Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Flogging a Dead Horse

2013-07-24T20:29:48Z

Enkyo2: Undid revision 565459532 by 164.143.240.34 v

{{otheruses}}
[[File:Man sitting on a dead horse (1876 - 1884).jpg|thumb|right|A man sitting on a dead horse in [[Sheboygan]].]]
'''Flogging a dead horse''' (alternatively '''beating a dead horse, or beating a dead dog''' in some parts of the [[English-speaking world|Anglophone]] world) is an [[idiom]] that means a particular request or line of conversation is already foreclosed or otherwise resolved, and any attempt to continue it is futile; or that to continue in any endeavour (physical, mental, etc.) is a waste of time as the outcome is already decided.

The first recorded use of the expression with its modern meaning is by British [[politician]] and [[orator]] [[John Bright]], referring to the [[Reform Act 1867|Reform Act of 1867]], which called for more democratic representation in [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], an issue about which Parliament was singularly [[apathetic]]. Trying to rouse Parliament from its apathy on the issue, he said in a speech, would be like trying to '''flog a dead horse''' to make it pull a load. The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' cites ''The Globe'', 1872, as the earliest verifiable use of '''flogging a dead horse''', where someone is said to have "rehearsed that [...] lively operation known as flogging a dead horse".<ref>1872 ''The Globe'', 1 Aug 1872</ref></blockquote>

==Earlier meaning==
Some scholars claim that the phrase originated in 17th-century slang, where a "dead horse" was work that was paid for in advance, e.g. "His land 'twas sold to pay his debts; All went that way, for a dead horse, as one would say."<ref>Nicker Nicked in Harl. Misc. (Park) II. 110 (1668)</ref> This attribution confuses "flogging a dead horse" with an entirely different phrase: "to work (for) the dead horse". This phrase was slang for "work charged before it is executed". This use of 'dead horse' to refer to pay that was issued before the work was done was an allusion to using one's money to buy a useless thing (metaphorically, "a dead horse"). Most men paid in advance apparently either wasted the money on drink or other such vices, or used it to pay outstanding debts. In his book 'Old England and New Zealand' published in London in 1879 the author Alfred Simmons gives detailed explanation and background of the "Flogging the Dead Horse" ceremony performed on board ship by a ships crew at the end of the first month of their voyage (page 113).

=="To slay the slain"==
A comparable expression for useless labour is "thrice to slay the slain", a quotation from [[John Dryden]], in ''[[Alexander's Feast (Dryden)|Alexander's Feast]]'', stanza iv. Dryden drew his inspiration from [[Sophocles]]'s ''[[Antigone (Sophocles)|Antigone]]'' in which the blind seer [[Tiresias]] is led onstage by a boy, and declaims, "Nay, allow the claim of the dead; stab not the fallen; what prowess is it to slay the slain anew?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monologuearchive.com/s/sophocles_006.html |title=Antigone: Tiresias' Monologue |publisher=Monologue Archive |date= |accessdate=2011-04-26}}</ref> The [[Trope (literature)|trope]] was used in Latin, too: in [[Libanius]]'s funeral oration for the [[Julian the Apostate|Emperor Julian]], he declares of a scoundrel, "Of the three who had enriched themselves through murders, the first had gone over the whole world, accusing people falsely, and owed ten thousand deaths to both Europe and Asia; so that all who knew the fellow were sorry that it was not possible to slay the slain, and to do so thrice over, and yet oftener."<ref>[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/libanius_monody.htm Libanius, " Julian the Emperor" (1888). Monody: Funeral Oration for Julian] The Tertullian Project</ref> The expression was used in "literary" contexts, as when [[Edward Young]] mused:

{{quote|
While snarlers strive with proud but fruitless pain{{-}}
To wound immortals, or to slay the slain.
|}}

In the heated atmosphere of literary journalism, the phrase was often quoted to show the writer's knowledge. In ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' for May 1861, a broad satire on the heated controversies caused by the publication of [[Charles Darwin]]'s ''[[Origin of Species]]'', which was defended by [[Thomas Henry Huxley]], concluded as follows.

{{quote|
To twice slay the slain,{{-}}
By dint of the Brain,{{-}}
(Thus Huxley concludes his review){{-}}
Is but labour in vain,{{-}}
Unproductive of gain,{{-}}
And so I shall bid you 'Adieu'!
|"Monkeyana" from ''Punch'', May 1861<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/comm/Punch/Monkey.html |title="Monkeyana", from ''Punch'', May 1861 |publisher=THE HUXLEY FILE |date= |accessdate=2011-04-26}}</ref>}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=When a Loose Cannon Flogs a Dead Horse There's the Devil to Pay: Seafaring Words in Everyday Speech |first=Olivia A. |last=Isil |publisher=International Marine |year=1996 |isbn=0-07-032877-3}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|flog a dead horse|beat a dead horse}}
*[http://www.takeourword.com/TOW207/page1.html "Sensational Etymologies"], TakeOurWord.com
*[http://www.goenglish.com/BeatADeadHorse.asp "Beating A Dead Horse"], GoEnglish.com

[[Category:English idioms]]
[[Category:Metaphors referring to animals]]

Benutzer:Enkyo2

2013-06-02T20:02:29Z

Enkyo2: Enkyo2

[[File:Kitain-1976.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Zwei Statuen - nur einen Fokus]]
<div class="usermessage plainlinks" width="350"><div class="plainlinks">'''Enkyo (延慶) = werden längere'''</div></div>

Liste der Nationalschätze Japans (Archäologische Materialien)

2011-07-13T17:13:11Z

Enkyo2: /* See also */ + Independent Administrative Institution National Museum

[[File:Koujindani Remains 03.JPG|thumb|upright=1.6|right|alt=Pit with about ten long blue-green rusty metal sticks arranged parallel to each other and six bells.|''Hoko'' spears and ''[[dōtaku]]'' ritual bells excavated at the Kōjindani Site in [[Hikawa, Shimane]]]]
The term "[[National Treasures of Japan|National Treasure]]" has been used in Japan to denote [[Cultural Properties of Japan|cultural properties]] since 1897.<ref>{{cite book
|last= Coaldrake
|first= William Howard
|title= Architecture and authority in Japan
|url= http://books.google.com/?id=bCLNX8_a4WQC&pg=PA248&dq=Law+for+the+Preservation+of+Ancient+Shrines+and+Temples
|origyear= 1996
|year= 2002
|publisher= Routledge
|location= London, New York
|isbn= 0-415-05754-X
|page= 248
}}</ref>
The definition and the criteria have changed since the introduction of the term. These archaeological materials adhere to the current definition, and have been designated national treasures since the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties came into effect on June 9, 1951. The items are selected by the [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)|Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology]] based on their "especially high historical or artistic value".<ref name="bunkapamphlet">{{cite web
| title = Cultural Properties for Future Generations
| url = http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/pamphlet/pdf/pamphlet_en_03_ver03.pdf
| publisher = Agency for Cultural Affairs, Cultural Properties Department
| location = Tokyo, Japan
| format = PDF
| month = March| year = 2011| accessdate = 2011-06-06
}}</ref><ref name="bunkacho"/> The list presents 44 materials or sets of materials from ancient to feudal Japan, spanning a period from about 4,500 BC to 1361 AD. The actual number of items is more than 44 because groups of related objects have been combined into single entries. Most of the items have been excavated from tombs, ''[[kofun]]'', [[sutra mound]]s or other [[archaeological site]]s. The materials are
housed in museums (26), [[Buddhist temple|temples]] (9), [[Shinto shrine|shrines]] (8) and a university (1) in 24 cities of Japan. The [[Tokyo National Museum]] houses the greatest number of archaeological national treasures, with 6 of the 44.<ref name="bunkacho">{{Cite web
| publisher = [[Agency for Cultural Affairs]]
| title = 国指定文化財データベース
| trans_title = Database of National Cultural Properties
| accessdate = 2009-04-16
| date = 2008-11-01
| url = http://www.bunka.go.jp/bsys/index.asp
| language = Japanese
}}</ref>

The [[Japanese Paleolithic]] marks the beginning of human habitation in Japan.<ref name="Cremin">{{Harvnb|Cremin|2007|p=264}}</ref> It is generally accepted that human settlement did not occur before 38,000 BC, although some sources suggest the date to be as early as 50,000 BC.<ref name="keally-palaeolithic">{{cite web
| url = http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/palaeol.html
| title = Japanese Palaeolithic Period
| first = Charles T.
| last = Keally
| date = 2009-10-13
| work = Japanese Archaeology
| publisher = Charles T. Keally
| accessdate = 2010-03-19
}}</ref> Archaeological artifacts from the paleolithic era consist of stone tools of various types, indicative of a [[hunter-gatherer]] society.<ref name="Cremin"/><ref name="keally-palaeolithic"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Mizoguchi|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Mason|Caiger|1997|p=20}}</ref> From about 14,000 to 8,000 BC, the society gradually transformed to one characterized by the creation of [[pottery]] used for storage, cooking, bone burial and possibly ceremonial purposes.<ref name="gardner-p208"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Shiveley|McCullough|Hall|1993|pp=64–71}}</ref><ref name="habu-p203"/> People continued to subsist on hunting, fishing and gathering, but evidence points to a gradual decrease in the [[nomadic]] lifestyle.<ref name="keally-palaeolithic"/><ref name="keally-jomon">{{cite web
| url = http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/jomon.html
| title = Jomon Culture
| first = Charles T.
| last = Keally
| date = 2009-10-13
| work = Japanese Archaeology
| publisher = Charles T. Keally
| accessdate = 2010-03-19
}}</ref><ref name="kleiner-p207">{{Harvnb|Kleiner|2008|p=207}}</ref><ref name="nbz-earlyjomon">{{cite web
| url = http://www.nbz.or.jp/eng/early.htm
| title = Early Jomon
| date = 2009-10-13
| publisher = Niigata Prefectural Museum of History
| accessdate = 2010-03-19
}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Shiveley|McCullough|Hall|1993|p=60}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Shiveley|McCullough|Hall|1993|p=64}}</ref> [[Potsherds]] of unornamented pottery from the oldest archaeological sites constitute some of the world's oldest pottery.<ref name="gardner-p208">{{Harvnb|Kleiner|2008|p=208}}</ref> These are followed by linear-relief, punctated and nail-impressed pottery types. The first cord-marked pottery dates to 8,000 BC.<ref name="nbz-incjomon">{{cite web
| url = http://www.nbz.or.jp/eng/incipient.htm
| title = Incipient Jomon
| date = 2009-10-13
| publisher = Niigata Prefectural Museum of History
| accessdate = 2010-03-19
}}</ref> Cord-marked pottery required a technique of pressing twisted cords into the clay, or by rolling cord-wrapped sticks across the clay. The Japanese definition for the period of prehistory characterized by the use of pottery is {{nihongo||縄文|Jōmon|lit. cord-patterned}} and refers to the entire [[Jōmon period|period]] (c. 10,500 to 300 BC).<ref name="nbz-earliestjomon">{{cite web
| url = http://www.nbz.or.jp/eng/earliest.htm
| title = Earliest Jomon
| date = 2009-10-13
| publisher = Niigata Prefectural Museum of History
| accessdate = 2010-03-19
}}</ref> Pottery techniques reached their apogee during the Middle Jōmon period with the emergence of fire-flame pottery created by sculpting and carving coils of clay applied to vessel rims, resulting in a rugged appearance.<ref name="gardner-p208"/><ref name="habu-p203">{{Harvnb|Habu|2004|p=203}}</ref><ref name="nbz-middlejomon">{{cite web
| url = http://www.nbz.or.jp/eng/middlejomon.htm
| title = Middle Jomon
| date = 2009-10-13
| publisher = Niigata Prefectural Museum of History
| accessdate = 2010-03-19
}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Habu|2004|p=3}}</ref> A set of 57 items of fire-flame pottery, dating to around 4,500 BC, has been designated as the oldest National Treasure. Archaeologists consider that such pottery may have had a symbolic meaning or was used ceremonially.<ref name="nbz-middlejomon"/> ''[[Dogū]]''—small clay figurines depicting humans and animals—can be dated to the earliest Jōmon period but their prevalence increased dramatically in the middle Jōmon.<ref>{{Harvnb|Shiveley|McCullough|Hall|1993|p=70}}</ref> Many of these depict women with exaggerated breasts and enlarged buttocks, considered to be a fertility symbol.<ref name="camhist-p522">{{Harvnb|Shiveley|McCullough|Hall|1993|p=522}}</ref><ref name="camhist-p330">{{Harvnb|Shiveley|McCullough|Hall|1993|p=330}}</ref><ref name="enc-p160">{{Harvnb|Kipfer|2000|p=160}}</ref> Three ''dogū'' from 3000 to 1000 BC have been designated as National Treasures.

The ensuing [[Yayoi period]] is characterized by great technological advances such as wet-rice agriculture or bronze and iron casting, which were introduced from the mainland.<ref name="gardner-p208"/><ref name="AofJ-yayoi">{{Harvnb|Noma|2003|pp=13–14}}</ref><ref name="cambridge-yayoi">{{Harvnb|Shiveley|McCullough|Hall|1993|pp=80–107}}</ref> Iron knives and axes, followed by bronze swords, spears and mirrors, were brought to Japan from Korea and China.<ref name="cambridge-yayoi"/><ref name="yamasa-yayoi">{{cite web
| url = http://www.yamasa.org/history/english/yayoi_jidai.html
| title = Yayoi Culture
| publisher = Yamasa Institute
| last = Murphy
| first = Declan
| accessdate = 2010-03-19
}}</ref> Later all of these were produced locally.<ref name="keally-yayoi">{{cite web
| url = http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/yayoi.html
| title = Yayoi Culture
| first = Charles T.
| last = Keally
| date = 2006-06-03
| work = Japanese Archaeology
| publisher = Charles T. Keally
| accessdate = 2010-03-19
}}</ref> The primary artistic artifacts, with the exception of Yayoi pottery, are bronze weapons, such as swords, halberds and [[dōtaku]], ritual bells.<ref name="AofJ-yayoi"/> The bells were often discovered in groups on a hillside buried with the weapons.<ref name="enc-dotaku"/> They are {{convert|0.2|to|1.2|m|abbr=on}} tall and often decorated with geometric designs such as horizontal bands, flowing water patterns or spirals.<ref name="AofJ-yayoi"/><ref name="enc-dotaku">{{Harvnb|Frédéric|2005|pp=160–161}}</ref> A few bells feature the earliest Japanese depiction of people and animals.<ref name="AofJ-yayoi"/><ref name="gardner-p209">{{Harvnb|Kleiner|2008|p=209}}</ref> In addition ornamental jewels were found. The weapons that have been excavated are flat and thin, suggesting a symbolic use.<ref name="AofJ-yayoi"/> Due to rusting, few iron objects have survived from this period.<ref name="yamasa-yayoi"/> Burial mounds in square, and later round, enclosures were common in the Yayoi period. The starting date of the [[Kofun period]] (c. 250–300 AD) is defined by the appearance of large-scale keyhole-shaped ''[[kofun]]'' mound tombs, thought to mark imperial burials.<ref name="keally-yayoi"/><ref name="keally-kofun">{{cite web
| url = http://www.t-net.ne.jp/~keally/kofun.html
| title = Kofun Culture
| first = Charles T.
| last = Keally
| date = 2009-04-27
| work = Japanese Archaeology
| publisher = Charles T. Keally
| accessdate = 2010-03-19
}}</ref> Typical burial goods include mirrors, beads, Korean [[Sue ware]], weapons and later horse gear.<ref name="keally-kofun"/> One of the most well-known tombs, whose content of warrior-related items has been designated as National Treasure, is the late 6th century [[Fujinoki Tomb]].<ref name="keally-kofun"/> Mirrors, swords and curved jewels, which constitute the [[Imperial Regalia of Japan]], appear as early as the middle Yayoi period, and are abundant in Kofun period tombs.<ref name="keally-kofun"/> Characteristic of most ''kofun'' are ''[[haniwa]]'' clay terra cotta figures whose origin and purpose is unknown.<ref name="keally-kofun"/> A ''haniwa'' of an armoured man has been designated as National Treasure; and a 1st-century gold seal, designated a National Treasure, shows one of the earliest mentions of Japan or [[Wa (Japan)|Wa]].<ref name="ntbook"/><ref name="goldseal"/>

[[Buddhism]] arrived in Japan in the mid–6th century [[Asuka period]], and was officially adopted in the wake of the [[Battle of Shigisan]] in 587, after which [[Buddhist temples in Japan|Buddhist temples]] began to be constructed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sansom|Sansom|1958|p=49}}</ref> The new religion and customs fundamentally transformed Japanese society and the arts.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farris|1998|p=234}}</ref> Funerary traditions such as cremation and the practice of placing [[epitaph]]s in graves were imported from China and Korea. Following the treatment of Buddhist relics, the cremated remains in a glass container were wrapped in a cloth and placed in an outer container.<ref name="fuminonemaro"/> Epitaphs, which recorded the lives of the deceased on silver or bronze rectangular strips, were particularly popular from the latter half of the 7th to the end of the 8th century (late Asuka and [[Nara period]]). Four epitaphs and a number of cinerary urns and [[reliquaries]] containing bones have been designated as National Treasures.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.asukanet.gr.jp/asukahome/ASUKA2/ASUKAKOFUN/bosi.html
| title = Tomb Inscriptions
| first = Yasuhito
| last = Kakiya
| year = 1995
| work = Japanese Archaeology
| publisher = Asuka Historical Museum
| accessdate = 2010-04-23
}}</ref> Other archaeological National Treasures from the Buddhist era include ritual items buried in the temple foundations of the [[Hondō|Golden Halls]] of [[Tōdai-ji]] and [[Kōfuku-ji]] in [[Nara, Nara|Nara]].<ref name="ritkofuku"/> According to an ancient Buddhist [[prophecy]], the world would enter a [[Mappō|dark period]] in 1051; consequently in the late [[Heian period]] the belief in the saving powers of [[Maitreya]] or Miroku, the Buddha to be, became widespread. Believers buried scriptures and images to gain merit and to prepare for the coming Buddha.<ref name="nishikawa-p58">{{Harvnb|Nishikawa|Sano|1983|p=58}}</ref><ref name="kornicki-p88"/> This practice, which continued into the [[Kamakura period]], required the transcription of [[sutra]]s according to strict ritual protocols, their placement in protective reliquary containers and burial in the earth of sacred mountains, [[Shinto shrine|shrines]] or temples to await the future Buddha.<ref name="kornicki-p88"/><ref name="heianjapan-p245">{{Harvnb|Adolphson|Kamens|Matsumoto|2007|p=245}}</ref> The oldest known [[sutra mound]] is that of [[Fujiwara no Michinaga]] from 1007 on Mount Kinpu, who buried one [[lotus sutra]] and five other sutras that he had written in 998.<ref name="kornicki-p88"/> Its sutra container has been designated as National Treasure.

==Statistics==
All of the 44 National Treasures are presently located in Japan; two were discovered in China and three were found in Japan, but the exact locations of their excavation sites is unknown. The excavation sites of the remaining 39 treasures are contained in the following table.
{| class="wikitable" width="35%" style="background:#ffffff;" style="text-align:center" align="left"
|-
!rowspan=2 align="left" style="background:#ffdead;" | Prefecture
!rowspan=2 align="left" style="background:#ffdead;" | City
!colspan=2 align="left" style="background:#ffdead;" | National Treasures
|-
!align="left" style="background:#ffdead;" | present location
!align="left" style="background:#ffdead;" | excavation site
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Hachinohe, Aomori|Hachinohe]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| [[Ehime Prefecture|Ehime]]
| [[Imabari, Ehime|Imabari]]
| 1
| 1
|-
| rowspan=5 style="background:#efefef;" valign="center"| [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Buzen, Fukuoka|Buzen]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Fukutsu, Fukuoka|Fukutsu]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 2
| style="background:#efefef;" | 2
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Itoshima, Fukuoka|Itoshima]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Munakata, Fukuoka|Munakata]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| [[Gunma Prefecture|Gunma]]
| [[Ōta, Gunma|Ōta]]
| {{center|—}}
| 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Hokkaidō Prefecture|Hokkaidō]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Hakodate, Hokkaidō|Hakodate]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyōgo]]
| [[Kobe, Hyōgo|Kobe]]
| 1
| 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Kagawa Prefecture|Kagawa]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | unknown
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|—}}
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| [[Kumamoto Prefecture|Kumamoto]]
| [[Kikusui, Kumamoto|Kikusui]]
| {{center|—}}
| 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Kyoto, Kyoto|Kyoto]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 4
| style="background:#efefef;" | 3
|-
| [[Mie Prefecture|Mie]]
| [[Ise, Mie|Ise]]
| 1
| 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Miyazaki Prefecture|Miyazaki]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Saito, Miyazaki|Saito]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|—}}
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]]
| [[Chino, Nagano|Chino]]
| 1
| 1
|-
| rowspan=9 style="background:#efefef;" valign="center"| [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Haibara, Nara|Haibara]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|—}}
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Ikaruga, Nara|Ikaruga]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|—}}
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Kashiba, Nara|Kashiba]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|—}}
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|—}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Nara, Nara|Nara]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 5
| style="background:#efefef;" | 3
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Sakurai, Nara|Sakurai]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|—}}
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Tenkawa, Nara|Tenkawa]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|—}}
| style="background:#efefef;" | 2
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Tenri, Nara|Tenri]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Yoshino, Nara|Yoshino]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|—}}
|-
| [[Niigata Prefecture|Niigata]]
| [[Tōkamachi, Niigata|Tōkamachi]]
| 1
| 1
|-
| rowspan=4 style="background:#efefef;" valign="center"| [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Habikino, Osaka|Habikino]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Kashiwara, Osaka|Kashiwara]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|—}}
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Osaka, Osaka|Osaka]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 2
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|—}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Takatsuki, Osaka|Takatsuki]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|—}}
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]]
| [[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]]
| 1
| 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Shiga Prefecture|Shiga]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Ōtsu, Shiga|Ōtsu]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| rowspan=3 valign="center"| [[Shimane Prefecture|Shimane]]
| [[Hikawa, Shimane|Hikawa]]
| {{center|—}}
| 1
|-
| [[Izumo, Shimane|Izumo]]
| 2
| {{center|—}}
|-
| [[Unnan, Shimane|Unnan]]
| {{center|—}}
| 1
|-
| rowspan=2 style="background:#efefef;" valign="center"| [[Tokyo Prefecture|Tokyo]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Tachikawa, Tokyo|Tachikawa]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
| style="background:#efefef;" | 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" | [[Tokyo, Tokyo|Tokyo]]
| style="background:#efefef;" | 10
| style="background:#efefef;" | {{center|—}}
|-
| [[Tottori Prefecture|Tottori]]
| [[Yurihama, Tottori|Yurihama]]
| 1
| 1
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="background:#ffffff;" style="text-align:center" align="right"
|-
!align="left" style="background:#ffdead;" | Period<ref group="nb">Only the oldest period is counted if a National Treasure belongs to more than one period.</ref>
!align="right" style="background:#ffdead;" | National Treasures
|-
| [[Jōmon period]]
| 4
|-
| [[Yayoi period]]
| 6
|-
| [[Warring States Period]]
| 1
|-
| [[Han Dynasty]]
| 1
|-
| [[Kofun period]]
| 11
|-
| [[Asuka period]]
| 2
|-
| [[Nara period]]
| 11
|-
| [[Heian period]]
| 7
|-
| [[Nanboku-chō period]]
| 1
|}
[[File:National Treasures of Japan (archaeological materials).png|300px|right|thumb|Present location of archaeological National Treasures of Japan]]
{{-}}

==Usage==
The table's columns (except for ''Details'' and ''Image'') are sortable by pressing the arrow symbols.
*''Name'': name of the national treasure as registered in the Database of National Cultural Properties<ref name="bunkacho"/>
*''Details'': more information about the object such as size and type of items (if the national treasure comprises more than one item)
*''Date'': period and year of the item; column entries sort by year or start year of a period if only a period is known
*''Excavation site'': "site-name town-name prefecture-name"; column entries sort as "prefecture-name town-name site-name"
*''Present location'': "temple/museum/shrine-name town-name prefecture-name"; column entries sort as "prefecture-name town-name temple/museum/shrine-name"
*''Image'': picture of the national treasure or of the excavation site

