Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Crassvirales

2019-04-15T06:40:38Z

Espresso Addict: Mention source in lead sentence; DNA; other minor c/e

{{Lowercase title}}
{{taxobox
| name = crAssphage
| virus_group = i
| ordo = ''[[Caudovirales]]''?<ref name="Yutin2017">{{cite journal
|author1=Natalia Yutin |author2=Kira S. Makarova |author3=Ayal B. Gussow |author4=Mart Krupovic |author5=Anca Segall |author6=Robert A. Edwards |author7=Eugene V. Koonin | year = 2017 | title = Discovery of an expansive bacteriophage family that includes the most abundant viruses from the human gut | journal = [[Nature Microbiology]] | volume = 3 |issue=1 | pages=38–46 | doi=10.1038/s41564-017-0053-y | pmid=29133882 | pmc=5736458}}; and Eugene V. Koonin: [https://naturemicrobiologycommunity.nature.com/users/22497-eugene-koonin/posts/22565-the-most-abundant-human-associated-virus-no-longer-an-orphan Behind the paper: The most abundant human-associated virus no longer an orphan], November 13th, 2017</ref>
| familia = ''[[Podoviridae]]''?<ref name="Yutin2017"/>
| genus = '''''crAss-like phages'''''<ref name="Yutin2017"/>
| subdivision_ranks = Type Species
| subdivision =
*''[[crAssphage]]''
}}

'''crAssphage''' (cross-assembly phage) is a [[bacteriophage]] (virus that infects bacteria) that was discovered in 2014 by computational analysis of publicly accessible scientific data on human faecal [[metagenome]]s.<ref name="Dutilh2014">{{cite journal
|author1=Bas E. Dutilh |author2=Noriko Cassman |author3=Katelyn McNair |author4=Savannah E. Sanchez |author5=Genivaldo G. Z. Silva |author6=Lance Boling |author7=Jeremy J. Barr |author8=Daan R. Speth |author9=Victor Seguritan |author10=Ramy K. Aziz |author11=Ben Felts |author12=Elizabeth A. Dinsdale |author13=John L. Mokili |author14=Robert A. Edwards | year = 2014 | title = A highly abundant bacteriophage discovered in the unknown sequences of human faecal metagenomes | journal = [[Nature Communications]] | volume = 5 | pages=4498 | doi=10.1038/ncomms5498 | pmid=25058116 | pmc=4111155|bibcode=2014NatCo...5E4498D }}</ref> Its circular DNA genome is around 97 [[Base pair#Length measurements|kbp]] in size and contains 80 predicted [[open reading frame]]s, and the sequence is commonly found in human faecal samples.<ref name="Dutilh2014"></ref> The virus is predicted to infect bacteria of the phylum ''[[Bacteroidetes]]'' that are common in the intestinal tract of many animals including humans.<ref name="Dutilh2014"></ref> Based on analysis of [[metagenomics]] data, crAssphage sequences have been identified in about half of all sampled humans.<ref name="Dutilh2014"></ref> The virus was named after the crAss (cross-assembly)<ref>[http://edwards.sdsu.edu/crass/ Cross-Assembly of Metagenomes]</ref><ref name="Dutilh2012">{{cite journal
|author1=Bas E. Dutilh |author2=Robert Schimeder |author3=Jim Nulton |author4=Ben Felts |author5=Peter Salamon |author6=Robert A. Edwards |author7=John L. Mokili | year = 2012 | title = Reference-independent comparative metagenomics using cross-assembly: crAss | journal = [[Bioinformatics]] | volume = 28 |issue=24 | pages=3225–3231 | doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/bts613 | pmid=23074261 | pmc=3519457}}</ref> software that was used to find the viral genome. CrAssphage is possibly the first organism to be named after a [[computer program]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

While crAssphage did not have any known relatives when it was discovered in 2014, a range of related viruses were discovered in 2017.<ref name="Yutin2017"/> Based on a screen of related sequences in public nucleotide databases and phylogenetic analysis, it was concluded that crAssphage may be part of an expansive bacteriophage [[Family_(biology)|family]] (''[[Podoviridae]]'', order ''[[Caudovirales]]'') that is found in a range of environments including human gut and feces, termite gut <ref name="Yutin2017" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tikhe|first=Chinmay V.|last2=Husseneder|first2=Claudia|date=2018|title=Metavirome Sequencing of the Termite Gut Reveals the Presence of an Unexplored Bacteriophage Community|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|language=English|volume=8|pages=2548|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2017.02548|pmid=29354098|pmc=5759034|issn=1664-302X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pramono|first=Ajeng K.|last2=Kuwahara|first2=Hirokazu|last3=Itoh|first3=Takehiko|last4=Toyoda|first4=Atsushi|last5=Yamada|first5=Akinori|last6=Hongoh|first6=Yuichi|date=2017|title=Discovery and Complete Genome Sequence of a Bacteriophage from an Obligate Intracellular Symbiont of a Cellulolytic Protist in the Termite Gut|journal=Microbes and Environments|language=en|volume=32|issue=2|pages=112–117|doi=10.1264/jsme2.ME16175|pmid=28321010|pmc=5478533|issn=1342-6311}}</ref>, terrestrial/groundwater environments, soda lake (hypersaline brine), marine sediment, and plant root environments.<ref name="Yutin2017"></ref>

There is no indication that crAssphage is involved in human health or disease.<ref name="Liang2016">{{cite journal
|author1=Y.Y. LIANG |author2=W. ZHANG |author3=Y.G. TONG |author4=S.P. CHEN | year = 2016 | title = crAssphage is not associated with diarrhoea and has high genetic diversity | journal = [[Epidemiology & Infection]] | volume = 16 |issue=16 | pages= 3549–3553 | doi=10.1017/S095026881600176X |pmid=30489235 }}</ref> The virus may outperform [[indicator bacteria]] as a marker for human faecal contamination.<ref name="Ahmed2017">{{cite journal |author1=Ahmed W |author2=Lobos A |author3=Senkbeil J |author4=Peraud J |author5=Gallard J |author6=Harwood VJ | year = 2017 | title = Evaluation of the novel crAssphage marker for sewage pollution tracking in storm drain outfalls in Tampa, Florida | journal = [[Water Research]] | volume=131 |pages= 142–150 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.011 |pmid=29281808}}</ref><ref name="Garcia2017">{{cite journal |author1=García-Aljaro C |author2=Ballesté E |author3=Muniesa M |author4=Jofre J | year = 2017 | title = Determination of crAssphage in water samples and applicability for tracking human faecal pollution | journal = [[Microbial Biotechnology]] | volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=1775–1780 |doi=10.1111/1751-7915.12841 |pmid=28925595 |pmc=5658656}}</ref><ref name="Stachler2017">{{cite journal |author1=Stachler E |author2=Kelty C |author3=Sivaganesan M |author4=Li X |author5=Bibby K |author6=Shanks OC | year = 2017 | title = Quantitative CrAssphage PCR Assays for Human Fecal Pollution Measurement | journal = [[Environmental Science and Technology]] | volume=51 |issue=16 | pages= 9146–9154| doi=10.1021/acs.est.7b02703 |pmid=28700235|bibcode=2017EnST...51.9146S }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/health-28440006 Newly-found gut virus 'abundant in humans' - BBC News]
* [http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/07/24/why-has-this-really-common-virus-only-just-been-discovered/ Why Has This Really Common Virus Only Just Been Discovered? - National Geographic]
* [http://newscenter.sdsu.edu/sdsu_newscenter/news.aspx?s=75082 Novel Virus Discovered in Half the World's Population - SDSU]
* [https://www.npr.org/blogs/goatsandsoda/2014/07/24/334089538/globe-trotting-virus-hides-in-people-s-gut-bacteria Globe-Trotting Virus Hides Inside People's Gut Bacteria - NPR]

[[Category:Bacteriophages]]
[[Category:Gut flora]]
{{Virus-stub}}

Geschichte der Virologie

2019-04-14T04:44:03Z

Espresso Addict: /* top */ Adding to lead

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}
[[File:TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg|thumb|right|[[Electron microscope|Electron micrograph]] of the rod-shaped particles of [[tobacco mosaic virus]] that are too small to be seen using a light microscope]]

The '''history of virology''' — the scientific study of viruses and the infections they cause – began in the closing years of the 19th century. Although [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Edward Jenner]] developed the first [[vaccine]]s to protect against viral infections, they did not know that viruses existed. The first evidence of the existence of viruses came from experiments with filters that had pores small enough to retain bacteria. In 1892, [[Dmitry Ivanovsky]] used one of these filters to show that sap from a diseased [[tobacco plant]] remained infectious to healthy tobacco plants despite having been filtered. [[Martinus Beijerinck]] called the filtered, infectious substance a "virus" and this discovery is considered to be the beginning of [[virology]].

The subsequent discovery and partial characterization of [[bacteriophage]]s by [[Frederick Twort]] and [[Félix d'Herelle]] further catalyzed the field, and by the early 20th century many viruses had been discovered. In 1926, [[Thomas Milton Rivers]] defined viruses as obligate parasites. Viruses were demonstrated to be particles, rather than a fluid, by [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]], and the invention of the [[electron microscopy|electron microscope]] in 1931 allowed their complex structures to be visualised.

==Pioneers==
[[File:Adolf Mayer 1875.jpg|thumb|upright|180px|[[Adolf Mayer]] in 1875]]
[[File:Ivanovsky.jpg|thumb|upright|180px|[[Dmitri Ivanovsky]], ca. 1915]]
[[File:Mwb in lab.JPG|thumb|upright|180px|alt=An old, bespectacled man wearing a suit and sitting at a bench by a large window. The bench is covered with small bottles and test tubes. On the wall behind him is a large old-fashioned clock below frick u which are four small enclosed shelves on which sit many neatly labelled bottles.|[[Martinus Beijerinck]] in his laboratory in 1921.]]
Despite his other successes, [[Louis Pasteur]] (1822–1895) was unable to find a causative agent for [[rabies]] and speculated about a pathogen too small to be detected using a microscope.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bordenave G |title=Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) |journal=Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=553–60 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12758285 |doi=10.1016/S1286-4579(03)00075-3}}</ref> In 1884, the French [[microbiologist]] [[Charles Chamberland]] (1851–1931) invented a filter – known today as the [[Chamberland filter]] – that had pores smaller than bacteria. Thus, he could pass a solution containing bacteria through the filter and completely remove them from the solution.<ref name ="Shors 76–77">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|pp=76–77}}</ref>

In 1876, [[Adolf Mayer]], who directed the Agricultural Experimental Station in [[Wageningen]] was the first to show that what he called "Tobacco Mosaic Disease" was infectious, he thought that it was caused by either a toxin or a very small bacterium. Later, in 1892, the Russian biologist [[Dmitry Ivanovsky]] (1864–1920) used a Chamberland filter to study what is now known as the [[tobacco mosaic virus]]. His experiments showed that crushed leaf extracts from infected tobacco plants remain infectious after filtration. Ivanovsky suggested the infection might be caused by a [[toxin]] produced by bacteria, but did not pursue the idea.<ref name="Collier 3">{{harvnb|Topley|Wilson|1998|p=3}}</ref>

In 1898, the Dutch microbiologist [[Martinus Beijerinck]] (1851–1931), a microbiology teacher at the Agricultural School in [[Wageningen]] repeated experiments by [[Adolf Mayer]] and became convinced that filtrate contained a new form of infectious agent.<ref name="Dimmock 4–5">{{cite book |author1=Leppard, Keith |author2=Nigel Dimmock |author3=Easton, Andrew |title=Introduction to Modern Virology |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited |location= |year=2007 |pages=4–5 |isbn=978-1-4051-3645-7 }}</ref> He observed that the agent multiplied only in cells that were dividing and he called it a ''[[contagium vivum fluidum]]'' (soluble living germ) and re-introduced the word ''virus''.<ref name="Collier 3"/> Beijerinck maintained that viruses were liquid in nature, a theory later discredited by the American biochemist and virologist [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]] (1904–1971), who proved that they were in fact, particles.<ref name="Collier 3"/> In the same year [[Friedrich Loeffler]] (1852–1915) and [[Paul Frosch]] (1860–1928) passed the first animal virus through a similar filter and discovered the cause of [[foot-and-mouth disease]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fenner |first=F. |chapter=History of Virology: Vertebrate Viruses |editor-last=Mahy |editor-first=B.W.J. |editor2-last=Van Regenmortal |editor2-first=M.H.V. |title=Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology |publisher=Academic Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=2009 |page=15|isbn=978-0-12-375146-1 |ref={{harvid|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}}}}</ref>

In 1881, [[Carlos Finlay]] (1833–1915), a Cuban physician, first conducted and published research that indicated that mosquitoes were carrying the cause of yellow fever,<ref name="pmid2684378">{{cite journal |author=Chiong MA |title=Dr. Carlos Finlay and yellow fever |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=141 |issue=11 |page=1126 |date=December 1989 |pmid=2684378 |pmc=1451274}}</ref> a theory proved in 1900 by commission headed by [[Walter Reed]] (1851–1902). During 1901 and 1902, [[William Crawford Gorgas]] (1854–1920) organised the destruction of the mosquitoes' breeding habitats in Cuba, which dramatically reduced the prevalence of the disease.<ref name="pmid11482006">{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/pbm.2001.0051 |author=Litsios S |title=William Crawford Gorgas (1854–1920) |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=368–78 |year=2001 |pmid=11482006|pmc=1353777 }}</ref> Gorgas later organised the elimination of the mosquitoes from Panama, which allowed the [[Panama Canal]] to be opened in 1914.<ref name="pmid2673502">{{cite journal |author=Patterson R |title=Dr. William Gorgas and his war with the mosquito |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=596–7, 599 |date=September 1989 |pmid=2673502 |pmc=1451363}}</ref> The virus was finally isolated by [[Max Theiler]] (1899–1972) in 1932 who went on to develop a successful vaccine.<ref name="pmid20589188">{{cite journal |author=Frierson JG |title=The yellow fever vaccine: a history |journal=Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=77–85 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20589188 |pmc=2892770}}</ref>

By 1928 enough was known about viruses to enable the publication of ''Filterable Viruses'', a collection of essays covering all known viruses edited by [[Thomas Milton Rivers]] (1888–1962). Rivers, a survivor of [[typhoid fever]] contracted at the age of twelve, went on to have a distinguished career in virology. In 1926, he was invited to speak at a meeting organised by the Society of American Bacteriology where he said for the first time, "Viruses appear to be obligate parasites in the sense that their reproduction is dependent on living cells."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Horsfall FL |title=Thomas Milton Rivers, September 3, 1888–May 12, 1962 |journal=Biogr Mem Natl Acad Sci |volume=38 |pages=263–94 |date=1965 |pmid=11615452 |url=http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/trivers.pdf }}</ref>

From the 1950s to the 1960s, [[Chester M. Southam]], a prominent virologist, injected malignant [[HeLa]] cells into cancer patients, healthy individuals, and prison inmates from the [[Ohio Penitentiary]] in order to observe if cancer could be transmitted.<ref name="Broadway Paperbacks">{{cite book|last1=Skloot |first1=Rebecca|title=The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bz4aTiWLrYC&pg=PA128 |date=2010 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-74262-626-0 |pages=128–135}}</ref> He was also examining if one could become immune to cancer by developing an acquired immune response in hopes of creating a vaccine for cancer.<ref name="Broadway Paperbacks"/>

The notion that viruses were particles was not considered unnatural and fitted in nicely with the [[Germ theory of disease|germ theory]]. It is assumed that Dr. J. Buist of Edinburgh was the first person to see virus particles in 1886, when he reported seeing "micrococci" in vaccine lymph, though he had probably observed clumps of [[vaccinia]].<ref>*In 1887, Buist visualised one of the largest, Vaccinia virus, by optical microscopy after staining it. Vaccinia was not known to be a virus at that time. {{cite book |last=Buist |first=J.B. |year=1887 |title=Vaccinia and Variola: a study of their life history |publisher=Churchill |location=London}}</ref> In the years that followed, as optical microscopes were improved "inclusion bodies" were seen in many virus-infected cells, but these aggregates of virus particles were still too small to reveal any detailed structure. It was not until the invention of [[electron microscopy|the electron microscope]] in 1931 by the German engineers [[Ernst Ruska]] (1906–1988) and [[Max Knoll]] (1887–1969),<ref>From {{cite book |title=Nobel Lectures, Physics 1981–1990 |year=1993 |editor-first=Gösta |editor-last=Ekspång |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-9810207281}}</ref> that virus particles, especially [[bacteriophage]]s, were shown to have complex structures. The sizes of viruses determined using this new microscope fitted in well with those estimated by filtration experiments. Viruses were expected to be small, but the range of sizes came as a surprise. Some were only a little smaller than the smallest known bacteria, and the smaller viruses were of similar sizes to complex organic molecules.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Carr, N. G. |author2=Mahy, B. W. J. |author3=Pattison, J. R. |author4=Kelly, D. P. |title=The Microbe 1984: Thirty-sixth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology, held at the University of Warwick, April 1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Symposia of the Society for general microbiology |volume=36 |oclc=499302635 |year=1984 |page=4 |isbn=978-0-521-26056-5 |ref={{harvid|The Microbe 1984}}}}</ref>

In 1935, Wendell Stanley examined the tobacco mosaic virus and found it was mostly made of protein.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stanley WM, Loring HS | year = 1936 | title = The isolation of crystalline tobacco mosaic virus protein from diseased tomato plants | url = | journal = Science | volume = 83 | issue = 2143| page = 85 | pmid = 17756690 | doi=10.1126/science.83.2143.85|bibcode = 1936Sci....83...85S }}</ref> In 1939, Stanley and [[Max Lauffer]] (1914) separated the virus into protein and [[nucleic acid]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stanley WM, Lauffer MA | year = 1939 | title = Disintegration of tobacco mosaic virus in urea solutions | url = | journal = Science | volume = 89 | issue = 2311| pages = 345–347 | pmid = 17788438 | doi=10.1126/science.89.2311.345|bibcode = 1939Sci....89..345S }}</ref> which was shown by Stanley's postdoctoral fellow Hubert S. Loring to be specifically [[RNA]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Loring HS | year = 1939 | title = Properties and hydrolytic products of nucleic acid from tobacco mosaic virus | url = http://www.jbc.org/content/130/1/251.short | journal = Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 130 | issue=1 | pages = 251–258 }}</ref> The discovery of RNA in the particles was important because in 1928, [[Fred Griffith]] (c.1879–1941) provided the first evidence that its "cousin", [[DNA]], formed [[genes]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Burton E. Tropp |title=Molecular Biology: Genes to Proteins. Burton E. Tropp |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, Massachusetts |year=2007 |page=12 |isbn=978-0-7637-5963-6}}</ref>

In Pasteur's day, and for many years after his death, the word "virus" was used to describe any cause of infectious disease. Many [[bacteriologist]]s soon discovered the cause of numerous infections. However, some infections remained, many of them horrendous, for which no bacterial cause could be found. These agents were invisible and could only be grown in living animals. The discovery of viruses was the key that unlocked the door that withheld the secrets of the cause of these mysterious infections. And, although [[Koch's postulates]] could not be fulfilled for many of these infections, this did not stop the pioneer virologists from looking for viruses in infections for which no other cause could be found.<ref>{{harvnb|The Microbe 1984|page=3}}</ref>

==Bacteriophages==
{{Main|Bacteriophage}}
[[File:Phage S-PM2.png|thumb|left|Bacteriophage]]

===Discovery===
[[Bacteriophage]]s are the viruses that infect and replicate in bacteria. They were discovered in the early 20th century, by the English bacteriologist [[Frederick Twort]] (1877–1950).<ref name="Shors 589 ">{{cite book |first=Teri |last=Shors |title=Understanding Viruses |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, Mass |year=2008 |page=589 |isbn=978-0-7637-2932-5 |ref=harv}}</ref> But before this time, in 1896, the bacteriologist [[Ernest Hanbury Hankin]] (1865–1939) reported that something in the waters of the [[River Ganges]] could kill ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' – the cause of [[cholera]]. The agent in the water could be passed through filters that remove bacteria but was destroyed by boiling.<ref name = "Ackerman p3">{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA3 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=3}}</ref> Twort discovered the action of bacteriophages on [[staphylococcus|staphylococci]] bacteria. He noticed that when grown on nutrient agar some colonies of the bacteria became watery or "glassy". He collected some of these watery colonies and passed them through a Chamberland filter to remove the bacteria and discovered that when the filtrate was added to fresh cultures of bacteria, they in turn became watery.<ref name="Shors 589 "/> He proposed that the agent might be "an amoeba, an ultramicroscopic virus, a living protoplasm, or an enzyme with the power of growth".<ref name = "Ackerman p3"/>

[[Félix d'Herelle]] (1873–1949) was a mainly self-taught French-Canadian microbiologist. In 1917 he discovered that "an invisible antagonist", when added to bacteria on [[agar]], would produce areas of dead bacteria.<ref name="Shors 589 "/> The antagonist, now known to be a bacteriophage, could pass through a Chamberland filter. He accurately diluted a suspension of these viruses and discovered that the highest dilutions (lowest virus concentrations), rather than killing all the bacteria, formed discrete areas of dead organisms. Counting these areas and multiplying by the dilution factor allowed him to calculate the number of viruses in the original suspension.<ref name="D'Herelle F 2007">{{cite journal | pmid = 17855060 | doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2007.07.005 | volume=158 | issue=7 |date=September 2007 | pages=553–4 | author=D'Herelle F | title = On an invisible microbe antagonistic toward dysenteric bacilli: brief note by Mr. F. D'Herelle, presented by Mr. Roux☆ | journal = Research in Microbiology}}</ref> He realised that he had discovered a new form of virus and later coined the term "bacteriophage".<ref name="Ackermann H-W 2009 4">{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4}}</ref><ref>"The antagonistic microbe can never be cultivated in media in the absence of the dysentery bacillus. It does not attack heat-killed dysentery bacilli, but is cultivated perfectly in a suspension of washed cells in physiological saline. This indicates that the anti dysentery microbe is an obligate bacteriophage".
Felix d'Herelle (1917) ''An invisible microbe that is antagonistic to the dysentery bacillus'' (1917) [http://202.114.65.51/fzjx/wsw/wswfzjs/pdf/1917p157.pdf Comptes rendus Acad. Sci. Paris Retrieved on 2 December 2010]</ref>
Between 1918 and 1921 d'Herelle discovered different types of bacteriophages that could infect several other species of bacteria including ''Vibrio cholerae''.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4 Table 1 }}</ref> Bacteriophages were heralded as a potential treatment for diseases such as [[typhoid]] and [[cholera]], but their promise was forgotten with the development of [[penicillin]].<ref name="Ackermann H-W 2009 4"/> Since the early 1970s, bacteria have continued to develop resistance to [[antibiotic]]s such as [[penicillin]], and this has led to a renewed interest in the use of [[phage therapy|bacteriophages to treat serious infections]].<ref name="Shors 591 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=591}}</ref>

===Early research 1920–1940===
D'Herelle travelled widely to promote the use of bacteriophages in the treatment of bacterial infections. In 1928, he became professor of biology at [[Yale]] and founded several research institutes.<ref name="Shors 590 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=590}}</ref> He was convinced that bacteriophages were viruses despite opposition from established bacteriologists such as the Nobel Prize winner [[Jules Bordet]] (1870–1961). Bordet argued that bacteriophages were not viruses but just [[enzyme]]s released from [[lysogenic cycle|"lysogenic"]] bacteria. He said "the invisible world of d'Herelle does not exist".<ref>Quoted in: {{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4}}</ref> But in the 1930s, the proof that bacteriophages were viruses was provided by [[Christopher Andrewes]] (1896–1988) and others. They showed that these viruses differed in size and in their chemical and [[serology|serological]] properties.
In 1940, the first [[electron microscope|electron micrograph]] of a bacteriophage was published and this silenced sceptics who had argued that bacteriophages were relatively simple enzymes and not viruses.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA3 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |pages=3–5 }}</ref>
Numerous other types of bacteriophages were quickly discovered and were shown to infect bacteria wherever they are found. Early research was interrupted by [[World War II]]. d'Herelle, despite his Canadian citizenship, was interned by the [[Vichy France|Vichy Government]] until the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA5 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=5 }}</ref>

===Modern era===
Knowledge of bacteriophages increased in the 1940s following the formation of the [[Phage group|Phage Group]] by scientists throughout the US. Among the members were [[Max Delbrück]] (1906–1981) who founded a course on bacteriophages at [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]].<ref name="Shors 591 "/> Other key members of the Phage Group included [[Salvador Luria]] (1912–1991) and [[Alfred Hershey]] (1908–1997). During the 1950s, [[Hershey–Chase experiment|Hershey and Chase]] made important discoveries on the replication of DNA during their studies on a bacteriophage called [[Enterobacteria phage T2|T2]]. Together with Delbruck they were jointly awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses".<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1969/ Nobel Organisation]</ref> Since then, the study of bacteriophages has provided insights into the switching on and off of genes, and a useful mechanism for introducing foreign genes into bacteria and many other fundamental mechanisms of [[molecular biology]].<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA5 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |pages=5–10 Table 1}}</ref>

==Plant viruses==
In 1882, [[Adolf Mayer]] (1843–1942) described a condition of tobacco plants, which he called "mosaic disease" ("mozaïkziekte"). The diseased plants had [[variegation|variegated]] leaves that were [[mottle]]d.<ref>Mayer A (1882) Over de moza¨ıkziekte van de tabak: voorloopige mededeeling. Tijdschr
Landbouwkunde Groningen 2: 359–364 (In German)</ref> He excluded the possibility of a fungal infection and could not detect any bacterium and speculated that a "soluble, enzyme-like infectious principle was involved".<ref name="pmid16732421">Quoted in: {{cite journal |vauthors=van der Want JP, Dijkstra J |title=A history of plant virology |journal=Archives of Virology|volume=151 |issue=8 |pages=1467–98 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16732421 |doi=10.1007/s00705-006-0782-3}}</ref> He did not pursue his idea any further, and it was the filtration experiments of Ivanovsky and Beijerinck that suggested the cause was a previously unrecognised infectious agent. After tobacco mosaic was recognized as a virus disease, virus infections of many other plants were discovered.<ref name="pmid16732421"/>

The importance of tobacco mosaic virus in the history of viruses cannot be overstated. It was the first virus to be discovered, and the first to be [[crystal]]lised and its structure shown in detail. The first [[X-ray diffraction]] pictures of the crystallised virus were obtained by Bernal and Fankuchen in 1941. On the basis of her pictures, [[Rosalind Franklin]] discovered the full structure of the virus in 1955.<ref name="pmid18702397">{{cite journal|vauthors=Creager AN, Morgan GJ |title=After the double helix: Rosalind Franklin's research on Tobacco mosaic virus|journal=Isis
|volume=99|issue=2|pages=239–72|date=June 2008|pmid=18702397|doi=10.1086/588626}}</ref> In the same year, [[Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat]] and [[Robley Williams]] showed that purified tobacco mosaic virus RNA and its [[capsid|coat protein]] can assemble by themselves to form functional viruses, suggesting that this simple mechanism was probably the means through which viruses were created within their host cells.<ref name="Dimmock 12 ">{{cite book |author1=Leppard, Keith |author2=Nigel Dimmock |author3=Easton, Andrew |title=Introduction to Modern Virology |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited |location= |year=2007 |page=12 |isbn=978-1-4051-3645-7 }}</ref>

By 1935 many plant diseases were thought to be caused by viruses. In 1922, [[John Kunkel Small]] (1869–1938) discovered that insects could act as [[vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] and transmit virus to plants. In the following decade many diseases of plants were shown to be caused by viruses that were carried by insects and in 1939, [[Francis Holmes (virologist)|Francis Holmes]], a pioneer in plant virology,<ref name="pmid11718380">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pennazio S, Roggero P, Conti M |title=A history of plant virology. Mendelian genetics and resistance of plants to viruses |journal=New Microbiology |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=409–24 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11718380 }}</ref> described 129 viruses that caused disease of plants.<ref name="Shors 563 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=563 }}</ref> Modern, intensive agriculture provides a rich environment for many plant viruses. In 1948, in Kansas, US, 7% of the wheat crop was destroyed by [[wheat streak mosaic virus]]. The virus was spread by mites called ''[[Aceria tulipae]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=D. |last=Hansing |first2=C.O. |last2=Johnston |first3=L.E. |last3=Melchers |first4=H. |last4=Fellows |date=1949 |title=Kansas Phytopathological Notes |journal=Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=363–369 |jstor=3625805 |doi=10.2307/3625805 }}</ref>

In 1970, the Russian plant virologist [[Joseph Atabekov]] discovered that many plant viruses only infect a single species of host plant.<ref name="pmid11718380"/> The [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] now recognises over 900 plant viruses.<ref name="Shors 564 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=564}}</ref>

==20th century==
By the end of the 19th century, viruses were defined in terms of their [[infectivity]], their ability to be filtered, and their requirement for living hosts. Up until this time, viruses had only been grown in plants and animals, but in 1906, [[Ross Granville Harrison]] (1870–1959) invented a method for growing [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] in [[lymph]],<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/rharrison.pdf |first=J.S. |last=Nicholas |title=Ross Granville Harrison 1870—1959 A Biographical Memoir |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |year=1961 }}</ref> and, in 1913, E Steinhardt, C Israeli, and RA Lambert used this method to grow [[vaccinia]] virus in fragments of guinea pig corneal tissue.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Steinhardt |first=E. |last2=Israeli |first2=C. |last3=Lambert |first3=R.A. |year=1913 |title=Studies on the cultivation of the virus of vaccinia |journal=J. Inf Dis. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=294–300 |doi=10.1093/infdis/13.2.294}}</ref> In 1928, HB and MC Maitland grew vaccinia virus in suspensions of minced hens' kidneys.<ref name="pmid13475780">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0022172400037268 |vauthors=Maitland HB, Magrath DI |title=The growth in vitro of vaccinia virus in chick embryo chorio-allantoic membrane, minced embryo and cell suspensions |journal=The Journal of Hygiene |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=347–60 |date=September 1957 |pmid=13475780 |pmc=2217967}}</ref> Their method was not widely adopted until the 1950s, when [[poliovirus]] was grown on a large scale for vaccine production.<ref name="Collier 4">{{cite book |last=Sussman |first=Max |last2=Topley |first2=W.W.C. |last3=Wilson |first3=Graham K. |last4=Collier |first4=L.H. |last5=Balows |first5=Albert |title=Topley & Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections |publisher=Arnold |location=London |year=1998 |page=4 |isbn=978-0-340-66316-5 |ref={{harvid|Topley|Wilson|1998}}}}</ref> In 1941–42, [[George Hirst (virologist)|George Hirst]] (1909–94) developed assays based on [[hemagglutination|haemagglutination]] to quantify a wide range of viruses as well as virus-specific antibodies in serum.<ref name=Joklik>{{cite journal |vauthors=Joklik WK |title=When two is better than one: thoughts on three decades of interaction between Virology and the Journal of Virology |journal=[[Journal of Virology|J. Virol.]] |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=3520–3 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10196240 |pmc=104123 |url=http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10196240}}</ref><ref name=Schlesinger>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schlesinger RW, Granoff A | year = 1994 | title = George K. Hirst (1909–1994) | url = | journal = [[Virology (journal)|Virology]] | volume = 200 | issue = 2| page = 327 | doi=10.1006/viro.1994.1196}}</ref>

===Influenza===
[[File:Influenza Pandemic Masked Typist.jpg|thumb|right|A woman working during the 1918–1919 influenza epidemic. The face mask probably afforded minimal protection.]]
{{Main|Influenza}}

Although the [[influenza virus]] that caused the [[1918 flu pandemic|1918–1919]] influenza pandemic was not discovered until the 1930s, the descriptions of the disease and subsequent research has proved it was to blame.<ref name="Shors 238-344 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|pp=238–344}}</ref>
The pandemic killed 40–50 million people in less than a year,<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael B. A. |last=Oldstone |title=Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |page=306 |isbn=978-0-19-532731-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUDRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306 |ref=harv}}</ref> but the proof that it was caused by a virus was not obtained until 1933.<ref name="pmid15081510">{{cite journal |author=Cunha BA |title=Influenza: historical aspects of epidemics and pandemics |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=141–55 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15081510 |doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00095-3}}</ref> ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' is an opportunistic bacterium which commonly follows influenza infections; this led the eminent German bacteriologist [[Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer|Richard Pfeiffer]] (1858–1945) to incorrectly conclude that this bacterium was the cause of influenza.<ref>{{harvnb|Oldstone|2009|p=315}}</ref> A major breakthrough came in 1931, when the American pathologist [[Ernest William Goodpasture]] grew influenza and several other viruses in fertilised chickens' eggs.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodpasture EW, Woodruff AM, Buddingh GJ | year = 1931 | title = The cultivation of vaccine and other viruses in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos | url = | journal = Science | volume = 74 | issue = 1919| pages = 371–2 | pmid = 17810781 | doi=10.1126/science.74.1919.371|bibcode = 1931Sci....74..371G }}</ref> Hirst identified an enzymic activity associated with the virus particle, later characterised as the [[viral neuraminidase|neuraminidase]], the first demonstration that viruses could contain enzymes. [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] showed in the early 1950s that the virus recombines at high frequencies, and Hirst later deduced that it has a segmented genome.<ref name=Kilbourne>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kilbourne ED |title=Presentation of the Academy Medal to George K. Hirst, M.D |journal=Bull N Y Acad Med |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=1133–6 |date=November 1975 |pmid=1104014 |pmc=1749565 }}</ref>

===Poliomyelitis===
{{Main|Poliomyelitis}}

In 1949, [[John F. Enders]] (1897–1985) [[Thomas Huckle Weller|Thomas Weller]] (1915–2008), and [[Frederick Robbins]] (1916–2003) grew polio virus for the first time in cultured human embryo cells, the first virus to be grown without using solid animal tissue or eggs. Infections by poliovirus most often cause the mildest of symptoms. This was not known until the virus was isolated in cultured cells and many people were shown to have had mild infections that did not lead to poliomyelitis. But, unlike other viral infections, the incidence of polio – the rarer severe form of the infection – increased in the 20th century and reached a peak around 1952. The invention of a [[cell culture]] system for growing the virus enabled [[Jonas Salk]] (1914–1995) to make an effective [[polio vaccine]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Rosen FS | year = 2004 | title = Isolation of poliovirus—John Enders and the Nobel Prize | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 351 | issue = 15| pages = 1481–83 | pmid = 15470207 | doi=10.1056/NEJMp048202}}</ref>

===Epstein–Barr virus===
[[Denis Parsons Burkitt]] (1911–1993) was born in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Ireland. He was the first to describe a type of cancer that now bears his name [[Burkitt's lymphoma]]. This type of cancer was endemic in equatorial Africa and was the commonest malignancy of children in the early 1960s.<ref name="pmid19620863">{{cite journal |author=Magrath I |title=Lessons from clinical trials in African Burkitt lymphoma |journal=Current Opinion in Oncology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=462–8 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19620863 |doi=10.1097/CCO.0b013e32832f3dcd}}</ref> In an attempt to find a cause for the cancer, Burkitt sent cells from the tumour to [[Anthony Epstein]] (b. 1921) a British virologist, who along with [[Yvonne Barr]] and [[Bert Achong]] (1928–1996), and after many failures, discovered viruses that resembled herpes virus in the fluid that surrounded the cells. The virus was later shown to be a previously unrecognised herpes virus, which is now called [[Epstein–Barr virus]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Epstein |first= M. Anthony |authorlink= M. Anthony Epstein |editor1-last=Robertson |editor1-first=Earl S. |title= Epstein-Barr Virus |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TRO-wXto8hcC |accessdate= 18 September 2010 |year= 2005 |publisher= Cromwell Press |location= Trowbridge |isbn= 978-1-904455-03-5 |pages=1–14 |chapter= 1. The origins of EBV research: discovery and characterization of the virus }}</ref> Surprisingly, Epstein–Barr virus is a very common but relatively mild infection of Europeans. Why it can cause such a devastating illness in Africans is not fully understood, but reduced immunity to virus caused by [[malaria]] might be to blame.<ref name="pmid19165855">{{cite journal |author=Bornkamm GW |title=Epstein-Barr virus and the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma: more questions than answers |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=124 |issue=8 |pages=1745–55 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19165855 |doi=10.1002/ijc.24223}}</ref> Epstein–Barr virus is important in the history of viruses for being the first virus shown to cause cancer in humans.<ref name="pmid16083776">{{cite journal |author=Thorley-Lawson DA |title=EBV the prototypical human tumor virus—just how bad is it? |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=251–61; quiz 262 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16083776 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.05.038 }}</ref>

===Late 20th and early 21st century===
[[File:Rotavirus Reconstruction.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A [[rotavirus]] particle]]

