</ref> Taub blamed those conditions on Pacheco who, he said, had failed to clean the cages.

Pacheco arranged for scientists and [[veterinarian]]s to visit the laboratory secretly, and finally he reported the situation to the state police, who raided the laboratory under Maryland's Prevention of Cruelty to Animals law. Taub was convicted of six counts of animal cruelty, later set aside by an [[Appeal|appellate court]]. The prosecuting attorney for the state of Maryland subsequently took an administrative position with PETA. <ref name=Sideris/>

Taub responded to the allegations by saying he had been set up by PETA, and that his laboratory had been clean when he left on vacation, but Pacheco had failed to clean the cages, had neglected the animals, and had then subjected the laboratory to false reports of cruelty.

==Fight for custody==

The Lousiana SPCA and the Delta Regional Primate Center "blue ribbon" panel of animal care experts recommended euthanasia of the animals in early 1989 because they were suffering and "in danger of serious life threatening injuries". <ref name=LabPrimate28/vol2/89/>

A lawsuit, filed by [[PETA]] and others, sought to block euthanasia and transfer the animals to a facility under their control, on the grounds that the monkeys could live "safely, humanely, and comfortably if transferred to a suitable facility." The New England Anti-Vivisection Society and PETA ran ads in ''The New York Times'' on December 26, 1989, ''The Washington Post'' on December 27, and in ''The Washington Times'' on January 3, 1990, asking President Reagan to save the Silver Spring monkeys and concerned citizens to petition the White House. <ref name=LabPrimate28/vol2/89>''Laboratory Primate Newsletter,'' Volume 28, Number 2, April 1989</ref>

The director of the Tulane Regional Primate Center, where the monkeys were housed after police raided the Maryland facility, told ''The Washington Post'': "They are going to fight very hard for every monkey because the more publicity they get, the more money they bring in." <ref>''The Washington Post'', January, 5 1989, page 7.</ref>

==Final experiments==
One of the monkeys was euthanized on [[January 14]], [[1990]]. The court allowed a group of researchers from the NIH to conduct a terminal experiment on the monkey, who had become ill. Under anesthesia, electrodes were placed in his brain and hundreds of recordings taken, revealing what the ''Laboratory Primate Newsletter'' called an "unprecented degree of reorganization of the sensory cortex. An 8-10-millimeter wide area that would normally receive input from the hand was found to have completely filled in with input from the face."

Animal rights activists said the results were predictable and of no significance. [[Neal Barnard]], president of the [[Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine]], said: "Science has become secondary to public relations and politics." <ref>''Laboratory Primate Newsletter'', Volume 29, Number 2, October 1990.</ref>

The remaining monkeys were euthanized on [[July 6]], [[1990]], three days after the lawsuit failed. <ref>''Laboratory Primate Newsletter'', Volume 29, Number 4, October 1990.</ref> Researchers were allowed to conduct brain mapping studies on them, under anesthesia prior to euthanasia. They discovered an unpredicted change in thalamus structure apparently caused by progressive nerve degeneration through the dorsal root ganglia (which were severed) and the dorsal columns all the way to the thalamus (a second order synaptic target). <ref>Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1121-5</ref><ref>Commentary on Jones/Pons article Science 1998 Nov 6;282: 1062-1063 </ref> Taub went on to develop novel techniques for remediation after stroke or brain injury based on work done in these and similar studies. <ref>[http://www.strokeassociation.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3029931#2006 "Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy"], excerpted from "A Rehab Revolution," ''Stroke Connection Magazine'', September/October 2004.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Alex Pacheco (activist)|Alex Pacheco]]
*[[Animal Liberation Front]]
*[[Animal rights]]
*[[Animal testing]]
*[[Britches (monkey)]]
*[[Ingrid Newkirk]]
*[[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]]
*[[Pit of despair]]
*[[Primate experiments at Cambridge University]]
*[[Unnecessary Fuss]]

==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Animal rights]]
[[Category:Animal experimentation]]

Lyle Tuttle

2007-06-23T19:13:58Z

Exploding Boy:

'''Lyle Tuttle''' (born 1931) is a well-known [[United States|American]] [[tattoo artist]] and historian of the medium, who has been tattooing since 1949.<ref name="prick">{{cite web|url=http://www.prickmag.net/lyletuttleinterview.html|author=Chuck Brank|title=Lyle Tuttle: Forefather of modern tattooing (interview)|publisher=Prick Magazine|accessdate=2006-12-24}}</ref>

==Biographical and career information==
Tuttle was born in 1931 and grew up in [[Ukiah, California]]. At the age of fourteen he purchased his first tattoo for $3.50. In 1949 he began tattooing professionally.<ref name="dispatch">{{cite news|url=http://www.columbusdispatch.com/features-story.php?story=dispatch/2006/05/13/20060513-B1-02.html|author=Aaron Beck|date=[[May 13]], [[2006]]|publisher=Columbus Dispatch|title=For tattoo master, every mark is special}}</ref> In 1954 he opened his own studio in [[San Francisco]]. This first shop was open for nearly 30 years. During that time, he was featured on the cover of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine,<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Rolling Stone|date=[[October]], [[1970]]|title=??}}</ref> after having tattooed [[Janis Joplin]] and several other notable musicians and celebrities of the time.

He has tattooed on six continents, yet has never knowingly tattooed a minor.<ref name="dispatch" /> He has become a legend and a teacher within the industry in the years he has been tattooing. He officially retired in 1990 but will still occasionally tattoo his signature on a friend or acquaintance. His fame within tattooing was somewhat controversial, as many tattooists of his day disliked his statements to the press and "shameless self-promotion".<ref name="prick" />

Tuttle currently teaches accredited seminars in "Tattoo machine maintenance and machine building" at tattoo conventions around the United States.

When asked what made tattooing gain in popularity during his early career, he responded:
<blockquote>"Women's liberation! One hundred percent women's liberation! That put tattooing back on the map. With women getting a new found freedom, they could get tattooed if they so desired. It increased and opened the market by 50% of the population - hell of the human race! For three years, I tattooed almost nothing but women. Most women got tattooed for the entertainment value ... circus side show attractions and so forth. Self-made freaks, that sort of stuff. The women made tattooing a softer and kinder art form."<ref name="prick" /></blockquote>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://lyletuttle.com lyletuttle.com]

[[category:tattoo artists|Tuttle, Lyle]]
[[category:living people|Tuttle, Lyle]]
[[category:popular culture|Tuttle, Lyle]]

Masaki Sumitani

2007-06-21T02:27:23Z

Exploding Boy: Reverted edits by 68.200.76.42 (talk) to last revision by Basjohn

[[Image:Hardgay.jpg|thumb|250px|A picture of Hard Gay in action, taken from the [[Japanese media|Japanese television]] show [[:ja:爆笑問題のバク天!|Bakuten]]. The purple text reads, “Welcome to the ‘Hard Gay’ stand” (“stand” being short for ガソリンスタンド (''gasorin sutando''), meaning “gasoline stand” or gasoline station)]]

{{nihongo|'''Razor Ramon Hard Gay'''|レイザーラモン HG|Reizā Ramon HG|occasionally HG, Razor Ramon Sumitani or just Hard Gay}} is the performing name of {{nihongo|'''Masaki Sumitani'''|住谷正樹|Sumitani Masaki}}, a [[list of Japanese comedians|Japanese comedian]], [[wrestler]] and ''[[tarento]]'' (“talent”). His act gained national attention and popularity when featured on the ''[[Bakusho Mondai|Bakushō Mondai]] no Bakuten!'' (Daibakuten) Saturday [[variety show]] on [[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS Television]] in [[Japan]], in [[2005]]. He should not be confused with American professional wrestler [[Scott Hall]], whose use of the “Razor Ramon” stage name predates Sumitani’s. Although [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] has trademarked the name “Razor Ramon” they have not responded against HG using the name Razor Ramon HG.

==Early career==

Masaki Sumitani aka (Heitor Shigueru) was born [[December 18|18 December]] [[1975]] in [[Kakogawa, Hyogo|Harima]], [[Hyogo Prefecture]], [[Japan]]. After graduating from Higashi Kakogawa High School, he entered [[Doshisha University]] and majored in [[Commerce]]. While at college he picked up wrestling as a hobby, and soon joined the Doshisha Professional Wrestling Alliance (DWA). Under his performing name “GiveUp Sumitani,” he won the heavy class Kyoto pro-wrestling championship co-hosted by DWA and the Ritsumeikan Wrestling Alliance (RWA) of nearby [[Ritsumeikan University]] in [[Kyoto]].

It was through wrestling in their college years, that Sumitani met [[Makoto Izubuchi]], with whom he would later form the comedy duo Razor Ramon in [[1997]]. During their college years, Razor Ramon won the Fukuwarai award in the Imamiya Kids’ Ebisu Manzai Contest, and gained experience on the stage through the audition live performance SABUKI at [[2chome-gekijo]], an [[Osaka]] comedy club opened by the [[Yoshimoto Kogyo]] comedy troupe at which many comedians from the [[Kansai]] area start their career.

After completing his university education, Sumitani got a job at CO-OP KOBE, as a grocery delivery man. His desire to pursue a career as a professional comedian led him to quit his job after four months, when he joined [[Yoshimoto Kogyo]] with his partner Makoto Izubuchi. Razor Ramon made their TV debut in 1999, and won the Judges Special Award in the ABC Owarai (Comedy) Grand-Prix in 2000. Both Sumitani and Izubuchi joined the Yoshimoto Kogyo-produced program [[Yoshimoto Shin-kigeki]], one of the most popular comedy stage acts in Japan, in 2001, often playing [[yakuza]], [[salaryman]], [[udon]] restaurant owners, construction workers, and others.

Sumitani continued his wrestling aspirations in late 2005, working in the comedically off-beat [[HUSTLE]] promotion and defeating [[Yinling|Yinling the Erotic Terrorist]] in his debut match; he has since gone to team with [[Naoya Ogawa]] and [[Yoshihiro Tajiri]] in leading the HUSTLE Army against [[Nobuhiko Takada|Generalissimo Takada]]’s Monster Army.

The most well-known character developed and portrayed by Sumitani is {{nihongo|'''Hard Gay'''|ハードゲイ|Hādo Gei}}, introduced in 2002, as whom he finally rose to national prominence in 2005. While the official name is “Razor Ramon HG,” he is most frequently known as “Hard Gay,” or simply “HG.” Dressing in a tight black [[leather]] gay fetish outfit, he goes around performing acts of charity (''yonaoshi'', “social improvement”) for unsuspecting bystanders while performing trademark [[pelvic thrust]]s and vocalisations, often accompanied by “[[Livin' La Vida Loca|Livin’ la Vida Loca]]” by [[Ricky Martin]].

According to some accounts the name “Hard Gay” was the suggestion of Sumitani’s senior comedian in the Yoshimoto Kogyo group, [[Kendo Kobayashi]], in reference to his hard dancing. The name has also been described as a pun on 芸, ''gei'', which means “skill” or “art.” However, to develop his character, Sumitani visited gay bars in Doyama-cho, [[Osaka]]’s biggest gay area, and his costume, which consists of hot pants, a small vest, and cap, all in black leather, along with aviator sunglasses, was purchased at a shop called VFTQ in Minami-Horie, Osaka, which specializes in gay fashion.

Hard Gay makes regular use of a number of [[catch phrase]]s in his act; he usually makes his entrance in front of the camera shouting “''Dōmō Hādogei dēsu''” (“Hello, this is Hard Gay”), with arms thrust out and a spin afterwards. His self-introduction is then followed by his famous dance moves. He often shouts “''Hoooooo''” (フゥ～!) or “''Foohhhh!''” (フォー！), a [[running joke]] in his performances. He often stops people saying unfavourable things to him by shouting “''Sei sei sei sei sei''” with his palm in front of the person’s face. Whether this means anything is debatable, although Sumitani has commented that “''sei sei''” is something that comes out from his mouth when he is not happy, and that he does not mean “[[Wiktionary:say|say]]” as in to [[Speech|speak something]], although one might compare this action to the popular “talk to the hand” gesture. A possible interpretation might be that the origin lies in the word ''urusai'' (lit. “noisy,” meaning “Be quiet!”), which is often pronounced ''urusē'' うるせー in [[Kansai dialect]], shortened to ''sei''. Another theory is the word ''sei'' written by [[kanji]] 静, meaning “quiet.”Also, ''sei'' 性, means “sex” or “gender” in Japanese.

In early [[2006]], he started working with Razor Ramon [[manzai]] partner Makoto Izubuchi again, with Izubuchi taking the name [[Makoto Izubuchi|Razor Ramon RG]] (“RG” meaning “Real Gay”). He was brought in on the gimmick after it gained immense popularity. Izubuchi’s character wasn’t nearly as well received as Sumitani’s, and has since faded into obscurity.

It is now common knowledge that Hard Gay is not in fact homosexual nor particularly outrageous, but a rather ordinary male comedian portraying a character. Television programs in which he has appeared have increasingly made reference to this, and he himself has significantly reduced his comic gay mannerisms in live appearances on variety and other types of programs.

==Criticisms==

Sumitani’s supposed [[homosexuality]] was exposed as a gimmick when he was caught in the midst of a date, with Japanese actress and swimsuit model [[Anna Suzuki]], whom he has since married. He has been criticised for his stereotypical depiction of gay men and for building a career on parodying a social minority with bizarre and extreme antics.

A spokesperson for the Hokkaido Sexual Minority Association Sapporo Meeting, a support group for gay, lesbian and transgender people, has said: “Hard Gay’s acceptance by the Japanese public shows me that there is a strong tendency here to see homosexuality as something to be laughed at. That is sad.”

Openly lesbian Osaka Prefectural Assembly woman [[Kanako Otsuji]] has been quoted as saying:

<blockquote>[The way the media treats sexual minorities] makes me angry. This morning I saw [comedian] Razor Ramon for the first time. I never watch TV. I’d only heard about him. He’s not homosexual. He just uses gayness for his act, to make people laugh. I’m afraid that people will get the idea that gay people are all like that, yelling and pumping their hips.[http://humanrightsjapan.blogspot.com/2005_10_01_humanrightsjapan_archive.html]</blockquote>

==Retirement==

Daily Sports in Japan reported that Razor Ramon HG is retiring from pro wrestling after [[Hustle Mania]], which took place 11/23/2006 at [[Yokohama Arena]]. His retirement match was a defeat against [[Nobuhiko Takada|The Esperanza]]. However, as with most retirements in wrestling, Sumitani returned to action, wrestling at Hustle 21 on March 18 and Hustle 22 on April 21 <ref>http://http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/japan/misc/hustle.html</ref>.

==Trivia==

* On 27 November 2006, he married actress [[Anna Suzuki]].
* The famous Japanese soccer player [[Hidetoshi Nakata]] was famously genuinely mistaken for Razor Ramon HG as he got off a plane in Japan. Nakata was wearing dark sunglasses at the time.
* Mixed martial artist [[Kazushi Sakuraba]] dressed up as Hard Gay as part of his ring entrance at the [[PRIDE Shockwave 2005]] event.
* Sumitani released his first single entitled “Young Man” on 8 February 2006, which is a Japanese rendition of the [[Village People]]’s song “[[YMCA (song)|YMCA]].”
* HG (as himself) portrayed a gym teacher in the high school episode of the ''batsu'' game series from the Japanese variety show ''[[Downtown no Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende!!|Gaki no Tsukai]]''.
* HG claims that he has gay friends.
* He is a regular performer with the [[HUSTLE]] Pro Wrestling group. His finishing move is a tombstone piledriver.
* The registration of his marriage to Anna Suzuki was announced on Thursday [[August 10|10 August]] [[2006]]. Suzuki has stated she will end her modelling career after her commitments are finished and concentrate on starting a family.
* Razor Ramon HG has been named Japanese wrestling’s Rookie of the Year by the Tokyo Sports Awards, and finished 129th place in PWI's Top 500 in 2006[http://www.100megsfree4.com/wiawrestling/pages/pwi/pwi50006.htm].
* He was featured on "[[The Soup]]"'s "Super Fantastic Ultra Wish Time".

==In Popular Culture==
* Razor Ramon HG made a small cameo in the May 2006 chapter of ''[[Gantz]]'' (chapter 233), shown on a television in Kurono Kei’s apartment.
* He also made a small cameo in episode 12 of ''[[Suzumiya Haruhi no Yuutsu]]'', at 2:29, with [[Akihiro Miwa]].
* Some of the characters in the Japanese drama series ''[[1 Litre of Tears]]'' imitate Hard Gay's signature pose and exclamations in episode 6.
* In the anime ''[[Bokusatsu Tenshi Dokuro-chan]]'', the main character tells his love interest Dokuro in the final episode, "I'll become gay for you, Dokuro! Hard Gay!"
* The finalists of the second season of ''[[Singapore Idol]]'' have been known to follow the exploits of Hard Gay in their off time—fourth-placed finalist [[Paul Twohill]] even mimicked Hard Gay’s signature pose and catch phrase on the show; host [[Gurmit Singh]] explained it to be an in-joke.
* In episode 30 of the anime ''[[Gintama]]'', the character Terakado Tsu admited to have had a crush on Hard Gay.

==Name variants==

Due to the lack of an L [[phoneme]] in Japanese (R and L are equivalent in [[transliteration]] from English) and similarity between ''er'' and ''or'' in English, '''Hard Gay''' has a number of commonly used variants on official and fan sites. Even official '''Hard Gay''' merchandise has been known to use less common variants. The following have wide usage on the internet or appear on official merchandise and are listed in approximate order by popularity. Since '''Hard Gay''' also is commonly used for homosexual pornography, it is difficult to assess popularity of this name.

* Laser Ramon
* Harudo Gay

==References==

* [http://www.fandango.co.jp/talent_prf/action/TalentProfileDetailSearchAction?unitId=20226&talentId=0 Fandango Bio]

==External links==

* {{en icon}} [http://mdn.mainichi-msn.co.jp/waiwai/face/archive/news/2005/20050720p2g00m0dm024000c.html MSN-Mainichi Daily News:Razor Ramon slices along Japan’s cutting edge]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.afronautrecords.com/jonniewilks/?page_id=6 Japanzine Does Hard Gay]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.videouncovered.com/adds/play_page.php?id_char=bakuten Videos of Razor Ramon HG]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.thejapanesearecrazy.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=4&id=14&Itemid=27 Razer Ramon Videos (Categorized)]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.razoramon.com Bakafish Translations]—Website for subtitled HG clips.
* {{en icon}} [http://bluedot.us/users/X?st=tag%3a%22hard+gay%22 Best of Hard Gay] Website of popular Hard Gay videos and articles.
* {{es icon}} [http://www.kuraku-fansub.net Kuraku no Fansub] Website for subtitled HG clips in Spanish.
* [http://www.hard-gay.org Hard-Gay.org] Hard Gay website with various high and low quality clips.
*[[ThePPN:Razor Ramon HG]]

[[Category:Japanese comedians|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:Japanese professional wrestlers|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:1975 births|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:Living people|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:People from Hyōgo Prefecture|Sumitani, Masaki]]

[[es:Masaki Sumitani]]
[[fr:Masaki Sumitani]]
[[ja:住谷正樹]]

Earl Shilton Castle

2007-06-17T16:15:16Z

Exploding Boy: Reverted edits by Jimylegs (talk) to last version by Discospinster

{{GBthumb|121|196|SP472980}}
'''Earl Shilton''' is a large village or small town in [[Leicestershire]], [[England]], some 5 miles from [[Hinckley]] and about 10 miles (16 km) from [[Leicester]], with a population of around 9,000 (as of 2005).

==History==
{{cleanup-remainder}}

== Industry ==

Between the 19th and late 20th centuries, Earl Shilton was a busy industrial village consisting of numerous Shoe, Hosiery and Knitwear factories. At one point Earl Shilton produced boots for none other than Russia's Red Army. Many of these businesses have now closed due to competition from the far east, but a very few still continue into the 21st century.

A famous visitor to the village, still talked about by its oldest residents, was Reverend Geoffrey Anketell Studdert Kennedy, otherwise known as Woodbine Willy a First World War army padre.

Increasingly heavy traffic flow through the village has led to the planning of an [2], though as yet no work has transpired.It has been said that work will commence in 2007.

== ''Associations with Earl Shilton'' ==
John N Lawrence

2006

People and places accociated with Earl Shilton, a Leicestershire village

== Iron Age Earl Shilton ==

Small but steep sided Shilton Hill, the site where the village of Earl Shilton would evolve was a well-known landmark to the Celtic Iron-age, tribes of South Leicestershire. Below the hill ran an ancient trackway known as the Salt Road, which began at Croft and ran into the northwest over Ambion Hill and onto the Mease Valley, connecting east and west Leicestershire.

A tribe known as the Coritani constructed this ancient road, running along the southern edge of the Great Leicester Forest, a vast tract impenetrable of woodland which entirely covered west Leicestershire and stretched up into Nottingham and Derbyshire. The Salt Road would prove to be a major artery of trade and passage for many centuries to come. Indeed Richard III used this route to move his army to Bosworth Field in 1485. (''Foss'')
The Coritani tribe had moved to Britain from continental Europe some time after 100 BC.

They were a confederation of Belgae warriors who came over from the continent and carved out a kingdom, which stretched from the Humber to south of Leicestershire. These ancient Britons were not really a unified tribe, but a collection of like-minded peoples sharing the same outlook and way of life.
The tribe generally did not rely on hill forts for their protection. It appears that the Coritani were better farmers than warriors, for they lived in lowland settlements, usually beside streams, frequently surrounded, or even hidden, by areas of thick forest.

The Roman army arrived in Britain in 43 AD, and quickly set about its conquest. Roman Legions spread north and west and by AD 47 were pushing on into Leicestershire. At this time, Coritani tribal chiefs were being severely harassed by their aggressive neighbours, the warlike Brigantes, and so welcomed the Romans as a source of protection and stability. Ostorius Scapula, the Roman Governor in Britain, therefore established the frontier zone delineated by the Fosse Way through the middle of friendly Coritani territory.