==Treasures==

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="background:#ffffff;"
|-
!align="left" style="background:#ffdead;" | Name
!align="left" style="background:#ffdead;" class="unsortable"| Details
!align="left" style="background:#ffdead;" | Date
!align="left" style="background:#ffdead;" | Excavation site
!align="left" style="background:#ffdead;" | Present location
!align="left" style="background:#ffdead;" class="unsortable"| Image
|-
| {{nihongo|Hollow clay figure|土偶|[[dogū]]}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = 教育ほっかいどう第374号－活動レポート－国宝「土偶」について
| trans_title = Education Hokkaidō issue 374 activity report, National Treasure dogū
| publisher = [[Hokkaidō Prefecture|Hokkaido Prefectural Government]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-13
| year = 2006
| archiveurl = http://replay.web.archive.org/20080505052035/http://www.dokyoi.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/kyouikuhokkaidou374-report-kokuhou.htm
|archivedate = 2008-05-05
| url = http://www.dokyoi.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/kyouikuhokkaidou374-report-kokuhou.htm
| language = Japanese
}}</ref><ref name="powerofdogu">{{Cite web
| title = The Power of Dogu
| publisher = [[Tokyo National Museum]]
| accessdate = 2010-02-06
| year = 2010
| url = http://www.tnm.go.jp/en/servlet/Con?pageId=D01&processId=02&event_id=6908&event_idx=1&initdate=2009/12/01&dispdate=2010/02/11
}}</ref>
| At {{convert|41.5|cm|abbr=on}} biggest hollow clay figure in Japan
| !8000late [[Jōmon period]], 2,000–1,000 BC
| Japan Hokkaido Hakodate Chobonaino{{nihongo|Chobonaino|著保内野}} site, {{nihongo|[[Minamikayabe]]|南茅部町|minamikayabechō}} (now [[Hakodate, Hokkaidō|Hakodate]]), [[Kayabe District, Hokkaidō|Kayabe District]], [[Hokkaidō Prefecture|Hokkaidō]]
| Hokkaido Hakodate[[Hakodate, Hokkaidō|Hakodate]] city Board of Education, [[Hokkaidō]]
| [[File:Hollow Dogu Kakku.jpg|150px]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Dogū with palms together|土偶|[[dogū]]}}<ref name="powerofdogu"/><ref>{{Cite web
| title = 合掌土偶について
| trans_title = Dogū with palms together
| publisher = [[Hachinohe, Aomori|Hachinohe]]
| accessdate = 2009-11-30
| year = 2009
| url = http://www.city.hachinohe.aomori.jp/index.cfm/12,21230,43,153,html
| language = Japanese
}}</ref>
| Height: {{convert|19.8|cm|abbr=on}}, width: {{convert|14.2|cm|abbr=on}}, depth: {{convert|15.2|cm|abbr=on}}, remaining traces of red pigment suggest that the whole figure was once painted red
| !8000late [[Jōmon period]], 2,000–1,000 BC
| Aomori Hachinohe Kazahari 1{{nihongo||風張|Kazahari}} 1, [[Hachinohe, Aomori|Hachinohe]], [[Aomori Prefecture]]. Excavated on June 30, 1997
| Aomori HachinoheHachinohe City Museum, [[Hachinohe, Aomori|Hachinohe]], [[Aomori Prefecture]]
| [[File:Late Jomon clay statue Kazahari I Aomoriken 1500BCE 1000BCE.jpg|150px|alt=Figure seated on the ground with arms resting on the knees and palms together.]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Artifacts from the Saitama Inariyama Kofun|武蔵埼玉稲荷山古墳出土品|musashi saitama inariyama kofun shutsudohin}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = 武蔵埼玉稲荷山古墳出土品
| trans_title = Artifacts from the Saitama Inariyama Kofun
| work = Cultural Heritage Online
| publisher = [[Agency for Cultural Affairs]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-13
| url = http://bunka.nii.ac.jp/SearchDetail.do?heritageId=172449
| language = Japanese
}}</ref>
| Various articles from a burial mound including the [[Inariyama Sword]], a ''[[shinju-kyo]]'', a [[Jade]] ''[[magatama]]'', two silver rings, tools, other weapons and items of armour
| 0250[[Kofun period]]
| Japan Saitama Gyoda Inariyama Kofun[[Inariyama Kofun]], [[Gyōda, Saitama|Saitama]], [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]]
| Saitama Gyōda Saitama Prefectural Museum of the Sakitama Ancient Burial Mounds[[Saitama Prefectural Museum of the Sakitama Ancient Burial Mounds]], [[Gyōda, Saitama|Saitama]], [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]]
| [[File:Inariyama Kofun.JPG|150px|alt=Two joined man-made hills.]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Ritual objects used in consecration of the building site of the Golden Hall, [[Kōfuku-ji]]|興福寺金堂鎮壇具|Kōfukuji kondō chindangu}}, designation Nr. 0024<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Ritual objects used in consecration of building site of Golden Hall, Kofuku-ji
| publisher = [[Tokyo National Museum]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-13
| url = http://www.tnm.jp/en/servlet/Con?processId=00&ref=2&Q1=&Q2=&Q3=&Q4=10___________&Q5=&F1=&F2=&pageId=E15&colid=E14254X
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = Votive Objects Buried at Kōfuku-ji Golden Hall
| work = Emuseum
| publisher = [[Tokyo National Museum]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-13
| year = 2004
| archivedate = 2007-06-13
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070613044228/http://www.emuseum.jp/cgi/pkihon.cgi?SyoID=7&ID=w125&SubID=s000
}}</ref>
| 1400 individual items of more than 30 types buried to purify the construction site of the Golden Hall of [[Kōfuku-ji]] and to protect the building of catastrophes. The articles are made of the {{nihongo|''The seven treasures''| 七宝|shippō}}: gold, silver, pearl, crystal, amber, glass and [[agate]] and include bowls, cups, spoons, a [[pestle]], mirrors, swords, knives, rosary and other beads, combs, hexagonal and cylindrical objects, etc.
| 0710[[Tang Dynasty]] or [[Nara period]], c. 710
| Japan Nara Nara Kofukujibelow foundations of the altar of the Golden Hall, [[Kōfuku-ji]], [[Nara, Nara|Nara]]. Excavated in 1874
| Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum[[Tokyo National Museum]], [[Tokyo]]
| [[File:Kofukuji gold sheets.jpg|150px|alt=Three gold sheets.]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Hosokawa Mirror|金銀錯狩猟文鏡|kinginsaku shuryō monkyō}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Collection
| publisher = [[Eisei Bunko Museum]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-13
| url = http://www.eiseibunko.com/collection.html
| language = Japanese
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = News from the Waseda Neighbourhood : Eisei Bunko Museum
| work = Waseda Weekly
| publisher = [[Waseda University]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-13
| date = 2004-11-04
| url = http://www.waseda.jp/student/weekly/contents/english/e043a.html
}}</ref><ref name="eiseiexhibition"/>
| Bronze mirror inlaid with gold and silver in a hunting motif, diameter: {{convert|17.5|cm|abbr=on}}
| !9600[[Warring States Period]], 3rd–4th century BC
| China Henan Luoyangtomb close to [[Luoyang]], [[Henan]] province, [[China]]
| Tokyo Tokyo Eisei Bunko Museum [[Eisei Bunko Museum]], [[Tokyo]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo||金彩鳥獣雲文銅盤|kinsai chōjūunmon dōban}}<ref name="eiseiexhibition">{{Cite web
| title = 秋季展
| trans_title = Autumn exhibition
| publisher = [[Eisei Bunko Museum]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-13
| url = http://www.eiseibunko.com/end_exhibition/2007.html
| language = Japanese
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = 永青文庫の国宝
| trans_title = National Treasures of Eisei Bunko
| publisher = History of Archaeology traveller's journal
| accessdate = 2009-05-13
| url = http://homepage1.nifty.com/rekisi-iv/report/h16kokuhou/20041017eiseibunko/eiseibunkokokuhou-main.htm
| language = Japanese
}}</ref>
| Bronze water bowl with a tiger/dragon pattern, diameter: {{convert|36.5|cm|abbr=on}}
| 0000[[Former Han]]–[[Han Dynasty|Later Han Dynasty]], around 0
| China[[China]]
| Tokyo Tokyo Eisei Bunko Museum [[Eisei Bunko Museum]], [[Tokyo]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Gilt bronze cinerary urn of Ina no Omura|金銅威奈大村骨蔵器|kondō Ina no Ōmura kotsuzōki}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Gilt-bronze Cinerary Container of Ina-no-Omura
| publisher = [[Kyoto National Museum]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-14
| url = http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/jp/tokubetsu_old/syuzou/meihin_%95%A1%90%94%92u%8A%B7%91O%82%CCBU/kouko/item11.html
}}</ref>
| Gilt bronze urn for the ashes of Ina no Omura, a descendent of [[Emperor Senka]]. The lid bears a 319 character inscription dated November 21, 707, telling about his career to become a feudal lord as well as his death and burial. Height: {{convert|24.2|cm|abbr=on}}, diameter: {{convert|23.6|cm|abbr=on}}
| 0707[[Asuka period]], 707
| Japan Nara Kashiba[[Kashiba, Nara|Kashiba]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| Osaka Osaka Shitennoji[[Shitennō-ji]], [[Osaka]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Saddle fittings in gilt bronze openwork|金銅透彫鞍金具|kondō sukashibori kura kanagu}}<ref group="nb">Attached to the nomination are one gilt bronze [[Bit (horse)|bit]] panel, gilt bronze strap buckles with floral design, a sword sheath of deer horn, remains of a harness, of iron arrowheads, of armour, etc together with the documents related to the excavation.</ref><ref name="ntbook"/><ref>{{Cite web
| title = 金銅透彫鞍金具
| trans_title = Saddle fittings
| publisher = [[Konda-Hachimangu]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-13
| url = http://www012.upp.so-net.ne.jp/kondagu/houmotu.html
}}</ref>
| Two gilt bronze saddle fittings, width: 43 cm ([[pommel (saddle)|pommel]]), 52.5 cm ([[cantle]])
| 0400[[Kofun period]], 5th century
| Japan Osaka Habikino Furuichi Tomb Cluster[[Ojin Mausoleum]] ([[kofun]] of [[Emperor Ōjin]]) in [[Habikino, Osaka|Habikino]], [[Minamikawachi District, Osaka|Minamikawachi District]], [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]]
| Osaka Habikino Konda Hachimangu[[Konda-Hachimangu]], [[Habikino, Osaka|Habikino]], [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]]
| [[File:Hou0031.jpg|150px]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Ritual Bell with Crossed Band Design|袈裟襷文銅鐸|kesadasukimon dōtaku}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Ritual Bell with Crossed Band Design
| work = Emuseum
| publisher = [[Tokyo National Museum]]
| accessdate = 2010-04-25
| year = 2004
| url = http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100201/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en&s_lang=en&class=10&title=&c_e=&region=&era=&century=&cptype=&owner=&pos=1&num=1
}}</ref>
| Bronze ritual bell ([[Dōtaku]]) with tooth-, spiral- and herringbone-patterned bands in relief and six panels framed by broad lattice-patterned bands resembling a [[Kesa (clothing)|Buddhist monk's surplice]]. The panels are decorated with animal and human motifs. Height: {{convert|43.0|cm|abbr=on}}
| !9900[[Yayoi period]], 2nd–1st century BC
| Japan KagawaPurportedly [[Sanuki Province]] ([[Kagawa Prefecture]]), excavated during the [[Edo period]]
| Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum[[Tokyo National Museum]], [[Tokyo]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Haniwa armored man|埴輪武装男子立像|haniwa busō danshi ritsuzō}} or Warrior in keikō type armor<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Haniwa Armored Man
| work = Emuseum
| publisher = [[Tokyo National Museum]]
| accessdate = 2010-04-25
| year = 2004
| url = http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100200/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en&s_lang=en&class=10&title=&c_e=&region=&era=&century=&cptype=&owner=&pos=1&num=3
}}</ref>
| [[Terra cotta]] [[Haniwa]] (burial figure of an armored man with a sword, a bow, and a quiver of arrows, height: {{convert|131.5|cm|abbr=on}}
| 0500late [[Kofun period]], 6th century
| Japan Gunma Otaformer {{nihongo|Kuai|九合村|kuaimura}} (now [[Ōta, Gunma|Ōta]]), [[Nitta District, Gunma|Nitta District]], [[Gunma Prefecture|Gunma]]
| Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum[[Tokyo National Museum]], [[Tokyo]]
| [[File:KofunSoldier.jpg|150px|alt=Terracotta figure of a man in armour.]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Suda Hachiman Shrine mirror|人物画象鏡|jinbutsuga zōkyō}} or ''Mirror with design of human figures''<ref name="ntbook">{{Cite book
| publisher = [[Yomiuri Shimbun]]
| title = National Treasures of Japan – Exhibition catalogure, April 10 - May 27, 1990, Tokyo National Museum
| year = 1990
| language = Japanese
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| publisher = [[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]
| pages = 17–19
| last = Christopher Seeley
| title = A history of writing in Japan
| accessdate = 2009-05-14
| url = http://books.google.com/?id=KCZ2ya6cg88C&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=suda+hachiman+mirror
| isbn = 9789004090811
| year = 1991
}}</ref>
| [[Bronze mirror]] with human figures and an inscription of 48 characters on the back: ''In the eighth month of a gui-wei year, in the reign of the great king ..., when his younger brother the prince was at the Osisaka Palace, Sima, wishing for longevity [of the king], caused two persons ..., to select 200 han of fine bronze and make this mirror.'', diameter: {{convert|19.8|cm|abbr=on}}
| 0443[[Kofun period]], 443 or 503
| Japan JapanJapan, exact date and place unknown
| Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum[[Tokyo National Museum]], [[Tokyo]], owned by {{nihongo|[[Suda-Hachiman Shrine]]|隅田八幡神社|suda hachiman jinja}}, [[Hashimoto, Wakayama|Hashimoto]] [[Wakayama Prefecture|Wakayama]]
| [[File:Sumida Hatiman Mirror.JPG|150px|alt=A round object with an inscription in Chinese characters around the outer part and figurative relief in the middle.]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Stone pillar|石幢|sekidō}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = 普済寺
| trans_title = Fusai-ji
| publisher = Tachikawa Bureau of Tourism
| accessdate = 2009-05-14
| url = http://www.tbt.gr.jp/100sen/spot/fusaiji.htm
}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Bhattacharyya|2004|p=33}}</ref>
| Hexagonal [[schist]] stone column with reliefs of the [[Four Heavenly Kings]] and [[Nio]] guardians, made of six plank stones of {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} thickness and a conical headstone, height: {{convert|166|cm|abbr=on}}, width: {{convert|42|cm|abbr=on}}
| 1361-07[[Nanboku-chō period]], July 1361
| Tokyo Tachikawa Fusaijiuntil [[Meiji period]] located on the cemetery behind the compound grounds of Fusai-ji; moved to its present location in 1889
| Tokyo Tachikawa Fusaiji{{nihongo|[[Fusai-ji]]|普済寺}}, [[Tachikawa, Tokyo|Tachikawa]], [[Tokyo]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Urns found at Miyajidake Shrine, Chikuzen Province|筑前国宮地獄神社境内出土骨蔵器|chikuzen no kuni miyajidake jinjakeidai shutsudo kotsuzōki}}<ref group="nb">Attached to the nomination are remains of a bowl or pot.</ref><ref name="miyajidakeshrine">{{Cite web
| title = 宝物
| trans_title = Treasures
| publisher = [[Miyajidake Shrine]]
| accessdate = 2011-03-12
| year = 2006
| language = Japanese
| url = http://www.miyajidake.or.jp/midokoro/index.html
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = Cultural Assets
|publisher = [[Fukutsu, Fukuoka|Fukutsu city]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-15
| url = http://www.city.fukutsu.lg.jp/kyoiku/cultural/kokuhou.html
}}</ref>
| Clay pot, copper vase ({{convert|19.5|cm|abbr=on}}) and glass vase ({{convert|11.2|cm|abbr=on}}) which were used as urns
| 0710[[Nara period]]
| Japan Fukuoka Fukutsu Miyajidake Kofunnear {{nihongo|Miyajidake Kofun|宮地嶽古墳}}, [[Fukutsu, Fukuoka|Fukutsu]], [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]], excavated in 1938
| Fukuoka Fukutsu Miyajidake Shrine[[Miyajidake Shrine]], [[Fukutsu, Fukuoka|Fukutsu]], [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Copper epitaph of Funashi Ōgo|銅製船氏王後墓誌|ｄōsei funashi ōgo no boshi}}<ref>{{cite web
| title = Collection
| publisher = [[Mitsui Memorial Museum]]
| accessdate = 2010-04-25
| year = 2009
| url = http://www.mitsui-museum.jp/collection/collection.html
}}</ref>
| Copper [[epitaph]] of {{nihongo|Funashi Ōgo|船氏王後}} who died in 641 and was reburied with his wife in 668. The inscription of 162 characters tells on one side about his birthplace and career and on the opposite about his age at death and the burial details. This is the oldest extant Japanese epitaph. {{convert|29.7|x|6.8|cm|abbr=on}}
| 0668[[Asuka period]], 668
| Japan Osaka Kashiwara Shokozan{{nihongo|shōkōzan|松岡山}}, [[Kashiwara, Osaka|Kashiwara]], [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]]
| Tokyo Tokyo Mitsui Memorial Museum[[Mitsui Memorial Museum]], [[Tokyo]]
| [[File:Collection pi 003.jpg|150px]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Gilt bronze harness from the Saitobaru kofun in [[Hyūga Province]]| 日向国西都原古墳出土金銅馬具類|Hyūga no kuni saitobaru kofun shutsudo kondōbagurui}}<ref>{{Cite book
| title = The Gotoh Museum Guide
| date = 2007-05
| language = Japanese/English
| publisher = The Gotoh Museum
| format = leaflet
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = 金銅馬具類
| trans_title = Gilt bronze harness
| accessdate = 2009-05-13
| url = http://www.0503ak1025.net/zz-bagu.html
| language = Japanese
}}</ref>
| Horse ornament with openwork decorations, gilt bronze trapping
| 0500[[Kofun period]], 6th century
| Japan Miyazaki Saito Saitobaruexcavated from a tomb at [[Saitobaru]], [[Saito, Miyazaki|Saito]], [[Miyazaki Prefecture|Miyazaki]]
| Tokyo Tokyo Gotoh Museum[[Gotoh Museum]], [[Tokyo]]
| [[File:Ancient tumulis.jpg|150px|alt=A small hillock with an entrance.]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Objects from the Eta Funayama Kofun in Higo Province|肥後江田船山古墳出土品|higo eta funayama kofun shutsudohin}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Objects from the Eta Funayama Tumulus
| work = Emuseum
| publisher = [[Tokyo National Museum]]
| accessdate = 2010-04-25
| year = 2004
| url = http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100199/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en&s_lang=en&class=10&title=&c_e=&region=&era=&century=&cptype=&owner=&pos=1&num=2
}}</ref>
| Swords (one with an inscription inlaid in silver: [[Eta Funayama Sword]]), armor, weapons, a gilt-bronze headdress and a pair of gilt-bronze shoes, gold earrings, jewels and other ornaments, six bronze mirrors, horse trappings, and ceramic utensils excavated from a stone burial chamber
| 0500[[Kofun period]], late 5th–early 6th century
| Japan Kumamoto Kikusui Eta Funayama{{nihongo|Eta Funayama Kofun|江田船山古墳}}, [[Kikusui, Kumamoto|Kikusui]], [[Tamana District, Kumamoto|Tamana District]], [[Kumamoto Prefecture|Kumamoto]]. Excavated in 1873
| Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum[[Tokyo National Museum]], [[Tokyo]]
| [[File:KofunHorseCharriots.JPG|150px|alt=Detail of a metal object showing embossed scene of a horse drawn chariot.]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Objects from the grave of Fumi no Nemaro|文祢麻呂墓出土品|fumi no nemarobo shutsudohin}}<ref name="fuminonemaro">{{Cite web
| title = Objects from the Grave of Fumi no Nemaro
| work = Emuseum
| publisher = [[Tokyo National Museum]]
| accessdate = 2010-04-25
| year = 2004
| url = http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100202/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en&s_lang=en&class=10&title=&c_e=&region=&era=&century=&cptype=&owner=&pos=1&num=4
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = Objects of Tomb of Fumi no Nemaro.
| work = Tokyo National Museum
| accessdate = 2009-05-14
| url = http://www.tnm.go.jp/en/servlet/Con?processId=00&ref=2&Q1=&Q2=&Q3=&Q4=1120%5B56%5D_08_____&Q5=&F1=&F2=&pageId=E15&colid=B2068X
}}</ref>
| Bronze epitaph plaque ({{convert|26.2|cm|abbr=on}} long) and box ({{convert|4.8|cm|abbr=on}} high), gilt bronze outer container ({{convert|26.7|cm|abbr=on}} high), funerary urn of green glass ({{convert|17.8|cm|abbr=on}} high)
| 0707[[Nara period]], 707
| Japan Nara Haibara Yataki{{nihongo|Yataki|八滝}}, [[Haibara, Nara|Haibara]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| Tokyo Tokyo Tokyo National Museum[[Tokyo National Museum]], [[Tokyo]]
| [[File:C0031983.jpg|150px]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Blaze-shaped pottery from the Sasayama site in Niigata prefecture|新潟県笹山遺跡出土深鉢形土器|niigata-ken sasayama iseki shutsudo　fukabachigata doki}}<ref group="nb">Attached to the nomination is one earthenware, one stone implement and one iron oxide clod.</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = National Treasure designation
| work = Tōkamachi City Museum
| publisher = [[Tōkamachi, Niigata|Tōkamachi city]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-15
| url = http://www.city.tokamachi.niigata.jp/site/museum/museum/treasure.html
| language = Japanese
}}</ref>
| 57 items of flame-shaped pottery for ceremonial use, probably the world's oldest pottery
| {{sort|!5500|[[Jōmon period]], ca. 4,500 BC}}
| Japan Niigata Tokamachi Sasayama{{nihongo|Sasayama|笹山}}, [[Tōkamachi, Niigata|Tōkamachi]], [[Niigata Prefecture|Niigata]]
| Niigata Tokamachi Tokamachi City Museum{{nihongo|[[Tōkamachi City Museum]]|十日町市博物館|tōkamachi-shi hakubutsukan}}, [[Tōkamachi, Niigata|Tōkamachi]], [[Niigata Prefecture|Niigata]]
| [[File:Kaen type vessel of Sasayama-iseki.jpg|150px|alt=Vessel with flame-shaped ornamentation on the rim.]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Jōmon Venus|土偶|[[dogū]]}}<ref name="powerofdogu"/><ref>{{Cite web
| title = 国宝「縄文のビーナス」と重文「仮面の女神」
| trans_title = National Treasure: Jōmon Venus and Important Cultural Property: Masked goddess
| publisher = [[Chino, Nagano|Chino city]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-13
| url = http://www.city.chino.lg.jp/ctg/07050030/07050030.html
| language = Japanese
}}</ref>
| Female figurine with large hips, elephant-like legs, small belly and breasts wearing a helmet or headdress; height: {{convert|27|cm|abbr=on}}, weight: {{convert|2.14|kg|abbr=on}}
| !7000middle [[Jōmon period]], 3,000–2,000 BC
| Japan Nagano Chino Yonezawa Tanabatake{{nihongo|Tanabatake|棚畑}} site, {{nihongo|Yonezawa|米沢}}, [[Chino, Nagano|Chino]], [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]]
| Nagano Chino Togariishi Jomon Archeological Museum{{nihongo|[[Togariishi Jōmon Archeological Museum]]|尖石縄文考古館|togariishi jōmon kōkukan}}, [[Chino, Nagano|Chino]], [[Nagano Prefecture|Nagano]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Artifacts from the Kyōgamine sutra mounds at Mount Asama in Ise province|伊勢国朝熊山経ケ峯経塚出土品|ise no kuni asamayama kyōgamine kyōzuka shutsudohin}}<ref name="syncreticfaith">{{Cite web
| title = Shinto Gods and Buddhist Deities: Syncretic Faith in Japanese Art
| work = Nara National Museum
| accessdate = 2009-05-14
| year = 2007
| url = http://sips03.narahaku.go.jp/exhib/2007toku/shinbutsu/shinbutsu-2_01_e.htm
}}</ref>
| Various articles including: two mirrors incised with the [[Amitābha|Amida]] triad, one mirror incised with [[Amitābha]] [[Tathāgata|nyorai]], remains of a bronze mirror, a bronze decanter, an earthenware canister, two bronze sutra cylinders, [[lotus sutra]]
| 1159[[Heian period]], 1159–1173
| Japan Mie Ise Asamayama{{nihongo|Kyōgamine|経ケ峯}} [[sutra mound]], {{nihongo|Mount Asama|朝熊山|asamayama}}, [[Ise, Mie|Ise]], [[Mie Prefecture|Mie]]
| Mie Ise Kongoshoji[[Kongōshō-ji]], [[Ise, Mie|Ise]], [[Mie Prefecture|Mie]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Reliquary set from the Sūfuku-ji temple pagoda|崇福寺塔心礎納置品|sūfukujitō shinsonōchihin}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = 崇福寺塔心礎納置品
| trans_title = Reliquary set from the Sūfuku-ji temple pagoda
| publisher = Otsu City Museum of History
| accessdate = 2009-05-14
| url = http://www.rekihaku.otsu.shiga.jp/bunka/data/bz_385.html
| language = Japanese
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = 崇福寺塔心礎納置品
| trans_title = Reliquary set from the Sūfuku-ji temple pagoda
| publisher = [[Miho Museum]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-14
| year = 2006
| url = http://www.miho.or.jp/booth/html/doccon/00004391.htm
| language = Japanese
}}</ref>
| [[Reliquary]] set consisting of a spherical vase (height: {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}}, aperture: {{convert|1.7|cm|abbr=on}}) with gold lid enshrining bones placed in a gold box ({{convert|6|x|4.2|cm|abbr=on}}) surrounded by a silver box ({{convert|7.9|x|5.8|cm|abbr=on}}) surrounded by a gilt bronze box ({{convert|10.6|x|7.9|cm|abbr=on}}). Other items unearthed include 11 {{nihongo|[[Mumon Ginsen]]|無文銀銭}} silver coins (diameter ca. {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}}), three green glass beads (diameter {{convert|0.6|–|0.7|cm|abbr=on}}), two [[amethyst]] beads (diameter {{convert|0.5|cm|abbr=on}} and {{convert|0.7|cm|abbr=on}}), 11 translucent green glass beads (diameter {{convert|0.2|cm|abbr=on}}), gold leaf and grain, metal fixtures, a fragment of a bell, wood splinter
| 0710[[Nara period]]
| Japan Shiga Otsu Sufukujipagoda of {{nihongo|[[Sūfuku-ji]]|崇福寺}}, [[Ōtsu, Shiga|Ōtsu]], [[Shiga Prefecture|Shiga]]
| Shiga Otsu Omijingu{{nihongo|[[Ōmi Shrine]]|近江神宮|Ōmi-jingū}}, [[Ōtsu, Shiga|Ōtsu]], [[Shiga Prefecture|Shiga]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Relics from the Kurama-dera sutra mound|鞍馬寺経塚遺物|kurama-dera kyōzuka ibutsu}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Special Exhibition - The Legacy of Fujiwara no Michinaga: Courtly Splendor and Pure Land Faith
| publisher = [[Kyoto National Museum]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-15
| url = http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/tokubetsu/070424/shoukai/04_index_02.htm
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = Kurama-dera
| publisher = kokuhoworld
| accessdate = 2009-05-15
| year = 2002
| url = http://www.kokuhoworld.com/bb14.html
}}</ref>
| More than 200 objects from a [[sutra mound]] among others: {{nihongo|two-storied towers|宝塔|hōtō}} of stone, iron and bronze, a decorative Buddhist banner-shaped bronze [[sutra]] container, sutra containers of bronze, gold and clay, three statues of noble characters, remains of a {{nihongo|[[kakebotoke]]|懸仏}}, an image of Buddha, three mirrors, remains of a bronze mirror, a pestle, a bronze water jug, a porcellain box, two [[inkstone]]s and copper coins
| 1120[[Heian period]]–[[Kamakura period]], 1120–1260
| Japan Kyoto Kyoto Kuramadera[[sutra mound]] behind the [[Main Hall (Japanese Buddhism)|kon-dō]] (main hall) of {{nihongo|[[Kurama-dera]]|鞍馬寺}}, [[Kyoto]]. Excavated in 1878
| Kyoto Kyoto Kuramadera{{nihongo|[[Kurama-dera]]|鞍馬寺 }}, [[Kyoto]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Bronze epitaph plate for Ono no Emishi|金銅小野毛人墓誌|kondō Ono no Emishi boshi}}<ref group="nb">Attached to the nomination are one copper box with an inscription from November 1673 and a document related to the excavation.</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = Gilt Bronze Memorial Tablet of Ono-no-Emishi
| publisher = [[Kyoto National Museum]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-15
| url = http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/syuzou/meihin/kouko/item09.html
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = The birth of Nation as sought by Emperor Tenmu
| publisher = Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Porperties
| accessdate = 2009-05-15
| url = http://www.nabunken.go.jp/gallery00/3/3_2_3.html
| language = Japanese
}}</ref>
| Bronze [[epitaph]] of Ono no Emishi (58.9 cm × 5.8 cm × 0.4 cm) with an inscription on both sides. Ono no Emishi was the son of [[Ono no Imoko]] and government official under [[Emperor Temmu]]. He died in 677. This memorial tablet was made some time after his death.
| 0710[[Nara period]], first half of 8th century
| Japan Kyoto Kyoto Kamitakanograve in {{nihongo|Kamitakano|上高野|}}, [[Sakyō-ku, Kyoto|Sakyō-ku]], [[Kyoto]]. Discovered in 1613, returned to the grave and taken out for safekeeping in 1914
| Kyoto Kyoto Sudo Shrine{{nihongo|[[Sudō Shrine]]|崇道神社|sudō jinja}}, [[Kyoto]]
| [[File:Ono no Emishi epitaph front.jpg|70px]] [[File:Ono no Emishi epitaph back.jpg|70px]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Gilt bronze Fujiwara no Michinaga sutra container|金銅藤原道長経筒|kondō Fujiwara Michinaga kyōzutsu}}<ref name="kornicki-p88">{{Harvnb|Kornicki|1998|p=88}}</ref><ref name="SpecialExhibition2009">{{Cite web
| title = Special Exhibition - The Legacy of Fujiwara no Michinaga: Courtly Splendor and Pure Land Faith
| publisher = [[Kyoto National Museum]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-15
| year = 2009
| url = http://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/tokubetsu/070424/shoukai/02_index.htm
}}</ref>
| Cylindrical gilt bronze [[sutra]] container of [[Fujiwara no Michinaga]] which he buried in a [[sutra mound]] during a pilgrimage on Mount Kinpu (now Sanjogatake in [[Tenkawa, Nara|Tenkawa]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]); Height: {{convert|36|cm|abbr=on}}, diameter at base: {{convert|16.1|cm|abbr=on}}, thickness: {{convert|0.3|cm|abbr=on}})
| 1007-08-11[[Heian period]], August 11, 1007
| Japan Nara Tenkawa Mount Kinpu{{nihongo|[[Mount Kinpu]]|金峯山|kinpusen}}, [[Tenkawa, Nara|Tenkawa]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]; excavated in 1671
| Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto National Museum[[Kyoto National Museum]], [[Kyoto]]; owned by [[Kinpu Shrine (Yoshino)|Kinmpu Shrine]], [[Yoshino, Nara|Yoshino]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Artifacts from the Nishinoyama Yamashina Kofun|山科西野山古墳出土品|yamashina nishinoyama kofun shutsudohin}}
| Burial accessories from the tomb of an aristocrat including: a sword, knife, arrowheads, nail, belt
| 0250[[Kofun period]]
| Japan Kyoto Kyoto Yamashina Nishinoyama{{nihongo|Nishinoyama|西野山}}, [[Yamashina-ku, Kyoto]], [[Kyoto]]
| Kyoto Kyoto Kyoto University[[Kyoto University]], [[Kyoto]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Artifacts from the Kinpusen sutra mound|大和国金峯山経塚出土品|yamato no kuni kinpusen kyōzuka shutsudohin}}<ref group="nb">Fragments of the [[lotus sutra|lotus]] and [[Samantabhadra]] [[sutra]] on dark blue paper with gilt letters (seven and two pages) and two sutra shafts are attached to the nomination.</ref><ref name="SpecialExhibition2009" />
| A gold and silver plated bronze sutra case with design of birds and hosoge flowers, two bronze sutra cases buried by [[Fujiwara no Michinaga]] in a [[sutra mound]] during a pilgrimage on Mount Kinpu
| 1007[[Heian period]], 1007
| Japan Nara Tenkawa Mount Kinpu{{nihongo|[[Mount Kinpu]]|金峯山|kinpusen}}, [[Tenkawa, Nara|Tenkawa]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| Nara Yoshino Kinpusenji[[Kinpusen-ji]], [[Yoshino, Nara|Yoshino]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Bronze epitaph of Ishikawa no Toshitari|金銅石川年足墓誌|kondō ishikawa no toshitari boshi}}<ref group="nb">A wooden chest is attached to the nomination.</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = 金銅石川年足墓誌
| trans_title = Bronze epitaph of Ishikawa no Toshitari
| publisher = [[Takatsuki, Osaka|Takatsuki City]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-15
| url = http://www.city.takatsuki.osaka.jp/rekishi/bunkazai_ishikawa.html
| language = Japanese
}}</ref>
| Bronze epitaph of the aristocrat Toshitari Ishikawa (29.6 cm × 10.3 cm × 0.3 cm) with a six line, 130 character inscription and gold plating
| 0762-12-28[[Nara period]], December 28, 762
| Japan Osaka Takatsuki Tsukimi{{nihongo|Tsukimi|月見町|tsukimi-chō}}, [[Takatsuki, Osaka]], [[Osaka Prefecture|Osaka]]
| Osaka Osaka Osaka Museum of History[[Osaka Museum of History]], [[Osaka]], privately owned
| [[File:Ishikawa no Toshitari epitaph.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Artifacts from Sakuragaoka: {{nihongo|Ritual bells with crossed bands design|袈裟襷文銅鐸|kesadasukimon dōtaku}}, {{nihongo|Ritual bell|銅鐸|dōtaku}}, {{nihongo|Ritual Bell with running water design|流水文銅鐸|ryūsuimon dōtaku}}, {{nihongo|Bronze dagger-axes|銅戈|dōka}}
| Ten ''[[dōtaku]]'' with crossed band design, one other ''dōtaku'', three ''dōtaku'' with running water design and seven bronze dagger-axes
| !9600[[Yayoi period]]
| Japan Hyogo Kobe Nadaku Sakuragaoka{{nihongo||桜ヶ丘町|Sakuragaoka-chō}}, [[Nada-ku, Kobe|Nada-ku]], [[Kobe]], [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyōgo]]; excavated in December 1964
| Hyogo Kobe Kobe City Museum[[Kobe City Museum]], [[Kobe]], [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyōgo]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Ritual objects used in consecration of the building site of the Golden Hall, [[Kōfuku-ji]]|興福寺金堂鎮壇具|Kōfukuji kondō chindangu}}, designation Nr. 0025<ref name="ritkofuku">{{Cite web
| title = 中金堂鎮壇具
| trans_title = Ritual objects within the foundations of the altar of the Golden Hall
| publisher= [[Kōfuku]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-13
| url = http://www.kohfukuji.com/property/cultural/056.html
}}</ref>
| Two small silver [[gilding|gilded]] bowl, fragment of a silver [[gilding|gilded]] [[stemware|stem]] cup, seven small silver bowls, five rosary crystal beads, six other crystal beads
| 0710[[Nara period]], 710
| Japan Nara Nara Kofukujiwithin foundations of the altar of the Golden Hall, [[Kōfuku-ji]], [[Nara, Nara|Nara]]. Excavated in 1884
| Nara Nara Kofukuji[[Kōfuku-ji]], [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|[[Seven-Branched Sword]]|七支刀|nanatsusaya no tachi, shichishitō}}
| {{convert|74.9|cm|abbr=on}} long iron [[sword]] with six branch-like protrusions along the central blade and an inscription; probably made in Korea
| 0369[[Kofun period]], 369
| Japan Nara Tenri Isonokami Shrinein [[Isonokami Shrine]], [[Tenri, Nara|Tenri]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]] since ancient times
| Nara Tenri Isonokami Shrine[[Isonokami Shrine]], [[Tenri, Nara|Tenri]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| [[File:Chiljido.jpg|150px|alt=Sword with six branch-like protrusions.]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Bowl-shaped cap for the finial of the three-storied pagoda of Ōbaradera|大和国粟原寺三重塔伏鉢|yamato no kuni ōbaradera sanjū no tō fukubachi}}<ref name="ntbook"/><ref>{{Cite web
| publisher = [[Nara National Museum]]
| title = Exhibition - Shinto art from Nara: Treasures of Tanzan Shrine
| accessdate = 2009-05-15
| year = 2004
| url = http://sips03.narahaku.go.jp/exhib/2004toku/tanzan/tanzan-1_e.htm
}}</ref>
| Copper [[pagoda]] [[finial]] cap with an inscription, diameter: {{convert|49|cm|abbr=on}} (at top), {{convert|76.4|cm|abbr=on}} (at bottom), height: {{convert|35.2|cm|abbr=on}}
| 0715[[Nara period]], 715
| Japan Nara Sakurai Obaradera originally at {{nihongo|[[Ōbara-dera]]|粟原寺}}, [[Sakurai, Nara|Sakurai]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| Nara Nara Nara National Museum[[Nara National Museum]], [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], owned by [[Tanzan Shrine]], [[Sakurai, Nara|Sakurai]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Ritual objects used in consecration of the building site of the Golden Hall, [[Tōdai-ji]]|東大寺金堂鎭壇具|tōdaiji kondō chindangu}}
| Small gilt silver bowl with a hunting motif, swords, armor, a mirror, a fragment of a lacquer box, a crystal box, crystal objects, amber beads, glass beads and 22 crystal beads
| 0750[[Nara period]], c. 750
| Japan Nara Nara Todaiji Kondo[[Kondō]], [[Tōdai-ji]], [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| Nara Nara Todaiji[[Tōdai-ji]], [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| [[File:Silver small jar Todaiji.JPG|150px]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Artifacts from the Nara Fujinoki kofun|奈良県藤ノ木古墳出土品|nara-ken fujinoki kofun shutsudohin}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Museum Collection Room No. 2
| publisher = Museum of the Archaeological Institute of Kashihara
| accessdate = 2009-05-18
| url = http://www.kashikoken.jp/museum/gaikokugo/english/collection2.html
}}</ref>
| Various articles from a 6th century tomb generally of Chinese appearance including a gilt bronze saddle with elephant and phoenix motifs, four bronze mirrors, earthen ware and [[Sue ware]], metal objects and glass articles
| 0550[[Kofun period]], latter half of 6th century
| Japan Nara Ikaruga Fujinoki Kofun[[Fujinoki Tomb]], [[Ikaruga, Nara|Ikaruga]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]; excavated in 1985
| Nara Kashihara Archaeological Institute of Kashihara Museum[[Archaeological Institute of Kashihara]] Museum, [[Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| [[File:Fujinoki-Kofun-20081004.JPG|150px|alt=A small hillock covered with grass.]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Stone with the imprint of Buddha's feet|仏足石|bussoku seki}}<ref name="yakushijileaflet">{{Cite book
| title = Yakushiji-temple
| publisher = [[Yakushi-ji]]
| format = leaflet
}}</ref><ref name="poems"/><ref name="jaanus-footprint">{{cite web
| url = http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/b/bussokuseki.htm
| title = ''bussokuseki''
| trans_title = Buddha footprint
| publisher = [[JAANUS|JAANUS – Japanese Architecture and Art Net User System]]
| accessdate = 2009-11-08
}}</ref>
| [[Buddha footprint]] on stone with circles of truth (horin) engraved in the feet; Japan's oldest Buddha footprint
| 0753-07-27[[Nara period]], July 27, 753
| Japan, exact place unknown
| Nara Nara Yakushiji[[Yakushi-ji]], [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Verses tablet|仏足跡歌碑|bussoku seki kahi}} or Yakushi-ji Poems<ref name="yakushijileaflet"/><ref name="poems">{{Cite journal
| last = Cranston
| first = Edwin A.
| title = The Yakushiji Poems
| journal = Monumenta Nipponica
| volume = 31
| issue = 3
| pages = 299–308
| publisher = [[Sophia University]]
| date = autumn 1976
| url = http://www.jstor.org/pss/2384213
| issn = 00270741
| accessdate = 2010-03-18}}</ref><ref name="jaanus-footprint"/>
| Tablet with 21 verses in the [[Waka_(poetry)#Tanka|Tanka]] style praising the ''Stone with the imprint of Buddha's feet'', written in the [[man'yōgana]] writing system
| 0750[[Nara period]], c. 750
| Japan, exact place unknown
| Nara Nara Yakushiji[[Yakushi-ji]], [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]]
| [[File:Buddha footprint Poems Stele2.JPG|150px|alt=Rubbing of an inscription in Chinese characters.]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Artifacts from the Shitori sutra mound|伯耆一宮経塚出土品|hōki no ichinomiya kyōzuka shutsudohin}}
| Various items from a [[sutra mound]] including a statue of [[Kannon]] [[Bodhisattva]], a statue of the {{nihongo|thousand-armed Goddess of Mercy|千手観音}}, a copper sheet with an engraving of [[Maitreya]] Bodhisattva, two bronze mirrors, a bronze sutra container, fragments of a {{nihongo||檜扇|hiōgi}} folding [[Fan (implement)|fans]], remains of short swords and knives, glass beads, two copper coins and remains of lacquer ware
| 1103[[Heian period]], 1103
| Japan Tottori Yurihama Shitori Shrine[[Shitori Shrine]], [[Yurihama, Tottori|Yurihama]], [[Tottori Prefecture|Tottori]]
| Tottori Yurihama Shitori Shrine[[Shitori Shrine]], [[Yurihama, Tottori|Yurihama]], [[Tottori Prefecture|Tottori]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Bronze bells from the Kamo-Iwakura site|島根県加茂岩倉遺跡出土銅鐸|shimane-ken kamo iwakura iseki shutsudo dōtaku}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = The Land of the Gods, Izumo
| publisher = Shimane Museum of Ancient Izumo
| accessdate = 2009-05-18
| year = 2007
| url = http://www.izm.ed.jp/english/index.html
}}</ref>
| 39 ''[[dōtaku]]'' ritual bells; largest number excavated from a single site in Japan
| !9600middle [[Yayoi period]]
| Japan Shimane Unnan Kamo Iwakura Site{{nihongo|[[Kamo Iwakura Site]]|加茂岩倉遺跡|kamo iwakura iseki}}, [[Unnan, Shimane|Unnan]], [[Shimane Prefecture|Shimane]]. Found in 1996
| Shimane Izumo Shimane Museum of Ancient Izumo{{nihongo|[[Shimane Museum of Ancient Izumo]]|島根県立古代出雲歴史博物館|shimanekenritsu kodai izumo rekishi hakubutsukan}}, [[Izumo, Shimane|Izumo]], [[Shimane Prefecture|Shimane]]
| [[File:Doutaku in Kamoiwakura ruins.JPG|150px|alt=Bronze bells scattered on the ground.]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Bronze implements from the Kojindani site|島根県荒神谷遺跡出土品|shimane-ken kōjindani iseki shutsudohin}}<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Exhibition: Bronze implement and decorative swords
| publisher = Shimane Museum of Ancient Izumo
| accessdate = 2009-05-18
| year = 2007
| url = http://www.izm.ed.jp/english/seidoki.html
}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Shiveley|McCullough|Hall|1993|p=103}}</ref>
| 358 bronze swords (more than the number of excavated swords in all of the rest of Japan), 16 {{nihongo|[[bronze hoko]]|銅矛}} (spears), six ''[[dōtaku]]'' ritual bells; length of swords: {{convert|50|-|53|cm|abbr=on}}
| !9600[[Yayoi period]]
| Japan Shimane Hikawa Kojindani Site{{nihongo|[[Kōjindani Site]]|荒神谷遺跡|kōjindani iseki}}, [[Hikawa, Shimane|Hikawa]], [[Shimane Prefecture|Shimane]]. Excavated in 1984–1985
| Shimane Izumo Shimane Museum of Ancient Izumo{{nihongo|[[Shimane Museum of Ancient Izumo]]|島根県立古代出雲歴史博物館|shimanekenritsu kodai izumo rekishi hakubutsukan}}, [[Izumo, Shimane|Izumo]], [[Shimane Prefecture|Shimane]]
| [[File:Koujindani Remains 02.JPG|150px|alt=Pit with a large number of long blue-green rusty metal sticks arranged in regular fashion.]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Artifacts from the Narabara sutra mound|伊予国奈良原山経塚出土品|iyo no kuni narabarasan kyōzuka shutsudohin}}<ref name="ntbook"/>
| Artifacts from the Narabara [[sutra mound]] including a bronze sutra container of pagoda shape (height: {{convert|71.5|cm|abbr=on}}, diameter of body: {{convert|17.3|cm|abbr=on}}), a bronze sutra container, five bronze mirrors, two {{nihongo||檜扇|hiōgi}} folding [[Fan (implement)|fans]], two porcellain boxes, a bronze hairpin, small knives, five bronze bells, an iron bell, a temple gong, copper coins, remains of a jar and an earthenware soup bowl
| 1100[[Heian period]], 12th century
| Japan Ehime Imabari Mount Narabara{{nihongo|[[Mount Narabara]]|奈良原山, 楢原山|tamagawa kindai bijutsukan}}, [[Imabari, Ehime|Imabari]], [[Ehime Prefecture|Ehime]]
| Ehime Imabari Tamagawa Modern Art Museum{{nihongo|[[Tamagawa Modern Art Museum]]|玉川近代美術館|tamagawa kindai bijutsukan}}, [[Imabari, Ehime|Imabari]], [[Ehime Prefecture|Ehime]]. owner: {{nihongo|[[Narabara Shrine]]|奈良原神社|narabara jinja}}
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Artifacts from the Miyajidake Kofun|宮地嶽古墳出土品|Miyajidake kofun shutsudohin}}<ref group="nb">Various types of metal fittings are attached to the nomination.</ref><ref name="miyajidakeshrine"/>
| Various articles from a 6th century [[kofun]] including horse ornaments, a crown, remains of two long swords, bronze mirrors, a gold ring, bronze chains, bronze bowls
| 0500[[Kofun period]], 6th century
| Japan Fukuoka Fukutsu Miyajidake Kofun{{nihongo|[[Miyajidake Kofun]]|宮地嶽古墳}}, [[Fukutsu, Fukuoka|Fukutsu]], [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]]
| Fukuoka Fukutsu Miyajidake Shrine[[Miyajidake Shrine]], [[Fukutsu, Fukuoka|Fukutsu]], [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Gold seal|金印|kinin}}<ref name="ntbook"/><ref name="goldseal">{{Cite web
| title = Gold Seal
| publisher = [[Fukuoka City Museum]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-18
| url = http://museum.city.fukuoka.jp/english/eb/eb_fr2.html
}}</ref>
| Gold [[Seal (East Asia)|seal]] of the {{nihongo|King of the Na state of the [[Wa (Japan)|Wa]] (vassal) of [[Han Dynasty]]|漢委奴國王|Kan no Wa no Na no Kokuō}}; {{convert|2.35|cm|abbr=on}} square, height: {{convert|2.25|cm|abbr=on}}, weight: {{convert|109|g|abbr=on}}; said to be the seal granted by [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]] in 57 CE as mentioned in the [[Book of the Later Han]]
| 0000[[Yayoi period]], 1st century
| Japan Fukuoka Fukuoka Shikanoshimasouthern tip of {{nihongo|[[Shikano-shima]]|志賀島}}, [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]]. Found on April 12, 1784
| Fukuoka Fukuoka Fukuoka City Museum{{nihongo|[[Fukuoka City Museum]]|福岡市博物館|fukuoka-shi hakubutsukan}}, [[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]], [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]].
| [[File:Han Guang Wudi seal to the King of Wa 57 CE.jpg|150px|alt=Square gold seal with Chinese characters]]

[[File:Kan wana kokuo inbun.jpg|100px|alt=White Chinese characters on a red square background.]]
|-
| {{nihongo|Copper plate sutras|銅板法華経|dōban hokekyō}} and {{nihongo|Copper container|銅筥|dōbako}}<ref group="nb">A document related to the excavation is attached to the nomination.</ref><ref name="ntbook"/><ref>{{Cite web
| title = Kubote Historical Museum
| publisher = [[Buzen, Fukuoka|Buzen City]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-18
| url = http://www.city.buzen.fukuoka.jp/ENGLISH/sight/kuboteshi.htm
| archiveurl= http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20050114122504/http://www.city.buzen.fukuoka.jp/ENGLISH/sight/kuboteshi.htm
| archivedate=2005-01-14
}}</ref>
| 33 copper plates (21.2 cm × 18.2 cm × 0.3 cm) with engraved [[sūtra]]s and cast bronze container (height: 22.5 cm, 21.4 cm × 18.3 cm at base) engraved with Buddha statues on all four sides, plated with gold at the four corners
| 1142[[Heian period]], September 24, 1142 (plates) and October 21, 1142 (box) according to inscriptions
| Japan Fukuoka Buzen Kubotesan{{nihongo|[[Mount Kubote]]|求菩提山|kubotesan}}, [[Buzen, Fukuoka|Buzen]], [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]]
| Fukuoka Buzen Kubote Historical Museum{{nihongo|[[Kubote Historical Museum]]|求菩提資料館|kubote shiryōkan}}, [[Buzen, Fukuoka|Buzen]], [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Artifacts from the Okitsumiya ritual site of Munakata-taisha|福岡県宗像大社沖津宮祭祀遺跡出土品|fukuoka-ken munakata-taisha okitsumiya saishi iseki shutsudohin}} and {{nihongo||伝福岡県宗像大社沖津宮祭祀遺跡出土品|}}<ref name="syncreticfaith"/><ref>{{Cite web
| title = Stroll through Munakata History
| publisher = [[Munakata, Fukuoka|Munakata City]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-18
| year = 2006
| url = http://www.city.munakata.lg.jp/e-shigai/sumouyo03.html
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| title = Ise Jingu and Treasures of Shinto
| year = 2009
| publisher = [[Tokyo National Museum]]
| format = exhibition leaflet
}}</ref>
| Huge number of artifacts including a {{nihongo|golden loom|金銅高機|kin-sei takabata}}, a harness pendant in the shape of a heart leaf, mirrors, bracelets, beads, [[Haji ware]] pot, [[Sue ware]] vessel stand, a bronze incense burner, [[magatama]], a gold ring, a gilt-bronze miniature of five-stringed zither, a gilt-bronze miniature floor loom, etc.
| 0250[[Kofun period]]–[[Heian period]]; the golden loom dates to the [[Asuka period]], 6th–7th century; gilt-bronze loom, pot, vessel stand and miniature zither date to the [[Nara period]], 8th century
| Japan Fukuoka Munakata Okinoshima[[Okinoshima, Munakata|Okinoshima]], [[Munakata, Fukuoka|Munakata]], [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]]
| Fukuoka Munakata Munakata Taisha[[Munakata Taisha]], [[Munakata, Fukuoka|Munakata]], [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]]
| {{center|—}}
|-
| {{nihongo|Artifacts from the Hirabaru square-shaped moated burial precinct|福岡県平原方形周溝墓出土品|fukuoka-ken hirabaru hōkei shūkōbo shutsudohin}}<ref group="nb">Attached to the nomination are earthenware fragments, small glass beads and an iron arrowhead.</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| title = 福岡県平原方形周溝墓出土品
| trans_title = Artifacts from the Hirabaru square-shaped moated burial precinct
| publisher = [[Itoshima, Fukuoka|Itoshima]]
| accessdate = 2009-05-18
| language = Japanese
| url = http://www.city.itoshima.lg.jp/site/bunkazai/hirabaru-syutudohin.html
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| volume = 173–174
| pages = 207–225
| last = Barbara Seyock
| title = The Hirabaru Site and Wajinden: Research Notes on the Archaeology of the Kings of Ito
| journal = Nachrichten der Gesellschaft fur Natur- und Volkerkunde Ostasiens (NOAG)
| year = 2003
}}</ref>
| 40 bronze mirrors, an iron sword with a ring pommel and many beads of various type. Among the bronze mirrors are the largest specimen of their kind with a diameter of {{convert|46.5|cm|abbr=on}}
| !9600[[Yayoi period]]–[[Kofun period]]
| Japan Fukuoka Maebaru Hirabaru Site{{nihongo|[[Hirabaru Site]]|平原遺跡|hirabaru iseki}}, [[Maebaru, Fukuoka|Maebaru]], [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]]; excavated in 1965
| Fukuoka Itoshima Itokoku History Museum{{nihongo|[[Itokoku History Museum]]|伊都国歴史博物館|itokoku rekishi hakubutsukan}}, [[Itoshima, Fukuoka|Itoshima]], [[Fukuoka Prefecture|Fukuoka]]
| {{center|—}}
|}

==See also==
*[[Nara Research Institute for Cultural Properties]]
*[[Tokyo Research Institute for Cultural Properties]]
*[[Independent Administrative Institution National Museum]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book
|last=Adolphson
|first=Mikael S.
|last2=Kamens
|first2=Edward
|last3=Matsumoto
|first3=Stacie
|title=Heian Japan, centers and peripheries
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=UjB8yiiGDykC
|edition=illustrated
|year=2007
|publisher=University of Hawaii Press
|isbn=0-8248-3013-X
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Bhattacharyya
|first=Asoke Kumar
|title=Early and Buddhist stone sculpture of Japan
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=bEqkUlOnq0oC
|edition=illustrated
|year=2004
|publisher=Abhinav Publications
|isbn=8-1701-7422-8
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Cremin
|first=Aedeen
|title=Archaeologica: The World's Most Significant Sites and Cultural Treasures
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=A0llBlzF6UgC
|edition=illustrated
|year=2007
|publisher=frances lincoln ltd
|isbn=0-7112-2822-1
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Farris
|first=William Wayne
|title=Sacred texts and buried treasures: issues in the historical archaeology of ancient Japan
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=dCNioYQ1HfsC
|edition=illustrated
|year=1998
|publisher=University of Hawaii Press
|isbn=0-8248-2030-4
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Frédéric
|first=Louis
|title=Japan encyclopedia
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|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Habu
|first=Junko
|title=Ancient Jomon of Japan
|series=Case studies in early societies
|volume=4
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|edition=illustrated
|year=2004
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-5217-7670-8
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Kipfer
|first=Barbara Ann
|title=Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=XneTstDbcC0C
|edition=illustrated
|year=2000
|publisher=Springer
|isbn=0-3064-6158-7
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Kleiner
|first=Fred S.
|title=Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CgWQWkE_3ocC
|edition=13th illustrated
|year=2008
|publisher=Cengage Learning
|isbn=0-4950-9307-6
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Kornicki
|first=Peter Francis
|title=The book in Japan: a cultural history from the beginnings to the nineteenth century
|series=Handbuch Der Orientalistik. Funfte Abteilung, Japan, 7
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=tomscJO8ny8C
|edition=illustrated
|year=1998
|publisher=BRILL
|isbn=9-0041-0195-0
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Mizoguchi
|first=Kōji
|title=An archaeological history of Japan: 30,000 B.C. to A.D. 700
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=KQNG5gigLA8C
|edition=illustrated
|year=2002
|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press
|isbn=0-8122-3651-3
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Mason
|first=R. H. P.
|last2=Caiger
|first2=J. G.
|title=A history of Japan
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RZ5w7Qy0W8EC
|edition=2nd revised and illustrated
|year=1997
|publisher=Tuttle Publishing
|isbn=0-8048-2097-X
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Nishikawa
|first=Kyōtarō
|last2=Sano
|first2=Emily J.
|title=The great age of Japanese Buddhist sculpture, AD 600–1300
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=4WDqAAAAMAAJ
|edition=illustrated
|year=1983
|publisher=Kimbell Art Museum
|isbn=0-9128-0407-6
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Noma
|first=Seiroku
|title=The Arts of Japan: Ancient and medieval
|volume=1
|series=The Arts of Japan
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RfswGk-C0ykC
|edition=illustrated
|year=2003
|publisher=Kodansha International
|isbn=4-7700-2977-2
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last= Sansom
|first= George
|last2=Sansom
|authorlink2=George Bailey Sansom
|first2=Sir George Bailey
|title= A History of Japan to 1334
|series=A History of Japan, Sir George Bailey Sansom, Stanford studies in the civilizations of eastern Asia
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=t2c4t4yw21gC
|volume=1
|year=1958
|edition=illustrated
|publisher=Stanford University Press
|isbn=0-8047-0523-2
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Shiveley
|first=Donald H.
|last2=McCullough
|first2=William H.
|last3=Hall
|first3=John Whitney
|title=The Cambridge history of Japan: Ancient Japan
|volume=1
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=x5mwgfPXK1kC
|year=1993
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-5212-2352-0
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Young
|first=David
|last2=Young
|first2=Michiko
|title= The art of Japanese architecture
|series=Architecture and Interior Design
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Ag5WpEKifGEC
|year=2007
|origyear=2004
|edition=illustrated and revised
|publisher=Tuttle Publishing
|isbn=0-8048-3838-0
|ref=harv
}}
{{refend}}

{{commons category|National Treasures of Japan (archaeological materials)|National Treasure archaeological materials}}
{{Lists of National Treasures of Japan}}
{{Cultural Properties of Japan}}
{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of National Treasures Of Japan (Archaeological Materials)}}
[[Category:Article Feedback Pilot]]
[[Category:Lists of National Treasures of Japan|Archaeological]]
[[Category:Archaeological artefacts]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Japan]]
[[Category:Archaeology lists]]

{{Link GA|es}}
[[es:Anexo:Materiales arqueológicos del Tesoro Nacional de Japón]]

Meerenge von Bungo

2011-07-03T14:12:10Z

Enkyo2: specific word ... Channel → Strait in 1958 film

[[Image:Inlandsea.jpg|thumb|300px|]]
The {{Nihongo|'''Bungo Channel'''|豊後水道|Bungo Suidō}} is a [[strait]] separating the [[Japan]]ese islands of [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]]. It connects the [[Pacific Ocean]] and [[Seto Inland Sea]].<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Bungo Kaikyō" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 91|page=91}}.</ref> The narrowest part of this channel is the [[Hōyo Strait]].

In the [[Anglosphere|English-speaking world]], the Bungo Strait is most known for its role in the 1958 [[World War II]] [[submarine]] film ''[[Run Silent, Run Deep]]'' based upon best-selling 1955 novel by then-Commander [[Edward L. Beach, Jr.]].<ref>Sheffield, Richard. (2009). {{Google books|axdDd82UO3EC|''Subs on the Hunt: 40 of the Greatest WWII Submarine War Patrols,'' p. 24|page=24}}; Leeman, Sergio and Robert Wise. (1995). ''Robert Wise on his Films: from Editing Room to Director's Chair,'' p. 145.</ref>

{{Coord|32.909|N|132.25|E|format=dms|display=title|region:JP_type:waterbody}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Leeman, Sergio and Robert Wise. (1995). ''Robert Wise on his Films: from Editing Room to Director's Chair.'' Los Angeles: Silman-James. 10-ISBN 187950524X/13-ISBN 9781879505247; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/robert-wise-on-his-films-from-editing-room-to-directors-chair/oclc/243829638 OCLC 243829638]
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&client=firefox-a ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128]
* Sheffield, Richard. (2009). ''Subs on the Hunt: 40 of the Greatest WWII Submarine War Patrols.'' Atlanta: Fox Publishing. 13-ISBN 9781442169388/10-ISBN 1442169389; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/subs-on-the-hunt-40-of-the-greatest-wwii-submarine-war-patrols/oclc/652102659 OCLC 652102659]

[[Category:Straits of Japan]]

{{Ehime-geo-stub}}
{{Oita-geo-stub}}

[[cs:Bungo (kanál)]]
[[es:Bungo Suidō]]
[[ko:분고 수도]]
[[he:תעלת בונגו]]
[[ja:豊後水道]]
[[pl:Kanał Bungo]]
[[pt:Canal de Bungo]]
[[sv:Bungokanalen]]
[[zh:丰后水道]]

Meerenge von Bungo

2011-07-03T01:36:27Z

Enkyo2: + Notes and References sections

[[Image:Inlandsea.jpg|thumb|300px|]]
The {{Nihongo|'''Bungo Channel'''|豊後水道|Bungo Suidō}} is a [[strait]] separating the [[Japan]]ese islands of [[Kyūshū]] and [[Shikoku]]. It connects the [[Pacific Ocean]] and [[Seto Inland Sea]].<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Bungo Kaikyō" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 91|page=91}}.</ref> The narrowest part of this channel is the [[Hōyo Strait]].

In the [[Anglosphere|English-speaking world]], the Bungo Channel is most known for its role in the 1958 [[World War II]] [[submarine]] film ''[[Run Silent, Run Deep]]'' based upon best-selling 1955 novel by then-Commander [[Edward L. Beach, Jr.]].<ref>Sheffield, Richard. (2009). {{Google books|axdDd82UO3EC|''Subs on the Hunt: 40 of the Greatest WWII Submarine War Patrols,'' p. 24|page=24}}; Leeman, Sergio and Robert Wise. (1995). ''Robert Wise on his Films: from Editing Room to Director's Chair,'' p. 145.</ref>

{{Coord|32.909|N|132.25|E|format=dms|display=title|region:JP_type:waterbody}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Leeman, Sergio and Robert Wise. (1995). ''Robert Wise on his Films: from Editing Room to Director's Chair.'' Los Angeles: Silman-James. 10-ISBN 187950524X/13-ISBN 9781879505247; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/robert-wise-on-his-films-from-editing-room-to-directors-chair/oclc/243829638 OCLC 243829638]
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&client=firefox-a ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128]
* Sheffield, Richard. (2009). ''Subs on the Hunt: 40 of the Greatest WWII Submarine War Patrols.'' Atlanta: Fox Publishing. 13-ISBN 9781442169388/10-ISBN 1442169389; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/subs-on-the-hunt-40-of-the-greatest-wwii-submarine-war-patrols/oclc/652102659 OCLC 652102659]

[[Category:Straits of Japan]]

{{Ehime-geo-stub}}
{{Oita-geo-stub}}

[[cs:Bungo (kanál)]]
[[es:Bungo Suidō]]
[[ko:분고 수도]]
[[he:תעלת בונגו]]
[[ja:豊後水道]]
[[pl:Kanał Bungo]]
[[pt:Canal de Bungo]]
[[sv:Bungokanalen]]
[[zh:丰后水道]]

Motivated Reasoning

2011-06-18T19:25:09Z

Enkyo2: /* See also */ link -- intensity of preference

'''Motivated reasoning''' is an emotion-biased decision-making phenomenon studied in [[cognitive science]] and [[social psychology]]. This term describes the role of motivation in cognitive processes such as decision-making and attitude change in a number of paradigms, including:
* Cognitive dissonance reduction<ref name="oleary">O'Leary, Ann. [http://www.apa.org/pi/aids/resources/education/reasoning.aspx "Teaching Tip Sheet: Motivated Reasoning,"] [[American Psychological Association]] (APA); citing Ziva Kunda. (1990). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270237 "The Case for Motivated Reasoning" (Abstract)]. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.</ref>
* Beliefs about others on whom one's own outcomes depend<ref name="oleary"/>
* Evaluation of evidence related to one's own outcomes<ref name="oleary"/>

==Cognitive strategy==
The processes of motivated reasoning are a type of [[inferred justification]] strategy which is used to mitigate [[cognitive dissonance]]. When people form and cling to false beliefs despite overwhelming evidence, the phenomenon is labeled "motivated reasoning". In other words, "rather than search rationally for information that either confirms or disconfirms a particular belief, people actually seek out information that confirms what they already believe."<ref>Begley, Sharon. [http://www.newsweek.com/2009/08/24/lies-of-mass-destruction.html "Lies of Mass Destruction,"] ''Newsweek'' (US). August 25, 2009.</ref>
This is "a form of implicit emotion regulation in which the brain converges on judgments that minimize negative and maximize positive affect states associated with threat to or attainment of motives."<ref name="westin"/>

==Research==
Neuroscientific research suggest that "motivated reasoning is qualitatively distinct from reasoning when people do not have a strong emotional stake in the conclusions reached.<ref name="westin">Westen, Drew ''et al.'' [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1947?prevSearch=allfield%253A%2528westen%2529&searchHistoryKey= "Neural Bases of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election,"] ''Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience'' (US). November 2006, Vol. 18, No. 11, pp. 1947-1958.</ref>

Social science research suggests that reasoning away contradictions is psychologically easier than revising feelings. In this sense, emotions are shown to color how "facts" are perceived. Feelings come first, and evidence is used mostly in service of those feelings. Evidence that supports what is already believed is accepted, that which contradicts it is not.<ref>Redlawksi, David P. [http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/04/21/barack-obama-and-the-psychology-of-the-birther-myth/a-matter-of-motivated-reasoning "A Matter of Motivated 'Reasoning',"] ''New York Times'' (US). April 22, 2011; citing Redlawski ''et al.'' [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00772.x/full "The Affective Tipping Point: Do Motivated Reasoners Ever 'Get It'?"] ''Political Psychology'' (US). Vol. 31, Issue 4, pp. 563–593, August 2010.</ref>

==Outcomes==
The outcomes of motivated reasoning derive from "a biased set of cognitive processes -- that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion.<ref>Ziva Kunda. (1990). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270237 "The Case for Motivated Reasoning" (aAbstract)]. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.</ref>

Research on motivated reasoning tested accuracy goals (i.e., reaching correct conclusions) and directional goals (i.e., reaching preferred conclusions). Factors such as these affect perceptions; and results confirm that motivated reasoning affects decision-making and estimates.<ref>Nir, Lilach. [http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/03/17/poq.nfq076.short?rss=1 "Motivated reasoning and public opinion perception" (abstract)] ''Public Opinion Quarterly'' (UK). March 19, 2011.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cognitive bias]]
* [[Motivated forgetting]]
* [[Motivated tactician]]
* [[Motivated sequence]]
* [[Intensity of preference]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [[Ziva Kunda|Kunda, Ziva]]. (1990). {{PDFlink|[http://cogsci.uwaterloo.ca/ziva/psychbul1990.pdf "The Case for Motivated Reasoning"]}}. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.