The second half of the 20th century was the golden age of virus discovery and most of the 2,000 recognised species of animal, plant, and bacterial viruses were discovered during these years.<ref name="pmid18446425">{{cite journal |author=Norrby E |title=Nobel Prizes and the emerging virus concept |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=153 |issue=6 |pages=1109–23 |year=2008 |pmid=18446425 |doi=10.1007/s00705-008-0088-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Discoverers and Discoveries - ICTV Files and Discussions|url=http://talk.ictvonline.org/media/p/633.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111003049/http://talk.ictvonline.org/media/p/633.aspx|dead-url=yes|archive-date=11 November 2009|accessdate=5 November 2017|date=11 November 2009}}</ref> In 1946, [[bovine virus diarrhea]] was discovered,<ref name="pmid20995890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olafson P, MacCallum AD, Fox FH |title=An apparently new transmissible disease of cattle |journal=The Cornell Veterinarian |volume=36 |issue= |pages=205–13 |date=July 1946 |pmid=20995890}}</ref> which is still possibly the most common pathogen of cattle throughout the world<ref name="pmid20197026">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peterhans E, Bachofen C, Stalder H, Schweizer M |title=Cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV): emerging pestiviruses doomed to extinction |journal=Veterinary Research |volume=41 |issue=6 |page=44 |year=2010 |pmid=20197026 |pmc=2850149 |doi=10.1051/vetres/2010016}}</ref> and in 1957, [[Arterivirus|equine arterivirus]] was discovered.<ref name="pmid13397177">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bryans JT, Crowe ME, Doll ER, McCollum WH |title=Isolation of a filterable agent causing arteritis of horses and abortion by mares; its differentiation from the equine abortion (influenza) virus |journal=The Cornell Veterinarian |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–41 |date=January 1957 |pmid=13397177}}</ref> In the 1950s, improvements in virus isolation and detection methods resulted in the discovery of several important human viruses including [[varicella zoster virus]],<ref name="pmid8545033">{{cite journal |author=Weller TH |title=Varicella-zoster virus: History, perspectives, and evolving concerns |journal=Neurology |volume=45 |issue=12 Suppl 8 |pages=S9–10 |date=December 1995 |pmid=8545033 |doi=10.1212/wnl.45.12_suppl_8.s9}}</ref> the [[paramyxovirus]]es,<ref name="pmid15522442">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt AC, Johnson TR, Openshaw PJ, Braciale TJ, Falsey AR, Anderson LJ, Wertz GW, Groothuis JR, Prince GA, Melero JA, Graham BS |title=Respiratory syncytial virus and other pneumoviruses: a review of the international symposium—RSV 2003 |journal=Virus Research |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15522442 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.06.008}}</ref> – which include [[measles]] virus,<ref name="pmid19203111">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_10 |vauthors=Griffin DE, Pan CH |title=Measles: old vaccines, new vaccines |volume=330 |issue= |pages=191–212 |year=2009 |pmid=19203111|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |isbn=978-3-540-70616-8 }}</ref> and [[respiratory syncytial virus]]<ref name="pmid15522442"/> – and the [[rhinovirus]]es that cause the [[common cold]].<ref name="pmid3039038">{{cite journal |author=Tyrrell DA |title=The common cold—my favourite infection. The eighteenth Majority Stephenson memorial lecture |journal=The Journal of General Virology |volume=68 |issue= 8|pages=2053–61 |date=August 1987 |pmid=3039038 |doi=10.1099/0022-1317-68-8-2053}}</ref> In the 1960s more viruses were discovered. In 1963, the [[Hepatitis B|hepatitis B virus]] was discovered by [[Baruch Blumberg]] (b. 1925).<ref name="pmid18298788">{{cite journal |author=Zetterström R |title=Nobel Prize to Baruch Blumberg for the discovery of the aetiology of hepatitis B |journal=Acta Paediatrica |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=384–7 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18298788 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00669.x }}</ref> [[Reverse transcriptase]], the key enzyme that retroviruses use to [[translation (biology)|translate]] their RNA into DNA, was first described in 1970, independently by Howard Temin and [[David Baltimore]] (b. 1938).<ref name="pmid4348509">{{cite book|vauthors=Temin HM, Baltimore D |title=RNA-directed DNA synthesis and RNA tumor viruses|volume=17|pages=129–86|year=1972|pmid=4348509
|doi=10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60749-6|series=Advances in Virus Research|isbn=9780120398171}}</ref> This was important to the development of [[antiviral drug]]s – a key turning-point in the history of viral infections.<ref name="pmid20018391">{{cite journal |author=Broder S |title=The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic |journal=Antiviral Research |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20018391 |pmc=2815149 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.002}}</ref> In 1983, [[Luc Montagnier]] (b. 1932) and his team at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in France first isolated the retrovirus now called HIV.<ref name="pmid6189183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, Dauguet C, Axler-Blin C, Vézinet-Brun F, Rouzioux C, Rozenbaum W, Montagnier L |title=Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |journal=Science |volume=220 |issue=4599 |pages=868–71 |date=May 1983 |pmid=6189183 |doi=10.1126/science.6189183 |bibcode=1983Sci...220..868B}}</ref> In 1989 [[Michael Houghton (virologist)|Michael Houghton]]'s team at [[Chiron Corporation]] discovered [[hepatitis C]].<ref name="pmid19781804">{{cite journal |author=Houghton M |title=The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=939–48 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19781804 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004 |url=http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext}}</ref>
New viruses and strains of viruses were discovered in every decade of the second half of the 20th century. These discoveries have continued in the 21st century as new viral diseases such as [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]]<ref name="pmid21116811">{{cite book |vauthors=Peiris JS, Poon LL |title=Detection of SARS Coronavirus |volume=665 |issue= |pages=369–82 |year=2011 |pmid=21116811 |doi=10.1007/978-1-60761-817-1_20|series=Methods in Molecular Biology |isbn=978-1-60761-816-4 }}</ref> and [[nipah virus]]<ref name="pmid11334748">{{cite journal |vauthors=Field H, Young P, Yob JM, Mills J, Hall L, Mackenzie J |title=The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses |journal=Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=307–14 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11334748 |doi=10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01384-3}}</ref> have emerged. Despite scientists' achievements over the past one hundred years, viruses continue to pose new threats and challenges.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahy |first=B.W.J. |title=Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology |publisher=Academic Press |location=Boston |year=2009 |pages=583–7 |isbn=978-0-12-375147-8 |ref=harv}}</ref>

{| class ="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
|+ '''Some of the many viruses discovered in the 20th century'''
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Virus
! scope="col" | References
|-
! scope="row" | 1908
| [[poliovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid20683737">{{cite journal |author=Skern T |title=100 years poliovirus: from discovery to eradication. A meeting report |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=155 |issue=9 |pages=1371–81 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20683737 |doi=10.1007/s00705-010-0778-x}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1911
| [[Rous sarcoma virus]]
|<ref name="pmid20503720">{{cite journal |author=Becsei-Kilborn E |title=Scientific discovery and scientific reputation: the reception of Peyton Rous' discovery of the chicken sarcoma virus |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=111–57 |year=2010 |pmid=20503720 |doi= 10.1007/s10739-008-9171-y|url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1915
| bacteriophage of staphylococci
|<ref name="Shors 589 "/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1917
| bacteriophage of shigellae
|<ref name="Shors 589 "/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1918
| bacteriophage of salmonellae
|<ref name="D'Herelle F 2007"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1927
| [[yellow fever]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513550">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gardner CL, Ryman KD |title=Yellow fever: a reemerging threat |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=237–60 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513550 |pmc=4349381 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2010.01.001 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1930
| [[western equine encephalitis virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19775836">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zacks MA, Paessler S |title=Encephalitic alphaviruses |journal=Veterinary Microbiology |volume=140 |issue=3–4 |pages=281–6 |date=January 2010 |pmid=19775836 |pmc=2814892 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.023 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1933
| [[eastern equine encephalitis virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19775836"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1934
| [[mumps virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19870227">{{cite journal |doi=10.1084/jem.59.1.1 |vauthors=Johnson CD, Goodpasture EW |title=An investigation of the etiology of mumps|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |date=January 1934 |pmid=19870227 |pmc=2132344}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1935
| [[Japanese encephalitis]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20132860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Misra UK, Kalita J |title=Overview: Japanese encephalitis |journal=Progress in Neurobiology |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=108–20 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20132860 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.008 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1943
| [[Dengue]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513545">{{cite journal |author=Ross TM |title=Dengue virus |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=149–60 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513545 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2009.10.007 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1949
| [[enterovirus]]es
|<ref name="pmid8024744">{{cite journal |author=Melnick JL |title=The discovery of the enteroviruses and the classification of poliovirus among them |journal=Biologicals |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=305–9 |date=December 1993 |pmid=8024744 |doi=10.1006/biol.1993.1088 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1952
| [[Varicella zoster virus]]
|<ref name="pmid8545033"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1953
| [[adenovirus]]
|<ref name="isbn0-7817-6060-7">{{cite book |author1=Martin, Malcolm A. |author2=Knipe, David M. |author3=Fields, Bernard N. |author4=Howley, Peter M. |author5=Griffin, Diane |author6=Lamb, Robert |title=Fields' virology |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |year=2007 |page=2395 |isbn=978-0-7817-6060-7}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1954
| [[measles virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19203111"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1956
| [[paramyxovirus]]es, [[rhinovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid15522442"/><ref name="pmid3039038"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1958
| [[monkeypox]]
|<ref name="pmid1331540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Douglass N, Dumbell K |title=Independent evolution of monkeypox and variola viruses |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=66 |issue=12 |pages=7565–7 |date=December 1992 |pmid=1331540 |pmc=240470}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1962
| [[rubella virus]]
|<ref name="pmid3890105">{{cite journal |author=Cooper LZ |title=The history and medical consequences of rubella |journal=Reviews of Infectious Diseases |volume=7 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S2–10 |year=1985 |pmid=3890105 |doi=10.1093/clinids/7.supplement_1.s2}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1963
| [[hepatitis B virus]]
|<ref name="pmid16190102">{{cite journal |author=Yap SF |title=Hepatitis B: review of development from the discovery of the "Australia Antigen" to end of the twentieth Century |journal=The Malaysian Journal of Pathology |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |date=June 2004 |pmid=16190102}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1964
| [[Epstein–Barr virus]]
|<ref name="pmid4288580">{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM, Zajac B, Henle G, Henle W |title=Morphological and virological investigations on cultured Burkitt tumor lymphoblasts (strain Raji) |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=547–59 |date=October 1966 |pmid=4288580 |doi=10.1093/jnci/37.4.547}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1965
| [[retrovirus]]es
|<ref name="pmid15682876">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S1464793104006505 |author=Karpas A |title=Human retroviruses in leukaemia and AIDS: reflections on their discovery, biology and epidemiology |journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=911–33 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15682876}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1966
| [[Lassa fever]] virus
|<ref name="pmid16802617">{{cite book |author=Curtis N |title=Viral haemorrhagic fevers caused by Lassa, Ebola and Marburg viruses |volume=582 |issue= |pages=35–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16802617 |doi=10.1007/0-387-33026-7_4 |series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |isbn=978-0-387-31783-0 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1967
| [[Marburg]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513546">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman AL, Towner JS, Nichol ST |title=Ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fever |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=161–77 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513546 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2009.12.001}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1972
| [[norovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid10804141">{{cite journal |author=Kapikian AZ |title=The discovery of the 27-nm Norwalk virus: an historic perspective |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=181 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S295–302 |date=May 2000 |pmid=10804141 |doi=10.1086/315584}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1973
| [[rotavirus]], [[hepatitis A virus]]
|<ref name="pmid186236">{{cite book |author=Bishop RF, Cameron DJ, Barnes GL, Holmes IH, Ruck BJ |title=The aetiology of diarrhoea in newborn infants |journal=Ciba Foundation Symposium |volume= |issue=42 |pages=223–36 |year=1976 |pmid=186236 |doi=10.1002/9780470720240.ch13|series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |isbn=9780470720240 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6307916">{{cite journal |doi=10.1159/000149367 |vauthors=Gust ID, Coulepis AG, Feinstone SM, Locarnini SA, Moritsugu Y, Najera R, Siegl G |title=Taxonomic classification of hepatitis A virus |journal=Intervirology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |year=1983 |pmid=6307916}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1975
| [[parvovirus B19]]
|<ref name="pmid6117755">{{cite journal |author=Cossart Y |title=Parvovirus B19 finds a disease |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8253 |pages=988–9 |date=October 1981 |pmid=6117755 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91185-5}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1976
| [[Ebola]] virus
|<ref name="pmid21084112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Feldmann H, Geisbert TW |title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever |journal=Lancet |volume= 377|issue= 9768|pages= 849–862|date=November 2010 |pmid=21084112 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8 |url= |pmc=3406178}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1980
| [[human T-lymphotropic virus 1]]
|<ref name="pmid16155599">{{cite journal |author=Gallo RC |title=History of the discoveries of the first human retroviruses: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 |journal=Oncogene |volume=24 |issue=39 |pages=5926–30 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16155599 |doi=10.1038/sj.onc.1208980}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1982
| [[human T-lymphotropic virus 2]]
|<ref name="pmid16155599"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1983
| [[HIV]]
|<ref name="pmid20152474">{{cite journal |author=Montagnier L |title=25 years after HIV discovery: prospects for cure and vaccine |journal=Virology |volume=397 |issue=2 |pages=248–54 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20152474 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.045}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1986
| [[human herpesvirus 6]]
|<ref name="pmid15653828">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Bolle L, Naesens L, De Clercq E |title=Update on human herpesvirus 6 biology, clinical features, and therapy |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=217–45 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15653828 |pmc=544175 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.1.217-245.2005}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |1989
| [[hepatitis C virus]]
|<ref name="pmid2523562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M |title=Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome |journal=Science |volume=244 |issue=4902 |pages=359–62 |date=April 1989 |pmid=2523562 |doi=10.1126/science.2523562|bibcode = 1989Sci...244..359C |citeseerx=10.1.1.469.3592 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1990
| [[hepatitis E virus]], [[Human herpesvirus 7]]
|<ref name="pmid20335188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bihl F, Negro F |title=Hepatitis E virus: a zoonosis adapting to humans |journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=817–21 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20335188 |doi=10.1093/jac/dkq085}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1994
| [[henipavirus]]
|<ref name="pmid18511217">{{cite journal |author=Wild TF |title=Henipaviruses: a new family of emerging Paramyxoviruses |journal=Pathologie-biologie |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=188–96 |date=March 2009 |pmid=18511217 |doi=10.1016/j.patbio.2008.04.006 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1997
| ''[[Anelloviridae]]''
|<ref name="pmid19230554">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70972-5_1 |author=Okamoto H |title=History of discoveries and pathogenicity of TT viruses |volume=331 |issue= |pages=1–20 |year=2009 |pmid=19230554|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |isbn=978-3-540-70971-8 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|History of science|Medicine|Viruses}}
*[[List of viruses]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=The Virus: A History of the Concept|author=Hughes, Sally Smith|publisher=Heinemann|place=London|year=1977|isbn=978-0882021683}}

{{Virus topics}}
{{Baltimore (virus classification)}}
{{History of medicine}}

[[Category:Virology|*Virology, History of]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Martinus Beijerinck]]

Geschichte der Virologie

2019-04-14T04:18:55Z

Espresso Addict: /* top */ Adding Twort to lead, per body; other minor c/e

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}
[[File:TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg|thumb|right|[[Electron microscope|Electron micrograph]] of the rod-shaped particles of [[tobacco mosaic virus]] that are too small to be seen using a light microscope]]

The '''history of virology''' — the scientific study of viruses and the infections they cause – began in the closing years of the 19th century. Although [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Edward Jenner]] developed the first [[vaccine]]s to protect against viral infections, they did not know that viruses existed. The first evidence of the existence of viruses came from experiments with filters that had pores small enough to retain bacteria. In 1892, [[Dmitry Ivanovsky]] used one of these filters to show that sap from a diseased [[tobacco plant]] remained infectious to healthy tobacco plants despite having been filtered. [[Martinus Beijerinck]] called the filtered, infectious substance a "virus" and this discovery is considered to be the beginning of [[virology]]. The subsequent discovery and partial characterization of [[bacteriophage]]s by [[Frederick Twort]] and [[Félix d'Herelle]] further catalyzed the field, and by the early 20th century many viruses had been discovered.

==Pioneers==
[[File:Adolf Mayer 1875.jpg|thumb|upright|180px|[[Adolf Mayer]] in 1875]]
[[File:Ivanovsky.jpg|thumb|upright|180px|[[Dmitri Ivanovsky]], ca. 1915]]
[[File:Mwb in lab.JPG|thumb|upright|180px|alt=An old, bespectacled man wearing a suit and sitting at a bench by a large window. The bench is covered with small bottles and test tubes. On the wall behind him is a large old-fashioned clock below frick u which are four small enclosed shelves on which sit many neatly labelled bottles.|[[Martinus Beijerinck]] in his laboratory in 1921.]]
Despite his other successes, [[Louis Pasteur]] (1822–1895) was unable to find a causative agent for [[rabies]] and speculated about a pathogen too small to be detected using a microscope.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bordenave G |title=Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) |journal=Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=553–60 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12758285 |doi=10.1016/S1286-4579(03)00075-3}}</ref> In 1884, the French [[microbiologist]] [[Charles Chamberland]] (1851–1931) invented a filter – known today as the [[Chamberland filter]] – that had pores smaller than bacteria. Thus, he could pass a solution containing bacteria through the filter and completely remove them from the solution.<ref name ="Shors 76–77">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|pp=76–77}}</ref>

In 1876, [[Adolf Mayer]], who directed the Agricultural Experimental Station in [[Wageningen]] was the first to show that what he called "Tobacco Mosaic Disease" was infectious, he thought that it was caused by either a toxin or a very small bacterium. Later, in 1892, the Russian biologist [[Dmitry Ivanovsky]] (1864–1920) used a Chamberland filter to study what is now known as the [[tobacco mosaic virus]]. His experiments showed that crushed leaf extracts from infected tobacco plants remain infectious after filtration. Ivanovsky suggested the infection might be caused by a [[toxin]] produced by bacteria, but did not pursue the idea.<ref name="Collier 3">{{harvnb|Topley|Wilson|1998|p=3}}</ref>

In 1898, the Dutch microbiologist [[Martinus Beijerinck]] (1851–1931), a microbiology teacher at the Agricultural School in [[Wageningen]] repeated experiments by [[Adolf Mayer]] and became convinced that filtrate contained a new form of infectious agent.<ref name="Dimmock 4–5">{{cite book |author1=Leppard, Keith |author2=Nigel Dimmock |author3=Easton, Andrew |title=Introduction to Modern Virology |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited |location= |year=2007 |pages=4–5 |isbn=978-1-4051-3645-7 }}</ref> He observed that the agent multiplied only in cells that were dividing and he called it a ''[[contagium vivum fluidum]]'' (soluble living germ) and re-introduced the word ''virus''.<ref name="Collier 3"/> Beijerinck maintained that viruses were liquid in nature, a theory later discredited by the American biochemist and virologist [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]] (1904–1971), who proved that they were in fact, particles.<ref name="Collier 3"/> In the same year [[Friedrich Loeffler]] (1852–1915) and [[Paul Frosch]] (1860–1928) passed the first animal virus through a similar filter and discovered the cause of [[foot-and-mouth disease]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fenner |first=F. |chapter=History of Virology: Vertebrate Viruses |editor-last=Mahy |editor-first=B.W.J. |editor2-last=Van Regenmortal |editor2-first=M.H.V. |title=Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology |publisher=Academic Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=2009 |page=15|isbn=978-0-12-375146-1 |ref={{harvid|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}}}}</ref>

In 1881, [[Carlos Finlay]] (1833–1915), a Cuban physician, first conducted and published research that indicated that mosquitoes were carrying the cause of yellow fever,<ref name="pmid2684378">{{cite journal |author=Chiong MA |title=Dr. Carlos Finlay and yellow fever |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=141 |issue=11 |page=1126 |date=December 1989 |pmid=2684378 |pmc=1451274}}</ref> a theory proved in 1900 by commission headed by [[Walter Reed]] (1851–1902). During 1901 and 1902, [[William Crawford Gorgas]] (1854–1920) organised the destruction of the mosquitoes' breeding habitats in Cuba, which dramatically reduced the prevalence of the disease.<ref name="pmid11482006">{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/pbm.2001.0051 |author=Litsios S |title=William Crawford Gorgas (1854–1920) |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=368–78 |year=2001 |pmid=11482006|pmc=1353777 }}</ref> Gorgas later organised the elimination of the mosquitoes from Panama, which allowed the [[Panama Canal]] to be opened in 1914.<ref name="pmid2673502">{{cite journal |author=Patterson R |title=Dr. William Gorgas and his war with the mosquito |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=596–7, 599 |date=September 1989 |pmid=2673502 |pmc=1451363}}</ref> The virus was finally isolated by [[Max Theiler]] (1899–1972) in 1932 who went on to develop a successful vaccine.<ref name="pmid20589188">{{cite journal |author=Frierson JG |title=The yellow fever vaccine: a history |journal=Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=77–85 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20589188 |pmc=2892770}}</ref>

By 1928 enough was known about viruses to enable the publication of ''Filterable Viruses'', a collection of essays covering all known viruses edited by [[Thomas Milton Rivers]] (1888–1962). Rivers, a survivor of [[typhoid fever]] contracted at the age of twelve, went on to have a distinguished career in virology. In 1926, he was invited to speak at a meeting organised by the Society of American Bacteriology where he said for the first time, "Viruses appear to be obligate parasites in the sense that their reproduction is dependent on living cells."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Horsfall FL |title=Thomas Milton Rivers, September 3, 1888–May 12, 1962 |journal=Biogr Mem Natl Acad Sci |volume=38 |pages=263–94 |date=1965 |pmid=11615452 |url=http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/trivers.pdf }}</ref>

From the 1950s to the 1960s, [[Chester M. Southam]], a prominent virologist, injected malignant [[HeLa]] cells into cancer patients, healthy individuals, and prison inmates from the [[Ohio Penitentiary]] in order to observe if cancer could be transmitted.<ref name="Broadway Paperbacks">{{cite book|last1=Skloot |first1=Rebecca|title=The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bz4aTiWLrYC&pg=PA128 |date=2010 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-74262-626-0 |pages=128–135}}</ref> He was also examining if one could become immune to cancer by developing an acquired immune response in hopes of creating a vaccine for cancer.<ref name="Broadway Paperbacks"/>

The notion that viruses were particles was not considered unnatural and fitted in nicely with the [[Germ theory of disease|germ theory]]. It is assumed that Dr. J. Buist of Edinburgh was the first person to see virus particles in 1886, when he reported seeing "micrococci" in vaccine lymph, though he had probably observed clumps of [[vaccinia]].<ref>*In 1887, Buist visualised one of the largest, Vaccinia virus, by optical microscopy after staining it. Vaccinia was not known to be a virus at that time. {{cite book |last=Buist |first=J.B. |year=1887 |title=Vaccinia and Variola: a study of their life history |publisher=Churchill |location=London}}</ref> In the years that followed, as optical microscopes were improved "inclusion bodies" were seen in many virus-infected cells, but these aggregates of virus particles were still too small to reveal any detailed structure. It was not until the invention of [[electron microscopy|the electron microscope]] in 1931 by the German engineers [[Ernst Ruska]] (1906–1988) and [[Max Knoll]] (1887–1969),<ref>From {{cite book |title=Nobel Lectures, Physics 1981–1990 |year=1993 |editor-first=Gösta |editor-last=Ekspång |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-9810207281}}</ref> that virus particles, especially [[bacteriophage]]s, were shown to have complex structures. The sizes of viruses determined using this new microscope fitted in well with those estimated by filtration experiments. Viruses were expected to be small, but the range of sizes came as a surprise. Some were only a little smaller than the smallest known bacteria, and the smaller viruses were of similar sizes to complex organic molecules.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Carr, N. G. |author2=Mahy, B. W. J. |author3=Pattison, J. R. |author4=Kelly, D. P. |title=The Microbe 1984: Thirty-sixth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology, held at the University of Warwick, April 1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Symposia of the Society for general microbiology |volume=36 |oclc=499302635 |year=1984 |page=4 |isbn=978-0-521-26056-5 |ref={{harvid|The Microbe 1984}}}}</ref>

In 1935, Wendell Stanley examined the tobacco mosaic virus and found it was mostly made of protein.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stanley WM, Loring HS | year = 1936 | title = The isolation of crystalline tobacco mosaic virus protein from diseased tomato plants | url = | journal = Science | volume = 83 | issue = 2143| page = 85 | pmid = 17756690 | doi=10.1126/science.83.2143.85|bibcode = 1936Sci....83...85S }}</ref> In 1939, Stanley and [[Max Lauffer]] (1914) separated the virus into protein and [[nucleic acid]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stanley WM, Lauffer MA | year = 1939 | title = Disintegration of tobacco mosaic virus in urea solutions | url = | journal = Science | volume = 89 | issue = 2311| pages = 345–347 | pmid = 17788438 | doi=10.1126/science.89.2311.345|bibcode = 1939Sci....89..345S }}</ref> which was shown by Stanley's postdoctoral fellow Hubert S. Loring to be specifically [[RNA]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Loring HS | year = 1939 | title = Properties and hydrolytic products of nucleic acid from tobacco mosaic virus | url = http://www.jbc.org/content/130/1/251.short | journal = Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 130 | issue=1 | pages = 251–258 }}</ref> The discovery of RNA in the particles was important because in 1928, [[Fred Griffith]] (c.1879–1941) provided the first evidence that its "cousin", [[DNA]], formed [[genes]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Burton E. Tropp |title=Molecular Biology: Genes to Proteins. Burton E. Tropp |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, Massachusetts |year=2007 |page=12 |isbn=978-0-7637-5963-6}}</ref>

In Pasteur's day, and for many years after his death, the word "virus" was used to describe any cause of infectious disease. Many [[bacteriologist]]s soon discovered the cause of numerous infections. However, some infections remained, many of them horrendous, for which no bacterial cause could be found. These agents were invisible and could only be grown in living animals. The discovery of viruses was the key that unlocked the door that withheld the secrets of the cause of these mysterious infections. And, although [[Koch's postulates]] could not be fulfilled for many of these infections, this did not stop the pioneer virologists from looking for viruses in infections for which no other cause could be found.<ref>{{harvnb|The Microbe 1984|page=3}}</ref>

==Bacteriophages==
{{Main|Bacteriophage}}
[[File:Phage S-PM2.png|thumb|left|Bacteriophage]]

===Discovery===
[[Bacteriophage]]s are the viruses that infect and replicate in bacteria. They were discovered in the early 20th century, by the English bacteriologist [[Frederick Twort]] (1877–1950).<ref name="Shors 589 ">{{cite book |first=Teri |last=Shors |title=Understanding Viruses |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, Mass |year=2008 |page=589 |isbn=978-0-7637-2932-5 |ref=harv}}</ref> But before this time, in 1896, the bacteriologist [[Ernest Hanbury Hankin]] (1865–1939) reported that something in the waters of the [[River Ganges]] could kill ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' – the cause of [[cholera]]. The agent in the water could be passed through filters that remove bacteria but was destroyed by boiling.<ref name = "Ackerman p3">{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA3 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=3}}</ref> Twort discovered the action of bacteriophages on [[staphylococcus|staphylococci]] bacteria. He noticed that when grown on nutrient agar some colonies of the bacteria became watery or "glassy". He collected some of these watery colonies and passed them through a Chamberland filter to remove the bacteria and discovered that when the filtrate was added to fresh cultures of bacteria, they in turn became watery.<ref name="Shors 589 "/> He proposed that the agent might be "an amoeba, an ultramicroscopic virus, a living protoplasm, or an enzyme with the power of growth".<ref name = "Ackerman p3"/>

[[Félix d'Herelle]] (1873–1949) was a mainly self-taught French-Canadian microbiologist. In 1917 he discovered that "an invisible antagonist", when added to bacteria on [[agar]], would produce areas of dead bacteria.<ref name="Shors 589 "/> The antagonist, now known to be a bacteriophage, could pass through a Chamberland filter. He accurately diluted a suspension of these viruses and discovered that the highest dilutions (lowest virus concentrations), rather than killing all the bacteria, formed discrete areas of dead organisms. Counting these areas and multiplying by the dilution factor allowed him to calculate the number of viruses in the original suspension.<ref name="D'Herelle F 2007">{{cite journal | pmid = 17855060 | doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2007.07.005 | volume=158 | issue=7 |date=September 2007 | pages=553–4 | author=D'Herelle F | title = On an invisible microbe antagonistic toward dysenteric bacilli: brief note by Mr. F. D'Herelle, presented by Mr. Roux☆ | journal = Research in Microbiology}}</ref> He realised that he had discovered a new form of virus and later coined the term "bacteriophage".<ref name="Ackermann H-W 2009 4">{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4}}</ref><ref>"The antagonistic microbe can never be cultivated in media in the absence of the dysentery bacillus. It does not attack heat-killed dysentery bacilli, but is cultivated perfectly in a suspension of washed cells in physiological saline. This indicates that the anti dysentery microbe is an obligate bacteriophage".
Felix d'Herelle (1917) ''An invisible microbe that is antagonistic to the dysentery bacillus'' (1917) [http://202.114.65.51/fzjx/wsw/wswfzjs/pdf/1917p157.pdf Comptes rendus Acad. Sci. Paris Retrieved on 2 December 2010]</ref>
Between 1918 and 1921 d'Herelle discovered different types of bacteriophages that could infect several other species of bacteria including ''Vibrio cholerae''.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4 Table 1 }}</ref> Bacteriophages were heralded as a potential treatment for diseases such as [[typhoid]] and [[cholera]], but their promise was forgotten with the development of [[penicillin]].<ref name="Ackermann H-W 2009 4"/> Since the early 1970s, bacteria have continued to develop resistance to [[antibiotic]]s such as [[penicillin]], and this has led to a renewed interest in the use of [[phage therapy|bacteriophages to treat serious infections]].<ref name="Shors 591 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=591}}</ref>

===Early research 1920–1940===
D'Herelle travelled widely to promote the use of bacteriophages in the treatment of bacterial infections. In 1928, he became professor of biology at [[Yale]] and founded several research institutes.<ref name="Shors 590 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=590}}</ref> He was convinced that bacteriophages were viruses despite opposition from established bacteriologists such as the Nobel Prize winner [[Jules Bordet]] (1870–1961). Bordet argued that bacteriophages were not viruses but just [[enzyme]]s released from [[lysogenic cycle|"lysogenic"]] bacteria. He said "the invisible world of d'Herelle does not exist".<ref>Quoted in: {{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4}}</ref> But in the 1930s, the proof that bacteriophages were viruses was provided by [[Christopher Andrewes]] (1896–1988) and others. They showed that these viruses differed in size and in their chemical and [[serology|serological]] properties.
In 1940, the first [[electron microscope|electron micrograph]] of a bacteriophage was published and this silenced sceptics who had argued that bacteriophages were relatively simple enzymes and not viruses.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA3 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |pages=3–5 }}</ref>
Numerous other types of bacteriophages were quickly discovered and were shown to infect bacteria wherever they are found. Early research was interrupted by [[World War II]]. d'Herelle, despite his Canadian citizenship, was interned by the [[Vichy France|Vichy Government]] until the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA5 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=5 }}</ref>

===Modern era===
Knowledge of bacteriophages increased in the 1940s following the formation of the [[Phage group|Phage Group]] by scientists throughout the US. Among the members were [[Max Delbrück]] (1906–1981) who founded a course on bacteriophages at [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]].<ref name="Shors 591 "/> Other key members of the Phage Group included [[Salvador Luria]] (1912–1991) and [[Alfred Hershey]] (1908–1997). During the 1950s, [[Hershey–Chase experiment|Hershey and Chase]] made important discoveries on the replication of DNA during their studies on a bacteriophage called [[Enterobacteria phage T2|T2]]. Together with Delbruck they were jointly awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses".<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1969/ Nobel Organisation]</ref> Since then, the study of bacteriophages has provided insights into the switching on and off of genes, and a useful mechanism for introducing foreign genes into bacteria and many other fundamental mechanisms of [[molecular biology]].<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA5 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |pages=5–10 Table 1}}</ref>

==Plant viruses==
In 1882, [[Adolf Mayer]] (1843–1942) described a condition of tobacco plants, which he called "mosaic disease" ("mozaïkziekte"). The diseased plants had [[variegation|variegated]] leaves that were [[mottle]]d.<ref>Mayer A (1882) Over de moza¨ıkziekte van de tabak: voorloopige mededeeling. Tijdschr
Landbouwkunde Groningen 2: 359–364 (In German)</ref> He excluded the possibility of a fungal infection and could not detect any bacterium and speculated that a "soluble, enzyme-like infectious principle was involved".<ref name="pmid16732421">Quoted in: {{cite journal |vauthors=van der Want JP, Dijkstra J |title=A history of plant virology |journal=Archives of Virology|volume=151 |issue=8 |pages=1467–98 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16732421 |doi=10.1007/s00705-006-0782-3}}</ref> He did not pursue his idea any further, and it was the filtration experiments of Ivanovsky and Beijerinck that suggested the cause was a previously unrecognised infectious agent. After tobacco mosaic was recognized as a virus disease, virus infections of many other plants were discovered.<ref name="pmid16732421"/>

The importance of tobacco mosaic virus in the history of viruses cannot be overstated. It was the first virus to be discovered, and the first to be [[crystal]]lised and its structure shown in detail. The first [[X-ray diffraction]] pictures of the crystallised virus were obtained by Bernal and Fankuchen in 1941. On the basis of her pictures, [[Rosalind Franklin]] discovered the full structure of the virus in 1955.<ref name="pmid18702397">{{cite journal|vauthors=Creager AN, Morgan GJ |title=After the double helix: Rosalind Franklin's research on Tobacco mosaic virus|journal=Isis
|volume=99|issue=2|pages=239–72|date=June 2008|pmid=18702397|doi=10.1086/588626}}</ref> In the same year, [[Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat]] and [[Robley Williams]] showed that purified tobacco mosaic virus RNA and its [[capsid|coat protein]] can assemble by themselves to form functional viruses, suggesting that this simple mechanism was probably the means through which viruses were created within their host cells.<ref name="Dimmock 12 ">{{cite book |author1=Leppard, Keith |author2=Nigel Dimmock |author3=Easton, Andrew |title=Introduction to Modern Virology |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited |location= |year=2007 |page=12 |isbn=978-1-4051-3645-7 }}</ref>

By 1935 many plant diseases were thought to be caused by viruses. In 1922, [[John Kunkel Small]] (1869–1938) discovered that insects could act as [[vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] and transmit virus to plants. In the following decade many diseases of plants were shown to be caused by viruses that were carried by insects and in 1939, [[Francis Holmes (virologist)|Francis Holmes]], a pioneer in plant virology,<ref name="pmid11718380">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pennazio S, Roggero P, Conti M |title=A history of plant virology. Mendelian genetics and resistance of plants to viruses |journal=New Microbiology |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=409–24 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11718380 }}</ref> described 129 viruses that caused disease of plants.<ref name="Shors 563 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=563 }}</ref> Modern, intensive agriculture provides a rich environment for many plant viruses. In 1948, in Kansas, US, 7% of the wheat crop was destroyed by [[wheat streak mosaic virus]]. The virus was spread by mites called ''[[Aceria tulipae]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=D. |last=Hansing |first2=C.O. |last2=Johnston |first3=L.E. |last3=Melchers |first4=H. |last4=Fellows |date=1949 |title=Kansas Phytopathological Notes |journal=Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=363–369 |jstor=3625805 |doi=10.2307/3625805 }}</ref>

In 1970, the Russian plant virologist [[Joseph Atabekov]] discovered that many plant viruses only infect a single species of host plant.<ref name="pmid11718380"/> The [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] now recognises over 900 plant viruses.<ref name="Shors 564 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=564}}</ref>

==20th century==
By the end of the 19th century, viruses were defined in terms of their [[infectivity]], their ability to be filtered, and their requirement for living hosts. Up until this time, viruses had only been grown in plants and animals, but in 1906, [[Ross Granville Harrison]] (1870–1959) invented a method for growing [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] in [[lymph]],<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/rharrison.pdf |first=J.S. |last=Nicholas |title=Ross Granville Harrison 1870—1959 A Biographical Memoir |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |year=1961 }}</ref> and, in 1913, E Steinhardt, C Israeli, and RA Lambert used this method to grow [[vaccinia]] virus in fragments of guinea pig corneal tissue.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Steinhardt |first=E. |last2=Israeli |first2=C. |last3=Lambert |first3=R.A. |year=1913 |title=Studies on the cultivation of the virus of vaccinia |journal=J. Inf Dis. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=294–300 |doi=10.1093/infdis/13.2.294}}</ref> In 1928, HB and MC Maitland grew vaccinia virus in suspensions of minced hens' kidneys.<ref name="pmid13475780">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0022172400037268 |vauthors=Maitland HB, Magrath DI |title=The growth in vitro of vaccinia virus in chick embryo chorio-allantoic membrane, minced embryo and cell suspensions |journal=The Journal of Hygiene |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=347–60 |date=September 1957 |pmid=13475780 |pmc=2217967}}</ref> Their method was not widely adopted until the 1950s, when [[poliovirus]] was grown on a large scale for vaccine production.<ref name="Collier 4">{{cite book |last=Sussman |first=Max |last2=Topley |first2=W.W.C. |last3=Wilson |first3=Graham K. |last4=Collier |first4=L.H. |last5=Balows |first5=Albert |title=Topley & Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections |publisher=Arnold |location=London |year=1998 |page=4 |isbn=978-0-340-66316-5 |ref={{harvid|Topley|Wilson|1998}}}}</ref> In 1941–42, [[George Hirst (virologist)|George Hirst]] (1909–94) developed assays based on [[hemagglutination|haemagglutination]] to quantify a wide range of viruses as well as virus-specific antibodies in serum.<ref name=Joklik>{{cite journal |vauthors=Joklik WK |title=When two is better than one: thoughts on three decades of interaction between Virology and the Journal of Virology |journal=[[Journal of Virology|J. Virol.]] |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=3520–3 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10196240 |pmc=104123 |url=http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10196240}}</ref><ref name=Schlesinger>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schlesinger RW, Granoff A | year = 1994 | title = George K. Hirst (1909–1994) | url = | journal = [[Virology (journal)|Virology]] | volume = 200 | issue = 2| page = 327 | doi=10.1006/viro.1994.1196}}</ref>

===Influenza===
[[File:Influenza Pandemic Masked Typist.jpg|thumb|right|A woman working during the 1918–1919 influenza epidemic. The face mask probably afforded minimal protection.]]
{{Main|Influenza}}

