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Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]
2025-04-15T02:04:14Z
Benutzerbeiträge
MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.24
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kief_Davidson&diff=226900997
Kief Davidson
2022-10-09T19:24:57Z
<p>Enix150: /* Filmografie */ Bending the Arc, Meltdown: Three Mile Island</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Kief Davidson''' (* [[12. Mai]] [[1970]] in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]])<ref>[http://www.serienjunkies.de/person/kief-davidson/35543/35543/ Kief Davidson]{{Toter Link|url=http://www.serienjunkies.de/person/kief-davidson/35543/35543/ |date=2022-03 |archivebot=2022-03-08 23:15:49 InternetArchiveBot }} bei serienjunkies.de (englisch)</ref> ist ein [[Vereinigte Staaten|US-amerikanischer]] [[Filmemacher]], der bei der [[Oscarverleihung 2013]] für seine Arbeit bei ''[[Open Heart]]'' zusammen mit [[Cori Shepherd Stern]] für den [[Oscar]] in der Kategorie [[Oscar/Bester Dokumentar-Kurzfilm|Bester Dokumentar-Kurzfilm]] nominiert war.<ref>[http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2013 ''The 85th Academy Awards | 2013''] bei oscar.org (englisch)</ref><br />
<br />
Davidson wurde in Brooklyn geboren und aufgezogen und begann seine Karriere als [[Filmeditor|Editor]] von Comedy- und [[Musikvideo]]s.<ref>[http://www.indiewire.com/article/meet-the-2014-tribeca-filmmakers-31-kief-davidson-finds-the-beauty-in-legos-in-beyond-the-brick-a-lego-brickumentary Interview mit Kief Davidson] bei indiewire.com (englisch)</ref> Er ist Gründer der Film- und Werbefirma [[Urban Landscapes]]. Davidson lebt und arbeitet in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Webarchiv|url=http://kiefdavidson.com/about/ |wayback=20160207224527 |text=Kief Davidson |archiv-bot=2019-04-22 23:59:36 InternetArchiveBot }} bei kiefdavidson.com (englisch)</ref> Vor allem der 2005 veröffentlichte Film ''Devil's Miner – Der Berg des Teufels'' brachte ihm auf verschiedenen Filmfestivals Auszeichnungen ein, so zum Beispiel auf dem [[Tribeca Film Festival]] im Jahr 2005 als ''Best New Documentary Filmmaker – Special Jury Mention''.<br />
<br />
== Filmografie ==<br />
* 1994: [[Blood Ties: The Life and Work of Sally Mann]] (Dokumentar-Kurzfilm, Editor)<br />
* 1998: Minor Details (Regisseur und Drehbuchautor)<br />
* 2000: [[South Park]] (Schauspieler)<br />
* 2002: Exotic Islands (Fernsehserie, Regisseur, Editor, Drehbuchautor und Produzent)<br />
* 2003: Boys Life 4: Four Play (Editor)<br />
* 2003: Richard Pryor: I Ain’t Dead Yet, #*%$#@!! (Dokumentar-Fernseh-Special, zusätzlicher Editor)<br />
* 2005: Devil's Miner – Der Berg des Teufels (Dokumentarfilm, Regisseur, Editor, Drehbuchautor und Produzent, ''The Devil’s Miner'')<br />
* 2005: Robert Klein: The Amorous Busboy of Decatur Avenue (Fernsehfilm, Editor)<br />
* 2005: Happy Days: 30th Anniversary Reunion (Fernseh-Dokumentarfilm, zusätzlicher Editor)<br />
* 2006: Independent Lens (Fernseh-Dokumentarserie, Regisseur, Editor, Drehbuchautor und Produzent)<br />
* 2008: Kassim the Dream (Dokumentarfilm, Regisseur, Editor, Drehbuchautor und Produzent)<br />
* 2010: Swamp Men (Fernsehserie, Editor)<br />
* 2011: Comic-Con Episode IV: A Fan’s Hope (Dokumentarfilm, Produzent)<br />
* 2012: Emergency (Dokumentar-Kurzfilm, Regisseur, Produzent)<br />
* 2012: [[Open Heart]] (Dokumentarfilm, Regisseur, Editor und Produzent)<br />
* 2014: A Lego Brickumentary (Dokumentarfilm, Regisseur und Drehbuchautor)<br />
* 2015: Saving Sight (Kurzfilm, Regisseur)<br />
* 2016: [[The Ivory Game: Das Elfenbein-Komplott]] (Regisseur, ''The Ivory Game'')<br />
* 2017: Bending the Arc (Regisseur)<br />
* 2022: Meltdown: Three Mile Island (Regisseur)<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
* {{IMDb|nm0203400}}<br />
<br />
== Einzelnachweise ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=140937625|LCCN=no/2007/63242|VIAF=120204065}}<br />
<br />
{{SORTIERUNG:Davidson, Kief}}<br />
[[Kategorie:Filmregisseur]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Drehbuchautor]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Filmproduzent]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Filmeditor]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1970]]<br />
[[Kategorie:US-Amerikaner]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Mann]]<br />
<br />
{{Personendaten<br />
|NAME=Davidson, Kief<br />
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=<br />
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=US-amerikanischer Filmemacher<br />
|GEBURTSDATUM=12. Mai 1970<br />
|GEBURTSORT=[[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]]<br />
|STERBEDATUM=<br />
|STERBEORT=<br />
}}</div>
Enix150
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liebermann-Reagenz&diff=152147560
Liebermann-Reagenz
2013-11-18T12:46:19Z
<p>Enix150: /* See also */ added link to Froehde reagent</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish2|the [[Liebermann nitroso reaction]], a test for [[nitrosamines]] and [[phenol]]}}<br />