==External links ==
* US National Library of Medicine: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=motivated%20reasoning&itool=QuerySuggestion Motivated reasoning]

{{Biases}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Confirmation Bias}}
[[Category:Article Feedback Pilot]]
[[Category:Bias]]
[[Category:Cognitive biases]]
[[Category:Critical thinking]]
[[Category:Inductive fallacies]]
[[Category:Logical fallacies]]

Motivated Reasoning

2011-06-18T19:23:48Z

Enkyo2: /* Outcomes */ tweaking

'''Motivated reasoning''' is an emotion-biased decision-making phenomenon studied in [[cognitive science]] and [[social psychology]]. This term describes the role of motivation in cognitive processes such as decision-making and attitude change in a number of paradigms, including:
* Cognitive dissonance reduction<ref name="oleary">O'Leary, Ann. [http://www.apa.org/pi/aids/resources/education/reasoning.aspx "Teaching Tip Sheet: Motivated Reasoning,"] [[American Psychological Association]] (APA); citing Ziva Kunda. (1990). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270237 "The Case for Motivated Reasoning" (Abstract)]. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.</ref>
* Beliefs about others on whom one's own outcomes depend<ref name="oleary"/>
* Evaluation of evidence related to one's own outcomes<ref name="oleary"/>

==Cognitive strategy==
The processes of motivated reasoning are a type of [[inferred justification]] strategy which is used to mitigate [[cognitive dissonance]]. When people form and cling to false beliefs despite overwhelming evidence, the phenomenon is labeled "motivated reasoning". In other words, "rather than search rationally for information that either confirms or disconfirms a particular belief, people actually seek out information that confirms what they already believe."<ref>Begley, Sharon. [http://www.newsweek.com/2009/08/24/lies-of-mass-destruction.html "Lies of Mass Destruction,"] ''Newsweek'' (US). August 25, 2009.</ref>
This is "a form of implicit emotion regulation in which the brain converges on judgments that minimize negative and maximize positive affect states associated with threat to or attainment of motives."<ref name="westin"/>

==Research==
Neuroscientific research suggest that "motivated reasoning is qualitatively distinct from reasoning when people do not have a strong emotional stake in the conclusions reached.<ref name="westin">Westen, Drew ''et al.'' [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1947?prevSearch=allfield%253A%2528westen%2529&searchHistoryKey= "Neural Bases of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election,"] ''Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience'' (US). November 2006, Vol. 18, No. 11, pp. 1947-1958.</ref>

Social science research suggests that reasoning away contradictions is psychologically easier than revising feelings. In this sense, emotions are shown to color how "facts" are perceived. Feelings come first, and evidence is used mostly in service of those feelings. Evidence that supports what is already believed is accepted, that which contradicts it is not.<ref>Redlawksi, David P. [http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/04/21/barack-obama-and-the-psychology-of-the-birther-myth/a-matter-of-motivated-reasoning "A Matter of Motivated 'Reasoning',"] ''New York Times'' (US). April 22, 2011; citing Redlawski ''et al.'' [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00772.x/full "The Affective Tipping Point: Do Motivated Reasoners Ever 'Get It'?"] ''Political Psychology'' (US). Vol. 31, Issue 4, pp. 563–593, August 2010.</ref>

==Outcomes==
The outcomes of motivated reasoning derive from "a biased set of cognitive processes -- that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion.<ref>Ziva Kunda. (1990). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270237 "The Case for Motivated Reasoning" (aAbstract)]. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.</ref>

Research on motivated reasoning tested accuracy goals (i.e., reaching correct conclusions) and directional goals (i.e., reaching preferred conclusions). Factors such as these affect perceptions; and results confirm that motivated reasoning affects decision-making and estimates.<ref>Nir, Lilach. [http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/03/17/poq.nfq076.short?rss=1 "Motivated reasoning and public opinion perception" (abstract)] ''Public Opinion Quarterly'' (UK). March 19, 2011.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cognitive bias]]
* [[Motivated forgetting]]
* [[Motivated tactician]]
* [[Motivated sequence]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [[Ziva Kunda|Kunda, Ziva]]. (1990). {{PDFlink|[http://cogsci.uwaterloo.ca/ziva/psychbul1990.pdf "The Case for Motivated Reasoning"]}}. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.

==External links ==
* US National Library of Medicine: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=motivated%20reasoning&itool=QuerySuggestion Motivated reasoning]

{{Biases}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Confirmation Bias}}
[[Category:Article Feedback Pilot]]
[[Category:Bias]]
[[Category:Cognitive biases]]
[[Category:Critical thinking]]
[[Category:Inductive fallacies]]
[[Category:Logical fallacies]]

Motivated Reasoning

2011-06-18T18:11:11Z

Enkyo2: accuracy goals and directional goals

'''Motivated reasoning''' is an emotion-biased decision-making phenomenon studied in [[cognitive science]] and [[social psychology]]. This term describes the role of motivation in cognitive processes such as decision-making and attitude change in a number of paradigms, including:
* Cognitive dissonance reduction<ref name="oleary">O'Leary, Ann. [http://www.apa.org/pi/aids/resources/education/reasoning.aspx "Teaching Tip Sheet: Motivated Reasoning,"] [[American Psychological Association]] (APA); citing Ziva Kunda. (1990). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270237 "The Case for Motivated Reasoning" (Abstract)]. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.</ref>
* Beliefs about others on whom one's own outcomes depend<ref name="oleary"/>
* Evaluation of evidence related to one's own outcomes<ref name="oleary"/>

==Cognitive strategy==
The processes of motivated reasoning are a type of [[inferred justification]] strategy which is used to mitigate [[cognitive dissonance]]. When people form and cling to false beliefs despite overwhelming evidence, the phenomenon is labeled "motivated reasoning". In other words, "rather than search rationally for information that either confirms or disconfirms a particular belief, people actually seek out information that confirms what they already believe."<ref>Begley, Sharon. [http://www.newsweek.com/2009/08/24/lies-of-mass-destruction.html "Lies of Mass Destruction,"] ''Newsweek'' (US). August 25, 2009.</ref>
This is "a form of implicit emotion regulation in which the brain converges on judgments that minimize negative and maximize positive affect states associated with threat to or attainment of motives."<ref name="westin"/>

==Research==
Neuroscientific research suggest that "motivated reasoning is qualitatively distinct from reasoning when people do not have a strong emotional stake in the conclusions reached.<ref name="westin">Westen, Drew ''et al.'' [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1947?prevSearch=allfield%253A%2528westen%2529&searchHistoryKey= "Neural Bases of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election,"] ''Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience'' (US). November 2006, Vol. 18, No. 11, pp. 1947-1958.</ref>

Social science research suggests that reasoning away contradictions is psychologically easier than revising feelings. In this sense, emotions are shown to color how "facts" are perceived. Feelings come first, and evidence is used mostly in service of those feelings. Evidence that supports what is already believed is accepted, that which contradicts it is not.<ref>Redlawksi, David P. [http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/04/21/barack-obama-and-the-psychology-of-the-birther-myth/a-matter-of-motivated-reasoning "A Matter of Motivated 'Reasoning',"] ''New York Times'' (US). April 22, 2011; citing Redlawski ''et al.'' [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00772.x/full "The Affective Tipping Point: Do Motivated Reasoners Ever 'Get It'?"] ''Political Psychology'' (US). Vol. 31, Issue 4, pp. 563–593, August 2010.</ref>

==Outcomes==
The outcomes of motivated reasoning derive from "a biased set of cognitive processes -- that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion.<ref>Ziva Kunda. (1990). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270237 "The Case for Motivated Reasoning" (aAbstract)]. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.</ref>

Research on motivated reasoning tested accuracy goals (i.e., reaching correct conclusions) and directional goals (i.e., reaching preferred conclusions) affect perceptions of majority preferences; and results confirm that motivated reasoning affects conclusory decision-making and estimates.<ref>Nir, Lilach. [http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/03/17/poq.nfq076.short?rss=1 "Motivated reasoning and public opinion perception" (abstract)] ''Public Opinion Quarterly'' (UK). March 19, 2011.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cognitive bias]]
* [[Motivated forgetting]]
* [[Motivated tactician]]
* [[Motivated sequence]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [[Ziva Kunda|Kunda, Ziva]]. (1990). {{PDFlink|[http://cogsci.uwaterloo.ca/ziva/psychbul1990.pdf "The Case for Motivated Reasoning"]}}. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.

==External links ==
* US National Library of Medicine: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=motivated%20reasoning&itool=QuerySuggestion Motivated reasoning]

{{Biases}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Confirmation Bias}}
[[Category:Article Feedback Pilot]]
[[Category:Bias]]
[[Category:Cognitive biases]]
[[Category:Critical thinking]]
[[Category:Inductive fallacies]]
[[Category:Logical fallacies]]

Motivated Reasoning

2011-06-18T17:49:22Z

Enkyo2: tweaking

'''Motivated reasoning''' is an emotion-biased decision-making phenomenon studied in [[cognitive science]] and [[social psychology]]. This term describes the role of motivation in cognitive processes such as decision-making and attitude change in a number of paradigms, including:
* Cognitive dissonance reduction<ref name="oleary">O'Leary, Ann. [http://www.apa.org/pi/aids/resources/education/reasoning.aspx "Teaching Tip Sheet: Motivated Reasoning,"] [[American Psychological Association]] (APA); citing Ziva Kunda. (1990). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270237 "The Case for Motivated Reasoning" (Abstract)]. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.</ref>
* Beliefs about others on whom one's own outcomes depend<ref name="oleary"/>
* Evaluation of evidence related to one's own outcomes<ref name="oleary"/>

Neuroscientific research suggest that "motivated reasoning is qualitatively distinct from reasoning when people do not have a strong emotional stake in the conclusions reached.<ref name="westin">Westen, Drew ''et al.'' [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1947?prevSearch=allfield%253A%2528westen%2529&searchHistoryKey= "Neural Bases of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election,"] ''Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience'' (US). November 2006, Vol. 18, No. 11, pp. 1947-1958.</ref>

The processes of motivated reasoning are a type of [[inferred justification]] strategy which is used to mitigate [[cognitive dissonance]]. When people form and cling to false beliefs despite overwhelming evidence, the phenomenon is labeled "motivated reasoning". In other words, "rather than search rationally for information that either confirms or disconfirms a particular belief, people actually seek out information that confirms what they already believe."<ref>Begley, Sharon. [http://www.newsweek.com/2009/08/24/lies-of-mass-destruction.html "Lies of Mass Destruction,"] ''Newsweek'' (US). August 25, 2009.</ref>
This is "a form of implicit emotion regulation in which the brain converges on judgments that minimize negative and maximize positive affect states associated with threat to or attainment of motives."<ref name="westin"/>

Social science research suggests that reasoning away contradictions is psychologically easier than revising feelings. In this sense, emotions are shown to color how "facts" are perceived. Feelings come first, and evidence is used mostly in service of those feelings. Evidence that supports what is already believed is accepted, that which contradicts it is not.<ref>Redlawksi, David P. [http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/04/21/barack-obama-and-the-psychology-of-the-birther-myth/a-matter-of-motivated-reasoning "A Matter of Motivated 'Reasoning',"] ''New York Times'' (US). April 22, 2011; citing Redlawski ''et al.'' [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00772.x/full "The Affective Tipping Point: Do Motivated Reasoners Ever 'Get It'?"] ''Political Psychology'' (US). Vol. 31, Issue 4, pp. 563–593, August 2010.</ref>

The outcomes of motivated reasoning derive from "a biased set of cognitive processes -- that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion.<ref>O'Leary, Ann. [http://www.apa.org/pi/aids/resources/education/reasoning.aspx "Teaching Tip Sheet: Motivated Reasoning,"] [[American Psychological Association]] (APA); citing Ziva Kunda. (1990). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270237 "The Case for Motivated Reasoning" (Abstract)]. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cognitive bias]]
* [[Motivated forgetting]]
* [[Motivated tactician]]
* [[Motivated sequence]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [[Ziva Kunda|Kunda, Ziva]]. (1990). {{PDFlink|[http://cogsci.uwaterloo.ca/ziva/psychbul1990.pdf "The Case for Motivated Reasoning"]}}. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.

==External links ==
* US National Library of Medicine: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=motivated%20reasoning&itool=QuerySuggestion Motivated reasoning]

{{Biases}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Confirmation Bias}}
[[Category:Article Feedback Pilot]]
[[Category:Bias]]
[[Category:Cognitive biases]]
[[Category:Critical thinking]]
[[Category:Inductive fallacies]]
[[Category:Logical fallacies]]

Motivated Reasoning

2011-06-18T17:25:07Z

Enkyo2: + APA citing Kunda

'''Motivated reasoning''' is an emotion-biased decision-making phenomenon studied in [[cognitive science]] and [[social psychology]]. This reasoning relies on "a biased set of cognitive processes -- that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion.<ref>O'Leary, Ann. [http://www.apa.org/pi/aids/resources/education/reasoning.aspx "Teaching Tip Sheet: Motivated Reasoning,"] [[American Psychological Association]] (APA); citing Ziva Kunda. (1990). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270237 "The Case for Motivated Reasoning" (Abstract)]. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.</ref>

Neuroscientific research suggest that "motivated reasoning is qualitatively distinct from reasoning when people do not have a strong emotional stake in the conclusions reached.<ref name="westin">Westen, Drew ''et al.'' [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1947?prevSearch=allfield%253A%2528westen%2529&searchHistoryKey= "Neural Bases of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election,"] ''Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience'' (US). November 2006, Vol. 18, No. 11, pp. 1947-1958.</ref>

Motivated reasoning is a type of [[inferred justification]] strategy which is used to mitigate [[cognitive dissonance]]. When people form and cling to false beliefs despite overwhelming evidence, the phenomenon is labeled "motivated reasoning". In other words, "rather than search rationally for information that either confirms or disconfirms a particular belief, people actually seek out information that confirms what they already believe."<ref>Begley, Sharon. [http://www.newsweek.com/2009/08/24/lies-of-mass-destruction.html "Lies of Mass Destruction,"] ''Newsweek'' (US). August 25, 2009.</ref>
This is "a form of implicit emotion regulation in which the brain converges on judgments that minimize negative and maximize positive affect states associated with threat to or attainment of motives."<ref name="westin"/>

Social science research suggests that reasoning away contradictions is psychologically easier than revising feelings. In this sense, emotions are shown to color how "facts" are perceived. Feelings come first, and evidence is used mostly in service of those feelings. Evidence that supports what is already believed is accepted, that which contradicts it is not.<ref>Redlawksi, David P. [http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/04/21/barack-obama-and-the-psychology-of-the-birther-myth/a-matter-of-motivated-reasoning "A Matter of Motivated 'Reasoning',"] ''New York Times'' (US). April 22, 2011; citing Redlawski ''et al.'' [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00772.x/full "The Affective Tipping Point: Do Motivated Reasoners Ever 'Get It'?"] ''Political Psychology'' (US).
Vol. 31, Issue 4, pp. 563–593, August 2010.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cognitive bias]]
* [[Motivated forgetting]]
* [[Motivated tactician]]
* [[Motivated sequence]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [[Ziva Kunda|Kunda, Ziva]]. (1990). {{PDFlink|[http://cogsci.uwaterloo.ca/ziva/psychbul1990.pdf "The Case for Motivated Reasoning"]}}. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.

==External links ==
* US National Library of Medicine: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=motivated%20reasoning&itool=QuerySuggestion Motivated reasoning]

{{Biases}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Confirmation Bias}}
[[Category:Article Feedback Pilot]]
[[Category:Bias]]
[[Category:Cognitive biases]]
[[Category:Critical thinking]]
[[Category:Inductive fallacies]]
[[Category:Logical fallacies]]

Motivated Reasoning

2011-06-18T17:15:03Z

Enkyo2: /* External links */ + PubMed

'''Motivated reasoning''' is an emotion-biased decision-making phenomenon studied in [[cognitive science]] and [[social psychology]]. This reasoning relies on "a biased set of cognitive processes -- that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion.<ref>"Kunda, Ziva. (1990). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270237 "The Case for Motivated Reasoning" (Abstract)]. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.</ref>

Neuroscientific research suggest that "motivated reasoning is qualitatively distinct from reasoning when people do not have a strong emotional stake in the conclusions reached.<ref name="westin">Westen, Drew ''et al.'' [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1947?prevSearch=allfield%253A%2528westen%2529&searchHistoryKey= "Neural Bases of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election,"] ''Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience'' (US). November 2006, Vol. 18, No. 11, pp. 1947-1958.</ref>

Motivated reasoning is a type of [[inferred justification]] strategy which is used to mitigate [[cognitive dissonance]]. When people form and cling to false beliefs despite overwhelming evidence, the phenomenon is labeled "motivated reasoning". In other words, "rather than search rationally for information that either confirms or disconfirms a particular belief, people actually seek out information that confirms what they already believe."<ref>Begley, Sharon. [http://www.newsweek.com/2009/08/24/lies-of-mass-destruction.html "Lies of Mass Destruction,"] ''Newsweek'' (US). August 25, 2009.</ref>
This is "a form of implicit emotion regulation in which the brain converges on judgments that minimize negative and maximize positive affect states associated with threat to or attainment of motives."<ref name="westin"/>

Social science research suggests that reasoning away contradictions is psychologically easier than revising feelings. In this sense, emotions are shown to color how "facts" are perceived. Feelings come first, and evidence is used mostly in service of those feelings. Evidence that supports what is already believed is accepted, that which contradicts it is not.<ref>Redlawksi, David P. [http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/04/21/barack-obama-and-the-psychology-of-the-birther-myth/a-matter-of-motivated-reasoning "A Matter of Motivated 'Reasoning',"] ''New York Times'' (US). April 22, 2011; citing Redlawski ''et al.'' [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00772.x/full "The Affective Tipping Point: Do Motivated Reasoners Ever 'Get It'?"] ''Political Psychology'' (US).
Vol. 31, Issue 4, pp. 563–593, August 2010.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cognitive bias]]
* [[Motivated forgetting]]
* [[Motivated tactician]]
* [[Motivated sequence]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [[Ziva Kunda|Kunda, Ziva]]. (1990). {{PDFlink|[http://cogsci.uwaterloo.ca/ziva/psychbul1990.pdf "The Case for Motivated Reasoning"]}}. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.

==External links ==
* US National Library of Medicine: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=motivated%20reasoning&itool=QuerySuggestion Motivated reasoning]

{{Biases}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Confirmation Bias}}
[[Category:Article Feedback Pilot]]
[[Category:Bias]]
[[Category:Cognitive biases]]
[[Category:Critical thinking]]
[[Category:Inductive fallacies]]
[[Category:Logical fallacies]]

Motivated Reasoning

2011-06-18T17:09:02Z

Enkyo2: new stub article -- 1st steps in a constructive direction

'''Motivated reasoning''' is an emotion-biased decision-making phenomenon studied in [[cognitive science]] and [[social psychology]]. This reasoning relies on "a biased set of cognitive processes -- that is, strategies for accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs. The motivation to be accurate enhances use of those beliefs and strategies that are considered most appropriate, whereas the motivation to arrive at particular conclusions enhances use of those that are considered most likely to yield the desired conclusion.<ref>"Kunda, Ziva. (1990). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2270237 "The Case for Motivated Reasoning" (Abstract)]. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.</ref>

Neuroscientific research suggest that "motivated reasoning is qualitatively distinct from reasoning when people do not have a strong emotional stake in the conclusions reached.<ref name="westin">Westen, Drew ''et al.'' [http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1947?prevSearch=allfield%253A%2528westen%2529&searchHistoryKey= "Neural Bases of Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election,"] ''Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience'' (US). November 2006, Vol. 18, No. 11, pp. 1947-1958.</ref>

Motivated reasoning is a type of [[inferred justification]] strategy which is used to mitigate [[cognitive dissonance]]. When people form and cling to false beliefs despite overwhelming evidence, the phenomenon is labeled "motivated reasoning". In other words, "rather than search rationally for information that either confirms or disconfirms a particular belief, people actually seek out information that confirms what they already believe."<ref>Begley, Sharon. [http://www.newsweek.com/2009/08/24/lies-of-mass-destruction.html "Lies of Mass Destruction,"] ''Newsweek'' (US). August 25, 2009.</ref>
This is "a form of implicit emotion regulation in which the brain converges on judgments that minimize negative and maximize positive affect states associated with threat to or attainment of motives."<ref name="westin"/>

Social science research suggests that reasoning away contradictions is psychologically easier than revising feelings. In this sense, emotions are shown to color how "facts" are perceived. Feelings come first, and evidence is used mostly in service of those feelings. Evidence that supports what is already believed is accepted, that which contradicts it is not.<ref>Redlawksi, David P. [http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/04/21/barack-obama-and-the-psychology-of-the-birther-myth/a-matter-of-motivated-reasoning "A Matter of Motivated 'Reasoning',"] ''New York Times'' (US). April 22, 2011; citing Redlawski ''et al.'' [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00772.x/full "The Affective Tipping Point: Do Motivated Reasoners Ever 'Get It'?"] ''Political Psychology'' (US).
Vol. 31, Issue 4, pp. 563–593, August 2010.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cognitive bias]]
* [[Motivated forgetting]]
* [[Motivated tactician]]
* [[Motivated sequence]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [[Ziva Kunda|Kunda, Ziva]]. (1990). {{PDFlink|[http://cogsci.uwaterloo.ca/ziva/psychbul1990.pdf "The Case for Motivated Reasoning"]}}. ''Psychological Bulletin'' (US), 108, 480-498.

{{Biases}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Confirmation Bias}}
[[Category:Article Feedback Pilot]]
[[Category:Bias]]
[[Category:Cognitive biases]]
[[Category:Critical thinking]]
[[Category:Inductive fallacies]]
[[Category:Logical fallacies]]

Sakata Tōjūrō IV.

2011-04-21T16:01:20Z

Enkyo2:

{{Infobox person
|image = Replace this image male.svg  |
|imagesize = 150px |
| name= Sakata Tōjūrō IV 四代目坂田藤十郎
| birthname = Hirotarō Hayashi<ref name="loc">Library of Congress authority file, [http://errol.oclc.org/laf/n85-59796.html Sakata Tōjūrō IV n85-59796]; Note that while the stage names of all kabuki actors have retained traditional order (Surname-Givenname) on Wikipedia, birth names of those born after the [[Meiji Restoration]] are in Western order (Givenname-Surname).</ref>
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1931|12|31}}
| othername = Kōtarō Hayashi, Nakamura Senjaku II, Nakamura Ganjirō III, Narikomaya Yamashiroya<ref name="loc"/>
| occupation =
| yearsactive = [[1941]] - present
}}

'''{{nihongo|Sakata Tōjūrō IV|四代目坂田藤十郎|Yondaime Sakata Tōjūrō}}''' (born 31 December 1931) is a Japanese [[kabuki]] actor in the [[Kamigata]] style.<ref>Kabuki Preservation Society. (2008). ''Kabuki techō,'' p. 130.</ref> and is officially designated a [[Living National Treasure (Japan)|Living National Treasure]].<ref name="loc"/> Unlike most kabuki actors, he performs both male and female roles, and is renowned as both a skilled ''[[wagoto]]shi'' (actor of male roles in the ''wagoto'' tradition) and ''[[onnagata]]'' (actor of female roles). He is the fourth in the line of [[Sakata Tōjūrō]],<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Sakata Tōjūrō''" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 812|page=812}}; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' [http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File].</ref> having revived the name after a lapse of over 230 years.

==Lineage==
Though he bears no direct hereditary connection to the previous lineage of Sakata Tōjūrō which he has revived, Tōjūrō does trace his line back several generations within the kabuki world. He is the eldest son of [[Nakamura Ganjirō II]], grandson of [[Nakamura Ganjirō I]], and great-grandson of [[Nakamura Kanjaku III]] who was adopted into the kabuki families by [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]].

Tōjūrō's sons [[Nakamura Kanjaku V]] and [[Nakamura Senjaku III]] perform as kabuki actors, as do his grandsons [[Nakamura Kazutarō]] and [[Nakamura Toranosuke]].

==Life and career==
He was born on [[New Year's Eve]] 1931, the eldest son of actor Nakamura Ganjirō II. He made his first appearance on stage in October 1941, under the name [[Nakamura Senjaku]] II, at the [[Kado-za]] in Osaka, in the play ''Komochi Yamanba''.

Throughout his career, he has performed primarily in Osaka, performing in both traditional pieces long in the repertoire, and in new kabuki works, primarily by playwright [[Nobuo Uno]]. He also frequently took part in revival performances in Tokyo of works by the great [[bunraku]] (puppet theatre) playwright [[Chikamatsu Monzaemon]]. "[[The Love Suicides at Sonezaki]]" (''Sonezaki Shinjū''), one of the playwright's most famous works, was performed for the first time since before [[World War II]] at the [[Shinbashi Enbujō]] in 1953. The playwright's 250th memorial service was observed with the revival of ''[[Horikawa Nami no Tsuzumi]]'' in 1973.

In 1982, Senjaku founded the [[Chikamatsu-za]], a traveling troupe devoted to performing and reviving Chikamatsu's works. These tours have taken him to many cities across Japan, as well as England, the US, China, and elsewhere, not only doing performances, but lectures and cultural workshops as well. The tours frequently feature "[[The Love Suicides at Amijima]]" (''Amijima Shinjū''), and sometimes feature the revivals of plays not performed for centuries. The 1998 tour saw the revival of ''Keisei Mibu Dainenbutsu'' which had not been performed since 1702.

Senjaku inherited his father's name and became Nakamura Ganjirō III in November 1990, in a ''[[shūmei]]'' ceremony at the [[Kabuki-za]] in Tokyo. Ganjirō was then named a Living National Treasure (人間国宝, ''ningen kokuhō'') in 1994.

He took the name Sakata Tōjūrō in December 2005.<ref name="loc"/> He adopted this new name at the [[Minami-za]] in Kyoto.<ref>Art Research Center, Kyoto Traditional Performing Arts Project, [http://www.arc.ritsumei.ac.jp/lib/english/kabuki/eventinfo/kabuki_performance/sakata_tojuro_shumei_name-change_anniversary_chikamatsu-za_performance_no_18.html ''Shumei'' (name-change) anniversary,] 2006.</ref> His goal was reviving the lineage which had died out over 230 years prior, with the death of [[Sakata Tōjūrō III]] in 1774. He seeks to not only honor the memory of the line of Sakata Tōjūrō before him, who pioneered, developed, and maintained the Kamigata ([[Kansai]]) kabuki tradition, but also as part of an effort to revive and maintain that tradition himself. He is thus, like the other Tōjūrō before him, seen as a symbol of the Kamigata tradition, and as the top actor in that tradition.

In addition to performing, Tōjūrō oversees and participates in a number of cultural programs to help encourage interest in kabuki, and to maintain the Kamigata tradition. He has also performed abroad, his September 2007 tour taking him to [[Guangzhou]], [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Hangzhou]]. In December of that year, he celebrated his 77th birthday (a special birthday in Japan) with a performance of ''[[Dōjōji]]''.

==Selected works==
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Sakata Tōjūrō IV, [[OCLC]]/[[WorldCat]] encompasses roughly 30+ works in 30+ publications in 2 languages and 170+ library holdings .<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n85-59796 中村鴈治郎 1931-  ]</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 近松劇への招待 : 舞台づくりと歌舞伎考 (1989) with Koshirō Uno;
* 通し狂言宿無団七時雨の傘 : 三幕六場 (1992) with Shōzō Namiki and Ginsaku Tobe
* 一生青春 (1997) with Michiko Toki
* 雁治郎芸談 by 中村雁治郎 (2000) Kiyoshi Mizuochi
* 恋飛脚大和往来. 封印切 : 一幕 (2000) with Mansaku Tatsuoka
* 加賀見山旧錦絵: 通し狂言: 四幕七場 (2004) with Yōtai Yō and Shōichi Yamada
* 坂田藤十郎 : 歌舞伎の真髄を生きる (2006)

==Honors==
* 2008 — [[Praemium Imperiale]]<ref>Praemium Imperiale, [http://www.praemiumimperiale.org/en/laureate/laureates 2008 laureates]</ref>
* 2009 — [[Order of Culture]]<ref>[http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20091104p2a00m0na008000c.html "Emperor awards decoration to Russian Japanese art expert,"] ''Mainichi Shimbun.'' November 4, 2009.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nakamura Kanzaburō]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* {{nihongo|Kabuki Preservation Society |伝統歌舞伎保存会|Dentō kabuki hozonkai}}. (2008). {{nihongo|''Kabuki Notebook 2008''|[http://www.actors.or.jp/syupan/2008kabuki_tetyo.html かぶき手帖 2008年版]|Kabuki techō 2008}}. Tokyo: {{nihongo|Japan Actors' Association|日本俳優協会編集|Nihon Haiyū Kyōkai}}. [http://www.bk1.jp/product/02956283 ISBN 978-4-902675-04-7]
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&client=firefox-a ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128]

== External links==
* [http://kabuki21.com/index.htm Kabuki 21], [http://kabuki21.com/tojuro4.php Sakata Tōjūrō IV ]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Sakata, Tojuro 4
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1931-12-31
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakata, Tojuro 4}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spouses of Japanese politicians]]

[[ja:坂田藤十郎 (4代目)]]

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2011-04-20T19:06:20Z

Enkyo2: + naming note per MOS

[[File:Utaemon Nakamura VI 1951.jpg|thumb|right|Utaemon VI in costume, preparing to play a female kabuki role (''[[onnagata]]''), 1951.]]

{{nihongo|'''Nakamura Utaemon VI'''|中村歌右衛門 (6代目)||January 20, 1917 — March 31, 2001}} was a [[Japan]]ese [[kabuki]] performer and an artistic director of the [[Kabuki-za]] in Tokyo.<ref name="strom">Strom, Stephanie. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E3D81F3FF937A35757C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=Nakamura+Utaemon+VI%2C+84%2C+International+Star+of+Kabuki. ''Nakamura Utaemon VI, 84, International Star of Kabuki"], ''New York Times.'' April 4, 2001.</ref> He was a prominent member of a family of kabuki actors from the [[Keihanshin]] region.<ref name="nussbaum691">Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 691.|page=691}}</ref>

Nakamura Utaemon was a stage name with significant cultural and historical connotations.<ref>Kurkup, James. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nakamura-utaemon-vi-728998.html "Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''The Independent'' (London). April 6, 2001.</ref> The name Utaemon indicates personal status as an actor. Such a title can only be assumed after the death of a previous holder, under restrictive succession conventions.<ref name="scott159">Scott, Adolphe C. (1999). {{Google books|68RITdcFpHYC|''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan,'' p. 159.|page=159}}</ref>

Utaemon VI was the son of Nakamura Utaemon V.<ref name=namingnote>While the stage names of all kabuki actors have retained traditional order (Surname-Givenname) on Wikipedia, birth names of those born after the [[Meiji Restoration]] are in Western order (Givenname-Surname).</ref> The actor's name was Fujio Kawamura when he was born in the sixth generation of a line of famous Kabuki actors.<ref name="strom"/> In the conservative Kabuki world, stage names are passed from father to son in formal system which converts the kabuki stage name into a mark of accomplishment.<ref name="scott159"/> The name Utaemon VI was formally proclaimed in a 1951 ceremony at the Kabuki theater in Tokyo.<ref>Trumbull, Robert. [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60F1FF83F5916738DDDAB0994DC405B808AF1D3 "Kabuki Theatre Elevates Actor In Traditional Japanese Rites,"] ''New York Times.'' April 12, 1960.</ref>

; Lineage of Utaemon stage names
* [[Nakamura Utaemon I]] (1714–1791) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre,'' pp. 263-264.|page=263}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon II]] (1752–1798) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2002). {{Google books|QBqNsGva3wcC|''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance,'' p. 78|page=78}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon III]] (1778–1838) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]] (1798–1852) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon V]] (1865–1940) <ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0A16FD3454107A93C0A ''Utaemon Nakamura"], ''New York Times.'' September 11, 1940.</ref>
* Nakamura Utaemon VI (1917–2001)

In a long career, he acted in many kabuki plays; but he was best known for his [[Oyama (Japanese theatre)|oyama]] roles.<ref name="strom"/>

==Living National Treasure==
In 1968, the government of Japan designated him a [[Living National Treasure]], which was a title acknowledging him as a "bearer of important intangible cultural assets."<ref name="strom"/>

==Selected works==
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Nakamura Utaemon VI, [[OCLC]]/[[WorldCat]] encompasses roughly 6 works in 6 publications in 2 languages and 9 library holdings<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n97-862773 中村歌右衛門 6世 1917-2001;] [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no90-8556 中村歌右衛門 1917- ].</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 2006 — {{nihongo| - |伽羅先代萩: 三幕五場|Meiboku sendai hagi: sanmaku goba}} 10-ISBN 4835615980/13-ISBN 9784835615981; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/meiboku-sendai-hagi-sanmaku-goba/oclc/070233503 OCLC 70233503]
* 1993 — {{nihongo| - |鏡山旧錦絵: 通し狂言四幕六場|Kagamiyama kokyō no nishikie: tōshi kyōgen yonmaku rokuba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kagamiyama-kokyo-no-nishikie-toshi-kyogen-yonmaku-rokuba/oclc/054923943 OCLC 054923943]
* 1989 — {{nihongo| - |番町皿屋敷: 一幕二場|Banchō sarayashiki: hitomaku niba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bancho-sarayashiki-hitomaku-niba/oclc/029849646 OCLC 029849646]
* 1984 — {{nihongo| -|大経師昔暦: おさん茂兵衛二幕三場|Daikyōji mukashigoyomi: osan mohee nimaku sanba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/daikyoji-mukashigoyomi-osan-mohee-nimaku-sanba/oclc/054925804 OCLC 054925804]

==Honors==
* [[Japan Art Academy]], 1963 <ref>Leiter, {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|p. 264.|page=264}}</ref>
* [[Order of Culture]], 1979 <ref name="strom"/>
* [[Praemium Imperiale]], 1995 <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/16/arts/lloyd-webber-wins-prize.html?scp= "Lloyd Webber Wins Prize,"] ''New York Times.'' June 16, 1995.</ref>
* [[Order of the Sacred Treasure|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 1996 <ref name="strom"/>

==See also==
* [[List of people on stamps of Japan]]
* [[Shūmei]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Brandon, James R. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/asian_theatre_journal/v023/23.1brandon.pdf "Myth and Reality: A Story of Kabuki during American Censorship, 1945-1949,"] ''Asian Theatre Journal, Volume 23, Number 1, Spring 2006, pp. 1–110.
* Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=6NLGxdXEkvIC&dq=nakamura+utaemon+i&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre.''] Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 10-ISBN 0810855275; 13-ISBN 9780810855274; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-dictionary-of-japanese-traditional-theatre/oclc/238637010 OCLC 238637010]
* __________. ( 2002). [http://books.google.com/books?id=QBqNsGva3wcC&dq=yamatoya+utaemon+ii&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance.''] 10-ISBN 0765607042/13-ISBN 9780765607041; 10-ISBN 0765607050/13-ISBN 9780765607058; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-reader-history-and-performance/oclc/182632867 OCLC 182632867]
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq= ''Japan Encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301]
* Scott, Adolphe Clarence. (1955). [http://books.google.com/books?id=68RITdcFpHYC&dq= ''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan.''] London: Allen & Unwin. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-theatre-of-japan/oclc/622644114?referer=di&h OCLC 622644114]
* Takeshi Kaneko. [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/culture/090325.htm "A Man with the Brilliance of a Flower; Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''Yomiuri Shimbun.'' Spring 2009.

==External links==
*Waseda University, [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/index.html Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum;] [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/exhibitions.html Permanent exhibit, Nakamura Utaemon VI]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://www.janm.org/collections/item/96.267.710/ "Nakamura Utaemon VI meets Rin-Tin-Tin" — Los Angeles, California, July 2, 1960]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://gallery.panorama.it/gallery/mishima/116613_mishima_con_utaemon_nel_1954.html Yukio Mishima with Nakamura Utaemon VI, 1954]
* World Digial Library: [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9/ ''Nakamura Utaemon no Katō Masakiyo,'' woodblock print c. 1818-1830]
* Find-A-Grave: [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6135007 Utaemon Nakamura, Aoyama Cemetery, Tokyo]
* [http://www.geijutuin.go.jp/04/index.html Japan Art Academy]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Nakamura, Utaemon VI
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1917
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 2001
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamura, Utaemon VI}}
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Culture]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]

[[ja:中村歌右衛門 (6代目)]]

Sakata Tōjūrō IV.

2011-04-20T18:48:45Z

Enkyo2: /* Life and career */

{{Infobox person
|image = Replace this image male.svg  |
|imagesize = 150px |
| name= Sakata Tōjūrō IV 四代目坂田藤十郎
| birthname = Hirotarō Hayashi<ref name=namingnote>While the stage names of all kabuki actors have retained traditional order (Surname-Givenname) on Wikipedia, birth names of those born after the [[Meiji Restoration]] are in Western order (Givenname-Surname).</ref>
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1931|12|31}}
| othername = Nakamura Senjaku II, Nakamura Ganjirō III, Narikomaya, Yamashiroya
| occupation =
| yearsactive = [[1941]] - present
}}

'''{{nihongo|Sakata Tōjūrō IV|四代目坂田藤十郎|Yondaime Sakata Tōjūrō}}''' (born 31 December 1931) is a Japanese [[kabuki]] actor in the [[Kamigata]] style.<ref>Kabuki Preservation Society. (2008). ''Kabuki techō,'' p. 130.</ref> and is officially designated a [[Living National Treasure (Japan)|Living National Treasure]].<ref name="loc">Library of Congress authority file, [http://errol.oclc.org/laf/n85-59796.html Sakata Tōjūrō IV n85-59796]</ref> Unlike most kabuki actors, he performs both male and female roles, and is renowned as both a skilled ''[[wagoto]]shi'' (actor of male roles in the ''wagoto'' tradition) and ''[[onnagata]]'' (actor of female roles). He is the fourth in the line of [[Sakata Tōjūrō]],<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Sakata Tōjūrō''" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 812|page=812}}; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' [http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File].</ref> having revived the name after a lapse of over 230 years.

==Lineage==
Though he bears no direct hereditary connection to the previous lineage of Sakata Tōjūrō which he has revived, Tōjūrō does trace his line back several generations within the kabuki world. He is the eldest son of [[Nakamura Ganjirō II]], grandson of [[Nakamura Ganjirō I]], and great-grandson of [[Nakamura Kanjaku III]] who was adopted into the kabuki families by [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]].

Tōjūrō's sons [[Nakamura Kanjaku V]] and [[Nakamura Senjaku III]] perform as kabuki actors, as do his grandsons [[Nakamura Kazutarō]] and [[Nakamura Toranosuke]].

==Life and career==
He was born on [[New Year's Eve]] 1931, the eldest son of actor Nakamura Ganjirō II. He made his first appearance on stage in October 1941, under the name [[Nakamura Senjaku]] II, at the [[Kado-za]] in Osaka, in the play ''Komochi Yamanba''.

Throughout his career, he has performed primarily in Osaka, performing in both traditional pieces long in the repertoire, and in new kabuki works, primarily by playwright [[Nobuo Uno]].<ref name=namingnote/> He also frequently took part in revival performances in Tokyo of works by the great [[bunraku]] (puppet theatre) playwright [[Chikamatsu Monzaemon]]. "[[The Love Suicides at Sonezaki]]" (''Sonezaki Shinjū''), one of the playwright's most famous works, was performed for the first time since before [[World War II]] at the [[Shinbashi Enbujō]] in 1953. The playwright's 250th memorial service was observed with the revival of ''[[Horikawa Nami no Tsuzumi]]'' in 1973.

In 1982, Senjaku founded the [[Chikamatsu-za]], a traveling troupe devoted to performing and reviving Chikamatsu's works. These tours have taken him to many cities across Japan, as well as England, the US, China, and elsewhere, not only doing performances, but lectures and cultural workshops as well. The tours frequently feature "[[The Love Suicides at Amijima]]" (''Amijima Shinjū''), and sometimes feature the revivals of plays not performed for centuries. The 1998 tour saw the revival of ''Keisei Mibu Dainenbutsu'' which had not been performed since 1702.

Senjaku inherited his father's name and became Nakamura Ganjirō III in November 1990, in a ''[[shūmei]]'' ceremony at the [[Kabuki-za]] in Tokyo. Ganjirō was then named a Living National Treasure (人間国宝, ''ningen kokuhō'') in 1994.

He took the name Sakata Tōjūrō in December 2005.<ref name="loc"/> He adopted this new name at the [[Minami-za]] in Kyoto.<ref>Art Research Center, Kyoto Traditional Performing Arts Project, [http://www.arc.ritsumei.ac.jp/lib/english/kabuki/eventinfo/kabuki_performance/sakata_tojuro_shumei_name-change_anniversary_chikamatsu-za_performance_no_18.html ''Shumei'' (name-change) anniversary,] 2006.</ref> His goal was reviving the lineage which had died out over 230 years prior, with the death of [[Sakata Tōjūrō III]] in 1774. He seeks to not only honor the memory of the line of Sakata Tōjūrō before him, who pioneered, developed, and maintained the Kamigata ([[Kansai]]) kabuki tradition, but also as part of an effort to revive and maintain that tradition himself. He is thus, like the other Tōjūrō before him, seen as a symbol of the Kamigata tradition, and as the top actor in that tradition.

In addition to performing, Tōjūrō oversees and participates in a number of cultural programs to help encourage interest in kabuki, and to maintain the Kamigata tradition. He has also performed abroad, his September 2007 tour taking him to [[Guangzhou]], [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Hangzhou]]. In December of that year, he celebrated his 77th birthday (a special birthday in Japan) with a performance of ''[[Dōjōji]]''.

==Selected works==
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Sakata Tōjūrō IV, [[OCLC]]/[[WorldCat]] encompasses roughly 30+ works in 30+ publications in 2 languages and 170+ library holdings .<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n85-59796 中村鴈治郎 1931-  ]</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 近松劇への招待 : 舞台づくりと歌舞伎考 (1989) with Koshirō Uno;
* 通し狂言宿無団七時雨の傘 : 三幕六場 (1992) with Shōzō Namiki and Ginsaku Tobe
* 一生青春 (1997) with Michiko Toki
* 雁治郎芸談 by 中村雁治郎 (2000) Kiyoshi Mizuochi
* 恋飛脚大和往来. 封印切 : 一幕 (2000) with Mansaku Tatsuoka
* 加賀見山旧錦絵: 通し狂言: 四幕七場 (2004) with Yōtai Yō and Shōichi Yamada
* 坂田藤十郎 : 歌舞伎の真髄を生きる (2006)

==Honors==
* 2008 — [[Praemium Imperiale]]<ref>Praemium IMperiale, [http://www.praemiumimperiale.org/en/laureate/laureates 2008 laureates]</ref>
* 2009 — [[Order of Culture]]<ref>[http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20091104p2a00m0na008000c.html "Emperor awards decoration to Russian Japanese art expert,"] ''Mainichi Shimbun.'' November 4, 2009.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nakamura Kanzaburō]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* {{nihongo|Kabuki Preservation Society |伝統歌舞伎保存会|Dentō kabuki hozonkai}}. (2008). {{nihongo|''Kabuki Notebook 2008''|[http://www.actors.or.jp/syupan/2008kabuki_tetyo.html かぶき手帖 2008年版]|Kabuki techō 2008}}. Tokyo: {{nihongo|Japan Actors' Association|日本俳優協会編集|Nihon Haiyū Kyōkai}}. [http://www.bk1.jp/product/02956283 ISBN 978-4-902675-04-7]
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&client=firefox-a ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128]

== External links==
* [http://kabuki21.com/index.htm Kabuki 21], [http://kabuki21.com/tojuro4.php Sakata Tōjūrō IV ]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Sakata, Tojuro 4
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1931-12-31
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakata, Tojuro 4}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spouses of Japanese politicians]]

[[ja:坂田藤十郎 (4代目)]]

Sakata Tōjūrō IV.

2011-04-20T18:47:28Z

Enkyo2: /* Life and career */

{{Infobox person
|image = Replace this image male.svg  |
|imagesize = 150px |
| name= Sakata Tōjūrō IV 四代目坂田藤十郎
| birthname = Hirotarō Hayashi<ref name=namingnote>While the stage names of all kabuki actors have retained traditional order (Surname-Givenname) on Wikipedia, birth names of those born after the [[Meiji Restoration]] are in Western order (Givenname-Surname).</ref>
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1931|12|31}}
| othername = Nakamura Senjaku II, Nakamura Ganjirō III, Narikomaya, Yamashiroya
| occupation =
| yearsactive = [[1941]] - present
}}

'''{{nihongo|Sakata Tōjūrō IV|四代目坂田藤十郎|Yondaime Sakata Tōjūrō}}''' (born 31 December 1931) is a Japanese [[kabuki]] actor in the [[Kamigata]] style.<ref>Kabuki Preservation Society. (2008). ''Kabuki techō,'' p. 130.</ref> and is officially designated a [[Living National Treasure (Japan)|Living National Treasure]].<ref name="loc">Library of Congress authority file, [http://errol.oclc.org/laf/n85-59796.html Sakata Tōjūrō IV n85-59796]</ref> Unlike most kabuki actors, he performs both male and female roles, and is renowned as both a skilled ''[[wagoto]]shi'' (actor of male roles in the ''wagoto'' tradition) and ''[[onnagata]]'' (actor of female roles). He is the fourth in the line of [[Sakata Tōjūrō]],<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Sakata Tōjūrō''" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 812|page=812}}; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' [http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File].</ref> having revived the name after a lapse of over 230 years.

==Lineage==
Though he bears no direct hereditary connection to the previous lineage of Sakata Tōjūrō which he has revived, Tōjūrō does trace his line back several generations within the kabuki world. He is the eldest son of [[Nakamura Ganjirō II]], grandson of [[Nakamura Ganjirō I]], and great-grandson of [[Nakamura Kanjaku III]] who was adopted into the kabuki families by [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]].

Tōjūrō's sons [[Nakamura Kanjaku V]] and [[Nakamura Senjaku III]] perform as kabuki actors, as do his grandsons [[Nakamura Kazutarō]] and [[Nakamura Toranosuke]].

==Life and career==
He was born on [[New Year's Eve]] 1931, the eldest son of actor Nakamura Ganjirō II. He made his first appearance on stage in October 1941, under the name [[Nakamura Senjaku]] II, at the [[Kado-za]] in Osaka, in the play ''Komochi Yamanba''.

Throughout his career, he has performed primarily in Osaka, performing in both traditional pieces long in the repertoire, and in new kabuki works, primarily by playwright [[Nobuo Uno]].<ref name=namingnote/> He also frequently took part in revival performances in Tokyo of works by the great [[bunraku]] (puppet theatre) playwright [[Chikamatsu Monzaemon]]. "[[The Love Suicides at Sonezaki]]" (''Sonezaki Shinjū''), one of the playwright's most famous works, was performed for the first time since before [[World War II]] at the [[Shinbashi Enbujō]] in 1953. The playwright's 250th memorial service was observed with the revival of ''[[Horikawa Nami no Tsuzumi]]'' in 1973.

In 1982, Senjaku founded the [[Chikamatsu-za]], a traveling troupe devoted to performing and reviving Chikamatsu's works. These tours have taken him to many cities across Japan, as well as England, the US, China, and elsewhere, not only doing performances, but lectures and cultural workshops as well. The tours frequently feature "[[The Love Suicides at Amijima]]" (''Amijima Shinjū''), and sometimes feature the revivals of plays not performed for centuries. The 1998 tour saw the revival of ''Keisei Mibu Dainenbutsu'' which had not been performed since 1702.

Senjaku inherited his father's name and became Nakamura Ganjirō III in November 1990, in a ''[[shūmei]]'' ceremony at the [[Kabuki-za]] in Tokyo. Ganjirō was then named a Living National Treasure (人間国宝, ''ningen kokuhō'') in 1994.