Although the [[influenza virus]] that caused the [[1918 flu pandemic|1918–1919]] influenza pandemic was not discovered until the 1930s, the descriptions of the disease and subsequent research has proved it was to blame.<ref name="Shors 238-344 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|pp=238–344}}</ref>
The pandemic killed 40–50 million people in less than a year,<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael B. A. |last=Oldstone |title=Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |page=306 |isbn=978-0-19-532731-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUDRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306 |ref=harv}}</ref> but the proof that it was caused by a virus was not obtained until 1933.<ref name="pmid15081510">{{cite journal |author=Cunha BA |title=Influenza: historical aspects of epidemics and pandemics |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=141–55 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15081510 |doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00095-3}}</ref> ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' is an opportunistic bacterium which commonly follows influenza infections; this led the eminent German bacteriologist [[Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer|Richard Pfeiffer]] (1858–1945) to incorrectly conclude that this bacterium was the cause of influenza.<ref>{{harvnb|Oldstone|2009|p=315}}</ref> A major breakthrough came in 1931, when the American pathologist [[Ernest William Goodpasture]] grew influenza and several other viruses in fertilised chickens' eggs.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodpasture EW, Woodruff AM, Buddingh GJ | year = 1931 | title = The cultivation of vaccine and other viruses in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos | url = | journal = Science | volume = 74 | issue = 1919| pages = 371–2 | pmid = 17810781 | doi=10.1126/science.74.1919.371|bibcode = 1931Sci....74..371G }}</ref> Hirst identified an enzymic activity associated with the virus particle, later characterised as the [[viral neuraminidase|neuraminidase]], the first demonstration that viruses could contain enzymes. [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] showed in the early 1950s that the virus recombines at high frequencies, and Hirst later deduced that it has a segmented genome.<ref name=Kilbourne>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kilbourne ED |title=Presentation of the Academy Medal to George K. Hirst, M.D |journal=Bull N Y Acad Med |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=1133–6 |date=November 1975 |pmid=1104014 |pmc=1749565 }}</ref>

===Poliomyelitis===
{{Main|Poliomyelitis}}

In 1949, [[John F. Enders]] (1897–1985) [[Thomas Huckle Weller|Thomas Weller]] (1915–2008), and [[Frederick Robbins]] (1916–2003) grew polio virus for the first time in cultured human embryo cells, the first virus to be grown without using solid animal tissue or eggs. Infections by poliovirus most often cause the mildest of symptoms. This was not known until the virus was isolated in cultured cells and many people were shown to have had mild infections that did not lead to poliomyelitis. But, unlike other viral infections, the incidence of polio – the rarer severe form of the infection – increased in the 20th century and reached a peak around 1952. The invention of a [[cell culture]] system for growing the virus enabled [[Jonas Salk]] (1914–1995) to make an effective [[polio vaccine]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Rosen FS | year = 2004 | title = Isolation of poliovirus—John Enders and the Nobel Prize | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 351 | issue = 15| pages = 1481–83 | pmid = 15470207 | doi=10.1056/NEJMp048202}}</ref>

===Epstein–Barr virus===
[[Denis Parsons Burkitt]] (1911–1993) was born in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Ireland. He was the first to describe a type of cancer that now bears his name [[Burkitt's lymphoma]]. This type of cancer was endemic in equatorial Africa and was the commonest malignancy of children in the early 1960s.<ref name="pmid19620863">{{cite journal |author=Magrath I |title=Lessons from clinical trials in African Burkitt lymphoma |journal=Current Opinion in Oncology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=462–8 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19620863 |doi=10.1097/CCO.0b013e32832f3dcd}}</ref> In an attempt to find a cause for the cancer, Burkitt sent cells from the tumour to [[Anthony Epstein]] (b. 1921) a British virologist, who along with [[Yvonne Barr]] and [[Bert Achong]] (1928–1996), and after many failures, discovered viruses that resembled herpes virus in the fluid that surrounded the cells. The virus was later shown to be a previously unrecognised herpes virus, which is now called [[Epstein–Barr virus]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Epstein |first= M. Anthony |authorlink= M. Anthony Epstein |editor1-last=Robertson |editor1-first=Earl S. |title= Epstein-Barr Virus |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TRO-wXto8hcC |accessdate= 18 September 2010 |year= 2005 |publisher= Cromwell Press |location= Trowbridge |isbn= 978-1-904455-03-5 |pages=1–14 |chapter= 1. The origins of EBV research: discovery and characterization of the virus }}</ref> Surprisingly, Epstein–Barr virus is a very common but relatively mild infection of Europeans. Why it can cause such a devastating illness in Africans is not fully understood, but reduced immunity to virus caused by [[malaria]] might be to blame.<ref name="pmid19165855">{{cite journal |author=Bornkamm GW |title=Epstein-Barr virus and the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma: more questions than answers |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=124 |issue=8 |pages=1745–55 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19165855 |doi=10.1002/ijc.24223}}</ref> Epstein–Barr virus is important in the history of viruses for being the first virus shown to cause cancer in humans.<ref name="pmid16083776">{{cite journal |author=Thorley-Lawson DA |title=EBV the prototypical human tumor virus—just how bad is it? |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=251–61; quiz 262 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16083776 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.05.038 }}</ref>

===Late 20th and early 21st century===
[[File:Rotavirus Reconstruction.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A [[rotavirus]] particle]]

The second half of the 20th century was the golden age of virus discovery and most of the 2,000 recognised species of animal, plant, and bacterial viruses were discovered during these years.<ref name="pmid18446425">{{cite journal |author=Norrby E |title=Nobel Prizes and the emerging virus concept |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=153 |issue=6 |pages=1109–23 |year=2008 |pmid=18446425 |doi=10.1007/s00705-008-0088-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Discoverers and Discoveries - ICTV Files and Discussions|url=http://talk.ictvonline.org/media/p/633.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111003049/http://talk.ictvonline.org/media/p/633.aspx|dead-url=yes|archive-date=11 November 2009|accessdate=5 November 2017|date=11 November 2009}}</ref> In 1946, [[bovine virus diarrhea]] was discovered,<ref name="pmid20995890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olafson P, MacCallum AD, Fox FH |title=An apparently new transmissible disease of cattle |journal=The Cornell Veterinarian |volume=36 |issue= |pages=205–13 |date=July 1946 |pmid=20995890}}</ref> which is still possibly the most common pathogen of cattle throughout the world<ref name="pmid20197026">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peterhans E, Bachofen C, Stalder H, Schweizer M |title=Cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV): emerging pestiviruses doomed to extinction |journal=Veterinary Research |volume=41 |issue=6 |page=44 |year=2010 |pmid=20197026 |pmc=2850149 |doi=10.1051/vetres/2010016}}</ref> and in 1957, [[Arterivirus|equine arterivirus]] was discovered.<ref name="pmid13397177">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bryans JT, Crowe ME, Doll ER, McCollum WH |title=Isolation of a filterable agent causing arteritis of horses and abortion by mares; its differentiation from the equine abortion (influenza) virus |journal=The Cornell Veterinarian |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–41 |date=January 1957 |pmid=13397177}}</ref> In the 1950s, improvements in virus isolation and detection methods resulted in the discovery of several important human viruses including [[varicella zoster virus]],<ref name="pmid8545033">{{cite journal |author=Weller TH |title=Varicella-zoster virus: History, perspectives, and evolving concerns |journal=Neurology |volume=45 |issue=12 Suppl 8 |pages=S9–10 |date=December 1995 |pmid=8545033 |doi=10.1212/wnl.45.12_suppl_8.s9}}</ref> the [[paramyxovirus]]es,<ref name="pmid15522442">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt AC, Johnson TR, Openshaw PJ, Braciale TJ, Falsey AR, Anderson LJ, Wertz GW, Groothuis JR, Prince GA, Melero JA, Graham BS |title=Respiratory syncytial virus and other pneumoviruses: a review of the international symposium—RSV 2003 |journal=Virus Research |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15522442 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.06.008}}</ref> – which include [[measles]] virus,<ref name="pmid19203111">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_10 |vauthors=Griffin DE, Pan CH |title=Measles: old vaccines, new vaccines |volume=330 |issue= |pages=191–212 |year=2009 |pmid=19203111|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |isbn=978-3-540-70616-8 }}</ref> and [[respiratory syncytial virus]]<ref name="pmid15522442"/> – and the [[rhinovirus]]es that cause the [[common cold]].<ref name="pmid3039038">{{cite journal |author=Tyrrell DA |title=The common cold—my favourite infection. The eighteenth Majority Stephenson memorial lecture |journal=The Journal of General Virology |volume=68 |issue= 8|pages=2053–61 |date=August 1987 |pmid=3039038 |doi=10.1099/0022-1317-68-8-2053}}</ref> In the 1960s more viruses were discovered. In 1963, the [[Hepatitis B|hepatitis B virus]] was discovered by [[Baruch Blumberg]] (b. 1925).<ref name="pmid18298788">{{cite journal |author=Zetterström R |title=Nobel Prize to Baruch Blumberg for the discovery of the aetiology of hepatitis B |journal=Acta Paediatrica |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=384–7 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18298788 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00669.x }}</ref> [[Reverse transcriptase]], the key enzyme that retroviruses use to [[translation (biology)|translate]] their RNA into DNA, was first described in 1970, independently by Howard Temin and [[David Baltimore]] (b. 1938).<ref name="pmid4348509">{{cite book|vauthors=Temin HM, Baltimore D |title=RNA-directed DNA synthesis and RNA tumor viruses|volume=17|pages=129–86|year=1972|pmid=4348509
|doi=10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60749-6|series=Advances in Virus Research|isbn=9780120398171}}</ref> This was important to the development of [[antiviral drug]]s – a key turning-point in the history of viral infections.<ref name="pmid20018391">{{cite journal |author=Broder S |title=The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic |journal=Antiviral Research |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20018391 |pmc=2815149 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.002}}</ref> In 1983, [[Luc Montagnier]] (b. 1932) and his team at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in France first isolated the retrovirus now called HIV.<ref name="pmid6189183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, Dauguet C, Axler-Blin C, Vézinet-Brun F, Rouzioux C, Rozenbaum W, Montagnier L |title=Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |journal=Science |volume=220 |issue=4599 |pages=868–71 |date=May 1983 |pmid=6189183 |doi=10.1126/science.6189183 |bibcode=1983Sci...220..868B}}</ref> In 1989 [[Michael Houghton (virologist)|Michael Houghton]]'s team at [[Chiron Corporation]] discovered [[hepatitis C]].<ref name="pmid19781804">{{cite journal |author=Houghton M |title=The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=939–48 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19781804 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004 |url=http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext}}</ref>
New viruses and strains of viruses were discovered in every decade of the second half of the 20th century. These discoveries have continued in the 21st century as new viral diseases such as [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]]<ref name="pmid21116811">{{cite book |vauthors=Peiris JS, Poon LL |title=Detection of SARS Coronavirus |volume=665 |issue= |pages=369–82 |year=2011 |pmid=21116811 |doi=10.1007/978-1-60761-817-1_20|series=Methods in Molecular Biology |isbn=978-1-60761-816-4 }}</ref> and [[nipah virus]]<ref name="pmid11334748">{{cite journal |vauthors=Field H, Young P, Yob JM, Mills J, Hall L, Mackenzie J |title=The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses |journal=Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=307–14 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11334748 |doi=10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01384-3}}</ref> have emerged. Despite scientists' achievements over the past one hundred years, viruses continue to pose new threats and challenges.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahy |first=B.W.J. |title=Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology |publisher=Academic Press |location=Boston |year=2009 |pages=583–7 |isbn=978-0-12-375147-8 |ref=harv}}</ref>

{| class ="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
|+ '''Some of the many viruses discovered in the 20th century'''
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Virus
! scope="col" | References
|-
! scope="row" | 1908
| [[poliovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid20683737">{{cite journal |author=Skern T |title=100 years poliovirus: from discovery to eradication. A meeting report |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=155 |issue=9 |pages=1371–81 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20683737 |doi=10.1007/s00705-010-0778-x}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1911
| [[Rous sarcoma virus]]
|<ref name="pmid20503720">{{cite journal |author=Becsei-Kilborn E |title=Scientific discovery and scientific reputation: the reception of Peyton Rous' discovery of the chicken sarcoma virus |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=111–57 |year=2010 |pmid=20503720 |doi= 10.1007/s10739-008-9171-y|url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1915
| bacteriophage of staphylococci
|<ref name="Shors 589 "/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1917
| bacteriophage of shigellae
|<ref name="Shors 589 "/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1918
| bacteriophage of salmonellae
|<ref name="D'Herelle F 2007"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1927
| [[yellow fever]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513550">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gardner CL, Ryman KD |title=Yellow fever: a reemerging threat |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=237–60 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513550 |pmc=4349381 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2010.01.001 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1930
| [[western equine encephalitis virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19775836">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zacks MA, Paessler S |title=Encephalitic alphaviruses |journal=Veterinary Microbiology |volume=140 |issue=3–4 |pages=281–6 |date=January 2010 |pmid=19775836 |pmc=2814892 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.023 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1933
| [[eastern equine encephalitis virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19775836"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1934
| [[mumps virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19870227">{{cite journal |doi=10.1084/jem.59.1.1 |vauthors=Johnson CD, Goodpasture EW |title=An investigation of the etiology of mumps|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |date=January 1934 |pmid=19870227 |pmc=2132344}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1935
| [[Japanese encephalitis]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20132860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Misra UK, Kalita J |title=Overview: Japanese encephalitis |journal=Progress in Neurobiology |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=108–20 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20132860 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.008 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1943
| [[Dengue]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513545">{{cite journal |author=Ross TM |title=Dengue virus |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=149–60 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513545 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2009.10.007 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1949
| [[enterovirus]]es
|<ref name="pmid8024744">{{cite journal |author=Melnick JL |title=The discovery of the enteroviruses and the classification of poliovirus among them |journal=Biologicals |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=305–9 |date=December 1993 |pmid=8024744 |doi=10.1006/biol.1993.1088 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1952
| [[Varicella zoster virus]]
|<ref name="pmid8545033"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1953
| [[adenovirus]]
|<ref name="isbn0-7817-6060-7">{{cite book |author1=Martin, Malcolm A. |author2=Knipe, David M. |author3=Fields, Bernard N. |author4=Howley, Peter M. |author5=Griffin, Diane |author6=Lamb, Robert |title=Fields' virology |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |year=2007 |page=2395 |isbn=978-0-7817-6060-7}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1954
| [[measles virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19203111"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1956
| [[paramyxovirus]]es, [[rhinovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid15522442"/><ref name="pmid3039038"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1958
| [[monkeypox]]
|<ref name="pmid1331540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Douglass N, Dumbell K |title=Independent evolution of monkeypox and variola viruses |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=66 |issue=12 |pages=7565–7 |date=December 1992 |pmid=1331540 |pmc=240470}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1962
| [[rubella virus]]
|<ref name="pmid3890105">{{cite journal |author=Cooper LZ |title=The history and medical consequences of rubella |journal=Reviews of Infectious Diseases |volume=7 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S2–10 |year=1985 |pmid=3890105 |doi=10.1093/clinids/7.supplement_1.s2}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1963
| [[hepatitis B virus]]
|<ref name="pmid16190102">{{cite journal |author=Yap SF |title=Hepatitis B: review of development from the discovery of the "Australia Antigen" to end of the twentieth Century |journal=The Malaysian Journal of Pathology |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |date=June 2004 |pmid=16190102}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1964
| [[Epstein–Barr virus]]
|<ref name="pmid4288580">{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM, Zajac B, Henle G, Henle W |title=Morphological and virological investigations on cultured Burkitt tumor lymphoblasts (strain Raji) |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=547–59 |date=October 1966 |pmid=4288580 |doi=10.1093/jnci/37.4.547}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1965
| [[retrovirus]]es
|<ref name="pmid15682876">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S1464793104006505 |author=Karpas A |title=Human retroviruses in leukaemia and AIDS: reflections on their discovery, biology and epidemiology |journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=911–33 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15682876}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1966
| [[Lassa fever]] virus
|<ref name="pmid16802617">{{cite book |author=Curtis N |title=Viral haemorrhagic fevers caused by Lassa, Ebola and Marburg viruses |volume=582 |issue= |pages=35–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16802617 |doi=10.1007/0-387-33026-7_4 |series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |isbn=978-0-387-31783-0 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1967
| [[Marburg]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513546">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman AL, Towner JS, Nichol ST |title=Ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fever |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=161–77 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513546 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2009.12.001}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1972
| [[norovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid10804141">{{cite journal |author=Kapikian AZ |title=The discovery of the 27-nm Norwalk virus: an historic perspective |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=181 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S295–302 |date=May 2000 |pmid=10804141 |doi=10.1086/315584}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1973
| [[rotavirus]], [[hepatitis A virus]]
|<ref name="pmid186236">{{cite book |author=Bishop RF, Cameron DJ, Barnes GL, Holmes IH, Ruck BJ |title=The aetiology of diarrhoea in newborn infants |journal=Ciba Foundation Symposium |volume= |issue=42 |pages=223–36 |year=1976 |pmid=186236 |doi=10.1002/9780470720240.ch13|series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |isbn=9780470720240 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6307916">{{cite journal |doi=10.1159/000149367 |vauthors=Gust ID, Coulepis AG, Feinstone SM, Locarnini SA, Moritsugu Y, Najera R, Siegl G |title=Taxonomic classification of hepatitis A virus |journal=Intervirology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |year=1983 |pmid=6307916}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1975
| [[parvovirus B19]]
|<ref name="pmid6117755">{{cite journal |author=Cossart Y |title=Parvovirus B19 finds a disease |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8253 |pages=988–9 |date=October 1981 |pmid=6117755 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91185-5}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1976
| [[Ebola]] virus
|<ref name="pmid21084112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Feldmann H, Geisbert TW |title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever |journal=Lancet |volume= 377|issue= 9768|pages= 849–862|date=November 2010 |pmid=21084112 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8 |url= |pmc=3406178}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1980
| [[human T-lymphotropic virus 1]]
|<ref name="pmid16155599">{{cite journal |author=Gallo RC |title=History of the discoveries of the first human retroviruses: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 |journal=Oncogene |volume=24 |issue=39 |pages=5926–30 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16155599 |doi=10.1038/sj.onc.1208980}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1982
| [[human T-lymphotropic virus 2]]
|<ref name="pmid16155599"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1983
| [[HIV]]
|<ref name="pmid20152474">{{cite journal |author=Montagnier L |title=25 years after HIV discovery: prospects for cure and vaccine |journal=Virology |volume=397 |issue=2 |pages=248–54 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20152474 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.045}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1986
| [[human herpesvirus 6]]
|<ref name="pmid15653828">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Bolle L, Naesens L, De Clercq E |title=Update on human herpesvirus 6 biology, clinical features, and therapy |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=217–45 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15653828 |pmc=544175 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.1.217-245.2005}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |1989
| [[hepatitis C virus]]
|<ref name="pmid2523562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M |title=Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome |journal=Science |volume=244 |issue=4902 |pages=359–62 |date=April 1989 |pmid=2523562 |doi=10.1126/science.2523562|bibcode = 1989Sci...244..359C |citeseerx=10.1.1.469.3592 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1990
| [[hepatitis E virus]], [[Human herpesvirus 7]]
|<ref name="pmid20335188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bihl F, Negro F |title=Hepatitis E virus: a zoonosis adapting to humans |journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=817–21 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20335188 |doi=10.1093/jac/dkq085}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1994
| [[henipavirus]]
|<ref name="pmid18511217">{{cite journal |author=Wild TF |title=Henipaviruses: a new family of emerging Paramyxoviruses |journal=Pathologie-biologie |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=188–96 |date=March 2009 |pmid=18511217 |doi=10.1016/j.patbio.2008.04.006 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1997
| ''[[Anelloviridae]]''
|<ref name="pmid19230554">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70972-5_1 |author=Okamoto H |title=History of discoveries and pathogenicity of TT viruses |volume=331 |issue= |pages=1–20 |year=2009 |pmid=19230554|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |isbn=978-3-540-70971-8 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|History of science|Medicine|Viruses}}
*[[List of viruses]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=The Virus: A History of the Concept|author=Hughes, Sally Smith|publisher=Heinemann|place=London|year=1977|isbn=978-0882021683}}

{{Virus topics}}
{{Baltimore (virus classification)}}
{{History of medicine}}

[[Category:Virology|*Virology, History of]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Martinus Beijerinck]]

Geschichte der Virologie

2019-04-14T03:58:38Z

Espresso Addict: /* Late 20th century */ Expanding heading. Minor c/e

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}
[[File:TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg|thumb|right|[[Electron microscope|Electron micrograph]] of the rod-shaped particles of [[tobacco mosaic virus]] that are too small to be seen using a light microscope]]

The '''history of virology''' — the scientific study of viruses and the infections they cause – began in the closing years of the 19th century. Although [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Edward Jenner]] developed the first [[vaccine]]s to protect against viral infections, they did not know that viruses existed. The first evidence of the existence of viruses came from experiments with filters that had pores small enough to retain bacteria. In 1892, [[Dmitry Ivanovsky]] used one of these filters to show that sap from a diseased [[tobacco plant]] remained infectious to healthy tobacco plants despite having been filtered. [[Martinus Beijerinck]] called the filtered, infectious substance a "virus" and this discovery is considered to be the beginning of [[virology]]. The subsequent discovery and partial characterization of [[bacteriophage]]s by [[Felix d'Herelle]] further catalyzed the field, and by the early 20th century many viruses were discovered.

==Pioneers==
[[File:Adolf Mayer 1875.jpg|thumb|upright|180px|[[Adolf Mayer]] in 1875]]
[[File:Ivanovsky.jpg|thumb|upright|180px|[[Dmitri Ivanovsky]], ca. 1915]]
[[File:Mwb in lab.JPG|thumb|upright|180px|alt=An old, bespectacled man wearing a suit and sitting at a bench by a large window. The bench is covered with small bottles and test tubes. On the wall behind him is a large old-fashioned clock below frick u which are four small enclosed shelves on which sit many neatly labelled bottles.|[[Martinus Beijerinck]] in his laboratory in 1921.]]
Despite his other successes, [[Louis Pasteur]] (1822–1895) was unable to find a causative agent for [[rabies]] and speculated about a pathogen too small to be detected using a microscope.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bordenave G |title=Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) |journal=Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=553–60 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12758285 |doi=10.1016/S1286-4579(03)00075-3}}</ref> In 1884, the French [[microbiologist]] [[Charles Chamberland]] (1851–1931) invented a filter – known today as the [[Chamberland filter]] – that had pores smaller than bacteria. Thus, he could pass a solution containing bacteria through the filter and completely remove them from the solution.<ref name ="Shors 76–77">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|pp=76–77}}</ref>

In 1876, [[Adolf Mayer]], who directed the Agricultural Experimental Station in [[Wageningen]] was the first to show that what he called "Tobacco Mosaic Disease" was infectious, he thought that it was caused by either a toxin or a very small bacterium. Later, in 1892, the Russian biologist [[Dmitry Ivanovsky]] (1864–1920) used a Chamberland filter to study what is now known as the [[tobacco mosaic virus]]. His experiments showed that crushed leaf extracts from infected tobacco plants remain infectious after filtration. Ivanovsky suggested the infection might be caused by a [[toxin]] produced by bacteria, but did not pursue the idea.<ref name="Collier 3">{{harvnb|Topley|Wilson|1998|p=3}}</ref>

In 1898, the Dutch microbiologist [[Martinus Beijerinck]] (1851–1931), a microbiology teacher at the Agricultural School in [[Wageningen]] repeated experiments by [[Adolf Mayer]] and became convinced that filtrate contained a new form of infectious agent.<ref name="Dimmock 4–5">{{cite book |author1=Leppard, Keith |author2=Nigel Dimmock |author3=Easton, Andrew |title=Introduction to Modern Virology |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited |location= |year=2007 |pages=4–5 |isbn=978-1-4051-3645-7 }}</ref> He observed that the agent multiplied only in cells that were dividing and he called it a ''[[contagium vivum fluidum]]'' (soluble living germ) and re-introduced the word ''virus''.<ref name="Collier 3"/> Beijerinck maintained that viruses were liquid in nature, a theory later discredited by the American biochemist and virologist [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]] (1904–1971), who proved that they were in fact, particles.<ref name="Collier 3"/> In the same year [[Friedrich Loeffler]] (1852–1915) and [[Paul Frosch]] (1860–1928) passed the first animal virus through a similar filter and discovered the cause of [[foot-and-mouth disease]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fenner |first=F. |chapter=History of Virology: Vertebrate Viruses |editor-last=Mahy |editor-first=B.W.J. |editor2-last=Van Regenmortal |editor2-first=M.H.V. |title=Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology |publisher=Academic Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=2009 |page=15|isbn=978-0-12-375146-1 |ref={{harvid|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}}}}</ref>

In 1881, [[Carlos Finlay]] (1833–1915), a Cuban physician, first conducted and published research that indicated that mosquitoes were carrying the cause of yellow fever,<ref name="pmid2684378">{{cite journal |author=Chiong MA |title=Dr. Carlos Finlay and yellow fever |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=141 |issue=11 |page=1126 |date=December 1989 |pmid=2684378 |pmc=1451274}}</ref> a theory proved in 1900 by commission headed by [[Walter Reed]] (1851–1902). During 1901 and 1902, [[William Crawford Gorgas]] (1854–1920) organised the destruction of the mosquitoes' breeding habitats in Cuba, which dramatically reduced the prevalence of the disease.<ref name="pmid11482006">{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/pbm.2001.0051 |author=Litsios S |title=William Crawford Gorgas (1854–1920) |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=368–78 |year=2001 |pmid=11482006|pmc=1353777 }}</ref> Gorgas later organised the elimination of the mosquitoes from Panama, which allowed the [[Panama Canal]] to be opened in 1914.<ref name="pmid2673502">{{cite journal |author=Patterson R |title=Dr. William Gorgas and his war with the mosquito |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=596–7, 599 |date=September 1989 |pmid=2673502 |pmc=1451363}}</ref> The virus was finally isolated by [[Max Theiler]] (1899–1972) in 1932 who went on to develop a successful vaccine.<ref name="pmid20589188">{{cite journal |author=Frierson JG |title=The yellow fever vaccine: a history |journal=Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=77–85 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20589188 |pmc=2892770}}</ref>

By 1928 enough was known about viruses to enable the publication of ''Filterable Viruses'', a collection of essays covering all known viruses edited by [[Thomas Milton Rivers]] (1888–1962). Rivers, a survivor of [[typhoid fever]] contracted at the age of twelve, went on to have a distinguished career in virology. In 1926, he was invited to speak at a meeting organised by the Society of American Bacteriology where he said for the first time, "Viruses appear to be obligate parasites in the sense that their reproduction is dependent on living cells."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Horsfall FL |title=Thomas Milton Rivers, September 3, 1888–May 12, 1962 |journal=Biogr Mem Natl Acad Sci |volume=38 |pages=263–94 |date=1965 |pmid=11615452 |url=http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/trivers.pdf }}</ref>

From the 1950s to the 1960s, [[Chester M. Southam]], a prominent virologist, injected malignant [[HeLa]] cells into cancer patients, healthy individuals, and prison inmates from the [[Ohio Penitentiary]] in order to observe if cancer could be transmitted.<ref name="Broadway Paperbacks">{{cite book|last1=Skloot |first1=Rebecca|title=The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bz4aTiWLrYC&pg=PA128 |date=2010 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-74262-626-0 |pages=128–135}}</ref> He was also examining if one could become immune to cancer by developing an acquired immune response in hopes of creating a vaccine for cancer.<ref name="Broadway Paperbacks"/>

The notion that viruses were particles was not considered unnatural and fitted in nicely with the [[Germ theory of disease|germ theory]]. It is assumed that Dr. J. Buist of Edinburgh was the first person to see virus particles in 1886, when he reported seeing "micrococci" in vaccine lymph, though he had probably observed clumps of [[vaccinia]].<ref>*In 1887, Buist visualised one of the largest, Vaccinia virus, by optical microscopy after staining it. Vaccinia was not known to be a virus at that time. {{cite book |last=Buist |first=J.B. |year=1887 |title=Vaccinia and Variola: a study of their life history |publisher=Churchill |location=London}}</ref> In the years that followed, as optical microscopes were improved "inclusion bodies" were seen in many virus-infected cells, but these aggregates of virus particles were still too small to reveal any detailed structure. It was not until the invention of [[electron microscopy|the electron microscope]] in 1931 by the German engineers [[Ernst Ruska]] (1906–1988) and [[Max Knoll]] (1887–1969),<ref>From {{cite book |title=Nobel Lectures, Physics 1981–1990 |year=1993 |editor-first=Gösta |editor-last=Ekspång |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-9810207281}}</ref> that virus particles, especially [[bacteriophage]]s, were shown to have complex structures. The sizes of viruses determined using this new microscope fitted in well with those estimated by filtration experiments. Viruses were expected to be small, but the range of sizes came as a surprise. Some were only a little smaller than the smallest known bacteria, and the smaller viruses were of similar sizes to complex organic molecules.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Carr, N. G. |author2=Mahy, B. W. J. |author3=Pattison, J. R. |author4=Kelly, D. P. |title=The Microbe 1984: Thirty-sixth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology, held at the University of Warwick, April 1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Symposia of the Society for general microbiology |volume=36 |oclc=499302635 |year=1984 |page=4 |isbn=978-0-521-26056-5 |ref={{harvid|The Microbe 1984}}}}</ref>

In 1935, Wendell Stanley examined the tobacco mosaic virus and found it was mostly made of protein.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stanley WM, Loring HS | year = 1936 | title = The isolation of crystalline tobacco mosaic virus protein from diseased tomato plants | url = | journal = Science | volume = 83 | issue = 2143| page = 85 | pmid = 17756690 | doi=10.1126/science.83.2143.85|bibcode = 1936Sci....83...85S }}</ref> In 1939, Stanley and [[Max Lauffer]] (1914) separated the virus into protein and [[nucleic acid]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stanley WM, Lauffer MA | year = 1939 | title = Disintegration of tobacco mosaic virus in urea solutions | url = | journal = Science | volume = 89 | issue = 2311| pages = 345–347 | pmid = 17788438 | doi=10.1126/science.89.2311.345|bibcode = 1939Sci....89..345S }}</ref> which was shown by Stanley's postdoctoral fellow Hubert S. Loring to be specifically [[RNA]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Loring HS | year = 1939 | title = Properties and hydrolytic products of nucleic acid from tobacco mosaic virus | url = http://www.jbc.org/content/130/1/251.short | journal = Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 130 | issue=1 | pages = 251–258 }}</ref> The discovery of RNA in the particles was important because in 1928, [[Fred Griffith]] (c.1879–1941) provided the first evidence that its "cousin", [[DNA]], formed [[genes]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Burton E. Tropp |title=Molecular Biology: Genes to Proteins. Burton E. Tropp |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, Massachusetts |year=2007 |page=12 |isbn=978-0-7637-5963-6}}</ref>

In Pasteur's day, and for many years after his death, the word "virus" was used to describe any cause of infectious disease. Many [[bacteriologist]]s soon discovered the cause of numerous infections. However, some infections remained, many of them horrendous, for which no bacterial cause could be found. These agents were invisible and could only be grown in living animals. The discovery of viruses was the key that unlocked the door that withheld the secrets of the cause of these mysterious infections. And, although [[Koch's postulates]] could not be fulfilled for many of these infections, this did not stop the pioneer virologists from looking for viruses in infections for which no other cause could be found.<ref>{{harvnb|The Microbe 1984|page=3}}</ref>

==Bacteriophages==
{{Main|Bacteriophage}}
[[File:Phage S-PM2.png|thumb|left|Bacteriophage]]

===Discovery===
[[Bacteriophage]]s are the viruses that infect and replicate in bacteria. They were discovered in the early 20th century, by the English bacteriologist [[Frederick Twort]] (1877–1950).<ref name="Shors 589 ">{{cite book |first=Teri |last=Shors |title=Understanding Viruses |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, Mass |year=2008 |page=589 |isbn=978-0-7637-2932-5 |ref=harv}}</ref> But before this time, in 1896, the bacteriologist [[Ernest Hanbury Hankin]] (1865–1939) reported that something in the waters of the [[River Ganges]] could kill ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' – the cause of [[cholera]]. The agent in the water could be passed through filters that remove bacteria but was destroyed by boiling.<ref name = "Ackerman p3">{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA3 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=3}}</ref> Twort discovered the action of bacteriophages on [[staphylococcus|staphylococci]] bacteria. He noticed that when grown on nutrient agar some colonies of the bacteria became watery or "glassy". He collected some of these watery colonies and passed them through a Chamberland filter to remove the bacteria and discovered that when the filtrate was added to fresh cultures of bacteria, they in turn became watery.<ref name="Shors 589 "/> He proposed that the agent might be "an amoeba, an ultramicroscopic virus, a living protoplasm, or an enzyme with the power of growth".<ref name = "Ackerman p3"/>

[[Félix d'Herelle]] (1873–1949) was a mainly self-taught French-Canadian microbiologist. In 1917 he discovered that "an invisible antagonist", when added to bacteria on [[agar]], would produce areas of dead bacteria.<ref name="Shors 589 "/> The antagonist, now known to be a bacteriophage, could pass through a Chamberland filter. He accurately diluted a suspension of these viruses and discovered that the highest dilutions (lowest virus concentrations), rather than killing all the bacteria, formed discrete areas of dead organisms. Counting these areas and multiplying by the dilution factor allowed him to calculate the number of viruses in the original suspension.<ref name="D'Herelle F 2007">{{cite journal | pmid = 17855060 | doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2007.07.005 | volume=158 | issue=7 |date=September 2007 | pages=553–4 | author=D'Herelle F | title = On an invisible microbe antagonistic toward dysenteric bacilli: brief note by Mr. F. D'Herelle, presented by Mr. Roux☆ | journal = Research in Microbiology}}</ref> He realised that he had discovered a new form of virus and later coined the term "bacteriophage".<ref name="Ackermann H-W 2009 4">{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4}}</ref><ref>"The antagonistic microbe can never be cultivated in media in the absence of the dysentery bacillus. It does not attack heat-killed dysentery bacilli, but is cultivated perfectly in a suspension of washed cells in physiological saline. This indicates that the anti dysentery microbe is an obligate bacteriophage".
Felix d'Herelle (1917) ''An invisible microbe that is antagonistic to the dysentery bacillus'' (1917) [http://202.114.65.51/fzjx/wsw/wswfzjs/pdf/1917p157.pdf Comptes rendus Acad. Sci. Paris Retrieved on 2 December 2010]</ref>
Between 1918 and 1921 d'Herelle discovered different types of bacteriophages that could infect several other species of bacteria including ''Vibrio cholerae''.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4 Table 1 }}</ref> Bacteriophages were heralded as a potential treatment for diseases such as [[typhoid]] and [[cholera]], but their promise was forgotten with the development of [[penicillin]].<ref name="Ackermann H-W 2009 4"/> Since the early 1970s, bacteria have continued to develop resistance to [[antibiotic]]s such as [[penicillin]], and this has led to a renewed interest in the use of [[phage therapy|bacteriophages to treat serious infections]].<ref name="Shors 591 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=591}}</ref>

===Early research 1920–1940===
D'Herelle travelled widely to promote the use of bacteriophages in the treatment of bacterial infections. In 1928, he became professor of biology at [[Yale]] and founded several research institutes.<ref name="Shors 590 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=590}}</ref> He was convinced that bacteriophages were viruses despite opposition from established bacteriologists such as the Nobel Prize winner [[Jules Bordet]] (1870–1961). Bordet argued that bacteriophages were not viruses but just [[enzyme]]s released from [[lysogenic cycle|"lysogenic"]] bacteria. He said "the invisible world of d'Herelle does not exist".<ref>Quoted in: {{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4}}</ref> But in the 1930s, the proof that bacteriophages were viruses was provided by [[Christopher Andrewes]] (1896–1988) and others. They showed that these viruses differed in size and in their chemical and [[serology|serological]] properties.
In 1940, the first [[electron microscope|electron micrograph]] of a bacteriophage was published and this silenced sceptics who had argued that bacteriophages were relatively simple enzymes and not viruses.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA3 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |pages=3–5 }}</ref>
Numerous other types of bacteriophages were quickly discovered and were shown to infect bacteria wherever they are found. Early research was interrupted by [[World War II]]. d'Herelle, despite his Canadian citizenship, was interned by the [[Vichy France|Vichy Government]] until the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA5 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=5 }}</ref>

===Modern era===
Knowledge of bacteriophages increased in the 1940s following the formation of the [[Phage group|Phage Group]] by scientists throughout the US. Among the members were [[Max Delbrück]] (1906–1981) who founded a course on bacteriophages at [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]].<ref name="Shors 591 "/> Other key members of the Phage Group included [[Salvador Luria]] (1912–1991) and [[Alfred Hershey]] (1908–1997). During the 1950s, [[Hershey–Chase experiment|Hershey and Chase]] made important discoveries on the replication of DNA during their studies on a bacteriophage called [[Enterobacteria phage T2|T2]]. Together with Delbruck they were jointly awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses".<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1969/ Nobel Organisation]</ref> Since then, the study of bacteriophages has provided insights into the switching on and off of genes, and a useful mechanism for introducing foreign genes into bacteria and many other fundamental mechanisms of [[molecular biology]].<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA5 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |pages=5–10 Table 1}}</ref>

==Plant viruses==
In 1882, [[Adolf Mayer]] (1843–1942) described a condition of tobacco plants, which he called "mosaic disease" ("mozaïkziekte"). The diseased plants had [[variegation|variegated]] leaves that were [[mottle]]d.<ref>Mayer A (1882) Over de moza¨ıkziekte van de tabak: voorloopige mededeeling. Tijdschr
Landbouwkunde Groningen 2: 359–364 (In German)</ref> He excluded the possibility of a fungal infection and could not detect any bacterium and speculated that a "soluble, enzyme-like infectious principle was involved".<ref name="pmid16732421">Quoted in: {{cite journal |vauthors=van der Want JP, Dijkstra J |title=A history of plant virology |journal=Archives of Virology|volume=151 |issue=8 |pages=1467–98 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16732421 |doi=10.1007/s00705-006-0782-3}}</ref> He did not pursue his idea any further, and it was the filtration experiments of Ivanovsky and Beijerinck that suggested the cause was a previously unrecognised infectious agent. After tobacco mosaic was recognized as a virus disease, virus infections of many other plants were discovered.<ref name="pmid16732421"/>