Earl Shiltons’ first industry arrived during this period, as a pottery was established on Shilton Heath, (behind the modern day Heathfield High School). There was an excellent vein of clay found in the vicinity of Earl Shiltons’ Roman kiln. Early in the second century it started banging out low grade, grey ware pots, used for everday cookery and storage (''John Lawrence'').
Locally there was another pottery at Desford, and Stoney Stanton lived up to its name by boasting a Roman quarry.

== Saxon and Danish Settlement ==

Following the departure of the Romans, Jutes, Angles and Saxons were rapidly spreading throughout England. The Britons, in fierce fighting, checked these Germanic tribes for a time, but by the mid sixth century the Anglo Saxons had started to expand once again, eventually carving out six kingdoms. Earl Shilton lay in the kingdom of Mercia. Mercia was built around the Trent and rivers that flow into it, such as the Soar.

The first recorded attacks on Saxon England by Viking raiders came at the end of the eighth century. Being well inland, early Viking raids did not affect the villagers of Earl Shilton. But in 874 – 875 a great heathen army of Danes moved up the river Trent and into the heart of Mercia. They attacked and overran Nottingham before moving their ships along the Trent into North Leicestershire.

The Vikings called their farmsteads a ‘thorpe’, and designated who owned the land with the word ‘by’. There are many examples of villages with Viking names such as Elemesthorpe, Ullesthorpe, Ashby and Cosby, which show the Danish settlement throughout Leicestershire, while in Warwickshire there are few. The name Elmesthorpe, originally Aylmersthorpe, derived from a Saxon lord named Aylmer and Thorpe, a Danish word for village. Earl Shilton retained its Saxon name of Sheltone despite the settlement of Danes in the area. The name relates to a ‘shelf’ as the original village was perched on the hill around Hilltop.

Before the Norman Conquest the Saxon Theign, or Lord, of Earl Shilton is not known, but records show that Shultone had 5 ploughlands worth 5 shillings at the time of Edward the Confessor. Shultone’s neighbour, the village of Barwell, stood on the lands of Leofric Earl of Mercia (''John Lawrence).''

== The Normans ==

One of the parcels of land gifted to [[Hugh de Grandmesnil]]<ref name = "Domesday">''Domesday Book: A Complete Transliteration''. London: Penguin, 2003. p. 655 ISBN 0-14-143994-7</ref> by King [[William the Conqueror]] was the village of Scheltone, now known as Earl Shilton. The village measured some 500 [[acre]]s (2 km²), standing on the top of a long, narrow ridge in the southwest of the county. Schulton or Scheltone is an ancient word, which means shelf. Shilton is therefore Scheltone or shelf-town. The village boasted 3 [[plough]]s, with 1 [[serf]] and 4 [[sokemen]]. Sokemen were the highest class of free peasants, a lower [[aristocracy]], and were thought to be the descendents of the [[Dane]]s who settled in the [[East Midlands]]. The village also had a priest, 10 villeins and 5 bordars. Villeins and Bordars were below Sokemen and tied to the land. Villeins often held between 30 to 100 acres (100,000 to 400,000 m²), while Bordars were of a lower standing and usually had a smallholding.

Attached to the village of Sheltone were 12 acres (50,000 m²) of meadow and a [[Mill (grinding)|mill]] of 16 pence (£0.07) value, with woodland 8 [[furlong]]s (1609 m) in length and 3 broad valued at 70 shillings (£3.50). Following the [[Norman conquest|Norman]] invasion there must have been some inflation as during the time of [[Edward the Confessor]] Sheltone’s woodland was valued at 5 shillings (£0.25).

== Grandmesnil and Beaumont ==

The development of the medieval manor at Earl Shilton is closely entwined with the animosity between two Norman aristocratic families, Grandmesnil (also called Grentmesnil) and Beaumont.

In 1094, Hugh de Grandmesnil was worn out with age and infirmity. In accordance with the common practice of the period, he took the habit of a monk, but expired six days after he had taken to his bed on 22nd of February at Leicester. Hugh’s eldest son, Robert, inherited his Norman lands in the Ouch valley, while Ivo de Grandmesnil became Sheriff of Leicester, and master of Earl Shilton manor.

Our story of the Grandmesnil’s begins in the mid eleventh century, in central Normandy, where the family were famous for the breeding and training of the great war horses of the age, so prized by the knights. The De Grandmesnil’s had made a fortune from a string of stud farms which they owned on the plains of Ouch, but during the minority of Duke William the stability of Normandy began to breakdown. Norman society was brutal at the best of times, but now it went into overdrive, as old scores were settled as the barons made a grab for each other’s territories.

[[Roger de Beaumont]] brought savage warfare to the lands of Roger de Tosny, as he tried to grasp control of the Risle valley, in 1041. De Tosny was joined by his ally Robert de Grandmesnil, but in June their forces were shattered in a surprise attack by the Beaumont clan. In the savage fight, de Tosny and two of his sons were killed. Robert de Grandmesnil fared little better. He was carried from the field mortally wounded only to die of his wounds three weeks later. His two sons, Robert and Hugh divided his property between them; Robert joined the church, while Hugh took on his father’s mantle of warrior politician.

[[Hugh de Grandmesnil]] wielded power at the court of William Duke of Normandy, but the paranoid Duke banished Hugh in 1058. For five years Hugh was out of favour at court but in 1063 he was reinstated as Captain of the castle of Neufmarch en Lions.
The Grandmesnil star continued to rise and Hugh was made a cavalry commander for the invasion of England in 1066.

England’s’ King Harold was in Yorkshire defeating a Viking army when news was brought that the Duke of Normandy had crossed the channel, and he immediately started south to meet this new threat. Rashly Harold forced marched his Saxon army to Kent where he met William on the battlefield of Hastings.

There is a popular story that Hugh de Grandmesnil almost came to a sticky end at the battle of Hastings ''(wace).'' As fierce battle raged, Hugh’s horse leapt a bush, during a cavalry charge and his bridle broke. Barely able to keep upright in the saddle, and with no control over his horse, Hugh saw to his dismay that he was all alone, and careering towards a great band of Englishmen, each wielding a five foot axe while baying for blood. In moments the English would surround him and hack him down. But just as Hugh was preparing to die and his enemies leaped in for the kill, the Saxons gave out a great shout in triumph. Hugh’s horse immediately shied in fear and bolted in the opposite direction. Frightened by the Saxon victory cry, the stallion carried its helpless master away from the English and back to the safety of his own lines. By shear luck Hugh had survived, aiding his Duke in victory. With the death of Harold, late in the day, Duke William became [[King William I]] of England

Following the conquest William I assailed Leicester, and took the city by storm in 1068, about two years after the Battle of Hastings. In the assault a large portion of the city was destroyed, along with St. Mary's Church. William handed the Government of Leicester over to the tender mercies of Hugh de Grandmesnil, one of the Norman adventurers.

He also gave De Grandmesnil a 100 manors for his services, sixty-five of them in Leicestershire, including Earl Shilton. He was appointed sheriff of the county of Leicester and Governor of Hampshire. He married the beautiful Adeliza, daughter of lvo, Count of Beaumont-sur-l'Oise, with whom he inherited estates in Herefordshire, and three lordships in Warwickshire. Hugh had become one of William the Conquerors main men in England and was at the heart of Anglo-French politics. In 1067 he joined with William Fitz Osbern and Bishop Odo in the government of England, during the King's absence in Normandy. He also was one of the Norman nobles who interceded with the Conqueror in favour of Williams’ son Robert Court-heuse, and effected a temporary reconciliation.

Earl Shilton, like many English villages, first appears in recorded history in the Doomesday Book of 1086, which is the first complete tax record for the whole kingdom. One of the parcels of land gifted to Hugh de Grandsmesnil by King William the Conqueror was the village of Scheltone, now known as Earl Shilton. The village measured some 500 acres, standing on the top of a low ridge in the southwest of the county. Schulton or Scheltone is an ancient word, which means shelf. The village boasted 3 ploughs, with 1 serf and 4 sokemen. Sokemen were the highest class of free peasants, a lower aristocracy, and were thought to be the descendents of the Danish army, who had settled in the East Midlands during the wars with Wessex. The village also had a priest, 10 villeins and 5 bordars. Villeins and Bordars were below Sokemen, slaves tied to the land and their lords whim. Villeins often held between 30 to 100 acres, while Bordars were of a lower standing and usually had a smallholding. Attached to the village of Sheltone were 12 acres of meadow and a mill of 16 pence value, with woodland 8 furlongs in length and 3 broad valued at 70 shillings. Following the Norman invasion there must have been some inflation as during the time of Edward the Confessor Sheltone’s woodland was valued at 5 shillings. The population of the village would have been 75 to 80 people.

The fields of Earl Shilton manor were open spaces divided, almost imperceptibly, into long narrow strips. Only the fields being grazed by cattle were fenced. The others are open and are identifiable as separate fields only by the crops which they bear. The unusual detail is that the single crop in each field is separately farmed - in individual strips - by peasant families of the local village.

Some of the strips which belong to the local lord, were farmed for him by the peasants under their feudal obligations. Strip-farming is central to the life of a medieval rural community. It involves an intrinsic element of fairness, for each peasant's strips were widely spread over the entire manor; every family will have the benefit of good land in some areas, while accepting a poor yield elsewhere. The strips also enforce an element of practical village democracy. The system only works if everyone sows the same crop on their strip of each open field. What to sow and when to harvest it are communal decisions. The field cannot be fenced, or the cattle let into it, until each peasant has reaped his own harvest. But when the harvest was in the Peasant would also have no other choice but to pay their lord to grind the corn in his mill.

Ploughing too is a communal affair. The heavy wheeled plough needed for northern soils is expensive, as are horses or oxen to pull it. So a team of horses and plough works successive strips of an open field for different peasants. The long narrow shape of the strips reflects the difficulty of turning the team at each end. In addition to the open fields, each village or manor has common land where peasants have a right to graze cattle, collect wood, cut turf and at times catch fish.

Adelize the wife of Hugh de Grandmesnil died at Rouen in 1087, and was buried in the Chapter House of St. Evroult. They had five sons and as many daughters together - namely, Robert, William, Hugh, lvo, and Aubrey; and daughters Adeline, Hawise, Rohais, Matilda, and Agnes
On the death of William the Conqueror, also in 1087, the Grandmesnil’s like most of the Norman barons were caught up in the civil war raging between his three surviving sons. Now lands in Normandy and England had two different masters, as Robert became Duke of Normandy and William Rufus was installed as the king of England. Royal family squabbles put fortunes at risk if Barons took the wrong side, and ultimately this was the fate of the Grandmesnil family for they tended to support the fickle Duke of Normandy against the Engilish king, although alegencies changed cotinually. Duke Robert did not always support his barons loyalty, which is illustrated in Hugh’s later struggles.

By 1090 Hugh de Grandmesnil, even as an old man, was still defending his lands in Normandy. Hugh made a stand along with his friend Richard de Courci at the Castle of Courci sur Dive, as Robert de Belesme laid seige to them. Belesme had driven his army into the lands along the river Orme, and the Norman Barons, in the true tradition of clan warfare, had quickly joined the fight depending on what suited their political and territorial ambitions.

Robert de Belesme did not have enough troops to totally surround the castle of Courci, so he set about building a great wooden engine called the Belfry. This monster was a great tower which had several floors and could be rolled up to the castle walls, delivering scores of knights to the front line on the castle walls. But unfortunately for Belesme, every time the Belfry was rolled forward, Grandmesnil sallied from the castle and attacked a different part of the line. This would mean that soldiers manning the Belfry were urgently needed elsewhere to beat back Grandmesnil’s attack. These skirmishes were frequent savage and bloody. On one occasion William, son of Henry de Ferrers (another Leicestershire landowner, whose family would become Earls of Derby), and William de Rupiere were captured by de Grandmesnil and ransomed for a small fortune. But the boot was on the other foot when Ivo de Grandmesnil, Hugh’s son, and Fitz Gilbert de Clare were seized by the attackers. Ivo was later released, but de Clare unfortunately did not survive the horrors Belesme’s dungeon (Planche).

As the siege continued a bizarre deadly ritual was played out. The inhabitants of Courci had built their oven outside the castle’s fortifications, and it now lay midway between the main gate and the enemy’s Belfry. The men of Courci therefore, would stand to arms and rush from the castle to surround the oven, so that the baker could go to work. Here they would defend their bread, as the attackers would attempt to carry it off. This would often lead to a general engagement as each side poured more troops into the fray. There was much slaughter over a few loaves of bread. But on one occasion Grandmesnil’s charge was so ferocious that De Belesme’s men were scattered. The men of Courci over ran the great siege engine. It was quickly torched, the blaze reducing it to a pile of ashes. But this success was short lived, as Duke Robert of Normandy took sides with De Belesme. It now looked all over for De Grandmenil and De Courci. Fortunately, King William Rufus arrived with a fleet in arms against his brother, and so Duke Robert and De Belesme simply packed up and went home. This illustrates Norman baronial society, where petty land squabbles escalate into all out warfare. Friends and allies are made on the spur of the moment to suit current circumstance, and enemies are very easily made.

In 1094, Hugh de Grandmesnil was again in England, and worn out with age and infirmity, finding and his end approaching. In accordance with the common practice of the period, he took the habit of a monk, but expired six days after he had taken to his bed on 22nd of February at Leicester. His body, preserved in salt and sewn up in the hide of an ox, was conveyed to the valley of the Ouche in Normandy by two monks. He was laid to rest at the Abbey of St. Evroult, and buried by the Abbot Roger on the south side of the Chapter House, near the tomb of Abbot Mainer.

Hugh’s eldest son, Robert, inherited his Norman lands in the Ouch valley, while [[Ivo de Grandmesnil]] became Sheriff of Leicester, and master of Earl Shilton manor.
Following a long futile war with his brother William Rufus, Duke Robert through his tardiness failed to take the English crown. Duke Robert had decided to take off on the first crusade in 1095 and simply packed up and set off for Jerusalem. Robert would lease Normandy to William Rufus for 10,000 marks and use the money to equip a well armed force. While peasant armies struggled overland the well to do went by ship. William's brother Odo and many others, who had rebelled against William Rufus in 1088, felt that this was a good way to avoid the English kings wrath. Ivo de Grandmesnil, Sheriff of Leicester, along with his brothers thought it best to saddle up and get out of town.

Robert of Normandy was one of the leaders of the Christian army, but he was just a barbarian warrior in the opinion of the Emperor in Constantinople. The crude turbulent crusaders soon pushed on from the elegant court of Constantinople, to the siege of Nicaea, which quickly fell. This early success soon led to grumbling among the Christian army, as there was no sack of the city to satisfy their bloodlust and thirst for plunder. They did not trust the Emperor and friends now eyed each other with suspicion. The Crusaders now crossed the deserts of Anatolia in a nightmare journey arguing with their allies, who they relied on for food and guides. They managed to drive off the Turks at the battle of Ramalah but gloom soon descended again as ‘Gods army’ reached Antioch.

The siege of Antioch lasted for nearly eight months, and for the crusaders outside its walls life was miserable business. In just a few weeks the food had ran out, and the Turks who roamed the mountains killed any Christian who strayed to far from camp. A harsh winter turned the pilgrims’ inadequate shelter into a stinking bog. Clothes rotted on men’s backs, and just when things could not get any worse, a massive Turkish army approached. Despondency and panic took hold among the Christians and there were mass desertions.

But the Christians for once had a stroke of luck. A Turkish captain was persuaded to give up his tower for gold, and he led the crusaders into the city by night. Finally the great city had fallen, but the victory was a hollow one. Antioch was bare after an eight-month siege, there was no food to be had, and to cap it all the next day a fresh Turkish army appeared at the gates. The crusaders were caught like rats in a trap. Exhausted, sick and depressed the army of Christ did not even had enough fit men to man the entire length of the city walls. It was a grim daily struggle to hold the Turks at bay. On the third day of the siege, after a terrible battle on the walls that lasted well into the night, the Grandmesnil brothers, planned to escape their inevitable slaughter. William Grandmesnil, his brother Aubrey and Ivo of Grandmesnil, banded together with several other knights and their followers, and undercover of darkness secretly let themselves down from the wall on ropes. They fled on foot to the coast and in a wretched state reached the port of St Simeon.

The motley Crusaders in Antioch miraculously drove off the new Turkish army at Antioch, and eventually went on to take Jerusalem. While the Grandmesnils would come to regret their premature departure.

Upon his victorious return from the crusades, Duke Robert was appalled to find that his young brother had snatched the throne of England. William Rufus had died in a hunting accident, and Henry had moved swiftly to stake his shaky claim, and now sat firmly on the throne.
It appears that Ivo de Grandmesnil was influenced by his brother Robert, who held the family lands in Normandy, and joined the faction fighting against King Henry of England. War quickly followed.

Duke Robert set sail for England in 1101 and his army caught up with Henry at Alton, on the Winchester road. A peace was quickly negotiated and Robert went back to Normandy with promises of English gold. Unfortunately, this left the Duke’s supporters high and dry and king Henry, ‘a famously unpleasant individual’ took note of his enemies, including the Grandmesnils (Morris).

King Henry bestowed the manors of Barwell, Burbage, Aston, Sketchley and Dadlington on Hugh de Hastings, as he set about getting rid of any baronial opposition. Thus, Ivo, Sheriff of Leicester, found that he was in disgrace at court, and also swamped with lawsuits and delayed judgements by the king. The cronies of the king’s court treated Ivo like a standing joke, and courtiers openly called him ‘ropedancer’, a reference to his escape from Antioch. His star was definitely on the wane, and when he over reacted to the jibes, Ivo was fined for turbulent conduct at court. To escape his situation, Ivo had little choice but to finance another trip to the Holy Land, where he could regain his honour fighting for god.

Ivo approached Robert Beaumont, Count Mulan, to procure a reconciliation with the king, and to advance him five hundred silver marks for his expedition. For this service the whole of Ivo's domains were pledged to Beaumont as a security for fifteen years. Beaumont was also to give the daughter of his brother Henry, Earl of Warwick, in marriage to Ivo's son, Baron Hinckley, who was still in his infancy, and to restore him his father's inheritance. This contract was confirmed by oath, and ratified by the King. But the luckless Ivo died on his crusade to Jerusalem, and when he did not return Robert Beaumont broke his oaths and took control of the whole of Leicester. He dispossessed Ivos’ children, forgot about the marriage, and added all the Grandmesnil estates to his own. By slight of hand, Earl Shilton manor was now held by Robert Beaumont, who was created the first Earl of Leicester by the king.

Ivo’s son and heir, Hugh de Grandmesnil, Baron Hinckley, never recovered the honour of Leicester, however, his daughter, Petronella, married Robert de Beaumont, the third Earl of Leicester, and thus the two antagonistic families were joined.

Robert Beaumont, Count of Mulan, died on the 5th of June 1118, and his son, another Robert, known as Bossu, became the 2nd Earl of Leicester. Robert and his twin brother, Waleran, were taken into the court of King Henry I on the death of their father. Although Robert Bossu held lands throughout the country, in the 1120’s he began to rationalise his estates in Leicestershire. The estates of the See of Lincoln and the Earl of Chester were seized by force. This gave Bossu a compact block of estates which were bounded by Nuneaton, Loughborough, Melton Mowbray and Market Harborough.

== Earl Shilton Castle ==

[[Robert Beaumont]] (''Bossu'') was present at the death of King Henry in 1135, and the Earl of Leicester became a close advisor to the new king Stephen. Unfortunately Henrys’ daughter Matilda felt that she should be on the throne, and with the aid of her half brother the Earl of Gloucester, launched a ferocious war upon her cousin Stephen.

As the defence of his lands became paramount, it is likely that Robert Bossu began the fortification of Shilton Hill. The Earl of Leicester’s’ new motte and bailey castle would protect the vale of Kirkby, along with Beaumont’s lines of communication to the South and West.

Earl Shiltons’ castle was built around the site of an existing twelfth century chapel called Saint Peters that lies between Church Street and Almey’s Lane. This area is known locally as ‘Hall Yard’. Nearby are the springs, from which the castle drew its water, now known as Spring Gardens.

The castle, as a fortress, lasted for 30 to 40 years before its destruction, and subsequent conversion to a hunting lodge. There are no records of a siege or fighting in the area of Earl Shilton, even during the civil war, which probably shows that the castle was doing its job (''John Lawrence''). When the church was rebuilt in 1854, the stone was used from the castle for its construction.

In 1173 it was Prince Henry who started a rebellion against his father King Henry II. Robert Beaumont the Earl of Leicester was in France when the rebellion began and eagerly joined the Prince’s faction fighting several battles. While still on the road, on October 17th at Farnham, outside Bury St Edmunds the king’s supporters attacked. Norfolk and Leicester were surprised and defeated. The miserable Beaumont was captured and carted off to prison at Falaise in Normandy.

The king now set about destroying the Earl of Leicester’s castles, and the demolition men soon moved into Earl Shilton. Only the fortress of Leicester and Mount Sorrell survived this destruction. However, Earl Shilton manor would remain, after all it was a good source of revenue.

== Shilton Park ==

Shilton Park was probably created by [[Simon de Montfort]] after he became Earl of Leicester. De Montfort’s association with the village was such that he added the prefix ‘Earl’ to its name.

In medieval times the park was a rich mans playground, and definitely not for the leisure and recreation of the masses, rather like an exclusive golf club today. The original purpose of Shilton Park therefore, was to provide a hunting ground, stocked with game, for the lord of the manors’ sport and table. Internally the park was surrounded by a deep ditch, to keep the animals in, and behind it, a high fence to keep the general population out. The Earl of Leicester’s park of Tooley sat below Shilton Hill, stretching into the northwest towards Desford. It enclosed 450 acres and it cost an absolute fortune to maintain.