The '''Liebermann reagent''' named after Hungarian chemist [[Leo Liebermann]] (1852-1926) is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify [[alkaloids]] as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of [[potassium nitrite]] and concentrated [[sulfuric acid]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Horowitz | first1 = Benjamin | title = A Study of the Action of Ammonia on Thymol | publisher = Bibliolife | year = 2009 | pages = 26 | url = http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/benjamin-harrow/a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala/page-2-a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala.shtml | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-1-110-61089-1 | quote = Since his day the Liebermann reagent (6% potassium nitrite in conc. sulphuric acid) has been extensively used. }}</ref><ref name='Dictionary'>{{cite book | last1 = Bell | first1 = Suzanne | title = Dictionary of Forensic Science (Facts on File Science Dictionary) (Facts on File Science Dictionary Series.) | publisher = Facts on File Inc | date = 30 Jun 2004 | year = 2004 | pages = 142 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x0kmY7Bj1zYC&lpg=PA142&dq=%22potassium%20nitrite%22%20sulphuric%20liebermann&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q=liebermann&f=false | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-8160-5131-1 }}</ref> 1g of potassium nitrite is used for every 10 mls of sulphuric acid.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Brittain | first1 = Harry G. | last2 = McLeish | first2 = Michael J | title = Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients | volume = 25 | publisher = Academic Press | date = 20 Mar 1998 | pages = 106 | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-12-260825-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is used to test for [[cocaine]], [[morphine]], [[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]].<br />
<br />
The test is performed by scraping off a small amount of the substance and adding a drop of the reagent (which is initially clear and colorless). The results are analyzed by viewing the color of the resulting mixture, and by the time taken for the change in color to become apparent.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Final colors produced by Liebermann Reagent with various substances<br />
|-<br />
!Substance<br />
!Color<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cocaine]] || Yellowish<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Morphine]] || Black<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Atropine]] || Red - Orange<ref name='DMT Nexus'>{{cite web | url = https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&m=278350#post278350 | title = Colorimetric test results for different alkaloids | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | last = DMT Nexus | date = 2011-09-29}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Yohimbine]] || Blue<ref name="DMT Nexus"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]] || Purple - Brown<ref name='EMCDDA'>{{cite book | last1 = EMCDDA | title = EMCDDA Risk Assessment: Report on the Risk Assessment of PMMA in the Framework of the Joint Action on New Synthetic Drugs | publisher = Dictus Publishing | date = 30 Mar 2011 | pages = 54 | url = http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index33349EN.html | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-3-8433-2695-7}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMA]] || Intense Brown<ref name="Microgram"/> - Black<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Amphetamine]] || Intense Olive Green<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methamphetamine]] || Red{{Citation needed|reason=|date=July 2013}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name='Microgram'>{{cite journal | author = Toole KE, Fu S, Shimmon RG, Kraymen N | title = Color Tests for the Preliminary Identification of Methcathinone and Analogues of Methcathinone | journal = Microgram Journal | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 27-32 | year = 2012 | url = http://www.justice.gov/dea/pr/microgram-journals/2012/mj9-1_27-32.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methcathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MMC]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[N,N-DMC]] || Faint Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-FMC]] || No reaction<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MOMC]] || Faint Orange<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methylone]] || Orange > Brown<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDPV]] || Yellow > Green<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MαPPP|4-Me-PPP]] || Orange<ref name='Morris'>{{cite web|title=Color Tests and Analytical Difficulties With Emerging Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.nist.gov/oles/upload/Color-Tests-and-Analytical-Difficulties-with-Emerging-Drugs-Morris.pdf|work=Johnson County Sheriff’s Office Criminalistics Laboratory|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Brephedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MEC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pentedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Butylone]] || Yellow > Brown<ref name="Morris"/> or Green > Brown<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3,4-DMMC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Naphyrone]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Benzedrone]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-307]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-001]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[CB-13]] || Dark Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JTE-907]] || Black (bubbling)<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[UR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB-597]] || Yellow Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB602]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB754]] || Light Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-1248]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-034]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-796,260]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-834,735]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[FUR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AKB48]] || No color