The importance of tobacco mosaic virus in the history of viruses cannot be overstated. It was the first virus to be discovered, and the first to be [[crystal]]lised and its structure shown in detail. The first [[X-ray diffraction]] pictures of the crystallised virus were obtained by Bernal and Fankuchen in 1941. On the basis of her pictures, [[Rosalind Franklin]] discovered the full structure of the virus in 1955.<ref name="pmid18702397">{{cite journal|vauthors=Creager AN, Morgan GJ |title=After the double helix: Rosalind Franklin's research on Tobacco mosaic virus|journal=Isis
|volume=99|issue=2|pages=239–72|date=June 2008|pmid=18702397|doi=10.1086/588626}}</ref> In the same year, [[Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat]] and [[Robley Williams]] showed that purified tobacco mosaic virus RNA and its [[capsid|coat protein]] can assemble by themselves to form functional viruses, suggesting that this simple mechanism was probably the means through which viruses were created within their host cells.<ref name="Dimmock 12 ">{{cite book |author1=Leppard, Keith |author2=Nigel Dimmock |author3=Easton, Andrew |title=Introduction to Modern Virology |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited |location= |year=2007 |page=12 |isbn=978-1-4051-3645-7 }}</ref>

By 1935 many plant diseases were thought to be caused by viruses. In 1922, [[John Kunkel Small]] (1869–1938) discovered that insects could act as [[vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] and transmit virus to plants. In the following decade many diseases of plants were shown to be caused by viruses that were carried by insects and in 1939, [[Francis Holmes (virologist)|Francis Holmes]], a pioneer in plant virology,<ref name="pmid11718380">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pennazio S, Roggero P, Conti M |title=A history of plant virology. Mendelian genetics and resistance of plants to viruses |journal=New Microbiology |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=409–24 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11718380 }}</ref> described 129 viruses that caused disease of plants.<ref name="Shors 563 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=563 }}</ref> Modern, intensive agriculture provides a rich environment for many plant viruses. In 1948, in Kansas, US, 7% of the wheat crop was destroyed by [[wheat streak mosaic virus]]. The virus was spread by mites called ''[[Aceria tulipae]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=D. |last=Hansing |first2=C.O. |last2=Johnston |first3=L.E. |last3=Melchers |first4=H. |last4=Fellows |date=1949 |title=Kansas Phytopathological Notes |journal=Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=363–369 |jstor=3625805 |doi=10.2307/3625805 }}</ref>

In 1970, the Russian plant virologist [[Joseph Atabekov]] discovered that many plant viruses only infect a single species of host plant.<ref name="pmid11718380"/> The [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] now recognises over 900 plant viruses.<ref name="Shors 564 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=564}}</ref>

==20th century==
By the end of the 19th century, viruses were defined in terms of their [[infectivity]], their ability to be filtered, and their requirement for living hosts. Up until this time, viruses had only been grown in plants and animals, but in 1906, [[Ross Granville Harrison]] (1870–1959) invented a method for growing [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] in [[lymph]],<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/rharrison.pdf |first=J.S. |last=Nicholas |title=Ross Granville Harrison 1870—1959 A Biographical Memoir |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |year=1961 }}</ref> and, in 1913, E Steinhardt, C Israeli, and RA Lambert used this method to grow [[vaccinia]] virus in fragments of guinea pig corneal tissue.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Steinhardt |first=E. |last2=Israeli |first2=C. |last3=Lambert |first3=R.A. |year=1913 |title=Studies on the cultivation of the virus of vaccinia |journal=J. Inf Dis. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=294–300 |doi=10.1093/infdis/13.2.294}}</ref> In 1928, HB and MC Maitland grew vaccinia virus in suspensions of minced hens' kidneys.<ref name="pmid13475780">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0022172400037268 |vauthors=Maitland HB, Magrath DI |title=The growth in vitro of vaccinia virus in chick embryo chorio-allantoic membrane, minced embryo and cell suspensions |journal=The Journal of Hygiene |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=347–60 |date=September 1957 |pmid=13475780 |pmc=2217967}}</ref> Their method was not widely adopted until the 1950s, when [[poliovirus]] was grown on a large scale for vaccine production.<ref name="Collier 4">{{cite book |last=Sussman |first=Max |last2=Topley |first2=W.W.C. |last3=Wilson |first3=Graham K. |last4=Collier |first4=L.H. |last5=Balows |first5=Albert |title=Topley & Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections |publisher=Arnold |location=London |year=1998 |page=4 |isbn=978-0-340-66316-5 |ref={{harvid|Topley|Wilson|1998}}}}</ref> In 1941–42, [[George Hirst (virologist)|George Hirst]] (1909–94) developed assays based on [[hemagglutination|haemagglutination]] to quantify a wide range of viruses as well as virus-specific antibodies in serum.<ref name=Joklik>{{cite journal |vauthors=Joklik WK |title=When two is better than one: thoughts on three decades of interaction between Virology and the Journal of Virology |journal=[[Journal of Virology|J. Virol.]] |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=3520–3 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10196240 |pmc=104123 |url=http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10196240}}</ref><ref name=Schlesinger>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schlesinger RW, Granoff A | year = 1994 | title = George K. Hirst (1909–1994) | url = | journal = [[Virology (journal)|Virology]] | volume = 200 | issue = 2| page = 327 | doi=10.1006/viro.1994.1196}}</ref>

===Influenza===
[[File:Influenza Pandemic Masked Typist.jpg|thumb|right|A woman working during the 1918–1919 influenza epidemic. The face mask probably afforded minimal protection.]]
{{Main|Influenza}}

Although the [[influenza virus]] that caused the [[1918 flu pandemic|1918–1919]] influenza pandemic was not discovered until the 1930s, the descriptions of the disease and subsequent research has proved it was to blame.<ref name="Shors 238-344 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|pp=238–344}}</ref>
The pandemic killed 40–50 million people in less than a year,<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael B. A. |last=Oldstone |title=Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |page=306 |isbn=978-0-19-532731-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUDRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306 |ref=harv}}</ref> but the proof that it was caused by a virus was not obtained until 1933.<ref name="pmid15081510">{{cite journal |author=Cunha BA |title=Influenza: historical aspects of epidemics and pandemics |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=141–55 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15081510 |doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00095-3}}</ref> ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' is an opportunistic bacterium which commonly follows influenza infections; this led the eminent German bacteriologist [[Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer|Richard Pfeiffer]] (1858–1945) to incorrectly conclude that this bacterium was the cause of influenza.<ref>{{harvnb|Oldstone|2009|p=315}}</ref> A major breakthrough came in 1931, when the American pathologist [[Ernest William Goodpasture]] grew influenza and several other viruses in fertilised chickens' eggs.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodpasture EW, Woodruff AM, Buddingh GJ | year = 1931 | title = The cultivation of vaccine and other viruses in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos | url = | journal = Science | volume = 74 | issue = 1919| pages = 371–2 | pmid = 17810781 | doi=10.1126/science.74.1919.371|bibcode = 1931Sci....74..371G }}</ref> Hirst identified an enzymic activity associated with the virus particle, later characterised as the [[viral neuraminidase|neuraminidase]], the first demonstration that viruses could contain enzymes. [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] showed in the early 1950s that the virus recombines at high frequencies, and Hirst later deduced that it has a segmented genome.<ref name=Kilbourne>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kilbourne ED |title=Presentation of the Academy Medal to George K. Hirst, M.D |journal=Bull N Y Acad Med |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=1133–6 |date=November 1975 |pmid=1104014 |pmc=1749565 }}</ref>

===Poliomyelitis===
{{Main|Poliomyelitis}}

In 1949, [[John F. Enders]] (1897–1985) [[Thomas Huckle Weller|Thomas Weller]] (1915–2008), and [[Frederick Robbins]] (1916–2003) grew polio virus for the first time in cultured human embryo cells, the first virus to be grown without using solid animal tissue or eggs. Infections by poliovirus most often cause the mildest of symptoms. This was not known until the virus was isolated in cultured cells and many people were shown to have had mild infections that did not lead to poliomyelitis. But, unlike other viral infections, the incidence of polio – the rarer severe form of the infection – increased in the 20th century and reached a peak around 1952. The invention of a [[cell culture]] system for growing the virus enabled [[Jonas Salk]] (1914–1995) to make an effective [[polio vaccine]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Rosen FS | year = 2004 | title = Isolation of poliovirus—John Enders and the Nobel Prize | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 351 | issue = 15| pages = 1481–83 | pmid = 15470207 | doi=10.1056/NEJMp048202}}</ref>

===Epstein–Barr virus===
[[Denis Parsons Burkitt]] (1911–1993) was born in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Ireland. He was the first to describe a type of cancer that now bears his name [[Burkitt's lymphoma]]. This type of cancer was endemic in equatorial Africa and was the commonest malignancy of children in the early 1960s.<ref name="pmid19620863">{{cite journal |author=Magrath I |title=Lessons from clinical trials in African Burkitt lymphoma |journal=Current Opinion in Oncology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=462–8 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19620863 |doi=10.1097/CCO.0b013e32832f3dcd}}</ref> In an attempt to find a cause for the cancer, Burkitt sent cells from the tumour to [[Anthony Epstein]] (b. 1921) a British virologist, who along with [[Yvonne Barr]] and [[Bert Achong]] (1928–1996), and after many failures, discovered viruses that resembled herpes virus in the fluid that surrounded the cells. The virus was later shown to be a previously unrecognised herpes virus, which is now called [[Epstein–Barr virus]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Epstein |first= M. Anthony |authorlink= M. Anthony Epstein |editor1-last=Robertson |editor1-first=Earl S. |title= Epstein-Barr Virus |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TRO-wXto8hcC |accessdate= 18 September 2010 |year= 2005 |publisher= Cromwell Press |location= Trowbridge |isbn= 978-1-904455-03-5 |pages=1–14 |chapter= 1. The origins of EBV research: discovery and characterization of the virus }}</ref> Surprisingly, Epstein–Barr virus is a very common but relatively mild infection of Europeans. Why it can cause such a devastating illness in Africans is not fully understood, but reduced immunity to virus caused by [[malaria]] might be to blame.<ref name="pmid19165855">{{cite journal |author=Bornkamm GW |title=Epstein-Barr virus and the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma: more questions than answers |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=124 |issue=8 |pages=1745–55 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19165855 |doi=10.1002/ijc.24223}}</ref> Epstein–Barr virus is important in the history of viruses for being the first virus shown to cause cancer in humans.<ref name="pmid16083776">{{cite journal |author=Thorley-Lawson DA |title=EBV the prototypical human tumor virus—just how bad is it? |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=251–61; quiz 262 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16083776 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.05.038 }}</ref>

===Late 20th and early 21st century===
[[File:Rotavirus Reconstruction.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A [[rotavirus]] particle]]

The second half of the 20th century was the golden age of virus discovery and most of the 2,000 recognised species of animal, plant, and bacterial viruses were discovered during these years.<ref name="pmid18446425">{{cite journal |author=Norrby E |title=Nobel Prizes and the emerging virus concept |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=153 |issue=6 |pages=1109–23 |year=2008 |pmid=18446425 |doi=10.1007/s00705-008-0088-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Discoverers and Discoveries - ICTV Files and Discussions|url=http://talk.ictvonline.org/media/p/633.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111003049/http://talk.ictvonline.org/media/p/633.aspx|dead-url=yes|archive-date=11 November 2009|accessdate=5 November 2017|date=11 November 2009}}</ref> In 1946, [[bovine virus diarrhea]] was discovered,<ref name="pmid20995890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olafson P, MacCallum AD, Fox FH |title=An apparently new transmissible disease of cattle |journal=The Cornell Veterinarian |volume=36 |issue= |pages=205–13 |date=July 1946 |pmid=20995890}}</ref> which is still possibly the most common pathogen of cattle throughout the world<ref name="pmid20197026">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peterhans E, Bachofen C, Stalder H, Schweizer M |title=Cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV): emerging pestiviruses doomed to extinction |journal=Veterinary Research |volume=41 |issue=6 |page=44 |year=2010 |pmid=20197026 |pmc=2850149 |doi=10.1051/vetres/2010016}}</ref> and in 1957, [[Arterivirus|equine arterivirus]] was discovered.<ref name="pmid13397177">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bryans JT, Crowe ME, Doll ER, McCollum WH |title=Isolation of a filterable agent causing arteritis of horses and abortion by mares; its differentiation from the equine abortion (influenza) virus |journal=The Cornell Veterinarian |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–41 |date=January 1957 |pmid=13397177}}</ref> In the 1950s, improvements in virus isolation and detection methods resulted in the discovery of several important human viruses including [[varicella zoster virus]],<ref name="pmid8545033">{{cite journal |author=Weller TH |title=Varicella-zoster virus: History, perspectives, and evolving concerns |journal=Neurology |volume=45 |issue=12 Suppl 8 |pages=S9–10 |date=December 1995 |pmid=8545033 |doi=10.1212/wnl.45.12_suppl_8.s9}}</ref> the [[paramyxovirus]]es,<ref name="pmid15522442">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt AC, Johnson TR, Openshaw PJ, Braciale TJ, Falsey AR, Anderson LJ, Wertz GW, Groothuis JR, Prince GA, Melero JA, Graham BS |title=Respiratory syncytial virus and other pneumoviruses: a review of the international symposium—RSV 2003 |journal=Virus Research |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15522442 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.06.008}}</ref> – which include [[measles]] virus,<ref name="pmid19203111">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_10 |vauthors=Griffin DE, Pan CH |title=Measles: old vaccines, new vaccines |volume=330 |issue= |pages=191–212 |year=2009 |pmid=19203111|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |isbn=978-3-540-70616-8 }}</ref> and [[respiratory syncytial virus]]<ref name="pmid15522442"/> – and the [[rhinovirus]]es that cause the [[common cold]].<ref name="pmid3039038">{{cite journal |author=Tyrrell DA |title=The common cold—my favourite infection. The eighteenth Majority Stephenson memorial lecture |journal=The Journal of General Virology |volume=68 |issue= 8|pages=2053–61 |date=August 1987 |pmid=3039038 |doi=10.1099/0022-1317-68-8-2053}}</ref> In the 1960s more viruses were discovered. In 1963, the [[Hepatitis B|hepatitis B virus]] was discovered by [[Baruch Blumberg]] (b. 1925).<ref name="pmid18298788">{{cite journal |author=Zetterström R |title=Nobel Prize to Baruch Blumberg for the discovery of the aetiology of hepatitis B |journal=Acta Paediatrica |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=384–7 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18298788 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00669.x }}</ref> [[Reverse transcriptase]], the key enzyme that retroviruses use to [[translation (biology)|translate]] their RNA into DNA, was first described in 1970, independently by Howard Temin and [[David Baltimore]] (b. 1938).<ref name="pmid4348509">{{cite book|vauthors=Temin HM, Baltimore D |title=RNA-directed DNA synthesis and RNA tumor viruses|volume=17|pages=129–86|year=1972|pmid=4348509
|doi=10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60749-6|series=Advances in Virus Research|isbn=9780120398171}}</ref> This was important to the development of [[antiviral drug]]s – a key turning-point in the history of viral infections.<ref name="pmid20018391">{{cite journal |author=Broder S |title=The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic |journal=Antiviral Research |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20018391 |pmc=2815149 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.002}}</ref> In 1983, [[Luc Montagnier]] (b. 1932) and his team at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in France first isolated the retrovirus now called HIV.<ref name="pmid6189183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, Dauguet C, Axler-Blin C, Vézinet-Brun F, Rouzioux C, Rozenbaum W, Montagnier L |title=Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |journal=Science |volume=220 |issue=4599 |pages=868–71 |date=May 1983 |pmid=6189183 |doi=10.1126/science.6189183 |bibcode=1983Sci...220..868B}}</ref> In 1989 [[Michael Houghton (virologist)|Michael Houghton]]'s team at [[Chiron Corporation]] discovered [[hepatitis C]].<ref name="pmid19781804">{{cite journal |author=Houghton M |title=The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=939–48 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19781804 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004 |url=http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext}}</ref>
New viruses and strains of viruses were discovered in every decade of the second half of the 20th century. These discoveries have continued in the 21st century as new viral diseases such as [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]]<ref name="pmid21116811">{{cite book |vauthors=Peiris JS, Poon LL |title=Detection of SARS Coronavirus |volume=665 |issue= |pages=369–82 |year=2011 |pmid=21116811 |doi=10.1007/978-1-60761-817-1_20|series=Methods in Molecular Biology |isbn=978-1-60761-816-4 }}</ref> and [[nipah virus]]<ref name="pmid11334748">{{cite journal |vauthors=Field H, Young P, Yob JM, Mills J, Hall L, Mackenzie J |title=The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses |journal=Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=307–14 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11334748 |doi=10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01384-3}}</ref> have emerged. Despite scientists' achievements over the past one hundred years, viruses continue to pose new threats and challenges.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahy |first=B.W.J. |title=Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology |publisher=Academic Press |location=Boston |year=2009 |pages=583–7 |isbn=978-0-12-375147-8 |ref=harv}}</ref>

{| class ="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
|+ '''Some of the many viruses discovered in the 20th century'''
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Virus
! scope="col" | References
|-
! scope="row" | 1908
| [[poliovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid20683737">{{cite journal |author=Skern T |title=100 years poliovirus: from discovery to eradication. A meeting report |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=155 |issue=9 |pages=1371–81 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20683737 |doi=10.1007/s00705-010-0778-x}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1911
| [[Rous sarcoma virus]]
|<ref name="pmid20503720">{{cite journal |author=Becsei-Kilborn E |title=Scientific discovery and scientific reputation: the reception of Peyton Rous' discovery of the chicken sarcoma virus |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=111–57 |year=2010 |pmid=20503720 |doi= 10.1007/s10739-008-9171-y|url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1915
| bacteriophage of staphylococci
|<ref name="Shors 589 "/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1917
| bacteriophage of shigellae
|<ref name="Shors 589 "/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1918
| bacteriophage of salmonellae
|<ref name="D'Herelle F 2007"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1927
| [[yellow fever]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513550">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gardner CL, Ryman KD |title=Yellow fever: a reemerging threat |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=237–60 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513550 |pmc=4349381 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2010.01.001 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1930
| [[western equine encephalitis virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19775836">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zacks MA, Paessler S |title=Encephalitic alphaviruses |journal=Veterinary Microbiology |volume=140 |issue=3–4 |pages=281–6 |date=January 2010 |pmid=19775836 |pmc=2814892 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.023 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1933
| [[eastern equine encephalitis virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19775836"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1934
| [[mumps virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19870227">{{cite journal |doi=10.1084/jem.59.1.1 |vauthors=Johnson CD, Goodpasture EW |title=An investigation of the etiology of mumps|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |date=January 1934 |pmid=19870227 |pmc=2132344}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1935
| [[Japanese encephalitis]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20132860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Misra UK, Kalita J |title=Overview: Japanese encephalitis |journal=Progress in Neurobiology |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=108–20 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20132860 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.008 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1943
| [[Dengue]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513545">{{cite journal |author=Ross TM |title=Dengue virus |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=149–60 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513545 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2009.10.007 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1949
| [[enterovirus]]es
|<ref name="pmid8024744">{{cite journal |author=Melnick JL |title=The discovery of the enteroviruses and the classification of poliovirus among them |journal=Biologicals |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=305–9 |date=December 1993 |pmid=8024744 |doi=10.1006/biol.1993.1088 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1952
| [[Varicella zoster virus]]
|<ref name="pmid8545033"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1953
| [[adenovirus]]
|<ref name="isbn0-7817-6060-7">{{cite book |author1=Martin, Malcolm A. |author2=Knipe, David M. |author3=Fields, Bernard N. |author4=Howley, Peter M. |author5=Griffin, Diane |author6=Lamb, Robert |title=Fields' virology |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |year=2007 |page=2395 |isbn=978-0-7817-6060-7}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1954
| [[measles virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19203111"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1956
| [[paramyxovirus]]es, [[rhinovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid15522442"/><ref name="pmid3039038"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1958
| [[monkeypox]]
|<ref name="pmid1331540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Douglass N, Dumbell K |title=Independent evolution of monkeypox and variola viruses |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=66 |issue=12 |pages=7565–7 |date=December 1992 |pmid=1331540 |pmc=240470}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1962
| [[rubella virus]]
|<ref name="pmid3890105">{{cite journal |author=Cooper LZ |title=The history and medical consequences of rubella |journal=Reviews of Infectious Diseases |volume=7 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S2–10 |year=1985 |pmid=3890105 |doi=10.1093/clinids/7.supplement_1.s2}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1963
| [[hepatitis B virus]]
|<ref name="pmid16190102">{{cite journal |author=Yap SF |title=Hepatitis B: review of development from the discovery of the "Australia Antigen" to end of the twentieth Century |journal=The Malaysian Journal of Pathology |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |date=June 2004 |pmid=16190102}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1964
| [[Epstein–Barr virus]]
|<ref name="pmid4288580">{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM, Zajac B, Henle G, Henle W |title=Morphological and virological investigations on cultured Burkitt tumor lymphoblasts (strain Raji) |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=547–59 |date=October 1966 |pmid=4288580 |doi=10.1093/jnci/37.4.547}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1965
| [[retrovirus]]es
|<ref name="pmid15682876">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S1464793104006505 |author=Karpas A |title=Human retroviruses in leukaemia and AIDS: reflections on their discovery, biology and epidemiology |journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=911–33 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15682876}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1966
| [[Lassa fever]] virus
|<ref name="pmid16802617">{{cite book |author=Curtis N |title=Viral haemorrhagic fevers caused by Lassa, Ebola and Marburg viruses |volume=582 |issue= |pages=35–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16802617 |doi=10.1007/0-387-33026-7_4 |series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |isbn=978-0-387-31783-0 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1967
| [[Marburg]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513546">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman AL, Towner JS, Nichol ST |title=Ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fever |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=161–77 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513546 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2009.12.001}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1972
| [[norovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid10804141">{{cite journal |author=Kapikian AZ |title=The discovery of the 27-nm Norwalk virus: an historic perspective |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=181 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S295–302 |date=May 2000 |pmid=10804141 |doi=10.1086/315584}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1973
| [[rotavirus]], [[hepatitis A virus]]
|<ref name="pmid186236">{{cite book |author=Bishop RF, Cameron DJ, Barnes GL, Holmes IH, Ruck BJ |title=The aetiology of diarrhoea in newborn infants |journal=Ciba Foundation Symposium |volume= |issue=42 |pages=223–36 |year=1976 |pmid=186236 |doi=10.1002/9780470720240.ch13|series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |isbn=9780470720240 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6307916">{{cite journal |doi=10.1159/000149367 |vauthors=Gust ID, Coulepis AG, Feinstone SM, Locarnini SA, Moritsugu Y, Najera R, Siegl G |title=Taxonomic classification of hepatitis A virus |journal=Intervirology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |year=1983 |pmid=6307916}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1975
| [[parvovirus B19]]
|<ref name="pmid6117755">{{cite journal |author=Cossart Y |title=Parvovirus B19 finds a disease |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8253 |pages=988–9 |date=October 1981 |pmid=6117755 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91185-5}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1976
| [[Ebola]] virus
|<ref name="pmid21084112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Feldmann H, Geisbert TW |title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever |journal=Lancet |volume= 377|issue= 9768|pages= 849–862|date=November 2010 |pmid=21084112 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8 |url= |pmc=3406178}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1980
| [[human T-lymphotropic virus 1]]
|<ref name="pmid16155599">{{cite journal |author=Gallo RC |title=History of the discoveries of the first human retroviruses: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 |journal=Oncogene |volume=24 |issue=39 |pages=5926–30 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16155599 |doi=10.1038/sj.onc.1208980}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1982
| [[human T-lymphotropic virus 2]]
|<ref name="pmid16155599"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1983
| [[HIV]]
|<ref name="pmid20152474">{{cite journal |author=Montagnier L |title=25 years after HIV discovery: prospects for cure and vaccine |journal=Virology |volume=397 |issue=2 |pages=248–54 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20152474 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.045}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1986
| [[human herpesvirus 6]]
|<ref name="pmid15653828">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Bolle L, Naesens L, De Clercq E |title=Update on human herpesvirus 6 biology, clinical features, and therapy |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=217–45 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15653828 |pmc=544175 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.1.217-245.2005}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |1989
| [[hepatitis C virus]]
|<ref name="pmid2523562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M |title=Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome |journal=Science |volume=244 |issue=4902 |pages=359–62 |date=April 1989 |pmid=2523562 |doi=10.1126/science.2523562|bibcode = 1989Sci...244..359C |citeseerx=10.1.1.469.3592 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1990
| [[hepatitis E virus]], [[Human herpesvirus 7]]
|<ref name="pmid20335188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bihl F, Negro F |title=Hepatitis E virus: a zoonosis adapting to humans |journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=817–21 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20335188 |doi=10.1093/jac/dkq085}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1994
| [[henipavirus]]
|<ref name="pmid18511217">{{cite journal |author=Wild TF |title=Henipaviruses: a new family of emerging Paramyxoviruses |journal=Pathologie-biologie |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=188–96 |date=March 2009 |pmid=18511217 |doi=10.1016/j.patbio.2008.04.006 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1997
| ''[[Anelloviridae]]''
|<ref name="pmid19230554">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70972-5_1 |author=Okamoto H |title=History of discoveries and pathogenicity of TT viruses |volume=331 |issue= |pages=1–20 |year=2009 |pmid=19230554|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |isbn=978-3-540-70971-8 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|History of science|Medicine|Viruses}}
*[[List of viruses]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=The Virus: A History of the Concept|author=Hughes, Sally Smith|publisher=Heinemann|place=London|year=1977|isbn=978-0882021683}}

{{Virus topics}}
{{Baltimore (virus classification)}}
{{History of medicine}}

[[Category:Virology|*Virology, History of]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Martinus Beijerinck]]

Geschichte der Virologie

2019-04-14T03:50:46Z

Espresso Addict: /* Early research 1920–1940 */ Encyclopedic wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}
[[File:TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg|thumb|right|[[Electron microscope|Electron micrograph]] of the rod-shaped particles of [[tobacco mosaic virus]] that are too small to be seen using a light microscope]]

The '''history of virology''' — the scientific study of viruses and the infections they cause – began in the closing years of the 19th century. Although [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Edward Jenner]] developed the first [[vaccine]]s to protect against viral infections, they did not know that viruses existed. The first evidence of the existence of viruses came from experiments with filters that had pores small enough to retain bacteria. In 1892, [[Dmitry Ivanovsky]] used one of these filters to show that sap from a diseased [[tobacco plant]] remained infectious to healthy tobacco plants despite having been filtered. [[Martinus Beijerinck]] called the filtered, infectious substance a "virus" and this discovery is considered to be the beginning of [[virology]]. The subsequent discovery and partial characterization of [[bacteriophage]]s by [[Felix d'Herelle]] further catalyzed the field, and by the early 20th century many viruses were discovered.

==Pioneers==
[[File:Adolf Mayer 1875.jpg|thumb|upright|180px|[[Adolf Mayer]] in 1875]]
[[File:Ivanovsky.jpg|thumb|upright|180px|[[Dmitri Ivanovsky]], ca. 1915]]
[[File:Mwb in lab.JPG|thumb|upright|180px|alt=An old, bespectacled man wearing a suit and sitting at a bench by a large window. The bench is covered with small bottles and test tubes. On the wall behind him is a large old-fashioned clock below frick u which are four small enclosed shelves on which sit many neatly labelled bottles.|[[Martinus Beijerinck]] in his laboratory in 1921.]]
Despite his other successes, [[Louis Pasteur]] (1822–1895) was unable to find a causative agent for [[rabies]] and speculated about a pathogen too small to be detected using a microscope.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bordenave G |title=Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) |journal=Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=553–60 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12758285 |doi=10.1016/S1286-4579(03)00075-3}}</ref> In 1884, the French [[microbiologist]] [[Charles Chamberland]] (1851–1931) invented a filter – known today as the [[Chamberland filter]] – that had pores smaller than bacteria. Thus, he could pass a solution containing bacteria through the filter and completely remove them from the solution.<ref name ="Shors 76–77">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|pp=76–77}}</ref>

In 1876, [[Adolf Mayer]], who directed the Agricultural Experimental Station in [[Wageningen]] was the first to show that what he called "Tobacco Mosaic Disease" was infectious, he thought that it was caused by either a toxin or a very small bacterium. Later, in 1892, the Russian biologist [[Dmitry Ivanovsky]] (1864–1920) used a Chamberland filter to study what is now known as the [[tobacco mosaic virus]]. His experiments showed that crushed leaf extracts from infected tobacco plants remain infectious after filtration. Ivanovsky suggested the infection might be caused by a [[toxin]] produced by bacteria, but did not pursue the idea.<ref name="Collier 3">{{harvnb|Topley|Wilson|1998|p=3}}</ref>

In 1898, the Dutch microbiologist [[Martinus Beijerinck]] (1851–1931), a microbiology teacher at the Agricultural School in [[Wageningen]] repeated experiments by [[Adolf Mayer]] and became convinced that filtrate contained a new form of infectious agent.<ref name="Dimmock 4–5">{{cite book |author1=Leppard, Keith |author2=Nigel Dimmock |author3=Easton, Andrew |title=Introduction to Modern Virology |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited |location= |year=2007 |pages=4–5 |isbn=978-1-4051-3645-7 }}</ref> He observed that the agent multiplied only in cells that were dividing and he called it a ''[[contagium vivum fluidum]]'' (soluble living germ) and re-introduced the word ''virus''.<ref name="Collier 3"/> Beijerinck maintained that viruses were liquid in nature, a theory later discredited by the American biochemist and virologist [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]] (1904–1971), who proved that they were in fact, particles.<ref name="Collier 3"/> In the same year [[Friedrich Loeffler]] (1852–1915) and [[Paul Frosch]] (1860–1928) passed the first animal virus through a similar filter and discovered the cause of [[foot-and-mouth disease]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fenner |first=F. |chapter=History of Virology: Vertebrate Viruses |editor-last=Mahy |editor-first=B.W.J. |editor2-last=Van Regenmortal |editor2-first=M.H.V. |title=Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology |publisher=Academic Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=2009 |page=15|isbn=978-0-12-375146-1 |ref={{harvid|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}}}}</ref>

In 1881, [[Carlos Finlay]] (1833–1915), a Cuban physician, first conducted and published research that indicated that mosquitoes were carrying the cause of yellow fever,<ref name="pmid2684378">{{cite journal |author=Chiong MA |title=Dr. Carlos Finlay and yellow fever |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=141 |issue=11 |page=1126 |date=December 1989 |pmid=2684378 |pmc=1451274}}</ref> a theory proved in 1900 by commission headed by [[Walter Reed]] (1851–1902). During 1901 and 1902, [[William Crawford Gorgas]] (1854–1920) organised the destruction of the mosquitoes' breeding habitats in Cuba, which dramatically reduced the prevalence of the disease.<ref name="pmid11482006">{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/pbm.2001.0051 |author=Litsios S |title=William Crawford Gorgas (1854–1920) |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=368–78 |year=2001 |pmid=11482006|pmc=1353777 }}</ref> Gorgas later organised the elimination of the mosquitoes from Panama, which allowed the [[Panama Canal]] to be opened in 1914.<ref name="pmid2673502">{{cite journal |author=Patterson R |title=Dr. William Gorgas and his war with the mosquito |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=596–7, 599 |date=September 1989 |pmid=2673502 |pmc=1451363}}</ref> The virus was finally isolated by [[Max Theiler]] (1899–1972) in 1932 who went on to develop a successful vaccine.<ref name="pmid20589188">{{cite journal |author=Frierson JG |title=The yellow fever vaccine: a history |journal=Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=77–85 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20589188 |pmc=2892770}}</ref>

By 1928 enough was known about viruses to enable the publication of ''Filterable Viruses'', a collection of essays covering all known viruses edited by [[Thomas Milton Rivers]] (1888–1962). Rivers, a survivor of [[typhoid fever]] contracted at the age of twelve, went on to have a distinguished career in virology. In 1926, he was invited to speak at a meeting organised by the Society of American Bacteriology where he said for the first time, "Viruses appear to be obligate parasites in the sense that their reproduction is dependent on living cells."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Horsfall FL |title=Thomas Milton Rivers, September 3, 1888–May 12, 1962 |journal=Biogr Mem Natl Acad Sci |volume=38 |pages=263–94 |date=1965 |pmid=11615452 |url=http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/trivers.pdf }}</ref>

From the 1950s to the 1960s, [[Chester M. Southam]], a prominent virologist, injected malignant [[HeLa]] cells into cancer patients, healthy individuals, and prison inmates from the [[Ohio Penitentiary]] in order to observe if cancer could be transmitted.<ref name="Broadway Paperbacks">{{cite book|last1=Skloot |first1=Rebecca|title=The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bz4aTiWLrYC&pg=PA128 |date=2010 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-74262-626-0 |pages=128–135}}</ref> He was also examining if one could become immune to cancer by developing an acquired immune response in hopes of creating a vaccine for cancer.<ref name="Broadway Paperbacks"/>

The notion that viruses were particles was not considered unnatural and fitted in nicely with the [[Germ theory of disease|germ theory]]. It is assumed that Dr. J. Buist of Edinburgh was the first person to see virus particles in 1886, when he reported seeing "micrococci" in vaccine lymph, though he had probably observed clumps of [[vaccinia]].<ref>*In 1887, Buist visualised one of the largest, Vaccinia virus, by optical microscopy after staining it. Vaccinia was not known to be a virus at that time. {{cite book |last=Buist |first=J.B. |year=1887 |title=Vaccinia and Variola: a study of their life history |publisher=Churchill |location=London}}</ref> In the years that followed, as optical microscopes were improved "inclusion bodies" were seen in many virus-infected cells, but these aggregates of virus particles were still too small to reveal any detailed structure. It was not until the invention of [[electron microscopy|the electron microscope]] in 1931 by the German engineers [[Ernst Ruska]] (1906–1988) and [[Max Knoll]] (1887–1969),<ref>From {{cite book |title=Nobel Lectures, Physics 1981–1990 |year=1993 |editor-first=Gösta |editor-last=Ekspång |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-9810207281}}</ref> that virus particles, especially [[bacteriophage]]s, were shown to have complex structures. The sizes of viruses determined using this new microscope fitted in well with those estimated by filtration experiments. Viruses were expected to be small, but the range of sizes came as a surprise. Some were only a little smaller than the smallest known bacteria, and the smaller viruses were of similar sizes to complex organic molecules.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Carr, N. G. |author2=Mahy, B. W. J. |author3=Pattison, J. R. |author4=Kelly, D. P. |title=The Microbe 1984: Thirty-sixth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology, held at the University of Warwick, April 1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Symposia of the Society for general microbiology |volume=36 |oclc=499302635 |year=1984 |page=4 |isbn=978-0-521-26056-5 |ref={{harvid|The Microbe 1984}}}}</ref>

In 1935, Wendell Stanley examined the tobacco mosaic virus and found it was mostly made of protein.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stanley WM, Loring HS | year = 1936 | title = The isolation of crystalline tobacco mosaic virus protein from diseased tomato plants | url = | journal = Science | volume = 83 | issue = 2143| page = 85 | pmid = 17756690 | doi=10.1126/science.83.2143.85|bibcode = 1936Sci....83...85S }}</ref> In 1939, Stanley and [[Max Lauffer]] (1914) separated the virus into protein and [[nucleic acid]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stanley WM, Lauffer MA | year = 1939 | title = Disintegration of tobacco mosaic virus in urea solutions | url = | journal = Science | volume = 89 | issue = 2311| pages = 345–347 | pmid = 17788438 | doi=10.1126/science.89.2311.345|bibcode = 1939Sci....89..345S }}</ref> which was shown by Stanley's postdoctoral fellow Hubert S. Loring to be specifically [[RNA]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Loring HS | year = 1939 | title = Properties and hydrolytic products of nucleic acid from tobacco mosaic virus | url = http://www.jbc.org/content/130/1/251.short | journal = Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 130 | issue=1 | pages = 251–258 }}</ref> The discovery of RNA in the particles was important because in 1928, [[Fred Griffith]] (c.1879–1941) provided the first evidence that its "cousin", [[DNA]], formed [[genes]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Burton E. Tropp |title=Molecular Biology: Genes to Proteins. Burton E. Tropp |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, Massachusetts |year=2007 |page=12 |isbn=978-0-7637-5963-6}}</ref>

In Pasteur's day, and for many years after his death, the word "virus" was used to describe any cause of infectious disease. Many [[bacteriologist]]s soon discovered the cause of numerous infections. However, some infections remained, many of them horrendous, for which no bacterial cause could be found. These agents were invisible and could only be grown in living animals. The discovery of viruses was the key that unlocked the door that withheld the secrets of the cause of these mysterious infections. And, although [[Koch's postulates]] could not be fulfilled for many of these infections, this did not stop the pioneer virologists from looking for viruses in infections for which no other cause could be found.<ref>{{harvnb|The Microbe 1984|page=3}}</ref>

==Bacteriophages==
{{Main|Bacteriophage}}
[[File:Phage S-PM2.png|thumb|left|Bacteriophage]]