The upkeep of the park lay in the hands of the Earls bailiff, or ‘Keeper of the park’, a much sought after occupation, as Shilton Park generated substantial revenue to help offset its huge running costs. It supplied a rich source of timber, horses were raised, and the park provided a continual supply of fresh meat, while fees were levied on anyone wishing to graze their animals on parklands. One of the perks of the bailiff was that he could graze his own animals in the park freely, at the Earls’ discretion.

== Medieval Earl Shilton ==

King Henry briefly held Shilton manor and park following the death of Simon de Montfort, before giving it over to his son Edmund. Created Earl of Leicester and Lancaster, Edmund ‘crouchback’ took possession of Earl Shilton in 1272, for a security of 3,000 gold marks, and the parish was held of Lancaster from this time(John Lawrence).

The great earl appointed Richard de Schulton, the elder, as his man in Earl Shilton, whose job it was to manage the running of the estate. He also collected the Earls’ dues. A service that Richard de Schulton would perform for the Earls of Lancaster for roughly the next thirty years.

'''The Manor of Sheltone 1297'''
The main house with gardens and all its issues are worth three shillings.
There are 240 acres worth yearly £7 at 6d per acre. There are in villainage 34 bovates of land for which the villains render 10/- 5d. There are 8 acres of land in villeinage which render 49s 8d. The natives hold 27 acres 1 rood which render 27s 41/2d. Free tenants render 27s 7 1/2 d. The cottars render 80 hens worth 6s 8d. There is a windmill and a watermill worth 53s 4d, a pasture worth 40shillings. The grazing is worth 10s. The Park of Tolowe (Tooley) is not extended because the bailiff has all his animals there.

A knight, '''Richard de Schulton''', the elder, held the land from Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, and saw to the daily business of the estate. Richard is the first person that we know who lived and worked in Earl Shilton. His recorded history began when he attended King Edward I Easter court at Leicester in 1283. Richard de Schulton and his wife, Constance, became lord and lady of the manor, and had at least two sons, Richard, the younger, and John. The family were minor Leicestershire gentry who are known to have held other lands in Thurleston, Mershton, Normanton juxta Thurleston, Weston juxta Blaby, Normanton Turville, Countesthorp and Bitmeswelle.

[[Thomas of Lancaster]] became the new overlord of Shilton Manor in 1298, on the death of his father Edmund ‘Crouchback’. Earl Shilton manor at this time had 240 acres worth yearly £7. Two years later, in 1300, Thomas of Lancaster was fighting in the Scottish Wars alongside his uncle Edward I at the siege of Caerlaverock castle.

The same year Roger of Desford’s son, Richard, along with his friend Simon, son of the provost, were caught cutting down trees and carting them from Priors Wood in Kirkby Mallory, and Richard de Schulton brought them up before the king’s justice later that year demanding compensation.

It was some time before 1314, Richard de Schulton, the elder, died. His wife Constance, re married and William de Nevil moved into the manor with her. This took up much court time, as the family squabbled over their inheritance with the younger Richard de Shulton.

William de Nevil was also in court for various crimes and thefts of his property. In 1321 three men from Shilton, Ricard Blodewe, John Annys and John, son of Rodger, were all charged with taking Will de Nevils’ boar, worth 20 shillings and hunting it maliciously with dogs.

In 1324 Henry, who had succeeded his brother to the title of Leicester and Lancaster, met with John Norton Mayor of Leicester and his burgesses at Shulton Manor. The great Earls’ arrival at Earl Shilton must have been a grand occasion, as accommodation and food were made available for a large retinue of barons, knights and servants.

'''Cost to the Mayor and Burgess of Leicester for meeting Henry, the Earl of Leicester and Lancaster, at the manor of Shulton 1324.'''

'''The burgess records recall the expenses of the occasion'''

To Robert of Cadeby for having his counsel 2 shillings
On Friday before the Lords coming
- bread 6 ½ d
- wine 2 s 8d

Sent to Sir Thomas le Blount and Sir Ric de Rivers
Present to the Earl
- bread 29s
- wine £8 16s
- 3 carcasses of beef £2 5s
- 7 pigs £1 11s 6d
- with porterage and dressing 7d
- 20 quarters of oats £1 17s 6d
21 pairs of hose, given to the esquires and officials £1 11s 0d
To the Earls messenger 1 shilling for hose
To the poultry keeper 6d for shoes
Total £17 17s 31/2d
''Borough of Leicester records''

An armed raid took place in Earl Shilton in 1326.
Nicholas de Charnels, at the head of a band brigands rode into Earl Shilton intent on plunder ''(John Lawrence).'' This party of raiders contained three other knights, the parson of Aylmesthorp (Elmsthorpe), along with their servants and retainers. They burst into the manor house yard and grabbed what they could, eventually riding off with goods and chattels worth £300. Will de Nevill must have been distraught for he had lost an absolute fortune. But the manor was held from Henry Earl of Lancaster, and it was not long before the miscreants were up in court.
In the Trinity court of Edward II, held in Leycester 1326 -

Nicolas de Carnels, Parson John de Charnels, Walter de Bodicote of Weston, Richard de la Hay of Aylmersthorp and Roger de Claybrook of Leycester, were made to answer for their crime.

'''Richard de Schulton''', the younger, had been born in the twilight years of the thirteenth century, and would become a young knight in the retinue of Henry de Ferrers of Groby.Henry de Ferrers, was a notable warrior who fought for Edward III in Scotland and France. Henry married Isabel Verdon and took part in the first battle of the Hundred Years War at Sluys. On 23rd July 1340 the English attacked the French fleet. Sluys was a dramatic naval victory for Edward III. The French ships were chained together, while the English remained mobile, and were able to destroy the French ships

The grand old lady, Constance de Shulton expired on the 20th May 1349, the year the Black Death arrived at Earl Shilton. Her second husband Will de Nevil had already died, some twelve years before, in 1337. Whether her death was related to the dread plague is unknown, but she was over seventy years of age. She had seen off two husbands who had been Lords of the manor at Earl Shilton, and had been at the heart of Leicestershire knightly society since the rein of Edward I. Her son Richard, who must have been in his 50’s, took over running the family estates at Earl Shilton. Richard de Shulton also lived for over seventy years, but by 1361 John de Neld held the manor at Shulton on the death of Henry Grosmont, Earl of Leicester.

In the September of 1365, burglars were at work in Neubold Verdon. Tomas Danyel of Shulton and William Bannebury of Neubold, took away goods and chattels from the home of William Savage, the parson, and ‘dispastured his hurbage with cattle.’

[[John of Gaunt]] the fourth son of King Edward III, was born at Ghent (or Gaunt) in Flanders, in 1340. In 1359, at Reading Abbey, he married Blanche, the younger of the two daughters of Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Lancaster. The manor of Earl Shilton was given to Gaunt as part of her dowry.

John of Gaunt would often enjoy the hunting offered by Shilton Park and its Manor, when he was in residence at Leicester Castle.

Robert de Swillington, a knight, was leasing a plot of land in Shilton Park by 1392. This included Priors Wood, 10 acres in Kirkby Mallory, and Shilton Wood, another 8 acres. It was passed onto Roger de Swillington, who on his death, in 1418, left the property to his son John. Unfortunately John de Swillington did not have long to enjoy his inheritance. He died the following year and the woodland was passed to his sister Joan. The De Swillington family’s association with Shilton Park ended with the death of Joan in 1427.

A gang of serial poachers were caught in Shilton Park in 1420. Three men from Thorneton, Yeoman Thomas Harryson, together with Thomas Jakes and William Northowe, both husbandmen, aided by John Oakes of Odeston, were all charged with ‘breaking the kings park of Schulton and hunting therein’.
William Armeston, representing the king also accused them of the same crime at Desford and Leicester Firth (New Parks). How the court disposed of these illicit hunters is not recorded, but the kings retribution would probably be administered in a swift and grizzly fashion.

Hostilities in France continued, but momentum swung to the French with the appearance of Joan of Arc in 1428. The Nock Verges, Earl Shiltons’ archery ground, would have been in constant use during this time as the wars with France raged on.

During the rein of the Yorkist [[King Edward IV]], the Shilton Park laws were rescinded, probably as it had belonged to the Lancastrian princes, and the land was given over to the Ruding family.

On Friday, August 19th, [[King Richard III]] left Nottingham and travelled south toward the city of Leicester. In Leicester, with his captains still mustering his men, he learned from his scouts that the army of Lord Stanley was at Stoke Golding while William Stanley was at Shenton. Henry Tudor and his small army were camped around Atherstone. On the following day, Richard and his royal army left the city of Leicester expecting to meet his rival near Hinckley.

Swinging into the southwest, Richard is thought to have used the ancient track way to Shilton Hill and his army spent the night camped around the churches of Shulton and Elmesthorpe. No doubt all the food in the village was requisitioned before the royal army moved on to Sutton Cheyney and Ambion Hill where Richard was defeated and killed.

But even in Earl Shilton, a manor that historically belonged to the house of Lancaster, cheers were muted. For as the Earl of Richmond’s foreign mercenaries marched on to Leicester they carried the sweating sickness with them. This can be traced in contemporary records, from Milford Haven to Leicestershire (Biggs). Sweating sickness, also known as the "English sweate" (Lat. sudor anglicus), was a mysterious and highly virulent disease which struck England and later Europe in a series of epidemics the first beginning in 1485 and the last in 1551, afterwards apparently vanishing. The onset of symptoms was dramatic and sudden, with death often occurring within hours. Its cause remains unknown.

At the end of the Wars of the Roses Edward Trussel held plots of land in Derby, Earl Shilton and was Overseer of Elmesthorpe manor held from Lord de la Zouche. Elmesthorpe was valued at £34 at this time, while his holdings in Earl Shilton were worth 40 shillings. When Trussel died his children were still young and his lands were held by the king, for his son, John Trussel, was still in his minority. Unfortunately John Trussel did not have very long to enjoy his estates, for he quickly followed his father, dying on 20th December 1499. The next heir was John’s sister, Elizabeth, who was born in 1497, and was ten years old when the court granted her inheritance in 1507. We do not know what befell little Elizabeth Trussel, but shortly after this period Elmesthorpe was depopulated and the church fell into disrepair.

Following the battle of Bosworth, [[Henry VII]] reinstated the Park laws for Earl Shilton. Henry Churchman was appointed bailiff for the parks upkeep, and also bow bearer for the park of Leicester Firth (New Parks). George Hastings became the keeper of Earl Shilton and Hinckley Parks in 1507, and by 1560 the keeper was George Vincent.

During the rein of [[Henry VIII]], the crown gave a parcel of the lands in Earl Shilton to Trinity Hospital, Cambridge.

== Elizabethan Earl Shilton ==

At the time of [[Queen Elizabeth I]] in 1564, there were ten families living in Earl Shilton, strangely a smaller population than at the time of the Doomesday book in 1086. But the old squabbles over land rights were still prevalent. During Elizabeth’s’ rein the local gentry such as Richard Grey, Richard Dylke of Kirkby Mallory, William Jervis of Peatling Magna, John Harrington and John Watters were all arguing about ownership of land in Earl Shilton between 1580 and 1594.

By the turn of the seventeenth century, Sampson Goodhall, gentleman, was the head of a well to do family living in Earl Shilton. The summer of 1608 saw the family owning several cottages, pastures, ploughlands and meadows, along with orchards and gardens. However, the Goodhalls’ were to suffer badly despite their wealth (''John Lawrence'').

In 1611, Leicestershire suffered from a severe outbreak of the Plague. Infected houses were marked with a cross, business was practically suspended, and there, seemed to be no one with sufficient knowledge to cope with, or mitigate, the effects of the epidemic. During the plague years Shilton suffered like most other villages.

Sampson Goodhall began burying his family at the beginning of May -
Will Goodhall, Sampsons son, buried May 9th.
Rich Goodhall, another son, was buried May 10th.
Anna Goodhall, buried May 9th.
Maria Goodhall, buried June 1st.
Ann Goodhall, Sampsons wife, was buried June 8th. In total for the year 1611.

21 deaths occurred in Earl Shilton, double that of the previous year(''Parish Records'').

Sampson survived the plague, for by the Autumn of 1615, he and his new wife, Isobel, were in the law courts of King James I. George Arlington esq paid damages of £60 to the Goodhalls, in a dispute over cottages, land and all manner of tithes arising in Earl Shilton.

It is interesting to note that at this period of plague William Holdsworth, the parish curate, made double entries in the registers. This is the only time that it occurs throughout the registers. The reason for it remains unknown.

The Thomas Family also suffered during the plague - from the old registers of 1611.
Alexander Thomas, buried April 28th.
Will Thomas and Wife, buried April 21st.
John Thomas, son of Will, buried May 18th.
Thomas, son of Will, buried May 25th

== The Stuarts ==

Earl Shiltons’ freeholders, or principal landholders, in 1630 were Richard Churchman, Richard Veasey, Samuel Wightman, and Sampson Goodall. The crown also held some land in the village, but during the rein of Charles I, the crown sold Earl Shilton’s farm to the Earl of Ilchester, whose rents were given up to Guy’s Hospital, London, which received them for many years.

In 1636, John Wightman gave £50 for the poor of Hinckley and a field in Earl Shilton was also let, earning £3 5s per year. By 1711 Peter Cappur was the steward of the manor in Shilton and John Wightmans legacy was in dispute. At the Court Baron for that year, on October 13th, Francis Thompson a tenant of Studford Close, Earl Shilton, surrendered a field of 2 ½ acres to Nathaniel Ward and Thomas Sansome, held in trust, for the poor of Hinckley. This charity ran for some time for in 1809, Rob Thompson and Thomas Sansome were the trustees.

'''
'''The Purchase of Shilton Park at Tooley''''''

Henry Morrison was knighted at Whitehall in 1627, and he and his wife purchased Simon de Montforts old hunting park of Tooley. Their daughter, Letticia, married Luis Carey, Viscount Falkland and they resided for a time at the Park. Back in 1608, Tooley contained 3,500 trees worth nearly £1000.

During the crisis of the English Civil War, Viscount Falkland fought for the King in the Royalist army. At the failed siege of Gloucester in 1643, many times he exposed himself fearlessly. But later that year his luck ran out at the First Battle of Newbury. On the 20th September, he met his death leading a suicidal charge against a hedge lined by the enemy's musketeers.

From 1642 onwards the broad tract of country between Ashby de la Zouche, Leicester and the Watling Street became the buffer zone between the rival garrisons of Royalists and the Parliamentarians. One of the first shocks that the war had in store for the civilian population was the sudden increase in the number of new taxes that had to be raised for the support of these new garrisons. Records show that the Parliamentary tax for the combined parishes of Burbage and Sketchley was £2-8shillings and 4 pence per month.

Clergymen who openly sided with Parliament were easy targets for Royalist raiding parties. Colonel Hastings, with four troops of horse ‘coursed about the country as far as Dunton Bassett and Lutterworth, and took near upon a hundred clergymen and their sympathisers, carrying them as prisoners to Hinckley.

On the other side Parliament listed nine clerks from the Market Bosworth and Hinckley area who suffered sequestration for supporting the king. Thomas Cleveland, of Hinckley, and John Lufton, rector of lbstock, had offered money or prayers for the king. William Holdsworth, the curate of Earl Shilton, openly reviled the Parliament and stood accused of reading a Royal Protestation in the middle of a sermon.

Parliaments Captain Flower, while temporarily billeted at Stoney Stanton, ordered the delivery of twenty strikes of provender for his horses by the inhabitants of Burbage and Sketchley. On another occasion his troop ordered two quarters of provender from Stapleton. The largest claim for free quarter was for a force of two hundred and eleven troops and seventy two horses under Colonel Purefoy and Colonel Bosseville, when they set up camp at Hinckley in the summer of 1643. The townspeople of Hinckley also provided quartering for twenty three horsemen for a single night in 1644. While Parliamentary troopers from Astley House stood accused of taking a rapier, a swordbelt and ‘a snapsack’ worth 8 shillings, from old Sampson Goodhall when they passed through Earl Shilton. (Alan Roberts 2001)

Following the Civil War the Parliamentarians began to take revenge on their old enemies. Earl Shiltons’ Richard Churchman was listed among the gentry who in 1645 “compounded” for their estates with the Parliamentary Sequestration Committee, along with Thomas Crofts, another royalist. This meant he had to pay a heavy fine to restrieve his estates.

Also the local curate William Holdsworth was accused of being a royalist or “malignant”. John Walker, who wrote about the Sufferings of the Clergy during the Grand Rebellion, records that Holdsworth was hauled before the County Committee in 1646 for “reviling” Parliament. His offences included ignoring the Directory set by Parliament to enforce puritan reforms, refusing sacraments to those not kneeling, allowing Sunday games and reading a royalist Protestation in the middle of a sermon. He was also accused of being “several times drunk” and using “old notes as new sermons” for the past twenty years.

== Framework Knitting ==

Around this time William Iliffe changed the whole economy of the area by introducing the first knitting frame to Hinckley in 1640. He bought a knitting frame for the substantial sum of £60 and set it up in his house, thought to be located at the top of Castle Street. Stocking frames soon spread to Earl Shilton, with each stocking maker renting his frame and working from his cottage, while wives and daughters sat at their spinning wheels.

In 1694, Sir Verney Noel, of Kirkby Mallory, left £100 for the poor children of Earl Shilton to be sent to London, to be taught the art of Framework Kitting.

Things change little it seems, for payment of council tax, or community charge, has never been popular and has perennially been tarnished with tales of corruption. In Earl Shilton Vestry meetings were originally held in the parish church but later moved to the Plough Inn. Later the Baron’s Court replaced the Vestry.

== The Baptists ==

There were Baptists in Earl Shilton from 1651. These dissenters from the established church met in cottages around Church Street and Mill Street as their religion was against the law. During the restoration the Baptists were still under persecution and the Shilton dissenters continued to worship in secret.
Eventually Baptist worship became licensed under an act of Parliament. King Charles II’s state papers say that licenses to Edward Cheyney and William Biges of Earl Shilton were granted.

John Goadby died in 1714, and in his will he bequethed to the ‘minister and poor Baptists in Earl Shilton - my close and its accociated lands, commonly called Crowhearst. And to take any rents, fines or profits, for the disposal of the said Baptists.

Many generations of Cheneys also worked tirelessly for the Baptists, the last dying in1815. A Baptist meetinghouse was erected in 1758, which was enlarged in 1844, while the Sunday school began in 1801.

In 1861 economic disaster struck the village when the American Civil War broke out and cotton could not be exported. The Baptist minister, Reverend Parkinson, was forced to resign through lack of funds. Crowhearst and its land was eventually sold to Mr W H Cotton in 1928 and the money invested in government stock

By 1664 Earl Shilton had thirty-four households assessed for hearth tax, and during the rein of William III in 1687 there were fifty-two houses assessed in the village.

'''Licence of Cottages used for Worship in Earl Shilton'''

1720 Jeremiah Parker
1722 Johnathan Johnstone
1725 Joshua Brotherton
1726 Joseph Smith
1731 Samuel Cheney
1760 William Randen
1790 Daniel Harrold
1792 Thomas Green

Note that not all dissenters were Baptists. William Randen was known as a Presbyterian (''John Lawrence).''

== Thomas Boothby of Tooley ==

In 1696, and at only 15 years of age, Thomas Boothby inherited the estate of Tooley Park. Married three times, he acquired through his wives various estates in Staffordshire. From his mother, he inherited land at Foston in Derbyshire and Peatling, Countesthorpe and Earl Shilton in Leicestershire.
The ease of his position was such that the young ‘Tom o’ Tooley’ was able to devote himself almost exclusively to the pursuit of hunting. He established the first true pack of foxhounds in the country and the Quorn Hunt with a number of hounds inherited with the Tooley estate. Boothby embarked on an astonishing career of 55 seasons as Master of the Quorn Hunt.

Boothby kept a mistress, Catherine Holmes, at Groby Pool House. But a local vicar informed Boothby's wife about her husband's mistress. After an angry wife had confronted him, Boothby got hold of the minister in question, and almost drowned the fellow in Groby pool (John Lawrence).

Superstition was rife in eighteenth century England, and there are many strange tales of ghosts, witches and spirits. A woman of Earl Shilton parish declared ‘that she had been bewitched by an old woman from Aston in 1776. Her accuser saw the old woman unceremoniously thrown into the horse pond, despite her 80 years of age. Luckily the old woman just managed to escape with her life.’

There was also the strange tale that came to light in 1778. A house in Earl Shilton, was said to be plagued by its former long dead occupant. Tables and chairs were known to dance about the room, while pewter dishes jumped off the shelves. But alarm was worse when wigs and hats flew off the heads of their wearers. Villagers agreed that the disturbed spirit was a local man who could not rest in his grave because he had been defrauded in life. (Palmer 2002)

An Elmesthorpe farmer, complained in 1811 that, ‘it is common almost everywhere amongst the women that when they brew, they make crosses to keep the witch out of the mash-tub, so that the ale might be fine.’ He added that ‘farmers and common folk were very great believers in old popular tales of ghosts, fairies and witches, and of people and cattle being under the evil tounge.’