He took the name Sakata Tōjūrō in December 2005.<ref name="loc"/> He adopted this new name at the [[Minami-za]] in Kyoto.<ref>Art Research Center, Kyoto Traditional Performing Arts Project, [http://www.arc.ritsumei.ac.jp/lib/english/kabuki/eventinfo/kabuki_performance/sakata_tojuro_shumei_name-change_anniversary_chikamatsu-za_performance_no_18.html Sakata Tojuro Shumei (name-change) anniversary,] 2006.</ref> His goal was reviving the lineage which had died out over 230 years prior, with the death of [[Sakata Tōjūrō III]] in 1774. He seeks to not only honor the memory of the line of Sakata Tōjūrō before him, who pioneered, developed, and maintained the Kamigata ([[Kansai]]) kabuki tradition, but also as part of an effort to revive and maintain that tradition himself. He is thus, like the other Tōjūrō before him, seen as a symbol of the Kamigata tradition, and as the top actor in that tradition.

In addition to performing, Tōjūrō oversees and participates in a number of cultural programs to help encourage interest in kabuki, and to maintain the Kamigata tradition. He has also performed abroad, his September 2007 tour taking him to [[Guangzhou]], [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Hangzhou]]. In December of that year, he celebrated his 77th birthday (a special birthday in Japan) with a performance of ''[[Dōjōji]]''.

==Selected works==
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Sakata Tōjūrō IV, [[OCLC]]/[[WorldCat]] encompasses roughly 30+ works in 30+ publications in 2 languages and 170+ library holdings .<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n85-59796 中村鴈治郎 1931-  ]</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 近松劇への招待 : 舞台づくりと歌舞伎考 (1989) with Koshirō Uno;
* 通し狂言宿無団七時雨の傘 : 三幕六場 (1992) with Shōzō Namiki and Ginsaku Tobe
* 一生青春 (1997) with Michiko Toki
* 雁治郎芸談 by 中村雁治郎 (2000) Kiyoshi Mizuochi
* 恋飛脚大和往来. 封印切 : 一幕 (2000) with Mansaku Tatsuoka
* 加賀見山旧錦絵: 通し狂言: 四幕七場 (2004) with Yōtai Yō and Shōichi Yamada
* 坂田藤十郎 : 歌舞伎の真髄を生きる (2006)

==Honors==
* 2008 — [[Praemium Imperiale]]<ref>Praemium IMperiale, [http://www.praemiumimperiale.org/en/laureate/laureates 2008 laureates]</ref>
* 2009 — [[Order of Culture]]<ref>[http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20091104p2a00m0na008000c.html "Emperor awards decoration to Russian Japanese art expert,"] ''Mainichi Shimbun.'' November 4, 2009.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nakamura Kanzaburō]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* {{nihongo|Kabuki Preservation Society |伝統歌舞伎保存会|Dentō kabuki hozonkai}}. (2008). {{nihongo|''Kabuki Notebook 2008''|[http://www.actors.or.jp/syupan/2008kabuki_tetyo.html かぶき手帖 2008年版]|Kabuki techō 2008}}. Tokyo: {{nihongo|Japan Actors' Association|日本俳優協会編集|Nihon Haiyū Kyōkai}}. [http://www.bk1.jp/product/02956283 ISBN 978-4-902675-04-7]
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&client=firefox-a ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128]

== External links==
* [http://kabuki21.com/index.htm Kabuki 21], [http://kabuki21.com/tojuro4.php Sakata Tōjūrō IV ]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Sakata, Tojuro 4
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1931-12-31
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakata, Tojuro 4}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spouses of Japanese politicians]]

[[ja:坂田藤十郎 (4代目)]]

Sakata Tōjūrō IV.

2011-04-20T18:42:40Z

Enkyo2: /* Honors */ link -- Praemium Imperiale, 2008

{{Infobox person
|image = Replace this image male.svg  |
|imagesize = 150px |
| name= Sakata Tōjūrō IV 四代目坂田藤十郎
| birthname = Hirotarō Hayashi<ref name=namingnote>While the stage names of all kabuki actors have retained traditional order (Surname-Givenname) on Wikipedia, birth names of those born after the [[Meiji Restoration]] are in Western order (Givenname-Surname).</ref>
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1931|12|31}}
| othername = Nakamura Senjaku II, Nakamura Ganjirō III, Narikomaya, Yamashiroya
| occupation =
| yearsactive = [[1941]] - present
}}

'''{{nihongo|Sakata Tōjūrō IV|四代目坂田藤十郎|Yondaime Sakata Tōjūrō}}''' (born 31 December 1931) is a Japanese [[kabuki]] actor in the [[Kamigata]] style.<ref>Kabuki Preservation Society. (2008). ''Kabuki techō,'' p. 130.</ref> and is officially designated a [[Living National Treasure (Japan)|Living National Treasure]].<ref name="loc">Library of Congress authority file, [http://errol.oclc.org/laf/n85-59796.html Sakata Tōjūrō IV n85-59796]</ref> Unlike most kabuki actors, he performs both male and female roles, and is renowned as both a skilled ''[[wagoto]]shi'' (actor of male roles in the ''wagoto'' tradition) and ''[[onnagata]]'' (actor of female roles). He is the fourth in the line of [[Sakata Tōjūrō]],<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Sakata Tōjūrō''" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 812|page=812}}; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' [http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File].</ref> having revived the name after a lapse of over 230 years.

==Lineage==
Though he bears no direct hereditary connection to the previous lineage of Sakata Tōjūrō which he has revived, Tōjūrō does trace his line back several generations within the kabuki world. He is the eldest son of [[Nakamura Ganjirō II]], grandson of [[Nakamura Ganjirō I]], and great-grandson of [[Nakamura Kanjaku III]] who was adopted into the kabuki families by [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]].

Tōjūrō's sons [[Nakamura Kanjaku V]] and [[Nakamura Senjaku III]] perform as kabuki actors, as do his grandsons [[Nakamura Kazutarō]] and [[Nakamura Toranosuke]].

==Life and career==
He was born on [[New Year's Eve]] 1931, the eldest son of actor Nakamura Ganjirō II. He made his first appearance on stage in October 1941, under the name [[Nakamura Senjaku]] II, at the [[Kado-za]] in Osaka, in the play ''Komochi Yamanba''.

Throughout his career, he has performed primarily in Osaka, performing in both traditional pieces long in the repertoire, and in new kabuki works, primarily by playwright [[Nobuo Uno]].<ref name=namingnote/> He also frequently took part in revival performances in Tokyo of works by the great [[bunraku]] (puppet theatre) playwright [[Chikamatsu Monzaemon]]. "[[The Love Suicides at Sonezaki]]" (''Sonezaki Shinjū''), one of the playwright's most famous works, was performed for the first time since before [[World War II]] at the [[Shinbashi Enbujō]] in 1953. The playwright's 250th memorial service was observed with the revival of ''[[Horikawa Nami no Tsuzumi]]'' in 1973.

In 1982, Senjaku founded the [[Chikamatsu-za]], a traveling troupe devoted to performing and reviving Chikamatsu's works. These tours have taken him to many cities across Japan, as well as England, the US, China, and elsewhere, not only doing performances, but lectures and cultural workshops as well. The tours frequently feature "[[The Love Suicides at Amijima]]" (''Amijima Shinjū''), and sometimes feature the revivals of plays not performed for centuries. The 1998 tour saw the revival of ''Keisei Mibu Dainenbutsu'' which had not been performed since 1702.

Senjaku inherited his father's name and became Nakamura Ganjirō III in November 1990, in a ''[[shūmei]]'' ceremony at the [[Kabuki-za]] in Tokyo. Ganjirō was then named a Living National Treasure (人間国宝, ''ningen kokuhō'') in 1994.

He took the name Sakata Tōjūrō in December 2005.<ref name="loc"/> He adopted this new name at the [[Minami-za]] in Kyoto, reviving the lineage which had died out over 230 years prior, with the death of [[Sakata Tōjūrō III]] in 1774. He seeks to not only honor the memory of the line of Sakata Tōjūrō before him, who pioneered, developed, and maintained the Kamigata ([[Kansai]]) kabuki tradition, but also as part of an effort to revive and maintain that tradition himself. He is thus, like the other Tōjūrō before him, seen as a symbol of the Kamigata tradition, and as the top actor in that tradition.

In addition to performing, Tōjūrō oversees and participates in a number of cultural programs to help encourage interest in kabuki, and to maintain the Kamigata tradition. He has also performed abroad, his September 2007 tour taking him to [[Guangzhou]], [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Hangzhou]]. In December of that year, he celebrated his 77th birthday (a special birthday in Japan) with a performance of ''[[Dōjōji]]''.

==Selected works==
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Sakata Tōjūrō IV, [[OCLC]]/[[WorldCat]] encompasses roughly 30+ works in 30+ publications in 2 languages and 170+ library holdings .<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n85-59796 中村鴈治郎 1931-  ]</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 近松劇への招待 : 舞台づくりと歌舞伎考 (1989) with Koshirō Uno;
* 通し狂言宿無団七時雨の傘 : 三幕六場 (1992) with Shōzō Namiki and Ginsaku Tobe
* 一生青春 (1997) with Michiko Toki
* 雁治郎芸談 by 中村雁治郎 (2000) Kiyoshi Mizuochi
* 恋飛脚大和往来. 封印切 : 一幕 (2000) with Mansaku Tatsuoka
* 加賀見山旧錦絵: 通し狂言: 四幕七場 (2004) with Yōtai Yō and Shōichi Yamada
* 坂田藤十郎 : 歌舞伎の真髄を生きる (2006)

==Honors==
* 2008 — [[Praemium Imperiale]]<ref>Praemium IMperiale, [http://www.praemiumimperiale.org/en/laureate/laureates 2008 laureates]</ref>
* 2009 — [[Order of Culture]]<ref>[http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20091104p2a00m0na008000c.html "Emperor awards decoration to Russian Japanese art expert,"] ''Mainichi Shimbun.'' November 4, 2009.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nakamura Kanzaburō]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* {{nihongo|Kabuki Preservation Society |伝統歌舞伎保存会|Dentō kabuki hozonkai}}. (2008). {{nihongo|''Kabuki Notebook 2008''|[http://www.actors.or.jp/syupan/2008kabuki_tetyo.html かぶき手帖 2008年版]|Kabuki techō 2008}}. Tokyo: {{nihongo|Japan Actors' Association|日本俳優協会編集|Nihon Haiyū Kyōkai}}. [http://www.bk1.jp/product/02956283 ISBN 978-4-902675-04-7]
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&client=firefox-a ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128]

== External links==
* [http://kabuki21.com/index.htm Kabuki 21], [http://kabuki21.com/tojuro4.php Sakata Tōjūrō IV ]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Sakata, Tojuro 4
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1931-12-31
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakata, Tojuro 4}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spouses of Japanese politicians]]

[[ja:坂田藤十郎 (4代目)]]

Sakata Tōjūrō IV.

2011-04-20T17:59:40Z

Enkyo2:

{{Infobox person
|image = Replace this image male.svg  |
|imagesize = 150px |
| name= Sakata Tōjūrō IV 四代目坂田藤十郎
| birthname = Hirotarō Hayashi<ref name=namingnote>While the stage names of all kabuki actors have retained traditional order (Surname-Givenname) on Wikipedia, birth names of those born after the [[Meiji Restoration]] are in Western order (Givenname-Surname).</ref>
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1931|12|31}}
| othername = Nakamura Senjaku II, Nakamura Ganjirō III, Narikomaya, Yamashiroya
| occupation =
| yearsactive = [[1941]] - present
}}

'''{{nihongo|Sakata Tōjūrō IV|四代目坂田藤十郎|Yondaime Sakata Tōjūrō}}''' (born 31 December 1931) is a Japanese [[kabuki]] actor in the [[Kamigata]] style.<ref>Kabuki Preservation Society. (2008). ''Kabuki techō,'' p. 130.</ref> and is officially designated a [[Living National Treasure (Japan)|Living National Treasure]].<ref name="loc">Library of Congress authority file, [http://errol.oclc.org/laf/n85-59796.html Sakata Tōjūrō IV n85-59796]</ref> Unlike most kabuki actors, he performs both male and female roles, and is renowned as both a skilled ''[[wagoto]]shi'' (actor of male roles in the ''wagoto'' tradition) and ''[[onnagata]]'' (actor of female roles). He is the fourth in the line of [[Sakata Tōjūrō]],<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Sakata Tōjūrō''" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 812|page=812}}; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' [http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File].</ref> having revived the name after a lapse of over 230 years.

==Lineage==
Though he bears no direct hereditary connection to the previous lineage of Sakata Tōjūrō which he has revived, Tōjūrō does trace his line back several generations within the kabuki world. He is the eldest son of [[Nakamura Ganjirō II]], grandson of [[Nakamura Ganjirō I]], and great-grandson of [[Nakamura Kanjaku III]] who was adopted into the kabuki families by [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]].

Tōjūrō's sons [[Nakamura Kanjaku V]] and [[Nakamura Senjaku III]] perform as kabuki actors, as do his grandsons [[Nakamura Kazutarō]] and [[Nakamura Toranosuke]].

==Life and career==
He was born on [[New Year's Eve]] 1931, the eldest son of actor Nakamura Ganjirō II. He made his first appearance on stage in October 1941, under the name [[Nakamura Senjaku]] II, at the [[Kado-za]] in Osaka, in the play ''Komochi Yamanba''.

Throughout his career, he has performed primarily in Osaka, performing in both traditional pieces long in the repertoire, and in new kabuki works, primarily by playwright [[Nobuo Uno]].<ref name=namingnote/> He also frequently took part in revival performances in Tokyo of works by the great [[bunraku]] (puppet theatre) playwright [[Chikamatsu Monzaemon]]. "[[The Love Suicides at Sonezaki]]" (''Sonezaki Shinjū''), one of the playwright's most famous works, was performed for the first time since before [[World War II]] at the [[Shinbashi Enbujō]] in 1953. The playwright's 250th memorial service was observed with the revival of ''[[Horikawa Nami no Tsuzumi]]'' in 1973.

In 1982, Senjaku founded the [[Chikamatsu-za]], a traveling troupe devoted to performing and reviving Chikamatsu's works. These tours have taken him to many cities across Japan, as well as England, the US, China, and elsewhere, not only doing performances, but lectures and cultural workshops as well. The tours frequently feature "[[The Love Suicides at Amijima]]" (''Amijima Shinjū''), and sometimes feature the revivals of plays not performed for centuries. The 1998 tour saw the revival of ''Keisei Mibu Dainenbutsu'' which had not been performed since 1702.

Senjaku inherited his father's name and became Nakamura Ganjirō III in November 1990, in a ''[[shūmei]]'' ceremony at the [[Kabuki-za]] in Tokyo. Ganjirō was then named a Living National Treasure (人間国宝, ''ningen kokuhō'') in 1994.

He took the name Sakata Tōjūrō in December 2005.<ref name="loc"/> He adopted this new name at the [[Minami-za]] in Kyoto, reviving the lineage which had died out over 230 years prior, with the death of [[Sakata Tōjūrō III]] in 1774. He seeks to not only honor the memory of the line of Sakata Tōjūrō before him, who pioneered, developed, and maintained the Kamigata ([[Kansai]]) kabuki tradition, but also as part of an effort to revive and maintain that tradition himself. He is thus, like the other Tōjūrō before him, seen as a symbol of the Kamigata tradition, and as the top actor in that tradition.

In addition to performing, Tōjūrō oversees and participates in a number of cultural programs to help encourage interest in kabuki, and to maintain the Kamigata tradition. He has also performed abroad, his September 2007 tour taking him to [[Guangzhou]], [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Hangzhou]]. In December of that year, he celebrated his 77th birthday (a special birthday in Japan) with a performance of ''[[Dōjōji]]''.

==Selected works==
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Sakata Tōjūrō IV, [[OCLC]]/[[WorldCat]] encompasses roughly 30+ works in 30+ publications in 2 languages and 170+ library holdings .<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n85-59796 中村鴈治郎 1931-  ]</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 近松劇への招待 : 舞台づくりと歌舞伎考 (1989) with Koshirō Uno;
* 通し狂言宿無団七時雨の傘 : 三幕六場 (1992) with Shōzō Namiki and Ginsaku Tobe
* 一生青春 (1997) with Michiko Toki
* 雁治郎芸談 by 中村雁治郎 (2000) Kiyoshi Mizuochi
* 恋飛脚大和往来. 封印切 : 一幕 (2000) with Mansaku Tatsuoka
* 加賀見山旧錦絵: 通し狂言: 四幕七場 (2004) with Yōtai Yō and Shōichi Yamada
* 坂田藤十郎 : 歌舞伎の真髄を生きる (2006)

==Honors==
* 2009 – [[Order of Culture]]<ref>[http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20091104p2a00m0na008000c.html "Emperor awards decoration to Russian Japanese art expert,"] ''Mainichi Shimbun.'' November 4, 2009.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nakamura Kanzaburō]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* {{nihongo|Kabuki Preservation Society |伝統歌舞伎保存会|Dentō kabuki hozonkai}}. (2008). {{nihongo|''Kabuki Notebook 2008''|[http://www.actors.or.jp/syupan/2008kabuki_tetyo.html かぶき手帖 2008年版]|Kabuki techō 2008}}. Tokyo: {{nihongo|Japan Actors' Association|日本俳優協会編集|Nihon Haiyū Kyōkai}}. [http://www.bk1.jp/product/02956283 ISBN 978-4-902675-04-7]
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&client=firefox-a ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128]

== External links==
* [http://kabuki21.com/index.htm Kabuki 21], [http://kabuki21.com/tojuro4.php Sakata Tōjūrō IV ]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Sakata, Tojuro 4
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1931-12-31
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakata, Tojuro 4}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spouses of Japanese politicians]]

[[ja:坂田藤十郎 (4代目)]]

Sakata Tōjūrō IV.

2011-04-20T17:51:12Z

Enkyo2: /* Selected works */ new section

{{Infobox person
|image = Replace this image male.svg  |
|imagesize = 150px |
| name= Sakata Tōjūrō IV 四代目坂田藤十郎
| birthname = Hirotarō Hayashi<ref name=namingnote>While the stage names of all kabuki actors have retained traditional order (Surname-Givenname) on Wikipedia, birth names of those born after the [[Meiji Restoration]] are in Western order (Givenname-Surname).</ref>
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1931|12|31}}
| othername = Nakamura Senjaku II, Nakamura Ganjirō III, Narikomaya, Yamashiroya
| occupation =
| yearsactive = [[1941]] - present
}}

'''{{nihongo|Sakata Tōjūrō IV|四代目坂田藤十郎|Yondaime Sakata Tōjūrō}}''' (born 31 December 1931) is a Japanese [[kabuki]] actor in the [[Kamigata]] style.<ref>Kabuki Preservation Society. (2008). ''Kabuki techō,'' p. 130.</ref> and is officially designated a [[Living National Treasure (Japan)|Living National Treasure]]. Unlike most kabuki actors, he performs both male and female roles, and is renowned as both a skilled ''[[wagoto]]shi'' (actor of male roles in the ''wagoto'' tradition) and ''[[onnagata]]'' (actor of female roles). He is the fourth in the line of [[Sakata Tōjūrō]],<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Sakata Tōjūrō''" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 812|page=812}}; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' [http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File].</ref> having revived the name after a lapse of over 230 years.

==Lineage==
Though he bears no direct hereditary connection to the previous lineage of Sakata Tōjūrō which he has revived, Tōjūrō does trace his line back several generations within the kabuki world. He is the eldest son of [[Nakamura Ganjirō II]], grandson of [[Nakamura Ganjirō I]], and great-grandson of [[Nakamura Kanjaku III]] who was adopted into the kabuki families by [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]].

Tōjūrō's sons [[Nakamura Kanjaku V]] and [[Nakamura Senjaku III]] perform as kabuki actors, as do his grandsons [[Nakamura Kazutarō]] and [[Nakamura Toranosuke]].

==Life and career==
He was born on [[New Year's Eve]] 1931, the eldest son of actor Nakamura Ganjirō II. He made his first appearance on stage in October 1941, under the name [[Nakamura Senjaku]] II, at the [[Kado-za]] in Osaka, in the play ''Komochi Yamanba''.

Throughout his career, he has performed primarily in Osaka, performing in both traditional pieces long in the repertoire, and in new kabuki works, primarily by playwright [[Nobuo Uno]].<ref name=namingnote/> He also frequently took part in revival performances in Tokyo of works by the great [[bunraku]] (puppet theatre) playwright [[Chikamatsu Monzaemon]]. "[[The Love Suicides at Sonezaki]]" (''Sonezaki Shinjū''), one of the playwright's most famous works, was performed for the first time since before [[World War II]] at the [[Shinbashi Enbujō]] in 1953. The playwright's 250th memorial service was observed with the revival of ''[[Horikawa Nami no Tsuzumi]]'' in 1973.

In 1982, Senjaku founded the [[Chikamatsu-za]], a traveling troupe devoted to performing and reviving Chikamatsu's works. These tours have taken him to many cities across Japan, as well as England, the US, China, and elsewhere, not only doing performances, but lectures and cultural workshops as well. The tours frequently feature "[[The Love Suicides at Amijima]]" (''Amijima Shinjū''), and sometimes feature the revivals of plays not performed for centuries. The 1998 tour saw the revival of ''Keisei Mibu Dainenbutsu'' which had not been performed since 1702.

Senjaku inherited his father's name and became Nakamura Ganjirō III in November 1990, in a ''[[shūmei]]'' ceremony at the [[Kabuki-za]] in Tokyo. Ganjirō was then named a Living National Treasure (人間国宝, ''ningen kokuhō'') in 1994.

He took the name Sakata Tōjūrō in December 2005, at the [[Minami-za]] in Kyoto, reviving the lineage which had died out over 230 years prior, with the death of [[Sakata Tōjūrō III]] in 1774. He seeks to not only honor the memory of the line of Sakata Tōjūrō before him, who pioneered, developed, and maintained the Kamigata ([[Kansai]]) kabuki tradition, but also as part of an effort to revive and maintain that tradition himself. He is thus, like the other Tōjūrō before him, seen as a symbol of the Kamigata tradition, and as the top actor in that tradition.

In addition to performing, Tōjūrō oversees and participates in a number of cultural programs to help encourage interest in kabuki, and to maintain the Kamigata tradition. He has also performed abroad, his September 2007 tour taking him to [[Guangzhou]], [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Hangzhou]]. In December of that year, he celebrated his 77th birthday (a special birthday in Japan) with a performance of ''[[Dōjōji]]''.

==Selected works==
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Sakata Tōjūrō IV, [[OCLC]]/[[WorldCat]] encompasses roughly 30+ works in 30+ publications in 2 languages and 170+ library holdings .<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n85-59796 中村鴈治郎 1931-  ]</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 近松劇への招待 : 舞台づくりと歌舞伎考 (1989) with Koshirō Uno;
* 通し狂言宿無団七時雨の傘 : 三幕六場 (1992) with Shōzō Namiki and Ginsaku Tobe
* 一生青春 (1997) with Michiko Toki
* 雁治郎芸談 by 中村雁治郎 (2000) Kiyoshi Mizuochi
* 恋飛脚大和往来. 封印切 : 一幕 (2000) with Mansaku Tatsuoka
* 加賀見山旧錦絵: 通し狂言: 四幕七場 (2004) with Yōtai Yō and Shōichi Yamada
* 坂田藤十郎 : 歌舞伎の真髄を生きる (2006)

==Honors==
* 2009 – [[Order of Culture]]<ref>[http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20091104p2a00m0na008000c.html "Emperor awards decoration to Russian Japanese art expert,"] ''Mainichi Shimbun.'' November 4, 2009.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nakamura Kanzaburō]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* {{nihongo|Kabuki Preservation Society |伝統歌舞伎保存会|Dentō kabuki hozonkai}}. (2008). {{nihongo|''Kabuki Notebook 2008''|[http://www.actors.or.jp/syupan/2008kabuki_tetyo.html かぶき手帖 2008年版]|Kabuki techō 2008}}. Tokyo: {{nihongo|Japan Actors' Association|日本俳優協会編集|Nihon Haiyū Kyōkai}}. [http://www.bk1.jp/product/02956283 ISBN 978-4-902675-04-7]
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&client=firefox-a ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128]

== External links==
* [http://kabuki21.com/index.htm Kabuki 21], [http://kabuki21.com/tojuro4.php Sakata Tōjūrō IV ]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Sakata, Tojuro 4
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1931-12-31
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakata, Tojuro 4}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spouses of Japanese politicians]]

[[ja:坂田藤十郎 (4代目)]]

Sakata Tōjūrō IV.

2011-04-20T16:42:13Z

Enkyo2: tweaking Kabuki techo citation

{{Infobox person
|image = Replace this image male.svg  |
|imagesize = 150px |
| name= Sakata Tōjūrō IV 四代目坂田藤十郎
| birthname = Hirotarō Hayashi<ref name=namingnote>While the stage names of all kabuki actors have retained traditional order (Surname-Givenname) on Wikipedia, birth names of those born after the [[Meiji Restoration]] are in Western order (Givenname-Surname).</ref>
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1931|12|31}}
| othername = Nakamura Senjaku II, Nakamura Ganjirō III, Narikomaya, Yamashiroya
| occupation =
| yearsactive = [[1941]] - present
}}

'''{{nihongo|Sakata Tōjūrō IV|四代目坂田藤十郎|Yondaime Sakata Tōjūrō}}''' (born 31 December 1931) is a Japanese [[kabuki]] actor in the [[Kamigata]] style.<ref>Kabuki Preservation Society. (2008). ''Kabuki techō,'' p. 130.</ref> and is officially designated a [[Living National Treasure (Japan)|Living National Treasure]]. Unlike most kabuki actors, he performs both male and female roles, and is renowned as both a skilled ''[[wagoto]]shi'' (actor of male roles in the ''wagoto'' tradition) and ''[[onnagata]]'' (actor of female roles). He is the fourth in the line of [[Sakata Tōjūrō]],<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Sakata Tōjūrō''" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 812|page=812}}; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' [http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File].</ref> having revived the name after a lapse of over 230 years.

==Lineage==
Though he bears no direct hereditary connection to the previous lineage of Sakata Tōjūrō which he has revived, Tōjūrō does trace his line back several generations within the kabuki world. He is the eldest son of [[Nakamura Ganjirō II]], grandson of [[Nakamura Ganjirō I]], and great-grandson of [[Nakamura Kanjaku III]] who was adopted into the kabuki families by [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]].

Tōjūrō's sons [[Nakamura Kanjaku V]] and [[Nakamura Senjaku III]] perform as kabuki actors, as do his grandsons [[Nakamura Kazutarō]] and [[Nakamura Toranosuke]].

==Life and career==
He was born on [[New Year's Eve]] 1931, the eldest son of actor Nakamura Ganjirō II. He made his first appearance on stage in October 1941, under the name [[Nakamura Senjaku]] II, at the [[Kado-za]] in Osaka, in the play ''Komochi Yamanba''.

Throughout his career, he has performed primarily in Osaka, performing in both traditional pieces long in the repertoire, and in new kabuki works, primarily by playwright [[Nobuo Uno]].<ref name=namingnote/> He also frequently took part in revival performances in Tokyo of works by the great [[bunraku]] (puppet theatre) playwright [[Chikamatsu Monzaemon]]. "[[The Love Suicides at Sonezaki]]" (''Sonezaki Shinjū''), one of the playwright's most famous works, was performed for the first time since before [[World War II]] at the [[Shinbashi Enbujō]] in 1953. The playwright's 250th memorial service was observed with the revival of ''[[Horikawa Nami no Tsuzumi]]'' in 1973.

In 1982, Senjaku founded the [[Chikamatsu-za]], a traveling troupe devoted to performing and reviving Chikamatsu's works. These tours have taken him to many cities across Japan, as well as England, the US, China, and elsewhere, not only doing performances, but lectures and cultural workshops as well. The tours frequently feature "[[The Love Suicides at Amijima]]" (''Amijima Shinjū''), and sometimes feature the revivals of plays not performed for centuries. The 1998 tour saw the revival of ''Keisei Mibu Dainenbutsu'' which had not been performed since 1702.

Senjaku inherited his father's name and became Nakamura Ganjirō III in November 1990, in a ''[[shūmei]]'' ceremony at the [[Kabuki-za]] in Tokyo. Ganjirō was then named a Living National Treasure (人間国宝, ''ningen kokuhō'') in 1994.

He took the name Sakata Tōjūrō in December 2005, at the [[Minami-za]] in Kyoto, reviving the lineage which had died out over 230 years prior, with the death of [[Sakata Tōjūrō III]] in 1774. He seeks to not only honor the memory of the line of Sakata Tōjūrō before him, who pioneered, developed, and maintained the Kamigata ([[Kansai]]) kabuki tradition, but also as part of an effort to revive and maintain that tradition himself. He is thus, like the other Tōjūrō before him, seen as a symbol of the Kamigata tradition, and as the top actor in that tradition.

In addition to performing, Tōjūrō oversees and participates in a number of cultural programs to help encourage interest in kabuki, and to maintain the Kamigata tradition. He has also performed abroad, his September 2007 tour taking him to [[Guangzhou]], [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Hangzhou]]. In December of that year, he celebrated his 77th birthday (a special birthday in Japan) with a performance of ''[[Dōjōji]]''.

==Honors==
* 2009 – [[Order of Culture]]<ref>[http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20091104p2a00m0na008000c.html "Emperor awards decoration to Russian Japanese art expert,"] ''Mainichi Shimbun.'' November 4, 2009.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nakamura Kanzaburō]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* {{nihongo|Kabuki Preservation Society |伝統歌舞伎保存会|Dentō kabuki hozonkai}}. (2008). {{nihongo|''Kabuki Notebook 2008''|[http://www.actors.or.jp/syupan/2008kabuki_tetyo.html かぶき手帖 2008年版]|Kabuki techō 2008}}. Tokyo: {{nihongo|Japan Actors' Association|日本俳優協会編集|Nihon Haiyū Kyōkai}}. [http://www.bk1.jp/product/02956283 ISBN 978-4-902675-04-7]
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&client=firefox-a ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128]

== External links==
* [http://kabuki21.com/index.htm Kabuki 21], [http://kabuki21.com/tojuro4.php Sakata Tōjūrō IV ]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Sakata, Tojuro 4
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1931-12-31
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakata, Tojuro 4}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spouses of Japanese politicians]]

[[ja:坂田藤十郎 (4代目)]]

Sakata Tōjūrō IV.

2011-04-20T15:53:03Z

Enkyo2: /* External links */ new section

{{Infobox person
|image = Replace this image male.svg  |
|imagesize = 150px |
| name= Sakata Tōjūrō IV 四代目坂田藤十郎
| birthname = Hirotarō Hayashi<ref name=namingnote>While the stage names of all kabuki actors have retained traditional order (Surname-Givenname) on Wikipedia, birth names of those born after the [[Meiji Restoration]] are in Western order (Givenname-Surname).</ref>
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1931|12|31}}
| othername = Nakamura Senjaku II, Nakamura Ganjirō III, Narikomaya, Yamashiroya
| occupation =
| yearsactive = [[1941]] - present
}}

'''{{nihongo|Sakata Tōjūrō IV|四代目坂田藤十郎|Yondaime Sakata Tōjūrō}}''' (born 31 December 1931) is a Japanese [[kabuki]] actor in the [[Kamigata]] style, and is officially designated a [[Living National Treasure (Japan)|Living National Treasure]]. Unlike most kabuki actors, he performs both male and female roles, and is renowned as both a skilled ''[[wagoto]]shi'' (actor of male roles in the ''wagoto'' tradition) and ''[[onnagata]]'' (actor of female roles). He is the fourth in the line of [[Sakata Tōjūrō]],<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Sakata Tōjūrō''" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 812|page=812}}; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' [http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File].</ref> having revived the name after a lapse of over 230 years.

==Lineage==
Though he bears no direct hereditary connection to the previous lineage of Sakata Tōjūrō which he has revived, Tōjūrō does trace his line back several generations within the kabuki world. He is the eldest son of [[Nakamura Ganjirō II]], grandson of [[Nakamura Ganjirō I]], and great-grandson of [[Nakamura Kanjaku III]] who was adopted into the kabuki families by [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]].

Tōjūrō's sons [[Nakamura Kanjaku V]] and [[Nakamura Senjaku III]] perform as kabuki actors, as do his grandsons [[Nakamura Kazutarō]] and [[Nakamura Toranosuke]].

==Life and career==
He was born on [[New Year's Eve]] 1931, the eldest son of actor Nakamura Ganjirō II. He made his first appearance on stage in October 1941, under the name [[Nakamura Senjaku]] II, at the [[Kado-za]] in Osaka, in the play ''Komochi Yamanba''.

Throughout his career, he has performed primarily in Osaka, performing in both traditional pieces long in the repertoire, and in new kabuki works, primarily by playwright [[Nobuo Uno]].<ref name=namingnote/> He also frequently took part in revival performances in Tokyo of works by the great [[bunraku]] (puppet theatre) playwright [[Chikamatsu Monzaemon]]. "[[The Love Suicides at Sonezaki]]" (''Sonezaki Shinjū''), one of the playwright's most famous works, was performed for the first time since before [[World War II]] at the [[Shinbashi Enbujō]] in 1953. The playwright's 250th memorial service was observed with the revival of ''[[Horikawa Nami no Tsuzumi]]'' in 1973.

In 1982, Senjaku founded the [[Chikamatsu-za]], a traveling troupe devoted to performing and reviving Chikamatsu's works. These tours have taken him to many cities across Japan, as well as England, the US, China, and elsewhere, not only doing performances, but lectures and cultural workshops as well. The tours frequently feature "[[The Love Suicides at Amijima]]" (''Amijima Shinjū''), and sometimes feature the revivals of plays not performed for centuries. The 1998 tour saw the revival of ''Keisei Mibu Dainenbutsu'' which had not been performed since 1702.

Senjaku inherited his father's name and became Nakamura Ganjirō III in November 1990, in a ''[[shūmei]]'' ceremony at the [[Kabuki-za]] in Tokyo. Ganjirō was then named a Living National Treasure (人間国宝, ''ningen kokuhō'') in 1994.

He took the name Sakata Tōjūrō in December 2005, at the [[Minami-za]] in Kyoto, reviving the lineage which had died out over 230 years prior, with the death of [[Sakata Tōjūrō III]] in 1774. He seeks to not only honor the memory of the line of Sakata Tōjūrō before him, who pioneered, developed, and maintained the Kamigata ([[Kansai]]) kabuki tradition, but also as part of an effort to revive and maintain that tradition himself. He is thus, like the other Tōjūrō before him, seen as a symbol of the Kamigata tradition, and as the top actor in that tradition.

In addition to performing, Tōjūrō oversees and participates in a number of cultural programs to help encourage interest in kabuki, and to maintain the Kamigata tradition. He has also performed abroad, his September 2007 tour taking him to [[Guangzhou]], [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Hangzhou]]. In December of that year, he celebrated his 77th birthday (a special birthday in Japan) with a performance of ''[[Dōjōji]]''.

==Honors==
* 2009 – [[Order of Culture]]<ref>[http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20091104p2a00m0na008000c.html "Emperor awards decoration to Russian Japanese art expert,"] ''Mainichi Shimbun.'' November 4, 2009.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nakamura Kanzaburō]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

*''Kabuki techō: Kabuki Official Data Book 2008''. Nihon Haiyū Kyōkai (Japan Actors' Association). 2008: Tokyo. p130.
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&client=firefox-a ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128]

== External links==
* [http://kabuki21.com/index.htm Kabuki 21], [http://kabuki21.com/tojuro4.php Sakata Tōjūrō IV ]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Sakata, Tojuro 4
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1931-12-31
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakata, Tojuro 4}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spouses of Japanese politicians]]

[[ja:坂田藤十郎 (4代目)]]

Sakata Tōjūrō IV.

2011-04-20T15:14:58Z

Enkyo2: inline citation -- Sakata Tōjūrō

{{Infobox person
|image = Replace this image male.svg  |
|imagesize = 150px |
| name= Sakata Tōjūrō IV 四代目坂田藤十郎
| birthname = Hirotarō Hayashi<ref name=namingnote>While the stage names of all kabuki actors have retained traditional order (Surname-Givenname) on Wikipedia, birth names of those born after the [[Meiji Restoration]] are in Western order (Givenname-Surname).</ref>
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1931|12|31}}
| othername = Nakamura Senjaku II, Nakamura Ganjirō III, Narikomaya, Yamashiroya
| occupation =
| yearsactive = [[1941]] - present
}}

'''{{nihongo|Sakata Tōjūrō IV|四代目坂田藤十郎|Yondaime Sakata Tōjūrō}}''' (born 31 December 1931) is a Japanese [[kabuki]] actor in the [[Kamigata]] style, and is officially designated a [[Living National Treasure (Japan)|Living National Treasure]]. Unlike most kabuki actors, he performs both male and female roles, and is renowned as both a skilled ''[[wagoto]]shi'' (actor of male roles in the ''wagoto'' tradition) and ''[[onnagata]]'' (actor of female roles). He is the fourth in the line of [[Sakata Tōjūrō]],<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Sakata Tōjūrō''" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 812|page=812}}; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' [http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File].</ref> having revived the name after a lapse of over 230 years.

==Lineage==
Though he bears no direct hereditary connection to the previous lineage of Sakata Tōjūrō which he has revived, Tōjūrō does trace his line back several generations within the kabuki world. He is the eldest son of [[Nakamura Ganjirō II]], grandson of [[Nakamura Ganjirō I]], and great-grandson of [[Nakamura Kanjaku III]] who was adopted into the kabuki families by [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]].

Tōjūrō's sons [[Nakamura Kanjaku V]] and [[Nakamura Senjaku III]] perform as kabuki actors, as do his grandsons [[Nakamura Kazutarō]] and [[Nakamura Toranosuke]].

==Life and career==
He was born on [[New Year's Eve]] 1931, the eldest son of actor Nakamura Ganjirō II. He made his first appearance on stage in October 1941, under the name [[Nakamura Senjaku]] II, at the [[Kado-za]] in Osaka, in the play ''Komochi Yamanba''.

Throughout his career, he has performed primarily in Osaka, performing in both traditional pieces long in the repertoire, and in new kabuki works, primarily by playwright [[Nobuo Uno]].<ref name=namingnote/> He also frequently took part in revival performances in Tokyo of works by the great [[bunraku]] (puppet theatre) playwright [[Chikamatsu Monzaemon]]. "[[The Love Suicides at Sonezaki]]" (''Sonezaki Shinjū''), one of the playwright's most famous works, was performed for the first time since before [[World War II]] at the [[Shinbashi Enbujō]] in 1953. The playwright's 250th memorial service was observed with the revival of ''[[Horikawa Nami no Tsuzumi]]'' in 1973.

In 1982, Senjaku founded the [[Chikamatsu-za]], a traveling troupe devoted to performing and reviving Chikamatsu's works. These tours have taken him to many cities across Japan, as well as England, the US, China, and elsewhere, not only doing performances, but lectures and cultural workshops as well. The tours frequently feature "[[The Love Suicides at Amijima]]" (''Amijima Shinjū''), and sometimes feature the revivals of plays not performed for centuries. The 1998 tour saw the revival of ''Keisei Mibu Dainenbutsu'' which had not been performed since 1702.

Senjaku inherited his father's name and became Nakamura Ganjirō III in November 1990, in a ''[[shūmei]]'' ceremony at the [[Kabuki-za]] in Tokyo. Ganjirō was then named a Living National Treasure (人間国宝, ''ningen kokuhō'') in 1994.

He took the name Sakata Tōjūrō in December 2005, at the [[Minami-za]] in Kyoto, reviving the lineage which had died out over 230 years prior, with the death of [[Sakata Tōjūrō III]] in 1774. He seeks to not only honor the memory of the line of Sakata Tōjūrō before him, who pioneered, developed, and maintained the Kamigata ([[Kansai]]) kabuki tradition, but also as part of an effort to revive and maintain that tradition himself. He is thus, like the other Tōjūrō before him, seen as a symbol of the Kamigata tradition, and as the top actor in that tradition.

In addition to performing, Tōjūrō oversees and participates in a number of cultural programs to help encourage interest in kabuki, and to maintain the Kamigata tradition. He has also performed abroad, his September 2007 tour taking him to [[Guangzhou]], [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Hangzhou]]. In December of that year, he celebrated his 77th birthday (a special birthday in Japan) with a performance of ''[[Dōjōji]]''.

==Honors==
* 2009 – [[Order of Culture]]<ref>[http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20091104p2a00m0na008000c.html "Emperor awards decoration to Russian Japanese art expert,"] ''Mainichi Shimbun.'' November 4, 2009.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nakamura Kanzaburō]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*[http://kabuki21.com/tojuro4.php Sakata Tōjūrō IV at Kabuki21.com].
*''Kabuki techō: Kabuki Official Data Book 2008''. Nihon Haiyū Kyōkai (Japan Actors' Association). 2008: Tokyo. p130.

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Sakata, Tojuro 4
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1931-12-31
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sakata, Tojuro 4}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spouses of Japanese politicians]]

[[ja:坂田藤十郎 (4代目)]]

Cholmondeley Castle

2011-02-12T19:01:04Z

Enkyo2: + conversion template -- acres/km2

[[Image:Cholmondeley Castle.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Cholmondeley Castle]]
'''Cholmondeley Castle''' (pronounced ''Chumly'') is a mansion house in the [[civil parish]] of [[Cholmondeley, Cheshire]], England ({{gbmapping|SJ536513}}). It is a Grade II* [[listed building]].<ref name="images">{{citation |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=56882 |title=Images of England: Cholmondeley Castle |accessdate=31 August 2007 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> It is surrounded by a {{convert|7,500|acre|km2}} estate.<ref>Caroline, Donald. [http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/gardens/article3889802.ece "The new garden at Houghton Hall, King’s Lynn, Norfolk,"] ''The Times'' (UK). May 11, 2008.</ref>

==House==

The present house was built between 1801 and 1804 by [[George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley]].<ref name="scrap"/> It was designed by the local architect William Turner who was directed by the Marquess to give it the appearance of "an old Gothic Castle".<ref name=groves>{{citation | last = Groves | first = Linden | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Historic Parks & Gardens of Cheshire |edition= | publisher = Landmark | year = 2004| location = Ashbourne | pages = 18–29| url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 1 84306 124 4}}</ref> In 1817–19 [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]] added turrets and towers to give it its present castle-like appearance.<ref name="images"/> An earlier house had been on the site dating from 1571. This was constructed of brick and half-timber and had been remodelled by Sir [[John Vanbrugh]] between 1713 and 1715.<ref name="scrap">{{citation |url=http://www.thornber.net/cheshire/htmlfiles/cholmond.html |title=Cholmondeley Castle Gardens |accessdate=31 August 2007 |last=Thornber |first=Craig |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year=2005 |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= }}</ref>

==Gardens and grounds==

In the 18th century [[Hugh Cholmondeley, 1st Earl of Cholmondeley]] had created gardens around the house, both kitchen gardens and orchards to provide food for the household, and also pleasure gardens. The pleasure gardens would have been formal in style as they were laid out by [[George London (landscape architect)|George London]]. The ironworker [[Jean Tijou]] produced an iron entrance gate to the gardens, but this was moved to [[Houghton Hall]] in [[Norfolk]] by the [[George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley|4th Earl]]. [[John Nost|John van Nost]] designed a fountain for the garden. The garden also contained a [[bowling green]] and an [[aviary]]. The 4th Earl brought in [[William Emes]] to redesign the garden who, according to the fashion of the day, buried London's work under a [[Landscape garden|landscape park]]. The 4th Earl also employed John Webb, a student of Emes, who probably designed the terrace around the house. Around this time the Temple Garden was created for the Earl's first daughter, later Lady Charlotte Seymour. During the 20th century, the 6th Marquess and his wife played a large part in restoring and developing the gardens.<ref name=groves/>

[[Lavinia Cholmondeley|Lavinia]], the Dowager Marchioness of Cholmondeley, aged 92, lives in Cholmondeley Castle.<ref>Lacy, Stephen. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4729237/Unforgettable-fire.html "Unforgettable fire,"] ''The Telegraph'' (UK). December 31, 2001; excerpt, "The dramatic gardens at Cholmondeley Castle have been her special project for half a century, but Lady Cholmondeley's passion for hands-on horticulture is showing no sign of waning;" [http://www.lagondaclub.co.uk/index.php?/diary/view/the_cheshire_tour_2011/ Lagonda Club, 5–9 June 2011]; excerpt, "An iInvitation from Lavinia, Dowager Marchioness of Cholmondeley to a private early afternoon tea ...."</ref>

==Second World War==
Cholmondley Castle gardens served as the first camp for the Free Czech forces in exile during 7th July to mid October 1940, about 4,000 Czechoslovak troops camped at the nearby park. Most had come by ship from France, but they were joined by about 300 troops already in England. The Czechoslovak Government in Exile formed two infantry battalions and many men were assigned to the Royal Air Force. Some 500 men who refused to accept the authority of President Benes, were expelled from the Czechoslovak forces and were assigned to the British Pioneer Corps. On 28th September 1940 a party was held for local people on St Vaclav (St Wenceslas) Day when a stone was erected that still stands in the grounds of the house. Some men died whilst stationed at Cholmondeley and were buried with Czechoslovak military stones in nearby graveyards in Cheshire and Shropshire.

Around mid October of 1940, the camp moved to Warwickshire where the Czechoslovak Army took up locations in and around Leamington Spa.

To this day, the local Czechoslovak community gather for an annual memorial service on the first Sunday in July. In July 1990, the-then recent fall of communism, allowed a great gathering when Czechoslovak and British veterans gathered at Cholmondeley for the 50th anniversary of their arrival in England. At this time a memorial stone was also unveiled in Chester Cathedral to thank the people of Cheshire for their hospitality<ref>http://www.czechsinexile.org/places/cholmondeleycastle-en.shtml</ref>.

Another wartime role of Cholmondeley Castle was as a Royal Navy Auxiliary Hospital, treating cases of good morale, who were suffering from nervous breakdown usually as the result of combat stresses.<ref>http://cheshire.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/cheshires-stately-homes-in-the-war-effort-4376/</ref>.