===Discovery===
[[Bacteriophage]]s are the viruses that infect and replicate in bacteria. They were discovered in the early 20th century, by the English bacteriologist [[Frederick Twort]] (1877–1950).<ref name="Shors 589 ">{{cite book |first=Teri |last=Shors |title=Understanding Viruses |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, Mass |year=2008 |page=589 |isbn=978-0-7637-2932-5 |ref=harv}}</ref> But before this time, in 1896, the bacteriologist [[Ernest Hanbury Hankin]] (1865–1939) reported that something in the waters of the [[River Ganges]] could kill ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' – the cause of [[cholera]]. The agent in the water could be passed through filters that remove bacteria but was destroyed by boiling.<ref name = "Ackerman p3">{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA3 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=3}}</ref> Twort discovered the action of bacteriophages on [[staphylococcus|staphylococci]] bacteria. He noticed that when grown on nutrient agar some colonies of the bacteria became watery or "glassy". He collected some of these watery colonies and passed them through a Chamberland filter to remove the bacteria and discovered that when the filtrate was added to fresh cultures of bacteria, they in turn became watery.<ref name="Shors 589 "/> He proposed that the agent might be "an amoeba, an ultramicroscopic virus, a living protoplasm, or an enzyme with the power of growth".<ref name = "Ackerman p3"/>

[[Félix d'Herelle]] (1873–1949) was a mainly self-taught French-Canadian microbiologist. In 1917 he discovered that "an invisible antagonist", when added to bacteria on [[agar]], would produce areas of dead bacteria.<ref name="Shors 589 "/> The antagonist, now known to be a bacteriophage, could pass through a Chamberland filter. He accurately diluted a suspension of these viruses and discovered that the highest dilutions (lowest virus concentrations), rather than killing all the bacteria, formed discrete areas of dead organisms. Counting these areas and multiplying by the dilution factor allowed him to calculate the number of viruses in the original suspension.<ref name="D'Herelle F 2007">{{cite journal | pmid = 17855060 | doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2007.07.005 | volume=158 | issue=7 |date=September 2007 | pages=553–4 | author=D'Herelle F | title = On an invisible microbe antagonistic toward dysenteric bacilli: brief note by Mr. F. D'Herelle, presented by Mr. Roux☆ | journal = Research in Microbiology}}</ref> He realised that he had discovered a new form of virus and later coined the term "bacteriophage".<ref name="Ackermann H-W 2009 4">{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4}}</ref><ref>"The antagonistic microbe can never be cultivated in media in the absence of the dysentery bacillus. It does not attack heat-killed dysentery bacilli, but is cultivated perfectly in a suspension of washed cells in physiological saline. This indicates that the anti dysentery microbe is an obligate bacteriophage".
Felix d'Herelle (1917) ''An invisible microbe that is antagonistic to the dysentery bacillus'' (1917) [http://202.114.65.51/fzjx/wsw/wswfzjs/pdf/1917p157.pdf Comptes rendus Acad. Sci. Paris Retrieved on 2 December 2010]</ref>
Between 1918 and 1921 d'Herelle discovered different types of bacteriophages that could infect several other species of bacteria including ''Vibrio cholerae''.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4 Table 1 }}</ref> Bacteriophages were heralded as a potential treatment for diseases such as [[typhoid]] and [[cholera]], but their promise was forgotten with the development of [[penicillin]].<ref name="Ackermann H-W 2009 4"/> Since the early 1970s, bacteria have continued to develop resistance to [[antibiotic]]s such as [[penicillin]], and this has led to a renewed interest in the use of [[phage therapy|bacteriophages to treat serious infections]].<ref name="Shors 591 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=591}}</ref>

===Early research 1920–1940===
D'Herelle travelled widely to promote the use of bacteriophages in the treatment of bacterial infections. In 1928, he became professor of biology at [[Yale]] and founded several research institutes.<ref name="Shors 590 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=590}}</ref> He was convinced that bacteriophages were viruses despite opposition from established bacteriologists such as the Nobel Prize winner [[Jules Bordet]] (1870–1961). Bordet argued that bacteriophages were not viruses but just [[enzyme]]s released from [[lysogenic cycle|"lysogenic"]] bacteria. He said "the invisible world of d'Herelle does not exist".<ref>Quoted in: {{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4}}</ref> But in the 1930s, the proof that bacteriophages were viruses was provided by [[Christopher Andrewes]] (1896–1988) and others. They showed that these viruses differed in size and in their chemical and [[serology|serological]] properties.
In 1940, the first [[electron microscope|electron micrograph]] of a bacteriophage was published and this silenced sceptics who had argued that bacteriophages were relatively simple enzymes and not viruses.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA3 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |pages=3–5 }}</ref>
Numerous other types of bacteriophages were quickly discovered and were shown to infect bacteria wherever they are found. Early research was interrupted by [[World War II]]. d'Herelle, despite his Canadian citizenship, was interned by the [[Vichy France|Vichy Government]] until the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA5 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=5 }}</ref>

===Modern era===
Knowledge of bacteriophages increased in the 1940s following the formation of the [[Phage group|Phage Group]] by scientists throughout the US. Among the members were [[Max Delbrück]] (1906–1981) who founded a course on bacteriophages at [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]].<ref name="Shors 591 "/> Other key members of the Phage Group included [[Salvador Luria]] (1912–1991) and [[Alfred Hershey]] (1908–1997). During the 1950s, [[Hershey–Chase experiment|Hershey and Chase]] made important discoveries on the replication of DNA during their studies on a bacteriophage called [[Enterobacteria phage T2|T2]]. Together with Delbruck they were jointly awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses".<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1969/ Nobel Organisation]</ref> Since then, the study of bacteriophages has provided insights into the switching on and off of genes, and a useful mechanism for introducing foreign genes into bacteria and many other fundamental mechanisms of [[molecular biology]].<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA5 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |pages=5–10 Table 1}}</ref>

==Plant viruses==
In 1882, [[Adolf Mayer]] (1843–1942) described a condition of tobacco plants, which he called "mosaic disease" ("mozaïkziekte"). The diseased plants had [[variegation|variegated]] leaves that were [[mottle]]d.<ref>Mayer A (1882) Over de moza¨ıkziekte van de tabak: voorloopige mededeeling. Tijdschr
Landbouwkunde Groningen 2: 359–364 (In German)</ref> He excluded the possibility of a fungal infection and could not detect any bacterium and speculated that a "soluble, enzyme-like infectious principle was involved".<ref name="pmid16732421">Quoted in: {{cite journal |vauthors=van der Want JP, Dijkstra J |title=A history of plant virology |journal=Archives of Virology|volume=151 |issue=8 |pages=1467–98 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16732421 |doi=10.1007/s00705-006-0782-3}}</ref> He did not pursue his idea any further, and it was the filtration experiments of Ivanovsky and Beijerinck that suggested the cause was a previously unrecognised infectious agent. After tobacco mosaic was recognized as a virus disease, virus infections of many other plants were discovered.<ref name="pmid16732421"/>

The importance of tobacco mosaic virus in the history of viruses cannot be overstated. It was the first virus to be discovered, and the first to be [[crystal]]lised and its structure shown in detail. The first [[X-ray diffraction]] pictures of the crystallised virus were obtained by Bernal and Fankuchen in 1941. On the basis of her pictures, [[Rosalind Franklin]] discovered the full structure of the virus in 1955.<ref name="pmid18702397">{{cite journal|vauthors=Creager AN, Morgan GJ |title=After the double helix: Rosalind Franklin's research on Tobacco mosaic virus|journal=Isis
|volume=99|issue=2|pages=239–72|date=June 2008|pmid=18702397|doi=10.1086/588626}}</ref> In the same year, [[Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat]] and [[Robley Williams]] showed that purified tobacco mosaic virus RNA and its [[capsid|coat protein]] can assemble by themselves to form functional viruses, suggesting that this simple mechanism was probably the means through which viruses were created within their host cells.<ref name="Dimmock 12 ">{{cite book |author1=Leppard, Keith |author2=Nigel Dimmock |author3=Easton, Andrew |title=Introduction to Modern Virology |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited |location= |year=2007 |page=12 |isbn=978-1-4051-3645-7 }}</ref>

By 1935 many plant diseases were thought to be caused by viruses. In 1922, [[John Kunkel Small]] (1869–1938) discovered that insects could act as [[vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] and transmit virus to plants. In the following decade many diseases of plants were shown to be caused by viruses that were carried by insects and in 1939, [[Francis Holmes (virologist)|Francis Holmes]], a pioneer in plant virology,<ref name="pmid11718380">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pennazio S, Roggero P, Conti M |title=A history of plant virology. Mendelian genetics and resistance of plants to viruses |journal=New Microbiology |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=409–24 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11718380 }}</ref> described 129 viruses that caused disease of plants.<ref name="Shors 563 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=563 }}</ref> Modern, intensive agriculture provides a rich environment for many plant viruses. In 1948, in Kansas, US, 7% of the wheat crop was destroyed by [[wheat streak mosaic virus]]. The virus was spread by mites called ''[[Aceria tulipae]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=D. |last=Hansing |first2=C.O. |last2=Johnston |first3=L.E. |last3=Melchers |first4=H. |last4=Fellows |date=1949 |title=Kansas Phytopathological Notes |journal=Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=363–369 |jstor=3625805 |doi=10.2307/3625805 }}</ref>

In 1970, the Russian plant virologist [[Joseph Atabekov]] discovered that many plant viruses only infect a single species of host plant.<ref name="pmid11718380"/> The [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] now recognises over 900 plant viruses.<ref name="Shors 564 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=564}}</ref>

==20th century==
By the end of the 19th century, viruses were defined in terms of their [[infectivity]], their ability to be filtered, and their requirement for living hosts. Up until this time, viruses had only been grown in plants and animals, but in 1906, [[Ross Granville Harrison]] (1870–1959) invented a method for growing [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] in [[lymph]],<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/rharrison.pdf |first=J.S. |last=Nicholas |title=Ross Granville Harrison 1870—1959 A Biographical Memoir |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |year=1961 }}</ref> and, in 1913, E Steinhardt, C Israeli, and RA Lambert used this method to grow [[vaccinia]] virus in fragments of guinea pig corneal tissue.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Steinhardt |first=E. |last2=Israeli |first2=C. |last3=Lambert |first3=R.A. |year=1913 |title=Studies on the cultivation of the virus of vaccinia |journal=J. Inf Dis. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=294–300 |doi=10.1093/infdis/13.2.294}}</ref> In 1928, HB and MC Maitland grew vaccinia virus in suspensions of minced hens' kidneys.<ref name="pmid13475780">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0022172400037268 |vauthors=Maitland HB, Magrath DI |title=The growth in vitro of vaccinia virus in chick embryo chorio-allantoic membrane, minced embryo and cell suspensions |journal=The Journal of Hygiene |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=347–60 |date=September 1957 |pmid=13475780 |pmc=2217967}}</ref> Their method was not widely adopted until the 1950s, when [[poliovirus]] was grown on a large scale for vaccine production.<ref name="Collier 4">{{cite book |last=Sussman |first=Max |last2=Topley |first2=W.W.C. |last3=Wilson |first3=Graham K. |last4=Collier |first4=L.H. |last5=Balows |first5=Albert |title=Topley & Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections |publisher=Arnold |location=London |year=1998 |page=4 |isbn=978-0-340-66316-5 |ref={{harvid|Topley|Wilson|1998}}}}</ref> In 1941–42, [[George Hirst (virologist)|George Hirst]] (1909–94) developed assays based on [[hemagglutination|haemagglutination]] to quantify a wide range of viruses as well as virus-specific antibodies in serum.<ref name=Joklik>{{cite journal |vauthors=Joklik WK |title=When two is better than one: thoughts on three decades of interaction between Virology and the Journal of Virology |journal=[[Journal of Virology|J. Virol.]] |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=3520–3 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10196240 |pmc=104123 |url=http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10196240}}</ref><ref name=Schlesinger>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schlesinger RW, Granoff A | year = 1994 | title = George K. Hirst (1909–1994) | url = | journal = [[Virology (journal)|Virology]] | volume = 200 | issue = 2| page = 327 | doi=10.1006/viro.1994.1196}}</ref>

===Influenza===
[[File:Influenza Pandemic Masked Typist.jpg|thumb|right|A woman working during the 1918–1919 influenza epidemic. The face mask probably afforded minimal protection.]]
{{Main|Influenza}}

Although the [[influenza virus]] that caused the [[1918 flu pandemic|1918–1919]] influenza pandemic was not discovered until the 1930s, the descriptions of the disease and subsequent research has proved it was to blame.<ref name="Shors 238-344 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|pp=238–344}}</ref>
The pandemic killed 40–50 million people in less than a year,<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael B. A. |last=Oldstone |title=Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |page=306 |isbn=978-0-19-532731-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUDRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306 |ref=harv}}</ref> but the proof that it was caused by a virus was not obtained until 1933.<ref name="pmid15081510">{{cite journal |author=Cunha BA |title=Influenza: historical aspects of epidemics and pandemics |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=141–55 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15081510 |doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00095-3}}</ref> ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' is an opportunistic bacterium which commonly follows influenza infections; this led the eminent German bacteriologist [[Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer|Richard Pfeiffer]] (1858–1945) to incorrectly conclude that this bacterium was the cause of influenza.<ref>{{harvnb|Oldstone|2009|p=315}}</ref> A major breakthrough came in 1931, when the American pathologist [[Ernest William Goodpasture]] grew influenza and several other viruses in fertilised chickens' eggs.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodpasture EW, Woodruff AM, Buddingh GJ | year = 1931 | title = The cultivation of vaccine and other viruses in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos | url = | journal = Science | volume = 74 | issue = 1919| pages = 371–2 | pmid = 17810781 | doi=10.1126/science.74.1919.371|bibcode = 1931Sci....74..371G }}</ref> Hirst identified an enzymic activity associated with the virus particle, later characterised as the [[viral neuraminidase|neuraminidase]], the first demonstration that viruses could contain enzymes. [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] showed in the early 1950s that the virus recombines at high frequencies, and Hirst later deduced that it has a segmented genome.<ref name=Kilbourne>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kilbourne ED |title=Presentation of the Academy Medal to George K. Hirst, M.D |journal=Bull N Y Acad Med |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=1133–6 |date=November 1975 |pmid=1104014 |pmc=1749565 }}</ref>

===Poliomyelitis===
{{Main|Poliomyelitis}}

In 1949, [[John F. Enders]] (1897–1985) [[Thomas Huckle Weller|Thomas Weller]] (1915–2008), and [[Frederick Robbins]] (1916–2003) grew polio virus for the first time in cultured human embryo cells, the first virus to be grown without using solid animal tissue or eggs. Infections by poliovirus most often cause the mildest of symptoms. This was not known until the virus was isolated in cultured cells and many people were shown to have had mild infections that did not lead to poliomyelitis. But, unlike other viral infections, the incidence of polio – the rarer severe form of the infection – increased in the 20th century and reached a peak around 1952. The invention of a [[cell culture]] system for growing the virus enabled [[Jonas Salk]] (1914–1995) to make an effective [[polio vaccine]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Rosen FS | year = 2004 | title = Isolation of poliovirus—John Enders and the Nobel Prize | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 351 | issue = 15| pages = 1481–83 | pmid = 15470207 | doi=10.1056/NEJMp048202}}</ref>

===Epstein–Barr virus===
[[Denis Parsons Burkitt]] (1911–1993) was born in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Ireland. He was the first to describe a type of cancer that now bears his name [[Burkitt's lymphoma]]. This type of cancer was endemic in equatorial Africa and was the commonest malignancy of children in the early 1960s.<ref name="pmid19620863">{{cite journal |author=Magrath I |title=Lessons from clinical trials in African Burkitt lymphoma |journal=Current Opinion in Oncology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=462–8 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19620863 |doi=10.1097/CCO.0b013e32832f3dcd}}</ref> In an attempt to find a cause for the cancer, Burkitt sent cells from the tumour to [[Anthony Epstein]] (b. 1921) a British virologist, who along with [[Yvonne Barr]] and [[Bert Achong]] (1928–1996), and after many failures, discovered viruses that resembled herpes virus in the fluid that surrounded the cells. The virus was later shown to be a previously unrecognised herpes virus, which is now called [[Epstein–Barr virus]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Epstein |first= M. Anthony |authorlink= M. Anthony Epstein |editor1-last=Robertson |editor1-first=Earl S. |title= Epstein-Barr Virus |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TRO-wXto8hcC |accessdate= 18 September 2010 |year= 2005 |publisher= Cromwell Press |location= Trowbridge |isbn= 978-1-904455-03-5 |pages=1–14 |chapter= 1. The origins of EBV research: discovery and characterization of the virus }}</ref> Surprisingly, Epstein–Barr virus is a very common but relatively mild infection of Europeans. Why it can cause such a devastating illness in Africans is not fully understood, but reduced immunity to virus caused by [[malaria]] might be to blame.<ref name="pmid19165855">{{cite journal |author=Bornkamm GW |title=Epstein-Barr virus and the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma: more questions than answers |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=124 |issue=8 |pages=1745–55 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19165855 |doi=10.1002/ijc.24223}}</ref> Epstein–Barr virus is important in the history of viruses for being the first virus shown to cause cancer in humans.<ref name="pmid16083776">{{cite journal |author=Thorley-Lawson DA |title=EBV the prototypical human tumor virus—just how bad is it? |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=251–61; quiz 262 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16083776 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.05.038 }}</ref>

===Late 20th century===
[[File:Rotavirus Reconstruction.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A [[rotavirus]] particle]]

The second half of the 20th century was the golden age of virus discovery and most of the 2,000 recognised species of animal, plant, and bacterial viruses were discovered during these years.<ref name="pmid18446425">{{cite journal |author=Norrby E |title=Nobel Prizes and the emerging virus concept |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=153 |issue=6 |pages=1109–23 |year=2008 |pmid=18446425 |doi=10.1007/s00705-008-0088-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Discoverers and Discoveries - ICTV Files and Discussions|url=http://talk.ictvonline.org/media/p/633.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111003049/http://talk.ictvonline.org/media/p/633.aspx|dead-url=yes|archive-date=11 November 2009|accessdate=5 November 2017|date=11 November 2009}}</ref> In 1946, [[Bovine virus diarrhea]] was discovered,<ref name="pmid20995890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olafson P, MacCallum AD, Fox FH |title=An apparently new transmissible disease of cattle |journal=The Cornell Veterinarian |volume=36 |issue= |pages=205–13 |date=July 1946 |pmid=20995890}}</ref> which is still possibly the most common pathogen of cattle throughout the world<ref name="pmid20197026">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peterhans E, Bachofen C, Stalder H, Schweizer M |title=Cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV): emerging pestiviruses doomed to extinction |journal=Veterinary Research |volume=41 |issue=6 |page=44 |year=2010 |pmid=20197026 |pmc=2850149 |doi=10.1051/vetres/2010016}}</ref> and in 1957, [[Arterivirus|equine arterivirus]] was discovered.<ref name="pmid13397177">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bryans JT, Crowe ME, Doll ER, McCollum WH |title=Isolation of a filterable agent causing arteritis of horses and abortion by mares; its differentiation from the equine abortion (influenza) virus |journal=The Cornell Veterinarian |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–41 |date=January 1957 |pmid=13397177}}</ref> In the 1950s, improvements in virus isolation and detection methods resulted in the discovery of several important human viruses including [[Varicella zoster virus]],<ref name="pmid8545033">{{cite journal |author=Weller TH |title=Varicella-zoster virus: History, perspectives, and evolving concerns |journal=Neurology |volume=45 |issue=12 Suppl 8 |pages=S9–10 |date=December 1995 |pmid=8545033 |doi=10.1212/wnl.45.12_suppl_8.s9}}</ref> the [[paramyxovirus]]es,<ref name="pmid15522442">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt AC, Johnson TR, Openshaw PJ, Braciale TJ, Falsey AR, Anderson LJ, Wertz GW, Groothuis JR, Prince GA, Melero JA, Graham BS |title=Respiratory syncytial virus and other pneumoviruses: a review of the international symposium—RSV 2003 |journal=Virus Research |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15522442 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.06.008}}</ref> – which include [[measles]] virus,<ref name="pmid19203111">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_10 |vauthors=Griffin DE, Pan CH |title=Measles: old vaccines, new vaccines |volume=330 |issue= |pages=191–212 |year=2009 |pmid=19203111|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |isbn=978-3-540-70616-8 }}</ref> and [[respiratory syncytial virus]]<ref name="pmid15522442"/> – and the [[rhinovirus]]es that cause the [[common cold]].<ref name="pmid3039038">{{cite journal |author=Tyrrell DA |title=The common cold—my favourite infection. The eighteenth Majority Stephenson memorial lecture |journal=The Journal of General Virology |volume=68 |issue= 8|pages=2053–61 |date=August 1987 |pmid=3039038 |doi=10.1099/0022-1317-68-8-2053}}</ref> In the 1960s more viruses were discovered. In 1963, the [[Hepatitis B|hepatitis B virus]] was discovered by [[Baruch Blumberg]] (b. 1925).<ref name="pmid18298788">{{cite journal |author=Zetterström R |title=Nobel Prize to Baruch Blumberg for the discovery of the aetiology of hepatitis B |journal=Acta Paediatrica |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=384–7 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18298788 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00669.x }}</ref> [[Reverse transcriptase]], the key enzyme that retroviruses use to [[translation (biology)|translate]] their RNA into DNA, was first described in 1970, independently by Howard Temin and [[David Baltimore]] (b. 1938).<ref name="pmid4348509">{{cite book|vauthors=Temin HM, Baltimore D |title=RNA-directed DNA synthesis and RNA tumor viruses|volume=17|pages=129–86|year=1972|pmid=4348509
|doi=10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60749-6|series=Advances in Virus Research|isbn=9780120398171}}</ref> This was important to the development of [[antiviral drug]]s – a key turning-point in the history of viral infections.<ref name="pmid20018391">{{cite journal |author=Broder S |title=The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic |journal=Antiviral Research |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20018391 |pmc=2815149 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.002}}</ref> In 1983 [[Luc Montagnier]] (b. 1932) and his team at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in France, first isolated the retrovirus now called HIV.<ref name="pmid6189183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, Dauguet C, Axler-Blin C, Vézinet-Brun F, Rouzioux C, Rozenbaum W, Montagnier L |title=Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |journal=Science |volume=220 |issue=4599 |pages=868–71 |date=May 1983 |pmid=6189183 |doi=10.1126/science.6189183 |bibcode=1983Sci...220..868B}}</ref> In 1989 [[Michael Houghton (virologist)|Michael Houghton]]'s team at [[Chiron Corporation]] discovered [[Hepatitis C]].<ref name="pmid19781804">{{cite journal |author=Houghton M |title=The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=939–48 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19781804 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004 |url=http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext}}</ref>
New viruses and strains of viruses were discovered in every decade of the second half of the 20th century. These discoveries have continued in the 21st century as new viral diseases such as [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]]<ref name="pmid21116811">{{cite book |vauthors=Peiris JS, Poon LL |title=Detection of SARS Coronavirus |volume=665 |issue= |pages=369–82 |year=2011 |pmid=21116811 |doi=10.1007/978-1-60761-817-1_20|series=Methods in Molecular Biology |isbn=978-1-60761-816-4 }}</ref> and [[nipah virus]]<ref name="pmid11334748">{{cite journal |vauthors=Field H, Young P, Yob JM, Mills J, Hall L, Mackenzie J |title=The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses |journal=Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=307–14 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11334748 |doi=10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01384-3}}</ref> have emerged. Despite scientists' achievements over the past one hundred years, viruses continue to pose new threats and challenges.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahy |first=B.W.J. |title=Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology |publisher=Academic Press |location=Boston |year=2009 |pages=583–7 |isbn=978-0-12-375147-8 |ref=harv}}</ref>

{| class ="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
|+ '''Some of the many viruses discovered in the 20th century'''
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Virus
! scope="col" | References
|-
! scope="row" | 1908
| [[poliovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid20683737">{{cite journal |author=Skern T |title=100 years poliovirus: from discovery to eradication. A meeting report |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=155 |issue=9 |pages=1371–81 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20683737 |doi=10.1007/s00705-010-0778-x}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1911
| [[Rous sarcoma virus]]
|<ref name="pmid20503720">{{cite journal |author=Becsei-Kilborn E |title=Scientific discovery and scientific reputation: the reception of Peyton Rous' discovery of the chicken sarcoma virus |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=111–57 |year=2010 |pmid=20503720 |doi= 10.1007/s10739-008-9171-y|url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1915
| bacteriophage of staphylococci
|<ref name="Shors 589 "/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1917
| bacteriophage of shigellae
|<ref name="Shors 589 "/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1918
| bacteriophage of salmonellae
|<ref name="D'Herelle F 2007"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1927
| [[yellow fever]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513550">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gardner CL, Ryman KD |title=Yellow fever: a reemerging threat |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=237–60 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513550 |pmc=4349381 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2010.01.001 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1930
| [[western equine encephalitis virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19775836">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zacks MA, Paessler S |title=Encephalitic alphaviruses |journal=Veterinary Microbiology |volume=140 |issue=3–4 |pages=281–6 |date=January 2010 |pmid=19775836 |pmc=2814892 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.023 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1933
| [[eastern equine encephalitis virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19775836"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1934
| [[mumps virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19870227">{{cite journal |doi=10.1084/jem.59.1.1 |vauthors=Johnson CD, Goodpasture EW |title=An investigation of the etiology of mumps|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |date=January 1934 |pmid=19870227 |pmc=2132344}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1935
| [[Japanese encephalitis]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20132860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Misra UK, Kalita J |title=Overview: Japanese encephalitis |journal=Progress in Neurobiology |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=108–20 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20132860 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.008 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1943
| [[Dengue]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513545">{{cite journal |author=Ross TM |title=Dengue virus |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=149–60 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513545 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2009.10.007 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1949
| [[enterovirus]]es
|<ref name="pmid8024744">{{cite journal |author=Melnick JL |title=The discovery of the enteroviruses and the classification of poliovirus among them |journal=Biologicals |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=305–9 |date=December 1993 |pmid=8024744 |doi=10.1006/biol.1993.1088 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1952
| [[Varicella zoster virus]]
|<ref name="pmid8545033"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1953
| [[adenovirus]]
|<ref name="isbn0-7817-6060-7">{{cite book |author1=Martin, Malcolm A. |author2=Knipe, David M. |author3=Fields, Bernard N. |author4=Howley, Peter M. |author5=Griffin, Diane |author6=Lamb, Robert |title=Fields' virology |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |year=2007 |page=2395 |isbn=978-0-7817-6060-7}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1954
| [[measles virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19203111"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1956
| [[paramyxovirus]]es, [[rhinovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid15522442"/><ref name="pmid3039038"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1958
| [[monkeypox]]
|<ref name="pmid1331540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Douglass N, Dumbell K |title=Independent evolution of monkeypox and variola viruses |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=66 |issue=12 |pages=7565–7 |date=December 1992 |pmid=1331540 |pmc=240470}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1962
| [[rubella virus]]
|<ref name="pmid3890105">{{cite journal |author=Cooper LZ |title=The history and medical consequences of rubella |journal=Reviews of Infectious Diseases |volume=7 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S2–10 |year=1985 |pmid=3890105 |doi=10.1093/clinids/7.supplement_1.s2}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1963
| [[hepatitis B virus]]
|<ref name="pmid16190102">{{cite journal |author=Yap SF |title=Hepatitis B: review of development from the discovery of the "Australia Antigen" to end of the twentieth Century |journal=The Malaysian Journal of Pathology |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |date=June 2004 |pmid=16190102}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1964
| [[Epstein–Barr virus]]
|<ref name="pmid4288580">{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM, Zajac B, Henle G, Henle W |title=Morphological and virological investigations on cultured Burkitt tumor lymphoblasts (strain Raji) |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=547–59 |date=October 1966 |pmid=4288580 |doi=10.1093/jnci/37.4.547}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1965
| [[retrovirus]]es
|<ref name="pmid15682876">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S1464793104006505 |author=Karpas A |title=Human retroviruses in leukaemia and AIDS: reflections on their discovery, biology and epidemiology |journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=911–33 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15682876}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1966
| [[Lassa fever]] virus
|<ref name="pmid16802617">{{cite book |author=Curtis N |title=Viral haemorrhagic fevers caused by Lassa, Ebola and Marburg viruses |volume=582 |issue= |pages=35–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16802617 |doi=10.1007/0-387-33026-7_4 |series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |isbn=978-0-387-31783-0 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1967
| [[Marburg]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513546">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman AL, Towner JS, Nichol ST |title=Ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fever |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=161–77 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513546 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2009.12.001}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1972
| [[norovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid10804141">{{cite journal |author=Kapikian AZ |title=The discovery of the 27-nm Norwalk virus: an historic perspective |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=181 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S295–302 |date=May 2000 |pmid=10804141 |doi=10.1086/315584}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1973
| [[rotavirus]], [[hepatitis A virus]]
|<ref name="pmid186236">{{cite book |author=Bishop RF, Cameron DJ, Barnes GL, Holmes IH, Ruck BJ |title=The aetiology of diarrhoea in newborn infants |journal=Ciba Foundation Symposium |volume= |issue=42 |pages=223–36 |year=1976 |pmid=186236 |doi=10.1002/9780470720240.ch13|series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |isbn=9780470720240 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6307916">{{cite journal |doi=10.1159/000149367 |vauthors=Gust ID, Coulepis AG, Feinstone SM, Locarnini SA, Moritsugu Y, Najera R, Siegl G |title=Taxonomic classification of hepatitis A virus |journal=Intervirology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |year=1983 |pmid=6307916}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1975
| [[parvovirus B19]]
|<ref name="pmid6117755">{{cite journal |author=Cossart Y |title=Parvovirus B19 finds a disease |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8253 |pages=988–9 |date=October 1981 |pmid=6117755 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91185-5}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1976
| [[Ebola]] virus
|<ref name="pmid21084112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Feldmann H, Geisbert TW |title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever |journal=Lancet |volume= 377|issue= 9768|pages= 849–862|date=November 2010 |pmid=21084112 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8 |url= |pmc=3406178}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1980
| [[human T-lymphotropic virus 1]]
|<ref name="pmid16155599">{{cite journal |author=Gallo RC |title=History of the discoveries of the first human retroviruses: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 |journal=Oncogene |volume=24 |issue=39 |pages=5926–30 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16155599 |doi=10.1038/sj.onc.1208980}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1982
| [[human T-lymphotropic virus 2]]
|<ref name="pmid16155599"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1983
| [[HIV]]
|<ref name="pmid20152474">{{cite journal |author=Montagnier L |title=25 years after HIV discovery: prospects for cure and vaccine |journal=Virology |volume=397 |issue=2 |pages=248–54 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20152474 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.045}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1986
| [[human herpesvirus 6]]
|<ref name="pmid15653828">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Bolle L, Naesens L, De Clercq E |title=Update on human herpesvirus 6 biology, clinical features, and therapy |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=217–45 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15653828 |pmc=544175 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.1.217-245.2005}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |1989
| [[hepatitis C virus]]
|<ref name="pmid2523562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M |title=Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome |journal=Science |volume=244 |issue=4902 |pages=359–62 |date=April 1989 |pmid=2523562 |doi=10.1126/science.2523562|bibcode = 1989Sci...244..359C |citeseerx=10.1.1.469.3592 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1990
| [[hepatitis E virus]], [[Human herpesvirus 7]]
|<ref name="pmid20335188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bihl F, Negro F |title=Hepatitis E virus: a zoonosis adapting to humans |journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=817–21 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20335188 |doi=10.1093/jac/dkq085}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1994
| [[henipavirus]]
|<ref name="pmid18511217">{{cite journal |author=Wild TF |title=Henipaviruses: a new family of emerging Paramyxoviruses |journal=Pathologie-biologie |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=188–96 |date=March 2009 |pmid=18511217 |doi=10.1016/j.patbio.2008.04.006 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1997
| ''[[Anelloviridae]]''
|<ref name="pmid19230554">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70972-5_1 |author=Okamoto H |title=History of discoveries and pathogenicity of TT viruses |volume=331 |issue= |pages=1–20 |year=2009 |pmid=19230554|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |isbn=978-3-540-70971-8 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|History of science|Medicine|Viruses}}
*[[List of viruses]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=The Virus: A History of the Concept|author=Hughes, Sally Smith|publisher=Heinemann|place=London|year=1977|isbn=978-0882021683}}

{{Virus topics}}
{{Baltimore (virus classification)}}
{{History of medicine}}

[[Category:Virology|*Virology, History of]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Martinus Beijerinck]]

Geschichte der Virologie

2019-04-14T03:48:06Z

Espresso Addict: /* Discovery */ C/e

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2013}}
[[File:TobaccoMosaicVirus.jpg|thumb|right|[[Electron microscope|Electron micrograph]] of the rod-shaped particles of [[tobacco mosaic virus]] that are too small to be seen using a light microscope]]

The '''history of virology''' — the scientific study of viruses and the infections they cause – began in the closing years of the 19th century. Although [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Edward Jenner]] developed the first [[vaccine]]s to protect against viral infections, they did not know that viruses existed. The first evidence of the existence of viruses came from experiments with filters that had pores small enough to retain bacteria. In 1892, [[Dmitry Ivanovsky]] used one of these filters to show that sap from a diseased [[tobacco plant]] remained infectious to healthy tobacco plants despite having been filtered. [[Martinus Beijerinck]] called the filtered, infectious substance a "virus" and this discovery is considered to be the beginning of [[virology]]. The subsequent discovery and partial characterization of [[bacteriophage]]s by [[Felix d'Herelle]] further catalyzed the field, and by the early 20th century many viruses were discovered.