== Superstition and witchcraft ==

Superstition was rife in eighteenth century England, and there are many strange tales of ghosts, witches and spirits. A woman of Earl Shilton parish declared ‘that she had been bewitched by an old woman from Aston in 1776. Her accuser saw the old woman unceremoniously thrown into the horse pond, despite her 80 years of age. Luckily the old woman just managed to escape with her life.’
There was also the strange tale that came to light in 1778. A house in Earl Shilton, was said to be plagued by its former long dead occupant. Tables and chairs were known to dance about the room, while pewter dishes jumped off the shelves. But alarm was worse when wigs and hats flew off the heads of their wearers. Villagers agreed that the disturbed spirit was a local man who could not rest in his grave because he had been defrauded in life. (''Palmer 2002)''

<blockquote>
Extract from “Leicester and Nottingham Journal,
July 6th, 1776:

“A woman of the parish of Earl Shilton, in the County of Leicester, has been subject for some years to a disorder resembling the bite of the tarantula, and so astonishing the ignorance of many, that they imagine that she has been bewitched by an old lady in the neighbouring village of Aston.
On Thursday, June 20th last, the afflicted, her husband and son went to the old woman, and with dreadful imprecations, threatened to destroy her instantly unless she would submit to have blood drawn from some part of her body, and unless she would give the woman a blessing and remove her disorder. The son, who is a soldier, drew his sword and pointing to her breast, swore he would plunge it into her heart if she did not immediately comply.
When the old woman had gone through the ceremony they went off, but the person not being cured they collected a great many people and on Monday last returned to Aston pretending to have a warrant to justify their proceedings. Then with uncommon brutality they took the poor creature from her house, stripped her quite naked, and after tying her hands and legs together threw her in a horse pond. She was then taken out, and in this shameful condition exhihited for the sport of an inhuman mob. As she did not sink they concluded she really was a witch, and several returning the following day determined to discipline her in this cruel manner until they should put an end to her wretched existence. The posse was not sufficiently strong, so she escaped for that time. The consideration of the old woman being over 80 years of age, and of her being a pauper and friendless, render it the duty of magistrates to exert themselves to bring to punishment these atrocious offenders.
</blockquote>

An Elmesthorpe farmer, complained in 1811 that, ‘it is common almost everywhere amongst the women that when they brew, they make crosses to keep the witch out of the mash-tub, so that the ale might be fine.’ He added that ‘farmers and common folk were very great believers in old popular tales of ghosts, fairies and witches, and of people and cattle being under the evil tounge.’

== Peg-Leg Watts and the Stocks ==

In 1705, the payment by the Reeve for Shilton manor was £34 8s 6 1/4d. The Reeve was voted into office annually by the freeholders of the parish. There were 61 freeholders who voted in 1719, but this number had dropped to 28 by 1785.
The Overseer of the manor had various facets to his job. Daniel Marvin Overseer in 1755, made charges of 5shillings for ale at the burial of a pauper.

In 1760, Alderman Gabriel Newton, of Leicester gave to Earl Shilton and Barwell £20 16s from his charity, for the educating of 20 poor boys from each village.

James Perrott was a successful surgeon who worked in Earl Shilton. He married the widow, Lady Ann Sharpe, and they lived in the village for over 40 years, until she died 1791, at the age of 62 years.

Famous for his prowess as a wrestler Samuel Marvin also lived in Earl Shilton.

The last soul to be incarcerated in the Earl Shilton stocks was a man called ‘Peg-leg Watts’. What crime this local ‘ne’re do well’ had committed we have no idea, but the stocks were situated opposite the old churchyard. Also in the vicinity there was the village round house or gaol. Unfortunately all traces of the old lock-up have now disappeared.

An Act of Enclosure was passed in 1778. Earl Shiltons’ open fields, meadows and 1,500 acres of heath land were all enclosed. Thomas, Viscount Wentworth, was entitled to all small tithes vacarial dues in Shilton.

Scrymshire Boothby had the entitlement of the great tithes, payment in lieu of tithes, hay and meadow lands in Hall fields and Breach field. The following year Scrymshire Boothby sold Tooley Park to John Dod, and the remainder of the estate was divided.
Shilton Heath, famed for over a century for its steeple chasing, was gone for good.

Viscount Wentworth also had his lands in Elmsthorpe enclosed, including an extensive rabbit warren. He exchanged these after 1778 for two acres of land in Shilton parish.

== The Earl Shilton Turnpike ==

The Turnpike trust had two tollgates at Earl Shilton. One at the bottom of Shilton Hill, which was kept by a man called Harrison for many years. The other tollgate was where the Belle Vue road meets the Hinckley road. Travellers were said to have gone around by Elmesthorpe to avoid the gate and its tolls.

The gates were administered by the Turnpike Trusts, and were bid for every year by prospective candidates, and this led to a deal of local corruption. Bribes were offered to secure the contract, and not all of the money was spent on the upkeep of the roads. Many small parishes like Earl Shilton had a large mileage of roads within their boundaries and found it well-nigh impossible to maintain them.

Roads and pathways were very bad indeed. Cart-ruts ran deep down the main streets and the stones on the old “corseys” (footpaths) must have been very dangerous at times. Loose stone was very often strewn about, and it remained for the carts to roll them in, and in the era of the toll-gate the wider the wheels the less toll they paid to go through them. A great handicap, however, was the fact that these carts often followed in the existing ruts as a matter of course, and so made them worse than ever. Roads and repairs were paid for through the Vestry, which had replaced the Barons Court of the 17th century. The Vestry met for many years in the Plough Inn, Church Street, setting the parsons rate, church rate, poor rate, overseers rate, watch rate and the highway rate for the parish.

Stagecoaches passed frequently through Earl Shilton, it being on the route to Hinckley and Birmingham from Leicester. Coaches with names such as the Acommodation, The Magnet and The Alexander were all running in 1830. Coaches stopped at a place near to the White House in Wood Street, beside the Lord Nelson Inn. On one tragic occasion a coach overturned near to the entrance of Burbage Common and a man was killed in the ensuing wreckage (John Lawrence).

In 1800 there were 249 inhabited houses in Earl Shilton, with a further 8 uninhabited. The population stood at 1287, 655 males and 632 females. Agriculture employed 118 villagers, while the 716 souls employed in trade and manufacture showed the dramatic rise of stocking manufacture.

== The First School at Earl Shilton ==

Thomas Green, succeeded to the Baptist Church in Earl Shilton and in 1801, started the villages first school, where reading and writing were taught, as well as to receive the elementary knowledge of the Christian faith. In 1850 John Green kept the school and was the master. He was given notice to quit; having displeased the Church. It was, however, cancelled and he was advised to “keep things in order.” This school kept going until 1858, when the Church of England schools were built. The Church of England Schools had room for 200 children and cost £1050 to build, the money being raised by subscription and grants. One school stood in the High Street and another in Wood Street.

== The Workhouse ==

The economy of the village was based mainly on boots and stockings. A whole family would work from morning until late at night for very meagre earnings. Stocking makers worked ten, twelve and even fifteen hours a day at their frames, for seven or eight shillings per week. Frame rents were high and varied from one shilling to three shillings per week. Poverty and disease were rife. In Hinckley there was a framework knitters strike in 1824. Two years later, disorder in the town was quelled when a detachment of lancers arrived, killing one man.

The Earl Shilton village population had risen to 2017 by 1831.

Many Earl Shilton people in the 1840’s became destitute and sought refuge in the Union Workhouse at Hinckley, locally known as “The Bastille.” Things had become very bad, and are spoken of as the “hungry forties.” Queen Victoria ordered an inquiry into distress, and sent in 1843 a commission headed by a Mr. Muggeridge, and afterwards much valuable information was obtained from interviews with work-people and employers. Earl Shilton frame-work knitters and hosiers, gave evidence at the enquiry of 1843. Rich Wileman, of Shilton, described himself as the oldest stocking manufacturer in the kingdom, and stated that many thousands of dozens of socks were sent to the American market every year.

At a time when a reasonable daily wage was 4/-, a report showed the weekly earnings in 27 parishes varied from 4/- to 8/- a week, Hinckley district being 5/3, Bosworth 4/6, Ibstock 4/- and Shepshed 5/6. Frame rents in the cottages were high and varied in different parishes from 1/- to 3/- per week. This rent and the addition of the vicious Truck Act (1831), made poverty and disease rife in the Leicestershire parishes (''John Lawrence''). The Truck Act stated that goods had to be paid for in cash instead of in kind and, as usual, hit the poorest the hardest. Had it not been for their allotments ground, things would have been much worse, as it was many were close to starvation.

In the year 1844 there were in Shilton alone 650 stocking frames. Mr. J. Homer, giving evidence to the commission, said that the whole of these were in the houses of the workpeople at that time. Neither the workshop, nor the factory system was in operation in Earl Shilton untill after the findings of the Commission were made public.

Stocking making in the home quickly died out with the introduction of the factory system. Both the boot and shoe and the hosiery industry eagerly took to the new system of working and for the first time people began to be regulated by time, as the factory needed villagers to work in unison. The last known stocking-frame in Earl Shilton disappeared when its owner, a man named Mr. Pratt, who lived in Wood Street, died.

Earl Shilton saw its’ first hosiery strike in 1859. The employers involved were Messrs. Homer & Everard. Almost 130 operatives took strike action, and an appeal was sent out to workers of three counties for aid for the Earl Shilton strikers to fight it.

There is no doubt that the 1840’s were wretched times, and sheep stealing, highway robbery and burglary were common. It was not safe to go out after dark. If a man was caught sheep stealing, he was sentenced to fourteen years transportation. Fourteen years transportation was also the sentence for anyone who was driven by hunger to take a pheasant from the woods.

A Barwell man called Bottewell was sentenced to death for robbery. But luckily, the local rector, Mr Metam, managed to get the sentence commuted to transportation to Australia. Shortly after arriving in Botany Bay Bottewell was pardoned, after another man confessed to the crime. Bottewell made the slow passage home to England, and lived out the rest of his life back in Barwell.

== Tradespeople of Earl Shilton Parish 1840 - 1849 ==

The population of Earl Shilton at this time was 2020 souls, around 700 of which were employed in stocking manufacture. But many villagers also made their living through. trade. Some of these shops and cottage industries, such as Tallow chandler and Leach dealer have long disapeared, but in Earl Shilton there are still many names that can be recognised from this period.

In the year 1849 there were two private schools, Mars Ring’s day school; Arrabella and Sussanah Chamberlain had a ladies’ school, and according to Hagars Directory of 1849 the Petty Sessions were held in the Plough Inn every alternate Tuesday. The Court Leet, embracing 25 parishes, was also held there.

Mr Parsons was the owner of the stone quarry and Mr W Toon was manager.
The quarry was later taken over by the parish overseers.

William Pride was the excise officer
William Deanville was county police officer

'''Chapel of St. Peter'''
(now St. Simon and Jude) Curate Rev. John Longhurst;
'''Newton’s Free School''':
Will Thornloe Walker, master.
'''Boarding and Day School''':
Will Thornloe Walker, master.
'''Boot and shoe makers''':
Joseph Breward, John Chandler, James Pawley, John Rowton,
Will Cotton.
'''Bricklayer''': John Carr.
'''Butchers''': John Burton, Will Buxton, Will Coley, Thomas Wileman.
'''Carpenters''': Stephen Bannister, Thomas Breward, Will Lampert,
Will Mansfield.
'''Cooper''':
John Jackson.
'''Framesmiths''':
John Hancock, Richard Wileman.
'''Gardener''':
Daniel Harrold.
'''Grocers and Druggists''':
John Elliot, John Homer,
James Kinder, Richard Wileman.
'''Hairdresser''' and perfumers: Henry Lowe.
'''Linen and woollen drapers''':
Ralph Oldacres Hobill,
Joseph Langton.
'''Malters'''
Will Randon, Sam Salisbury,
Sam Tomlinson.
'''Hosiery manufacturers''': Will Cooper, John Hancock, Will
Spencer, Thomas Toon, Rich Wileman, Thomas Wileman.
'''Miller''':
John Reynolds.
'''Plumbers, painters, glaziers''': John Carter, Joseph Dormer.
'''Saddler and harness-maker''': Sam Salisbury.
'''Shopkeepers''':
Will Dent, Mary Elliot, Robert Featon, Tames Green, Thomas Toon, Thomas Wileman.
'''Spirit dealer''':
Joseph Langton.
'''Straw hat maker''':
Sussanah Hodgson.
'''Surgeons''':
Joseph Burdett Evans,
Thomas Spencer.
'''Tailors''':
John Coley, John Cotton, Thomas Kirkland, Thomas Oliver
'''Tallow chandler''':
John Elliot.
'''Wheelwrights''':
Stephen Bannister, Will Mansfield.
'''Leech dealer''':
Sarah Smith (1861).

'''Taverns and Public Houses'''— '''Bowling Green''': Will Hancock.
'''Dog and Gun''': Will Sargent.
'''The George''': Eleanor Baker.
'''Lord Nelson''': Thomas Aimey.
'''Nags Head''': John Spooner (in 1830 Isaac Steane).
'''Plough''': John Tibbals.
'''Red Lion''': Thomas Oliver.
'''Royal Oak''': Elisabeth Orchard.
'''Walnut Tree''': Will Randen.
'''Duke of Wellington''': John Ladhin.
'''Horse and Trumpet''': Joseph Chamberlain.

'''Other Industry'''
Wool was bleached in a yard, which stood
between Huit farm and Mill lane.

== The Parish Church ==

For centuries the chapel of St Peters had stood in Hall Field, Kirkby Mallory being the mother church. The Noel family of Kirkby bestowed many charities on the parish.
In 1854 Earl Shilton was constituted a new parish apart from Kirkby. The following year the parish totally rebuilt the church and dedicated it to St Simon and St Jude, at a cost of £3,500. When Earl Shilton was made a separate parish, instead of a chapelry of Kirby Kirby Mallory, the Rev F E Tower,the curate of Earl Shilton, was also made rector of Elmesthorpe.

The minister of the parish, Rev. F. Tower, who saw Shilton in an impoverished state, was parish priest for 27 years. His farewell address to the working people of Earl Shilton was given in 1882, on January 1st.

<blockquote>
“….We are apt to speak of poverty now, but poverty is nothing in comparison of what poverty was then. Ten, twelve, and in a few cases fifteen hours work for stocking makers a day, or wages about 7/- or 8/- a week. It cannot be denied that visible marks of true prosperity were but faintly seen even here and there among the working population of that day.
….The world was hard upon the poor stockingers, poverty, misery, sin met us again and again in workpeople’s houses.
… Some working men thought too much of themselves and became leaders of discontents, and others too little of them-selves and losing self-respect appeared as if bowed down to the very dust. Some in the parish lived unmarried yet with children, and these last were turned aside by their parents as ragged children fit only for the ragged school kept only that honourable old man, William Swinney, the parish clerk.
Some lived as if there were neither a heaven by doing well, or a hell by doing ill. The surface of religion stood out lightly in relief from the level of ordinary life. At last came the Cotton Famine, and 1,200 people of the village were thrown out of work, a most pitiable time we had of it.”
</blockquote>

There were five bells hung in the new ‘crockette’ spired church, where previously there had been three in the old chapel of St Peters.
Three more bells were hung in 1921, in honour of those who had fallen in the great war, making a total of eight. The wooden beams were taken out at this time and replaced by steel girders, to support the new peal.

''Parish Vicars 1854 –1947
Rev F Tower, Rev Willis, Rev Maughan,
Rev H V Williams, Rev E Pillifant and the
Rev E E C Jones''

'''The Rebuilding of Elmsthorpe Curch'''

The Reverend Tower was instrumental in the rebuilding of Elmsthorpe Church by giving the first £60 for its reconstruction. The reopening was on Tuesday, July 4, 1868, at a cost of £600.

The first evening service was in 1924. The organ was installed in 1931 at a cost of £200 (it was repaired and restored in 1992 at a cost of £5,500). Before 1931, there was a harmonium. In 1931, there was no electricity, so the organ had to be pumped by hand (the handle is still there). This was dedicated by Dr Cyril Bardsley, Bishop of Leicester, who is the first bishop ever recorded as visiting Elmesthorpe Church, on Advent Sunday. Matins and Holy communion at 11am were followed by an organ recital at 3pm by Mr Bonsir from Barwell.

The church was lit by oil lamp prior to electric lighting and electric heating was installed in 1962.

== The Old Volunteers ==

The traditional greeting of the Leicestershire miners was ‘old bud’ (old bird). This has now been transformed to ‘me duck’

Before the regulation of the First World War it was possible for men to buy beer before breakfast time in the village.

Many Shilton men joined the old ‘Volunteers’, belonging to the Hinckley Company; these were later incorporated in the ‘Militia’. Clad in their red jackets, blue trousers and pipe clayed trimmings with pointed helmets, it is said that on Saturday’s night Earl Shilton resembled a garrison town when everyone wore their uniform.

The Leicester Mercury was first published in 1836. Newspapers during the eighteenth and nineteenth century were very few, and many Shiltonians brought up before the Great War, can remember when one copy sufficed for several families. These were read aloud in the candlelight of the poor homes of the villagers, the few people able to read being in great demand. The old Candle House, where candles were made, stood for many years in Almeys Lane, and during renovations to the Baptist Chapel much brickwork of the Candle House was incorporated in the building.

Election days in the village were, prior to the franchise, very hectic. The candidates usually arrived at the polling stations (usually the schools) in horse cabs. They were often assaulted by the crowds, and top hats worn in those days were often sent flying. Many of the rougher element were given beer and locked up for the day to preserve the peace ''(Foster).''

Morris dancing took place on Plough Monday, when the dancers went round the village to collect money. If this was refused they entered the house and refused to quit until ransom was paid either in cash or food. Fishing nets on long canes were carried to reach bedroom windows where they had locked doors. German bands also visited the village, as did travelling bears, which danced to music.

In 1861 the village crier was Thomas Foster, who advertised sales, meetings and public news. The last man to hold this post was a blind man called Bannister, who also made baskets.

Houses in the village were rented by groups of men who, when they had finished their work, then “shopped it”, or took it, to some central depot in the village, and were usually paid each trip. Sweaters, or child labour, were often exploited, and regularly after a period of drunkenness these sweaters were compelled to sit working all night with their elders to make up for lost time. Many worked from the tender age of eight or nine, in the local term “got more kicks than half pence.”

== Old Job Toon ==

In the middle of the nineteenth century Job Toon commenced trading as a grocer and licensed victualer in Earl Shilton. Job was a devout Methodist, and his shop was still trading in 1868. In 1850 he installed his first a stocking frame in his home, which laid the foundations of J Toon and Son.

He worked the stocking frame with his wife Matilda, and gradually purchased more frames and rented them out in the community. Job would pay for the stockings produced, minus the rent of the frame. Job purchased a small building just off wood Street, and the early factory was powered by steam.

Horse and drey took the factory produce to Elmesthorpe Station. Old Job Toon had three sons Alfred, James and Carey. Alfred and James went into the hosiery business, while Carey became a successful local farmer.

Alfred was the senior partner and earned a salary of £5 per week. In those early days stocking were not so delicate and were sold by weight, warmth not high fashion appears to be paramount as the heaviest were the most expensive. During this period much of Toon’s trade was with South America. Alfred had four sons, two of them died during the 1930’s, and his two surviving sons, Stanley and Carey, took over the firm that now operated over 1000 machines knitting machines.

== The Wake ==

The ‘Wake’, or local fair, was a holiday in Earl Shilton and held, traditionally, on the Saints day of the parish church. According to old accounts in the parish, Ale drunk on Feast Day (Wake) in 1809 was £5 12s. 0d, and in 1820 £6 5s. 6d.

The “Wake,” was always held on the last Sunday in October. People had a full week’s holiday from work, public houses were open all day, and “captains” were elected to take charge of the singing. The captain was also responsible for the whips round for beer, which entitled all and sundry to drink together and so retain the company.

The wide portion of the Hollow, nearest the Wesleyan Chapel, was the earliest site for the Wake amusements. The stalls and roundabouts extended the full length of Wood Street the wakes also incorporated a procession around the village.

Mr. Hopkins, a well-known resident of Keat’s Lane, was a proprietor of amusements
A large boat on wheels, and drawn by horses, went the whole length of the village, and was patronised very much by the children.

At the turn of the 20th century A field in Station road also became the site for the annual wake or fair. The amusement part of the “Wakes,” roundabouts, etc., were very prominent on this field.

On the other side of the road there were also numerous entertainments from time to time, including those well-known “Strolling Players” of Holloway’s Theatre. Many people enjoyed these shows and were able to see fresh plays every night during the thespians stay at Shilton. No one may now recall the plays “Maria Martin and the Red Barn,” “The Face at the Window,” “The Dumb Man of Manchester,” but they did pull in the crowds (John Lawrence).

== The Pinfold ==

An old stone building, which stood near to the Baptist Chapel, was known as the Pinfold. This was a place for penning stray cattle prior to the enclosure of the common fields - 1758. It was latterly used as a place for weighing stone from the old Parish Quarry.

In the village a knocker-up was employed in the 188o’s and for over 50 years ensured that people attended the early Sunday morning classes.

== The Old Smock Mill ==

The Old Smock Mill stood near to the Parish Quarry was built around 1800, at a cost of £800, and stood for over a century before being demolished. It was a noted landmark and a favourite place for rambles and picnics. There were two other mills in Earl Shilton, one stood on the Wood Street Recreational ground near the ‘Mount’, while the other was near the top of Birds Hill.

It is possible to go the whole length of “Old Shilton” without touching the main street. The paths I refer to are known as “The Backs.” Indeed Shilton is a maze of these alleys and “Backs.” The reason is, I suppose, that the old field pathways have kept their rights of way throughout the centuries, and the haphazard planning of the straggling village made desirable the small alleys leading to the main street.

Wood Street, locally known as Wood End, is the way leading to the wood referred to in the Domesday Survey, via the “Heath Lane,” which was noted in the 17th century for steeple chasing. The Raven family possessed a monster mangle. This was considered to be an outsize of its kind, and washing came from all over Shilton to The Hollow to he mangled by it.

The Workhouse Gardens and Spring Gardens are names to be conjured with in this area near the church. No doubt both had great bearing in the life of the community in bygone days. Rackett Court once stood near to the “Hill Top.” These were old Tudor buildings, and a flue sketch of them can be seen in “Highways and Byways of Leicestershire.” A recluse by the name of John Freestone was the last occupant. On the opposite side of the road is an ancient barn, which, although containing very massive oak beams, obliterates one of the best views in the county. This gives the name to this part of the locality of the Barn-end.