change<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-073]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-018]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-200]] || Dark Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2201]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-203]] || Yellow - Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[RCS-4]]-C4 homolog || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-694]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MAM-2201]] || Green - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2233]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[STS-135]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MeO-PCP]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methoxetamine]] || Orange - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Ethketamine]] || Pale Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-HO-PCE]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-MeO-DALT]] || Dark Brown - Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl-aET]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DALT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MIPT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Alpha-Methyltryptamine|aMT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IT]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-APB]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[6-APB]] || Dark Purple<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Camfetamine]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methiopropamine]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDAI]] || Green > Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IAI]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pethidine]] || Red - Orange<ref name='UNlabmanual'>{{cite web|title=Rapid Testing Methods of Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/publications/st-nar-13-rev1.pdf|work=United Nations International Drug Control Programme|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Mescaline]] || Black<ref name="UNlabmanual"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Allylescaline]] || Brown - Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-T-2]] || Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-P]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|b-methoxy-[[2C-D]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Pill testing]]<br />
* [[Marquis reagent]]<br />
* [[Froehde reagent]]<br />
* [[Liebermann–Burchard test]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical tests]]<br />
[[Category:Analytical reagents]]<br />
[[Category:Drug testing reagents]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{chem-stub}}</div>
Enix150
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liebermann-Reagenz&diff=152147559
Liebermann-Reagenz
2013-11-18T12:45:01Z
<p>Enix150: /* See also */ added link to Liebermann–Burchard test</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish2|the [[Liebermann nitroso reaction]], a test for [[nitrosamines]] and [[phenol]]}}<br />
The '''Liebermann reagent''' named after Hungarian chemist [[Leo Liebermann]] (1852-1926) is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify [[alkaloids]] as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of [[potassium nitrite]] and concentrated [[sulfuric acid]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Horowitz | first1 = Benjamin | title = A Study of the Action of Ammonia on Thymol | publisher = Bibliolife | year = 2009 | pages = 26 | url = http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/benjamin-harrow/a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala/page-2-a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala.shtml | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-1-110-61089-1 | quote = Since his day the Liebermann reagent (6% potassium nitrite in conc. sulphuric acid) has been extensively used. }}</ref><ref name='Dictionary'>{{cite book | last1 = Bell | first1 = Suzanne | title = Dictionary of Forensic Science (Facts on File Science Dictionary) (Facts on File Science Dictionary Series.) | publisher = Facts on File Inc | date = 30 Jun 2004 | year = 2004 | pages = 142 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x0kmY7Bj1zYC&lpg=PA142&dq=%22potassium%20nitrite%22%20sulphuric%20liebermann&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q=liebermann&f=false | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-8160-5131-1 }}</ref> 1g of potassium nitrite is used for every 10 mls of sulphuric acid.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Brittain | first1 = Harry G. | last2 = McLeish | first2 = Michael J | title = Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients | volume = 25 | publisher = Academic Press | date = 20 Mar 1998 | pages = 106 | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-12-260825-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is used to test for [[cocaine]], [[morphine]], [[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]].<br />
<br />
The test is performed by scraping off a small amount of the substance and adding a drop of the reagent (which is initially clear and colorless). The results are analyzed by viewing the color of the resulting mixture, and by the time taken for the change in color to become apparent.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Final colors produced by Liebermann Reagent with various substances<br />
|-<br />
!Substance<br />