==Today==

The grounds of the castle now cover some {{convert|5000|acre|km2|0}} and include two lakes.<ref name="scrap"/> They are included in the [[National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens|Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England]] at Grade II.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.parksandgardens.ac.uk/component/option,com_parksandgardens/task,site/id,799/tab,description/Itemid,292/ |title=Parks & Gardens UK: Cholmondeley Castle |accessdate=27 January 2010 |publisher=Parks & Gardens Data Services }}</ref> Also in the grounds is the ancient [[St Nicholas' Chapel, Cholmondeley|chapel of St Nicholas]]. The grounds and chapel are open to the public at advertised times but the castle is not open to the public.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.aboutbritain.com/CholmondeleyCastleGardens.htm |title=Cholmondeley Castle Gardens |accessdate=31 August 2007 |publisher=About Britain}}</ref>
It has recently become a hovercraft race track and will be holding the fourth round of the national hovercraft championship on the 17th and 18th of July 2010.

==Trivia==
Cholmondeley Castle was used in the role of a Scottish Castle at the ending of ''[[The 51st State]]''.

The 6th marquis died at Cholmondeley Castle in 1990.<ref>Midgley, Carol. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article1147917.ece "The Cholmondeley people,"] ''The Times'' (UK). July 5, 2003.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cholmondeleycastle.com Cholmondeley Castle website]

{{coord|53.0572|-2.6932|display=title}}

[[Category:Houses in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Gardens in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Military history of Czechoslovakia during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire]]
[[Category:1819 architecture]]

Houghton Hall (Norfolk)

2011-02-12T18:58:15Z

Enkyo2: +1,000-acre parklands at Houghton -- verified by Time citation

{{Coord|52.82690|0.65760|display=title|format=dms}}
:''For the building of a similar name in the East Riding of Yorkshire see [[Houghton Hall, East Riding of Yorkshire|Houghton Hall]]. For the ruined building in Bedfordshire see [[Houghton House]]''.
[[Image:Houghton Hall 01.jpg|thumb|300px|The façade of Houghton Hall in 2007.]]
[[Image:Houghton Hall.jpg|thumb|right|The façade of Houghton Hall from [[Colen Campbell]]'s ''[[Vitruvius Britannicus]]''. The corner towers were replaced with domes in the final design.]]
'''Houghton Hall''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|h|aʊ|t|ən|}} ({{respell|HOW|tən}}))<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dicamillocompanion.com/houses_Pronounce.asp|title= British pronunciation of country house names|author= DiCamillo Companion to British & Irish Country Houses|accessdate=2009-12-05}}</ref> is a [[country house]] in [[Norfolk]], [[England]]. It was built for the ''de facto'' first [[British Prime Minister]], Sir [[Robert Walpole]], and it is a key building in the history of [[Palladian architecture]] in England. It is a Grade I [[listed building]]<ref>{{Cite document |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=221600 |title=Images of England: Houghton Hall |publisher=[[English Heritage]] | accessdate= 24 February 2009 |postscript=.}}</ref> surrounded by {{convert|1000|acre|km2}} of parkland adjacent to [[Sandringham House]].

Those who most influenced the initial development of plans and construction at Houghton were:
* [[Colen Campbell]], who began the building (1722)
* [[James Gibbs]], who added the domes
* [[William Kent]], who designed the interiors (circa 1725-1735).
* [[Thomas Ripley (architect)|Thomas Ripley]], Kent's rival, supervised much of the building work<ref>[http://www.houghtonhall.com/htmlfiles/index.htm Official website - history]</ref>

The house has a rectangular main block which consists of a rustic basement at ground level, with a ''[[piano nobile]]'', bedroom floor and attics above. There are also two lower flanking wings joined to the main block by [[colonnade]]s.

The exterior is both grand and restrained, contrived of fine-grained, silver-white stone the Gibbs-designed domes punctuate each corner. In line with the conventional taste preferences of that period, the interiors are much more colourful, exuberant and opulent than the exteriors.

The parklands surrounding Houghton was redesigned in the 18th-century by [[Charles Bridgeman]].<ref name="garden">Donald, Caroline. [http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/gardens/article3889802.ece "The new garden at Houghton Hall, King’s Lynn, Norfolk,"] ''The Times'' (London). May 11, 2008.</ref>

==History==
[[Image:Chimneypiece.jpg|thumb|left|Chimneypiece to Hall, Houghton Hall, Norfolk The Plans, Elevations and Sections, Chimney-pieces and Cielings [sic] of Houghton in Norfolk, 1735 V&A Museum no. 13095]]

Sir Robert Walpole's daughter married [[George Cholmondeley, 3rd Earl of Cholmondeley]] and Houghton Hall was built, modified and maintained by the Cholmondeley family across a span of generations. The growth of Houghton's library illustrates this family history. For instance, [[Colonel Robert Walpole]] checked out a book about the [[Archbishop of Bremen]] from the library of [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge|Sidney Sussex College]] at [[Cambridge]] in 1667 or 1668. The overdue library book was discovered at Houghton in the mid-1950s; and it was promptly returned—288 years later.<ref>Vickroy, Donna. [http://www.southtownstar.com/lifestyles/vickroy/1405793,020109vickroy.article "Throwing the book at library scofflaws,"] ''Southtown Star'' (Chicago). February 1, 2009.</ref>

The house has remained largely untouched, having remained "unimproved" despite the Victorian passion for remodelling and redecorating. Houghton still belongs to the [[Marquess of Cholmondeley]], and parts of the structure and grounds are opened to the public throughout the year.

===Art===
Houghton once contained part of [[Sir Robert Walpole]]'s great picture collection, which his descendants sold to [[Catherine the Great]] of [[Russia]] to pay off some of the family debts. Included in the current collection of paintings is [[Thomas Gainsborough]]'s oil painting of his own family -- [http://galeria.klp.pl/p-2839.html ''Thomas Gainsborough, with His Wife and Elder Daughter, Mary''] (circa 1751-1752).

[[Image:Cholmondeley Oudry White Duck.jpg‎|thumb|right|Jean-Baptiste Oudry's ''The White Duck,'' which was stolen from Houghton Hall in 1990]]
Walpole's collection of marble Roman busts was also noteworthy.<ref>Michaelis, Adolph. (1882). [http://books.google.com/books?id=C9AaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA323&lpg=PA323&dq=marquis+of+cholmondeley&source=web&ots=NHGsw_JC_F&sig=YZ-2_Uwp1Nt80nOYNxRjlB-M8Vo&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result#PPA324,M1 ''Ancient Marbles in Great Britain,'' p. 324.]</ref>

In the early 1990s, [[Hans Holbein the Younger|Hans Holbein]]'s "Lady With a Squirrel and a Starling" (1528) was removed from the walls of Houghton where it had hung since 1780. It was put up for auction to raise money to pay inheritance taxes and for maintenance of the house and grounds;<ref>Vogel, Carol. [http://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/21/arts/the-art-market.html?scp=14&sq=cholmondeley&st=nyt "The Art Market,"] ''New York Times.'' February 21, 1992.</ref> and eventually, negotiations led to the painting's sale to the [[National Gallery]] for £17-million tax free because of special incentives in England for selling works of art that are considered national treasures.<ref>Vogel, Carol. [http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/04/arts/inside-art.html?scp=22&sq=cholmondeley&st=nyt "Inside Art,"] ''New York Times.'' March 4, 1994.</ref>

In the 21st century, art market inflation has placed enormous temptations in the way of the old families with substantial collections. In recent years, ownership of several pieces have been transferred in lieu of tax from the Cholmondeley's to the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] . Some artwork, such as [[William Hogarth]]'s portrait of the Cholmondeley family is unlikely to be let go, and it remains on view at Houghton; but the marquis admits that he is very aware that risk of theft is neither negligible nor negotiable.<ref>Bryant, Chris. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article2085194.ece "Heritage for sale,"] ''Times'' (London). July 17, 2007.</ref> [[Jean-Baptiste Oudry]]'s ''White Duck,'' stolen from the Cholmondeley collection in 1990 is still missing.<ref>Lyall, Sarah. [http://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/19/arts/arts-abroad-a-titian-is-no-longer-at-large-its-thief-is.html?scp=17&sq=cholmondeley&st=nyt "A Titian Is No Longer at Large; Its Thief Is,"] ''New York Times.'' September 19, 2002.</ref>

===Parkland and gardens===
Charles Bridgeman's landscaping plan for the parkland at Houghton remains intact. His "twisting wilderness paths" were cleared in the early 18th century; and they have been maintained since then.<ref>Conan, Michael. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=3y4VbYgwPrIC&pg=PA399&lpg=PA399&dq= ''Baroque Garden Cultures: Emulation, Sublimation, Subversion,'' p. 399.]</ref>

Bridgeman replaced the formal geometry of intersecting avenues with blocks of woodland and parkland which, as he saw it, was better able to compliment the Hall's compelling architectural statement.<ref>Whyte, Ian D. (2002). [http://books.google.com/books?id=zjH6VjS7bVEC&pg=PA81&dq= ''Landscape and History since 1500,'' p. 81.]</ref>

[[File:ha-ha.svg|thumb|right|130px|Cross-section of a sunken [[ha-ha]] barrier like the ones laid out by Charles Bridgeman at Houghton Hall.]]
The [[ha-ha]] barriers at Houghton was an innovative feature credited to Bridgeman. In his 1780 "Essay upon Modern Gardening," Walpole explained: "The contiguous ground of the park without the sunk fence was to be harmonized with the lawn within; and the garden in its turn was to be set free from its prim regularity, that it might assort with the wilder country without."<ref>Walpole, Horace. (1780). [http://www.gardenvisit.com/t/w9.htm ''Essay upon Modern Gardening;''] n.b., Walpole was unaware that the technical innovation had been presented in [[Dezallier d'Argenville]]'s ''La theorie et la pratique du jardinage'' (1709), which had been translated into English by the architect [[John James (architect)|John James]] in 1712.</ref>

Walpole constructed a watertower (1731–1732) with the appearance of an architectural [[folly]]. It was designed by [[Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke]]. It was restored in 1982.<ref>[http://www.houghtonhall.com/htmlfiles/index.htm Houghton Hall>Park, photo of Pembroke's watertower folly]</ref>

In this well-established context, a number of contemporary outdoor sculptures have been commissioned in recent years by [[David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley]]. To the east of the house is a circle of Cornish slate at the end of a path mown through the grass. This [[land art]] feature was designed by the British sculptor [[Richard Long (artist)|Richard Long]].<ref>[http://www.houghtonhall.com/htmlfiles/index.htm Houghton Hall>Park, photo of Long's land art sculpture]</ref>

Two modern follies lie in a wooded area to the side of the west front. These and other contemporary works are uniquely labeled "artlandish" at Houghton.<ref name="artlandish">McCarthy, Anna. "Focus on Jeffe Hein," [http://schools.norfolk.gov.uk/myportal/custom/files_uploaded/uploaded_resources/4477/Spr_09_Houghton_Newsletter%5B1%5D.doc ''Houghton Hall Education Newsletter,''] January 2009, p. 3.]</ref>

American artist [[James Turrell]] contrived "Skyspace" for Houghton. Turrell's construction presents itself from the exterior as an oak-clad building raised on stilts. From the inside of the structure, the viewer's point-of-view is focused upwards and inevitably lured into contemplating the sky as framed by the open roof.<ref name="garden"/>

"The Sybil Hedge" is another folly in this vicinity.<ref name="artlandish"/> It is based on the signature of the current marquis' grandmother, [[Sybil Sassoon]]. Scottish artist [[Anya Gallaccio]] has created a sarcophagus-like marble structure which is sited at the end of a path; and nearby is a copper-beech hedge which is planted in lines mirroring Sybil’s signature.<ref name="garden"/>

A {{convert|5|acre|m2|adj=on}}, walled kitchen garden lies beyond the stables. Over the course of time, the productive area was reduced in size, and the enclosure was mostly grassed over. In 1996, the fallow enclosure was redesigned and replanted. The effort was rewarded in 2008 when it was named Historic Houses Association and Christie’s Garden of the Year. Yew hedges divide the space into a formal grid of discrete areas or "rooms", each intending to provoke a different interest and mood. The hedges, some cut in swags, give height and form. The garden rooms include an Italian enclosure with box parterres; a formal rose garden laid out in a pattern based on one of the William Kent ceilings in the house; a French garden of pleached limes and plum trees which have been underplanted with spring bulbs; and a croquet lawn.<ref name="garden"/>

Danish artist [[Jeppe Hein]] created a "Water Flame" sculpture/fountain for this garden.<ref>[http://www.houghtonhall.com/htmlfiles/index.htm Houghton Hall>Garden, photo of Hein's sculpture/fountain]</ref> In all seasons, this jet of water surmounted by a ball of flame illustrates a 21st century folly on a smaller scale than the contemporary pieces outside the garden walls.<ref name="garden"/> The work is intended "to surprise viewers and make them question what they are seeing."<ref name="artlandish"/> Hein wants to elicit
:"... an incongruous dialogue between the art and the viewer and to use humour to broaden the limits of conceptual art. I want to show that the work isn’t anything on its own, it is only what the public informs it with. The viewers’ role brings the piece to the centre of attention."<ref name="artlandish"/>

==Directions==
Houghton Hall is in West Norfolk, just north of the [[A148 road|A148]] [[King's Lynn]] to [[Cromer]] road. A brown tourist signpost on the left points out the road to the Hall at the village of [[Harpley]].

==See also==
* [[Eventing]], "[[Saburu]] Houghton International Horse Trials"

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{commonscat|Houghton Hall}}
* Conan, Michael. (2005). ''Baroque Garden Cultures: Emulation, Sublimation, Subversion.'' Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 10-ISBN 0884023044/13-ISBN 9780884023043; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/185320499 OCLC 185320499]
* Adolf Michaelis, Adolf. (1882). ''Ancient marbles in Great Britain.'' Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/68091266 OCLC 68091266]
* Moore, Andrew W. (1996). ''Houghton Hall: The Prime Minister, The Empress and The Heritage.'' London: Philip Wilson Publishers. 10-ISBN 0-856-67438-9; 13-ISBN 978-0-856-67438-9; [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/36167076 OCLC 36167076]
* Whyte, Ian D. (2002). ''Landscape and History Since 1500.'' London : [[Reaktion Books]]. 10_ISBN 1-861-89138-5/13-ISBN 978-1-861-89138-9; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/248507175 OCLC 248507175]

==External links==
* [http://www.houghtonhall.com/htmlfiles/index.htm Official website.]
* [http://www.dicamillocompanion.com/Houses_detail.asp?ID=1099 Houghton Hall entry from The DiCamillo Companion to British & Irish Country Houses]
* [http://www.musketeer.co.uk/ The Subaru Houghton International Horse Trials], 21–24 May 2009

[[Category:Houses in Norfolk]]
[[Category:Gardens in Norfolk]]
[[Category:Grade I listed houses]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Norfolk]]
[[Category:Robert Walpole]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Norfolk]]

[[it:Houghton Hall]]
[[pl:Houghton Hall]]
[[pt:Houghton Hall (Norfolk)]]
[[ru:Хоутон-холл]]

Cholmondeley Castle

2011-02-12T18:33:07Z

Enkyo2: surrounded by 7,500-acre estate

[[Image:Cholmondeley Castle.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Cholmondeley Castle]]
'''Cholmondeley Castle''' (pronounced ''Chumly'') is a mansion house in the [[civil parish]] of [[Cholmondeley, Cheshire]], England ({{gbmapping|SJ536513}}). It is a Grade II* [[listed building]].<ref name="images">{{citation |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=56882 |title=Images of England: Cholmondeley Castle |accessdate=31 August 2007 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> It is surrounded by a 7,500-acre estate.<ref>Caroline, Donald. [http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/gardens/article3889802.ece "The new garden at Houghton Hall, King’s Lynn, Norfolk,"] ''The Times'' (UK). May 11, 2008.</ref>

==House==

The present house was built between 1801 and 1804 by [[George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley]].<ref name="scrap"/> It was designed by the local architect William Turner who was directed by the Marquess to give it the appearance of "an old Gothic Castle".<ref name=groves>{{citation | last = Groves | first = Linden | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Historic Parks & Gardens of Cheshire |edition= | publisher = Landmark | year = 2004| location = Ashbourne | pages = 18–29| url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 1 84306 124 4}}</ref> In 1817–19 [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]] added turrets and towers to give it its present castle-like appearance.<ref name="images"/> An earlier house had been on the site dating from 1571. This was constructed of brick and half-timber and had been remodelled by Sir [[John Vanbrugh]] between 1713 and 1715.<ref name="scrap">{{citation |url=http://www.thornber.net/cheshire/htmlfiles/cholmond.html |title=Cholmondeley Castle Gardens |accessdate=31 August 2007 |last=Thornber |first=Craig |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year=2005 |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= }}</ref>

==Gardens and grounds==

In the 18th century [[Hugh Cholmondeley, 1st Earl of Cholmondeley]] had created gardens around the house, both kitchen gardens and orchards to provide food for the household, and also pleasure gardens. The pleasure gardens would have been formal in style as they were laid out by [[George London (landscape architect)|George London]]. The ironworker [[Jean Tijou]] produced an iron entrance gate to the gardens, but this was moved to [[Houghton Hall]] in [[Norfolk]] by the [[George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley|4th Earl]]. [[John Nost|John van Nost]] designed a fountain for the garden. The garden also contained a [[bowling green]] and an [[aviary]]. The 4th Earl brought in [[William Emes]] to redesign the garden who, according to the fashion of the day, buried London's work under a [[Landscape garden|landscape park]]. The 4th Earl also employed John Webb, a student of Emes, who probably designed the terrace around the house. Around this time the Temple Garden was created for the Earl's first daughter, later Lady Charlotte Seymour. During the 20th century, the 6th Marquess and his wife played a large part in restoring and developing the gardens.<ref name=groves/>

[[Lavinia Cholmondeley|Lavinia]], the Dowager Marchioness of Cholmondeley, aged 92, lives in Cholmondeley Castle.<ref>Lacy, Stephen. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4729237/Unforgettable-fire.html "Unforgettable fire,"] ''The Telegraph'' (UK). December 31, 2001; excerpt, "The dramatic gardens at Cholmondeley Castle have been her special project for half a century, but Lady Cholmondeley's passion for hands-on horticulture is showing no sign of waning;" [http://www.lagondaclub.co.uk/index.php?/diary/view/the_cheshire_tour_2011/ Lagonda Club, 5–9 June 2011]; excerpt, "An iInvitation from Lavinia, Dowager Marchioness of Cholmondeley to a private early afternoon tea ...."</ref>

==Second World War==
Cholmondley Castle gardens served as the first camp for the Free Czech forces in exile during 7th July to mid October 1940, about 4,000 Czechoslovak troops camped at the nearby park. Most had come by ship from France, but they were joined by about 300 troops already in England. The Czechoslovak Government in Exile formed two infantry battalions and many men were assigned to the Royal Air Force. Some 500 men who refused to accept the authority of President Benes, were expelled from the Czechoslovak forces and were assigned to the British Pioneer Corps. On 28th September 1940 a party was held for local people on St Vaclav (St Wenceslas) Day when a stone was erected that still stands in the grounds of the house. Some men died whilst stationed at Cholmondeley and were buried with Czechoslovak military stones in nearby graveyards in Cheshire and Shropshire.

Around mid October of 1940, the camp moved to Warwickshire where the Czechoslovak Army took up locations in and around Leamington Spa.

To this day, the local Czechoslovak community gather for an annual memorial service on the first Sunday in July. In July 1990, the-then recent fall of communism, allowed a great gathering when Czechoslovak and British veterans gathered at Cholmondeley for the 50th anniversary of their arrival in England. At this time a memorial stone was also unveiled in Chester Cathedral to thank the people of Cheshire for their hospitality<ref>http://www.czechsinexile.org/places/cholmondeleycastle-en.shtml</ref>.

Another wartime role of Cholmondeley Castle was as a Royal Navy Auxiliary Hospital, treating cases of good morale, who were suffering from nervous breakdown usually as the result of combat stresses.<ref>http://cheshire.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/cheshires-stately-homes-in-the-war-effort-4376/</ref>.

==Today==

The grounds of the castle now cover some {{convert|5000|acre|km2|0}} and include two lakes.<ref name="scrap"/> They are included in the [[National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens|Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England]] at Grade II.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.parksandgardens.ac.uk/component/option,com_parksandgardens/task,site/id,799/tab,description/Itemid,292/ |title=Parks & Gardens UK: Cholmondeley Castle |accessdate=27 January 2010 |publisher=Parks & Gardens Data Services }}</ref> Also in the grounds is the ancient [[St Nicholas' Chapel, Cholmondeley|chapel of St Nicholas]]. The grounds and chapel are open to the public at advertised times but the castle is not open to the public.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.aboutbritain.com/CholmondeleyCastleGardens.htm |title=Cholmondeley Castle Gardens |accessdate=31 August 2007 |publisher=About Britain}}</ref>
It has recently become a hovercraft race track and will be holding the fourth round of the national hovercraft championship on the 17th and 18th of July 2010.

==Trivia==
Cholmondeley Castle was used in the role of a Scottish Castle at the ending of ''[[The 51st State]]''.

The 6th marquis died at Cholmondeley Castle in 1990.<ref>Midgley, Carol. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article1147917.ece "The Cholmondeley people,"] ''The Times'' (UK). July 5, 2003.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cholmondeleycastle.com Cholmondeley Castle website]

{{coord|53.0572|-2.6932|display=title}}

[[Category:Houses in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Gardens in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Military history of Czechoslovakia during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire]]
[[Category:1819 architecture]]

Cholmondeley Castle

2011-02-12T18:01:54Z

Enkyo2: /* Trivia */ 6th marquis died at the castle in 1990

[[Image:Cholmondeley Castle.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Cholmondeley Castle]]
'''Cholmondeley Castle''' (pronounced ''Chumly'') is a mansion house in the [[civil parish]] of [[Cholmondeley, Cheshire]], England ({{gbmapping|SJ536513}}). It is a Grade II* [[listed building]].<ref name="images">{{citation |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=56882 |title=Images of England: Cholmondeley Castle |accessdate=31 August 2007 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref>

==House==

The present house was built between 1801 and 1804 by [[George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley]].<ref name="scrap"/> It was designed by the local architect William Turner who was directed by the Marquess to give it the appearance of "an old Gothic Castle".<ref name=groves>{{citation | last = Groves | first = Linden | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Historic Parks & Gardens of Cheshire |edition= | publisher = Landmark | year = 2004| location = Ashbourne | pages = 18–29| url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 1 84306 124 4}}</ref> In 1817–19 [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]] added turrets and towers to give it its present castle-like appearance.<ref name="images"/> An earlier house had been on the site dating from 1571. This was constructed of brick and half-timber and had been remodelled by Sir [[John Vanbrugh]] between 1713 and 1715.<ref name="scrap">{{citation |url=http://www.thornber.net/cheshire/htmlfiles/cholmond.html |title=Cholmondeley Castle Gardens |accessdate=31 August 2007 |last=Thornber |first=Craig |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year=2005 |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= }}</ref>

==Gardens and grounds==

In the 18th century [[Hugh Cholmondeley, 1st Earl of Cholmondeley]] had created gardens around the house, both kitchen gardens and orchards to provide food for the household, and also pleasure gardens. The pleasure gardens would have been formal in style as they were laid out by [[George London (landscape architect)|George London]]. The ironworker [[Jean Tijou]] produced an iron entrance gate to the gardens, but this was moved to [[Houghton Hall]] in [[Norfolk]] by the [[George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley|4th Earl]]. [[John Nost|John van Nost]] designed a fountain for the garden. The garden also contained a [[bowling green]] and an [[aviary]]. The 4th Earl brought in [[William Emes]] to redesign the garden who, according to the fashion of the day, buried London's work under a [[Landscape garden|landscape park]]. The 4th Earl also employed John Webb, a student of Emes, who probably designed the terrace around the house. Around this time the Temple Garden was created for the Earl's first daughter, later Lady Charlotte Seymour. During the 20th century, the 6th Marquess and his wife played a large part in restoring and developing the gardens.<ref name=groves/>

[[Lavinia Cholmondeley|Lavinia]], the Dowager Marchioness of Cholmondeley, aged 92, lives in Cholmondeley Castle.<ref>Lacy, Stephen. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4729237/Unforgettable-fire.html "Unforgettable fire,"] ''The Telegraph'' (UK). December 31, 2001; excerpt, "The dramatic gardens at Cholmondeley Castle have been her special project for half a century, but Lady Cholmondeley's passion for hands-on horticulture is showing no sign of waning;" [http://www.lagondaclub.co.uk/index.php?/diary/view/the_cheshire_tour_2011/ Lagonda Club, 5–9 June 2011]; excerpt, "An iInvitation from Lavinia, Dowager Marchioness of Cholmondeley to a private early afternoon tea ...."</ref>

==Second World War==
Cholmondley Castle gardens served as the first camp for the Free Czech forces in exile during 7th July to mid October 1940, about 4,000 Czechoslovak troops camped at the nearby park. Most had come by ship from France, but they were joined by about 300 troops already in England. The Czechoslovak Government in Exile formed two infantry battalions and many men were assigned to the Royal Air Force. Some 500 men who refused to accept the authority of President Benes, were expelled from the Czechoslovak forces and were assigned to the British Pioneer Corps. On 28th September 1940 a party was held for local people on St Vaclav (St Wenceslas) Day when a stone was erected that still stands in the grounds of the house. Some men died whilst stationed at Cholmondeley and were buried with Czechoslovak military stones in nearby graveyards in Cheshire and Shropshire.

Around mid October of 1940, the camp moved to Warwickshire where the Czechoslovak Army took up locations in and around Leamington Spa.

To this day, the local Czechoslovak community gather for an annual memorial service on the first Sunday in July. In July 1990, the-then recent fall of communism, allowed a great gathering when Czechoslovak and British veterans gathered at Cholmondeley for the 50th anniversary of their arrival in England. At this time a memorial stone was also unveiled in Chester Cathedral to thank the people of Cheshire for their hospitality<ref>http://www.czechsinexile.org/places/cholmondeleycastle-en.shtml</ref>.

Another wartime role of Cholmondeley Castle was as a Royal Navy Auxiliary Hospital, treating cases of good morale, who were suffering from nervous breakdown usually as the result of combat stresses.<ref>http://cheshire.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/cheshires-stately-homes-in-the-war-effort-4376/</ref>.

==Today==

The grounds of the castle now cover some {{convert|5000|acre|km2|0}} and include two lakes.<ref name="scrap"/> They are included in the [[National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens|Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England]] at Grade II.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.parksandgardens.ac.uk/component/option,com_parksandgardens/task,site/id,799/tab,description/Itemid,292/ |title=Parks & Gardens UK: Cholmondeley Castle |accessdate=27 January 2010 |publisher=Parks & Gardens Data Services }}</ref> Also in the grounds is the ancient [[St Nicholas' Chapel, Cholmondeley|chapel of St Nicholas]]. The grounds and chapel are open to the public at advertised times but the castle is not open to the public.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.aboutbritain.com/CholmondeleyCastleGardens.htm |title=Cholmondeley Castle Gardens |accessdate=31 August 2007 |publisher=About Britain}}</ref>
It has recently become a hovercraft race track and will be holding the fourth round of the national hovercraft championship on the 17th and 18th of July 2010.

==Trivia==
Cholmondeley Castle was used in the role of a Scottish Castle at the ending of ''[[The 51st State]]''.

The 6th marquis died at Cholmondeley Castle in 1990.<ref>Midgley, Carol. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article1147917.ece "The Cholmondeley people,"] ''The Times'' (UK). July 5, 2003.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cholmondeleycastle.com Cholmondeley Castle website]

{{coord|53.0572|-2.6932|display=title}}

[[Category:Houses in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Gardens in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Military history of Czechoslovakia during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire]]
[[Category:1819 architecture]]

Cholmondeley Castle

2011-02-12T17:25:20Z

Enkyo2: /* Second World War */

[[Image:Cholmondeley Castle.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Cholmondeley Castle]]
'''Cholmondeley Castle''' (pronounced ''Chumly'') is a mansion house in the [[civil parish]] of [[Cholmondeley, Cheshire]], England ({{gbmapping|SJ536513}}). It is a Grade II* [[listed building]].<ref name="images">{{citation |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=56882 |title=Images of England: Cholmondeley Castle |accessdate=31 August 2007 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref>

==House==

The present house was built between 1801 and 1804 by [[George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley]].<ref name="scrap"/> It was designed by the local architect William Turner who was directed by the Marquess to give it the appearance of "an old Gothic Castle".<ref name=groves>{{citation | last = Groves | first = Linden | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Historic Parks & Gardens of Cheshire |edition= | publisher = Landmark | year = 2004| location = Ashbourne | pages = 18–29| url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 1 84306 124 4}}</ref> In 1817–19 [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]] added turrets and towers to give it its present castle-like appearance.<ref name="images"/> An earlier house had been on the site dating from 1571. This was constructed of brick and half-timber and had been remodelled by Sir [[John Vanbrugh]] between 1713 and 1715.<ref name="scrap">{{citation |url=http://www.thornber.net/cheshire/htmlfiles/cholmond.html |title=Cholmondeley Castle Gardens |accessdate=31 August 2007 |last=Thornber |first=Craig |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year=2005 |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= }}</ref>

==Gardens and grounds==

In the 18th century [[Hugh Cholmondeley, 1st Earl of Cholmondeley]] had created gardens around the house, both kitchen gardens and orchards to provide food for the household, and also pleasure gardens. The pleasure gardens would have been formal in style as they were laid out by [[George London (landscape architect)|George London]]. The ironworker [[Jean Tijou]] produced an iron entrance gate to the gardens, but this was moved to [[Houghton Hall]] in [[Norfolk]] by the [[George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley|4th Earl]]. [[John Nost|John van Nost]] designed a fountain for the garden. The garden also contained a [[bowling green]] and an [[aviary]]. The 4th Earl brought in [[William Emes]] to redesign the garden who, according to the fashion of the day, buried London's work under a [[Landscape garden|landscape park]]. The 4th Earl also employed John Webb, a student of Emes, who probably designed the terrace around the house. Around this time the Temple Garden was created for the Earl's first daughter, later Lady Charlotte Seymour. During the 20th century, the 6th Marquess and his wife played a large part in restoring and developing the gardens.<ref name=groves/>

[[Lavinia Cholmondeley|Lavinia]], the Dowager Marchioness of Cholmondeley, aged 92, lives in Cholmondeley Castle.<ref>Lacy, Stephen. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4729237/Unforgettable-fire.html "Unforgettable fire,"] ''The Telegraph'' (UK). December 31, 2001; excerpt, "The dramatic gardens at Cholmondeley Castle have been her special project for half a century, but Lady Cholmondeley's passion for hands-on horticulture is showing no sign of waning;" [http://www.lagondaclub.co.uk/index.php?/diary/view/the_cheshire_tour_2011/ Lagonda Club, 5–9 June 2011]; excerpt, "An iInvitation from Lavinia, Dowager Marchioness of Cholmondeley to a private early afternoon tea ...."</ref>

==Second World War==
Cholmondley Castle gardens served as the first camp for the Free Czech forces in exile during 7th July to mid October 1940, about 4,000 Czechoslovak troops camped at the nearby park. Most had come by ship from France, but they were joined by about 300 troops already in England. The Czechoslovak Government in Exile formed two infantry battalions and many men were assigned to the Royal Air Force. Some 500 men who refused to accept the authority of President Benes, were expelled from the Czechoslovak forces and were assigned to the British Pioneer Corps. On 28th September 1940 a party was held for local people on St Vaclav (St Wenceslas) Day when a stone was erected that still stands in the grounds of the house. Some men died whilst stationed at Cholmondeley and were buried with Czechoslovak military stones in nearby graveyards in Cheshire and Shropshire.

Around mid October of 1940, the camp moved to Warwickshire where the Czechoslovak Army took up locations in and around Leamington Spa.

To this day, the local Czechoslovak community gather for an annual memorial service on the first Sunday in July. In July 1990, the-then recent fall of communism, allowed a great gathering when Czechoslovak and British veterans gathered at Cholmondeley for the 50th anniversary of their arrival in England. At this time a memorial stone was also unveiled in Chester Cathedral to thank the people of Cheshire for their hospitality<ref>http://www.czechsinexile.org/places/cholmondeleycastle-en.shtml</ref>.

Another wartime role of Cholmondeley Castle was as a Royal Navy Auxiliary Hospital, treating cases of good morale, who were suffering from nervous breakdown usually as the result of combat stresses.<ref>http://cheshire.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/cheshires-stately-homes-in-the-war-effort-4376/</ref>.

==Today==

The grounds of the castle now cover some {{convert|5000|acre|km2|0}} and include two lakes.<ref name="scrap"/> They are included in the [[National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens|Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England]] at Grade II.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.parksandgardens.ac.uk/component/option,com_parksandgardens/task,site/id,799/tab,description/Itemid,292/ |title=Parks & Gardens UK: Cholmondeley Castle |accessdate=27 January 2010 |publisher=Parks & Gardens Data Services }}</ref> Also in the grounds is the ancient [[St Nicholas' Chapel, Cholmondeley|chapel of St Nicholas]]. The grounds and chapel are open to the public at advertised times but the castle is not open to the public.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.aboutbritain.com/CholmondeleyCastleGardens.htm |title=Cholmondeley Castle Gardens |accessdate=31 August 2007 |publisher=About Britain}}</ref>
It has recently become a hovercraft race track and will be holding the fourth round of the national hovercraft championship on the 17th and 18th of July 2010.

==Trivia==
Cholmondeley Castle was used in the role of a Scottish Castle at the ending of ''[[The 51st State]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cholmondeleycastle.com Cholmondeley Castle website]

{{coord|53.0572|-2.6932|display=title}}

[[Category:Houses in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Gardens in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Military history of Czechoslovakia during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire]]
[[Category:1819 architecture]]

Cholmondeley Castle

2011-02-12T17:24:34Z

Enkyo2: /* Second World War */ tweaking heading

[[Image:Cholmondeley Castle.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Cholmondeley Castle]]
'''Cholmondeley Castle''' (pronounced ''Chumly'') is a mansion house in the [[civil parish]] of [[Cholmondeley, Cheshire]], England ({{gbmapping|SJ536513}}). It is a Grade II* [[listed building]].<ref name="images">{{citation |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=56882 |title=Images of England: Cholmondeley Castle |accessdate=31 August 2007 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref>

==House==

The present house was built between 1801 and 1804 by [[George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley]].<ref name="scrap"/> It was designed by the local architect William Turner who was directed by the Marquess to give it the appearance of "an old Gothic Castle".<ref name=groves>{{citation | last = Groves | first = Linden | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Historic Parks & Gardens of Cheshire |edition= | publisher = Landmark | year = 2004| location = Ashbourne | pages = 18–29| url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 1 84306 124 4}}</ref> In 1817–19 [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]] added turrets and towers to give it its present castle-like appearance.<ref name="images"/> An earlier house had been on the site dating from 1571. This was constructed of brick and half-timber and had been remodelled by Sir [[John Vanbrugh]] between 1713 and 1715.<ref name="scrap">{{citation |url=http://www.thornber.net/cheshire/htmlfiles/cholmond.html |title=Cholmondeley Castle Gardens |accessdate=31 August 2007 |last=Thornber |first=Craig |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year=2005 |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= }}</ref>

==Gardens and grounds==

In the 18th century [[Hugh Cholmondeley, 1st Earl of Cholmondeley]] had created gardens around the house, both kitchen gardens and orchards to provide food for the household, and also pleasure gardens. The pleasure gardens would have been formal in style as they were laid out by [[George London (landscape architect)|George London]]. The ironworker [[Jean Tijou]] produced an iron entrance gate to the gardens, but this was moved to [[Houghton Hall]] in [[Norfolk]] by the [[George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley|4th Earl]]. [[John Nost|John van Nost]] designed a fountain for the garden. The garden also contained a [[bowling green]] and an [[aviary]]. The 4th Earl brought in [[William Emes]] to redesign the garden who, according to the fashion of the day, buried London's work under a [[Landscape garden|landscape park]]. The 4th Earl also employed John Webb, a student of Emes, who probably designed the terrace around the house. Around this time the Temple Garden was created for the Earl's first daughter, later Lady Charlotte Seymour. During the 20th century, the 6th Marquess and his wife played a large part in restoring and developing the gardens.<ref name=groves/>

[[Lavinia Cholmondeley|Lavinia]], the Dowager Marchioness of Cholmondeley, aged 92, lives in Cholmondeley Castle.<ref>Lacy, Stephen. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4729237/Unforgettable-fire.html "Unforgettable fire,"] ''The Telegraph'' (UK). December 31, 2001; excerpt, "The dramatic gardens at Cholmondeley Castle have been her special project for half a century, but Lady Cholmondeley's passion for hands-on horticulture is showing no sign of waning;" [http://www.lagondaclub.co.uk/index.php?/diary/view/the_cheshire_tour_2011/ Lagonda Club, 5–9 June 2011]; excerpt, "An iInvitation from Lavinia, Dowager Marchioness of Cholmondeley to a private early afternoon tea ...."</ref>

==Second World War==
Cholmondley Castle gardens served as the first camp for the Free Czech forces in exile during 7th July to mid October 1940, about 4,000 Czechoslovak troops camped at the nearby park. Most had come by ship from France, but they were joined by about 300 troops already in England. The Czechoslovak Government in Exile formed two infantry battalions and many men were assigned to the Royal Air Force. Some 500 men who refused to accept the authority of President Benes, were expelled from the Czechoslovak forces and were assigned to the British Pioneer Corps. On 28th September 1940 a party was held for local people on St Vaclav (St Wenceslas) Day when a stone was erected that still stands in the grounds of the house. Some men died whilst stationed at Cholmondeley and were buried with Czechoslovak military stones in nearby graveyards in Cheshire and Shropshire.

Around mid October of 1940, the camp moved to Warwickshire where the Czechoslovak Army took up locations in and around Leamington Spa.

To this day, the local Czechoslovak community gather for an annual memorial service on the first Sunday in July. In July 1990, the-then recent fall of communism, allowed a great gathering when Czechoslovak and British veterans gathered at Cholmondeley for the 50th anniversary of their arrival in England. At this time a memorial stone was also unveiled in Chester Cathedral to thank the people of Cheshire for their hospitality<ref>http://www.czechsinexile.org/places/cholmondeleycastle-en.shtml</ref>. Another wartime role of Cholmondeley Castle was as a Royal Navy Auxiliary Hospital, treating cases of good morale, who were suffering from nervous breakdown usually as the result of combat stresses.<ref>http://cheshire.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/cheshires-stately-homes-in-the-war-effort-4376/</ref>.

==Today==

The grounds of the castle now cover some {{convert|5000|acre|km2|0}} and include two lakes.<ref name="scrap"/> They are included in the [[National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens|Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England]] at Grade II.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.parksandgardens.ac.uk/component/option,com_parksandgardens/task,site/id,799/tab,description/Itemid,292/ |title=Parks & Gardens UK: Cholmondeley Castle |accessdate=27 January 2010 |publisher=Parks & Gardens Data Services }}</ref> Also in the grounds is the ancient [[St Nicholas' Chapel, Cholmondeley|chapel of St Nicholas]]. The grounds and chapel are open to the public at advertised times but the castle is not open to the public.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.aboutbritain.com/CholmondeleyCastleGardens.htm |title=Cholmondeley Castle Gardens |accessdate=31 August 2007 |publisher=About Britain}}</ref>
It has recently become a hovercraft race track and will be holding the fourth round of the national hovercraft championship on the 17th and 18th of July 2010.

==Trivia==
Cholmondeley Castle was used in the role of a Scottish Castle at the ending of ''[[The 51st State]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cholmondeleycastle.com Cholmondeley Castle website]

{{coord|53.0572|-2.6932|display=title}}

[[Category:Houses in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Gardens in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Military history of Czechoslovakia during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire]]
[[Category:1819 architecture]]

Cholmondeley Castle

2011-02-12T17:23:05Z

Enkyo2: /* Gardens and grounds */ Dowager Marchioness, 2011

[[Image:Cholmondeley Castle.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Cholmondeley Castle]]
'''Cholmondeley Castle''' (pronounced ''Chumly'') is a mansion house in the [[civil parish]] of [[Cholmondeley, Cheshire]], England ({{gbmapping|SJ536513}}). It is a Grade II* [[listed building]].<ref name="images">{{citation |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=56882 |title=Images of England: Cholmondeley Castle |accessdate=31 August 2007 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref>

==House==

The present house was built between 1801 and 1804 by [[George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley]].<ref name="scrap"/> It was designed by the local architect William Turner who was directed by the Marquess to give it the appearance of "an old Gothic Castle".<ref name=groves>{{citation | last = Groves | first = Linden | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Historic Parks & Gardens of Cheshire |edition= | publisher = Landmark | year = 2004| location = Ashbourne | pages = 18–29| url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 1 84306 124 4}}</ref> In 1817–19 [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]] added turrets and towers to give it its present castle-like appearance.<ref name="images"/> An earlier house had been on the site dating from 1571. This was constructed of brick and half-timber and had been remodelled by Sir [[John Vanbrugh]] between 1713 and 1715.<ref name="scrap">{{citation |url=http://www.thornber.net/cheshire/htmlfiles/cholmond.html |title=Cholmondeley Castle Gardens |accessdate=31 August 2007 |last=Thornber |first=Craig |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year=2005 |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= }}</ref>

==Gardens and grounds==

In the 18th century [[Hugh Cholmondeley, 1st Earl of Cholmondeley]] had created gardens around the house, both kitchen gardens and orchards to provide food for the household, and also pleasure gardens. The pleasure gardens would have been formal in style as they were laid out by [[George London (landscape architect)|George London]]. The ironworker [[Jean Tijou]] produced an iron entrance gate to the gardens, but this was moved to [[Houghton Hall]] in [[Norfolk]] by the [[George Cholmondeley, 1st Marquess of Cholmondeley|4th Earl]]. [[John Nost|John van Nost]] designed a fountain for the garden. The garden also contained a [[bowling green]] and an [[aviary]]. The 4th Earl brought in [[William Emes]] to redesign the garden who, according to the fashion of the day, buried London's work under a [[Landscape garden|landscape park]]. The 4th Earl also employed John Webb, a student of Emes, who probably designed the terrace around the house. Around this time the Temple Garden was created for the Earl's first daughter, later Lady Charlotte Seymour. During the 20th century, the 6th Marquess and his wife played a large part in restoring and developing the gardens.<ref name=groves/>

[[Lavinia Cholmondeley|Lavinia]], the Dowager Marchioness of Cholmondeley, aged 92, lives in Cholmondeley Castle.<ref>Lacy, Stephen. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4729237/Unforgettable-fire.html "Unforgettable fire,"] ''The Telegraph'' (UK). December 31, 2001; excerpt, "The dramatic gardens at Cholmondeley Castle have been her special project for half a century, but Lady Cholmondeley's passion for hands-on horticulture is showing no sign of waning;" [http://www.lagondaclub.co.uk/index.php?/diary/view/the_cheshire_tour_2011/ Lagonda Club, 5–9 June 2011]; excerpt, "An iInvitation from Lavinia, Dowager Marchioness of Cholmondeley to a private early afternoon tea ...."</ref>

==World War 2==
Cholmondley Castle gardens served as the first camp for the Free Czech forces in exile during 7th July to mid October 1940, about 4,000 Czechoslovak troops camped at the nearby park. Most had come by ship from France, but they were joined by about 300 troops already in England. The Czechoslovak Government in Exile formed two infantry battalions and many men were assigned to the Royal Air Force. Some 500 men who refused to accept the authority of President Benes, were expelled from the Czechoslovak forces and were assigned to the British Pioneer Corps. On 28th September 1940 a party was held for local people on St Vaclav (St Wenceslas) Day when a stone was erected that still stands in the grounds of the house. Some men died whilst stationed at Cholmondeley and were buried with Czechoslovak military stones in nearby graveyards in Cheshire and Shropshire.

Around mid October of 1940, the camp moved to Warwickshire where the Czechoslovak Army took up locations in and around Leamington Spa.

To this day, the local Czechoslovak community gather for an annual memorial service on the first Sunday in July. In July 1990, the-then recent fall of communism, allowed a great gathering when Czechoslovak and British veterans gathered at Cholmondeley for the 50th anniversary of their arrival in England. At this time a memorial stone was also unveiled in Chester Cathedral to thank the people of Cheshire for their hospitality<ref>http://www.czechsinexile.org/places/cholmondeleycastle-en.shtml</ref>. Another wartime role of Cholmondeley Castle was as a Royal Navy Auxiliary Hospital, treating cases of good morale, who were suffering from nervous breakdown usually as the result of combat stresses.<ref>http://cheshire.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/cheshires-stately-homes-in-the-war-effort-4376/</ref>.

==Today==

The grounds of the castle now cover some {{convert|5000|acre|km2|0}} and include two lakes.<ref name="scrap"/> They are included in the [[National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens|Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England]] at Grade II.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.parksandgardens.ac.uk/component/option,com_parksandgardens/task,site/id,799/tab,description/Itemid,292/ |title=Parks & Gardens UK: Cholmondeley Castle |accessdate=27 January 2010 |publisher=Parks & Gardens Data Services }}</ref> Also in the grounds is the ancient [[St Nicholas' Chapel, Cholmondeley|chapel of St Nicholas]]. The grounds and chapel are open to the public at advertised times but the castle is not open to the public.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.aboutbritain.com/CholmondeleyCastleGardens.htm |title=Cholmondeley Castle Gardens |accessdate=31 August 2007 |publisher=About Britain}}</ref>
It has recently become a hovercraft race track and will be holding the fourth round of the national hovercraft championship on the 17th and 18th of July 2010.

==Trivia==
Cholmondeley Castle was used in the role of a Scottish Castle at the ending of ''[[The 51st State]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cholmondeleycastle.com Cholmondeley Castle website]

{{coord|53.0572|-2.6932|display=title}}

[[Category:Houses in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Gardens in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Military history of Czechoslovakia during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire]]
[[Category:1819 architecture]]

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2011-01-13T23:34:31Z

Enkyo2: /* Selected works */ WorldCat overview

[[File:Utaemon Nakamura VI 1951.jpg|thumb|right|Utaemon VI in costume, preparing to play a female kabuki role (''[[onnagata]]''), 1951.]]