There are a few old Georgian three-storied houses around “Hill Top,” and a very old thatched house opposite the “Roebuck Inn,” the date on its front giving the year 1714. It is one of the very few thatched ones surviving in Shilton. Keats Lane was formerly known as “Cake Lane,” and once it contained many old-fashioned houses. It overlooks the Vale of Kirkby and also overlooks some splendid scenery. A bake-house was situated many years ago near to Whitemore’s factory, and a bell was rung when the oven was hot. This was when the bread was made at home and sent to the bakers. This is probably, too, the origination of “Cake Lane.” There was also a bake house in Candle Maker Alley, a small lane running between Almys Lane and the top of The Meadows, where between the wars, local folk would take their roasts along to be cooked in the oven.
Near to the present West Street stood the old Yew Tree Farm, prior to the erection of the present Jubilee Terrace. An old malt-house once stood on this spot, and when it was demolished a large wall was built with the bricks, facing the present “Fender Row.” This wall has now disappeared with the advent of the Council houses.

The “Dog and Gun Inn” was removed in the 1930s to another site a Keat’s Lane, a little distance from where the old licensed house had sold beer for over 150 years. This old building still stands and exists today as a private house.

There was also in Keat’s Lane, up until the 1940s, an old glove business that used hand frames, and was run by Mr Linney Spindle Hall, close by, was the last dwelling house in memory to contain the old glove frames. “Wightmans Row” and the old “Glove-Yard” have, like many more old houses, vanished from this region.

== Trade and the Civil War in America ==

In 1861 the Civil War had broken out in America, and Earl Shilton was hard hit by the fact that the Northern States blockaded the ports of the Southern States, so that cotton could not be exported. Something akin to famine prevailed in Earl Shilton as the chief trade of the area was frame-work knitting. Frames could be found in nearly every house. During these devastating times the Baptist minister, the Rev. Parkinson, had to resign through lack of funds, and the Rev. Freesdon says, “that a church that could not support its minister, and a pastorate that had commenced with so many signs of blessing, ended through a war raging on the other side of the Atlantic.

The Elmesthorpe Road was commenced during these dark days as Relief Work. Many of the workers received no more thab bread and meat for their hard labours. At this time over 1,200 people were out of employment. The work was sponsored by the Right Hon. the Earl of Lovelace and his daughter, the Lady Anne Noel, and carried out in 1862-3. They also forwarded £800 to the unemployed cotton workers to work worsted instead of cotton.

The depression seemed to continue for many years, and the figures given by the Hinckley District Relief Committee in July, 1864, make interesting reading -
Subscriptions raised in Earl Shilton parish were to the amount of £161 1s. 4d, while the destitute poor received from that fund £992 10s. 4d., in addition 195 barrels of flour, 30 sides of bacon, 100 tons of coal and left-off clothing were distributed by this fund in the district. (Foster)

Towards the end of the nineteenth century several parcels land were held by the parish as charitable lands namely; Town land meadow, Town Land close, the Barn Close (near Hill Top), the Old Close and part of Breach Field. These lands were rented out and the income used for poor relief.

Among other relief the poor of the parish would receive bread at Easter and Coal at Christmas. Allotments were also set-aside for the poor. One set of plots was at the bottom of Shilton Hill and a second in the Townlands off Breach Lane.

== The South Leicestershire Railway ==

An Act for making a Railway from the Trent Valley Railway at Nuneaton to Hinckley' received Royal Assent 13 August 1859, and the first sod of the new railway was turned on Wednesday 19 Oct 1859 by Lord Curzon. John Stevenson was the resident engineer at Hinckley for 6 years during the construction of the South Leicestershire Railway (1859) and the 'greatly esteemed' agent of Messrs. Brassey & Fields, the contractors. The relevant plans and sections of the extended line was estimated to cost £150,000.

Life in the area would never be the same again, as people and goods were whisked from town to town at untmagineable speeds. Railway timetables also meant the regulation of clocks nationally, and local time became a thing of the past. 'The South Leicestershire Railway, opened in 1862 between Nuneaton and Hinckley, and the remainder was completed early in 1863. ''(William White, History, Gazeteer and Directory, 1863).''

The next station up the line, heading north from Hinckley, was Elmsthorpe. Elmsthorpe Station, its yard and sidings served the villages of Barwell and Earl Shilton. In 1908 travelling by horse drawn Brake to Leicester from the villages took 2 hours. By 1910 the journey to Leicester by train took 31 minuites and Nuneaton was just 14 minuites away. The South Leicestershire Railway was later vested in the London & North Western Railway, and then became part of the London, Midland & Scottish Group Amalgamation scheme of 30 Dec 1922.

Elmesthorpe was a popular spot for many years, and during the summer you could always find a gaggle of small boys perched on the steps running down from the road bridge overlooking the platform. Here they would exchange stories and collect engine numbers (''John Lawrence'').

Elmesthorpe station was closed after 105 years of service, in March 1968, as the result of a closure plan started some 3 years earlier. It came in the wake of Dr Beechings cuts. Trains still used the tracks but Elmesthorpe, Croft, Narborough, Wigston Glen Parva, and Nuneaton Abbey Street stations all closed down on the same day. Elmsthorpes station buildings have now been destroyed. The signalbox at Elmesthorpe remained working until January 1970 , when British Rail decided that they could cope with the long section from Hinckley to Croft, a distance of 7 miles.

== Wood Street School ==

In 1871 Wood Street School opened for around 30 pupils and the headmistress was a Miss Witnall. Wood Street was a very small school with only 2 classrooms. In 1907 they added 2 extra classrooms and a corridor, as village expansion led to over crowding at the school.

By 1965, numbers had risen to such a degree that they used the church hall for school dinners, physical education, music and movement

Wood Street School was partly burned down in the early hours of 17th of January 1984, following a break in. The curtains were set alight which in turn ignihted an oil feed pipe, causing major damage and ultimately the schools demolition.

== The Brick Works and Gas Works ==

Station road was known as Breach Lane before the railway arrived, and with the exception of “The Lodge” and a few houses near to the Hollow it was very thinly populated.

The old brickworks were situated on the site of present Metcalfe Street, which was named after Mr. James Metcalfe for many years a headmaster at the High Street, Church of England School.

The Gas Works (now dismantled) were also situated in Station road, and were built in 1866 by the Earl Shilton Gas Light and Coke Company. Mr A Lee was the manager.

== The ‘Stute’ ==

The Social Institute was founded at the turn of the 20th century to provide a social and sporting outlet for the young men of Earl Shilton. Its first home was accommodated in two rooms above the H.U.D.C. gas showrooms in Wood St.
A Grand Bazaar was held in Earl Shilton on 28th and 29th of December 1908, at the High street school, to raise funds for a new building for the Social Institute.

In 1909 the building was erected in Station road, paid for by public subscription, and a mortgage guaranteed by local industrialists, who were the founders and formed the Management Committee. The premises on station road organised football, cricket, a rifle range, chess club, skittles and billiards.

== Harrys ==

Annually Circuses and wild beast shows were in evidence in Earl Shilton, prior to the advent of the “Movies.”

The “Picture House” in Station road, began life as a roller skating rink called the Royal Rink, and was erected in 1910. Mr. H. S. Cooper started this very much-needed enterprise that would bring the glamour of Hollywood into the village.

The cinema was forever after known to all as ‘Harrys’.

Following World War II generations grew up attending the Saturday matinees at the picture house, or sessions at the new, out door. roller skating rink built beside it. The grandeur of the old Royal Rink could never match the Danilo or Gaumont in Hinckley, but it still drew a sizeable crowd. During the 1960s the running of the cinema was taken over by Mr Coopers daughter Freda, and her husband Jack Aldridge, who had previously ran a local taxi firm.

== The Catholic Church and Normanton Hall ==

The Catholic Church was erected in 1908 and was situated in Mill Lane The Catholic school adjacent was erected in 1910 for the education of 80 children, a Convent and priest’s house being added later.

The church was under the patronage of the Worswick family, who had their countryseat at Normanton Hall (now demolished), which lay outside Earl Shilton on the road to Thurleston. Father Grimes was the first priest. In the years prior to the church in Mill Lane being erected the Catholics worshipped in the private chapel of Normanton Hall.

During the 1914—18 War, German prisoners were interred at Normanton Hall.

After its demolition, just after the war, it was a sad blow for the Catholics and to the whole neighbourhood as many were employed there.

The Convent was several times empty during the 1930s and 40s, but was reconditioned and used in the form of a “Seminary.” It was for some years also used as a hosiery factory.

A fire destroyed Normanton Hall in 1925, and the property was subsequently sold off. Shortly after the demolition of Normanton the altar, a magnificent piece of work, was presented to Earl Shilton’s St. Peter’s Church in Mill Lane. A fire, in the 1940’s, destroyed part of this building, but fortunately not damaging the altar. Father Barry-Doyle, a former priest, and a well-known elocutionist, greatly delighted local audiences with his poetry and monologues during his stay at Normanton.

== The Boy Scouts ==

The first Scout troop was formed around 1916. The original Master for the Earl Shilton troop was Mr Horace Perkins, and Mr W Cotton was president

Mr Perkins recalls -
‘Much of the Scouts equipment was homemade. In the early days we water proofed heavy bed sheets and would sew them into tents’ ''(John Lawrence''). The Scout troop took part in the World Jamborbee, at Olympia London in 1920. During the Jamboree they camped in the town of Barnet.

Mr Rudkin was a local carrier and was the first man in the village to posses a motor charabanc in the village. Bus and safety regulations were not in evidence, as the seats were ordinary chairs, set in rows and roped around the sides. Children were given free rides round the village on its inception.

== The Great War ==

One thousand men from Earl Shilton served in British forces during the 1914-18 war. Many men from Earl Shilton, in the Fifth Leicestershire Regiment, also served in Ireland during the1916 Easter rising. The village factories also supplied the government with thousands of pairs of socks and army boots. These same manufacturers also supplied vast orders for the Russian Cossacks.

During the latter stages of the war, Earl Shilton held a ‘big gun week’, when a large howitzer was paraded around the village. Many were invited to buy War Bonds. Military bands often visited the village to inspire recruiting. In a very different age when information was seriously censored and patriotism was paramount, young men clamoured to join up. In one week alone 80 enlisted, and were cheered on by crowds of happy followers as they marched to Elmesthorpe station on their way to the mud filled trenches of the Western Front.

It was all over on the 11th November 1918. All work was suspended for the day, while flags and bunting appeared in windows. Fireworks were let off and a comic band toured the streets. Watching silently were the German prisoners of war who were working in the area and billeted at near by Normanton Hall.

A captured field gun stood for a time near the Wesleyan Chapel, and was removed for a time to a field off station road. The guns final resting place was the Wood Street Recreation Ground, which was once a sand pit, where the gun now lies buried and forgotten.

Over a hundred men from the village were lost in the conflict, and a cenotaph was erected in their memory.
On wake Sunday 1919, and many years afterwards, the British Legion, public bodies and factories held a parade for the fallen.

== Sport ==

Sport has been represented in Earl Shilton by several worthy exponents, especially at cricket. Sam Coe, Loni Brown, Joe Brown and Arthur Hampson were all selected for county honours. Billy Ball and George Panter, of a older generation, were also outstanding. Earl Shilton had a regular fixture at one period with Coventry and North Warwickshire.

Shilton Victors, a football team who had their headquarters at the “King William IV" public house, won three cups in a single day, a very noteworthy achievement. Most of the factories in the village ran sides for the benefit of the Earl Shilton Sunshine League. These matches were played after tea when work ceased, and very keen rivalry was witnessed, and good football without the frills was usually served up for the large crowds that assembled. Mr. H. Bradbnry presented a silver cup that was played for each year by knock-out competition. The venue for these hectic matches was in a field off Station Road at the rear of the Constitutional Club. By 1923 Earl Shilton had many football clubs in vogue. The church and chapel fielded useful sides, also very often second elevens. The Adult School fielded three sides for quite a long time, and rented two fields, one which was situated on The Mount

Foot racing was once very popular, and many wagers have been run for around the local fields. On one occasion the village sweep who was to cycle on his three-wheeler, challenged a well-known local runner to race from Shilton Hill to Kirkby, the runner to have the length of the hill start. The runner was easily passed down the Kirkby Lane and retired. In 1947 Mr. Macartney, was still living in the village, being over 90 years of age. He was the village sweep and carried on this occupation when he was over 80 years of age.

Between the wars Earl Shilton boasted a horticultural society, which held an annual flower and sports event in a field in Kings Walk. Cycle racing, high jumps, donkey racing and all manner of foot racing.

== World War 2 ==

During World War II there were 192 air raid alerts in Earl Shilton. The first occurring on June 26th 1940 and the last on 20th March 1945. The village siren was erected on the factory of Toon and son in Wood Street, and known as ‘Moaning Minnie’.

The first bombing took place on the night of 20th – 21st November 1940, when three parachute mines were dropped. One landed in Barwell while the other two came down in the Northwest corner of Earl Shilton. One of these mines failed to explode, and both villages had a narrow escape as no one was injured and no serious damage was done. The following day a Royal Navy bomb disposal squad and blew the thing up at 3 pm. This left a good size crater near the ‘Brockey’, but soon afterwards this was filled in.

More incendiaries fell in Elmesthorpe on December 4th 1940. Chased across Shilton by the RAF, the German plane was brought it down near Leicester Forrest East. The Earl Shilton Home Guard were called out to the scene and prisoners were taken.

At 7am on July 27th 1942, a lone German bomber dived out of the clouds near the church and let go of three stick bombs. They landed at the back of Mr T Carter’s farm in Church Street, destroying a barn and badly damaging a house. Mr Carter had a very lucky escape himself, as he was out in his yard at the time only 20 yards from the blast. A bull was so badly injured that it had to be put down. The plane went on to machine gun those unfortunate enough to be going to work.

<blockquote>
''Mr T J Langton recalls'' -

I was at Earl Shilton R.C. School, in Mill Lane, when on this particular morning a lost German plane flew low over Keats Lane and as a boy I remember as Gary Cassell was on his way to the same school as this plane flew over, low and sprayed machine gun bullets along Keats Lane. He ran into an entry and dropped his scarf. When he eventually recovered it, he noticed it contained a bullet hole. He told the story to Michael Mortimore, the son of the village bobby who also attended the school. On hearing this, Mike Mortimore said 'It was a good job he had not got it wrapped round his neck, at the time.'
</blockquote>

During the night of July 30th 1942, a 2000lb bomb landed in Everards field near to Kings Walk, but apart from a pig being killed the bomb only rattled a few windows. The crater was still in evidence in 1947.

<blockquote>
M''r T J Langton also recalls'' -
I was woken up early one morning and was later told there had been an explosion, close by in Earl Shilton. Later that morning, it was discovered that a bomb had fallen in the Leacroft’s, and landing on soft ground restricted it’s damage to killing a pig and a chicken, belonging to the Fullylore family. It was later reported in newspapers, but owing to the war situation, it was not given out as being Earl Shilton, only ‘a Midland’s village’.
</blockquote>

But it was not only the Germans that the villagers had to watch out for as a greenhouse in Huit Lane was hit by a stray anti-aircraft shell.

On the night of the big raid on Coventry planes passed over the village the whole night long. There was the distant sound of the anti aircraft batteries could clearly be heard and there was an huge orange glow in the sky, which marked the firestorm raining down on Coventry.

At the top end of the village, the Air Raid Patrol, ARP wardens, met in the back room of the Plough, a Public House run by Joe Lucas. They patrolled the streets checking the blackout and fire watching.

Hundreds of villagers went into munitions work, and eventually there was a munitions factory opened in the village. The village also took child refugees from Coventry, Birmingham and London.

Many villagers had shelters put in their gardens, but there were also public shelters in Wood Street, Station Road, Almey’s Lane, Keats Lane, The Hollow and Belle Vue.

The Local Defence Volunteers, later to be renamed the Home Guard, were organised in June 1940. They had their headquarters in a large house near Birds Hill called ‘Holydene’, the fire service and ambulance sharing a room here for a time. The Local Defence Volunteers were conspicuous in their denim overalls at the beginning of the war, but as time went on they were issued with army battle dress, tin hats, American rifles with bayonets and by the end of the war even boasted a couple of Lewis guns. One section of the Home Guard was on patrol every night and by the time they were stood down their strength had grown to 140 men. They were commanded in the early days by Captain Wileman and later by Major Wand of Desford.

Soldiers were billeted in most of the public buildings during the war. The military authorities requisitioned the Working Mens Club dance hall, the Adult School Hall, the Social Institute, Constitutional Club, and the Co-op village hall. After Dunkirk, the Sussex Yeomanry moved into the village, being replaced in turn by the Royal Army Ordnance Corps, Royal Artillery, Royal Marines and the Pioneer Corps. The Wesleyan Chapel in the Hollow was transformed into a British Restaurant, for the troops. Training was undertaken on the recreation grounds and other open spaces around the village. Mr Astley’s sand pit in Heath Lane was used as a shooting range.

There were around 900 men and women serving in the regular British forces, of which 25 were killed in action. Their names were duly added to the war memorial.

== ''Associations with Earl Shilton - A Leicestershire Village'' ==

This buckshot stab at a history is based on the village of Earl Shilton in Leicestershire, where I spent my childhood. I have attempted to tell the tale of some of the characters, places and the surrounding area associated with the village, which over the years has influenced its development.
I hope you enjoyed it.

'''John N Lawrence'''

'''George Harry Foster'''
A Tribute to an
Earl Shilton Historian

George Harry Foster had a deep love of Earl Shilton’s history and his house, in Earl Street, was like a local museum He had a fine collection of coins, old books and local parish records. George always made himself available to enquirers and students of history.

George was a member of the archaeological society and also the Leicestershire Footpaths Society, and was keen to preserve the ancient bridle ways. Never a car owner, he travelled covered many miles on his cycle.

He was active in the Methodist Church, a founder member of The Adult School and many Earl Shilton charities. During World War II George Harry served with the RAF.

His last trip outside the village was to the newly opened Richard III Centre in Market Bosworth. Mr Foster’s death was unexpected as just the day before he we out to see the Earl Shilton Sunday School Treats.

In 1940 Mr Foster wrote a history of Earl Shilton and Potters Marsden, which started my own interest in the topic.

This work owes much to Mr Foster’s research.

==References==
<references/>
John Nichols, ''History and Antiquities of Leicestershire'', Vol. IV, pp. 774-780; ''Gentleman's Magazine'', xlvi (1776)
A.G. Mathews, Walker Revised, p. 237.

John N Lawrence 'Associations with Earl Shilton - A Leicestershire Village' 2006

The Normans David Crouch 2002

The Crusades

History of Earl Shilton Tooley Park and Potters Marston G H Foster 1940
Baxter

History of Earl Shilton and Tooley Park ''G H Foster 1947''
Baxter

Castle ''Mark Morris 2003''
Pan Books

The Domesday Book ''Michael Wood''

The Companions of William the Conqueror ''Wace''

A History of Britain ''Simon Sharma''

Leicestershire Archological Society
- Vol 28 1952

LEICESTER: SANITATION versus VACCINATION ''J.T. BIGGS''

==External Sources==
Old photos of Earl Shilton can be found at http://earlshilton.photosite.com//

{{coor title d|52.57777|N|1.30491|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SP472980)}}

[[Category:Villages in Leicestershire]]

Kidz Bop

2007-06-07T19:08:37Z

Exploding Boy: Reverted edits by 72.83.101.37 (talk) to last version by Ianthegecko

[[Image:Kidz Bop Cover.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The cover for the first ''Kidz Bop'' album.]]

'''''Kidz Bop''''' is the name of a series of [[popular music]] albums recorded for [[children]], sold by [[Razor & Tie]] Direct, L.L.C. and frequently marketed through [[television commercial]]s.

== Advertising ==
''Kids Bop'' is often advertised on television channels popular with young audiences, such as [[Cartoon Network]] and [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]. The commercials typically show "regular kids" (not to be confused with the Kidz Bop Kids who sing in the recording sessions) singing and dancing to songs featured on the album. Although the albums are initially sold through direct mail-order prior to their retail availability, they are predominantly sold in traditional stores as well.

The album cover follows the footsteps of the art for [[Now That's What I Call Music! (album) (U.S. series)|the original album]] in the [[Now That's What I Call Music]] series in the American market.

== Audiences ==
Kidz Bop is intended for children; popular songs are recorded with kids singing them, and lyrics considered inappropriate for younger audiences are changed.<ref name=kb8>[http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1087843,00.html Kidz Bop 8 Music Review.] Entertainment Weekly. July 29, 2005.</ref> Hit songs with considerable mature content are often bypassed; for example, [[Fall Out Boy]]'s [[Dance, Dance]] was not included on [[Kidz Bop 10]] due to sexual references in the lyrics. Criticism stems from Kidz Bop's covering of songs that mention or insinuate [[death]], [[sex]], or [[drugs]], subjects considered unsuitable for the young; examples include [[Nelly]]'s "[[Dilemma (song)|Dilemma]]," covered on [[Kidz Bop 3]], [[Jet (band)|Jet]]'s "[[Are You Gonna Be My Girl]]", covered on [[Kidz Bop 6]], and [[Justin Timberlake]]'s "[[My Love]]", covered on [[Kidz Bop 11]].

Notably, the children on these albums usually do not sing the entire song; instead, an adult typically sings the verses, while the kids sing the choruses and occasionally join in at other times. If the song is a feminine song like [[Kelly Clarkson]]'s hit "[[Breakaway]]" (which was then recorded for [[The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement]]), [[Christina Aguilera]]'s "What A Girl Wants" or even [[P!nk]]'s "Get The Party Started", the adult is a woman, and if it's a masculine song like [[Smash Mouth]]'s [[All Star]] (which was performed for the motion picture [[Shrek]]), [[Daniel Powter]]'s "[[Bad Day]]", or [[U2]]'s "[[Vertigo (song)|Vertigo]]", the adult that sings is a man. Another common complaint is that Kidz Bop ruin the songs they sing, as the kids' voices are not matured or professional.<ref>[http://music.yahoo.com/library/default.asp?m=content&add=review&i=14254010& Kidz Bop 3 Review.] Allmusic (via Yahoo!), 7/13/2005.</ref> Some of the singers in Kidz Bop do not match up to the pitch and timing of the original song.<ref name=kb8/> Also, in some songs, the lead artist's verse is included, but not the collaborator's; an example includes [[Beyoncé]]'s [[Crazy in Love]], which does not include any of [[Jay-Z]]'s guest vocal (possibly because of Jay's drug references in the song).