==Pioneers==
[[File:Adolf Mayer 1875.jpg|thumb|upright|180px|[[Adolf Mayer]] in 1875]]
[[File:Ivanovsky.jpg|thumb|upright|180px|[[Dmitri Ivanovsky]], ca. 1915]]
[[File:Mwb in lab.JPG|thumb|upright|180px|alt=An old, bespectacled man wearing a suit and sitting at a bench by a large window. The bench is covered with small bottles and test tubes. On the wall behind him is a large old-fashioned clock below frick u which are four small enclosed shelves on which sit many neatly labelled bottles.|[[Martinus Beijerinck]] in his laboratory in 1921.]]
Despite his other successes, [[Louis Pasteur]] (1822–1895) was unable to find a causative agent for [[rabies]] and speculated about a pathogen too small to be detected using a microscope.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bordenave G |title=Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) |journal=Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=553–60 |date=May 2003 |pmid=12758285 |doi=10.1016/S1286-4579(03)00075-3}}</ref> In 1884, the French [[microbiologist]] [[Charles Chamberland]] (1851–1931) invented a filter – known today as the [[Chamberland filter]] – that had pores smaller than bacteria. Thus, he could pass a solution containing bacteria through the filter and completely remove them from the solution.<ref name ="Shors 76–77">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|pp=76–77}}</ref>

In 1876, [[Adolf Mayer]], who directed the Agricultural Experimental Station in [[Wageningen]] was the first to show that what he called "Tobacco Mosaic Disease" was infectious, he thought that it was caused by either a toxin or a very small bacterium. Later, in 1892, the Russian biologist [[Dmitry Ivanovsky]] (1864–1920) used a Chamberland filter to study what is now known as the [[tobacco mosaic virus]]. His experiments showed that crushed leaf extracts from infected tobacco plants remain infectious after filtration. Ivanovsky suggested the infection might be caused by a [[toxin]] produced by bacteria, but did not pursue the idea.<ref name="Collier 3">{{harvnb|Topley|Wilson|1998|p=3}}</ref>

In 1898, the Dutch microbiologist [[Martinus Beijerinck]] (1851–1931), a microbiology teacher at the Agricultural School in [[Wageningen]] repeated experiments by [[Adolf Mayer]] and became convinced that filtrate contained a new form of infectious agent.<ref name="Dimmock 4–5">{{cite book |author1=Leppard, Keith |author2=Nigel Dimmock |author3=Easton, Andrew |title=Introduction to Modern Virology |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited |location= |year=2007 |pages=4–5 |isbn=978-1-4051-3645-7 }}</ref> He observed that the agent multiplied only in cells that were dividing and he called it a ''[[contagium vivum fluidum]]'' (soluble living germ) and re-introduced the word ''virus''.<ref name="Collier 3"/> Beijerinck maintained that viruses were liquid in nature, a theory later discredited by the American biochemist and virologist [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]] (1904–1971), who proved that they were in fact, particles.<ref name="Collier 3"/> In the same year [[Friedrich Loeffler]] (1852–1915) and [[Paul Frosch]] (1860–1928) passed the first animal virus through a similar filter and discovered the cause of [[foot-and-mouth disease]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Fenner |first=F. |chapter=History of Virology: Vertebrate Viruses |editor-last=Mahy |editor-first=B.W.J. |editor2-last=Van Regenmortal |editor2-first=M.H.V. |title=Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology |publisher=Academic Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=2009 |page=15|isbn=978-0-12-375146-1 |ref={{harvid|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}}}}</ref>

In 1881, [[Carlos Finlay]] (1833–1915), a Cuban physician, first conducted and published research that indicated that mosquitoes were carrying the cause of yellow fever,<ref name="pmid2684378">{{cite journal |author=Chiong MA |title=Dr. Carlos Finlay and yellow fever |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=141 |issue=11 |page=1126 |date=December 1989 |pmid=2684378 |pmc=1451274}}</ref> a theory proved in 1900 by commission headed by [[Walter Reed]] (1851–1902). During 1901 and 1902, [[William Crawford Gorgas]] (1854–1920) organised the destruction of the mosquitoes' breeding habitats in Cuba, which dramatically reduced the prevalence of the disease.<ref name="pmid11482006">{{cite journal |doi=10.1353/pbm.2001.0051 |author=Litsios S |title=William Crawford Gorgas (1854–1920) |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=368–78 |year=2001 |pmid=11482006|pmc=1353777 }}</ref> Gorgas later organised the elimination of the mosquitoes from Panama, which allowed the [[Panama Canal]] to be opened in 1914.<ref name="pmid2673502">{{cite journal |author=Patterson R |title=Dr. William Gorgas and his war with the mosquito |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=596–7, 599 |date=September 1989 |pmid=2673502 |pmc=1451363}}</ref> The virus was finally isolated by [[Max Theiler]] (1899–1972) in 1932 who went on to develop a successful vaccine.<ref name="pmid20589188">{{cite journal |author=Frierson JG |title=The yellow fever vaccine: a history |journal=Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=77–85 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20589188 |pmc=2892770}}</ref>

By 1928 enough was known about viruses to enable the publication of ''Filterable Viruses'', a collection of essays covering all known viruses edited by [[Thomas Milton Rivers]] (1888–1962). Rivers, a survivor of [[typhoid fever]] contracted at the age of twelve, went on to have a distinguished career in virology. In 1926, he was invited to speak at a meeting organised by the Society of American Bacteriology where he said for the first time, "Viruses appear to be obligate parasites in the sense that their reproduction is dependent on living cells."<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Horsfall FL |title=Thomas Milton Rivers, September 3, 1888–May 12, 1962 |journal=Biogr Mem Natl Acad Sci |volume=38 |pages=263–94 |date=1965 |pmid=11615452 |url=http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/trivers.pdf }}</ref>

From the 1950s to the 1960s, [[Chester M. Southam]], a prominent virologist, injected malignant [[HeLa]] cells into cancer patients, healthy individuals, and prison inmates from the [[Ohio Penitentiary]] in order to observe if cancer could be transmitted.<ref name="Broadway Paperbacks">{{cite book|last1=Skloot |first1=Rebecca|title=The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bz4aTiWLrYC&pg=PA128 |date=2010 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-74262-626-0 |pages=128–135}}</ref> He was also examining if one could become immune to cancer by developing an acquired immune response in hopes of creating a vaccine for cancer.<ref name="Broadway Paperbacks"/>

The notion that viruses were particles was not considered unnatural and fitted in nicely with the [[Germ theory of disease|germ theory]]. It is assumed that Dr. J. Buist of Edinburgh was the first person to see virus particles in 1886, when he reported seeing "micrococci" in vaccine lymph, though he had probably observed clumps of [[vaccinia]].<ref>*In 1887, Buist visualised one of the largest, Vaccinia virus, by optical microscopy after staining it. Vaccinia was not known to be a virus at that time. {{cite book |last=Buist |first=J.B. |year=1887 |title=Vaccinia and Variola: a study of their life history |publisher=Churchill |location=London}}</ref> In the years that followed, as optical microscopes were improved "inclusion bodies" were seen in many virus-infected cells, but these aggregates of virus particles were still too small to reveal any detailed structure. It was not until the invention of [[electron microscopy|the electron microscope]] in 1931 by the German engineers [[Ernst Ruska]] (1906–1988) and [[Max Knoll]] (1887–1969),<ref>From {{cite book |title=Nobel Lectures, Physics 1981–1990 |year=1993 |editor-first=Gösta |editor-last=Ekspång |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-9810207281}}</ref> that virus particles, especially [[bacteriophage]]s, were shown to have complex structures. The sizes of viruses determined using this new microscope fitted in well with those estimated by filtration experiments. Viruses were expected to be small, but the range of sizes came as a surprise. Some were only a little smaller than the smallest known bacteria, and the smaller viruses were of similar sizes to complex organic molecules.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Carr, N. G. |author2=Mahy, B. W. J. |author3=Pattison, J. R. |author4=Kelly, D. P. |title=The Microbe 1984: Thirty-sixth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology, held at the University of Warwick, April 1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Symposia of the Society for general microbiology |volume=36 |oclc=499302635 |year=1984 |page=4 |isbn=978-0-521-26056-5 |ref={{harvid|The Microbe 1984}}}}</ref>

In 1935, Wendell Stanley examined the tobacco mosaic virus and found it was mostly made of protein.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stanley WM, Loring HS | year = 1936 | title = The isolation of crystalline tobacco mosaic virus protein from diseased tomato plants | url = | journal = Science | volume = 83 | issue = 2143| page = 85 | pmid = 17756690 | doi=10.1126/science.83.2143.85|bibcode = 1936Sci....83...85S }}</ref> In 1939, Stanley and [[Max Lauffer]] (1914) separated the virus into protein and [[nucleic acid]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Stanley WM, Lauffer MA | year = 1939 | title = Disintegration of tobacco mosaic virus in urea solutions | url = | journal = Science | volume = 89 | issue = 2311| pages = 345–347 | pmid = 17788438 | doi=10.1126/science.89.2311.345|bibcode = 1939Sci....89..345S }}</ref> which was shown by Stanley's postdoctoral fellow Hubert S. Loring to be specifically [[RNA]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Loring HS | year = 1939 | title = Properties and hydrolytic products of nucleic acid from tobacco mosaic virus | url = http://www.jbc.org/content/130/1/251.short | journal = Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 130 | issue=1 | pages = 251–258 }}</ref> The discovery of RNA in the particles was important because in 1928, [[Fred Griffith]] (c.1879–1941) provided the first evidence that its "cousin", [[DNA]], formed [[genes]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Burton E. Tropp |title=Molecular Biology: Genes to Proteins. Burton E. Tropp |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, Massachusetts |year=2007 |page=12 |isbn=978-0-7637-5963-6}}</ref>

In Pasteur's day, and for many years after his death, the word "virus" was used to describe any cause of infectious disease. Many [[bacteriologist]]s soon discovered the cause of numerous infections. However, some infections remained, many of them horrendous, for which no bacterial cause could be found. These agents were invisible and could only be grown in living animals. The discovery of viruses was the key that unlocked the door that withheld the secrets of the cause of these mysterious infections. And, although [[Koch's postulates]] could not be fulfilled for many of these infections, this did not stop the pioneer virologists from looking for viruses in infections for which no other cause could be found.<ref>{{harvnb|The Microbe 1984|page=3}}</ref>

==Bacteriophages==
{{Main|Bacteriophage}}
[[File:Phage S-PM2.png|thumb|left|Bacteriophage]]

===Discovery===
[[Bacteriophage]]s are the viruses that infect and replicate in bacteria. They were discovered in the early 20th century, by the English bacteriologist [[Frederick Twort]] (1877–1950).<ref name="Shors 589 ">{{cite book |first=Teri |last=Shors |title=Understanding Viruses |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |location=Sudbury, Mass |year=2008 |page=589 |isbn=978-0-7637-2932-5 |ref=harv}}</ref> But before this time, in 1896, the bacteriologist [[Ernest Hanbury Hankin]] (1865–1939) reported that something in the waters of the [[River Ganges]] could kill ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' – the cause of [[cholera]]. The agent in the water could be passed through filters that remove bacteria but was destroyed by boiling.<ref name = "Ackerman p3">{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA3 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=3}}</ref> Twort discovered the action of bacteriophages on [[staphylococcus|staphylococci]] bacteria. He noticed that when grown on nutrient agar some colonies of the bacteria became watery or "glassy". He collected some of these watery colonies and passed them through a Chamberland filter to remove the bacteria and discovered that when the filtrate was added to fresh cultures of bacteria, they in turn became watery.<ref name="Shors 589 "/> He proposed that the agent might be "an amoeba, an ultramicroscopic virus, a living protoplasm, or an enzyme with the power of growth".<ref name = "Ackerman p3"/>

[[Félix d'Herelle]] (1873–1949) was a mainly self-taught French-Canadian microbiologist. In 1917 he discovered that "an invisible antagonist", when added to bacteria on [[agar]], would produce areas of dead bacteria.<ref name="Shors 589 "/> The antagonist, now known to be a bacteriophage, could pass through a Chamberland filter. He accurately diluted a suspension of these viruses and discovered that the highest dilutions (lowest virus concentrations), rather than killing all the bacteria, formed discrete areas of dead organisms. Counting these areas and multiplying by the dilution factor allowed him to calculate the number of viruses in the original suspension.<ref name="D'Herelle F 2007">{{cite journal | pmid = 17855060 | doi=10.1016/j.resmic.2007.07.005 | volume=158 | issue=7 |date=September 2007 | pages=553–4 | author=D'Herelle F | title = On an invisible microbe antagonistic toward dysenteric bacilli: brief note by Mr. F. D'Herelle, presented by Mr. Roux☆ | journal = Research in Microbiology}}</ref> He realised that he had discovered a new form of virus and later coined the term "bacteriophage".<ref name="Ackermann H-W 2009 4">{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4}}</ref><ref>"The antagonistic microbe can never be cultivated in media in the absence of the dysentery bacillus. It does not attack heat-killed dysentery bacilli, but is cultivated perfectly in a suspension of washed cells in physiological saline. This indicates that the anti dysentery microbe is an obligate bacteriophage".
Felix d'Herelle (1917) ''An invisible microbe that is antagonistic to the dysentery bacillus'' (1917) [http://202.114.65.51/fzjx/wsw/wswfzjs/pdf/1917p157.pdf Comptes rendus Acad. Sci. Paris Retrieved on 2 December 2010]</ref>
Between 1918 and 1921 d'Herelle discovered different types of bacteriophages that could infect several other species of bacteria including ''Vibrio cholerae''.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4 Table 1 }}</ref> Bacteriophages were heralded as a potential treatment for diseases such as [[typhoid]] and [[cholera]], but their promise was forgotten with the development of [[penicillin]].<ref name="Ackermann H-W 2009 4"/> Since the early 1970s, bacteria have continued to develop resistance to [[antibiotic]]s such as [[penicillin]], and this has led to a renewed interest in the use of [[phage therapy|bacteriophages to treat serious infections]].<ref name="Shors 591 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=591}}</ref>

===Early research 1920–1940===
D'Herelle travelled widely to promote the use of bacteriophages in the treatment of bacterial infections. In 1928, he became professor of biology at [[Yale]] and founded several research institutes.<ref name="Shors 590 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=590}}</ref> He was convinced that bacteriophages were viruses despite opposition from established bacteriologists such as the Nobel Prize winner [[Jules Bordet]] (1870–1961). Bordet argued that bacteriophages were not viruses but just [[enzyme]]s released from [[lysogenic cycle|"lysogenic"]] bacteria. He said "the invisible world of d'Herelle does not exist".<ref>Quoted in: {{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA4 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=4}}</ref> But in the 1930s, the proof that bacteriophages were viruses was provided by [[Christopher Andrewes]] (1896–1988) and others. They showed that these viruses differed in size and in their chemical and [[serology|serological]] properties.
In 1940, the first [[electron microscope|electron micrograph]] of a bacteriophage was published and this silenced sceptics who had argued that bacteriophages were relatively simple enzymes and not viruses.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA3 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |pages=3–5 }}</ref>
Numerous other types of bacteriophages were quickly discovered and were shown to infect bacteria wherever they are found. But this early research was interrupted by [[World War II]]. Even d'Herelle was silenced. Despite his Canadian citizenship, he was interned by the [[Vichy France|Vichy Government]] until the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA5 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |page=5 }}</ref>

===Modern era===
Knowledge of bacteriophages increased in the 1940s following the formation of the [[Phage group|Phage Group]] by scientists throughout the US. Among the members were [[Max Delbrück]] (1906–1981) who founded a course on bacteriophages at [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]].<ref name="Shors 591 "/> Other key members of the Phage Group included [[Salvador Luria]] (1912–1991) and [[Alfred Hershey]] (1908–1997). During the 1950s, [[Hershey–Chase experiment|Hershey and Chase]] made important discoveries on the replication of DNA during their studies on a bacteriophage called [[Enterobacteria phage T2|T2]]. Together with Delbruck they were jointly awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses".<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1969/ Nobel Organisation]</ref> Since then, the study of bacteriophages has provided insights into the switching on and off of genes, and a useful mechanism for introducing foreign genes into bacteria and many other fundamental mechanisms of [[molecular biology]].<ref>{{cite book |first=H-W |last=Ackermann |chapter=History of Virology: Bacteriophages |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ew1fR6ghsmgC&pg=PA5 |title={{harvnb|Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology}} |year=2009 |pages=5–10 Table 1}}</ref>

==Plant viruses==
In 1882, [[Adolf Mayer]] (1843–1942) described a condition of tobacco plants, which he called "mosaic disease" ("mozaïkziekte"). The diseased plants had [[variegation|variegated]] leaves that were [[mottle]]d.<ref>Mayer A (1882) Over de moza¨ıkziekte van de tabak: voorloopige mededeeling. Tijdschr
Landbouwkunde Groningen 2: 359–364 (In German)</ref> He excluded the possibility of a fungal infection and could not detect any bacterium and speculated that a "soluble, enzyme-like infectious principle was involved".<ref name="pmid16732421">Quoted in: {{cite journal |vauthors=van der Want JP, Dijkstra J |title=A history of plant virology |journal=Archives of Virology|volume=151 |issue=8 |pages=1467–98 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16732421 |doi=10.1007/s00705-006-0782-3}}</ref> He did not pursue his idea any further, and it was the filtration experiments of Ivanovsky and Beijerinck that suggested the cause was a previously unrecognised infectious agent. After tobacco mosaic was recognized as a virus disease, virus infections of many other plants were discovered.<ref name="pmid16732421"/>

The importance of tobacco mosaic virus in the history of viruses cannot be overstated. It was the first virus to be discovered, and the first to be [[crystal]]lised and its structure shown in detail. The first [[X-ray diffraction]] pictures of the crystallised virus were obtained by Bernal and Fankuchen in 1941. On the basis of her pictures, [[Rosalind Franklin]] discovered the full structure of the virus in 1955.<ref name="pmid18702397">{{cite journal|vauthors=Creager AN, Morgan GJ |title=After the double helix: Rosalind Franklin's research on Tobacco mosaic virus|journal=Isis
|volume=99|issue=2|pages=239–72|date=June 2008|pmid=18702397|doi=10.1086/588626}}</ref> In the same year, [[Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat]] and [[Robley Williams]] showed that purified tobacco mosaic virus RNA and its [[capsid|coat protein]] can assemble by themselves to form functional viruses, suggesting that this simple mechanism was probably the means through which viruses were created within their host cells.<ref name="Dimmock 12 ">{{cite book |author1=Leppard, Keith |author2=Nigel Dimmock |author3=Easton, Andrew |title=Introduction to Modern Virology |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited |location= |year=2007 |page=12 |isbn=978-1-4051-3645-7 }}</ref>

By 1935 many plant diseases were thought to be caused by viruses. In 1922, [[John Kunkel Small]] (1869–1938) discovered that insects could act as [[vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] and transmit virus to plants. In the following decade many diseases of plants were shown to be caused by viruses that were carried by insects and in 1939, [[Francis Holmes (virologist)|Francis Holmes]], a pioneer in plant virology,<ref name="pmid11718380">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pennazio S, Roggero P, Conti M |title=A history of plant virology. Mendelian genetics and resistance of plants to viruses |journal=New Microbiology |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=409–24 |date=October 2001 |pmid=11718380 }}</ref> described 129 viruses that caused disease of plants.<ref name="Shors 563 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=563 }}</ref> Modern, intensive agriculture provides a rich environment for many plant viruses. In 1948, in Kansas, US, 7% of the wheat crop was destroyed by [[wheat streak mosaic virus]]. The virus was spread by mites called ''[[Aceria tulipae]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=D. |last=Hansing |first2=C.O. |last2=Johnston |first3=L.E. |last3=Melchers |first4=H. |last4=Fellows |date=1949 |title=Kansas Phytopathological Notes |journal=Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=363–369 |jstor=3625805 |doi=10.2307/3625805 }}</ref>

In 1970, the Russian plant virologist [[Joseph Atabekov]] discovered that many plant viruses only infect a single species of host plant.<ref name="pmid11718380"/> The [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] now recognises over 900 plant viruses.<ref name="Shors 564 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|p=564}}</ref>

==20th century==
By the end of the 19th century, viruses were defined in terms of their [[infectivity]], their ability to be filtered, and their requirement for living hosts. Up until this time, viruses had only been grown in plants and animals, but in 1906, [[Ross Granville Harrison]] (1870–1959) invented a method for growing [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] in [[lymph]],<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/rharrison.pdf |first=J.S. |last=Nicholas |title=Ross Granville Harrison 1870—1959 A Biographical Memoir |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |year=1961 }}</ref> and, in 1913, E Steinhardt, C Israeli, and RA Lambert used this method to grow [[vaccinia]] virus in fragments of guinea pig corneal tissue.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Steinhardt |first=E. |last2=Israeli |first2=C. |last3=Lambert |first3=R.A. |year=1913 |title=Studies on the cultivation of the virus of vaccinia |journal=J. Inf Dis. |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=294–300 |doi=10.1093/infdis/13.2.294}}</ref> In 1928, HB and MC Maitland grew vaccinia virus in suspensions of minced hens' kidneys.<ref name="pmid13475780">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0022172400037268 |vauthors=Maitland HB, Magrath DI |title=The growth in vitro of vaccinia virus in chick embryo chorio-allantoic membrane, minced embryo and cell suspensions |journal=The Journal of Hygiene |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=347–60 |date=September 1957 |pmid=13475780 |pmc=2217967}}</ref> Their method was not widely adopted until the 1950s, when [[poliovirus]] was grown on a large scale for vaccine production.<ref name="Collier 4">{{cite book |last=Sussman |first=Max |last2=Topley |first2=W.W.C. |last3=Wilson |first3=Graham K. |last4=Collier |first4=L.H. |last5=Balows |first5=Albert |title=Topley & Wilson's microbiology and microbial infections |publisher=Arnold |location=London |year=1998 |page=4 |isbn=978-0-340-66316-5 |ref={{harvid|Topley|Wilson|1998}}}}</ref> In 1941–42, [[George Hirst (virologist)|George Hirst]] (1909–94) developed assays based on [[hemagglutination|haemagglutination]] to quantify a wide range of viruses as well as virus-specific antibodies in serum.<ref name=Joklik>{{cite journal |vauthors=Joklik WK |title=When two is better than one: thoughts on three decades of interaction between Virology and the Journal of Virology |journal=[[Journal of Virology|J. Virol.]] |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=3520–3 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10196240 |pmc=104123 |url=http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10196240}}</ref><ref name=Schlesinger>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schlesinger RW, Granoff A | year = 1994 | title = George K. Hirst (1909–1994) | url = | journal = [[Virology (journal)|Virology]] | volume = 200 | issue = 2| page = 327 | doi=10.1006/viro.1994.1196}}</ref>

===Influenza===
[[File:Influenza Pandemic Masked Typist.jpg|thumb|right|A woman working during the 1918–1919 influenza epidemic. The face mask probably afforded minimal protection.]]
{{Main|Influenza}}

Although the [[influenza virus]] that caused the [[1918 flu pandemic|1918–1919]] influenza pandemic was not discovered until the 1930s, the descriptions of the disease and subsequent research has proved it was to blame.<ref name="Shors 238-344 ">{{harvnb|Shors|2008|pp=238–344}}</ref>
The pandemic killed 40–50 million people in less than a year,<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael B. A. |last=Oldstone |title=Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |page=306 |isbn=978-0-19-532731-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUDRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306 |ref=harv}}</ref> but the proof that it was caused by a virus was not obtained until 1933.<ref name="pmid15081510">{{cite journal |author=Cunha BA |title=Influenza: historical aspects of epidemics and pandemics |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=141–55 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15081510 |doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00095-3}}</ref> ''[[Haemophilus influenzae]]'' is an opportunistic bacterium which commonly follows influenza infections; this led the eminent German bacteriologist [[Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer|Richard Pfeiffer]] (1858–1945) to incorrectly conclude that this bacterium was the cause of influenza.<ref>{{harvnb|Oldstone|2009|p=315}}</ref> A major breakthrough came in 1931, when the American pathologist [[Ernest William Goodpasture]] grew influenza and several other viruses in fertilised chickens' eggs.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodpasture EW, Woodruff AM, Buddingh GJ | year = 1931 | title = The cultivation of vaccine and other viruses in the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos | url = | journal = Science | volume = 74 | issue = 1919| pages = 371–2 | pmid = 17810781 | doi=10.1126/science.74.1919.371|bibcode = 1931Sci....74..371G }}</ref> Hirst identified an enzymic activity associated with the virus particle, later characterised as the [[viral neuraminidase|neuraminidase]], the first demonstration that viruses could contain enzymes. [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]] showed in the early 1950s that the virus recombines at high frequencies, and Hirst later deduced that it has a segmented genome.<ref name=Kilbourne>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kilbourne ED |title=Presentation of the Academy Medal to George K. Hirst, M.D |journal=Bull N Y Acad Med |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=1133–6 |date=November 1975 |pmid=1104014 |pmc=1749565 }}</ref>

===Poliomyelitis===
{{Main|Poliomyelitis}}

In 1949, [[John F. Enders]] (1897–1985) [[Thomas Huckle Weller|Thomas Weller]] (1915–2008), and [[Frederick Robbins]] (1916–2003) grew polio virus for the first time in cultured human embryo cells, the first virus to be grown without using solid animal tissue or eggs. Infections by poliovirus most often cause the mildest of symptoms. This was not known until the virus was isolated in cultured cells and many people were shown to have had mild infections that did not lead to poliomyelitis. But, unlike other viral infections, the incidence of polio – the rarer severe form of the infection – increased in the 20th century and reached a peak around 1952. The invention of a [[cell culture]] system for growing the virus enabled [[Jonas Salk]] (1914–1995) to make an effective [[polio vaccine]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Rosen FS | year = 2004 | title = Isolation of poliovirus—John Enders and the Nobel Prize | journal = New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 351 | issue = 15| pages = 1481–83 | pmid = 15470207 | doi=10.1056/NEJMp048202}}</ref>

===Epstein–Barr virus===
[[Denis Parsons Burkitt]] (1911–1993) was born in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Ireland. He was the first to describe a type of cancer that now bears his name [[Burkitt's lymphoma]]. This type of cancer was endemic in equatorial Africa and was the commonest malignancy of children in the early 1960s.<ref name="pmid19620863">{{cite journal |author=Magrath I |title=Lessons from clinical trials in African Burkitt lymphoma |journal=Current Opinion in Oncology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=462–8 |date=September 2009 |pmid=19620863 |doi=10.1097/CCO.0b013e32832f3dcd}}</ref> In an attempt to find a cause for the cancer, Burkitt sent cells from the tumour to [[Anthony Epstein]] (b. 1921) a British virologist, who along with [[Yvonne Barr]] and [[Bert Achong]] (1928–1996), and after many failures, discovered viruses that resembled herpes virus in the fluid that surrounded the cells. The virus was later shown to be a previously unrecognised herpes virus, which is now called [[Epstein–Barr virus]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Epstein |first= M. Anthony |authorlink= M. Anthony Epstein |editor1-last=Robertson |editor1-first=Earl S. |title= Epstein-Barr Virus |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TRO-wXto8hcC |accessdate= 18 September 2010 |year= 2005 |publisher= Cromwell Press |location= Trowbridge |isbn= 978-1-904455-03-5 |pages=1–14 |chapter= 1. The origins of EBV research: discovery and characterization of the virus }}</ref> Surprisingly, Epstein–Barr virus is a very common but relatively mild infection of Europeans. Why it can cause such a devastating illness in Africans is not fully understood, but reduced immunity to virus caused by [[malaria]] might be to blame.<ref name="pmid19165855">{{cite journal |author=Bornkamm GW |title=Epstein-Barr virus and the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma: more questions than answers |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=124 |issue=8 |pages=1745–55 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19165855 |doi=10.1002/ijc.24223}}</ref> Epstein–Barr virus is important in the history of viruses for being the first virus shown to cause cancer in humans.<ref name="pmid16083776">{{cite journal |author=Thorley-Lawson DA |title=EBV the prototypical human tumor virus—just how bad is it? |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=251–61; quiz 262 |date=August 2005 |pmid=16083776 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.05.038 }}</ref>

===Late 20th century===
[[File:Rotavirus Reconstruction.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A [[rotavirus]] particle]]

The second half of the 20th century was the golden age of virus discovery and most of the 2,000 recognised species of animal, plant, and bacterial viruses were discovered during these years.<ref name="pmid18446425">{{cite journal |author=Norrby E |title=Nobel Prizes and the emerging virus concept |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=153 |issue=6 |pages=1109–23 |year=2008 |pmid=18446425 |doi=10.1007/s00705-008-0088-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Discoverers and Discoveries - ICTV Files and Discussions|url=http://talk.ictvonline.org/media/p/633.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111003049/http://talk.ictvonline.org/media/p/633.aspx|dead-url=yes|archive-date=11 November 2009|accessdate=5 November 2017|date=11 November 2009}}</ref> In 1946, [[Bovine virus diarrhea]] was discovered,<ref name="pmid20995890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Olafson P, MacCallum AD, Fox FH |title=An apparently new transmissible disease of cattle |journal=The Cornell Veterinarian |volume=36 |issue= |pages=205–13 |date=July 1946 |pmid=20995890}}</ref> which is still possibly the most common pathogen of cattle throughout the world<ref name="pmid20197026">{{cite journal |vauthors=Peterhans E, Bachofen C, Stalder H, Schweizer M |title=Cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV): emerging pestiviruses doomed to extinction |journal=Veterinary Research |volume=41 |issue=6 |page=44 |year=2010 |pmid=20197026 |pmc=2850149 |doi=10.1051/vetres/2010016}}</ref> and in 1957, [[Arterivirus|equine arterivirus]] was discovered.<ref name="pmid13397177">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bryans JT, Crowe ME, Doll ER, McCollum WH |title=Isolation of a filterable agent causing arteritis of horses and abortion by mares; its differentiation from the equine abortion (influenza) virus |journal=The Cornell Veterinarian |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–41 |date=January 1957 |pmid=13397177}}</ref> In the 1950s, improvements in virus isolation and detection methods resulted in the discovery of several important human viruses including [[Varicella zoster virus]],<ref name="pmid8545033">{{cite journal |author=Weller TH |title=Varicella-zoster virus: History, perspectives, and evolving concerns |journal=Neurology |volume=45 |issue=12 Suppl 8 |pages=S9–10 |date=December 1995 |pmid=8545033 |doi=10.1212/wnl.45.12_suppl_8.s9}}</ref> the [[paramyxovirus]]es,<ref name="pmid15522442">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt AC, Johnson TR, Openshaw PJ, Braciale TJ, Falsey AR, Anderson LJ, Wertz GW, Groothuis JR, Prince GA, Melero JA, Graham BS |title=Respiratory syncytial virus and other pneumoviruses: a review of the international symposium—RSV 2003 |journal=Virus Research |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15522442 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.06.008}}</ref> – which include [[measles]] virus,<ref name="pmid19203111">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_10 |vauthors=Griffin DE, Pan CH |title=Measles: old vaccines, new vaccines |volume=330 |issue= |pages=191–212 |year=2009 |pmid=19203111|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |isbn=978-3-540-70616-8 }}</ref> and [[respiratory syncytial virus]]<ref name="pmid15522442"/> – and the [[rhinovirus]]es that cause the [[common cold]].<ref name="pmid3039038">{{cite journal |author=Tyrrell DA |title=The common cold—my favourite infection. The eighteenth Majority Stephenson memorial lecture |journal=The Journal of General Virology |volume=68 |issue= 8|pages=2053–61 |date=August 1987 |pmid=3039038 |doi=10.1099/0022-1317-68-8-2053}}</ref> In the 1960s more viruses were discovered. In 1963, the [[Hepatitis B|hepatitis B virus]] was discovered by [[Baruch Blumberg]] (b. 1925).<ref name="pmid18298788">{{cite journal |author=Zetterström R |title=Nobel Prize to Baruch Blumberg for the discovery of the aetiology of hepatitis B |journal=Acta Paediatrica |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=384–7 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18298788 |doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00669.x }}</ref> [[Reverse transcriptase]], the key enzyme that retroviruses use to [[translation (biology)|translate]] their RNA into DNA, was first described in 1970, independently by Howard Temin and [[David Baltimore]] (b. 1938).<ref name="pmid4348509">{{cite book|vauthors=Temin HM, Baltimore D |title=RNA-directed DNA synthesis and RNA tumor viruses|volume=17|pages=129–86|year=1972|pmid=4348509
|doi=10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60749-6|series=Advances in Virus Research|isbn=9780120398171}}</ref> This was important to the development of [[antiviral drug]]s – a key turning-point in the history of viral infections.<ref name="pmid20018391">{{cite journal |author=Broder S |title=The development of antiretroviral therapy and its impact on the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic |journal=Antiviral Research |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |date=January 2010 |pmid=20018391 |pmc=2815149 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.002}}</ref> In 1983 [[Luc Montagnier]] (b. 1932) and his team at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in France, first isolated the retrovirus now called HIV.<ref name="pmid6189183">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, Dauguet C, Axler-Blin C, Vézinet-Brun F, Rouzioux C, Rozenbaum W, Montagnier L |title=Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) |journal=Science |volume=220 |issue=4599 |pages=868–71 |date=May 1983 |pmid=6189183 |doi=10.1126/science.6189183 |bibcode=1983Sci...220..868B}}</ref> In 1989 [[Michael Houghton (virologist)|Michael Houghton]]'s team at [[Chiron Corporation]] discovered [[Hepatitis C]].<ref name="pmid19781804">{{cite journal |author=Houghton M |title=The long and winding road leading to the identification of the hepatitis C virus |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=939–48 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19781804 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2009.08.004 |url=http://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278%2809%2900535-2/fulltext}}</ref>
New viruses and strains of viruses were discovered in every decade of the second half of the 20th century. These discoveries have continued in the 21st century as new viral diseases such as [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]]<ref name="pmid21116811">{{cite book |vauthors=Peiris JS, Poon LL |title=Detection of SARS Coronavirus |volume=665 |issue= |pages=369–82 |year=2011 |pmid=21116811 |doi=10.1007/978-1-60761-817-1_20|series=Methods in Molecular Biology |isbn=978-1-60761-816-4 }}</ref> and [[nipah virus]]<ref name="pmid11334748">{{cite journal |vauthors=Field H, Young P, Yob JM, Mills J, Hall L, Mackenzie J |title=The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses |journal=Microbes and Infection / Institut Pasteur |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=307–14 |date=April 2001 |pmid=11334748 |doi=10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01384-3}}</ref> have emerged. Despite scientists' achievements over the past one hundred years, viruses continue to pose new threats and challenges.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahy |first=B.W.J. |title=Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology |publisher=Academic Press |location=Boston |year=2009 |pages=583–7 |isbn=978-0-12-375147-8 |ref=harv}}</ref>

{| class ="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
|+ '''Some of the many viruses discovered in the 20th century'''
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Virus
! scope="col" | References
|-
! scope="row" | 1908
| [[poliovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid20683737">{{cite journal |author=Skern T |title=100 years poliovirus: from discovery to eradication. A meeting report |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=155 |issue=9 |pages=1371–81 |date=September 2010 |pmid=20683737 |doi=10.1007/s00705-010-0778-x}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1911
| [[Rous sarcoma virus]]
|<ref name="pmid20503720">{{cite journal |author=Becsei-Kilborn E |title=Scientific discovery and scientific reputation: the reception of Peyton Rous' discovery of the chicken sarcoma virus |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=111–57 |year=2010 |pmid=20503720 |doi= 10.1007/s10739-008-9171-y|url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1915
| bacteriophage of staphylococci
|<ref name="Shors 589 "/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1917
| bacteriophage of shigellae
|<ref name="Shors 589 "/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1918
| bacteriophage of salmonellae
|<ref name="D'Herelle F 2007"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1927
| [[yellow fever]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513550">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gardner CL, Ryman KD |title=Yellow fever: a reemerging threat |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=237–60 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513550 |pmc=4349381 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2010.01.001 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1930
| [[western equine encephalitis virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19775836">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zacks MA, Paessler S |title=Encephalitic alphaviruses |journal=Veterinary Microbiology |volume=140 |issue=3–4 |pages=281–6 |date=January 2010 |pmid=19775836 |pmc=2814892 |doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.08.023 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1933
| [[eastern equine encephalitis virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19775836"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1934
| [[mumps virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19870227">{{cite journal |doi=10.1084/jem.59.1.1 |vauthors=Johnson CD, Goodpasture EW |title=An investigation of the etiology of mumps|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |date=January 1934 |pmid=19870227 |pmc=2132344}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1935
| [[Japanese encephalitis]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20132860">{{cite journal |vauthors=Misra UK, Kalita J |title=Overview: Japanese encephalitis |journal=Progress in Neurobiology |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=108–20 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20132860 |doi=10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.01.008 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1943
| [[Dengue]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513545">{{cite journal |author=Ross TM |title=Dengue virus |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=149–60 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513545 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2009.10.007 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1949
| [[enterovirus]]es
|<ref name="pmid8024744">{{cite journal |author=Melnick JL |title=The discovery of the enteroviruses and the classification of poliovirus among them |journal=Biologicals |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=305–9 |date=December 1993 |pmid=8024744 |doi=10.1006/biol.1993.1088 |url=}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1952
| [[Varicella zoster virus]]
|<ref name="pmid8545033"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1953
| [[adenovirus]]
|<ref name="isbn0-7817-6060-7">{{cite book |author1=Martin, Malcolm A. |author2=Knipe, David M. |author3=Fields, Bernard N. |author4=Howley, Peter M. |author5=Griffin, Diane |author6=Lamb, Robert |title=Fields' virology |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |year=2007 |page=2395 |isbn=978-0-7817-6060-7}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1954
| [[measles virus]]
|<ref name="pmid19203111"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1956
| [[paramyxovirus]]es, [[rhinovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid15522442"/><ref name="pmid3039038"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1958
| [[monkeypox]]
|<ref name="pmid1331540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Douglass N, Dumbell K |title=Independent evolution of monkeypox and variola viruses |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=66 |issue=12 |pages=7565–7 |date=December 1992 |pmid=1331540 |pmc=240470}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1962
| [[rubella virus]]
|<ref name="pmid3890105">{{cite journal |author=Cooper LZ |title=The history and medical consequences of rubella |journal=Reviews of Infectious Diseases |volume=7 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S2–10 |year=1985 |pmid=3890105 |doi=10.1093/clinids/7.supplement_1.s2}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1963
| [[hepatitis B virus]]
|<ref name="pmid16190102">{{cite journal |author=Yap SF |title=Hepatitis B: review of development from the discovery of the "Australia Antigen" to end of the twentieth Century |journal=The Malaysian Journal of Pathology |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |date=June 2004 |pmid=16190102}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1964
| [[Epstein–Barr virus]]
|<ref name="pmid4288580">{{cite journal |vauthors=Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM, Zajac B, Henle G, Henle W |title=Morphological and virological investigations on cultured Burkitt tumor lymphoblasts (strain Raji) |journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=547–59 |date=October 1966 |pmid=4288580 |doi=10.1093/jnci/37.4.547}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1965
| [[retrovirus]]es
|<ref name="pmid15682876">{{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S1464793104006505 |author=Karpas A |title=Human retroviruses in leukaemia and AIDS: reflections on their discovery, biology and epidemiology |journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=911–33 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15682876}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1966
| [[Lassa fever]] virus
|<ref name="pmid16802617">{{cite book |author=Curtis N |title=Viral haemorrhagic fevers caused by Lassa, Ebola and Marburg viruses |volume=582 |issue= |pages=35–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16802617 |doi=10.1007/0-387-33026-7_4 |series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |isbn=978-0-387-31783-0 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1967
| [[Marburg]] virus
|<ref name="pmid20513546">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman AL, Towner JS, Nichol ST |title=Ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fever |journal=Clinics in Laboratory Medicine |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=161–77 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20513546 |doi=10.1016/j.cll.2009.12.001}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1972
| [[norovirus]]
|<ref name="pmid10804141">{{cite journal |author=Kapikian AZ |title=The discovery of the 27-nm Norwalk virus: an historic perspective |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=181 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S295–302 |date=May 2000 |pmid=10804141 |doi=10.1086/315584}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1973
| [[rotavirus]], [[hepatitis A virus]]
|<ref name="pmid186236">{{cite book |author=Bishop RF, Cameron DJ, Barnes GL, Holmes IH, Ruck BJ |title=The aetiology of diarrhoea in newborn infants |journal=Ciba Foundation Symposium |volume= |issue=42 |pages=223–36 |year=1976 |pmid=186236 |doi=10.1002/9780470720240.ch13|series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |isbn=9780470720240 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6307916">{{cite journal |doi=10.1159/000149367 |vauthors=Gust ID, Coulepis AG, Feinstone SM, Locarnini SA, Moritsugu Y, Najera R, Siegl G |title=Taxonomic classification of hepatitis A virus |journal=Intervirology |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |year=1983 |pmid=6307916}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1975
| [[parvovirus B19]]
|<ref name="pmid6117755">{{cite journal |author=Cossart Y |title=Parvovirus B19 finds a disease |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8253 |pages=988–9 |date=October 1981 |pmid=6117755 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91185-5}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1976
| [[Ebola]] virus
|<ref name="pmid21084112">{{cite journal |vauthors=Feldmann H, Geisbert TW |title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever |journal=Lancet |volume= 377|issue= 9768|pages= 849–862|date=November 2010 |pmid=21084112 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8 |url= |pmc=3406178}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1980
| [[human T-lymphotropic virus 1]]
|<ref name="pmid16155599">{{cite journal |author=Gallo RC |title=History of the discoveries of the first human retroviruses: HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 |journal=Oncogene |volume=24 |issue=39 |pages=5926–30 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16155599 |doi=10.1038/sj.onc.1208980}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1982
| [[human T-lymphotropic virus 2]]
|<ref name="pmid16155599"/>
|-
! scope="row" | 1983
| [[HIV]]
|<ref name="pmid20152474">{{cite journal |author=Montagnier L |title=25 years after HIV discovery: prospects for cure and vaccine |journal=Virology |volume=397 |issue=2 |pages=248–54 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20152474 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.045}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1986
| [[human herpesvirus 6]]
|<ref name="pmid15653828">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Bolle L, Naesens L, De Clercq E |title=Update on human herpesvirus 6 biology, clinical features, and therapy |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=217–45 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15653828 |pmc=544175 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.1.217-245.2005}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |1989
| [[hepatitis C virus]]
|<ref name="pmid2523562">{{cite journal |vauthors=Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M |title=Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome |journal=Science |volume=244 |issue=4902 |pages=359–62 |date=April 1989 |pmid=2523562 |doi=10.1126/science.2523562|bibcode = 1989Sci...244..359C |citeseerx=10.1.1.469.3592 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1990
| [[hepatitis E virus]], [[Human herpesvirus 7]]
|<ref name="pmid20335188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bihl F, Negro F |title=Hepatitis E virus: a zoonosis adapting to humans |journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=817–21 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20335188 |doi=10.1093/jac/dkq085}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1994
| [[henipavirus]]
|<ref name="pmid18511217">{{cite journal |author=Wild TF |title=Henipaviruses: a new family of emerging Paramyxoviruses |journal=Pathologie-biologie |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=188–96 |date=March 2009 |pmid=18511217 |doi=10.1016/j.patbio.2008.04.006 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1997
| ''[[Anelloviridae]]''
|<ref name="pmid19230554">{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70972-5_1 |author=Okamoto H |title=History of discoveries and pathogenicity of TT viruses |volume=331 |issue= |pages=1–20 |year=2009 |pmid=19230554|series=Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology |isbn=978-3-540-70971-8 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal bar|History of science|Medicine|Viruses}}
*[[List of viruses]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=The Virus: A History of the Concept|author=Hughes, Sally Smith|publisher=Heinemann|place=London|year=1977|isbn=978-0882021683}}