{{nihongo|'''Nakamura Utaemon VI'''|中村歌右衛門 (6代目)||January 20, 1917 — March 31, 2001}} was a [[Japan]]ese [[kabuki]] performer and an artistic director of the [[Kabuki-za]] in Tokyo.<ref name="strom">Strom, Stephanie. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E3D81F3FF937A35757C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=Nakamura+Utaemon+VI%2C+84%2C+International+Star+of+Kabuki. ''Nakamura Utaemon VI, 84, International Star of Kabuki"], ''New York Times.'' April 4, 2001.</ref> He was a prominent member of a family of kabuki actors from the [[Keihanshin]] region.<ref name="nussbaum691">Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 691.|page=691}}</ref>

Nakamura Utaemon was a stage name with significant cultural and historical connotations.<ref>Kurkup, James. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nakamura-utaemon-vi-728998.html "Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''The Independent'' (London). April 6, 2001.</ref> The name Utaemon indicates personal status as an actor. Such a title can only be assumed after the death of a previous holder, under restrictive succession conventions.<ref name="scott159">Scott, Adolphe C. (1999). {{Google books|68RITdcFpHYC|''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan,'' p. 159.|page=159}}</ref>

Utaemon VI was the son of Nakamura Utaemon V. His name was Fujio Kawamura when he was born in the sixth generation of a line of famous Kabuki actors.<ref name="strom"/> In the conservative Kabuki world, stage names are passed from father to son in formal system which converts the kabuki stage name into a mark of accomplishment.<ref name="scott159"/> The name Utaemon VI was formally proclaimed in a 1951 ceremony at the Kabuki theater in Tokyo.<ref>Trumbull, Robert. [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60F1FF83F5916738DDDAB0994DC405B808AF1D3 "Kabuki Theatre Elevates Actor In Traditional Japanese Rites,"] ''New York Times.'' April 12, 1960.</ref>

; Lineage of Utaemon stage names
* [[Nakamura Utaemon I]] (1714–1791) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre,'' pp. 263-264.|page=263}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon II]] (1752–1798) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2002). {{Google books|QBqNsGva3wcC|''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance,'' p. 78|page=78}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon III]] (1778–1838) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]] (1798–1852) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon V]] (1865–1940) <ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0A16FD3454107A93C0A ''Utaemon Nakamura"], ''New York Times.'' September 11, 1940.</ref>
* Nakamura Utaemon VI (1917–2001)

In a long career, he acted in many kabuki plays; but he was best known for his [[Oyama (Japanese theatre)|oyama]] roles.<ref name="strom"/>

==Living National Treasure==
In 1968, the government of Japan designated him a [[Living National Treasure]], which was a title acknowledging him as a "bearer of important intangible cultural assets."<ref name="strom"/>

==Selected works==
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Nakamura Utaemon VI, [[OCLC]]/[[WorldCat]] encompasses roughly 6 works in 6 publications in 2 languages and 9 library holdings<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n97-862773 中村歌右衛門 6世 1917-2001;] [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no90-8556 中村歌右衛門 1917- ].</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 2006 — {{nihongo| - |伽羅先代萩: 三幕五場|Meiboku sendai hagi: sanmaku goba}} 10-ISBN 4835615980/13-ISBN 9784835615981; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/meiboku-sendai-hagi-sanmaku-goba/oclc/070233503 OCLC 70233503]
* 1993 — {{nihongo| - |鏡山旧錦絵: 通し狂言四幕六場|Kagamiyama kokyō no nishikie: tōshi kyōgen yonmaku rokuba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kagamiyama-kokyo-no-nishikie-toshi-kyogen-yonmaku-rokuba/oclc/054923943 OCLC 054923943]
* 1989 — {{nihongo| - |番町皿屋敷: 一幕二場|Banchō sarayashiki: hitomaku niba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bancho-sarayashiki-hitomaku-niba/oclc/029849646 OCLC 029849646]
* 1984 — {{nihongo| -|大経師昔暦: おさん茂兵衛二幕三場|Daikyōji mukashigoyomi: osan mohee nimaku sanba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/daikyoji-mukashigoyomi-osan-mohee-nimaku-sanba/oclc/054925804 OCLC 054925804]

==Honors==
* [[Japan Art Academy]], 1963 <ref>Leiter, {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|p. 264.|page=264}}</ref>
* [[Order of Culture]], 1979 <ref name="strom"/>
* [[Praemium Imperiale]], 1995 <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/16/arts/lloyd-webber-wins-prize.html?scp= "Lloyd Webber Wins Prize,"] ''New York Times.'' June 16, 1995.</ref>
* [[Order of the Sacred Treasure|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 1996 <ref name="strom"/>

==See also==
* [[List of people on stamps of Japan]]
* [[Shūmei]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Brandon, James R. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/asian_theatre_journal/v023/23.1brandon.pdf "Myth and Reality: A Story of Kabuki during American Censorship, 1945-1949,"] ''Asian Theatre Journal, Volume 23, Number 1, Spring 2006, pp. 1–110.
* Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=6NLGxdXEkvIC&dq=nakamura+utaemon+i&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre.''] Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 10-ISBN 0810855275; 13-ISBN 9780810855274; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-dictionary-of-japanese-traditional-theatre/oclc/238637010 OCLC 238637010]
* __________. ( 2002). [http://books.google.com/books?id=QBqNsGva3wcC&dq=yamatoya+utaemon+ii&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance.''] 10-ISBN 0765607042/13-ISBN 9780765607041; 10-ISBN 0765607050/13-ISBN 9780765607058; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-reader-history-and-performance/oclc/182632867 OCLC 182632867]
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq= ''Japan Encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301]
* Scott, Adolphe Clarence. (1955). [http://books.google.com/books?id=68RITdcFpHYC&dq= ''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan.''] London: Allen & Unwin. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-theatre-of-japan/oclc/622644114?referer=di&h OCLC 622644114]
* Takeshi Kaneko. [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/culture/090325.htm "A Man with the Brilliance of a Flower; Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''Yomiuri Shimbun.'' Spring 2009.

==External links==
*Waseda University, [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/index.html Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum;] [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/exhibitions.html Permanent exhibit, Nakamura Utaemon VI]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://www.janm.org/collections/item/96.267.710/ "Nakamura Utaemon VI meets Rin-Tin-Tin" — Los Angeles, California, July 2, 1960]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://gallery.panorama.it/gallery/mishima/116613_mishima_con_utaemon_nel_1954.html Yukio Mishima with Nakamura Utaemon VI, 1954]
* World Digial Library: [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9/ ''Nakamura Utaemon no Katō Masakiyo,'' woodblock print c. 1818-1830]
* Find-A-Grave: [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6135007 Utaemon Nakamura, Aoyama Cemetery, Tokyo]
* [http://www.geijutuin.go.jp/04/index.html Japan Art Academy]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Nakamura, Utaemon VI
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1917
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 2001
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamura, Utaemon VI}}
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Culture]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]

[[ja:中村歌右衛門 (6代目)]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Leonard Cheshire

2011-01-03T16:54:40Z

Enkyo2: /* Honours and tributes */ OM -- verified by "New York Times" citation

{{Infobox Military Person
|name=Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire
|born={{Birth date|1917|09|07|df=y}}
|died={{death date and age|1992|07|31|1917|09|07|df=y}}
|placeofbirth= [[Chester]], [[Cheshire]]
|placeofdeath= [[Cavendish, Suffolk]]
|placeofburial=Cavendish Churchyard
|image= [[File:Leonard Cheshire.jpg|225px]]
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance={{UK}}
|serviceyears=1940-1946
|rank=[[Group Captain]]
|branch={{air force|United Kingdom}}
|commands= [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]] [[RAF Marston Moor]] [[No. 617 Squadron RAF]]
|unit=[[No. 102 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 35 Squadron RAF]]
|battles= [[World War II]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]] [[Order of Merit]] [[Distinguished Service Order|Distinguished Service Order and Two Bars]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (British)|Distinguished Flying Cross]]
|laterwork=Humanitarian
|relations=[[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]] (father) [[Constance Binney]][[Sue Ryder]]
}}
[[Group Captain]] '''Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire''', [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Order of Merit|OM]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO and Two Bars]], [[Distinguished Flying Cross (British)|DFC]] (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] [[aviator|pilot]] during the [[Second World War]].

Among the honours he received as a bomber pilot is the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. After the war, he became a charity worker, setting up the [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]] as well as other philanthropic organisations.

==Early life==
Leonard Cheshire was the son of [[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]], [[Doctor of Civil Law|DCL]], [[Doctor of Laws|LLD]], [[Fellow of the British Academy|FBA]], a barrister, academic and influential writer on English law. He had one brother, Christopher Cheshire, also a wartime pilot. Cheshire was born in [[Chester]], but was brought up at his parents' home near [[Oxford]]. He was educated at the [[Dragon School]], Oxford, [[Stowe School]] and [[Merton College, Oxford]]. While at Oxford he became friends with [[John Niel Randle]]. On one occasion at Oxford he was bet half a [[pint]] of beer that he could not walk to Paris. With no more than a few pennies and a pocket handkerchief he won his bet. Cheshire graduated in [[Jurisprudence]] in 1939. He went to stay in Germany in 1936 with a family in [[Potsdam]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}

==Military career==
After the outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]], Cheshire applied for a commission in the Royal Air Force and was initially posted in June 1940 to [[No. 102 Squadron RAF|102 Squadron]], flying [[Armstrong Whitworth Whitley]] medium bombers, from [[RAF Driffield]]. In November 1940, he was awarded the DSO for flying his badly-damaged bomber back to base.

In January 1941, he completed his tour of operations, but then volunteered straight away for a second tour. He was posted to [[No. 35 Squadron RAF|35 Squadron]] with the brand new [[Handley Page Halifax]], and completed his second tour early in 1942, by now a [[Squadron Leader]].
August 1942 saw a return to operations as CO of [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]]. The squadron had recently suffered high losses operating the Halifax, and Cheshire immediately tackled the low morale of the unit by ordering an improvement in the performance of the squadron aircraft by removing the mid-upper and nose [[gun turret]]s along with exhaust covers and other weighty non-essential equipment. This allowed the bombers to fly higher and faster. Losses soon fell and morale rose accordingly.

In 1943 Cheshire published an account of his first tour of operations in his book "Bomber Pilot" which tells of his posting to [[RAF Driffield]] and tells the story of flying his badly-damaged bomber ("N for Nuts") back to base. In the book he fails to mention being awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] for this, but does describe the bravery of a badly burnt member of his crew.

Cheshire became Station Officer Commanding [[RAF Marston Moor]] in March as the youngest [[Group Captain]] in the RAF, though the job was never to his liking and he pushed for a return to an operational command. These efforts paid off with a posting as commander of the legendary [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|617 "Dambusters"]] Squadron in September 1943.

While with 617, Cheshire helped pioneer a new method of marking enemy targets for Bomber Command's 5 Group, flying in at a very low level in the face of strong defences, using first, the versatile Mosquito, then a "borrowed" [[P-51 Mustang]] fighter. This development work was the subject of some severe intraservice politics; Cheshire was encouraged by his 5 Group Commander [[Air Vice-Marshal]] [[Ralph Cochrane]], although the 8 Group Pathfinder [[Air Officer Commanding|AOC]] Air Vice-Marshal [[Don Bennett]] saw this work as impinging on the responsibilities of his own command.

Cheshire was nearing the end of his fourth tour of duty in July 1944, having completed a total of 102 missions, when he was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. He was the only one of the 32 VC airmen to win the medal for an extended period of sustained courage and outstanding effort, rather than a single act of valour. His citation noted:

{{Quote|In four years of fighting against the bitterest opposition he maintained a standard of outstanding personal achievement, his successful operations being the result of careful planning, brilliant execution and supreme contempt for danger – for example, on one occasion he flew his P-51 Mustang in slow 'figures of eight' above a target obscured by low cloud, to act as a bomb-aiming mark for his squadron. Cheshire displayed the courage and determination of an exceptional leader.<ref name="Citation">{{London Gazette |issue=36693 |date=5 September 1944 |startpage=4175 |supp=y }}</ref>}}

It also noted a raid in which he had marked a target, flying a Mosquito at low level against "withering fire".

One of Cheshire's missions was to use new 5,400 kilograms (12,000 lb) "[[Tallboy]]" deep-penetration bombs to destroy [[V-3 cannon|V3 long-range cannons]] located in underground bunkers near Mimoyecques in the Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. These were powerful guns able to fire a 500 lb shell into London every minute. They were protected by a concrete layer. The raid was planned so the bombs hit the ground next to the concrete to destroy the guns from underneath. Although considered successful at the time, later evaluations confirmed that the raids were largely ineffectual.<ref>Braddon 1954, p. 129.</ref>

Cheshire was, in his day, both the youngest Group Captain in the service and, following his VC, the most decorated.<ref>Lawrence, Alenka. "Introduction" to Cheshire, 1991, pp. 10-11.</ref>

==Change of direction==
On his 103rd mission, he was the official British observer of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear bombing]] of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]].<ref name="nyt1992">"Lord Cheshire, World War II Hero Who Founded Homes for Sick, 74," ''New York Times.'' August 2, 1992.</ref> His vantage point was in the support B-29 ''[[Big Stink (B-29)|Big Stink]]''. He did not witness the event as close up as anticipated due to aircraft commander James Hopkins' failure to link up with the other B-29s. Hopkins was meant to join with the others over Yakushima, but he circled at 39,000 ft instead of the agreed height of 30,000 ft. He tried to justify this by the need to keep the VIP passengers out of danger, but Cheshire thought that Hopkins was "overwrought".

"Many assumed that it was Nagasaki which emptied him. In fact, as he kept pointing out, it was the war as a whole. Like Britain herself, he had been fighting or training for fighting since 1939."<ref>Morris 2000, p. 225.</ref> He was earlier quoted as saying: "...then I for one hold little brief for the future of civilization".<ref>BBC scrapbook ''1945'', Fontana, 463 016 FDL</ref>

He left the RAF in 1946 and the time immediately after the war saw him start several new ventures. One of these was a community called VIP (standing for the Latin phrase ''Vade in Pacem'', meaning ''Go in Peace'') which eventually settled in a house called Le Court in Hampshire which Cheshire bought from an aunt. VIP's aim was to provide an opportunity for ex-servicemen and women and their families to live together, each contributing to the community what they could, in order to help their transition back into civilian life. He hoped that training, prosperity and fulfillment would result from united effort and mutual support. He saw the community as one way of continuing to work towards world peace. But the idea did not prosper and the community came to an end in 1947.<ref>Cheshire 1981, p. 16.</ref>

At the beginning of 1948, he heard about the case of Arthur Dykes, who had been one of Cheshire's original "VIP" community at Le Court, Hampshire and was suffering from cancer. Dykes asked Cheshire to give him some land to park a caravan until he recovered, but Cheshire discovered that Dykes was terminally ill and that he had concealed this fact from him. He told Dykes the real position and invited him to stay at Le Court. Cheshire learned nursing skills and was soon approached to take in a second patient, the 94-year-old bedridden wife of a man who had just been taken off to hospital after suffering a stroke. She was followed by others, some coming to stay and others to help. Although Le Court had no financial support, and was financially perilous most of the time, money somehow always seemed to arrive in the nick of time to stave off disaster.

Cheshire had been brought up a Christian, but had lapsed. In 1945, in the Vanity Fair club in Mayfair, he joined a conversation about religion. "It was absurd," he said, "to imagine that God existed, except as a convenient figure of speech. Man had invented God to explain the voice of conscience, but it was doubtful whether right or wrong existed outside the human mind. They were words affixed like labels to customs and laws which man had also invented to keep social order." To Cheshire's surprise, as he sat back, "pleased with his worldly wisdom," he was roundly rebuked for "talking such rot" by a woman friend who "was one of the last persons on earth he would have credited with" religious convictions.<ref>Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory''. London: The Reprint Society, 1957, pp. 274–275.</ref>

Arthur Dykes died in August 1948. After completing the arrangements for his funeral, Cheshire idly picked up a book a friend had sent him. It was ''One Lord, One Faith'' by Vernon Johnson, a former High Anglican clergyman who, against every cherished instinct and prejudice, had converted to Roman Catholicism because, as he put it, "I could not resist the claim of the Catholic Church to be the one true Church founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ to guard and teach the truth.... She alone possesses the authority and unity necessary for such a Divine vocation."<ref>Quoted in Cheshire, 1961, p. 136.</ref> On Christmas Eve, 1948, Cheshire was received into the Catholic Church. That day there were eight patients staying at Le Court.<ref>Cheshire, 1961, p. 152.</ref> By the end of the following June, there were twenty-eight.<ref>Cheshire, 1961, p. 158.</ref> Cheshire dedicated the rest of his life to supporting disabled people, combining this with lecturing on conflict resolution. {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}

==Charitable life==
{{main|Leonard Cheshire Disability}}
In 1948, he founded the charity now styled [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], which provides support to disabled people throughout the world. It is now one of the top 30 British charities.<ref>[http://www.charitiesdirect.com/CharitiesSearchTop500.asp?sortby=E "Charities Direct."] ''charitiesdirect.com''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

Other organisations set up by Leonard Cheshire are:
*The Ryder-Cheshire Foundation,<ref>[http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/registeredcharities/showcharity.asp?remchar=&chyno=285746 Charity Commission for England and Wales: Charity Number 285746]</ref> set up by Leonard Cheshire and his wife [[Sue Ryder]] at the time of their marriage in 1959. It now mainly operates in two fields: the rehabilitation of disabled people, through Ryder-Cheshire Volunteers <ref>[http://www.rcv.org.uk "Registered Charity No. 1088623."] ''Ryder-Cheshire Volunteers''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref> and the prevention and treatment of [[tuberculosis]], through Target Tuberculosis.<ref>[http://www.targettb.org.uk/ "Registered Charity No. 1098752."] ''Target Tuberculosis''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

In 1953 Cheshire founded the '''Raphael Pilgrimage''' in order to enable sick and disabled people to travel to [[Lourdes]].<ref>[http://www.raphael.org.uk/ "Raphael: Registered Charity No. 1098328."] ''Pilgrimage Charity''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

The '''Leonard Cheshire Disability & Inclusive Development Centre''' is a joint project by Leonard Cheshire Disability and [[University College London]] (originally set up in 1997 as the Leonard Cheshire Centre of Conflict Recovery).<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/lc-ccr/ "Development Centre website."] ''ucl.ac.uk''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

He founded the Memorial Fund for Disaster Relief, a UK charity in whose benefit the [[Roger Waters]] concert ''[[The Wall - Live in Berlin]]'' was held. Cheshire opened this concert by blowing a Second World War whistle.

Leonard Cheshire was concerned about future remembrance and was influential in the concept of the [[National Memorial Arboretum]], founded by David Childs. The amphitheatre at the Arboretum is dedicated to the memory of Leonard Cheshire.

==Private life==
On 15 July 1941, Cheshire married the [[United States|American]] [[actor|actress]], [[Constance Binney]] (21 years his senior), but the marriage was short-lived and childless. On 5 April 1959, in [[Bombay]]'s Roman Catholic Cathedral, he married [[Sue Ryder]], also a Roman Catholic convert and humanitarian. He and Baroness Ryder were one of the few couples to both hold titles in their own right. They had two children, Jeromy and Elizabeth Cheshire, and lived in [[Cavendish, Suffolk]].

==Death==
He died of [[motor neurone disease]] on 31 July 1992, aged 74.

==Honours and tributes==
*In 1981, he was awarded the [[Order of Merit]]<ref name="nyt1992"/>
*In 1991, he was given a life peerage as '''Baron Cheshire''' of Woodhall in the County of [[Lincolnshire]],<ref name="nyt1992"/> sitting as a [[cross-bencher]].
*[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] paid personal tribute to him in her [[Royal Christmas Message]] in December 1992. In the 2002 [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] poll to find the [[100 Greatest Britons]], Cheshire attained position number 31. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the [[Imperial War Museum]], London.

==Legacy==
*Leonard Cheshire is acknowledged on the Roger Waters album [[The Wall Concert in Berlin|''The Wall - Live in Berlin'']]. Former [[Pink Floyd]] member [[Roger Waters]] once described Cheshire as "the only true Christian I've ever met."
*There is a house at [[Xavier College]], a leading [[private school]] in Melbourne, Australia, named after Cheshire. St Ignatius College, a private school in Sydney, Australia, also has a house named after Cheshire.

==Publications==
* ''Bomber Pilot''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1943; St. Albans, Herts, UK: Mayflower, 1975 ISBN 0-583-12541-7; London: Goodall Publications ISBN 0-907-57910-8
* ''The Holy Face: An Account of the Oldest Photograph in the World''. Newport, Monmouthshire, UK: R. H. Johns, 1954. 16-page [[pamphlet]].
* ''Pilgrimage to the Shroud''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1956.
* ''The Story of the Holy Shroud''. [[Associated Television]] Ltd: ATV Library, 1957. Text of broadcast.
* ''The Face of Victory''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1961.
* ''Death''. London: [[Catholic Truth Society]], 1978. 22-page pamphlet.
* ''The Hidden World: An Autobiography and Reflections by the Founder of the Leonard Cheshire Homes''. London: Collins, 1981. ISBN 0-00626-479-4.
* ''The Light of Many Suns: The Meaning of the Bomb''. London: Methuen, 1985. ISBN 0-413-59240-5
* ''Where Is God in All This?'' (Interview by Alenka Lawrence). Slough, Berks, UK: St Paul Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-85439-380-3
* ''Crossing the Finishing Line: Last Thoughts of Leonard Cheshire VC'' (Edited by [[Reginald C. Fuller]]). London: St. Pauls, 1998. ISBN 0-85439-527-X.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory: The Full and Authentic Biography of Group Captain Cheshire, V.C., D.S.O, D.F.C.''. London: Fontana Books, 1955.
* Braddon, Russell. ''Cheshire, V.C.'' London: Evans Brothers Ltd., 1954.
* Brickhill, Paul. ''[[The Dam Busters (book)|The Dam Busters]]''. London: Pan Books, 1983. ISBN 0-33028-083-X.
* Harvey, David. ''[[Monuments to Courage]]''. Uckfield, East Sussex, UK: Naval & Military Press Ltd., 1999. ISBN 1-84342-356-1.
* Laffin, John. ''British VCs of World War 2: A Study in Heroism''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited, 1997, ISBN 0-7509-1026-7.
* Morris, Richard. ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM''. London: Viking Press, 2000. ISBN 0-670-86736-7.
* "Obituary for Prof. G.C. Cheshire." ''[[The Times]]'', 28 October 1978.
* ''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]''. London: ''This England'', 1997. ISBN 0-90632-427-0.

==External links==
*[http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/suffolk.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Suffolk)''
*[http://www.leonard-cheshire.org/?lid=19 History of the Leonard Cheshire charity]
*[http://www.ryder-cheshire.org Ryder Cheshire]
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/vcgpches.jpg Image of Cheshire's Medals]
*[http://www.richarddnorth.com/journalism/culture/sueryder.htm Sue Ryder of Cavendish] - Richard North

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Harold Brownlow Martin|H B Martin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Officer Commanding [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|No. 617 Squadron]]|years=November 1943 – July 1944}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Brian Tait|J B Tait]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Cheshire, Leonard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 7 September 1917
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Chester]], [[United Kingdom|England]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 31 July 1992
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheshire, Leonard}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British philanthropists]]
[[Category:British World War II pilots]]
[[Category:British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Cross bench life peers|Cheshire, Leonard Cheshire, Baron]]
[[Category:Deaths from motor neurone disease]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Old Dragons]]
[[Category:Old Stoics]]
[[Category:People from Chester]]
[[Category:People from Oxford]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic activists]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order and two Bars]]
[[Category:Founders of non-governmental organizations]]

[[sl:Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Leonard Cheshire

2011-01-03T16:52:32Z

Enkyo2: /* Change of direction */ RAF observer at Nagasaki -- verified by "New York Times" citation

{{Infobox Military Person
|name=Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire
|born={{Birth date|1917|09|07|df=y}}
|died={{death date and age|1992|07|31|1917|09|07|df=y}}
|placeofbirth= [[Chester]], [[Cheshire]]
|placeofdeath= [[Cavendish, Suffolk]]
|placeofburial=Cavendish Churchyard
|image= [[File:Leonard Cheshire.jpg|225px]]
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance={{UK}}
|serviceyears=1940-1946
|rank=[[Group Captain]]
|branch={{air force|United Kingdom}}
|commands= [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]] [[RAF Marston Moor]] [[No. 617 Squadron RAF]]
|unit=[[No. 102 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 35 Squadron RAF]]
|battles= [[World War II]]
|awards= [[Victoria Cross]] [[Order of Merit]] [[Distinguished Service Order|Distinguished Service Order and Two Bars]] [[Distinguished Flying Cross (British)|Distinguished Flying Cross]]
|laterwork=Humanitarian
|relations=[[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]] (father) [[Constance Binney]][[Sue Ryder]]
}}
[[Group Captain]] '''Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire''', [[Victoria Cross|VC]], [[Order of Merit|OM]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO and Two Bars]], [[Distinguished Flying Cross (British)|DFC]] (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] [[aviator|pilot]] during the [[Second World War]].

Among the honours he received as a bomber pilot is the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. After the war, he became a charity worker, setting up the [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]] as well as other philanthropic organisations.

==Early life==
Leonard Cheshire was the son of [[Geoffrey Chevalier Cheshire]], [[Doctor of Civil Law|DCL]], [[Doctor of Laws|LLD]], [[Fellow of the British Academy|FBA]], a barrister, academic and influential writer on English law. He had one brother, Christopher Cheshire, also a wartime pilot. Cheshire was born in [[Chester]], but was brought up at his parents' home near [[Oxford]]. He was educated at the [[Dragon School]], Oxford, [[Stowe School]] and [[Merton College, Oxford]]. While at Oxford he became friends with [[John Niel Randle]]. On one occasion at Oxford he was bet half a [[pint]] of beer that he could not walk to Paris. With no more than a few pennies and a pocket handkerchief he won his bet. Cheshire graduated in [[Jurisprudence]] in 1939. He went to stay in Germany in 1936 with a family in [[Potsdam]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}

==Military career==
After the outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]], Cheshire applied for a commission in the Royal Air Force and was initially posted in June 1940 to [[No. 102 Squadron RAF|102 Squadron]], flying [[Armstrong Whitworth Whitley]] medium bombers, from [[RAF Driffield]]. In November 1940, he was awarded the DSO for flying his badly-damaged bomber back to base.

In January 1941, he completed his tour of operations, but then volunteered straight away for a second tour. He was posted to [[No. 35 Squadron RAF|35 Squadron]] with the brand new [[Handley Page Halifax]], and completed his second tour early in 1942, by now a [[Squadron Leader]].
August 1942 saw a return to operations as CO of [[No. 76 Squadron RAF]]. The squadron had recently suffered high losses operating the Halifax, and Cheshire immediately tackled the low morale of the unit by ordering an improvement in the performance of the squadron aircraft by removing the mid-upper and nose [[gun turret]]s along with exhaust covers and other weighty non-essential equipment. This allowed the bombers to fly higher and faster. Losses soon fell and morale rose accordingly.

In 1943 Cheshire published an account of his first tour of operations in his book "Bomber Pilot" which tells of his posting to [[RAF Driffield]] and tells the story of flying his badly-damaged bomber ("N for Nuts") back to base. In the book he fails to mention being awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] for this, but does describe the bravery of a badly burnt member of his crew.

Cheshire became Station Officer Commanding [[RAF Marston Moor]] in March as the youngest [[Group Captain]] in the RAF, though the job was never to his liking and he pushed for a return to an operational command. These efforts paid off with a posting as commander of the legendary [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|617 "Dambusters"]] Squadron in September 1943.

While with 617, Cheshire helped pioneer a new method of marking enemy targets for Bomber Command's 5 Group, flying in at a very low level in the face of strong defences, using first, the versatile Mosquito, then a "borrowed" [[P-51 Mustang]] fighter. This development work was the subject of some severe intraservice politics; Cheshire was encouraged by his 5 Group Commander [[Air Vice-Marshal]] [[Ralph Cochrane]], although the 8 Group Pathfinder [[Air Officer Commanding|AOC]] Air Vice-Marshal [[Don Bennett]] saw this work as impinging on the responsibilities of his own command.

Cheshire was nearing the end of his fourth tour of duty in July 1944, having completed a total of 102 missions, when he was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. He was the only one of the 32 VC airmen to win the medal for an extended period of sustained courage and outstanding effort, rather than a single act of valour. His citation noted:

{{Quote|In four years of fighting against the bitterest opposition he maintained a standard of outstanding personal achievement, his successful operations being the result of careful planning, brilliant execution and supreme contempt for danger – for example, on one occasion he flew his P-51 Mustang in slow 'figures of eight' above a target obscured by low cloud, to act as a bomb-aiming mark for his squadron. Cheshire displayed the courage and determination of an exceptional leader.<ref name="Citation">{{London Gazette |issue=36693 |date=5 September 1944 |startpage=4175 |supp=y }}</ref>}}

It also noted a raid in which he had marked a target, flying a Mosquito at low level against "withering fire".

One of Cheshire's missions was to use new 5,400 kilograms (12,000 lb) "[[Tallboy]]" deep-penetration bombs to destroy [[V-3 cannon|V3 long-range cannons]] located in underground bunkers near Mimoyecques in the Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. These were powerful guns able to fire a 500 lb shell into London every minute. They were protected by a concrete layer. The raid was planned so the bombs hit the ground next to the concrete to destroy the guns from underneath. Although considered successful at the time, later evaluations confirmed that the raids were largely ineffectual.<ref>Braddon 1954, p. 129.</ref>

Cheshire was, in his day, both the youngest Group Captain in the service and, following his VC, the most decorated.<ref>Lawrence, Alenka. "Introduction" to Cheshire, 1991, pp. 10-11.</ref>

==Change of direction==
On his 103rd mission, he was the official British observer of the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear bombing]] of [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]].<ref name="nyt1992">"Lord Cheshire, World War II Hero Who Founded Homes for Sick, 74," ''New York Times.'' August 2, 1992.</ref> His vantage point was in the support B-29 ''[[Big Stink (B-29)|Big Stink]]''. He did not witness the event as close up as anticipated due to aircraft commander James Hopkins' failure to link up with the other B-29s. Hopkins was meant to join with the others over Yakushima, but he circled at 39,000 ft instead of the agreed height of 30,000 ft. He tried to justify this by the need to keep the VIP passengers out of danger, but Cheshire thought that Hopkins was "overwrought".

"Many assumed that it was Nagasaki which emptied him. In fact, as he kept pointing out, it was the war as a whole. Like Britain herself, he had been fighting or training for fighting since 1939."<ref>Morris 2000, p. 225.</ref> He was earlier quoted as saying: "...then I for one hold little brief for the future of civilization".<ref>BBC scrapbook ''1945'', Fontana, 463 016 FDL</ref>

He left the RAF in 1946 and the time immediately after the war saw him start several new ventures. One of these was a community called VIP (standing for the Latin phrase ''Vade in Pacem'', meaning ''Go in Peace'') which eventually settled in a house called Le Court in Hampshire which Cheshire bought from an aunt. VIP's aim was to provide an opportunity for ex-servicemen and women and their families to live together, each contributing to the community what they could, in order to help their transition back into civilian life. He hoped that training, prosperity and fulfillment would result from united effort and mutual support. He saw the community as one way of continuing to work towards world peace. But the idea did not prosper and the community came to an end in 1947.<ref>Cheshire 1981, p. 16.</ref>

At the beginning of 1948, he heard about the case of Arthur Dykes, who had been one of Cheshire's original "VIP" community at Le Court, Hampshire and was suffering from cancer. Dykes asked Cheshire to give him some land to park a caravan until he recovered, but Cheshire discovered that Dykes was terminally ill and that he had concealed this fact from him. He told Dykes the real position and invited him to stay at Le Court. Cheshire learned nursing skills and was soon approached to take in a second patient, the 94-year-old bedridden wife of a man who had just been taken off to hospital after suffering a stroke. She was followed by others, some coming to stay and others to help. Although Le Court had no financial support, and was financially perilous most of the time, money somehow always seemed to arrive in the nick of time to stave off disaster.

Cheshire had been brought up a Christian, but had lapsed. In 1945, in the Vanity Fair club in Mayfair, he joined a conversation about religion. "It was absurd," he said, "to imagine that God existed, except as a convenient figure of speech. Man had invented God to explain the voice of conscience, but it was doubtful whether right or wrong existed outside the human mind. They were words affixed like labels to customs and laws which man had also invented to keep social order." To Cheshire's surprise, as he sat back, "pleased with his worldly wisdom," he was roundly rebuked for "talking such rot" by a woman friend who "was one of the last persons on earth he would have credited with" religious convictions.<ref>Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory''. London: The Reprint Society, 1957, pp. 274–275.</ref>

Arthur Dykes died in August 1948. After completing the arrangements for his funeral, Cheshire idly picked up a book a friend had sent him. It was ''One Lord, One Faith'' by Vernon Johnson, a former High Anglican clergyman who, against every cherished instinct and prejudice, had converted to Roman Catholicism because, as he put it, "I could not resist the claim of the Catholic Church to be the one true Church founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ to guard and teach the truth.... She alone possesses the authority and unity necessary for such a Divine vocation."<ref>Quoted in Cheshire, 1961, p. 136.</ref> On Christmas Eve, 1948, Cheshire was received into the Catholic Church. That day there were eight patients staying at Le Court.<ref>Cheshire, 1961, p. 152.</ref> By the end of the following June, there were twenty-eight.<ref>Cheshire, 1961, p. 158.</ref> Cheshire dedicated the rest of his life to supporting disabled people, combining this with lecturing on conflict resolution. {{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}

==Charitable life==
{{main|Leonard Cheshire Disability}}
In 1948, he founded the charity now styled [[Leonard Cheshire Disability]], which provides support to disabled people throughout the world. It is now one of the top 30 British charities.<ref>[http://www.charitiesdirect.com/CharitiesSearchTop500.asp?sortby=E "Charities Direct."] ''charitiesdirect.com''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

Other organisations set up by Leonard Cheshire are:
*The Ryder-Cheshire Foundation,<ref>[http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/registeredcharities/showcharity.asp?remchar=&chyno=285746 Charity Commission for England and Wales: Charity Number 285746]</ref> set up by Leonard Cheshire and his wife [[Sue Ryder]] at the time of their marriage in 1959. It now mainly operates in two fields: the rehabilitation of disabled people, through Ryder-Cheshire Volunteers <ref>[http://www.rcv.org.uk "Registered Charity No. 1088623."] ''Ryder-Cheshire Volunteers''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref> and the prevention and treatment of [[tuberculosis]], through Target Tuberculosis.<ref>[http://www.targettb.org.uk/ "Registered Charity No. 1098752."] ''Target Tuberculosis''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

In 1953 Cheshire founded the '''Raphael Pilgrimage''' in order to enable sick and disabled people to travel to [[Lourdes]].<ref>[http://www.raphael.org.uk/ "Raphael: Registered Charity No. 1098328."] ''Pilgrimage Charity''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

The '''Leonard Cheshire Disability & Inclusive Development Centre''' is a joint project by Leonard Cheshire Disability and [[University College London]] (originally set up in 1997 as the Leonard Cheshire Centre of Conflict Recovery).<ref>[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/lc-ccr/ "Development Centre website."] ''ucl.ac.uk''. Retrieved: 3 April 2010.</ref>

He founded the Memorial Fund for Disaster Relief, a UK charity in whose benefit the [[Roger Waters]] concert ''[[The Wall - Live in Berlin]]'' was held. Cheshire opened this concert by blowing a Second World War whistle.

Leonard Cheshire was concerned about future remembrance and was influential in the concept of the [[National Memorial Arboretum]], founded by David Childs. The amphitheatre at the Arboretum is dedicated to the memory of Leonard Cheshire.

==Private life==
On 15 July 1941, Cheshire married the [[United States|American]] [[actor|actress]], [[Constance Binney]] (21 years his senior), but the marriage was short-lived and childless. On 5 April 1959, in [[Bombay]]'s Roman Catholic Cathedral, he married [[Sue Ryder]], also a Roman Catholic convert and humanitarian. He and Baroness Ryder were one of the few couples to both hold titles in their own right. They had two children, Jeromy and Elizabeth Cheshire, and lived in [[Cavendish, Suffolk]].

==Death==
He died of [[motor neurone disease]] on 31 July 1992, aged 74.

==Honours and tributes==
*In 1981, he was awarded the [[Order of Merit]].
*In 1991, he was given a life peerage as '''Baron Cheshire''' of Woodhall in the County of [[Lincolnshire]], sitting as a [[cross-bencher]].
*[[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] paid personal tribute to him in her [[Royal Christmas Message]] in December 1992. In the 2002 [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] poll to find the [[100 Greatest Britons]], Cheshire attained position number 31. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the [[Imperial War Museum]], London.

==Legacy==
*Leonard Cheshire is acknowledged on the Roger Waters album [[The Wall Concert in Berlin|''The Wall - Live in Berlin'']]. Former [[Pink Floyd]] member [[Roger Waters]] once described Cheshire as "the only true Christian I've ever met."
*There is a house at [[Xavier College]], a leading [[private school]] in Melbourne, Australia, named after Cheshire. St Ignatius College, a private school in Sydney, Australia, also has a house named after Cheshire.

==Publications==
* ''Bomber Pilot''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1943; St. Albans, Herts, UK: Mayflower, 1975 ISBN 0-583-12541-7; London: Goodall Publications ISBN 0-907-57910-8
* ''The Holy Face: An Account of the Oldest Photograph in the World''. Newport, Monmouthshire, UK: R. H. Johns, 1954. 16-page [[pamphlet]].
* ''Pilgrimage to the Shroud''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1956.
* ''The Story of the Holy Shroud''. [[Associated Television]] Ltd: ATV Library, 1957. Text of broadcast.
* ''The Face of Victory''. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1961.
* ''Death''. London: [[Catholic Truth Society]], 1978. 22-page pamphlet.
* ''The Hidden World: An Autobiography and Reflections by the Founder of the Leonard Cheshire Homes''. London: Collins, 1981. ISBN 0-00626-479-4.
* ''The Light of Many Suns: The Meaning of the Bomb''. London: Methuen, 1985. ISBN 0-413-59240-5
* ''Where Is God in All This?'' (Interview by Alenka Lawrence). Slough, Berks, UK: St Paul Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-85439-380-3
* ''Crossing the Finishing Line: Last Thoughts of Leonard Cheshire VC'' (Edited by [[Reginald C. Fuller]]). London: St. Pauls, 1998. ISBN 0-85439-527-X.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Boyle, Andrew. ''No Passing Glory: The Full and Authentic Biography of Group Captain Cheshire, V.C., D.S.O, D.F.C.''. London: Fontana Books, 1955.
* Braddon, Russell. ''Cheshire, V.C.'' London: Evans Brothers Ltd., 1954.
* Brickhill, Paul. ''[[The Dam Busters (book)|The Dam Busters]]''. London: Pan Books, 1983. ISBN 0-33028-083-X.
* Harvey, David. ''[[Monuments to Courage]]''. Uckfield, East Sussex, UK: Naval & Military Press Ltd., 1999. ISBN 1-84342-356-1.
* Laffin, John. ''British VCs of World War 2: A Study in Heroism''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Sutton Publishing Limited, 1997, ISBN 0-7509-1026-7.
* Morris, Richard. ''Cheshire: The Biography of Leonard Cheshire, VC, OM''. London: Viking Press, 2000. ISBN 0-670-86736-7.
* "Obituary for Prof. G.C. Cheshire." ''[[The Times]]'', 28 October 1978.
* ''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]''. London: ''This England'', 1997. ISBN 0-90632-427-0.

==External links==
*[http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/suffolk.htm Location of grave and VC medal] ''(Suffolk)''
*[http://www.leonard-cheshire.org/?lid=19 History of the Leonard Cheshire charity]
*[http://www.ryder-cheshire.org Ryder Cheshire]
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/vcgpches.jpg Image of Cheshire's Medals]
*[http://www.richarddnorth.com/journalism/culture/sueryder.htm Sue Ryder of Cavendish] - Richard North

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Harold Brownlow Martin|H B Martin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Officer Commanding [[No. 617 Squadron RAF|No. 617 Squadron]]|years=November 1943 – July 1944}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Brian Tait|J B Tait]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Cheshire, Leonard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 7 September 1917
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Chester]], [[United Kingdom|England]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 31 July 1992
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheshire, Leonard}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British philanthropists]]
[[Category:British World War II pilots]]
[[Category:British World War II recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Cross bench life peers|Cheshire, Leonard Cheshire, Baron]]
[[Category:Deaths from motor neurone disease]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:Old Dragons]]
[[Category:Old Stoics]]
[[Category:People from Chester]]
[[Category:People from Oxford]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic activists]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order and two Bars]]
[[Category:Founders of non-governmental organizations]]

[[sl:Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire]]

Pointe des Almadies

2010-12-21T02:30:24Z

Enkyo2: /* Maritime boundary determination */ link -- maritime boundary

[[File:PointeAlmadies.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Pointe des Almadies]]
'''Pointe des Almadies''' is the westernmost point on the continent of Africa.<ref name="burke">{{cite book |accessdate=2009-03-26|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wzSeSABeZV0C&pg=PA236&lpg=PA236&dq=Pointe+des+Almadies+westernmost+point&source=bl&ots=KU3ekLnPVF&sig=LgCPtddeePQQxJ6e9EOBAA3ldmo&hl=en&ei=c0LNSfY0xMe2B5qc6OUJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result|author=Andrew Burke, David Else, Lonely Planet Publications (Firm)|title=The Gambia & Senegal|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2002|pages=236}}</ref> Pointe des Almadies is located on the northwestern end of the [[Cap Vert]] peninsula in [[Senegal]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/93731/Cape-Verde-Peninsula|title="Cape Verde Peninsula"|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2009-03-26}}</ref>

== Environs ==
Pointe des Almadies lies within the greater [[Dakar]] urban area near [[Isles des Madeleines National Park]] and past the [[Les Mamelles (Senegal)|Les Mamelles]] hills from the village of [[N'gor]] and the town of [[Yoff]].<ref name="burke"/><ref name="hudgens">{{cite book |accessdate=2009-03-26|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2icviOKxDNIC&pg=PA185&dq=Pointe+des+Almadies&num=100&ei=wT_NSbKmHpbcMayksaYE|author=Jim Hudgens, Richard Trillo, Nathalie Calonnec|title=The rough guide to West Africa |publisher=Rough Guides|year=2003|pages=200, 202–203}}</ref>

Pointe des Almadies is a 30 minutes trip from downtown Dakar, Senegal's capital city, and is served by local transportation.<ref name="hudgens" /> The site itself is approximately five kilometers from the [[Dakar-Yoff-Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport]].<ref name="hudgens" /> The [[Hôtel Méridien Présidentiel]], the country's leading hotel and a major conference center, is located at Pointe des Almadies.<ref name="hudgens" />

== Ecology ==
[[File:STS054 STS054-94-32-north-south orientation-.jpg|right|thumb|Satellite view]]
An oceanic front exists in the waters off Pointe des Allmadies.<ref name="nihoul">{{cite book |accessdate=2009-03-26|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sS8W5i1VWkoC&pg=PA152&dq=Pointe+des+Almadies&num=100&ei=wT_NSbKmHpbcMayksaYE|author=Jacques C. J. Nihoul |title=Ecohydrodynamics: Proceedings of the 12th International Liège Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics|publisher=Elsevier|year=1981|pages=153–154}}</ref> The waters of the equatorial northern flank are measurably warmer than the southern flank, with differences of two to three degrees Celsius.<ref name="nihoul" /> This causes differences in water chlorophyll levels, and resultant differences in fish abundance on different sides of the peninsula.<ref name="nihoul" />

== Maritime boundary determination ==
Pointe des Almadies served an important role in a 1985 ruling that determined the [[maritime boundary]] between the nearby countries of [[Guinea]] and [[Guinea-Bissau]].<ref name="dupuy">{{cite book |accessdate=2009-03-26|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=26gryLXeWwAC&pg=PA470&dq=Pointe+des+Almadies&num=100&ei=wT_NSbKmHpbcMayksaYE|author=J René Jean Dupuy, Daniel Vignes|title=The rough guide to West Africa |publisher= Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=1991|pages=470–471}}</ref> Both Guinea and Guinea-Bissau have short coastlines, so an international tribunal measured the general trend of the central West African coast from landmarks in the adjacent countries Senegal and [[Sierra Leone]].<ref name="dupuy" /><ref name="beazley">{{cite book |accessdate=2009-03-26|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LcL-XdP1zvcC&pg=PA18&dq=Pointe+des+Almadies&num=100&ei=wT_NSbKmHpbcMayksaYE|author= P. B. Beazley, William |title= Maritime law|publisher= IBRU|year=1994|pages=17–18}}</ref> Pointe des Almadies marks the northwestern point of reference and [[Cape Schilling]] in Sierra Leone marks the southeastern point of reference.<ref name="dupuy" /> The maritime boundary between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau extends in a direction perpendicular to a line connecting the relative positions of these two landmarks.<ref name="dupuy" />

== Surf ==
The Almadies peninsula was a featured location in the 1964 film ''[[The Endless Summer]]'' where [[Bruce Brown]] shot the film's stars [[Mike Hynson]] and [[Robert August]] at a reef near Pointe des Almadies.<ref name="warshaw">{{cite book |accessdate=2009-03-28|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-DWQSYRx4MUC&pg=PA529&dq=Pointe+des+Almadies&num=100&ei=wT_NSbKmHpbcMayksaYE|author=Matt Warshaw|title=The Encyclopedia of Surfing|publisher= Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2005|pages=529}}</ref><ref name="brown">{{cite web|url= http://www.brucebrownfilms.com/endless.htm|title="Cape Verde Peninsula"|publisher=Bruce Brown|accessdate=2009-03-28}}</ref> The best surfing in Senegal is on the peninsula, with locations within walking distance on both the north and south sides of the peninusla.<ref name="warshaw" /> Peak season is November through May.<ref name="warshaw" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite rowlett|sen}}

{{coord|14.7408|N|17.53|W|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pointe Des Almadies}}
[[Category:Dakar]]
[[Category:Landforms of Senegal]]
[[Category:Headlands of Africa|Almadies]]

[[bg:Алмади]]
[[fr:Pointe des Almadies]]
[[pl:Almadi]]
[[sr:Поант дез Алмади]]
[[sv:Pointe des Almadies]]

Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs

2010-12-21T02:17:05Z

Enkyo2: link -- maritime boundary

The '''Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs''' (OES) is a bureau within the [[United States Department of State]]. It coordinates a portfolio of issues related to the world's oceans, environment, science and technology, and health.