== Albums ==
*''[[Kidz Bop 1|Kidz Bop]]'': Released on [[October 9]], [[2001]]; certified '''[[gold album|Gold]]''' on [[October 13]], [[2002]].
*''[[Kidz Bop 2]]'': Released on [[August 20]], [[2002]]; certified '''Gold''' on [[December 13]], [[2002]].
*''[[Kidz Bop Christmas]]'': Released on [[October 22]], [[2002]]; certified '''Gold''' in [[2004]].
*''[[Kidz Bop 3]]'': Released on [[March 4]], [[2003]]; certified '''Gold''' on [[April 9]], [[2003]].
*''[[Kidz Bop 4]]'': Released on [[August 12]], [[2003]]; certified '''Gold''' on [[November 12]], [[2003]].
*''[[Kidz Bop 5]]'': Released on [[February 24]], [[2004]]; uncertified
*''[[Kidz Bop Gold]]'': Released on [[May 18]], [[2004]]
*''[[Kidz Bop 6]]'': Released on [[August 13]], [[2004]]; uncertified
*''[[Kidz Bop Halloween]]'': Released on [[August 24]], [[2004]]
*''[[Kidz Bop 7]]'': Released on [[February 22]], [[2005]]; certified '''Gold''' on [[November 7]], [[2005]].
*''[[Kidz Bop 8]]'': Released [[August 2]], [[2005]]; certified '''Gold''' on [[January 3]], [[2006]].
*''[[Kidz Bop 9]]'': Released on [[February 21]], [[2006]]; certified '''Gold''' on [[May 8]], [[2006]].
*''[[More Kidz Bop Gold]]'': Released on [[May 23]], [[2006]]
*''[[Kidz Bop 10]]'': Released on [[August 1]], [[2006]]; certified '''Gold''' on [[August 29]], [[2006]].
*''[[Kidz Bop 11]]'': Released on [[February 20]], [[2007]]; yet to be certified
*''[[Kidz Bop Country]]'': Released on [[May 22]], [[2007]]
*''[[Kidz Bop 12]]'': Track listing announced. To be released [[July 31]], [[2007]] (information from Amazon.)
*''[[Kidz Bop 13]]'': Yet to be announced. Probable release on February 19, 2008.
Kidz Bop 10 is the fastest Kidz Bop to hit gold, and although it did not surpass the series' highest peak position, achieved by [[Kidz Bop 9]] at #2, it did mark the series' biggest single sales week ever.

==Kidz Bop U.S.A.==
After the release of Kidz Bop 10, razor and tie media's website featured the cover to Kidz Bop U.S.A. Not many days later, the picture was removed and is not planned to be released any time soon.

== See also ==
*[[List of songs dubbed into Kidz Bop albums]]

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://www.kidzbop.com The official Kidz Bop Web site]
*[http://ww2.kidzbop.com 2005 - 2006 Website]
[[Category:American child singers]]
[[Category:Kidz Bop|*]]
[[Category:Children's musical groups]]

Masaki Sumitani

2007-04-09T02:39:00Z

Exploding Boy: Reverted edits by 71.239.98.40 (talk) to last version by Deadkid dk

[[Image:Hardgay.jpg|thumb|250px|A picture of Hard Gay in action, taken from the [[Japanese media|Japanese television]] show [[:ja:爆笑問題のバク天!|Bakuten]]. The purple text reads, "Welcome to the 'Hard Gay' stand." ('Stand' being short for ガソリンスタンド (''gasorin sutando''), meaning gasoline stand or gasoline station)]]

{{nihongo|'''Razor Ramon Hard Gay'''|レイザーラモン HG|Reizā Ramon HG|occasionally HG, Razor Ramon Sumitani or just Hard Gay}} is the performing name of {{nihongo|'''Masaki Sumitani'''|住谷正樹|Sumitani Masaki}}, a [[list of Japanese comedians|Japanese comedian]], [[wrestler]] and ''[[tarento]]'' ("talent"). His act gained national attention and popularity when featured on the "[[Bakusho Mondai|Bakushō Mondai]] no Bakuten!" (Daibakuten) Saturday [[variety show]] on [[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS Television]] in [[Japan]], in [[2005]]. He should not be confused with American professional wrestler [[Scott Hall]], whose use of the "Razor Ramon" stage name predates Sumitani's. Although [[WWE]] has trademarked the name "Razor Ramon" they have not responded against HG using the name Razor Ramon HG.

==Early career==

Masaki Sumitani was born [[December 18]], [[1975]] in [[Kakogawa, Hyogo|Harima]], [[Hyogo Prefecture]], [[Japan]]. After graduating from Higashi Kakogawa High School, he entered [[Doshisha University]] and majored in [[Commerce]]. While at college he picked up wrestling as a hobby, and soon joined the Doshisha Professional Wrestling Alliance (DWA). Under his performing name “GiveUp Sumitani,” he won the heavy class Kyoto pro-wrestling championship co-hosted by DWA and the Ritsumeikan Wrestling Alliance (RWA) of nearby [[Ritsumeikan University]] in [[Kyoto]].

It was through wrestling in their college years, that Sumitani met [[Makoto Izubuchi]], with whom he would later form the comedy duo "Razor Ramon" in [[1997]]. During their college years, Razor Ramon won the "Fukuwarai award" in the Imamiya Kids' Ebisu Manzai Contest, and gained experience on the stage through the audition live performance “SABUKI” at "[[2chome-gekijo]]", an [[Osaka]] comedy club opened by the [[Yoshimoto Kogyo]] comedy troupe at which many comedians from the [[Kansai]] area start their career.

After completing his university education, Sumitani got a job at CO-OP KOBE, as a grocery delivery man. His desire to pursue a career as a professional comedian led him to quit his job after four months, when he joined [[Yoshimoto Kogyo]] with his partner Makoto Izubuchi. "Razor Ramon" made their TV debut in 1999, and won the "Judges Special Award" in the "ABC Owarai (Comedy) Grand-Prix" in 2000. Both Sumitani and Izubuchi joined the Yoshimoto Kogyo-produced program [[Yoshimoto Shin-kigeki]], one of the most popular comedy stage acts in Japan, in 2001, often playing [[yakuza]], [[salaryman]], [[udon]] restaurant owners, construction workers, and others.

Sumitani continued his wrestling aspirations in late 2005, working in the comedically off-beat [[HUSTLE]] promotion and defeating [[Yinling|Yinling the Erotic Terrorist]] in his debut match; he has since gone to team with [[Naoya Ogawa]] and [[Yoshihiro Tajiri]] in leading the HUSTLE Army against [[Nobuhiko Takada|Generalissimo Takada]]'s Monster Army.

The most well-known character developed and portrayed by Sumitani is {{nihongo|'''Hard Gay'''|ハードゲイ|Hādo Gei}}, introduced in 2002, as whom he finally rose to national prominence in 2005. While the official name is "Razor Ramon HG", he is most frequently known as "Hard Gay", or simply HG. Dressing in a tight black [[leather]] outfit reminiscent of the [[Tom of Finland]] art, he goes around performing acts of charity (''yonaoshi'', "social improvement") for unsuspecting bystanders while performing trademark [[pelvic thrust]]s and vocalisations, often accompanied by "[[Livin' La Vida Loca]]" by [[Ricky Martin]].

According to some accounts the name Hard Gay was the suggestion of Sumitani's senior comedian in the Yoshimoto Kogyo grofp, [[Kendo Kobayashi]], in reference to his "hard" dancing. The name has also been described as a pun on 芸, "gei", which means "skill" or "art". However, to develop his character, Sumitani visited gay bars in Doyama-cho, [[Osaka]]’s biggest gay area, and his costume, which consists of hot pants, a small vest, and cap, all in black leather, along with aviator sunglasses, was purchased at a shop called "VFTQ" in Minami-Horie, Osaka, which specializes in gay fashion.

Hard Gay makes regular use of a number of [[catch phrase]]s in his act; he usually makes his entrance in front of the camera shouting "Dōmō Hādogei dēsu" (Hello, this is Hard Gay), with arms thrust out and a spin afterwards. His self-introduction is then followed by his famous “dance” moves. He often shouts "Fuuuuuu" (フゥ～!) or "Foohhhh!" (フォー！), a [[running joke]] in his performances. He often stops people saying unfavourable things to him by shouting “sei sei sei sei sei” with his palm in front of the person’s face. Whether this means anything is debatable, although Sumitani has commented that “sei sei” is something that comes out from his mouth when he is not happy, and that he does not mean "''[[Wiktionary:say|say]]''" as in to [[Speech|speak something]], although one might compare this action to the popular "Talk to the hand". A possible interpretation might be that the origin lies in the word "urusai" (lit. noisy, meaning "be quiet!"), which is often pronounced ''urusē'' うるせー in [[Kansai dialect]], shortened to "sei". Another theory is the word "sei" written by [[kanji]] 静, meaning "quiet".　Also, "sei" 性, means "sex" or "gender" in Japanese.

In early [[2006]], he started working with "Razor Ramon" [[manzai]] partner Makoto Izubuchi again, with Izubuchi taking the name [[Makoto Izubuchi|Razor Ramon RG]] (RG meaning "Real Gay"). He was brought in on the gimmick after it gained immense popularity. Izubuchi's character wasn't nearly as well received as Sumitani's, and has since faded into obscurity.

It is now common knowledge that Hard Gay is not in fact homosexual nor particularly outrageous, but a rather ordinary male comedian portraying a character. Television programs in which he has appeared have increasingly made reference to this, and he himself has significantly reduced his "comic" gay mannerisms in live appearances on variety and other types of programs.

==Criticisms==
Sumitani's supposed [[homosexuality]] was exposed as a gimmick when he was caught in the midst of a date, with Japanese actress and swimsuit model [[Anna Suzuki]], whom he has since married. He has been criticised for his stereotypical depiction of gay men and for building a career on parodying a social minority with "bizarre and extreme" antics.

A spokesperson for the Hokkaido Sexual Minority Association Sapporo Meeting, a support group for gay, lesbian and transgender people, has said: "Hard Gay's acceptance by the Japanese public shows me that there is a strong tendency here to see homosexuality as something to be laughed at. That is sad."

Openly lesbian Osaka Prefectural Assembly woman [[Kanako Otsuji]] has been quoted as saying:

<blockquote>[The way the media treats sexual minorities] makes me angry. This morning I saw [comedian] Razor Ramon for the first time. I never watch TV. I'd only heard about him. He's not homosexual. He just uses gayness for his act, to make people laugh. I'm afraid that people will get the idea that gay people are all like that, yelling and pumping their hips.[http://humanrightsjapan.blogspot.com/2005_10_01_humanrightsjapan_archive.html]</blockquote>


==Retirement==
Daily Sports in Japan reports that Razor Ramon HG is retiring from pro wrestling after [[Hustle Mania]], which took place 11/23/2006 at [[Yokohama Arena]]. His retirement match was against [[Nobuhiko Takada|The Esperanza]].{{Fact|date=April 2007}}

==Notes of interest==
* The famous Japanese soccer player [[Hidetoshi Nakata]] was famously genuinely mistaken for Razor Ramon HG as he got off a plane in Japan. Nakata was wearing dark sunglasses at the time.
* Mixed martial artist [[Kazushi Sakuraba]] dressed up as Hard Gay as part of his ring entrance at the [[PRIDE Shockwave 2005]] event.
* Sumitani released his first single entitled "Young Man" on February 8, 2006, which is a Japanese rendition of the [[Village People]]'s song "[[YMCA (song)|YMCA]]".
* Razor Ramon HG made a small cameo in the May 2006 chapter of [[Gantz]] (chapter 233), shown on a television in Kurono Kei's apartment.
* He also made a small cameo in Episode 12 of [[Suzumiya Haruhi no Yuutsu]], at 2:29, with [[Akihiro Miwa]].
*HG (as himself) portrayed a gym teacher in the high school episode of the batsu game series from the Japanese variety show [[Downtown no Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende!!|Gaki no Tsukai]].
* Some of the characters in the Japanese drama series '[[1 Litre of Tears]]' imitate Razor Ramon HG's signature pose and exclamations in episode 6.
* HG claims that he has gay friends.
* He is a regular performer with the [[HUSTLE]] Pro Wrestling group
* The registration of his marriage to Anna Suzuki was announced on Thursday, [[August 10]], [[2006]]. Suzuki has stated she will end her modelling career after her commitments are finished and concentrate on starting a family.
* In the anime [[Bokusatsu Tenshi Dokuro-chan]], the main character tells his love interest Dokuro in the final episode, "I'll become gay for you, Dokuro! Hard Gay!"
* The finalists of the second season of [[Singapore Idol]] have been known to follow the exploits of Hard Gay in their off time - 4th-placed finalist [[Paul Twohill]] even mimicked Hard Gay's signature pose and catch phrase on the show, after host [[Gurmit Singh]] explained it to be an 'injoke'.
* Razor Ramon HG has been named Japanese wrestling's Rookie of the Year by The Tokyo Sports Awards.

==Name variants==
Due to the lack of an L [[phoneme]] in Japanese ('R' and 'L' are equivalent in [[transliteration]] from English) and similarity between 'er' and 'or' in English, '''Hard Gay''' has a number of commonly used variants on official and fan sites. Even official '''Hard Gay''' merchandise has been known to use less common variants. The following have wide usage on the internet or appear on official merchandise and are listed in approximate order by popularity. Since '''Hard Gay''' also is commonly used for homosexual pornography, it is difficult to assess popularity of this name.
* Laser Ramon
* Harudo Gay

==References==
* [http://www.fandango.co.jp/talent_prf/action/TalentProfileDetailSearchAction?unitId=20226&talentId=0 Fandango Bio]

==External links==
* {{en icon}} [http://mdn.mainichi-msn.co.jp/waiwai/face/archive/news/2005/20050720p2g00m0dm024000c.html MSN-Mainichi Daily News:Razor Ramon slices along Japan’s cutting edge]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.videouncovered.com/adds/play_page.php?id_char=bakuten Videos of Razor Ramon HG]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.thejapanesearecrazy.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=4&id=14&Itemid=27 Razer Ramon Videos (Categorized)]
* {{en icon}} [http://www.razoramon.com Bakafish Translations] – Website for the subtitled HG clips.
* {{en icon}} [http://bluedot.us/users/X?st=tag%3a%22hard+gay%22 Best of Hard Gay] Website of popular Hard Gay videos and articles.
* {{es icon}} [http://www.kuraku-fansub.net Kuraku no Fansub] Website for the subtitled HG clips in Spanish.
* [http://www.hard-gay.org Hard-Gay.org] Hard Gay website with various high and low quality clips.
*[[ThePPN:Razor Ramon HG]]

[[Category:Japanese comedians|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:Japanese professional wrestlers|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:1975 births|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:Living people|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:People from Hyōgo Prefecture|Sumitani, Masaki]]

[[es:Masaki Sumitani]]
[[fr:Masaki Sumitani]]
[[ja:住谷正樹]]

Tetsubin

2006-05-13T02:47:09Z

Exploding Boy:

[[Image:Tetsubin.jpg|thumb|250px|A Japanese cast iron teapot, also known as a [[Tetsubin]].]]

'''''Tetsubin''''' are [[Japan]]ese [[cast iron]] pots used for making tea. There are two main types: those that are used for brewing tea, and those that are used for heating and carrying water (only) during [[Japanese tea ceremony|Japanese tea ceremonies]].

''Tetsubin'' are often elaborately decorated with [[relief]] designs on the outside and glazed with [[Vitreous enamel|enamel]] on the inside. These features, in addition to their small size and often unusual shape makes them popular with [[Collecting|collectors]]. A typical Tetsubin holds around .5 litres of water. It is usually sold with a [[tea strainer]] and an iron [[trivet]] decorated with a similar relief design.

[[Image:Red_tetsubin.jpg|thumb|250px|Tetsubin can be found in many colors with various designs and patterns such as this red one that has symbols depicting each of the four seasons for good luck.]]

Tetsubin date back to the [[17th century]] and were originally used to brew [[tea]] or simply boil water over a [[hearth]], lacking the decorative features of today's teapots. During the [[19th century]] infused tea became more popular, and tetsubin were considered primarily [[status symbol|status symbols]], rather than functional kitchen items. Today they are used to brew and serve tea, however tetsubin are not normally placed on the stove. Instead, water is boiled elsewhere and then poured into the teapot to make tea.

The [[prefectures]] of [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] and [[Yamagata Prefecture|Yamagata]] are best known for producing tetsubin.

==Use and care==

[[Image:TetsubinBlack.JPG|thumb| In use at the [[Asian Art Museum of San Francisco]] café.]]
Because tetsubin teapots are both ornamental and practical, good care should be practiced to ensure a long and beautiful lifetime. Following these guidelines will produce good tea and prolong the life of a tetsubin teapot. Over time, the tetsubin will develop a desirable mineral coating that is said to be good for one's health.

===Making tea===
# Do not place tetsubin directly on stove to heat. Instead, boil water separately and pour into tetsubin.
# While water is being heated, pour some warm water into tetsubin. This will warm the teapot which will keep tea warmer for longer. If it is glazed, this will also prevent the tetsubin's ceramic glaze from cracking when the hotter water is poured in.
# Teas require different temperatures of water to be used. Make sure to not overheat or underheat water for the tea being used.
# Teas also require different periods of time to steep. Be aware of this length or a bitter tea will result.

===Cleaning===
# Do not allow tea leaves to sit in tetsubin for extended periods.
# Do not use soap or abrasive pads to clean tetsubin. Rather, just rinse inside with some water and pour out.
# Do not expose teapot to salt or oil.
# After rinsing, lightly dry the inside and outside of the teapot with a cloth towel. Set pieces to air-dry separately.

==Purchasing==
# Because tetsubin goods are popular with collectors, it is important to be careful if you wish to purchase these products.
# Ensure that you are purchasing an authentic product from a reputable dealer. Most authentic products have the symbol of the manufacturer on the item. For example teapots generally have the manufacturers symbol on the base of the teapot in line with the spout.

==See also==
* [[Japanese tea ceremony]]
* [[Teapot]]
* [[Teakettle]]

==External links==
* [http://www.teaconcepts.com/dTetsubin.asp Tetsubin Teapots - Facts, History & Its Role in the Japanese Tea Ceremony]

[[da:Tetsubin]]

[[Category:Japanese tea ceremony]]
[[Category:Japanese crafts]]
[[Category:Teaware]]

Tetsubin

2006-05-13T02:35:10Z

Exploding Boy:

[[Image:Tetsubin.jpg|thumb|250px|A Japanese cast iron teapot, also known as a [[Tetsubin]].]]
'''Tetsubin''' are [[cast iron]] [[teapot|teapots]] made in [[Japan]] and often used in a [[Japanese tea ceremony]]. Normally the teapots are elaborately decorated with [[relief]] designs on the outside and glazed with [[Vitreous enamel|enamel]] on the inside. These features, in addition to their small size and often unusual shape makes them popular with [[Collecting|collectors]]. A typical Tetsubin holds around .5 litres of water. It is usually sold with a [[tea strainer]] and an iron [[trivet]] decorated with a similar relief design.

[[Image:Red_tetsubin.jpg|thumb|250px|Tetsubin can be found in many colors with various designs and patterns such as this red one that has symbols depicting each of the four seasons for good luck.]]
Tetsubin date back to the [[17th century]] and were originally used to brew [[tea]] or simply boil water over a [[hearth]], lacking the decorative features of today's teapots. During the [[19th century]] infused tea became more popular, and tetsubin were considered primarily [[status symbol|status symbols]], rather than functional kitchen items. Today they are used to brew and serve tea, however tetsubin are not normally placed on the stove. Instead, water is boiled elsewhere and then poured into the teapot to make tea.

The [[prefectures]] of [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] and [[Yamagata Prefecture|Yamagata]] are best known for producing tetsubin.

==Use and care==
[[Image:TetsubinBlack.JPG|thumb| In use at the [[Asian Art Museum of San Francisco]] café.]]
Because tetsubin teapots are both ornamental and practical, good care should be practiced to ensure a long and beautiful lifetime. Following these guidelines will produce good tea and prolong the life of a tetsubin teapot. Over time, the tetsubin will develop a desirable mineral coating that is said to be good for one's health.

===Making tea===
# Do not place tetsubin directly on stove to heat. Instead, boil water separately and pour into tetsubin.
# While water is being heated, pour some warm water into tetsubin. This will warm the teapot which will keep tea warmer for longer. If it is glazed, this will also prevent the tetsubin's ceramic glaze from cracking when the hotter water is poured in.
# Teas require different temperatures of water to be used. Make sure to not overheat or underheat water for the tea being used.
# Teas also require different periods of time to steep. Be aware of this length or a bitter tea will result.

===Cleaning===
# Do not allow tea leaves to sit in tetsubin for extended periods.
# Do not use soap or abrasive pads to clean tetsubin. Rather, just rinse inside with some water and pour out.
# Do not expose teapot to salt or oil.
# After rinsing, lightly dry the inside and outside of the teapot with a cloth towel. Set pieces to air-dry separately.

==Purchasing==
# Because tetsubin goods are popular with collectors, it is important to be careful if you wish to purchase these products.
# Ensure that you are purchasing an authentic product from a reputable dealer. Most authentic products have the symbol of the manufacturer on the item. For example teapots generally have the manufacturers symbol on the base of the teapot in line with the spout.