{{Virus topics}}
{{Baltimore (virus classification)}}
{{History of medicine}}

[[Category:Virology|*Virology, History of]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Martinus Beijerinck]]

Shepard-Tische

2019-02-13T04:14:00Z

Espresso Addict: En rule

[[File:Table shepard.preview.jpg|thumb|Shepard tables illusion, named for its creator [[Roger N. Shepard]]]]
'''Shepard tables''' (also known as the '''Shepard tabletop illusion''') are an [[optical illusion]] first published in 1990 as "Turning the Tables," by Stanford psychologist [[Roger N. Shepard]] in his book ''Mind Sights'', a collection of illusions that he had created.<ref name=“OxfordDP”>{{cite book |last= Colman|first= Andrew M|date= |title=A Dictionary of Psychology |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803110312149?rskey=EtCz6d&result=1 |edition=3 |publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn =9780191726828 |quote=The illusion was first presented by the US psychologist Roger N(ewland) Shepard (born 1929) in his book Mind Sights: Original Visual Illusions, Ambiguities, and Other Anomalies (1990, p. 48). Shepard commented that ‘any knowledge or understanding of the illusion we may gain at the intellectual level remains virtually powerless to diminish the magnitude of the illusion’ (p. 128). }}</ref> It is one of the most powerful optical illusions, typically creating length miscalculations of 20–25%.<ref name=“Latrobe”>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/psychology/research/research-areas/cognitive-and-developmental-psychology/the-psychology-of-seeing-in-autism |title=The Psychology of Seeing in Autism |last=Chouinard |first=Philippe |publisher=LaTrobe University |quote=<nowiki>[The Shepard tables]</nowiki> illusion is one of the strongest optical illusions that exists, on average the apparent size difference is 20-25%. Our preliminary work and earlier work performed by others (Mitchell, Mottron, Soulieres, & Ropar, 2010) reveal how susceptibility to this particular illusion is diminished considerably in persons with an ASD. |accessdate=February 11, 2019}}</ref>

To quote ''A Dictionary of Psychology'', the Shepard table illusion makes "a pair of identical parallelograms representing the tops of two tables appear radically different" because our eyes decode them according to rules for three-dimensional objects.<ref name=“OxfordDP”/>

The illusion is based on a drawing of two parallelograms, identical aside from a rotation of 45 degrees. When the parallelograms are presented as tabletops, however, we see them as objects in three-dimensional space. One "table" seems long and narrow, with its longer dimension receding into the distance. The other "table" looks almost square, because we interpret its shorter dimension as [[Perspective_(graphical)#Foreshortening|foreshortening]].<ref name=“OxfordC”>{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1= Arthur Gilman|last2= Todorovic|first2=Dejan |date= 2012|title=
The Oxford Compendium of Visual Illusions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzfADgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239&dq=oxford+compendium+visual+illusions+shepard&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjI6_bGn6vgAhV7HzQIHUc_Df4Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=oxford%20compendium%20visual%20illusions%20shepard&f=false |publisher= Oxford University Press|page=239 |isbn= 019979460X|quote=For example, the famous Shepard tabletop illusion (Shepard, 1981) is more convincing when the planes are embedded in box shapes than when they are presented in isolation.}}</ref> The ''MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences'' explains the illusion as an effect of "size and shape constancy <nowiki>[which] subjectively expand[s]</nowiki> the near-far dimension along the line of sight."<ref name=“MIT”>{{cite book |last1= Wilson|first1= Robert Andrew|last2=Keil |first2= Frank C|date=2001 |title= The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wt1aZrGXLYC |publisher=MIT Press |pages=385-386 |isbn=978-0262731447 |quote=size and shape constancy subjectively expand the near-far dimension along the line of sight to compensate for geometrical foreshortening.}}</ref> It classifies Shepard tables as an example of a [[geometrical-optical illusions|geometrical illusion]], in the category of an "illusion of size."<ref name=“MIT”/>

According to Shepard, "any knowledge or understanding of the illusion we may gain at the intellectual level remains virtually powerless to diminish the magnitude of the illusion."<ref name=“MindSights”>{{cite book |last= Shepard|first= RN|date= 1990|title= Mind Sights: Original visual illusions, ambiguities, and other anomalies, with a commentary on the play of mind in perception and art|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1vtlQgAACAAJ|page=128|quote=Because the inference about orientation, depth, and length are provided automatically by underlying neuronal machinery, any knowledge or understanding of the illusion we may gain at the intellectual level remains virtually powerless to diminish the magnitude of the illusion. |publisher= W.H. Freeman and Company|isbn= 0716721341 }}</ref> Interestingly, children diagnosed with [[autism spectrum disorder]] are less susceptible to the Shepard table illusion than typically developing children<ref name=“Latrobe”/> but are equally susceptible to the [[Ebbinghaus illusion]].<ref name=“Autism”>{{cite conference |url= https://insar.confex.com/insar/2018/webprogram/Paper28297.html|title=Illusion Strength and Associated Eye Movements in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder While Viewing Shepard and Ebbinghaus Illusion Displays |last1=Landry |first1=O. |last2= Royals|first2= K.|date= May 9, 2018|publisher= International Society for Autism Research|quote= The children with ASD (M = .14, SD = .10) were less susceptible to the Shepard’s tabletops illusion than the typically developing children (M = .20, SD = .05), t (28) = 2.41, p = .043.|location=Rotterdam |conference= INSAR 2018 Annual Meeting }}</ref>

Shepard had described an earlier, less-powerful version of the illusion in 1981 as the "[[parallelogram]] illusion" (''Perceptual Organization,'' pp. 297–9).<ref name=“OxfordDP”/> The illusion can also be constructed using identical [[trapezoid]]s rather than identical parallelograms.<ref name=“Trapezoid”>{{cite book |last1= Martinez-Conde|first1=Susana |last2=Macknik |first2=Stephen |date= 2017|title= Champions of Illusion: The Science Behind Mind-Boggling Images and Mystifying Brain Puzzles|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HuklDwAAQBAJ|quote= Photocopy this page and then ..cut around the trapezoid shapes…The effect is a version of the classic Shepard Tabletop illusion.|publisher= Farrar, Straus and Giroux|page= 46|isbn= 0374120404 }}</ref>

A variant of the Shepard tabletop illusion was named "Best Illusion of the Year" for 2009.<ref name=“animation”>{{cite web |last=Phillips |first= David|title= Shepard’s tables – What’s up?|url= https://www.opticalillusion.net/optical-illusions/shepards-tables-whats-up/|publisher= OpticalIllusion.net |date=October 14, 2009 |accessdate=February 10, 2019 |quote= Recently Lydia Maniatis pointed out a puzzling aspect of the illusion, in her prize-winning entry for the Illusion of the Year Competition.}}</ref><ref name=“variant”> {{Cite web |url=http://illusionoftheyear.com/2009/05/another-turn-a-variant-on-the-shepard-tabletop-illusion/ |title=Another turn: a variant on the Shepard tabletop illusion |last=Maniatis |first=Lydia |work=Best Illusion of the Year Contest |quote=The three pink- and blue-colored parallelograms are the same. All blue lines are equal in length; all pink lines are also equal. Box B is simply Box C rotated counterclockwise. But the three parallelograms look different, and boxes B and C look different. |date=2009 |accessdate=February 10, 2019}}</ref>

Christopher W. Tyler, among others, has done scholarly research on the illusion.<ref name=“Tyler”>{{cite journal |last=Tyler |first= Christopher W |date= May 19, 2011|title=Paradoxical perception of surfaces in the Shepard tabletop illusion |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1068/i0422 |journal= i-Perception|volume=3 |issue= 3|pages=137-141 |doi=10.1068/i0422 |access-date= February 7, 2019|quote=One of the most profound visual illusions .. is the Shepard tabletop illusion, in which the perspective view of two identical parallelograms as tabletops at different orientations gives a completely different sense of the aspect ratio of the implied rectangles in the two cases (Shepard 1990).}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.opticalillusion.net/optical-illusions/shepards-tables-whats-up/ Animation of the illusion]. Opticalillusion.net.
* [https://im-possible.info/english/art/classic/shepard.html More optical illusions by Roger Shepard]

{{Optical illusions}}

[[Category:Optical illusions]]

Shepard-Tische

2019-02-10T22:35:51Z

Espresso Addict: Minor c/e

[[File:Table shepard.preview.jpg|thumb|Shepard tables illusion, named for its creator [[Roger N. Shepard]]]][[File:Shepard tables.jpg|thumb|Shepard tables deconstructed: identical parallelograms with different orientations]]
'''Shepard tables''' (also known as the '''Shepard tabletop illusion''') are an [[optical illusion]] first published in 1990 as "Turning the Tables," by Stanford psychologist [[Roger N. Shepard]] in his book ''Mind Sights'', a collection of illusions that he had created.<ref name=“OxfordDP”>{{cite book |last= Colman|first= Andrew M|date= |title=A Dictionary of Psychology |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803110312149?rskey=EtCz6d&result=1 |edition=3 |publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn =9780191726828 |quote=The illusion was first presented by the US psychologist Roger N(ewland) Shepard (born 1929) in his book Mind Sights: Original Visual Illusions, Ambiguities, and Other Anomalies (1990, p. 48). Shepard commented that ‘any knowledge or understanding of the illusion we may gain at the intellectual level remains virtually powerless to diminish the magnitude of the illusion’ (p. 128). }}</ref> Shepard had described an earlier, less-powerful version of the illusion in 1981 as the "[[parallelogram]] illusion" (''Perceptual Organization,'' pp. 297–9).<ref name=“OxfordDP”/>

To quote ''A Dictionary of Psychology'', the Shepard table illusion makes "a pair of identical parallelograms representing the tops of two tables appear radically different...The illusion arises from our inability to avoid making three-dimensional interpretations of the drawings."<ref name=“OxfordDP”/>
According to Shepard, "any knowledge or understanding of the illusion we may gain at the intellectual level remains virtually powerless to diminish the magnitude of the illusion."<ref name=“MindSights”>{{cite book |last= Shepard|first= RN|date= 1990|title= Mind Sights: Original visual illusions, ambiguities, and other anomalies, with a commentary on the play of mind in perception and art|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1vtlQgAACAAJ|page=128| |publisher= W.H. Freeman and Company|isbn= 0716721341 }}</ref>

The illusion is based on a drawing of two parallelograms, identical aside from a rotation of 45 degrees. When the parallelograms are presented as tabletops, however, we see them as objects in three-dimensional space. One "table" seems long and narrow, with its longer dimension receding into the distance. The other "table" looks almost square, because we interpret its shorter dimension as [[Perspective_(graphical)#Foreshortening|foreshortening]].<ref name=“OxfordC”>{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1= Arthur Gilman|last2= Todorovic|first2=Dejan |date= 2012|title=
The Oxford Compendium of Visual Illusions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzfADgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239&dq=oxford+compendium+visual+illusions+shepard&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjI6_bGn6vgAhV7HzQIHUc_Df4Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=oxford%20compendium%20visual%20illusions%20shepard&f=false |publisher= Oxford University Press|page=239 |isbn= 019979460X|quote=For example, the famous Shepard tabletop illusion (Shepard, 1981) is more convincing when the planes are embedded in box shapes than when they are presented in isolation.}}</ref> The ''MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences'' explains the illusion as an effect of "size and shape constancy <nowiki>[which]</nowiki> subjectively expand the near-far dimension along the line of sight."<ref name=“MIT”>{{cite book |last1= Wilson|first1= Robert Andrew|last2=Keil |first2= Frank C|date=2001 |title= The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wt1aZrGXLYC |publisher=MIT Press |pages=385-386 |isbn=978-0262731447 |quote=size and shape constancy subjectively expand the near-far dimension along the line of sight to compensate for geometrical foreshortening.}}</ref> It classifies Shepard tables as an example of a [[geometrical-optical illusions|geometrical illusion]], in the category of an "illusion of size."<ref name=“MIT”/>

The illusion can also be constructed using identical [[trapezoid]]s rather than identical parallelograms.<ref name=“Trapezoid”>{{cite book |last1= Martinez-Conde|first1=Susana |last2=Macknik |first2=Stephen |date= 2017|title= Champions of Illusion: The Science Behind Mind-Boggling Images and Mystifying Brain Puzzles|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HuklDwAAQBAJ|quote= Photocopy this page and then ..cut around the trapezoid shapes…The effect is a version of the classic Shepard Tabletop illusion.|publisher= Farrar, Straus and Giroux|page= 46|isbn= 0374120404 }}</ref>

Christopher W. Tyler, among others, has done scholarly research on the illusion.<ref name=“Tyler”>{{cite journal |last=Tyler |first= Christopher W |date= May 19, 2011|title=Paradoxical perception of surfaces in the Shepard tabletop illusion |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1068/i0422 |journal= i-Perception|volume=3 |issue= 3|pages=137-141 |doi=10.1068/i0422 |access-date= February 7, 2019|quote=One of the most profound visual illusions .. is the Shepard tabletop illusion, in which the perspective view of two identical parallelograms as tabletops at different orientations gives a completely different sense of the aspect ratio of the implied rectangles in the two cases (Shepard 1990).}}</ref> For example, children diagnosed with [[autism spectrum disorder]] are less susceptible to the Shepard table illusion than "typically developing children" but equally susceptible to the [[Ebbinghaus illusion]].<ref name=“Autism”>{{cite conference |url= https://insar.confex.com/insar/2018/webprogram/Paper28297.html|title=Illusion Strength and Associated Eye Movements in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder While Viewing Shepard and Ebbinghaus Illusion Displays |last1=Landry |first1=O. |last2= Royals|first2= K.|date= May 9, 2018|publisher= International Society for Autism Research|quote= The children with ASD (M = .14, SD = .10) were less susceptible to the Shepard’s tabletops illusion than the typically developing children (M = .20, SD = .05), t (28) = 2.41, p = .043.|location=Rotterdam |conference= INSAR 2018 Annual Meeting }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.opticalillusion.net/optical-illusions/shepards-tables-whats-up/ Animation of the illusion]
* [https://im-possible.info/english/art/classic/shepard.html More optical illusions by Roger Shepard]

{{Optical illusions}}

[[Category:Optical illusions]]

Shepard-Tische

2019-02-10T22:06:09Z

Espresso Addict: Minor c/e

[[File:Table shepard.preview.jpg|thumb|Shepard tables illusion, named for its creator [[Roger N. Shepard]]]][[File:Shepard tables.jpg|thumb|Shepard tables deconstructed: identical parallelograms with different orientations.]]
'''Shepard tables''' (also known as the '''Shepard tabletop illusion''') are an [[optical illusion]] first published in 1990 as "Turning the Tables," by Stanford psychologist [[Roger N. Shepard]] in his book ''Mind Sights'', a collection of illusions that he had created.<ref name=“OxfordDP”>{{cite book |last= Colman|first= Andrew M|date= |title=A Dictionary of Psychology |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803110312149?rskey=EtCz6d&result=1 |edition=3 |publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn =9780191726828 |quote=The illusion was first presented by the US psychologist Roger N(ewland) Shepard (born 1929) in his book Mind Sights: Original Visual Illusions, Ambiguities, and Other Anomalies (1990, p. 48). Shepard commented that ‘any knowledge or understanding of the illusion we may gain at the intellectual level remains virtually powerless to diminish the magnitude of the illusion’ (p. 128). }}</ref> Shepard had described an earlier, less powerful version of the illusion in 1981 as the "[[parallelogram]] illusion" (''Perceptual Organization,'' pp. 297–9)<ref name=“OxfordDP”/>

To quote ''A Dictionary of Psychology'', the Shepard table illusion makes "a pair of identical parallelograms representing the tops of two tables appear radically different...The illusion arises from our inability to avoid making three-dimensional interpretations of the drawings."<ref name=“OxfordDP”/>
According to Shepard, "any knowledge or understanding of the illusion we may gain at the intellectual level remains virtually powerless to diminish the magnitude of the illusion."<ref name=“MindSights”>{{cite book |last= Shepard|first= RN|date= 1990|title= Mind Sights: Original visual illusions, ambiguities, and other anomalies, with a commentary on the play of mind in perception and art|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1vtlQgAACAAJ|page=128| |publisher= W.H. Freeman and Company|isbn= 0716721341 }}</ref>

The illusion is based on a drawing of two parallelograms, identical aside from a rotation of 45 degrees. When the parallelograms are presented as tabletops, however, we see them as objects in three-dimensional space. One "table" seems long and narrow, with its longer dimension receding into the distance. The other "table" looks almost square, because we interpret its shorter dimension as [[Perspective_(graphical)#Foreshortening|foreshortening]].<ref name=“OxfordC”>{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1= Arthur Gilman|last2= Todorovic|first2=Dejan |date= 2012|title=
The Oxford Compendium of Visual Illusions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzfADgAAQBAJ&pg=PA239&dq=oxford+compendium+visual+illusions+shepard&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjI6_bGn6vgAhV7HzQIHUc_Df4Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=oxford%20compendium%20visual%20illusions%20shepard&f=false |publisher= Oxford University Press|page=239 |isbn= 019979460X|quote=For example, the famous Shepard tabletop illusion (Shepard, 1981) is more convincing when the planes are embedded in box shapes than when they are presented in isolation.}}</ref> The ''MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences'' explains the illusion as an effect of "size and shape constancy <nowiki>[which]</nowiki> subjectively expand the near-far dimension along the line of sight."<ref name=“MIT”>{{cite book |last1= Wilson|first1= Robert Andrew|last2=Keil |first2= Frank C|date=2001 |title= The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-wt1aZrGXLYC |publisher=MIT Press |pages=385-386 |isbn=978-0262731447 |quote=size and shape constancy subjectively expand the near-far dimension along the line of sight to compensate for geometrical foreshortening.}}</ref> It classifies Shepard tables as an example of a [[geometrical-optical illusions|geometrical illusion]], in the category of an "illusion of size."<ref name=“MIT”/>

The illusion can also be constructed using identical [[trapezoid]]s rather than identical parallelograms.<ref name=“Trapezoid”>{{cite book |last1= Martinez-Conde|first1=Susana |last2=Macknik |first2=Stephen |date= 2017|title= Champions of Illusion: The Science Behind Mind-Boggling Images and Mystifying Brain Puzzles|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HuklDwAAQBAJ|quote= Photocopy this page and then ..cut around the trapezoid shapes…The effect is a version of the classic Shepard Tabletop illusion.|publisher= Farrar, Straus and Giroux|page= 46|isbn= 0374120404 }}</ref>

Christopher W. Tyler, among others, has done scholarly research on the illusion.<ref name=“Tyler”>{{cite journal |last=Tyler |first= Christopher W |date= May 19, 2011|title=Paradoxical perception of surfaces in the Shepard tabletop illusion |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1068/i0422 |journal= i-Perception|volume=3 |issue= 3|pages=137-141 |doi=10.1068/i0422 |access-date= February 7, 2019|quote=One of the most profound visual illusions .. is the Shepard tabletop illusion, in which the perspective view of two identical parallelograms as tabletops at different orientations gives a completely different sense of the aspect ratio of the implied rectangles in the two cases (Shepard 1990).}}</ref> For example, children diagnosed with [[autism spectrum disorder]] are less susceptible to the Shepard table illusion than "typically developing children" but equally susceptible to the [[Ebbinghaus illusion]].<ref name=“Autism”>{{cite conference |url= https://insar.confex.com/insar/2018/webprogram/Paper28297.html|title=Illusion Strength and Associated Eye Movements in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder While Viewing Shepard and Ebbinghaus Illusion Displays |last1=Landry |first1=O. |last2= Royals|first2= K.|date= May 9, 2018|publisher= International Society for Autism Research|quote= The children with ASD (M = .14, SD = .10) were less susceptible to the Shepard’s tabletops illusion than the typically developing children (M = .20, SD = .05), t (28) = 2.41, p = .043.|location=Rotterdam |conference= INSAR 2018 Annual Meeting }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.opticalillusion.net/optical-illusions/shepards-tables-whats-up/ Animation of the illusion]
* [https://im-possible.info/english/art/classic/shepard.html More optical illusions by Roger Shepard]

{{Optical illusions}}

[[Category:Optical illusions]]

Konklave 1689

2018-04-29T22:51:52Z

Espresso Addict: /* Election of Alexander VIII */ Typo

{{good article}}
{{Infobox papal conclave
| month = August–October
| year = 1689
| commonname = 
| dates = 23 August – 6 October 1689
| location = [[Apostolic Palace]], [[Papal States]]
| dean =
| subdean =
| camerlengo =
| protopriest =
| protodeacon =
| secretary = 
| candidates = 
| vetoed = 
| ballots = 
| pope_elected= [[Pope Alexander VIII|Pietro Vito Ottoboni]]
| nametaken = Alexander VIII
| image = Alexander VIII 1.jpg
| prevconclave_year= 1676
| prevconclave_link=Papal conclave, 1676
| nextconclave_year= 1691
| nextconclave_link=Papal conclave, 1691
}}
The '''papal conclave of 1689''' was convened after the death of [[Pope Innocent XI]]. It led to the election of Pietro Vito Ottoboni as [[Pope Alexander VIII]]. The conclave saw previous factions join together because they lacked numerical strength, and saw the rise of the ''[[zelanti]]'' as a political force in the election of the next pope. Ottoboni was eventually unanimously elected with the consent of the secular monarchs, becoming the first Venetian in over 200 years to be elected pope.

==Background==
The central political issue concerning the papacy during the pontificate of Innocent XI was the diplomatic tension between the papacy and the French monarchy over the ''[[droit de régale]]'', the claimed right of French monarchs to receive the income of dioceses during the ''interregnum'' between the death of one bishop and the instalation of a new one.{{sfn|Baumgartner|2003|p=162}} In response to a bull from Innocent condemning the practice, the French held a national synod in 1682, which upheld this right of the king. Innocent, in return, refused to confirm French bishops, causing there to be thirty-five vacancies by 1688. [[Louis XIV]] responded in kind, by seizing the papal territory [[Avignon]].{{sfn|Baumgartner|2003|p=163}}

In ecclesiastical affairs, Innocent was slow in creating cardinals, waiting until 1681, five years after his election, for his first creations. At that time, he created sixteen cardinals, all of whom were Italian. This caused anger among Catholic monarchs, because there were few remaining non-Italians in the college at that time. At his next creation of cardinals in 1686 he created twenty-seven cardinals, including one French cardinal and eleven other non-Italians.{{sfn|Baumgartner|2003|p=163}} In total during Innocent's pontificate, he created a total of forty-three cardinals, while fifty-two had died.{{sfn|Freiherr von Pastor|1940|p=525}}

==Conclave==
Innocent XI died on 12 August 1689. At the time of his death, there were eight vacancies in the [[College of Cardinals]].{{sfn|Baumgartner|2003|p=163}} The conclave to elect his successor opened on 23 August 1689, but due to the late arrival of the French cardinals, no significant voting occurred until a month later.{{sfn|Baumgartner|2003|p=164}} The French cardinals arrived to Rome on 23 September 1689, and entered the conclave on 27 September.{{sfn|Freiherr von Pastor|1940|pp=528–529}} [[Pope Gregory XV|Gregory XV]]'s 1621 bull ''[[Aeterni Patris Filius]]'' set the threshold for election by scrutiny at two-thirds of participating electors.{{sfn|Signorotto and Visceglia|2002|p=106}}

Fifty-three cardinals participated in the 1689 conclave, and seven of those were non-Italian.{{#tag:ref|Pastor notes the total of cardinals at fifty-two while Baumgartner lists it as fifty-three.{{sfn|Baumgartner|2003|p=163}}{{sfn|Freiherr von Pastor|1940|p=525}}}} Of the Italian cardinals, seventeen were from the [[Papal States]]. Innocent XI's creations were generally not aligned with any of the secular rulers at the time, and this was reflected in the election with the French faction having only five members, while the cardinals aligned with the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]], who ruled Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, only numbered seven. The ''[[Squadrone Volante]]'', which had been a presence at recent conclaves, was not a factor in the 1689 conclave, due to the recent deaths of [[Christina, Queen of Sweden]] and [[Decio Azzolino]].{{sfn|Baumgartner|2003|p=163}} Instead, the college saw the rise of an influential ''[[zelanti]]'' faction with nine members who sought "[...] to elect the best pope, regardless of political ties." {{sfn|Baumgartner|2003|p=163}}

[[Francesco Maria de' Medici]] took charge of the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] contingent while [[Rinaldo d'Este (1618-1672)|Rinaldo d'Este]] led the [[Kingdom of France|French]] factions. [[Flavio Chigi (1631–1693)|Flavio Chigi]] and [[Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni]], who had previously led factions combined their forces due to their decreased number, and joined with [[Benedetto Pamphili]] and Medici. [[Charles d'Albert d'Ailly]], who was the [[Duke of Chaulnes]] served with d'Este and the Marquis de Tore as Louis XIV's advisors regarding the conclave. Medici was joined by [[Luis Francisco de la Cerda]] as the Spanish ambassador to the Holy See. The [[Holy Roman Emperor]], [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]], dispatched [[Anton Florian, Prince of Liechtenstein]] to the conclave as his representative, not being content to be represented by Medici.{{sfn|Freiherr von Pastor|1940|p=527}} Liechtenstein was received in audience at the doors of the conclave on 27 September and d'Ailly on 2 October.{{sfn|Freiherr von Pastor|1940|p=528}}

[[Raimondo Capizucchi]] and [[Gregorio Barbarigo]] were both considered early in the conclave, but neither was elected. There were rumours on 20 September that Barbarigo had been elected, but it was later reported that he had asked the cardinals not to vote for him.{{sfn|Freiherr von Pastor|1940|p=528}}

==Election of Alexander VIII==
Pietro Vito Ottoboni had been seen as the most qualified candidate since the opening of the conclave, but those supporting him moved circumspectly because it was anticipated that he would have enemies as a Venetian. He was supported by the ''zelanti'', as well as by Chigi. Chigi eventually convinced Medici and Altieri to also support Ottoboni. He was not Leopold I's favoured candidate, and Louis XIV was initially opposed to his election, but both eventually consented.{{sfn|Freiherr von Pastor|1940|p=529}} His supporters also promised that he would confirm the French bishops that Innocent XI had refused to confirm, and this was the final step in securing his election. Ottoboni was 79 when the conclave opened, and this was also seen as a positive factor in his election.{{sfn|Baumgartner|2003|p=164}}

On 6 October 1689, Ottoboni was elected [[Pope Alexander VIII]] unanimously by forty-nine [[cardinal electors]].{{sfn|Baumgartner|2003|p=164}} He was the first Venetian pope in over two centuries.{{sfn|Olszewski|2004|p=11}} Ottoboni decided to take the name of Alexander in honour of [[Flavio Chigi (1631–1693)|Flavio Chigi]]'s uncle, [[Alexander VII]], as Chigi had aided in his election, and he also respected [[Pope Alexander III]], who was popular among Venetians. He had originally considered taking the name Urban, in honour of [[Urban VIII]], who had helped start his career, before he settled on Alexander.{{sfn|Olszewski|2004|p=13}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Baumgartner|first1=Frederic J.|title=Behind Locked Doors|date=2003|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=0-312-29463-8}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Freiherr von Pastor|first1=Ludwig|editor1-last=Graf|year=1940|orig-year=1891|editor1-first=Ernest|title=The History of the Popes|volume=XXXII|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd.}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Olszewski|first=Edward J.|title=Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni (1667–1740) and the Vatican Tomb of Pope Alexander VIII|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxQimdgBw0gC&pg=PR6|year=2004|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-252-8}}
*{{cite book|last1=Signorotto|first1=Gianvittorio|last2=Visceglia|first2=Maria Antonietta| title=Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139431415|ref={{sfnref|Signorotto and Visceglia|2002}}}}
{{refend}}
{{Papal elections and conclaves from 1061|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Papal Conclave, 1689}}
[[Category:1689 in the Papal States]]
[[Category:17th-century elections]]
[[Category:1689 in politics]]
[[Category:Papal conclaves|1689]]
[[Category:17th-century Roman Catholicism]]
[[Category:1689 in Europe]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T05:10:00Z

Espresso Addict: /* Personal life */ Detail from the Guardian obituary

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, while travelling from Poland to Germany she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; three days later she was the first to report the German invasion of Poland.<ref>"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105", The New York Times, 10 January 2017</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911, to Daisy and Albert Hollingworth.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Guardian_obit>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/10/clare-hollingworth-obituary |title=Clare Hollingworth obituary |author=Anne Sebba |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 }}</ref> During [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and the family moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and her interest in warfare was stimulated by visits to historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, and in 1940, by then working for the ''[[Daily Express]]'', went to [[Bucharest]], where she reported on [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]]'s forced abdication and the ensuing unrest.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her telephoned reports ignored censorship rules and she is reported to have once avoided arrest by stripping naked.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> In 1941 she went to Egypt, and subsequently reported from Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her efforts were hampered by the fact that women war correspondents did not receive formal accreditation.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943, she was ordered to return to Cairo. Wishing to remain at the front lines, she went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]], writing for the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described her as "the undisputed doyenne of war correspondents".<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/newsletters/2017/01/10/evening-briefing?nlid=68634180 ''Clare Hollingworth''], Evening Briefing, The New York Times, Tuesday, January 10, 2017, NYTimes.com</ref> She amassed considerable expertise in military technology and – after pilot training during the 1940s – was particularly knowledgeable about aircraft.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She later was said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=addley/> She started to visit Algeria, and developed contacts with the Algerian [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]].<ref name=Guardian_obit /> She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

Early in 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months, before publishing her detailed account on 27 April 1963. His defection was subsequently confirmed by the government.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was appointed the ''Guardian'''s defence correspondent in 1963, the first woman in the role.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

In 1967, she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was one of the earliest commentators to predict that the war would end in stalemate, and her reports were also distinguished by her attention to the opinions of Vietnamese civilians.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She met [[Zhou Enlai]] and [[Mao Zedong]]'s wife [[Jiang Qing]].<ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]; the journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] commented that "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> In 1981 she retired and moved her base to Hong Kong, also spending time in Britain, France and China.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> In 1989, she observed the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|Tiananmen Square events]] from a hotel balcony.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 but the marriage failed during the war. They divorced in 1951, and the same year she married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent; Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit />

From 1981, Hollingworth was based in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 1990, she published her memoirs under the title ''Front Line''.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref>Fox, Margalit, ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/10/business/media/clare-hollingworth-reporter-who-broke-news-of-world-war-ii-dies-at-105.html?emc=edit_ne_20170110&nl=evening-briefing&nlid=68634180&te=1 Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105]'', New York Times, January 10, 2017</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T05:05:28Z

Espresso Addict: /* Later career */ Detail from Guardian obituary

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, while travelling from Poland to Germany she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; three days later she was the first to report the German invasion of Poland.<ref>"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105", The New York Times, 10 January 2017</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911, to Daisy and Albert Hollingworth.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Guardian_obit>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/10/clare-hollingworth-obituary |title=Clare Hollingworth obituary |author=Anne Sebba |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 }}</ref> During [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and the family moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and her interest in warfare was stimulated by visits to historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, and in 1940, by then working for the ''[[Daily Express]]'', went to [[Bucharest]], where she reported on [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]]'s forced abdication and the ensuing unrest.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her telephoned reports ignored censorship rules and she is reported to have once avoided arrest by stripping naked.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> In 1941 she went to Egypt, and subsequently reported from Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her efforts were hampered by the fact that women war correspondents did not receive formal accreditation.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943, she was ordered to return to Cairo. Wishing to remain at the front lines, she went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]], writing for the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described her as "the undisputed doyenne of war correspondents".<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/newsletters/2017/01/10/evening-briefing?nlid=68634180 ''Clare Hollingworth''], Evening Briefing, The New York Times, Tuesday, January 10, 2017, NYTimes.com</ref> She amassed considerable expertise in military technology and – after pilot training during the 1940s – was particularly knowledgeable about aircraft.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She later was said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=addley/> She started to visit Algeria, and developed contacts with the Algerian [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]].<ref name=Guardian_obit /> She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

Early in 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months, before publishing her detailed account on 27 April 1963. His defection was subsequently confirmed by the government.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was appointed the ''Guardian'''s defence correspondent in 1963, the first woman in the role.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

In 1967, she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was one of the earliest commentators to predict that the war would end in stalemate, and her reports were also distinguished by her attention to the opinions of Vietnamese civilians.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She met [[Zhou Enlai]] and [[Mao Zedong]]'s wife [[Jiang Qing]].<ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]; the journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] commented that "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> In 1981 she retired and moved her base to Hong Kong, also spending time in Britain, France and China.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> In 1989, she observed the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|Tiananmen Square events]] from a hotel balcony.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 but the marriage failed during the war. They divorced in 1951, and the same year she married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent; Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit />

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref>Fox, Margalit, ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/10/business/media/clare-hollingworth-reporter-who-broke-news-of-world-war-ii-dies-at-105.html?emc=edit_ne_20170110&nl=evening-briefing&nlid=68634180&te=1 Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105]'', New York Times, January 10, 2017</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T04:59:23Z

Espresso Addict: /* Later career */ Detail from Guardian obituary

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, while travelling from Poland to Germany she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; three days later she was the first to report the German invasion of Poland.<ref>"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105", The New York Times, 10 January 2017</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911, to Daisy and Albert Hollingworth.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Guardian_obit>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/10/clare-hollingworth-obituary |title=Clare Hollingworth obituary |author=Anne Sebba |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 }}</ref> During [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and the family moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and her interest in warfare was stimulated by visits to historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, and in 1940, by then working for the ''[[Daily Express]]'', went to [[Bucharest]], where she reported on [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]]'s forced abdication and the ensuing unrest.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her telephoned reports ignored censorship rules and she is reported to have once avoided arrest by stripping naked.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> In 1941 she went to Egypt, and subsequently reported from Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her efforts were hampered by the fact that women war correspondents did not receive formal accreditation.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943, she was ordered to return to Cairo. Wishing to remain at the front lines, she went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]], writing for the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described her as "the undisputed doyenne of war correspondents".<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/newsletters/2017/01/10/evening-briefing?nlid=68634180 ''Clare Hollingworth''], Evening Briefing, The New York Times, Tuesday, January 10, 2017, NYTimes.com</ref> She amassed considerable expertise in military technology and – after pilot training during the 1940s – was particularly knowledgeable about aircraft.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She later was said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=addley/> She started to visit Algeria, and developed contacts with the Algerian [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]].<ref name=Guardian_obit /> She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

Early in 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months, before publishing her detailed account on 27 April 1963. His defection was subsequently confirmed by the government.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was appointed the ''Guardian'''s defence correspondent in 1963, the first woman in the role.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

In 1967, she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was one of the earliest commentators to predict that the war would end in stalemate, and her reports were also distinguished by her attention to the opinions of Vietnamese civilians.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She met [[Zhou Enlai]] and [[Mao Zedong]]'s wife [[Jiang Qing]].<ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]; the journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] commented that "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> In 1981 she retired and moved to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 but the marriage failed during the war. They divorced in 1951, and the same year she married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent; Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit />

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref>Fox, Margalit, ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/10/business/media/clare-hollingworth-reporter-who-broke-news-of-world-war-ii-dies-at-105.html?emc=edit_ne_20170110&nl=evening-briefing&nlid=68634180&te=1 Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105]'', New York Times, January 10, 2017</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T04:48:46Z

Espresso Addict: /* Later career */ Restoring 83d40m's quotation & ref

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, while travelling from Poland to Germany she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; three days later she was the first to report the German invasion of Poland.<ref>"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105", The New York Times, 10 January 2017</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911, to Daisy and Albert Hollingworth.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Guardian_obit>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/10/clare-hollingworth-obituary |title=Clare Hollingworth obituary |author=Anne Sebba |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 }}</ref> During [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and the family moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and her interest in warfare was stimulated by visits to historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, and in 1940, by then working for the ''[[Daily Express]]'', went to [[Bucharest]], where she reported on [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]]'s forced abdication and the ensuing unrest.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her telephoned reports ignored censorship rules and she is reported to have once avoided arrest by stripping naked.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> In 1941 she went to Egypt, and subsequently reported from Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her efforts were hampered by the fact that women war correspondents did not receive formal accreditation.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943, she was ordered to return to Cairo. Wishing to remain at the front lines, she went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]], writing for the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described her as "the undisputed doyenne of war correspondents".<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/newsletters/2017/01/10/evening-briefing?nlid=68634180 ''Clare Hollingworth''], Evening Briefing, The New York Times, Tuesday, January 10, 2017, NYTimes.com</ref> She amassed considerable expertise in military technology and – after pilot training during the 1940s – was particularly knowledgeable about aircraft.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She later was said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=addley/> She started to visit Algeria, and developed contacts with the Algerian [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]].<ref name=Guardian_obit /> She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