The Bureau is headed by the [[Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs]]. As of August 20, 2009, it is headed by Assistant Secretary [[Kerri-Ann Jones]]. Ambassador [[Reno L. Harnish|Reno L. Harnish, III]] is the Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary.

The Oceans and Fisheries Directorate has two offices dedicated to international oceans issues. The Office of Marine Conservation focuses on international [[Fishery|fisheries]] matters and related problems and the Office of Oceans Affairs has primary responsibility for [[Law of the sea|international ocean law]] and policy, [[Water pollution|marine pollution]], [[marine mammals]], polar affairs, [[maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]], and [[marine science]]. As of 2005, it is headed by Deputy Assistant Secretary David Balton.

The Environment Directorate deals with environmental issues including environmental aspects of international trade and safeguarding hazardous materials requiring multilateral agreements within the Office of Environmental Policy. The Office of Ecology & Natural Resource Conservation develops U.S. foreign policy approaches to conserving and managing the world [[ecosystem]]s.

The Health, Space and Science Directorate includes the Office of International Health Affairs which works with U.S. Government agencies to facilitate policy-making regarding international [[bioterrorism]], [[infectious disease]], surveillance and response, [[environmental health]], and health in post-conflict situations. The Office of Space and Advanced Technology handles issues arising from our [[Space exploration|exploration of space]] to assure global security regarding this new frontier, and the Office of Science & Technology (S&T) Cooperation promotes the interests of the U.S. science and technology communities in the international policy arena, negotiates framework and other S&T agreements, manages the Department's Embassy Science fellows program, and takes a leading role in representing U.S. science and technology in multilateral international organizations, such as [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] and other [[United Nations|UN]] organizations, [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]], [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] and others. The Health, Space and Science Directorate is headed by Deputy Assistant Secretary Jeff Miotke.

==External links==
*[http://www.state.gov/g/oes/ Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs]

{{USDOS agencies}}

[[Category:United States Department of State agencies]]
[[Category:Fisheries]]
[[Category:Law of the sea]]
[[Category:Oceanography]]

Yi Hwang

2010-09-10T16:15:15Z

Enkyo2: + WorldCat

{{korean name|[[Lee (Korean name)|Yi]]}}
{{Infobox Korean name
| img=Statue of Yi Hwang.jpg
| imgwidth=250px
| hangul=이황
| hanja=李滉
| rr = I Hwang
| mr=Yi Hwang
| hangulho = 퇴계
| hanjaho = 退溪
| rrho = Toegye
| mrho = T'oegye
| hangulja = 경호
| hanjaja = 景浩
| rrja = Gyeongho
| mrja = Kyŏngho
| hangulph=문순
| hanjaph=文純
| rrph=Munsun
| mrph=Munsun
}}

'''Yi Hwang''' ([[1501]]-[[1570]]) is one of the two most prominent [[Korea]]n [[Korean Confucianism|Confucian]] scholars of the [[Joseon Dynasty]], the other being his younger contemporary [[Yi I]] (Yulgok).<ref>Daehwan, Noh. [http://www.ekoreajournal.net/upload/html/HTML43412.html "The Eclectic Development of Neo-Confucianism and Statecraft from the 18th to the 19th Century,"] ''Korea Journal.'' Winter 2003.</ref> A key figure of the [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucian]] literati, he established the Yeongnam School and set up the [[Dosan Seowon]], a private Confucian academy.<ref name="yh doosan">{{ko}} [http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=128831 Yi Hwang] at [[Doosan Encyclopedia]]</ref> Yi Hwang is often referred to by his [[pen name]] '''Toegye''' ("Retreating [[Creek (waterway)|Creek]]"). His [[courtesy name]] was '''Gyeongho'''.<ref name="yh ekc">{{ko}} [http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=266705&v=43 Yi Hwang] at Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</ref>

== Life ==
Yi Hwang was born in Ongye-ri (now [[Ansan]]), [[Andong]], North [[Gyeongsang]] Province, in 1501. He belonged to the [[Lee (Korean name)|Jinseong Yi]] clan, and was the youngest son among eight children.<ref name="yh aks">{{ko}} [http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOa_A1501_1_0011100 Yi Hwang] at The Academy of Korean Studies</ref> A child prodigy, he learned the [[Analects of Confucius]] from his uncle at age nine and admiring the poetry of [[Tang]]'s [[Tao Yuanming|Tao Qian]], started writing poetry. His poem ''Yadang'' (hangul:야당, hanja:野塘, "Pond in the Wild"), written at the age of eighteen, is considered one of his major works.<ref name="yh ekc"/><ref>{{ko}} [http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=103&oid=081&aid=0000043131 君子有終], Seoul Sinmun, 2005-05-18. Retrieved 2010-07-07.</ref> Around the age of twenty, he immersed himself in the study of [[I Ching]] and [[Neo-Confucianism]].<ref name="yh ekc"/><ref name="yh bk">{{ko}} [http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=180790&v=43 Yi Hwang] at Britannica Korea</ref>

He came to [[Seoul]] when he was 23 years old and entered the national academy [[Seonggyungwan]] in 1523. In 1527 he passed prelimary exams to become a government official, but re-entered Seonggyungwan at the age of 33 and socialized with the scholar [[Kim In-hu]]. He passed the civil service exams with top honors in 1534 and continued his scholarly pursuits whilst working for the government.<ref name="yh ekc"/> He returned to his childhood home at the death of his mother at the age of 37 and mourned her for 3 years. He was appointed various positions from the age of 39 and sometimes held multiple positions including ''Amhaengeosa'' (hangul:암행어사, hanja:暗行御史), a secret inspector-general for the government in 1542. His integrity made him relentless as he took part in purges of corrupt government officials. On numerous occasions he was even exiled from the capital for his firm commitment to principle.<ref name="yh doosan"/>

Yi Hwang was disillusioned by the power struggles and discord in the royal court during the later years of [[Jungjong of Joseon|King Jungjong]]'s reign and left political office. However, he was continuously brought out of retirement and held several positions away from the royal court and in rural areas. He was the governor of [[Danyang County| Danyang]] at 48 and governor of [[Punggi-eup|Punggi]] afterwards. During his days at Pungi he redeveloped and improved the private [[Neo-Confucian]] academy [[Sosu Seowon|Baekundong Seowon]] established by his predecessor [[Sosu Seowon|Ju Se-bung]].<ref name="yh ekc"/>

He was named ''Daesaseong'' (대사성, head instructor) of Seonggyungwan in 1552 but turned down other prominent offices later on. In 1560, he established the ''Dosan [[seodang]]'' and engrossed himself in meditation, study, and teaching his disciples. [[Myeongjong of Joseon|King Myeongjong]] tried to coax him back to political office, but he was steadfast in his devotion to study. He finally returned to the royal court at 67 upon the king's request when envoys from the [[Ming Dynasty]] came to Seoul. When King Myeongjong suddenly died, his successor [[Seonjo of Joseon|King Seonjo]] appointed Yi Hwang as ''Yejo panseo''(hangul:예조판서, hanja:禮曹判書, minister of rites) but he declined and returned to his home once again.<ref name="yh ekc"/><ref name="yh aks"/>

However, the king continuously called Yi Hwang back and unable to refuse further, he resumed office at the age of 68 and wrote many advisory documents including ''Seonghak sipdo'' (hangul:성학십도, hanja:聖學十圖, "Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning"). He also gave lectures from the teachings of [[Song Dynasty]] Confucian scholars [[Cheng Yi (philosopher)|Cheng Yi]] and [[Cheng Hao]], [[I Ching]], [[Analects]], and [[Zhang Zai]] in royal presence. He finally retired from politics at the age of 70 and died in 1570. <ref name="yh ekc"/>

During forty years of public life he served four kings ([[Jungjong of Joseon|Jungjong]], [[Injong of Joseon|Injong]], [[Myeongjong of Joseon|Myeongjong]] and [[Seonjo of Joseon|Seonjo]]). On his death, Yi Hwang was posthumously promoted to the highest ministerial rank, and his mortuary tablet housed in a Confucian shrine as well as in the shrine of [[King Seonjo of Joseon|King Seonjo]]. His disciples and followers reorganized the ''Dosan [[seodang]]'' to [[Dosan Seowon]] in 1574.<ref name="yh ekc"/><ref name="yh aks"/>

==Teachings==
Yi Hwang was the author of many books on Confucianism. He followed the dualistic [[Neo-Confucianism]] teachings of [[Zhu Xi| Chu Hsi]], which views ''i'' (Chinese "li") and ''gi'' (Chines "qi") as the forces of foundation of the universe. Yi Hwang placed emphasis on the ''i'', the formative element, as the existential force that determines ''gi''. This school of thought contrasted with the school that focused on the concrete element of ''gi'', established by Yi Hwang's counterpart [[Yi I]]. Understanding the determinative pattern of ''i'' would be more essential in understanding the universe than recognizing the principles that govern individual manifestations of ''gi''. This approach of placing importance on the role of ''i'' became the core of the Yeongnam School, where Yi Hwang's legacy was carried on by prominent figures such as [[Yu Seong-ryong]] and [[Kim Seong-il]].<ref>Lee Hyun-hee, Park Sung-soo, Yoon Nae-hyun, translated by The Academy of Korean Studies, ''New History of Korea'' pp 392-393, Jimoondang, Paju, 2005. ISBN 89-88095-85-5</ref>

Yi Hwang was also talented in calligraphy and poetry, writing a collection of ''[[sijo]]'', a three line poetic form popular with the literati of the Joseon period. <ref name="yh ekc"/>

==Selected works==
Yi Hwang's published writings encompass 316 works in 467 publications in 7 languages and 3,649 library holdings <ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n81-79070 李滉 1501-1570]; [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/nc-yi%20hwang%201501%201570 Yi, Hwang 1501-1570]</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 1599 — 退溪全書
* 1681 — ''The Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning'' (hangul:성학십도, hanja:聖學十圖)
* 1746 — 退溪集

* ''Outline and Explanations of the Works of [[Zhu Xi]]'' (hangul:주자서절요, hanja:朱子書節要)
* ''Commentary on the Scripture of the Heart'' (hangul:심경석의, hanja:心經釋義)
* ''History of [[Neo-Confucianism]] in the [[Song Dynasty|Song]], [[Yuan Dynasty|Yuan]] and [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] Dynasties'' (hangul:송계원명이학통록, hanja:宋季元明理學通錄)
* ''The Four-Seven Debate'' (hangul:사칠속편, hanja:四七續篇): discusses [[Mencius]]'s philosophy with [[Gi Dae-seung]]

===Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning===
The Neo-Confucian literature of ''Seonghaksipdo'' was composed by Yi Hwang in 1568 for [[Seonjo of Joseon|King Seonjo]]. It is a series of lectures for rulers through examples of past sages.<ref>{{ko}} [http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=92451 Seonghaksipdo] at [[Doosan Encyclopedia]]</ref> . Traditional Confucians had affirmed that any man could learn to become a sage; the new Confucians made the ideal of sagehood real and attainable, just as enlightenment was for Buddhists. Yi Hwang intended to present that path by starting each chapter with a diagram and related text drawn from Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi) or another leading authority, and concluding with a brief commentary. He intended for “Ten Diagrams” to be made into a ten paneled standing screen, as well as a short book, so that the mind of the viewer could be constantly engaged with its contents, until it totally assimilated the material.<ref>[http://faculty.washington.edu/mkalton/Ten%20Diagrams.htm Ten Diagrams], Michael C. Kalton, Columbia University Press, 1988</ref>

==In modern culture==
[[Image:1000 won serieIII obverse.jpeg|right|250px|thumb|Yi Hwang on the currently circulating 1,000 [[South Korean won|won]] note]]
Toegyero, a street in central Seoul, is named after him <ref>{{ko}} [http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=156033 Toegyero] at [[Doosan Encyclopedia]]</ref>, and he is depicted on the [[South Korea]]n 1,000 [[South Korean won|won]] note. <ref>{{ko}} [http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=101&oid=019&aid=0000127499 The new 1,000 won bill], Maeil Business News, 2006-01-17. Retrieved 2010-07-08.</ref> The [[Taekwondo]] pattern [[International Taekwondo Federation#Patterns|Toi-Gye]] was named in honor of Yi Hwang.<ref>{{ko}} [http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=104&oid=001&aid=0001046333 Historical names in Taekwondo], [[Yonhap News]], 2005-07-10. Retrieved 2010-07-08.</ref>

Many institutes and university research departments devoted to Yi Hwang have been established. The Toegye Studies Institute set up in Seoul in 1970, [[Kyungpook National University]]'s Toegye Institute opened in 1979, and an institute and library in [[Dankook University]] in 1986. There are research institutes in [[Tokyo]], [[Taiwan]], [[Hamburg]] and the United States. <ref name="yh ekc"/><ref name="yh aks"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Korean philosophers]]
* [[Yi I]]
* [[Neo-Confucianism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal | last=Daehwan | first=Noh | title=[http://www.ekoreajournal.net/upload/html/HTML43412.html "The Eclectic Development of Neo-Confucianism and Statecraft from the 18th to the 19th Century,"] | journal=Korea Journal | date=Winter 2003}}

== External links ==
*[http://faculty.washington.edu/mkalton To become a sage], translation of ''Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning'', Michael C. Kalton, Columbia University Press, 1988.
*[http://www.dosanseowon.com/english/main.asp Cyber Dosan Seowon], general information on Yi Hwang and his teachings
*[http://www.toegyehbs.or.kr/ The T'oegye Studies Institute, Busan]
*[http://humanities.knu.ac.kr/labor/labor_04.html The T'oegye Research Institute, Kyungpook National University]
*[http://homepage.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/Sven.K.Herbers-Lee/dateien/tgyh.html Detailed bibliography]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yi Hwang}}
[[Category:Korean Confucianists]]
[[Category:Korean philosophers]]
[[Category:Joseon Dynasty people]]
[[Category:1501 births]]
[[Category:1570 deaths]]

[[de:I Hwang]]
[[ko:이황]]
[[id:Yi Hwang]]
[[ja:李滉]]
[[no:I Hwang]]
[[sv:Yi Hwang]]
[[zh:李滉]]

Yi Hwang

2010-09-10T15:41:25Z

Enkyo2: /* References */ + Daehwan

{{korean name|[[Lee (Korean name)|Yi]]}}
{{Infobox Korean name
| img=Statue of Yi Hwang.jpg
| imgwidth=250px
| hangul=이황
| hanja=李滉
| rr = I Hwang
| mr=Yi Hwang
| hangulho = 퇴계
| hanjaho = 退溪
| rrho = Toegye
| mrho = T'oegye
| hangulja = 경호
| hanjaja = 景浩
| rrja = Gyeongho
| mrja = Kyŏngho
| hangulph=문순
| hanjaph=文純
| rrph=Munsun
| mrph=Munsun
}}

'''Yi Hwang''' ([[1501]]-[[1570]]) is one of the two most prominent [[Korea]]n [[Korean Confucianism|Confucian]] scholars of the [[Joseon Dynasty]], the other being his younger contemporary [[Yi I]] (Yulgok). A key figure of the [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucian]] literati, he established the Yeongnam School and set up the [[Dosan Seowon]], a private Confucian academy.<ref name="yh doosan">{{ko}} [http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=128831 Yi Hwang] at [[Doosan Encyclopedia]]</ref> Yi Hwang is often referred to by his [[pen name]] '''Toegye''' ("Retreating [[Creek (waterway)|Creek]]"). His [[courtesy name]] was '''Gyeongho'''.<ref name="yh ekc">{{ko}} [http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=266705&v=43 Yi Hwang] at Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</ref>

== Life ==
Yi Hwang was born in Ongye-ri (now [[Ansan]]), [[Andong]], North [[Gyeongsang]] Province, in 1501. He belonged to the [[Lee (Korean name)|Jinseong Yi]] clan, and was the youngest son among eight children.<ref name="yh aks">{{ko}} [http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOa_A1501_1_0011100 Yi Hwang] at The Academy of Korean Studies</ref> A child prodigy, he learned the [[Analects of Confucius]] from his uncle at age nine and admiring the poetry of [[Tang]]'s [[Tao Yuanming|Tao Qian]], started writing poetry. His poem ''Yadang'' (hangul:야당, hanja:野塘, "Pond in the Wild"), written at the age of eighteen, is considered one of his major works.<ref name="yh ekc"/><ref>{{ko}} [http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=103&oid=081&aid=0000043131 君子有終], Seoul Sinmun, 2005-05-18. Retrieved 2010-07-07.</ref> Around the age of twenty, he immersed himself in the study of [[I Ching]] and [[Neo-Confucianism]].<ref name="yh ekc"/><ref name="yh bk">{{ko}} [http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=B&i=180790&v=43 Yi Hwang] at Britannica Korea</ref>

He came to [[Seoul]] when he was 23 years old and entered the national academy [[Seonggyungwan]] in 1523. In 1527 he passed prelimary exams to become a government official, but re-entered Seonggyungwan at the age of 33 and socialized with the scholar [[Kim In-hu]]. He passed the civil service exams with top honors in 1534 and continued his scholarly pursuits whilst working for the government.<ref name="yh ekc"/> He returned to his childhood home at the death of his mother at the age of 37 and mourned her for 3 years. He was appointed various positions from the age of 39 and sometimes held multiple positions including ''Amhaengeosa'' (hangul:암행어사, hanja:暗行御史), a secret inspector-general for the government in 1542. His integrity made him relentless as he took part in purges of corrupt government officials. On numerous occasions he was even exiled from the capital for his firm commitment to principle.<ref name="yh doosan"/>

Yi Hwang was disillusioned by the power struggles and discord in the royal court during the later years of [[Jungjong of Joseon|King Jungjong]]'s reign and left political office. However, he was continuously brought out of retirement and held several positions away from the royal court and in rural areas. He was the governor of [[Danyang County| Danyang]] at 48 and governor of [[Punggi-eup|Punggi]] afterwards. During his days at Pungi he redeveloped and improved the private [[Neo-Confucian]] academy [[Sosu Seowon|Baekundong Seowon]] established by his predecessor [[Sosu Seowon|Ju Se-bung]].<ref name="yh ekc"/>

He was named ''Daesaseong'' (대사성, head instructor) of Seonggyungwan in 1552 but turned down other prominent offices later on. In 1560, he established the ''Dosan [[seodang]]'' and engrossed himself in meditation, study, and teaching his disciples. [[Myeongjong of Joseon|King Myeongjong]] tried to coax him back to political office, but he was steadfast in his devotion to study. He finally returned to the royal court at 67 upon the king's request when envoys from the [[Ming Dynasty]] came to Seoul. When King Myeongjong suddenly died, his successor [[Seonjo of Joseon|King Seonjo]] appointed Yi Hwang as ''Yejo panseo''(hangul:예조판서, hanja:禮曹判書, minister of rites) but he declined and returned to his home once again.<ref name="yh ekc"/><ref name="yh aks"/>

However, the king continuously called Yi Hwang back and unable to refuse further, he resumed office at the age of 68 and wrote many advisory documents including ''Seonghak sipdo'' (hangul:성학십도, hanja:聖學十圖, "Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning"). He also gave lectures from the teachings of [[Song Dynasty]] Confucian scholars [[Cheng Yi (philosopher)|Cheng Yi]] and [[Cheng Hao]], [[I Ching]], [[Analects]], and [[Zhang Zai]] in royal presence. He finally retired from politics at the age of 70 and died in 1570. <ref name="yh ekc"/>

During forty years of public life he served four kings ([[Jungjong of Joseon|Jungjong]], [[Injong of Joseon|Injong]], [[Myeongjong of Joseon|Myeongjong]] and [[Seonjo of Joseon|Seonjo]]). On his death, Yi Hwang was posthumously promoted to the highest ministerial rank, and his mortuary tablet housed in a Confucian shrine as well as in the shrine of [[King Seonjo of Joseon|King Seonjo]]. His disciples and followers reorganized the ''Dosan [[seodang]]'' to [[Dosan Seowon]] in 1574.<ref name="yh ekc"/><ref name="yh aks"/>

==Teachings==
Yi Hwang was the author of many books on Confucianism. He followed the dualistic [[Neo-Confucianism]] teachings of [[Zhu Xi| Chu Hsi]], which views ''i'' (Chinese "li") and ''gi'' (Chines "qi") as the forces of foundation of the universe. Yi Hwang placed emphasis on the ''i'', the formative element, as the existential force that determines ''gi''. This school of thought contrasted with the school that focused on the concrete element of ''gi'', established by Yi Hwang's counterpart [[Yi I]]. Understanding the determinative pattern of ''i'' would be more essential in understanding the universe than recognizing the principles that govern individual manifestations of ''gi''. This approach of placing importance on the role of ''i'' became the core of the Yeongnam School, where Yi Hwang's legacy was carried on by prominent figures such as [[Yu Seong-ryong]] and [[Kim Seong-il]].<ref>Lee Hyun-hee, Park Sung-soo, Yoon Nae-hyun, translated by The Academy of Korean Studies, ''New History of Korea'' pp 392-393, Jimoondang, Paju, 2005. ISBN 89-88095-85-5</ref>

Yi Hwang was also talented in calligraphy and poetry, writing a collection of ''[[sijo]]'', a three line poetic form popular with the literati of the Joseon period. <ref name="yh ekc"/>

===Works===
* ''The Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning'' (hangul:성학십도, hanja:聖學十圖)
* ''Outline and Explanations of the Works of [[Zhu Xi]]'' (hangul:주자서절요, hanja:朱子書節要)
* ''Commentary on the Scripture of the Heart'' (hangul:심경석의, hanja:心經釋義)
* ''History of [[Neo-Confucianism]] in the [[Song Dynasty|Song]], [[Yuan Dynasty|Yuan]] and [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] Dynasties'' (hangul:송계원명이학통록, hanja:宋季元明理學通錄)
* ''The Four-Seven Debate'' (hangul:사칠속편, hanja:四七續篇): discusses [[Mencius]]'s philosophy with [[Gi Dae-seung]]

===Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning===
The Neo-Confucian literature of ''Seonghaksipdo'' was composed by Yi Hwang in 1568 for [[Seonjo of Joseon|King Seonjo]]. It is a series of lectures for rulers through examples of past sages.<ref>{{ko}} [http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=92451 Seonghaksipdo] at [[Doosan Encyclopedia]]</ref> . Traditional Confucians had affirmed that any man could learn to become a sage; the new Confucians made the ideal of sagehood real and attainable, just as enlightenment was for Buddhists. Yi Hwang intended to present that path by starting each chapter with a diagram and related text drawn from Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi) or another leading authority, and concluding with a brief commentary. He intended for “Ten Diagrams” to be made into a ten paneled standing screen, as well as a short book, so that the mind of the viewer could be constantly engaged with its contents, until it totally assimilated the material.<ref>[http://faculty.washington.edu/mkalton/Ten%20Diagrams.htm Ten Diagrams], Michael C. Kalton, Columbia University Press, 1988</ref>

==In modern culture==
[[Image:1000 won serieIII obverse.jpeg|right|250px|thumb|Yi Hwang on the currently circulating 1,000 [[South Korean won|won]] note]]
Toegyero, a street in central Seoul, is named after him <ref>{{ko}} [http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=156033 Toegyero] at [[Doosan Encyclopedia]]</ref>, and he is depicted on the [[South Korea]]n 1,000 [[South Korean won|won]] note. <ref>{{ko}} [http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=101&oid=019&aid=0000127499 The new 1,000 won bill], Maeil Business News, 2006-01-17. Retrieved 2010-07-08.</ref> The [[Taekwondo]] pattern [[International Taekwondo Federation#Patterns|Toi-Gye]] was named in honor of Yi Hwang.<ref>{{ko}} [http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=104&oid=001&aid=0001046333 Historical names in Taekwondo], [[Yonhap News]], 2005-07-10. Retrieved 2010-07-08.</ref>

Many institutes and university research departments devoted to Yi Hwang have been established. The Toegye Studies Institute set up in Seoul in 1970, [[Kyungpook National University]]'s Toegye Institute opened in 1979, and an institute and library in [[Dankook University]] in 1986. There are research institutes in [[Tokyo]], [[Taiwan]], [[Hamburg]] and the United States. <ref name="yh ekc"/><ref name="yh aks"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Korean philosophers]]
* [[Yi I]]
* [[Neo-Confucianism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal | last=Daehwan | first=Noh | title=[http://www.ekoreajournal.net/upload/html/HTML43412.html "The Eclectic Development of Neo-Confucianism and Statecraft from the 18th to the 19th Century,"] | journal=Korea Journal | date=Winter 2003}}

== External links ==
*[http://faculty.washington.edu/mkalton To become a sage], translation of ''Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning'', Michael C. Kalton, Columbia University Press, 1988.
*[http://www.dosanseowon.com/english/main.asp Cyber Dosan Seowon], general information on Yi Hwang and his teachings
*[http://www.toegyehbs.or.kr/ The T'oegye Studies Institute, Busan]
*[http://humanities.knu.ac.kr/labor/labor_04.html The T'oegye Research Institute, Kyungpook National University]
*[http://homepage.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/Sven.K.Herbers-Lee/dateien/tgyh.html Detailed bibliography]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yi Hwang}}
[[Category:Korean Confucianists]]
[[Category:Korean philosophers]]
[[Category:Joseon Dynasty people]]
[[Category:1501 births]]
[[Category:1570 deaths]]

[[de:I Hwang]]
[[ko:이황]]
[[id:Yi Hwang]]
[[ja:李滉]]
[[no:I Hwang]]
[[sv:Yi Hwang]]
[[zh:李滉]]

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2010-07-03T03:23:42Z

Enkyo2: /* See also */ link -- Shūmei

[[File:Utaemon Nakamura VI 1951.jpg|thumb|right|Utaemon VI in costume, preparing to play a female kabuki role (''[[onnagata]]''), 1951.]]

{{nihongo|'''Nakamura Utaemon VI'''|中村歌右衛門 (6代目)||January 20, 1917 — March 31, 2001}} was a [[Japan|Japanese]] [[kabuki]] performer and an artistic director of the [[Kabuki-za]] in Toyko. <ref name="strom">Strom, Stephanie. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E3D81F3FF937A35757C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=Nakamura+Utaemon+VI%2C+84%2C+International+Star+of+Kabuki. ''Nakamura Utaemon VI, 84, International Star of Kabuki"], ''New York Times.'' April 4, 2001.</ref> He was a prominent member of a family of kabuki actors from the [[Keihanshin]] region. <ref name="nussbaum691">Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 691.|page=691}}</ref>

Nakamura Utaemon was a stage name with significant cutural and historical connotations.<ref>Kurkup, James. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nakamura-utaemon-vi-728998.html "Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''The Independent'' (London). April 6, 2001.</ref> The name Utaemon indicates personal status as an actor. Such a title can only be assumed after the death of a previous holder, under restrictive succession conventions.<ref name="scott159">Scott, Adolphe C. (1999). {{Google books|68RITdcFpHYC|''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan,'' p. 159.|page=159}}</ref>

Utaemon VI was the son of Nakamura Utaemon V. His name was Fujio Kawamura when he was born in the sixth generation of a line of famous Kabuki actors.<ref name="strom"/> In the conservative Kabuki world, stage names are passed from father to son in formal system which converts the kabuki stage name into a mark of accomplishment.<ref name="scott159"/> The name Utaemon VI was formally proclaimed in a 1951 ceremony at the Kabuki theater in Tokyo.<ref>Trumbull, Robert. [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60F1FF83F5916738DDDAB0994DC405B808AF1D3 "Kabuki Theatre Elevates Actor In Traditional Japanese Rites,"] ''New York Times.'' April 12, 1960.</ref>

; Lineage of Utaemon stage names
* [[Nakamura Utaemon I]] (1714–1791) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre,'' pp. 263-264.|page=263}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon II]] (1752-1798) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2002). {{Google books|QBqNsGva3wcC|''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance,'' p. 78|page=78}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon III]] (1778-1838) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]] (1798-1852) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon V]] (1865-1940) <ref> [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0A16FD3454107A93C0A ''Utaemon Nakamura"], ''New York Times.'' September 11, 1940.</ref>
* Nakamura Utaemon VI (1917-2001)

In a long career, he acted in many kabuki plays; but he was best known for his [[Oyama (Japanese theatre)|oyama]] roles. <ref name="strom"/>

==Living National Treasure==
In 1968, the government of Japan designated him a [[Living National Treasure]], which was a title acknowledging him as a "bearer of important intangible cultural assets."<ref name="strom"/>

==Selected works==
Nakamura's published writings encompass 6 works in 6 publications in 2 languages and 9 library holdings<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n97-862773 中村歌右衛門 6世 1917-2001;] [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no90-8556 中村歌右衛門 1917- ].</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 2006 — {{nihongo| - |伽羅先代萩: 三幕五場|Meiboku sendai hagi: sanmaku goba}} 10-ISBN 4835615980/13-ISBN 9784835615981; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/meiboku-sendai-hagi-sanmaku-goba/oclc/070233503 OCLC 70233503]
* 1993 — {{nihongo| - |鏡山旧錦絵: 通し狂言四幕六場|Kagamiyama kokyō no nishikie: tōshi kyōgen yonmaku rokuba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kagamiyama-kokyo-no-nishikie-toshi-kyogen-yonmaku-rokuba/oclc/054923943 OCLC 054923943]
* 1989 — {{nihongo| - |番町皿屋敷: 一幕二場|Banchō sarayashiki: hitomaku niba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bancho-sarayashiki-hitomaku-niba/oclc/029849646 OCLC 029849646]
* 1984 — {{nihongo| -|大経師昔暦: おさん茂兵衛二幕三場|Daikyōji mukashigoyomi: osan mohee nimaku sanba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/daikyoji-mukashigoyomi-osan-mohee-nimaku-sanba/oclc/054925804 OCLC 054925804]

==Honors==
* [[Japan Art Academy]], 1963 <ref>Leiter, {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|p. 264.|page=264}}</ref>
* [[Order of Culture]], 1979 <ref name="strom"/>
* [[Praemium Imperiale]], 1995 <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/16/arts/lloyd-webber-wins-prize.html?scp= "Lloyd Webber Wins Prize,"] ''New York Times.'' June 16, 1995.</ref>
* [[Order of the Sacred Treasure|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 1996 <ref name="strom"/>

==See also==
* [[List of people on stamps of Japan]]
* [[Shūmei]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Brandon, James R. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/asian_theatre_journal/v023/23.1brandon.pdf "Myth and Reality: A Story of Kabuki during American Censorship, 1945-1949,"] ''Asian Theatre Journal, Volume 23, Number 1, Spring 2006, pp. 1-110.
* Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=6NLGxdXEkvIC&dq=nakamura+utaemon+i&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre.''] Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 10-ISBN 0810855275; 13-ISBN 9780810855274; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-dictionary-of-japanese-traditional-theatre/oclc/238637010 OCLC 238637010]
* __________. ( 2002). [http://books.google.com/books?id=QBqNsGva3wcC&dq=yamatoya+utaemon+ii&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance.''] 10-ISBN 0765607042/13-ISBN 9780765607041; 10-ISBN 0765607050/13-ISBN 9780765607058; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-reader-history-and-performance/oclc/182632867 OCLC 182632867]
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq= ''Japan Encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301]
* Scott, Adolphe Clarence. (1955). [http://books.google.com/books?id=68RITdcFpHYC&dq= ''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan.''] London: Allen & Unwin. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-theatre-of-japan/oclc/622644114?referer=di&h OCLC 622644114]
* Takeshi Kaneko. [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/culture/090325.htm "A Man with the Brilliance of a Flower; Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''Yomiuri Shimbun.'' Spring 2009.

==External links==
*Waseda University, [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/index.html Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum;] [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/exhibitions.html Permanent exhibit, Nakamura Utaemon VI]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://www.janm.org/collections/item/96.267.710/ "Nakamura Utaemon VI meets Rin-Tin-Tin" — Los Angeles, California, July 2, 1960]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://gallery.panorama.it/gallery/mishima/116613_mishima_con_utaemon_nel_1954.html Yukio Mishima with Nakamura Utaemon VI, 1954]
* World Digial Library: [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9/ ''Nakamura Utaemon no Katō Masakiyo,'' woodblock print c. 1818-1830]
* Find-A-Grave: [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6135007 Utaemon Nakamura, Aoyama Cemetery, Tokyo]
* [http://www.geijutuin.go.jp/04/index.html Japan Art Academy]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamura, Utaemon VI}}
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Order of Culture recipients]]
[[Category:Order of the Sacred Treasure recipients]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]

{{Japan-actor-stub}}

[[ja:中村歌右衛門 (6代目)]]

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2010-07-03T00:03:31Z

Enkyo2:

[[File:Utaemon Nakamura VI 1951.jpg|thumb|right|Utaemon VI in costume, preparing to play a female kabuki role (''[[onnagata]]''), 1951.]]

{{nihongo|'''Nakamura Utaemon VI'''|中村歌右衛門 (6代目)||January 20, 1917 — March 31, 2001}} was a [[Japan|Japanese]] [[kabuki]] performer and an artistic director of the [[Kabuki-za]] in Toyko. <ref name="strom">Strom, Stephanie. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E3D81F3FF937A35757C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=Nakamura+Utaemon+VI%2C+84%2C+International+Star+of+Kabuki. ''Nakamura Utaemon VI, 84, International Star of Kabuki"], ''New York Times.'' April 4, 2001.</ref> He was a prominent member of a family of kabuki actors from the [[Keihanshin]] region. <ref name="nussbaum691">Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 691.|page=691}}</ref>

Nakamura Utaemon was a stage name with significant cutural and historical connotations.<ref>Kurkup, James. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nakamura-utaemon-vi-728998.html "Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''The Independent'' (London). April 6, 2001.</ref> The name Utaemon indicates personal status as an actor. Such a title can only be assumed after the death of a previous holder, under restrictive succession conventions.<ref name="scott159">Scott, Adolphe C. (1999). {{Google books|68RITdcFpHYC|''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan,'' p. 159.|page=159}}</ref>

Utaemon VI was the son of Nakamura Utaemon V. His name was Fujio Kawamura when he was born in the sixth generation of a line of famous Kabuki actors.<ref name="strom"/> In the conservative Kabuki world, stage names are passed from father to son in formal system which converts the kabuki stage name into a mark of accomplishment.<ref name="scott159"/> The name Utaemon VI was formally proclaimed in a 1951 ceremony at the Kabuki theater in Tokyo.<ref>Trumbull, Robert. [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60F1FF83F5916738DDDAB0994DC405B808AF1D3 "Kabuki Theatre Elevates Actor In Traditional Japanese Rites,"] ''New York Times.'' April 12, 1960.</ref>

; Lineage of Utaemon stage names
* [[Nakamura Utaemon I]] (1714–1791) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre,'' pp. 263-264.|page=263}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon II]] (1752-1798) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2002). {{Google books|QBqNsGva3wcC|''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance,'' p. 78|page=78}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon III]] (1778-1838) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]] (1798-1852) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon V]] (1865-1940) <ref> [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0A16FD3454107A93C0A ''Utaemon Nakamura"], ''New York Times.'' September 11, 1940.</ref>
* Nakamura Utaemon VI (1917-2001)

In a long career, he acted in many kabuki plays; but he was best known for his [[Oyama (Japanese theatre)|oyama]] roles. <ref name="strom"/>

==Living National Treasure==
In 1968, the government of Japan designated him a [[Living National Treasure]], which was a title acknowledging him as a "bearer of important intangible cultural assets."<ref name="strom"/>

==Selected works==
Nakamura's published writings encompass 6 works in 6 publications in 2 languages and 9 library holdings<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n97-862773 中村歌右衛門 6世 1917-2001;] [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no90-8556 中村歌右衛門 1917- ].</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 2006 — {{nihongo| - |伽羅先代萩: 三幕五場|Meiboku sendai hagi: sanmaku goba}} 10-ISBN 4835615980/13-ISBN 9784835615981; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/meiboku-sendai-hagi-sanmaku-goba/oclc/070233503 OCLC 70233503]
* 1993 — {{nihongo| - |鏡山旧錦絵: 通し狂言四幕六場|Kagamiyama kokyō no nishikie: tōshi kyōgen yonmaku rokuba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kagamiyama-kokyo-no-nishikie-toshi-kyogen-yonmaku-rokuba/oclc/054923943 OCLC 054923943]
* 1989 — {{nihongo| - |番町皿屋敷: 一幕二場|Banchō sarayashiki: hitomaku niba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bancho-sarayashiki-hitomaku-niba/oclc/029849646 OCLC 029849646]
* 1984 — {{nihongo| -|大経師昔暦: おさん茂兵衛二幕三場|Daikyōji mukashigoyomi: osan mohee nimaku sanba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/daikyoji-mukashigoyomi-osan-mohee-nimaku-sanba/oclc/054925804 OCLC 054925804]

==Honors==
* [[Japan Art Academy]], 1963 <ref>Leiter, {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|p. 264.|page=264}}</ref>
* [[Order of Culture]], 1979 <ref name="strom"/>
* [[Praemium Imperiale]], 1995 <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/16/arts/lloyd-webber-wins-prize.html?scp= "Lloyd Webber Wins Prize,"] ''New York Times.'' June 16, 1995.</ref>
* [[Order of the Sacred Treasure|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 1996 <ref name="strom"/>

==See also==
* [[List of people on stamps of Japan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Brandon, James R. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/asian_theatre_journal/v023/23.1brandon.pdf "Myth and Reality: A Story of Kabuki during American Censorship, 1945-1949,"] ''Asian Theatre Journal, Volume 23, Number 1, Spring 2006, pp. 1-110.
* Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=6NLGxdXEkvIC&dq=nakamura+utaemon+i&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre.''] Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 10-ISBN 0810855275; 13-ISBN 9780810855274; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-dictionary-of-japanese-traditional-theatre/oclc/238637010 OCLC 238637010]
* __________. ( 2002). [http://books.google.com/books?id=QBqNsGva3wcC&dq=yamatoya+utaemon+ii&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance.''] 10-ISBN 0765607042/13-ISBN 9780765607041; 10-ISBN 0765607050/13-ISBN 9780765607058; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-reader-history-and-performance/oclc/182632867 OCLC 182632867]
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq= ''Japan Encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301]
* Scott, Adolphe Clarence. (1955). [http://books.google.com/books?id=68RITdcFpHYC&dq= ''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan.''] London: Allen & Unwin. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-theatre-of-japan/oclc/622644114?referer=di&h OCLC 622644114]
* Takeshi Kaneko. [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/culture/090325.htm "A Man with the Brilliance of a Flower; Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''Yomiuri Shimbun.'' Spring 2009.

==External links==
*Waseda University, [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/index.html Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum;] [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/exhibitions.html Permanent exhibit, Nakamura Utaemon VI]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://www.janm.org/collections/item/96.267.710/ "Nakamura Utaemon VI meets Rin-Tin-Tin" — Los Angeles, California, July 2, 1960]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://gallery.panorama.it/gallery/mishima/116613_mishima_con_utaemon_nel_1954.html Yukio Mishima with Nakamura Utaemon VI, 1954]
* World Digial Library: [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9/ ''Nakamura Utaemon no Katō Masakiyo,'' woodblock print c. 1818-1830]
* Find-A-Grave: [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6135007 Utaemon Nakamura, Aoyama Cemetery, Tokyo]
* [http://www.geijutuin.go.jp/04/index.html Japan Art Academy]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamura, Utaemon VI}}
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Order of Culture recipients]]
[[Category:Order of the Sacred Treasure recipients]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]

{{Japan-actor-stub}}

[[ja:中村歌右衛門 (6代目)]]

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2010-07-02T20:15:25Z

Enkyo2: /* External links */ + Japan Art Academy

[[File:Utaemon Nakamura VI 1951.jpg|thumb|right|Utaemon VI in costume, preparing to play a female kabuki role (''[[onnagata]]''), 1951.]]

{{nihongo|'''Nakamura Utaemon VI'''|中村歌右衛門 (6代目)||January 20, 1917 — March 31, 2001}} was a [[Japan|Japanese]] [[kabuki]] performer and an artistic director of the [[Kabuki-za]] in Toyko. <ref name="strom">Strom, Stephanie. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E3D81F3FF937A35757C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=Nakamura+Utaemon+VI%2C+84%2C+International+Star+of+Kabuki. ''Nakamura Utaemon VI, 84, International Star of Kabuki"], ''New York Times.'' April 4, 2001.</ref> He was a prominent member of a family of kabuki actors from the [[Keihanshin]] region. <ref name="nussbaum691">Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 691.|page=691}}</ref>

Nakamura Utaemon was a stage name (''narikomaya'') with significant cutural and historical connotations.<ref>Kurkup, James. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nakamura-utaemon-vi-728998.html "Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''The Independent'' (London). April 6, 2001.</ref> The name Utaemon indicates personal status as an actor. Such a title can only be assumed after the death of a previous holder, under restrictive succession conventions.<ref name="scott159">Scott, Adolphe C. (1999). {{Google books|68RITdcFpHYC|''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan,'' p. 159.|page=159}}</ref>

Utaemon VI was the son of Nakamura Utaemon V. His name was Fujio Kawamura when he was born in the sixth generation of a line of famous Kabuki actors.<ref name="strom"/> In the conservative Kabuki world, stage names are passed from father to son in formal system which converts the kabuki stage name into a mark of accomplishment.<ref name="scott159"/> The name Utaemon VI was formally proclaimed in a 1951 ceremony at the Kabuki theater in Tokyo.<ref>Trumbull, Robert. [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60F1FF83F5916738DDDAB0994DC405B808AF1D3 "Kabuki Theatre Elevates Actor In Traditional Japanese Rites,"] ''New York Times.'' April 12, 1960.</ref>

; Lineage of Utaemon stage names
* [[Nakamura Utaemon I]] (1714–1791) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre,'' pp. 263-264.|page=263}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon II]] (1752-1798) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2002). {{Google books|QBqNsGva3wcC|''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance,'' p. 78|page=78}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon III]] (1778-1838) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]] (1798-1852) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon V]] (1865-1940) <ref> [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0A16FD3454107A93C0A ''Utaemon Nakamura"], ''New York Times.'' September 11, 1940.</ref>
* Nakamura Utaemon VI (1917-2001)

In a long career, he acted in many kabuki plays; but he was best known for his [[Oyama (Japanese theatre)|oyama]] roles. <ref name="strom"/>

==Living National Treasure==
In 1968, the government of Japan designated him a [[Living National Treasure]], which was a title acknowledging him as a "bearer of important intangible cultural assets."<ref name="strom"/>

==Selected works==
Nakamura's published writings encompass 6 works in 6 publications in 2 languages and 9 library holdings<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n97-862773 中村歌右衛門 6世 1917-2001;] [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no90-8556 中村歌右衛門 1917- ].</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 2006 — {{nihongo| - |伽羅先代萩: 三幕五場|Meiboku sendai hagi: sanmaku goba}} 10-ISBN 4835615980/13-ISBN 9784835615981; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/meiboku-sendai-hagi-sanmaku-goba/oclc/070233503 OCLC 70233503]
* 1993 — {{nihongo| - |鏡山旧錦絵: 通し狂言四幕六場|Kagamiyama kokyō no nishikie: tōshi kyōgen yonmaku rokuba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kagamiyama-kokyo-no-nishikie-toshi-kyogen-yonmaku-rokuba/oclc/054923943 OCLC 054923943]
* 1989 — {{nihongo| - |番町皿屋敷: 一幕二場|Banchō sarayashiki: hitomaku niba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bancho-sarayashiki-hitomaku-niba/oclc/029849646 OCLC 029849646]
* 1984 — {{nihongo| -|大経師昔暦: おさん茂兵衛二幕三場|Daikyōji mukashigoyomi: osan mohee nimaku sanba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/daikyoji-mukashigoyomi-osan-mohee-nimaku-sanba/oclc/054925804 OCLC 054925804]

==Honors==
* [[Japan Art Academy]], 1963 <ref>Leiter, {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|p. 264.|page=264}}</ref>
* [[Order of Culture]], 1979 <ref name="strom"/>
* [[Praemium Imperiale]], 1995 <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/16/arts/lloyd-webber-wins-prize.html?scp= "Lloyd Webber Wins Prize,"] ''New York Times.'' June 16, 1995.</ref>
* [[Order of the Sacred Treasure|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 1996 <ref name="strom"/>

==See also==
* [[List of people on stamps of Japan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Brandon, James R. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/asian_theatre_journal/v023/23.1brandon.pdf "Myth and Reality: A Story of Kabuki during American Censorship, 1945-1949,"] ''Asian Theatre Journal, Volume 23, Number 1, Spring 2006, pp. 1-110.
* Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=6NLGxdXEkvIC&dq=nakamura+utaemon+i&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre.''] Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 10-ISBN 0810855275; 13-ISBN 9780810855274; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-dictionary-of-japanese-traditional-theatre/oclc/238637010 OCLC 238637010]
* __________. ( 2002). [http://books.google.com/books?id=QBqNsGva3wcC&dq=yamatoya+utaemon+ii&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance.''] 10-ISBN 0765607042/13-ISBN 9780765607041; 10-ISBN 0765607050/13-ISBN 9780765607058; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-reader-history-and-performance/oclc/182632867 OCLC 182632867]
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq= ''Japan Encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301]
* Scott, Adolphe Clarence. (1955). [http://books.google.com/books?id=68RITdcFpHYC&dq= ''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan.''] London: Allen & Unwin. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-theatre-of-japan/oclc/622644114?referer=di&h OCLC 622644114]
* Takeshi Kaneko. [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/culture/090325.htm "A Man with the Brilliance of a Flower; Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''Yomiuri Shimbun.'' Spring 2009.

==External links==
*Waseda University, [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/index.html Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum;] [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/exhibitions.html Permanent exhibit, Nakamura Utaemon VI]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://www.janm.org/collections/item/96.267.710/ "Nakamura Utaemon VI meets Rin-Tin-Tin" — Los Angeles, California, July 2, 1960]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://gallery.panorama.it/gallery/mishima/116613_mishima_con_utaemon_nel_1954.html Yukio Mishima with Nakamura Utaemon VI, 1954]
* World Digial Library: [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9/ ''Nakamura Utaemon no Katō Masakiyo,'' woodblock print c. 1818-1830]
* Find-A-Grave: [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6135007 Utaemon Nakamura, Aoyama Cemetery, Tokyo]
* [http://www.geijutuin.go.jp/04/index.html Japan Art Academy]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamura, Utaemon VI}}
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Order of Culture recipients]]
[[Category:Order of the Sacred Treasure recipients]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]

{{Japan-actor-stub}}

[[ja:中村歌右衛門 (6代目)]]

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2010-07-02T18:26:32Z

Enkyo2: /* References */ Asian Theater Journal, p. 33 -- 1946 photo inside SCAP with Faubion Bowers

[[File:Utaemon Nakamura VI 1951.jpg|thumb|right|Utaemon VI in costume, preparing to play a female kabuki role (''[[onnagata]]''), 1951.]]