==See also==
* [[Japanese tea ceremony]]
* [[Teapot]]
* [[Teakettle]]

==External links==
* [http://www.teaconcepts.com/dTetsubin.asp Tetsubin Teapots - Facts, History & Its Role in the Japanese Tea Ceremony]

[[da:Tetsubin]]

[[Category:Japanese tea ceremony]]
[[Category:Japanese crafts]]
[[Category:Teaware]]

Tetsubin

2006-05-13T02:25:20Z

Exploding Boy:

Masaki Sumitani

2006-05-05T16:35:18Z

Exploding Boy:

[[Image:Hardgay.jpg|thumb|A picture of Hard Gay in action, taken from the [[Japanese media|Japanese television]] show [[:ja:爆笑問題のバク天!|Bakuten]]. The purple text reads, "Welcome to the 'Hard Gay' stand."]]

'''Razor Ramon HG''' (レイザーラモン HG、occasionally Laser Ramon HG) is the performing name of '''Masaki Sumitani''' (住谷正樹 Sumitani Masaki), a [[list of Japanese comedians|Japanese comedian]] and ''[[tarento]]'' (“talent”). His act gained national attention and popularity when featured on the "[[Bakusho Mondai|Bakushō Mondai]] no Bakuten!" ([[Daibakuten]]) Saturday [[variety show]] on [[Tokyo Broadcasting System|TBS Television]] in [[Japan]], in [[2005]]. He should not be confused with American professional wrestler [[Scott Hall]], whose use of the “Razor Ramon” stage name predates Sumitani’s. Although the WWE has trademarked the name "Razor Ramon" they have not responded against HG using the name Razor Ramon HG.

==Early career==
Masaki Sumitani was born [[December 18]], [[1975]] in [[Harima, Hyogo|Harima]], [[Hyogo Prefecture]], [[Japan]]. After graduating from Higashi Kakogawa High School, he entered [[Doshisha University]] and majored in [[Commerce]]. While at college he picked up wrestling as a hobby, and soon joined the Doshisha Professional Wrestling Alliance (DWA). Under his performing name “GiveUp Sumitani,” he won the heavy class Kyoto pro-wrestling championship co-hosted by DWA and the Ritsumeikan Wrestling Alliance (RWA) of nearby [[Ritsumeikan University]] in [[Kyoto]].

It was through wrestling in their college years, that Sumitani met [[Makoto Izubuchi]], with whom he would later form the comedy duo “Razor Ramon” in [[1997]]. During their college years, Razor Ramon won the “Fukuwarai award” in the Imamiya Kids’ Ebisu Manzai Contest, and gained experience on the stage through the audition live performance “SABUKI” at “[[2chome-gekijo]],” an [[Osaka]] comedy club opened by the [[Yoshimoto Kogyo]] comedy troupe at which many comedians from the [[Kansai]] area start their career.

After completing his university education, Sumitani got a job at CO-OP KOBE, as grocery delivery man. His desire to pursue a career as a professional comedian led him to quit his job after four months, when he joined [[Yoshimoto Kogyo]] with his partner Makoto Izubuchi. “Razor Ramon” made their TV debut in 1999, and won the “Judges’ Special Award” in the “ABC Owarai (Comedy) Grand-Prix” in 2000. Both Sumitani and Izubuchi joined the Yoshimoto Kogyo-produced program [[Yoshimoto Shin-kigeki]], one of the most popular comedy stage acts in Japan, in 2001, often playing [[yakuza]], [[salaryman]], [[udon]] restaurant owners, construction workers, and others.

Sumitani continued his wrestling aspirations in late 2005, working in the [[HUSTLE]] promotion and defeating [[Yinling|Yinling the Erotic Terrorist]] in his debut match; he has since gone to team with [[Naoya Ogawa]] and [[Yoshihiro Tajiri]] in leading the HUSTLE Army against [[Nobuhiko Takada|Generalissimo Takada]]'s Monster Army

==Hard Gay==

The most well-known character developed and portrayed by Sumitani is '''Hard Gay''' (ハードゲイ), introduced in 2002, as whom he finally rose to national prominence in 2005. While the official name is “Razor Ramon HG,” he is most frequently known as “Hard Gay,” or simply HG. Dressing in a tight black [[leather]] outfit reminiscent of the stylings of the [[Village People]], he goes around performing acts of charity (''yonaoshi'', “social improvement”) for unsuspecting bystanders while performing trademark [[pelvis|pelvic]] thrusts and vocalisations, often accompanied by "[[Livin' La Vida Loca]]" by [[Ricky Martin]].

According to some accounts, the name Hard Gay was the suggestion of Sumitani’s senior comedian in the Yoshimoto Kogyo group, [[Kendo Kobayashi]], in reference to his “hard” dancing. The name has also been described as a pun on 芸, “gei,” which means “skill” or “art.” However, to develop his character, Sumitani visited gay bars in Doyama-cho, [[Osaka]]’s biggest gay area, and his costume, which consists of hot pants, a small vest, and cap, all in black leather, along with aviator sunglasses, was purchased at a shop called “VFTQ” in Minami-Horie, Osaka, which specializes in gay fashion.

Hard Gay makes regular use of a number of [[catch phrase]]s in his act; he usually makes his entrance in front of the camera shouting “Dōmō Hādogei dēsu” (Hello, this is Hard Gay), with arms thrust out and a spin afterwards. His self-introduction is then followed by his famous “dance” moves. He often shouts “fuuuuuu” (フゥ～!) or "foohhhh!"(フォー！), a [[running joke]] in his performances. He often stops people saying unfavourable things to him by shouting “sei sei sei sei sei” with his palm in front of the person’s face. Whether this means anything is debatable, although Sumitani has commented that “sei sei” is something that comes out from his mouth when he is happy, and that he does not mean “''[[Wiktionary:say|say]]''” as in to [[Speech|speak something]].

==Criticisms==

Sumitani is himself not [[gay]], and he has been criticised for his stereotypical depiction of gay men and for building a career on parodying a social minority with "bizarre and extreme" "erotically charged antics" [http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200512170192.html]. Despite his popularity in the mainstream, Hard Gay is not popular among Japanese gays and lesbians, and his best-selling book has not sold well in gay areas.

A spokesperson for the Hokkaido Sexual Minority Association Sapporo Meeting, a support group for gay, lesbian and transgender people, has said that "Hard Gay's acceptance by the Japanese public shows me that there is a strong tendency here to see homosexuality as something to be laughed at. That is sad" [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20060319x1.html].

Openly lesbian Osaka Prefectural Assemblywoman [[Kanako Otsuji]] has been quoted as saying:

<blockquote>[The way the media treats sexual minorities] makes me angry. This morning I saw [comedian] Razor Ramon for the first time. I never watch TV. I'd only heard about him. He's not homosexual. He just uses gayness for his act, to make people laugh. I'm afraid that people will get the idea that gay people are all like that, yelling and pumping their hips[http://humanrightsjapan.blogspot.com/2005_10_01_humanrightsjapan_archive.html].</blockquote>

[[Image:HGandRG.jpg|thumb|A picture of Hard Gay and his new partner and rival [[Razor Ramon RG]] at a dinner party. They have been recently making the rounds on Japanese variety shows and commercials as a team.]]

==Notes of interest==
*The famous Japanese [[FIFA]] football player [[Hidetoshi Nakata]] was famously genuinely mistaken for Razor Ramon HG as he got off a plane in Japan. Nakata was wearing dark sunglasses at the time.
*Mixed martial artist [[Kazushi Sakuraba]] dressed up as Hard Gay as part of his ring entrance at the [[PRIDE]] Itadaki 2005 event.
*Sumitani released his first single entitled "Young Man" on February 8, 2006, which is a Japanese rendition of the [[Village People]]'s song "[[YMCA (song)|YMCA]]".
*Recently got engaged to be married, which hurt his homosexual [[gimmick]] to the audiences.
*Recently started working with a comedic sidekick called [[Razor Ramon RG]]. And while they have a comedic chemistry, they aren't very amicable to each other off-screen like the classic comedy duo [[Abbot and Costello]].

==External links==
* [http://mdn.mainichi-msn.co.jp/waiwai/face/news/20050720p2g00m0dm024000c.html MSN-Mainichi Daily News:Razor Ramon slices along Japan’s cutting edge]
* [http://www.videouncovered.com/adds/play_page.php?id_char=bakuten Video Uncovered] - Watch videos of Razor Ramon HG

[[Category:Japanese comedians|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:Japanese celebrities|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:1975 births|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:Living people|Sumitani, Masaki]]
[[Category:People from Hyogo Prefecture|Sumitani, Masaki]]

[[ja:住谷正樹]]

Al Parker

2005-08-05T01:09:27Z

Exploding Boy:

'''Al Parker''' ([[June 25]], [[1952]]-[[1992]]) was a [[gay]] [[United States of America|American]] [[pornographic actor]] (porn star), [[producer]], and [[director]]. He was born in [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]], [[Massachusetts]], and died in [[California]] of [[AIDS]]. His real name was '''Drew Okun'''.

Al Parker was probably one of the first gay porn actors to become well-known to gay audiences, if not the general public. He was one of the forerunners in establishing gay pornography as a viable commercial entity. He began his career with Colt Studios, another forerunner in the industry. Colt Studios was one of the first publishers to provide full frontal male nudity of muscled, masculine men.

==Videography==

*''Flashback''
*''Heavy Equipment'' (1977)
*''Inches'' (1979)
*''A Night Alone with Al Parker'' (1988)
*''The Other Side of Aspen (1)''
*''Performance'' (198?)
*''Turned On'' (1982)
*''Wanted'' (1981)

==See also==
*[[List of gay porn stars]]

==External links ==
*[http://outcyclopedia.0catch.com/alparker.html Al Parker's entry in the Outcyclopedia]
*[http://gaytoday.badpuppy.com/garchive/reviews/112000re.htm Review of a Clone: The Life and Legacy of Al Parker]

{{porn-stub}}

[[Category:Male porn stars|Parker, Al]]
[[Category:1952 births|Parker, Al]]
[[Category:1992 deaths|Parker, Al]]

Bute Park

2005-08-05T00:10:37Z

Exploding Boy:

'''Bute Park''' is a large park in the centre of [[Cardiff]], the capital city of [[Wales]], known as a [[gay]] [[Cruising for sex|cruising]] area.

It dominates the city centre, stretching from [[Cardiff Castle]] in the heart of the city and follows the [[River Taff]] northwards. [[Sophia Gardens]], to the west of the river, is the home of [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club]].

The park is named after the [[Marquess of Bute]], a major landowner in Cardiff who donated the park to the [[city]] of [[Cardiff]].

There is a modern stone circle in the south east of the park, and a wall to the south, which has tropical animals carved into it.

----

[http://www.cardiff.gov.uk Cardiff Council]

[[Category:Cardiff]]
[[Category:Parks and commons of the United Kingdom]]

Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3. Baron Montagu of Beaulieu

2005-08-01T17:50:37Z

Exploding Boy:

'''Edward John Barrington Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu''' (born [[October 20]], [[1926]]) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Peerage|peer]] known for founding the [[National Motor Museum]].

Montagu was born in [[London]], and inherited his Peerage in [[1929]] when his father was killed in an accident. He attended St. Peter's Court School and Ridley College in [[Canada]], [[Eton College]] and [[New College, Oxford|New College]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]. He served in the [[Grenadier Guards]] including in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] before the end of the British Mandate.

On coming of age Montagu immediately took his seat in the [[House of Lords]] and swiftly made his maiden speech on the subject of Palestine. His interest in historic cars led him to open the [[National Motor Museum]] on his estate at Beaulieu, [[Hampshire]] in [[1952]]. In [[1954]] Montague was imprisoned for twelve months for consensual [[Homosexuality|homosexual]] offences along with journalist [[Peter Wildeblood]] and Michael Pitt-Rivers. Unlike other defendants in the trial Montague continued to protest his innocence. The trial was a consequence of concern in the early 1950s about the increasing incidence of homosexuality but caused a backlash which led to the [[Wolfenden Report]] which recommended legalisation.

Montagu founded 'The Veteran And Vintage Magazine' in [[1956]] and continued to develop the museum, making a name for himself in tourism. He was Chairman of the [[Historic Houses Association]] from [[1973]] to [[1978]] and Chairman of [[English Heritage]] from [[1984]] to [[1992]].

==Reference And Further Reading==
* ''Wheels Within Wheels'' by Lord Montagu (Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2001). ISBN 0297817396

[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom|Montagu of Beaulieu, 3rd Baron]]
[[Category:1926 births|Montagu of Beaulieu, Edward Montagu, 3rd Baron]]
[[Category:British Army officers|Montagu of Beaulieu, Edward Montagu, 3rd Baron]]
[[Category:People imprisoned or executed for homosexuality]]

Tea bag

2005-06-29T22:17:40Z

Exploding Boy: Reverted edits by 131.128.122.190 to last version by 131.128.122.191

'''Teabagging''' can have various meanings.

==Teabagging as a prank==

As a '''[[practical joke|prank]]''', teabagging can refer to the repeated dunking of a person restrained inside a bag into water. This is a common boys' boarding school prank. It should be noted that this predates any known usage of the term below.

Teabagging can also refer to a [[man]] placing his [[testicle]]s on another [[person]] or object as a practical joke. This is sometimes known as '''braining''', after the appearance of the [[scrotum]]. Teabagging is inflicted on a [[sleep]]ing or [[unconscious]] [[victim]], and usually involves the man placing his testicles on the recipient's [[face]] or in his or her [[mouth]]. [[Photograph]]s are often taken of this pose as a part of the prank in order to further [[humiliation|humiliate]] the victim. This practice can potentially backfire when the victim unexpectedly wakes up and clenches down upon the "teabag".

==Teabagging as a sexual practice==

As a sexual practice, "teabagging" refers to a man dipping his testicles into the mouth of his partner as a form of [[oral sex]]. Sometimes teabagging is taken to specifically mean the act of a male [[stripper]] repeatedly tapping and grinding their testicles into someone's forehead.

Teabagging first entered [[pop culture]] in [[John Waters (filmmaker)|John Waters]]' [[cult film]] ''[[Pecker (film)|Pecker]]'' (as an act banned in a particular male strip club) and the term was more recently seen on the [[television series]] ''[[Sex and the City]]''. It appeared again in the film ''[[Soul Plane]]'' included in a list of sexual acts and later defined. It also appears in ''[[America: The Book]]'' by the staff of ''[[The Daily Show]]'' and has been referenced on the television show by its host, [[Jon Stewart]].

==Teabagging in Halo: Combat Evolved==

Teabagging made a recent show in the popular [[Xbox]] first-person shooter [[Halo: Combat Evolved]]. It is likely that it orignated in other multiplayer shooters, but has seen increased popularity on Xbox Live, where players will add insult to the injury of their defeated foes. A player will stand over the head of a corpse and crouch repeatedly, simulating "teabagging" as described above, occasionally commenting over an Xbox Communicator Headset. This, however, is a brash move, exposing you to easy attack, increasing the risk and insult if you finish unharmed. Internet comic site [[VG Cats]] created a [http://www.vgcats.com/comics/?strip_id=151 strip] depicting the act.

[[Category:Sexual fetishism]]
[[Category:Sex moves]]
[[Category:Pranks]]

Tea bag

2005-05-27T16:50:28Z

Exploding Boy:

Toiletten in Japan

2004-10-12T16:26:19Z

Exploding Boy: /* Cultural aspects */

[[Image:Bidet toilet seat.jpg|frame|A twin-nozzled electronic bidet unit built into a toilet seat]]
There are three types of [[toilet]]s commonly found in [[Japan]]. The oldest type is a simple squat toilet, which is still common in public restrooms. After [[World War II]], modern Western-type flush toilets and urinals became common. Currently, Japan has the most advanced high-tech toilets worldwide. The use of both the traditional squat and the modern high-tech toilet is often a source of confusion for foreigners. Toilets in Japan are known as either under the Western name with Japanese pronunciation ''toire'' (トイレ), or as ''benjo'' (便所, literally "place of excrement"). The toilet is also often referred to as ''otearai'' (お手洗い, literally "hand-washing"), which strictly speaking refers to the [[sink]]. This has the same meaning as the English "lavatory". As a euphemism, this is similar to the English usage of "bathroom", which also strictly speaking refers to a room with a [[bathtub]]. It is also common to see ''keshoushitsu'' (化粧室, literally "powder room") on signs in department stores and supermarkets as well as the public toilet [[pictogram]].

==History==
[[Image:OldJapaneseToilet.jpg|thumb|[[Meiji Era]] squat toilet of a wealthy Japanese near [[Nakatsugawa]]]]
Toilets have been used in Japan since the start of civilization, although the exact construction and use is unknown. The earliest sewer systems are from the [[Yayoi]] period ([[300 BC]] to A.D. [[250]]). These systems were used in larger settlements, probably in combination with toilets. During the [[Nara period]] ([[710]] to [[784]]), a drainage system was created in the capital in [[Nara]]. The earliest known toilets in Japan also date back to that time, being constructed over an open pit similar to an [[outhouse]]. In earlier days [[seaweed]] was used for cleaning, but by the [[Edo period]], these were instead replaced by [[toilet paper]] that used [[washi]]. In the mountainous regions, wooden scrapers and a large leaf were used as well. Often, toilets were also constructed over a running stream of water. However, historically, pit toilets were more common, as they were easier to build and also allowed the reuse of the [[feces]] as fertilizer -- very important in a country where [[Buddhism]] and its associated [[vegetarianism]] generally prevented [[livestock]] raising. In fact, the waste products of rich people were sold at higher prices because their diet was better. This practice stopped after World War II for sanitary reasons and with the proliferation of chemical fertilizers.

In [[Okinawa]], the toilet was often attached to the [[pig]] pen, and the pigs were fed with the human waste product. This practice was also stopped after World War II.

During the [[Azuchi-Momoyama period]] ([[1568]] to [[1600]]), the "Taiko Sewerage" was built around [[Osaka Castle]], and it is still existing and functioning today. The use of modern sewage systems began in [[1884]], with the installation of the first brick and ceramic sewer in [[Kanda]] in [[Tokyo]]. More plumbing and sewage systems were installed after the [[Great Kanto earthquake]] to avoid diseases after future earthquakes. However, the construction of sewers increased only after World War II to cope with the waste products of larger and larger population centers. In the year [[2000]], 60% of the population was connected to a sewer system.

Western-style toilets and [[urinal]]s started to appear in Japan at the beginning of the 20th century, but only after [[World War II]] did their use become more widespread due to the influence of the [[Occupied Japan|American occupation]]. In [[1977]], the sale of Western-style toilets exceeded the sale of traditional squat toilets in Japan. The Japanese improved the idea of the Western-style toilet, and the world's largest bathroom fixtures company [[Toto]] introduced the ''Washlet'', a toilet with a built-in bidet, in [[1980]].
==Types of Toilets==
===Squat Toilet===
[[Image:JapaneseSquatToilet.jpg|thumb|A Japanese squat toilet including toilet slippers]]
The traditional Japanese-style (和式) toilet is a [[squat toilet]], also known as the ''Asian toilet'', as it is common all over [[Asia]]. A squat toilet differs from a western toilet in both construction and method of employment. A squat toilet essentially looks like a miniature [[urinal]] rotated 90 degrees and set into the floor. Most squat toilets in Japan are made of porcelain though in rare instances, stainless steel is also used. Instead of sitting, the user squats over the toilet, facing the hemispherical hood. A shallow trough collects the waste, instead of a large water-filled bowl as in a western toilet. All the other fixtures such as the water tank, piping, and flushing mechanism may be identical to those of a western toilet. Flushing causes water to push the waste matter from the trough into a collecting reservoir which is then emptied and carried off into the sewer system. The flush is often operated by the foot or by pulling the handle on the water tank or the piping fixture in the same manner as a western toilet.

Two variations are common, one where the toilet is level with the ground, and the other where the toilet is raised on a platform approximately 30 cm high. The latter is easier to use for men to [[Urination|urinate]] while standing, but both types can be used for this purposes. There is also no difference for [[defecation]] or squatting urination. The user stands over the squat toilet facing the hood and pulls down (up in the case of skirts) his or her pants and underwear to the knees. The user then squats over the hole, as closely to the front as possible. During defecation it is important to keep balanced. Beginners and foreigners often hold on to the piping at the front, which therefore has earned the nickname ''grunt'' bar from the sounds made while holding on to this pipe. If the plumbing is hidden or not strong enough, a separate handle may be installed specially to aid the user in keeping his/her balance. Another common strategy employed by foreigners to avoid any potentially embarrassing accidents while defecating is to strip completely from the waist down and hang the garments on a hook before assuming the position.

The advantages of this type of toilet are that they are easy to clean. Because of its simple construction, a squat toilet can be cleaned with just a bucket and a mop, or by simply hosing down the inside with water. Squat toilets are cheaper to make and consume less water per flush than western toilets.

Some claim that squat toilets are more sanitary than western toilets because no parts of the toilet actually come into contact with human skin. The waterless trough also minimizes the risk of splash back during defecation. In addition, a number of medical benefits are attributed to the squat toilet. It is said that the squatting strengthens the [[pelvic]] muscles of females, reducing the likelihood of [[incontinence]]. It is also said that this toilet builds up strength in the hips, and improves breathing and concentration, and that the upright squatting position allows more solid waste to be eliminated from the colon. However, there is no scientific study about the accuracy of any of these claims.

At one point in history, the Japanese bathroom fixtures company Toto produced a Japanese squat toilet with a built-in bidet, but this product was a commercial failure.

===Western Style [[flush toilet]]s===
[[Image:WaterSavingToiletJapan.jpg|thumb|A spigot on top of the bowl of this western style flush toilet allows users to conserve water by washing their hands in water destined for the next flush.]]
The standard [[flush toilet]] used worldwide is known in Japan as a ''Western style'' (洋式) toilet. Western style toilets, including high tech toilets, are now more common in Japanese homes than the traditional squat toilets. While most public facilities such as schools, temples, and train stations are often equipped with only squat toilets, in their own homes, Japanese people prefer being able to sit, especially older individuals for whom prolonged squatting is physically demanding or uncomfortable. Many western toilets also include a water saving device, where the user has the option to wash his or her hands with the water that goes into the tank for flushing. For details on the flush toilet see [[flush toilet]].