Early in 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months, before publishing her detailed account on 27 April 1963. His defection was subsequently confirmed by the government.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was appointed the ''Guardian'''s defence correspondent in 1963, the first woman in the role.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

In 1967, she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was one of the earliest commentators to predict that the war would end in stalemate, and her reports were also distinguished by her attention to the opinions of Vietnamese civilians.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]; the journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] commented that "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> In 1981 she retired and moved to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 but the marriage failed during the war. They divorced in 1951, and the same year she married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent; Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit />

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref>Fox, Margalit, ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/10/business/media/clare-hollingworth-reporter-who-broke-news-of-world-war-ii-dies-at-105.html?emc=edit_ne_20170110&nl=evening-briefing&nlid=68634180&te=1 Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105]'', New York Times, January 10, 2017</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T04:44:09Z

Espresso Addict: /* Personal life */ Restoring ref added by 83d40m

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, while travelling from Poland to Germany she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; three days later she was the first to report the German invasion of Poland.<ref>"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105", The New York Times, 10 January 2017</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911, to Daisy and Albert Hollingworth.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Guardian_obit>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/10/clare-hollingworth-obituary |title=Clare Hollingworth obituary |author=Anne Sebba |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 }}</ref> During [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and the family moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and her interest in warfare was stimulated by visits to historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, and in 1940, by then working for the ''[[Daily Express]]'', went to [[Bucharest]], where she reported on [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]]'s forced abdication and the ensuing unrest.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her telephoned reports ignored censorship rules and she is reported to have once avoided arrest by stripping naked.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> In 1941 she went to Egypt, and subsequently reported from Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her efforts were hampered by the fact that women war correspondents did not receive formal accreditation.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943, she was ordered to return to Cairo. Wishing to remain at the front lines, she went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]], writing for the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> She amassed considerable expertise in military technology and – after pilot training during the 1940s – was particularly knowledgeable about aircraft.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She later was said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=addley/> She started to visit Algeria, and developed contacts with the Algerian [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]].<ref name=Guardian_obit /> She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

Early in 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months, before publishing her detailed account on 27 April 1963. His defection was subsequently confirmed by the government.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was appointed the ''Guardian'''s defence correspondent in 1963, the first woman in the role.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

In 1967, she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was one of the earliest commentators to predict that the war would end in stalemate, and her reports were also distinguished by her attention to the opinions of Vietnamese civilians.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]; the journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] commented that "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> In 1981 she retired and moved to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 but the marriage failed during the war. They divorced in 1951, and the same year she married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent; Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit />

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref><ref>Fox, Margalit, ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/10/business/media/clare-hollingworth-reporter-who-broke-news-of-world-war-ii-dies-at-105.html?emc=edit_ne_20170110&nl=evening-briefing&nlid=68634180&te=1 Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105]'', New York Times, January 10, 2017</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T04:41:31Z

Espresso Addict: /* Later career */ Restoring 83d40m's c/e

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, while travelling from Poland to Germany she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; three days later she was the first to report the German invasion of Poland.<ref>"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105", The New York Times, 10 January 2017</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911, to Daisy and Albert Hollingworth.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Guardian_obit>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/10/clare-hollingworth-obituary |title=Clare Hollingworth obituary |author=Anne Sebba |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 }}</ref> During [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and the family moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and her interest in warfare was stimulated by visits to historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, and in 1940, by then working for the ''[[Daily Express]]'', went to [[Bucharest]], where she reported on [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]]'s forced abdication and the ensuing unrest.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her telephoned reports ignored censorship rules and she is reported to have once avoided arrest by stripping naked.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> In 1941 she went to Egypt, and subsequently reported from Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her efforts were hampered by the fact that women war correspondents did not receive formal accreditation.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943, she was ordered to return to Cairo. Wishing to remain at the front lines, she went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]], writing for the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> She amassed considerable expertise in military technology and – after pilot training during the 1940s – was particularly knowledgeable about aircraft.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She later was said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=addley/> She started to visit Algeria, and developed contacts with the Algerian [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]].<ref name=Guardian_obit /> She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

Early in 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months, before publishing her detailed account on 27 April 1963. His defection was subsequently confirmed by the government.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was appointed the ''Guardian'''s defence correspondent in 1963, the first woman in the role.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

In 1967, she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was one of the earliest commentators to predict that the war would end in stalemate, and her reports were also distinguished by her attention to the opinions of Vietnamese civilians.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]; the journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] commented that "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> In 1981 she retired and moved to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 but the marriage failed during the war. They divorced in 1951, and the same year she married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent; Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit />

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T04:38:02Z

Espresso Addict: /* Early life */ Restoring 83d40m's c/e

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, while travelling from Poland to Germany she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; three days later she was the first to report the German invasion of Poland.<ref>"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105", The New York Times, 10 January 2017</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911, to Daisy and Albert Hollingworth.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Guardian_obit>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/10/clare-hollingworth-obituary |title=Clare Hollingworth obituary |author=Anne Sebba |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 }}</ref> During [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and the family moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and her interest in warfare was stimulated by visits to historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, and in 1940, by then working for the ''[[Daily Express]]'', went to [[Bucharest]], where she reported on [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]]'s forced abdication and the ensuing unrest.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her telephoned reports ignored censorship rules and she is reported to have once avoided arrest by stripping naked.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> In 1941 she went to Egypt, and subsequently reported from Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her efforts were hampered by the fact that women war correspondents did not receive formal accreditation.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943, she was ordered to return to Cairo. Wishing to remain at the front lines, she went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]], writing for the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> She amassed considerable expertise in military technology and – after pilot training during the 1940s – was particularly knowledgeable about aircraft.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She was later said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=addley/> She started to visit Algeria, and developed contacts with the Algerian [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]].<ref name=Guardian_obit /> She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

Early in 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months, before publishing her detailed account on 27 April 1963. His defection was subsequently confirmed by the government.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was appointed the ''Guardian'''s defence correspondent in 1963, the first woman in the role.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

In 1967, she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was one of the earliest commentators to predict that the war would end in stalemate, and her reports were also distinguished by her attention to the opinions of Vietnamese civilians.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]; the journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] commented that "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> In 1981 she retired and moved to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 but the marriage failed during the war. They divorced in 1951, and the same year she married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent; Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit />

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T04:36:14Z

Espresso Addict: Overwriting 83d40m's changes (erased multiple past & edit-conflicted edits of mine); will restore

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, while travelling from Poland to Germany she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; three days later she was the first to report the German invasion of Poland.<ref>"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105", The New York Times, 10 January 2017</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911, to Daisy and Albert Hollingworth.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Guardian_obit>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/10/clare-hollingworth-obituary |title=Clare Hollingworth obituary |author=Anne Sebba |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 }}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and her interest in warfare was stimulated by visits to historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, and in 1940, by then working for the ''[[Daily Express]]'', went to [[Bucharest]], where she reported on [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]]'s forced abdication and the ensuing unrest.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her telephoned reports ignored censorship rules and she is reported to have once avoided arrest by stripping naked.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> In 1941 she went to Egypt, and subsequently reported from Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her efforts were hampered by the fact that women war correspondents did not receive formal accreditation.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943, she was ordered to return to Cairo. Wishing to remain at the front lines, she went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]], writing for the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> She amassed considerable expertise in military technology and – after pilot training during the 1940s – was particularly knowledgeable about aircraft.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She was later said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=addley/> She started to visit Algeria, and developed contacts with the Algerian [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]].<ref name=Guardian_obit /> She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

Early in 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months, before publishing her detailed account on 27 April 1963. His defection was subsequently confirmed by the government.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was appointed the ''Guardian'''s defence correspondent in 1963, the first woman in the role.<ref name=Guardian_obit />

In 1967, she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She was one of the earliest commentators to predict that the war would end in stalemate, and her reports were also distinguished by her attention to the opinions of Vietnamese civilians.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]; the journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] commented that "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> In 1981 she retired and moved to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 but the marriage failed during the war. They divorced in 1951, and the same year she married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent; Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit />

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T04:05:28Z

Espresso Addict: /* Later career */ Detail from Guardian obituary

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, while travelling from Poland to Germany she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; three days later she was the first to report the German invasion of Poland.<ref>"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105", The New York Times, 10 January 2017</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911, to Daisy and Albert Hollingworth.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Guardian_obit>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/10/clare-hollingworth-obituary |title=Clare Hollingworth obituary |author=Anne Sebba |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 }}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and her interest in warfare was stimulated by visits to historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, and in 1940, by then working for the ''[[Daily Express]]'', went to [[Bucharest]], where she reported on [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]]'s forced abdication and the ensuing unrest.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her telephoned reports ignored censorship rules and she is reported to have once avoided arrest by stripping naked.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> In 1941 she went to Egypt, and subsequently reported from Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her efforts were hampered by the fact that women war correspondents did not receive formal accreditation.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943, she was ordered to return to Cairo. Wishing to remain at the front lines, she went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]], writing for the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She was later said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=addley/> She started to visit Algeria, and developed contacts with the Algerian [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]].<ref name=Guardian_obit /> She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

In 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Towards the end of the decade she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/> She was one of the earliest commentators to predict that the war would end in stalemate, and her reports were also distinguished by her attention to the opinions of Vietnamese civilians.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]; the journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] commented that "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> In 1981 she retired and moved to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 but the marriage failed during the war. They divorced in 1951, and the same year she married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent; Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit />

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T04:00:19Z

Espresso Addict: /* World War II */ Detail from Guardian obituary

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, while travelling from Poland to Germany she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; three days later she was the first to report the German invasion of Poland.<ref>"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105", The New York Times, 10 January 2017</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911, to Daisy and Albert Hollingworth.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Guardian_obit>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/10/clare-hollingworth-obituary |title=Clare Hollingworth obituary |author=Anne Sebba |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 }}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and her interest in warfare was stimulated by visits to historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, and in 1940, by then working for the ''[[Daily Express]]'', went to [[Bucharest]], where she reported on [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]]'s forced abdication and the ensuing unrest.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her telephoned reports ignored censorship rules and she is reported to have once avoided arrest by stripping naked.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> In 1941 she went to Egypt, and subsequently reported from Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her efforts were hampered by the fact that women war correspondents did not receive formal accreditation.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943, she was ordered to return to Cairo. Wishing to remain at the front lines, she went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]], writing for the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She was later said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''. She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

In 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Towards the end of the decade she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/> She was one of the earliest commentators to predict that the war would end in stalemate, and her reports were also distinguished by her attention to the opinions of Vietnamese civilians.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]; the journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] commented that "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> In 1981 she retired and moved to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 but the marriage failed during the war. They divorced in 1951, and the same year she married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent; Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit />

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T03:47:59Z

Espresso Addict: /* World War II */ Detail from Guardian obituary

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, while travelling from Poland to Germany she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; three days later she was the first to report the German invasion of Poland.<ref>"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105", The New York Times, 10 January 2017</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911, to Daisy and Albert Hollingworth.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Guardian_obit>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/10/clare-hollingworth-obituary |title=Clare Hollingworth obituary |author=Anne Sebba |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 }}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and her interest in warfare was stimulated by visits to historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, and in 1940, by then working for the ''[[Daily Express]]'', went to [[Bucharest]], where she reported on [[Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]]'s forced abdication and the ensuing unrest.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> Her telephoned reports ignored censorship rules and she is reported to have once avoided arrest by stripping naked.<ref name=Guardian_obit /> In 1941 she went to Egypt, and subsequently reported from Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She was later said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''. She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

In 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Towards the end of the decade she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/> She was one of the earliest commentators to predict that the war would end in stalemate, and her reports were also distinguished by her attention to the opinions of Vietnamese civilians.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]; the journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] commented that "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> In 1981 she retired and moved to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 but the marriage failed during the war. They divorced in 1951, and the same year she married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent; Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit />

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T03:33:05Z

Espresso Addict: /* Personal life */ Detail from the Guardian obituary

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, while travelling from Poland to Germany she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; three days later she was the first to report the German invasion of Poland.<ref>"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105", The New York Times, 10 January 2017</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911, to Daisy and Albert Hollingworth.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Guardian_obit>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/10/clare-hollingworth-obituary |title=Clare Hollingworth obituary |author=Anne Sebba |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 }}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and her interest in warfare was stimulated by visits to historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She was later said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''. She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

In 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Towards the end of the decade she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/> She was one of the earliest commentators to predict that the war would end in stalemate, and her reports were also distinguished by her attention to the opinions of Vietnamese civilians.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]; the journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] commented that "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> In 1981 she retired and moved to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 but the marriage failed during the war. They divorced in 1951, and the same year she married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent; Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/><ref name=Guardian_obit />

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T03:28:34Z

Espresso Addict: /* Early life */ Details from Guardian obituary; +ref

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, while travelling from Poland to Germany she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; three days later she was the first to report the German invasion of Poland.<ref>"Clare Hollingworth, Reporter Who Broke News of World War II, Dies at 105", The New York Times, 10 January 2017</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911, to Daisy and Albert Hollingworth.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=Guardian_obit>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jan/10/clare-hollingworth-obituary |title=Clare Hollingworth obituary |author=Anne Sebba |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=11 January 2017 }}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and her interest in warfare was stimulated by visits to historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Guardian_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She was later said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''. She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

In 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Towards the end of the decade she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/> She was one of the earliest commentators to predict that the war would end in stalemate, and her reports were also distinguished by her attention to the opinions of Vietnamese civilians.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]; the journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] commented that "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> In 1981 she retired and moved to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent, in 1951. Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T02:13:42Z

Espresso Addict: /* Later career */ Details from BBC obituary; removing expansion tag (though more detail welcome)

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She was later said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''. She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

In 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Towards the end of the decade she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/> She was one of the earliest commentators to predict that the war would end in stalemate, and her reports were also distinguished by her attention to the opinions of Vietnamese civilians.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]; the journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] commented that "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> In 1981 she retired and moved to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent, in 1951. Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T02:07:02Z

Espresso Addict: /* World War II */ l.c.

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She was later said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''. She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

In 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Towards the end of the decade she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/>

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]. The journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] said: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> By 1981 she had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent, in 1951. Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T02:03:15Z

Espresso Addict: /* Pre-war */ Trying different order; adding election postponed (common knowledge, ref unneeded)

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> In June 1939, she was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by the end of 1940,<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> but the outbreak of war led to the suspension of elections. 

After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She was later said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''. She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

In 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Towards the end of the decade she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/>

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]. The journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] said: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> By 1981 she had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent, in 1951. Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Hong Kong]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T01:53:51Z

Espresso Addict: /* Later career */ Citns; detail

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

In June 1939, Hollingworth was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> 

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she and her husband Geoffrey Hoare were at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in [[Jerusalem]], which killed 91 people.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She was later said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of his role in ordering the event.<ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''. She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

In 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Towards the end of the decade she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/>

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]. The journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] said: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> By 1981 she had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent, in 1951. Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-11T01:48:55Z

Espresso Addict: /* World War II */ Clarity in edited sentence

{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of a local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

In June 1939, Hollingworth was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> 

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. She persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the main story on the ''Daily Telegraph'''s front page on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, she held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she was at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> She was later said to have refused to shake the hand of then-[[Irgun]] leader and later-Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] because of the event. By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''. She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

In 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Towards the end of the decade she left the ''Guardian'' and began contributing to the ''Telegraph'' again. Her ambition to work in warzones rather than cover government foreign policy encouraged the move. She was sent to Vietnam in 1967 order to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/>

In 1973, she became the ''Telegraph's'' China correspondent, the first since the formation of [[China|the People's Republic]] in 1949.<ref name=addley/> She was the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]. The journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] said: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> By 1981 she had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name=addley/>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936 and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent, in 1951. Hoare died in 1965.<ref name=addley/>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that fully by late 2016.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref name=spec>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How to make it as a female war correspondent|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/12/how-to-make-it-as-a-female-war-correspondent/|website=The Spectator|accessdate=10 January 2017|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
In 1962 Hollingworth won ''Woman Journalist of the Year'' for her reporting of the civil war in Algeria (Hannen Swaffer Awards, UK).<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Awards|url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=1962-1969-Winners|website=www.pressawards.org.uk|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> She won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994). In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" /> She was made Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]].{{when|date=January 2017}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth dies aged 105: Telegraph correspondent who broke the news of World War II passes away in Hong Kong|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/10/clare-hollingworth-dies-aged-105-telegraph-correspondent-broke/|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00942p9 Clare Hollingworth interviewed in 1999] on BBC Radio 4's [[Desert Island Discs]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:English women journalists]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T22:14:49Z

Espresso Addict: /* Later career */ Reorganisation

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

In June 1939, Hollingworth had been selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> 

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
During the post-war decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

Immediately after the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. In 1946, she was at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 British soldiers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''. She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

In 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Towards the end of the decade, she had travelled to Vietnam to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/>

In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]].<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]. The journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] said: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> By 1981 she had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent, in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T22:13:22Z

Espresso Addict: /* Later career */ Removing potentially biased opinion; clarifying

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

In June 1939, Hollingworth had been selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> 

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
After the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> In 1946, she was at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 British soldiers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''. She reported on the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s.<ref name=addley/>

In 1963, still working for the ''Guardian'', she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Towards the end of the decade, she had travelled to Vietnam to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/>

In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]].<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]. The journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] said: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> By 1981 she had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent, in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T22:10:27Z

Espresso Addict: /* Later career */ Edit conflicts

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

In June 1939, Hollingworth had been selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> 

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
After the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> In 1946, she was at the scene of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 British soldiers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> By 1950, she had moved from her base in Cairo to Paris, working for ''[[The Guardian]]''. It was during the [[Algerian War]] in the early 1960s that Hollingworth became a prominent journalist.<ref name=addley/>

In 1963, she was in Beirut and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Towards the end of the decade, she had travelled to Vietnam to cover the [[Vietnam War|ongoing war]] there.<ref name=addley/>

In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]].<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became the last person to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]]. The journalist [[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] said: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref> By 1981 she had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit /> By 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

The BBC stated that although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent, in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T22:01:19Z

Espresso Addict: /* Later career */ More on Philby

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

In June 1939, Hollingworth had been selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> 

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
After the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref>

In 1963 she was in Beirut, reporting for ''[[The Guardian]]'', and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent, uncovering that he had departed for [[Odessa]] on a Soviet ship. ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor, [[Alastair Hetherington]], fearing legal action, held up the story of Philby's defection for three months.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent, in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T21:57:31Z

Espresso Addict: /* Later career */ Starting to add Philby

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

In June 1939, Hollingworth had been selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> 

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
After the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref>

In 1963 she was in Beirut, reporting for ''[[The Guardian]]'', and began to investigate [[Kim Philby]], an ''Observer'' correspondent.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent, in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T21:55:33Z

Espresso Addict: /* Later career */ Detail

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

In June 1939, Hollingworth had been selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> 

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
After the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref>

In 1963 she was in Beirut, reporting for ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]], ''[[The Times]]''' Middle East correspondent, in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T21:50:05Z

Espresso Addict: Moving sentence

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, she attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
Hollingworth became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

In June 1939, Hollingworth had been selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> 

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
After the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]] in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T21:48:12Z

Espresso Addict: Interview with Shah

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
After leaving school, Hollingworth attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

During this period, Hollingworth had been selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> 

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit /> During this time she became the first to interview the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]].<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name=Lo_Dico_2015 />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
After the war, she began working for ''[[The Economist]]'' and ''[[The Observer]]''. During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref name=Lo_Dico_2015>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]] in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T21:44:07Z

Espresso Addict: /* Pre-war */ Separate para to avoid confusion

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
After leaving school, Hollingworth attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

During this period, Hollingworth had been selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> 

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]] in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T21:42:16Z

Espresso Addict: /* World War II */ Expanding from BBC obituary

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
After leaving school, Hollingworth attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> During this period, Hollingworth had been selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref>  The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]]. She subsequently reported from Palestine, Iraq and Persia.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]] in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T21:40:52Z

Espresso Addict: /* World War II */ Expanding from BBC obituary

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
After leaving school, Hollingworth attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> During this period, Hollingworth had been selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref>  The experience also led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]]. After [[Bernard Montgomery|Field Marshal Montgomery]] took [[Tripoli]] in 1943 she refused to leave the front lines and went on to cover [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]'s forces in [[Algiers]].<ref name=BBC_obit />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]] in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. She was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T21:32:47Z

Espresso Addict: /* World War II */ Paragraphs to encourage expansion

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
After leaving school, Hollingworth attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

By 1939 {{when|date=January 2017}}, Hollingworth had been selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref>  Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> This experience led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
Hollingworth had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref>

On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit />

She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]] in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. For a long time she was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T21:30:40Z

Espresso Addict: Restoring sourced hidden material; moving to better position

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
After leaving school, Hollingworth attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

By 1939 {{when|date=January 2017}}, Hollingworth had been selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref>  Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> This experience led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
She had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref> On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]] in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. For a long time she was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T21:27:36Z

Espresso Addict: Refactoring headings

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==Pre-war==
After leaving school, Hollingworth attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> This experience led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

==World War II==
She had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref> On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/> <ref name=BBC_obit /> She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit />

==Later career==
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]] in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. For a long time she was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T21:24:06Z

Espresso Addict: /* Career */ Moving sentence to correct section (edit conflict)

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{under construction|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, Hollingworth attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

==Career==
Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> This experience led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

===World War II===
She had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the Hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref> On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/> <ref name=BBC_obit /> She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit />

===Later career===
{{expand section|date=January 2017}}
During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married [[Geoffrey Hoare]] in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. For a long time she was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> In 2006, Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]]. She was 105.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T20:47:45Z

Espresso Addict: /* Career */ Detail from BBC obituary

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England, UK
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, Hollingworth attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

==Career==
Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> This experience led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

She had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name="scoop"/> On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/> She continued to report on the situation in Poland, then went to [[Bucharest]], and later Turkey, Greece and [[Cairo]].<ref name=BBC_obit />

During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

She was the author of five books: ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), ''There's a German Right Behind Me'' (1945), ''The Arabs and the West'' (1950), ''Mao'' (1985), and her memoirs, ''Front Line'' (1990, updated with Neri Tenorio in 2005).

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married Geoffrey Hoare in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

By 1939, Hollingworth was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> Because of the outbreak of war the election was postponed, and by the 1945 election a different Labour candidate had been chosen.

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. For a long time she was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> She celebrated her 100th birthday there on 10 October 2011.<ref name=100years>{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Annemarie|title=WWII scoop journalist Clare Hollingworth turns 100|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15244377|accessdate=12 October 2011|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2006 Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> In October 2016 in Hong Kong she marked her 105th birthday.<ref>BBC World News, 11 October 2016</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T20:42:32Z

Espresso Addict: /* Career */ Detail from BBC obituary

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England, UK
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> As a reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, Hollingworth attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

==Career==
Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> This experience led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

She had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name="scoop"/> On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/><ref name=BBC_obit /> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/> She continued to report on the situation in Poland, and then went to [[Bucharest]].<ref name=BBC_obit />

During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

She was the author of five books: ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), ''There's a German Right Behind Me'' (1945), ''The Arabs and the West'' (1950), ''Mao'' (1985), and her memoirs, ''Front Line'' (1990, updated with Neri Tenorio in 2005).

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married Geoffrey Hoare in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

By 1939, Hollingworth was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> Because of the outbreak of war the election was postponed, and by the 1945 election a different Labour candidate had been chosen.

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. For a long time she was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> She celebrated her 100th birthday there on 10 October 2011.<ref name=100years>{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Annemarie|title=WWII scoop journalist Clare Hollingworth turns 100|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15244377|accessdate=12 October 2011|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2006 Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> In October 2016 in Hong Kong she marked her 105th birthday.<ref>BBC World News, 11 October 2016</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T20:37:16Z

Espresso Addict: /* Career */ Detail from BBC obituary

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England, UK
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Central, Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> Between March and July 1939 she helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref> A new-starter reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany.

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, Hollingworth attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

==Career==
Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> This experience led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

She had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth observed a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland, after the hessian screens concealing them were disturbed by wind. Her report was the front-page headline of the ''Daily Telegraph'' on the following day.<ref name=BBC_obit /><ref name="scoop"/> On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/>

During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth|publisher=BBC News |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]] and by 1981 had retired to Hong Kong.<ref name="WWII" /><ref name=BBC_obit />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

She was the author of five books: ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), ''There's a German Right Behind Me'' (1945), ''The Arabs and the West'' (1950), ''Mao'' (1985), and her memoirs, ''Front Line'' (1990, updated with Neri Tenorio in 2005).

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married Geoffrey Hoare in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

By 1939, Hollingworth was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> Because of the outbreak of war the election was postponed, and by the 1945 election a different Labour candidate had been chosen.

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. For a long time she was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> She celebrated her 100th birthday there on 10 October 2011.<ref name=100years>{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Annemarie|title=WWII scoop journalist Clare Hollingworth turns 100|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15244377|accessdate=12 October 2011|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2006 Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> In October 2016 in Hong Kong she marked her 105th birthday.<ref>BBC World News, 11 October 2016</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref> She was found unresponsive in her flat in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central]] on 10 January 2017 and was confirmed dead shortly after at [[Ruttonjee Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mok|first1=Danny|last2=Healy Fenton|first2=Anne|title=Clare Hollingworth, the journalist who broke the news of the second world war, dies in Hong Kong|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/2060970/veteran-british-war-correspondent-clare-hollingworth-dies|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=South China Morning Post|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T20:26:38Z

Espresso Addict: /* Career */ Detail from BBC obituary

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England, UK
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Hong Kong]], People's Republic of China
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> A rookie reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany. She later helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref>
==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, Hollingworth attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

==Career==
Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit /> This experience led to her being hired by Arthur Wilson, the editor of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', in August 1939.<ref name=BBC_obit />

She had been working as a ''Telegraph'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth chanced upon a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland. On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/>

During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]].<ref name="WWII" />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

She was the author of five books: ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), ''There's a German Right Behind Me'' (1945), ''The Arabs and the West'' (1950), ''Mao'' (1985), and her memoirs, ''Front Line'' (1990, updated with Neri Tenorio in 2005).

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married Geoffrey Hoare in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

By 1939, Hollingworth was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> Because of the outbreak of war the election was postponed, and by the 1945 election a different Labour candidate had been chosen.

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. For a long time she was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> She celebrated her 100th birthday there on 10 October 2011.<ref name=100years>{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Annemarie|title=WWII scoop journalist Clare Hollingworth turns 100|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15244377|accessdate=12 October 2011|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2006 Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> In October 2016 in Hong Kong she marked her 105th birthday.<ref>BBC World News, 11 October 2016</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref> She died there on 10 January 2017.<ref name="WWII"/>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T20:10:49Z

Espresso Addict: /* Career */ Detail from BBC obituary

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England, UK
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Hong Kong]], People's Republic of China
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> A rookie reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany. She later helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hutton|first1=Alice|title=105-year-old thanked by woman she rescued during WW2|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306|accessdate=10 January 2017|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2016}}</ref>
==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After leaving school, Hollingworth attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

==Career==
Hollingworth started to write articles on a freelance basis for the ''[[New Statesman]]''.<ref name=BBC_obit /> After the German invasion of the [[Sudetenland]] of 1938, she went to [[Warsaw]], working with Czech refugees.<ref name=BBC_obit />

In August 1939, Hollingworth had been working as a ''[[The Daily Telegraph|Daily Telegraph]]'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth chanced upon a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland. On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/>

During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]].<ref name="WWII" />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

She was the author of five books: ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), ''There's a German Right Behind Me'' (1945), ''The Arabs and the West'' (1950), ''Mao'' (1985), and her memoirs, ''Front Line'' (1990, updated with Neri Tenorio in 2005).

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married Geoffrey Hoare in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

By 1939, Hollingworth was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> Because of the outbreak of war the election was postponed, and by the 1945 election a different Labour candidate had been chosen.

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. For a long time she was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> She celebrated her 100th birthday there on 10 October 2011.<ref name=100years>{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Annemarie|title=WWII scoop journalist Clare Hollingworth turns 100|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15244377|accessdate=12 October 2011|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2006 Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> In October 2016 in Hong Kong she marked her 105th birthday.<ref>BBC World News, 11 October 2016</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref> She died there on 10 January 2017.<ref name="WWII"/>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T20:03:24Z

Espresso Addict: /* Early life */ Detail from BBC obituary; splitting long sentence

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England, UK
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Hong Kong]], People's Republic of China
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> A rookie reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany. She later helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref name="WWII"/><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306]</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, against opposition from her mother, and visited historical battlefield sites in Britain and France with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit />

After leaving school, Hollingworth attended a [[domestic science]] college in Leicester, which she did not enjoy.<ref name=addley/><ref name=BBC_obit /> She became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser. She then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

==Career==
In August 1939, Hollingworth had been working as a ''[[The Daily Telegraph|Daily Telegraph]]'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth chanced upon a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland. On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/>

During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]].<ref name="WWII" />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

She was the author of five books: ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), ''There's a German Right Behind Me'' (1945), ''The Arabs and the West'' (1950), ''Mao'' (1985), and her memoirs, ''Front Line'' (1990, updated with Neri Tenorio in 2005).

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married Geoffrey Hoare in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

By 1939, Hollingworth was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> Because of the outbreak of war the election was postponed, and by the 1945 election a different Labour candidate had been chosen.

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. For a long time she was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> She celebrated her 100th birthday there on 10 October 2011.<ref name=100years>{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Annemarie|title=WWII scoop journalist Clare Hollingworth turns 100|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15244377|accessdate=12 October 2011|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2006 Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> In October 2016 in Hong Kong she marked her 105th birthday.<ref>BBC World News, 11 October 2016</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref> She died there on 10 January 2017.<ref name="WWII"/>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]
[[Category:20th-century English writers]]

Clare Hollingworth

2017-01-10T19:53:26Z

Espresso Addict: /* Early life */ Detail from BBC obituary

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Clare Hollingworth
| image =
| image_size = 200px |
| caption = Clare Hollingworth observes the tributes being made to her at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Hong Kong, 10 October 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Knighton, Leicestershire|Knighton]], [[Leicester]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|01|10|1911|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Hong Kong]]
| occupation = Journalist
}}
'''Clare Hollingworth''' (10 October 1911 – 10 January 2017) was an English journalist and author, who was the first [[war correspondent]] to report the outbreak of [[World War II]], described as "the scoop of the century".<ref name="WWII">{{cite news|title=Clare Hollingworth: British war correspondent dies aged 105|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-38573643|work=BBC News|date=10 January 2017}}</ref> A rookie reporter for ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in 1939, she spotted German forces massed on the Polish border, while travelling from Poland to Germany. She later helped rescue thousands of people from Hitler's forces by arranging [[Visa policy of the United Kingdom|British visas]].<ref name="WWII"/><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-37606306]</ref>

==Early life==
Hollingworth was born in [[Knighton, Leicester|Knighton]], south of [[Leicester]], in 1911.<ref name=addley>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview13|title=A foreign affair|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=16 January 2004|work=The Guardian}}</ref> In [[World War I]], her father took over the running of his father's footwear factory, and they moved to a farm near [[Shepshed]].<ref name=addley/> She showed an early interest in becoming a writer, and visited battlefield sites with her father.<ref name=BBC_obit />

After leaving school, Hollingworth went to a domestic science college in Leicester, and became engaged to the son of local family known to her own, but instead of marriage, went to work as secretary to the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) Worcestershire organiser, then won a scholarship to London's [[School of Slavonic Studies]], and later, a place at [[Zagreb University]] to study [[Croatian language|Croatian]].<ref name=addley/>

==Career==
In August 1939, Hollingworth had been working as a ''[[The Daily Telegraph|Daily Telegraph]]'' journalist for less than a week when she was sent to Poland to report on worsening tensions in Europe. Hollingworth persuaded the British Consul-General in [[Katowice]], [[John Anthony Thwaites]], to lend her his chauffeured car for a fact-finding mission into Germany.<ref name="scoop">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Malcolm|title=Second World War 70th anniversary: The Scoop|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=30 August 2009|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20121116191853/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/6111610/Second-World-War-70th-anniversary-The-Scoop.html|archivedate=16 November 2012}}</ref> While driving along the German–Polish border on 28 August, Hollingworth chanced upon a massive build-up of German troops, tanks and armoured cars facing Poland. On 1 September, Hollingworth called the British embassy in Warsaw to report the German invasion of Poland. To convince doubtful embassy officials, Hollingworth held a telephone out of the window of her room to capture the sounds of German forces.<ref name="scoop"/> Hollingworth's eyewitness account was the first report the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|British Foreign Office]] received about the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].<ref name=addley/>

During the following decades, Hollingworth reported on conflicts in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], Algeria, China, [[Aden]] and Vietnam.<ref name=addley/> Her BBC obituary states that, although she was not the earliest woman war correspondent, "her depth of technical, tactical and strategic insight set her apart."<ref name=BBC_obit>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13960347 |title=Obituary: Clare Hollingworth |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=10 January 2017 }}</ref> In 1946 she was among the survivors of the [[King David Hotel bombing]] in Jerusalem that killed 91 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Segev |first=Tom |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1112310.html|title=Scoop of the century |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=4 September 2009}}</ref> In the 1970s she was based in [[Beijing]].<ref name="WWII" />

[[John Simpson (journalist)|John Simpson]] described her as the reporter who first interviewed the [[The Shah|Shah of Iran]], and, decades later, who last interviewed him too: "She was the only person he wanted to speak to".<ref>{{Cite news|url = |title = The woman who broke the news of WW2|last = Lo Dico|first = Joy|date = 9 October 2015|work = London Evening Standard|access-date = |via = |page = 16}}</ref>

She was the author of five books: ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), ''There's a German Right Behind Me'' (1945), ''The Arabs and the West'' (1950), ''Mao'' (1985), and her memoirs, ''Front Line'' (1990, updated with Neri Tenorio in 2005).

==Personal life==
Hollingworth was married twice. She married Vandeleur Robinson, the [[League of Nations Union]] (LNU) regional organiser in [[South East England|the south-east]], in 1936<ref name=addley/> and they divorced in 1951. She then married Geoffrey Hoare in 1951. Hoare died in 1965. Hollingworth had a stepdaughter from her second marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hollingworth |first=Clare |title=Front Line |publisher=Jonathan Cape |date=1990 |isbn=0-224-02827-8}}</ref>

By 1939, Hollingworth was selected to fight the [[Melton (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary seat of Melton]] for the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the general election that was due to take place by 1940.<ref>Report of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1939</ref> Because of the outbreak of war the election was postponed, and by the 1945 election a different Labour candidate had been chosen.

From the early 1980s, Hollingworth lived in Hong Kong. For a long time she was a near-daily visitor to the [[Foreign Correspondents' Club, Hong Kong|Foreign Correspondents' Club of Hong Kong]], where she was an honorary goodwill ambassador.<ref name=addley/> She celebrated her 100th birthday there on 10 October 2011.<ref name=100years>{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Annemarie|title=WWII scoop journalist Clare Hollingworth turns 100|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15244377|accessdate=12 October 2011|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2006 Hollingworth sued her financial manager, fellow Hong Kong Foreign Correspondents' Club member Thomas Edward Juson (also known as Ted Thomas), for the removal of nearly $300,000 from her bank account.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/04/2003306086 |title=HK reporter famous for World War II scoop in legal spat |work=The Taipei Times |date=4 May 2006 |page=5}}</ref> Juson defended his actions as investments, but agreed to repay the money in 2007. He had not yet done that in late 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hartley|first=Emma|title=Doyenne of war correspondents parted from life’s savings|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6400251/Doyenne-of-war-correspondents-parted-from-lifes-savings.html|accessdate=13 October 2011|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Called to Account|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2011-10/12/content_13873277.htm|accessdate=13 August 2013|newspaper=China Daily|date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Hollingworth's great-nephew, Patrick Garrett, published a biography of her, ''Of Fortunes and War: Clare Hollingworth, First of the Female War Correspondents''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/2008873/book-review-life-clare-hollingworth-war-correspondent |first=Joyce |last=Lau |title=Book review: the life of Clare Hollingworth, war correspondent |work=The South China Morning Post |date=26 August 2016}}</ref> In October 2016 in Hong Kong she marked her 105th birthday.<ref>BBC World News, 11 October 2016</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=Daily Telegraph |date=9 October 2015 |title=Clare Hollingworth, the foreign correspondent who broke news of Second World War, turns 104 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11922645/Clare-Hollingworth-the-foreign-correspondent-who-broke-news-of-Second-World-War-turns-104.html}}</ref> She died there on 10 January 2017.<ref name="WWII"/>

==Awards and honours==
Hollingworth won the James Cameron Award for Journalism (1994).<ref name="WWII" /> In 1999, she received a lifetime achievement award from the UK television programme ''[[What the Papers Say]]''.<ref name="WWII" />

==Bibliography==
* ''The Three Weeks' War in Poland'' (1940), Duckworth {{ASIN|B000XFSXEM}}
* ''There's a German Just Behind Me'' (1945), Right Book Club {{ASIN|B0007J5R3Y}}
* ''The Arabs and the West'' (1952), Methuen {{ASIN|B00692G566}}
* ''Mao and the Men Against Him'' (1984), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224017602
* ''Front Line'' (memoirs) (1990), Jonathan Cape ISBN 9780224028271

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80020181 Imperial War Museum Interview from 2001]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hollingworth, Clare}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:English journalists]]
[[Category:People from Leicester]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people]]
[[Category:War correspondents of World War II]]
[[Category:British women in World War II]]
[[Category:English centenarians]]