{{nihongo|'''Nakamura Utaemon VI'''|中村歌右衛門 (6代目)||January 20, 1917 — March 31, 2001}} was a [[Japan|Japanese]] [[kabuki]] performer and an artistic director of the [[Kabuki-za]] in Toyko. <ref name="strom">Strom, Stephanie. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E3D81F3FF937A35757C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=Nakamura+Utaemon+VI%2C+84%2C+International+Star+of+Kabuki. ''Nakamura Utaemon VI, 84, International Star of Kabuki"], ''New York Times.'' April 4, 2001.</ref> He was a prominent member of a family of kabuki actors from the [[Keihanshin]] region. <ref name="nussbaum691">Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 691.|page=691}}</ref>

Nakamura Utaemon was a stage name (''narikomaya'') with significant cutural and historical connotations.<ref>Kurkup, James. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nakamura-utaemon-vi-728998.html "Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''The Independent'' (London). April 6, 2001.</ref> The name Utaemon indicates personal status as an actor. Such a title can only be assumed after the death of a previous holder, under restrictive succession conventions.<ref name="scott159">Scott, Adolphe C. (1999). {{Google books|68RITdcFpHYC|''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan,'' p. 159.|page=159}}</ref>

Utaemon VI was the son of Nakamura Utaemon V. His name was Fujio Kawamura when he was born in the sixth generation of a line of famous Kabuki actors.<ref name="strom"/> In the conservative Kabuki world, stage names are passed from father to son in formal system which converts the kabuki stage name into a mark of accomplishment.<ref name="scott159"/> The name Utaemon VI was formally proclaimed in a 1951 ceremony at the Kabuki theater in Tokyo.<ref>Trumbull, Robert. [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60F1FF83F5916738DDDAB0994DC405B808AF1D3 "Kabuki Theatre Elevates Actor In Traditional Japanese Rites,"] ''New York Times.'' April 12, 1960.</ref>

; Lineage of Utaemon stage names
* [[Nakamura Utaemon I]] (1714–1791) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre,'' pp. 263-264.|page=263}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon II]] (1752-1798) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2002). {{Google books|QBqNsGva3wcC|''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance,'' p. 78|page=78}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon III]] (1778-1838) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]] (1798-1852) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon V]] (1865-1940) <ref> [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0A16FD3454107A93C0A ''Utaemon Nakamura"], ''New York Times.'' September 11, 1940.</ref>
* Nakamura Utaemon VI (1917-2001)

In a long career, he acted in many kabuki plays; but he was best known for his [[Oyama (Japanese theatre)|oyama]] roles. <ref name="strom"/>

==Living National Treasure==
In 1968, the government of Japan designated him a [[Living National Treasure]], which was a title acknowledging him as a "bearer of important intangible cultural assets."<ref name="strom"/>

==Selected works==
Nakamura's published writings encompass 6 works in 6 publications in 2 languages and 9 library holdings<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n97-862773 中村歌右衛門 6世 1917-2001;] [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no90-8556 中村歌右衛門 1917- ].</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 2006 — {{nihongo| - |伽羅先代萩: 三幕五場|Meiboku sendai hagi: sanmaku goba}} 10-ISBN 4835615980/13-ISBN 9784835615981; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/meiboku-sendai-hagi-sanmaku-goba/oclc/070233503 OCLC 70233503]
* 1993 — {{nihongo| - |鏡山旧錦絵: 通し狂言四幕六場|Kagamiyama kokyō no nishikie: tōshi kyōgen yonmaku rokuba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kagamiyama-kokyo-no-nishikie-toshi-kyogen-yonmaku-rokuba/oclc/054923943 OCLC 054923943]
* 1989 — {{nihongo| - |番町皿屋敷: 一幕二場|Banchō sarayashiki: hitomaku niba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bancho-sarayashiki-hitomaku-niba/oclc/029849646 OCLC 029849646]
* 1984 — {{nihongo| -|大経師昔暦: おさん茂兵衛二幕三場|Daikyōji mukashigoyomi: osan mohee nimaku sanba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/daikyoji-mukashigoyomi-osan-mohee-nimaku-sanba/oclc/054925804 OCLC 054925804]

==Honors==
* [[Japan Art Academy]], 1963 <ref>Leiter, {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|p. 264.|page=264}}</ref>
* [[Order of Culture]], 1979 <ref name="strom"/>
* [[Praemium Imperiale]], 1995 <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/16/arts/lloyd-webber-wins-prize.html?scp= "Lloyd Webber Wins Prize,"] ''New York Times.'' June 16, 1995.</ref>
* [[Order of the Sacred Treasure|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 1996 <ref name="strom"/>

==See also==
* [[List of people on stamps of Japan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Brandon, James R. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/asian_theatre_journal/v023/23.1brandon.pdf "Myth and Reality: A Story of Kabuki during American Censorship, 1945-1949,"] ''Asian Theatre Journal, Volume 23, Number 1, Spring 2006, pp. 1-110.
* Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=6NLGxdXEkvIC&dq=nakamura+utaemon+i&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre.''] Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 10-ISBN 0810855275; 13-ISBN 9780810855274; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-dictionary-of-japanese-traditional-theatre/oclc/238637010 OCLC 238637010]
* __________. ( 2002). [http://books.google.com/books?id=QBqNsGva3wcC&dq=yamatoya+utaemon+ii&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance.''] 10-ISBN 0765607042/13-ISBN 9780765607041; 10-ISBN 0765607050/13-ISBN 9780765607058; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-reader-history-and-performance/oclc/182632867 OCLC 182632867]
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq= ''Japan Encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301]
* Scott, Adolphe Clarence. (1955). [http://books.google.com/books?id=68RITdcFpHYC&dq= ''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan.''] London: Allen & Unwin. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-theatre-of-japan/oclc/622644114?referer=di&h OCLC 622644114]
* Takeshi Kaneko. [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/culture/090325.htm "A Man with the Brilliance of a Flower; Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''Yomiuri Shimbun.'' Spring 2009.

==External links==
*Waseda University, [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/index.html Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum;] [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/exhibitions.html Permanent exhibit, Nakamura Utaemon VI]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://www.janm.org/collections/item/96.267.710/ "Nakamura Utaemon VI meets Rin-Tin-Tin" — Los Angeles, California, July 2, 1960]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://gallery.panorama.it/gallery/mishima/116613_mishima_con_utaemon_nel_1954.html Yukio Mishima with Nakamura Utaemon VI, 1954]
* World Digial Library: [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9/ ''Nakamura Utaemon no Katō Masakiyo,'' woodblock print c. 1818-1830]
* Find-A-Grave: [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6135007 Utaemon Nakamura, Aoyama Cemetery, Tokyo]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamura, Utaemon VI}}
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Order of Culture recipients]]
[[Category:Order of the Sacred Treasure recipients]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]

{{Japan-actor-stub}}

[[ja:中村歌右衛門 (6代目)]]

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2010-07-02T17:51:08Z

Enkyo2: /* External links */ Find-A-Grave -- Utaemon Nakamura

[[File:Utaemon Nakamura VI 1951.jpg|thumb|right|Utaemon VI in costume, preparing to play a female kabuki role (''[[onnagata]]''), 1951.]]

{{nihongo|'''Nakamura Utaemon VI'''|中村歌右衛門 (6代目)||January 20, 1917 — March 31, 2001}} was a [[Japan|Japanese]] [[kabuki]] performer and an artistic director of the [[Kabuki-za]] in Toyko. <ref name="strom">Strom, Stephanie. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E3D81F3FF937A35757C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=Nakamura+Utaemon+VI%2C+84%2C+International+Star+of+Kabuki. ''Nakamura Utaemon VI, 84, International Star of Kabuki"], ''New York Times.'' April 4, 2001.</ref> He was a prominent member of a family of kabuki actors from the [[Keihanshin]] region. <ref name="nussbaum691">Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 691.|page=691}}</ref>

Nakamura Utaemon was a stage name (''narikomaya'') with significant cutural and historical connotations.<ref>Kurkup, James. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nakamura-utaemon-vi-728998.html "Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''The Independent'' (London). April 6, 2001.</ref> The name Utaemon indicates personal status as an actor. Such a title can only be assumed after the death of a previous holder, under restrictive succession conventions.<ref name="scott159">Scott, Adolphe C. (1999). {{Google books|68RITdcFpHYC|''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan,'' p. 159.|page=159}}</ref>

Utaemon VI was the son of Nakamura Utaemon V. His name was Fujio Kawamura when he was born in the sixth generation of a line of famous Kabuki actors.<ref name="strom"/> In the conservative Kabuki world, stage names are passed from father to son in formal system which converts the kabuki stage name into a mark of accomplishment.<ref name="scott159"/> The name Utaemon VI was formally proclaimed in a 1951 ceremony at the Kabuki theater in Tokyo.<ref>Trumbull, Robert. [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60F1FF83F5916738DDDAB0994DC405B808AF1D3 "Kabuki Theatre Elevates Actor In Traditional Japanese Rites,"] ''New York Times.'' April 12, 1960.</ref>

; Lineage of Utaemon stage names
* [[Nakamura Utaemon I]] (1714–1791) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre,'' pp. 263-264.|page=263}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon II]] (1752-1798) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2002). {{Google books|QBqNsGva3wcC|''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance,'' p. 78|page=78}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon III]] (1778-1838) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]] (1798-1852) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon V]] (1865-1940) <ref> [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0A16FD3454107A93C0A ''Utaemon Nakamura"], ''New York Times.'' September 11, 1940.</ref>
* Nakamura Utaemon VI (1917-2001)

In a long career, he acted in many kabuki plays; but he was best known for his [[Oyama (Japanese theatre)|oyama]] roles. <ref name="strom"/>

==Living National Treasure==
In 1968, the government of Japan designated him a [[Living National Treasure]], which was a title acknowledging him as a "bearer of important intangible cultural assets."<ref name="strom"/>

==Selected works==
Nakamura's published writings encompass 6 works in 6 publications in 2 languages and 9 library holdings<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n97-862773 中村歌右衛門 6世 1917-2001;] [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no90-8556 中村歌右衛門 1917- ].</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 2006 — {{nihongo| - |伽羅先代萩: 三幕五場|Meiboku sendai hagi: sanmaku goba}} 10-ISBN 4835615980/13-ISBN 9784835615981; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/meiboku-sendai-hagi-sanmaku-goba/oclc/070233503 OCLC 70233503]
* 1993 — {{nihongo| - |鏡山旧錦絵: 通し狂言四幕六場|Kagamiyama kokyō no nishikie: tōshi kyōgen yonmaku rokuba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kagamiyama-kokyo-no-nishikie-toshi-kyogen-yonmaku-rokuba/oclc/054923943 OCLC 054923943]
* 1989 — {{nihongo| - |番町皿屋敷: 一幕二場|Banchō sarayashiki: hitomaku niba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bancho-sarayashiki-hitomaku-niba/oclc/029849646 OCLC 029849646]
* 1984 — {{nihongo| -|大経師昔暦: おさん茂兵衛二幕三場|Daikyōji mukashigoyomi: osan mohee nimaku sanba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/daikyoji-mukashigoyomi-osan-mohee-nimaku-sanba/oclc/054925804 OCLC 054925804]

==Honors==
* [[Japan Art Academy]], 1963 <ref>Leiter, {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|p. 264.|page=264}}</ref>
* [[Order of Culture]], 1979 <ref name="strom"/>
* [[Praemium Imperiale]], 1995 <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/16/arts/lloyd-webber-wins-prize.html?scp= "Lloyd Webber Wins Prize,"] ''New York Times.'' June 16, 1995.</ref>
* [[Order of the Sacred Treasure|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 1996 <ref name="strom"/>

==See also==
* [[List of people on stamps of Japan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=6NLGxdXEkvIC&dq=nakamura+utaemon+i&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre.''] Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 10-ISBN 0810855275; 13-ISBN 9780810855274; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-dictionary-of-japanese-traditional-theatre/oclc/238637010 OCLC 238637010]
* __________. ( 2002). [http://books.google.com/books?id=QBqNsGva3wcC&dq=yamatoya+utaemon+ii&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance.''] 10-ISBN 0765607042/13-ISBN 9780765607041; 10-ISBN 0765607050/13-ISBN 9780765607058; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-reader-history-and-performance/oclc/182632867 OCLC 182632867]
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq= ''Japan Encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301]
* Scott, Adolphe Clarence. (1955). [http://books.google.com/books?id=68RITdcFpHYC&dq= ''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan.''] London: Allen & Unwin. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-theatre-of-japan/oclc/622644114?referer=di&h OCLC 622644114]
* Takeshi Kaneko. [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/culture/090325.htm "A Man with the Brilliance of a Flower; Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''Yomiuri Shimbun.'' Spring 2009.

==External links==
*Waseda University, [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/index.html Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum;] [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/exhibitions.html Permanent exhibit, Nakamura Utaemon VI]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://www.janm.org/collections/item/96.267.710/ "Nakamura Utaemon VI meets Rin-Tin-Tin" — Los Angeles, California, July 2, 1960]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://gallery.panorama.it/gallery/mishima/116613_mishima_con_utaemon_nel_1954.html Yukio Mishima with Nakamura Utaemon VI, 1954]
* World Digial Library: [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9/ ''Nakamura Utaemon no Katō Masakiyo,'' woodblock print c. 1818-1830]
* Find-A-Grave: [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6135007 Utaemon Nakamura, Aoyama Cemetery, Tokyo]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamura, Utaemon VI}}
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Order of Culture recipients]]
[[Category:Order of the Sacred Treasure recipients]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]

{{Japan-actor-stub}}

[[ja:中村歌右衛門 (6代目)]]

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2010-07-02T17:23:35Z

Enkyo2: /* See also */ link -- List of people on stamps in Japan

[[File:Utaemon Nakamura VI 1951.jpg|thumb|right|Utaemon VI in costume, preparing to play a female kabuki role (''[[onnagata]]''), 1951.]]

{{nihongo|'''Nakamura Utaemon VI'''|中村歌右衛門 (6代目)||January 20, 1917 — March 31, 2001}} was a [[Japan|Japanese]] [[kabuki]] performer and an artistic director of the [[Kabuki-za]] in Toyko. <ref name="strom">Strom, Stephanie. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E3D81F3FF937A35757C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=Nakamura+Utaemon+VI%2C+84%2C+International+Star+of+Kabuki. ''Nakamura Utaemon VI, 84, International Star of Kabuki"], ''New York Times.'' April 4, 2001.</ref> He was a prominent member of a family of kabuki actors from the [[Keihanshin]] region. <ref name="nussbaum691">Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 691.|page=691}}</ref>

Nakamura Utaemon was a stage name (''narikomaya'') with significant cutural and historical connotations.<ref>Kurkup, James. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nakamura-utaemon-vi-728998.html "Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''The Independent'' (London). April 6, 2001.</ref> The name Utaemon indicates personal status as an actor. Such a title can only be assumed after the death of a previous holder, under restrictive succession conventions.<ref name="scott159">Scott, Adolphe C. (1999). {{Google books|68RITdcFpHYC|''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan,'' p. 159.|page=159}}</ref>

Utaemon VI was the son of Nakamura Utaemon V. His name was Fujio Kawamura when he was born in the sixth generation of a line of famous Kabuki actors.<ref name="strom"/> In the conservative Kabuki world, stage names are passed from father to son in formal system which converts the kabuki stage name into a mark of accomplishment.<ref name="scott159"/> The name Utaemon VI was formally proclaimed in a 1951 ceremony at the Kabuki theater in Tokyo.<ref>Trumbull, Robert. [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60F1FF83F5916738DDDAB0994DC405B808AF1D3 "Kabuki Theatre Elevates Actor In Traditional Japanese Rites,"] ''New York Times.'' April 12, 1960.</ref>

; Lineage of Utaemon stage names
* [[Nakamura Utaemon I]] (1714–1791) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre,'' pp. 263-264.|page=263}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon II]] (1752-1798) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2002). {{Google books|QBqNsGva3wcC|''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance,'' p. 78|page=78}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon III]] (1778-1838) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]] (1798-1852) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon V]] (1865-1940) <ref> [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0A16FD3454107A93C0A ''Utaemon Nakamura"], ''New York Times.'' September 11, 1940.</ref>
* Nakamura Utaemon VI (1917-2001)

In a long career, he acted in many kabuki plays; but he was best known for his [[Oyama (Japanese theatre)|oyama]] roles. <ref name="strom"/>

==Living National Treasure==
In 1968, the government of Japan designated him a [[Living National Treasure]], which was a title acknowledging him as a "bearer of important intangible cultural assets."<ref name="strom"/>

==Selected works==
Nakamura's published writings encompass 6 works in 6 publications in 2 languages and 9 library holdings<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n97-862773 中村歌右衛門 6世 1917-2001;] [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no90-8556 中村歌右衛門 1917- ].</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 2006 — {{nihongo| - |伽羅先代萩: 三幕五場|Meiboku sendai hagi: sanmaku goba}} 10-ISBN 4835615980/13-ISBN 9784835615981; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/meiboku-sendai-hagi-sanmaku-goba/oclc/070233503 OCLC 70233503]
* 1993 — {{nihongo| - |鏡山旧錦絵: 通し狂言四幕六場|Kagamiyama kokyō no nishikie: tōshi kyōgen yonmaku rokuba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kagamiyama-kokyo-no-nishikie-toshi-kyogen-yonmaku-rokuba/oclc/054923943 OCLC 054923943]
* 1989 — {{nihongo| - |番町皿屋敷: 一幕二場|Banchō sarayashiki: hitomaku niba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bancho-sarayashiki-hitomaku-niba/oclc/029849646 OCLC 029849646]
* 1984 — {{nihongo| -|大経師昔暦: おさん茂兵衛二幕三場|Daikyōji mukashigoyomi: osan mohee nimaku sanba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/daikyoji-mukashigoyomi-osan-mohee-nimaku-sanba/oclc/054925804 OCLC 054925804]

==Honors==
* [[Japan Art Academy]], 1963 <ref>Leiter, {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|p. 264.|page=264}}</ref>
* [[Order of Culture]], 1979 <ref name="strom"/>
* [[Praemium Imperiale]], 1995 <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/16/arts/lloyd-webber-wins-prize.html?scp= "Lloyd Webber Wins Prize,"] ''New York Times.'' June 16, 1995.</ref>
* [[Order of the Sacred Treasure|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 1996 <ref name="strom"/>

==See also==
* [[List of people on stamps of Japan]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=6NLGxdXEkvIC&dq=nakamura+utaemon+i&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre.''] Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 10-ISBN 0810855275; 13-ISBN 9780810855274; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-dictionary-of-japanese-traditional-theatre/oclc/238637010 OCLC 238637010]
* __________. ( 2002). [http://books.google.com/books?id=QBqNsGva3wcC&dq=yamatoya+utaemon+ii&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance.''] 10-ISBN 0765607042/13-ISBN 9780765607041; 10-ISBN 0765607050/13-ISBN 9780765607058; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-reader-history-and-performance/oclc/182632867 OCLC 182632867]
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq= ''Japan Encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301]
* Scott, Adolphe Clarence. (1955). [http://books.google.com/books?id=68RITdcFpHYC&dq= ''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan.''] London: Allen & Unwin. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-theatre-of-japan/oclc/622644114?referer=di&h OCLC 622644114]
* Takeshi Kaneko. [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/culture/090325.htm "A Man with the Brilliance of a Flower; Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''Yomiuri Shimbun.'' Spring 2009.

==External links==
*Waseda University, [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/index.html Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum;] [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/exhibitions.html Permanent exhibit, Nakamura Utaemon VI]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://www.janm.org/collections/item/96.267.710/ "Nakamura Utaemon VI meets Rin-Tin-Tin" — Los Angeles, California, July 2, 1960]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://gallery.panorama.it/gallery/mishima/116613_mishima_con_utaemon_nel_1954.html Yukio Mishima with Nakamura Utaemon VI, 1954]
* World Digial Library: [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9/ ''Nakamura Utaemon no Katō Masakiyo,'' woodblock print c. 1818-1830]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamura, Utaemon VI}}
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Order of Culture recipients]]
[[Category:Order of the Sacred Treasure recipients]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]

{{Japan-actor-stub}}

[[ja:中村歌右衛門 (6代目)]]

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2010-07-02T15:41:12Z

Enkyo2: nihongo template -- 中村歌右衛門 (6代目)

[[File:Utaemon Nakamura VI 1951.jpg|thumb|right|Utaemon VI in costume, preparing to play a female kabuki role (''[[onnagata]]''), 1951.]]

{{nihongo|'''Nakamura Utaemon VI'''|中村歌右衛門 (6代目)||January 20, 1917 — March 31, 2001}} was a [[Japan|Japanese]] [[kabuki]] performer and an artistic director of the [[Kabuki-za]] in Toyko. <ref name="strom">Strom, Stephanie. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E3D81F3FF937A35757C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=Nakamura+Utaemon+VI%2C+84%2C+International+Star+of+Kabuki. ''Nakamura Utaemon VI, 84, International Star of Kabuki"], ''New York Times.'' April 4, 2001.</ref> He was a prominent member of a family of kabuki actors from the [[Keihanshin]] region. <ref name="nussbaum691">Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 691.|page=691}}</ref>

Nakamura Utaemon was a stage name (''narikomaya'') with significant cutural and historical connotations.<ref>Kurkup, James. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nakamura-utaemon-vi-728998.html "Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''The Independent'' (London). April 6, 2001.</ref> The name Utaemon indicates personal status as an actor. Such a title can only be assumed after the death of a previous holder, under restrictive succession conventions.<ref name="scott159">Scott, Adolphe C. (1999). {{Google books|68RITdcFpHYC|''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan,'' p. 159.|page=159}}</ref>

Utaemon VI was the son of Nakamura Utaemon V. His name was Fujio Kawamura when he was born in the sixth generation of a line of famous Kabuki actors.<ref name="strom"/> In the conservative Kabuki world, stage names are passed from father to son in formal system which converts the kabuki stage name into a mark of accomplishment.<ref name="scott159"/> The name Utaemon VI was formally proclaimed in a 1951 ceremony at the Kabuki theater in Tokyo.<ref>Trumbull, Robert. [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60F1FF83F5916738DDDAB0994DC405B808AF1D3 "Kabuki Theatre Elevates Actor In Traditional Japanese Rites,"] ''New York Times.'' April 12, 1960.</ref>

; Lineage of Utaemon stage names
* [[Nakamura Utaemon I]] (1714–1791) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre,'' pp. 263-264.|page=263}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon II]] (1752-1798) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2002). {{Google books|QBqNsGva3wcC|''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance,'' p. 78|page=78}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon III]] (1778-1838) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]] (1798-1852) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon V]] (1865-1940) <ref> [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0A16FD3454107A93C0A ''Utaemon Nakamura"], ''New York Times.'' September 11, 1940.</ref>
* Nakamura Utaemon VI (1917-2001)

In a long career, he acted in many kabuki plays; but he was best known for his [[Oyama (Japanese theatre)|oyama]] roles. <ref name="strom"/>

==Living National Treasure==
In 1968, the government of Japan designated him a [[Living National Treasure]], which was a title acknowledging him as a "bearer of important intangible cultural assets."<ref name="strom"/>

==Selected works==
Nakamura's published writings encompass 6 works in 6 publications in 2 languages and 9 library holdings<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n97-862773 中村歌右衛門 6世 1917-2001;] [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no90-8556 中村歌右衛門 1917- ].</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 2006 — {{nihongo| - |伽羅先代萩: 三幕五場|Meiboku sendai hagi: sanmaku goba}} 10-ISBN 4835615980/13-ISBN 9784835615981; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/meiboku-sendai-hagi-sanmaku-goba/oclc/070233503 OCLC 70233503]
* 1993 — {{nihongo| - |鏡山旧錦絵: 通し狂言四幕六場|Kagamiyama kokyō no nishikie: tōshi kyōgen yonmaku rokuba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kagamiyama-kokyo-no-nishikie-toshi-kyogen-yonmaku-rokuba/oclc/054923943 OCLC 054923943]
* 1989 — {{nihongo| - |番町皿屋敷: 一幕二場|Banchō sarayashiki: hitomaku niba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bancho-sarayashiki-hitomaku-niba/oclc/029849646 OCLC 029849646]
* 1984 — {{nihongo| -|大経師昔暦: おさん茂兵衛二幕三場|Daikyōji mukashigoyomi: osan mohee nimaku sanba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/daikyoji-mukashigoyomi-osan-mohee-nimaku-sanba/oclc/054925804 OCLC 054925804]

==Honors==
* [[Japan Art Academy]], 1963 <ref>Leiter, {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|p. 264.|page=264}}</ref>
* [[Order of Culture]], 1979 <ref name="strom"/>
* [[Praemium Imperiale]], 1995 <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/16/arts/lloyd-webber-wins-prize.html?scp= "Lloyd Webber Wins Prize,"] ''New York Times.'' June 16, 1995.</ref>
* [[Order of the Sacred Treasure|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 1996 <ref name="strom"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=6NLGxdXEkvIC&dq=nakamura+utaemon+i&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre.''] Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 10-ISBN 0810855275; 13-ISBN 9780810855274; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-dictionary-of-japanese-traditional-theatre/oclc/238637010 OCLC 238637010]
* __________. ( 2002). [http://books.google.com/books?id=QBqNsGva3wcC&dq=yamatoya+utaemon+ii&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance.''] 10-ISBN 0765607042/13-ISBN 9780765607041; 10-ISBN 0765607050/13-ISBN 9780765607058; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-reader-history-and-performance/oclc/182632867 OCLC 182632867]
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq= ''Japan Encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301]
* Scott, Adolphe Clarence. (1955). [http://books.google.com/books?id=68RITdcFpHYC&dq= ''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan.''] London: Allen & Unwin. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-theatre-of-japan/oclc/622644114?referer=di&h OCLC 622644114]
* Takeshi Kaneko. [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/culture/090325.htm "A Man with the Brilliance of a Flower; Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''Yomiuri Shimbun.'' Spring 2009.

==External links==
*Waseda University, [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/index.html Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum;] [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/exhibitions.html Permanent exhibit, Nakamura Utaemon VI]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://www.janm.org/collections/item/96.267.710/ "Nakamura Utaemon VI meets Rin-Tin-Tin" — Los Angeles, California, July 2, 1960]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://gallery.panorama.it/gallery/mishima/116613_mishima_con_utaemon_nel_1954.html Yukio Mishima with Nakamura Utaemon VI, 1954]
* World Digial Library: [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9/ ''Nakamura Utaemon no Katō Masakiyo,'' woodblock print c. 1818-1830]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamura, Utaemon VI}}
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Order of Culture recipients]]
[[Category:Order of the Sacred Treasure recipients]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]

{{Japan-actor-stub}}

[[ja:中村歌右衛門 (6代目)]]

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2010-07-02T02:06:06Z

Enkyo2: + Leiter and Japan Art Academy, 1963

[[File:Utaemon Nakamura VI 1951.jpg|thumb|right|Utaemon VI in costume, preparing to play a female kabuki role (''[[onnagata]]''), 1951.]]

{{nihongo|'''Nakamura Utaemon VI'''|中村歌右衛門||January 20, 1917 — March 31, 2001}} was a [[Japan|Japanese]] [[kabuki]] performer and an artistic director of the [[Kabuki-za]] in Toyko. <ref name="strom">Strom, Stephanie. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E3D81F3FF937A35757C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=Nakamura+Utaemon+VI%2C+84%2C+International+Star+of+Kabuki. ''Nakamura Utaemon VI, 84, International Star of Kabuki"], ''New York Times.'' April 4, 2001.</ref> He was a prominent member of a family of kabuki actors from the [[Keihanshin]] region. <ref name="nussbaum691">Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 691.|page=691}}</ref>

Nakamura Utaemon was a stage name (''narikomaya'') with significant cutural and historical connotations.<ref>Kurkup, James. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nakamura-utaemon-vi-728998.html "Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''The Independent'' (London). April 6, 2001.</ref> The name Utaemon indicates personal status as an actor. Such a title can only be assumed after the death of a previous holder, under restrictive succession conventions.<ref name="scott159">Scott, Adolphe C. (1999). {{Google books|68RITdcFpHYC|''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan,'' p. 159.|page=159}}</ref>

Utaemon VI was the son of Nakamura Utaemon V. His name was Fujio Kawamura when he was born in the sixth generation of a line of famous Kabuki actors.<ref name="strom"/> In the conservative Kabuki world, stage names are passed from father to son in formal system which converts the kabuki stage name into a mark of accomplishment.<ref name="scott159"/> The name Utaemon VI was formally proclaimed in a 1951 ceremony at the Kabuki theater in Tokyo.<ref>Trumbull, Robert. [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60F1FF83F5916738DDDAB0994DC405B808AF1D3 "Kabuki Theatre Elevates Actor In Traditional Japanese Rites,"] ''New York Times.'' April 12, 1960.</ref>

; Lineage of Utaemon stage names
* [[Nakamura Utaemon I]] (1714–1791) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre,'' pp. 263-264.|page=263}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon II]] (1752-1798) <ref>Leiter, Samuel L. (2002). {{Google books|QBqNsGva3wcC|''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance,'' p. 78|page=78}}</ref>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon III]] (1778-1838) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]] (1798-1852) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon V]] (1865-1940) <ref> [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0A16FD3454107A93C0A ''Utaemon Nakamura"], ''New York Times.'' September 11, 1940.</ref>
* Nakamura Utaemon VI (1917-2001)

In a long career, he acted in many kabuki plays; but he was best known for his [[Oyama (Japanese theatre)|oyama]] roles. <ref name="strom"/>

==Living National Treasure==
In 1968, the government of Japan designated him a [[Living National Treasure]], which was a title acknowledging him as a "bearer of important intangible cultural assets."<ref name="strom"/>

==Selected works==
Nakamura's published writings encompass 6 works in 6 publications in 2 languages and 9 library holdings<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n97-862773 中村歌右衛門 6世 1917-2001;] [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no90-8556 中村歌右衛門 1917- ].</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 2006 — {{nihongo| - |伽羅先代萩: 三幕五場|Meiboku sendai hagi: sanmaku goba}} 10-ISBN 4835615980/13-ISBN 9784835615981; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/meiboku-sendai-hagi-sanmaku-goba/oclc/070233503 OCLC 70233503]
* 1993 — {{nihongo| - |鏡山旧錦絵: 通し狂言四幕六場|Kagamiyama kokyō no nishikie: tōshi kyōgen yonmaku rokuba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kagamiyama-kokyo-no-nishikie-toshi-kyogen-yonmaku-rokuba/oclc/054923943 OCLC 054923943]
* 1989 — {{nihongo| - |番町皿屋敷: 一幕二場|Banchō sarayashiki: hitomaku niba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bancho-sarayashiki-hitomaku-niba/oclc/029849646 OCLC 029849646]
* 1984 — {{nihongo| -|大経師昔暦: おさん茂兵衛二幕三場|Daikyōji mukashigoyomi: osan mohee nimaku sanba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/daikyoji-mukashigoyomi-osan-mohee-nimaku-sanba/oclc/054925804 OCLC 054925804]

==Honors==
* [[Japan Art Academy]], 1963 <ref>Leiter, {{Google books|6NLGxdXEkvIC|p. 264.|page=264}}</ref>
* [[Order of Culture]], 1979 <ref name="strom"/>
* [[Praemium Imperiale]], 1995 <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/16/arts/lloyd-webber-wins-prize.html?scp= "Lloyd Webber Wins Prize,"] ''New York Times.'' June 16, 1995.</ref>
* [[Order of the Sacred Treasure|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 1996 <ref name="strom"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Leiter, Samuel L. (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=6NLGxdXEkvIC&dq=nakamura+utaemon+i&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Historical Dictionary of Japanese Traditional Theatre.''] Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. 10-ISBN 0810855275; 13-ISBN 9780810855274; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/historical-dictionary-of-japanese-traditional-theatre/oclc/238637010 OCLC 238637010]
* __________. ( 2002). [http://books.google.com/books?id=QBqNsGva3wcC&dq=yamatoya+utaemon+ii&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''A Kabuki Reader: History and Performance.''] 10-ISBN 0765607042/13-ISBN 9780765607041; 10-ISBN 0765607050/13-ISBN 9780765607058; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-reader-history-and-performance/oclc/182632867 OCLC 182632867]
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq= ''Japan Encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301]
* Scott, Adolphe Clarence. (1955). [http://books.google.com/books?id=68RITdcFpHYC&dq= ''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan.''] London: Allen & Unwin. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-theatre-of-japan/oclc/622644114?referer=di&h OCLC 622644114]
* Takeshi Kaneko. [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/culture/090325.htm "A Man with the Brilliance of a Flower; Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''Yomiuri Shimbun.'' Spring 2009.

==External links==
*Waseda University, [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/index.html Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum;] [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/exhibitions.html Permanent exhibit, Nakamura Utaemon VI]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://www.janm.org/collections/item/96.267.710/ "Nakamura Utaemon VI meets Rin-Tin-Tin" — Los Angeles, California, July 2, 1960]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://gallery.panorama.it/gallery/mishima/116613_mishima_con_utaemon_nel_1954.html Yukio Mishima with Nakamura Utaemon VI, 1954]
* World Digial Library: [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9/ ''Nakamura Utaemon no Katō Masakiyo,'' woodblock print c. 1818-1830]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamura, Utaemon VI}}
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Order of Culture recipients]]
[[Category:Order of the Sacred Treasure recipients]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]

{{Japan-actor-stub}}

[[ja:中村歌右衛門 (6代目)]]

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2010-06-30T01:23:53Z

Enkyo2: /* Selected works */ tweaking WorldCat citation

[[File:Utaemon Nakamura VI 1951.jpg|thumb|right|Utaemon VI in costume, preparing to play a female kabuki role (''[[onnagata]]''), 1951.]]

{{nihongo|'''Nakamura Utaemon VI'''|中村歌右衛門||January 20, 1917 — March 31, 2001}} was a [[Japan|Japanese]] [[kabuki]] performer and an artistic director of the [[Kabuki-za]] in Toyko. <ref name="strom">Strom, Stephanie. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E3D81F3FF937A35757C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=Nakamura+Utaemon+VI%2C+84%2C+International+Star+of+Kabuki. ''Nakamura Utaemon VI, 84, International Star of Kabuki"], ''New York Times.'' April 4, 2001.</ref> He was a prominent member of a family of kabuki actors from the [[Keihanshin]] region. <ref name="nussbaum691">Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 691.|page=691}}</ref>

Nakamura Utaemon was a stage name (''narikomaya'') with significant cutural and historical connotations.<ref>Kurkup, James. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nakamura-utaemon-vi-728998.html "Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''The Independent'' (London). April 6, 2001.</ref> The name Utaemon indicates personal status as an actor. Such a title can only be assumed after the death of a previous holder, under restrictive succession conventions.<ref name="scott159">Scott, Adolphe C. (1999). {{Google books|68RITdcFpHYC|''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan,'' p. 159.|page=159}}</ref>

Utaemon VI was the son of Nakamura Utaemon V. His name was Fujio Kawamura when he was born in the sixth generation of a line of famous Kabuki actors.<ref name="strom"/> In the conservative Kabuki world, stage names are passed from father to son in formal system which converts the kabuki stage name into a mark of accomplishment.<ref name="scott159"/> The name Utaemon VI was formally proclaimed in a 1951 ceremony at the Kabuki theater in Tokyo.<ref>Trumbull, Robert. [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60F1FF83F5916738DDDAB0994DC405B808AF1D3 "Kabuki Theatre Elevates Actor In Traditional Japanese Rites,"] ''New York Times.'' April 12, 1960.</ref>

; Lineage of Utaemon stage names
* Nakamura Utaemon I (1741-1891) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* Nakamura Utaemon II
* [[Nakamura Utaemon III]] (1778-1838) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]] (1798-1852) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon V]] (1865-1940) <ref> [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0A16FD3454107A93C0A ''Utaemon Nakamura"], ''New York Times.'' September 11, 1940.</ref>
* Nakamura Utaemon VI (1917-2001)

In a long career, he acted in many kabuki plays; but he was best known for his [[Oyama (Japanese theatre)|oyama]] roles. <ref name="strom"/>

==Living National Treasure==
In 1968, the government of Japan designated him a [[Living National Treasure]], which was a title acknowledging him as a "bearer of important intangible cultural assets."<ref name="strom"/>

==Selected works==
Nakamura's published writings encompass 6 works in 6 publications in 2 languages and 9 library holdings<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n97-862773 中村歌右衛門 6世 1917-2001;] [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no90-8556 中村歌右衛門 1917- ].</ref>
{{dynamic list}}
* 2006 — {{nihongo| - |伽羅先代萩: 三幕五場|Meiboku sendai hagi: sanmaku goba}} 10-ISBN 4835615980/13-ISBN 9784835615981; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/meiboku-sendai-hagi-sanmaku-goba/oclc/070233503 OCLC 70233503]
* 1993 — {{nihongo| - |鏡山旧錦絵: 通し狂言四幕六場|Kagamiyama kokyō no nishikie: tōshi kyōgen yonmaku rokuba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kagamiyama-kokyo-no-nishikie-toshi-kyogen-yonmaku-rokuba/oclc/054923943 OCLC 054923943]
* 1989 — {{nihongo| - |番町皿屋敷: 一幕二場|Banchō sarayashiki: hitomaku niba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bancho-sarayashiki-hitomaku-niba/oclc/029849646 OCLC 029849646]
* 1984 — {{nihongo| -|大経師昔暦: おさん茂兵衛二幕三場|Daikyōji mukashigoyomi: osan mohee nimaku sanba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/daikyoji-mukashigoyomi-osan-mohee-nimaku-sanba/oclc/054925804 OCLC 054925804]

==Honors==
* [[Order of Culture]], 1979.<ref name="strom"/>
* [[Praemium Imperiale]], 1995.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/16/arts/lloyd-webber-wins-prize.html?scp= "Lloyd Webber Wins Prize,"] ''New York Times.'' June 16, 1995.</ref>
* [[Order of the Sacred Treasure|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 1996.<ref name="strom"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq= ''Japan Encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301]
* Scott, Adolphe Clarence. (1955). [http://books.google.com/books?id=68RITdcFpHYC&dq= ''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan.''] London: Allen & Unwin. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-theatre-of-japan/oclc/622644114?referer=di&h OCLC 622644114]
* Takeshi Kaneko. [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/culture/090325.htm "A Man with the Brilliance of a Flower; Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''Yomiuri Shimbun.'' Spring 2009.

==External links==
*Waseda University, [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/index.html Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum;] [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/exhibitions.html Permanent exhibit, Nakamura Utaemon VI]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://www.janm.org/collections/item/96.267.710/ "Nakamura Utaemon VI meets Rin-Tin-Tin" — Los Angeles, California, July 2, 1960]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://gallery.panorama.it/gallery/mishima/116613_mishima_con_utaemon_nel_1954.html Yukio Mishima with Nakamura Utaemon VI, 1954]
* World Digial Library: [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9/ ''Nakamura Utaemon no Katō Masakiyo,'' woodblock print c. 1818-1830]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamura, Utaemon VI}}
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Order of Culture recipients]]
[[Category:Order of the Sacred Treasure recipients]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]

{{Japan-actor-stub}}

[[ja:中村歌右衛門 (6代目)]]

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2010-06-29T20:26:39Z

Enkyo2: /* Selected works */

[[File:Utaemon Nakamura VI 1951.jpg|thumb|right|Utaemon VI in costume, preparing to play a female kabuki role (''[[onnagata]]''), 1951.]]

{{nihongo|'''Nakamura Utaemon VI'''|中村歌右衛門||January 20, 1917 — March 31, 2001}} was a [[Japan|Japanese]] [[kabuki]] performer and an artistic director of the [[Kabuki-za]] in Toyko. <ref name="strom">Strom, Stephanie. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E3D81F3FF937A35757C0A9679C8B63&scp=1&sq=Nakamura+Utaemon+VI%2C+84%2C+International+Star+of+Kabuki. ''Nakamura Utaemon VI, 84, International Star of Kabuki"], ''New York Times.'' April 4, 2001.</ref> He was a prominent member of a family of kabuki actors from the [[Keihanshin]] region. <ref name="nussbaum691">Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 691.|page=691}}</ref>

Nakamura Utaemon was a stage name (''narikomaya'') with significant cutural and historical connotations.<ref>Kurkup, James. [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/nakamura-utaemon-vi-728998.html "Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''The Independent'' (London). April 6, 2001.</ref> The name Utaemon indicates personal status as an actor. Such a title can only be assumed after the death of a previous holder, under restrictive succession conventions.<ref name="scott159">Scott, Adolphe C. (1999). {{Google books|68RITdcFpHYC|''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan,'' p. 159.|page=159}}</ref>

Utaemon VI was the son of Nakamura Utaemon V. His name was Fujio Kawamura when he was born in the sixth generation of a line of famous Kabuki actors.<ref name="strom"/> In the conservative Kabuki world, stage names are passed from father to son in formal system which converts the kabuki stage name into a mark of accomplishment.<ref name="scott159"/> The name Utaemon VI was formally proclaimed in a 1951 ceremony at the Kabuki theater in Tokyo.<ref>Trumbull, Robert. [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F60F1FF83F5916738DDDAB0994DC405B808AF1D3 "Kabuki Theatre Elevates Actor In Traditional Japanese Rites,"] ''New York Times.'' April 12, 1960.</ref>

; Lineage of Utaemon stage names
* Nakamura Utaemon I (1741-1891) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* Nakamura Utaemon II
* [[Nakamura Utaemon III]] (1778-1838) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon IV]] (1798-1852) <ref name="nussbaum691"/>
* [[Nakamura Utaemon V]] (1865-1940) <ref> [http://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=FA0A16FD3454107A93C0A ''Utaemon Nakamura"], ''New York Times.'' September 11, 1940.</ref>
* Nakamura Utaemon VI (1917-2001)

In a long career, he acted in many kabuki plays; but he was best known for his [[Oyama (Japanese theatre)|oyama]] roles. <ref name="strom"/>

==Living National Treasure==
In 1968, the government of Japan designated him a [[Living National Treasure]], which was a title acknowledging him as a "bearer of important intangible cultural assets."<ref name="strom"/>

==Selected works==
Nakamura's published writings encompass 6 works in 6 publications in 2 languages and 9 library holdings<ref>[http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/identities/default.htm WorldCat Identities]: [http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n97-862773 中村歌右衛門 6世 1917-2001]</ref>

{{dynamic list}}
* 2006 — {{nihongo| - |伽羅先代萩: 三幕五場|Meiboku sendai hagi: sanmaku goba}} 10-ISBN 4835615980/13-ISBN 9784835615981; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/meiboku-sendai-hagi-sanmaku-goba/oclc/070233503 OCLC 70233503]
* 1993 — {{nihongo| - |鏡山旧錦絵: 通し狂言四幕六場|Kagamiyama kokyō no nishikie: tōshi kyōgen yonmaku rokuba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kagamiyama-kokyo-no-nishikie-toshi-kyogen-yonmaku-rokuba/oclc/054923943 OCLC 054923943]
* 1989 — {{nihongo| - |番町皿屋敷: 一幕二場|Banchō sarayashiki: hitomaku niba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bancho-sarayashiki-hitomaku-niba/oclc/029849646 OCLC 029849646]
* 1984 — {{nihongo| -|大経師昔暦: おさん茂兵衛二幕三場|Daikyōji mukashigoyomi: osan mohee nimaku sanba}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/daikyoji-mukashigoyomi-osan-mohee-nimaku-sanba/oclc/054925804 OCLC 054925804]

==Honors==
* [[Order of Culture]], 1979.<ref name="strom"/>
* [[Praemium Imperiale]], 1995.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/16/arts/lloyd-webber-wins-prize.html?scp= "Lloyd Webber Wins Prize,"] ''New York Times.'' June 16, 1995.</ref>
* [[Order of the Sacred Treasure|Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 1996.<ref name="strom"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq= ''Japan Encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48943301/editions?editionsView=true&referer=br OCLC 48943301]
* Scott, Adolphe Clarence. (1955). [http://books.google.com/books?id=68RITdcFpHYC&dq= ''The Kabuki Theatre of Japan.''] London: Allen & Unwin. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/kabuki-theatre-of-japan/oclc/622644114?referer=di&h OCLC 622644114]
* Takeshi Kaneko. [http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/culture/090325.htm "A Man with the Brilliance of a Flower; Nakamura Utaemon VI,"] ''Yomiuri Shimbun.'' Spring 2009.

==External links==
*Waseda University, [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/index.html Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum;] [http://www.waseda.jp/enpaku/exhibitions.html Permanent exhibit, Nakamura Utaemon VI]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://www.janm.org/collections/item/96.267.710/ "Nakamura Utaemon VI meets Rin-Tin-Tin" — Los Angeles, California, July 2, 1960]
* Online digitized photograph: [http://gallery.panorama.it/gallery/mishima/116613_mishima_con_utaemon_nel_1954.html Yukio Mishima with Nakamura Utaemon VI, 1954]
* World Digial Library: [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9/ ''Nakamura Utaemon no Katō Masakiyo,'' woodblock print c. 1818-1830]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakamura, Utaemon VI}}
[[Category:Kabuki actors]]
[[Category:Order of Culture recipients]]
[[Category:Order of the Sacred Treasure recipients]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]

{{Japan-actor-stub}}

[[ja:中村歌右衛門 (6代目)]]

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2010-06-29T19:30:12Z

Enkyo2: /* References */ delete further reading -- autobiography written by father

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2010-06-29T19:28:37Z

Enkyo2: /* Selected works */

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2010-06-29T19:13:46Z

Enkyo2: /* External links */

Nakamura Utaemon VI.

2010-06-29T19:02:58Z

Enkyo2: /* References */ + Utaemon jiden -- ''Autobiography of Nakamura Utaemon V''