===High tech Japanese toilets===
[[Image:JapaneseToiletBidet.jpg|thumb|200px|This jet of water would cleanse a user of this bidet toilet.]]
[[Image:WirelessToiletControlPanel.jpg|thumb|200px|A wireless toilet control panel with multiple options]]

The modern high tech toilet in Japan, known in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as Washlet (ウォシュレット) is probably the most advanced type of toilet worldwide, showing a dazzling array of features. The age of the high tech toilet in Japan started in [[1980]] with the introduction of the ''washlet G series'' by Toto, and since then the product name ''washlet'' is used as [[slang]] to refer to all types of Japanese high tech toilets. Before it was introduced, it was believed that only a few would want such technology for more money when it can be done manually. It caught on when people realized that it actually worked, often surprisingly well. [[As of 2002]], almost 50% of private homes have such a toilet, exceeding the number of households with a personal computer. While the toilet looks at the first glance like a western style toilet, there are a number of features included either as part of the toilet or in a [[toilet seat]] that can be added to a regular western style toilet, also known as ''washlet'' in Japan. These features can be accessed by a control panel that is either attached to one side of the seat or on a wall nearby, often transmitting the commands wireless to the toilet seat.

The most basic feature is the integrated bidet, a nozzle the size of a pencil that comes out from underneath the toilet seat and squirts water on either the [[anus]] or the [[vulva]]. This is known as ''feminin cleaning'' or ''feminine wash'' and ''posterior wash'', ''general use'', or ''family cleaning''. At no point does the nozzle actually touch the body of the person. The nozzle is also self-cleaning and cleans itself before and after operation. The control logic is also attached to a pressure sensor in the toilet seat, and operates only if there is pressure on the seat, indicating that the seat is occupied. The user can select to wash his/her anus, or her vulva by pressing the corresponding button on the control panel. Usually the same nozzle is used for both operations, but at a different position of the nozzle head, and using different openings in the nozzle to squirt water at a different angle to aim for the correct spot. Occasionally, two nozzles are used, each dedicated for one area.

[[Image:TheApricotWasher.jpg|thumb|left|The ''[[Apricot]] washer'', an advertisement by Toto for their products]]
Most high-tech toilets also provide the option to select the water pressure to adjust to the preferences of the user. By default, the [[vulva]] receives less pressure than the [[anus]]. Usually, the temperature of the water can also be adjusted. Researchers in Japan have found that a water temperature slightly higher than the body temperature is preferred by most customers, and 38[[Celsius|°C]] is considered best. The exact nozzle position can also often be adjusted forward or aft manually. High-end washlets also provide options for a vibrating and pulsating jet of water. The manufacturers claim that this helps against [[constipation]] or [[hemorrhoid]]s.

The washlet can replace toilet paper completely, but many users opt to improve the hygiene in combination with the mechanical action of the toilet paper. This also depends on the cleaned region, and the cleaning of the vulva may not need toilet paper. Some users use the toilet paper before the washing, some after the washing, some use only the washing and others use no washing at all and prefer to use only toilet paper.

A second commonly found feature is a blow drier, often adjustable between 40[[Celsius|°C]] and 60[[Celsius|°C]] to dry the private regions after cleaning with the integrated bidet. Other features may include a seat heating which may be adjustable from 30[[Celsius|°C]] to 40[[Celsius|°C]], an automatic opening and closing of the toilet lid based on a proximity sensor, automatic flushing of the toilet, automatic air deodorizer, and a germ resistant surface. Some models specially designed for the elderly may include arm rests and devices that help the user to stand up after use. A ''soft close'' feature slows the toilet lid down while closing so the lid does not slam onto the seat, or in some models the toilet lid will close automatically a certain time after flushing. The most recent introduction is the ozone deodorant system that can quickly eliminate the smell of the waste. Also, the latest models store the times of the use of the toilet, and have a power saving mode that heats up the toilet seat only during times when the toilet is likely to be used based on the collected usage data. Some toilets also glow in the dark or mau\y even have [[Air conditioning|air condition]] for hot summer days.

Recently, researchers have added medical sensors into these toilets, which can measure the blood sugar based on the [[urine]], and also measure the pulse, blood pressure, and the body fat content of the user. Other measurements are currently researched. This data may automatically be sent to a doctor through a built in [[internet]] capable cellular phone. However, these devices are still very rare in Japan, and their future commercial success is difficult to predict. Producers currently also develop a voice-operated toilet that understands verbal commands. Toto, NAIS, and other companies also produce portable battery operated ''travel washlets'' which must be filled with warm water before use.

It is possible and occasionally done to use the water jet on a high pressure setting for an [[enema]]. There are also reports of females using the water jet as a [[masturbation]] aid. It is not known, however, how common these practices are.

===Male and female [[urinal]]s===
Urinals in Japan are very similiar to the [[urinal]]s in the rest of the world, and mainly used for public male toilets or male toilets with a large number of users.

Before and during the [[Meiji Era]], urinals were commonly used by both males and females. Traditionally, a [[kimono]] is worn without underwear, and the females merely pulled up their kimono and with an upward pull on their vulva were able to direct the [[urine]] forward into the urinal. This practice disappeared in the 20th century, when the female clothing changed to the western style, and nowadays even kimono are almost always worn with underwear. The female urinal had a small revival between [[1951]] and [[1968]], when Toto was producing female urinals. This device was shaped like a cone and placed on the floor. However, those were never very popular, and only a few of them are left, as for example underneath the ''Japan National Stadium'' from the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] in [[Tokyo]].
==Japan specific accessories==
Toilets in Japan have very similiar accessories as most toilets worldwide, including [[Toilet paper]], a toilet brush, a sink, etc. However, there are some Japan-specific accessoires that are rarely found outside of Japan.

===The ''Sound Princess''===

Many Japanese women are embarrassed at the thought that someone else can hear them while doing their business on the toilet. To cover the sound of any body function, many females flushed public toilets continuously while using them, wasting a large amount of water in the process. As education campaigns did not stop this practice, a device was developed that after activation produces the sound of flushing water without the need for actual flushing. One brand name commonly found is the ''Otohime'', which literally means ''Sound Princess'', and is named after the Japanese goddess ''Otohime'', the beautiful daughter of the sea-king [[Ryujin]]. This device is now routinely placed in most new public female toilets, and many old public female toilets are upgraded. It is estimated that this saves up to 20 liters of water per use. So far there appears to be no demand for these devices for men's public toilets, and the devices are installed in men's restrooms only very rarely.

===Bathroom slippers===
[[Image:JapaneseToiletSlippers.jpg|thumb|100px|A pair of Toilet slippers]]
Despite all the cleanliness of the modern toilet, the toilet area is traditionally considered dirty, and while Japanese routinely eat or sleep on the [[tatami]] mattress, nobody would do so in a toilet. To keep the ''clean'' and ''unclean'' areas separated, many private homes and also some public toilets have ''toilet slippers'' in front of the toilet door that should be used when in the toilet and removed right after leaving the toilet. This also indicates if the toilet is in use. This is actually a leftover custom from days when a toilet was constructed outside a house and thus required one to wear slippers. These slippers can be as simple as a pair of rubber slippers or decorated slippers with prints of [[anime]] characters for small children, animal fur slippers for those with money to spend. A frequent [[faux pas]] of foreigners is to use these toilet slippers in the non-toilet areas, hence mixing the ''clean'' and ''unclean'' areas.

==Public toilets==
Public toilets are easy to find in Japan and one seldom needs to look very hard when nature calls. Restrooms can be found in department stores, supermarkets, book stores, CD shops, parks, most convenience stores, and in all but the most rural train stations. Beginning in the 1990s, there has been a movement to make public toilets cleaner and more hospitable than they had been in the past. The number of lights in toilets was increased and made bright; rooms were made larger and toilets were updated to more technologically advanced ones. Large mirrors were fitted over sinks. Even buildings themselves were redesigned to be more welcoming than previous dull looking ones. This may come as a thought of relief to tourists and Japanese alike. The open access to toilets in Japan can be contrasted with places like Europe where pay toilets are the standard, or the US where finding a public toilet in times of need is often an ordeal. It is, however, not uncommon to see Japanese men urinating in public, inebriated or not.

Many public restrooms nowadays have both types of toilets, but just as many do not. Most train stations in the Tokyo area and public schools throughout Japan, for example, only have squat toilets. In addition, trains, parks, temples, traditional Japanese restaurants, and older buildings typically only have squat toilets. Users not accustomed to squat toilets may either look for the stall(s) with the western toilet, indicated by the [[kanji]] characters 洋式 (youshiki), the English words "Western-style", a symbol for the type of toilet, or any combination of the three. Alternatively, users can seek a handicapped bathroom if available.

Toilet paper is usually but not always available. Often, Japanese carry small sheets of paper thin [[soap]] and a [[handkerchief]] with them for such occasions, or they keep the small packets of tissue passed out to pedestrians as advertisements. Coin-operated toilet paper vending machines are also sometimes installed outside bathrooms as a last resort for the desperate or ill-prepared.

Many public toilets do not have soap for washing hands, or towels for drying hands. Some public toilets are fitted with powerful air-blown hand dryers to reduce the volume of waste generated from paper towels. Hand dryers and faucets are usually installed with motion-sensors as an additional resource saving measure. Some people save even more resources by simply not washing their hands, but this is considered a major faux pas in Japan as it is in other cultures.

Conditions inside a Japanese restroom vary from appallingly filthy to pristine depending on the venue. If one wants to find a clean toilet with all the amenities, it is often best to try an upscale department store such as [[ISETAN]], [[SEIYU]], [[Ito-Yokado]]. These restrooms are often well-lit, spacious, equipped with soap dispensers, anti-bacterial spray wipes, paper seat covers, and hand dryers, and are routinely cleaned several times a day. Some even have washlets installed. Large book stores often offer clean toilets as well as they tend to be less heavily trafficked and maintained more vigorously. At the bottom of the cleanliness spectrum are restrooms in train stations and public parks.

==Cultural aspects==

In Japan, being clean is a very important factor, and some Japanese words for clean can be used to describe beauty. The word ''kirei'' (奇麗、きれい) is often used to describe when something or someone is beautiful, but it may be used to describe number of other statuses such as ''clean water'', ''an orderly marching'', and ''pure feeling''. This may explain both the continuing success of the squat toilets without any physical contact, and also the success of the high tech toilet with an included shower. Occasionally, even a western style toilet is used as a squat toilet by a self-conscious user that squats by standing on the toilet seat. This, of course, is rather unhygienic for the next user that sits on the same seat. There is also a large market for deodorants and air fresheners that add a pleasant smell to the area.

In the often crowded living conditions in Japanese cities and the lack of a room that can be locked from inside in a traditional Japanese house, the toilet is one of the few rooms in the house that allows for privacy. Some toilet rooms are equipped with a bookshelf, other people enter the room with a newspaper, and some have even filled the room with character goods and posters. Even with such obstacles, these toilets are, whenever possible, made into a separate room from a room for bathing. This is due to the ethic of separating clean with unclean and this fact is listed for properties for rent. According to another source, Dr. Hiroshi Ojima, the high tech toilets are popular due to the low fiber intake and the high [[constipation]] rates in Japan.

Both the traditional squat toilet and the high tech toilet are a source of confusion for foreigners unaccustomed to these devices. There are numerous reports of foreigners using a toilet, and randomly pressing buttons on the control panel either out of curiosity or in search for the flushing control, and suddenly to their [[horror]] receiving a jet of water directed at their private parts. As the water jet continued for a few seconds after they jumped up, they also got themselves and/or the bathroom wet. Many Japanese toilets now feature a brief manual in [[English language|English]] attached near the control panel or have the buttons written in English to reduce the [[culture shock]].

==Economics==

[[Toto]] is the largest producer of toilets, including washlets worldwide. Washlets and other toilet related products are also produced by [[Inax]], [[NAIS]], and [[Panasonic]].

The total market worldwide for high tech toilets was about US$800 million in [[1997]]. The largest producer is [[Toto]], with 50% of the market share; the second largest is [[Inax]] at 25%. The main market for washlets is still in Japan, and Toto reports that overseas sales account for just 5% of their revenue. The primary foreign market is [[China]], where Toto sells over one million washlets each year. In the [[U.S.]] for example, sales are well below Japanese levels, even though the sales improved from 600 units per month in [[2001]] to 1000 units per month in [[2003]]. In [[Europe]], Toto sells only 5000 washlets annually. While most Europeans would probably regard the Japanese washlets as quite a curiosity, the number of such toilets being installed in Europe is actually on the rise, but mainly for the special purpose of toilets for the handicapped: Depending on the type of the disability, a handicapped person may have difficulties reaching his anus region in order to clean himself or herself after toilet use. Hence, the introduction of toilets with water jet cleaner and blow dryer saves these persons from the embarrassing need to ask somebody else for assistance with an inherently private procedure.

There are a number of reasons for this slow sale outside of Japan. One main reason is that it needs some time for the customers to get used to the idea of a washlet. Sales in Japan were also slow when the device was introduced in [[1980]], but after some acclimatization sales improved significantly in [[1985]]. Toto expects a corresponding improvement in foreign sales within the next few years. Another reason is the lack of a power supply near the toilet; while virtually all Japanese washrooms have a plug behind the toilet, many foreign bathrooms do not have a nearby outlet. Finally, in Europe, there is the competition of the traditional western [[bidet]]; conversely, North Americans are not accustomed to any sort of bidet.

==Miscellaneous==

''Sewage day'' in Japan is on [[September 10]]. The inofficial ''Toilet Day'' of the [[Japan Toilet Association]] is [[November 10]], because in Japan the numbers 11/10 (for the month and the day) can be read as ''ii-to(ire)'', which also means "Good Toilet".

Hideo Nishioka, chairman of the [[Japan Toilet Association]], has a collection of over 400 different types of toilet paper collected worldwide.

Many public toilets now have a message "Please take one step closer".

Some older apartments have a sticker in the bathroom illustrating the proper way to use a western toilet for urination and defecation.

==See also==
[[Toilet]], [[Flush toilet]], [[Squat toilet]], [[Bidet]], [[Toilet paper]]

==References==

#(2000): [http://www.sewerhistory.org/articles/whregion/japan_waj01/index.htm Making Great Breakthroughs - All about the Sewage Works in Japan], Japan Sewage Works Association, Tokyo, P. 47. ff
#Mark Magnier (1999): [http://www.theplumber.com/japaneseobsession.html Japan Is Flush With Obsession], L.A. Times
#Dimmer, Christine; Martin, Brian; et al. (1996): "[http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/96tldp.html Squatting for the Prevention of Hemorrhoids?]", Department of Science and Technology Studies, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia, published in the Townsend Letter for Doctors & Patients, Issue No. 159, October 1996, pp. 66-70
#[http://www.washlet.com/downloads/washlet-evolution.pdf Washlet - The Evolution of Clean], TOTO USA color brochure
#[http://www.totousa.com/toto/colors.asp Performing Art: The residential Collection], TOTO color brochure
#[http://www.totousa.com/toto/colors.asp Toto Annual Report 2002], TOTO
#James Brooke (2002): [http://www.globalaging.org/health/world/toilet.htm Japanese Masters Get Closer to the Toilet Nirvana], The New York Times, October 8, 2002

==External links==

*[http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/techno/toilet/index.html High-Tech Toilets]
*[http://www.sewerhistory.org/grfx/wh_region/japan1.htm Japanese sewer history and modern technology]
*[http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/%7EAD8Y-HYS/index_e.htm Tokyo Toilet Map]
*[http://www.alpha-web.ne.jp/jswa/ Japan Sewage Works Association]
*[http://www.toto.co.jp/en/index.htm Toto homepage]
*[http://www.inax.co.jp/products/ INAX homepage] (in Japanese)
*[http://www.washlet.com/default.asp Washlet], commercial distributor with FAQ and videos
*[http://www.naturesplatform.com/health_benefits.html Nature's Platform] Health Benefits of the Natural Squatting Position
*[http://www.toilet.or.jp/ The Japanese Toilet Association] (in Japanese)
*[http://www.worldtoilet.org/hp/wto_hp.htm World Toilet association]

[[Category:Toilets]]
[[Category:Japan]]
[[de:Washlet]]
[[ja:便所#.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E3.81.AE.E4.BE.BF.E6.89.80.E5.8F.B2]]

Han'yō

2004-05-23T00:49:56Z

Exploding Boy: VfD

:''This page has been listed on [[Wikipedia:Votes for deletion]]. Please see that page for justifications and discussion[[MediaWiki:Vfd|.]]'' 

In the [[anime]] series [[Inuyasha]], a '''Hanyô''' ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 半妖) is the product of a union between a [[Youkai]] and a [[human]].

{{msg:stub}}

Mordfall Kitty Genovese

2004-04-06T09:30:44Z

Exploding Boy:

<div style="float:right; padding:5px; text-align:center"> [[image:KittyGenovese.JPG|Kitty Genovese]] ''Kitty Genovese''</div>

'''Catherine Genovese''' ([[1935]] - [[March 13]], [[1964]]), commonly known as '''Kitty Genovese''', was a [[New York]] woman who was stabbed to death near her home in the [[Kew Gardens (New York)|Kew Gardens]] section of [[Queens, New York]]. The circumstances of her murder -- most notably, the fact the none of over three dozen witnesses to the attack took action to save her -- prompted investigation into the [[psychology|psychological]] phenomenon of the [[bystander effect]].

Genovese was born in [[New York City]], the oldest of five children. After her mother witnessed a murder in the city, the family chose to move to [[Connecticut]]. Genovese, 28 at the time, chose to remain in the city; she eventually took a job as a bar manager and lived in a [[Queens, New York|Queens]] apartment with her lover Mary Ann Zielonko.

Genovese had driven home in the early morning of [[March 13]], [[1964]]. Arriving home at about 3:15 a.m. and parking about 100 feet from her apartment's door, she was approached by a man named Winston Moseley. Genovese may have changed direction towards a nearby police call box, but Moseley overtook her and stabbed her. Genovese screamed out; she cries were heard by several neighbors, one of whom shouted at the attacker. Moseley ran away, and Genovese made her way towards her own apartment, seriously injured.

Witnesses observed Moseley enter his car and drive away, only to return five minutes later. He systematically searched the apartment complex, following the trail of blood to Genovese barely conscious in a hallway. He proceeded to rape and rob her, finally delivering a fatal stab wound. The entire attack had lasted (albeit intermittently) for approximately half an hour.

A few minutes after the final attack a witness, Karl Ross, called police. (He may not have been the first to call, but records of any earlier calls are unclear and were certainly not given a high priority by the police). Police and medical personnel arrived within minutes of Ross's call; Genovese was taken away by ambulance and died en route to the hospital. Later investigation revealed that at least 38 individuals nearby had heard or observed portions of the attack. Many were entirely unaware that an assault or homicide was in progress; some thought that what they saw or heard was a lover's quarrel.

Moseley, a business machine operator, was later apprehended in connection with another crime; he confessed not only to the murder of Kitty Genovese, but to two other murders as well, both involving sexual assaults. Subsequent psychiatric examinations suggested that Moseley was a [[necrophilia|necrophiliac]].

Media attention of the Genovese murder led to reform of the [[NYPD]]'s telephone reporting system; the system in place at the murder was often inefficient and directed individuals to the incorrect department. The dramatic press coverage also led to serious invesigation of the [[bystander effect]] by academic psychologists. In addition, some communities organized neighborhood watch programs and the equivalent for apartment buildings to aid people in distress.

It should be noted that although the idea of "38 onlookers who did nothing" is often cited, this is a misleading conception which began with an investigative article in the ''[[New York Times]]'' written by journalist [[Martin Ginsberg]] and published two weeks after the murder. The article begins:

<blockquote>''For more than half an hour thirty-eight respectable, law-abiding citizens in Queens watched a killer stalk and stab a woman in three separate attacks in Kew Gardens.''</blockquote>

This lead, although dramatic, is factually inaccurate. None of the witnesses observed the attacks in their entirety. Because of the layout of the complex and the fact that each attack took place in a different location as Genovese attempted to flee her attacker, it would have been physically impossible for a witness to have seen the entire attack. Most only heard portions of the incident; a few saw small portions of the initial assault. No witnesses directly saw the final rape and attack in an exterior hallway which resulted in Genovese's death.

==External links==
* [http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/predators/kitty_genovese/1.html?sect=2 Crime TV's Crime Library story on Kitty Genovese]
* [http://www.oldkewgardens.com/ss-nytimes-3.html Kitty Genovese: What you think you know about the case might not be true]
* [http://www.newsday.com/mynews/ny-p2two3700175mar09,0,3546778.story Public crime, secret grief. (2004 article with previously unreported information about Genovese's personal life)]

Makiyakinabe

2004-03-14T04:16:21Z

Exploding Boy:

'''Makiyakinabe''' (Japanese: 巻き焼き鍋, literally: roll-bake-pan) is a square pan used to make japanese style rolled [[omelette|omelettes]]. In [[Cuisine of Japan|Japanese cuisine]] rolled omelettes are made as rectangular thin omelettes and then rolled into a cylindrical or elongated cube shape using [[Japanese kitchen chopsticks]]. To obtain a roll with a constant diameter over the entire lengths, the thin omelette should be of rectangular shape. To obtain this shape a special rectangular frying pan is used. The pans have a size of approximately 15x25cm, and are made of metal as for example aluminum or cast iron. The best type is considered to be heavy copper coated with tin, although care has to be taken to avoid damage to the pan due to the low melting point of the tin.

See Also: [[List of Japanese cooking utensils]]