!Color<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cocaine]] || Yellowish<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Morphine]] || Black<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Atropine]] || Red - Orange<ref name='DMT Nexus'>{{cite web | url = https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&m=278350#post278350 | title = Colorimetric test results for different alkaloids | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | last = DMT Nexus | date = 2011-09-29}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Yohimbine]] || Blue<ref name="DMT Nexus"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]] || Purple - Brown<ref name='EMCDDA'>{{cite book | last1 = EMCDDA | title = EMCDDA Risk Assessment: Report on the Risk Assessment of PMMA in the Framework of the Joint Action on New Synthetic Drugs | publisher = Dictus Publishing | date = 30 Mar 2011 | pages = 54 | url = http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index33349EN.html | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-3-8433-2695-7}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMA]] || Intense Brown<ref name="Microgram"/> - Black<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Amphetamine]] || Intense Olive Green<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methamphetamine]] || Red{{Citation needed|reason=|date=July 2013}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name='Microgram'>{{cite journal | author = Toole KE, Fu S, Shimmon RG, Kraymen N | title = Color Tests for the Preliminary Identification of Methcathinone and Analogues of Methcathinone | journal = Microgram Journal | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 27-32 | year = 2012 | url = http://www.justice.gov/dea/pr/microgram-journals/2012/mj9-1_27-32.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methcathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MMC]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[N,N-DMC]] || Faint Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-FMC]] || No reaction<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MOMC]] || Faint Orange<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methylone]] || Orange > Brown<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDPV]] || Yellow > Green<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MαPPP|4-Me-PPP]] || Orange<ref name='Morris'>{{cite web|title=Color Tests and Analytical Difficulties With Emerging Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.nist.gov/oles/upload/Color-Tests-and-Analytical-Difficulties-with-Emerging-Drugs-Morris.pdf|work=Johnson County Sheriff’s Office Criminalistics Laboratory|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Brephedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MEC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pentedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Butylone]] || Yellow > Brown<ref name="Morris"/> or Green > Brown<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3,4-DMMC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Naphyrone]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Benzedrone]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-307]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-001]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[CB-13]] || Dark Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JTE-907]] || Black (bubbling)<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[UR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB-597]] || Yellow Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB602]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB754]] || Light Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-1248]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-034]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-796,260]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-834,735]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[FUR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AKB48]] || No color change<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-073]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-018]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-200]] || Dark Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2201]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-203]] || Yellow - Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[RCS-4]]-C4 homolog || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-694]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MAM-2201]] || Green - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2233]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[STS-135]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MeO-PCP]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methoxetamine]] || Orange - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Ethketamine]] || Pale Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-HO-PCE]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-MeO-DALT]] || Dark Brown - Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl-aET]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DALT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MIPT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Alpha-Methyltryptamine|aMT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IT]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-APB]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[6-APB]] || Dark Purple<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Camfetamine]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methiopropamine]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDAI]] || Green > Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IAI]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pethidine]] || Red - Orange<ref name='UNlabmanual'>{{cite web|title=Rapid Testing Methods of Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/publications/st-nar-13-rev1.pdf|work=United Nations International Drug Control Programme|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Mescaline]] || Black<ref name="UNlabmanual"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Allylescaline]] || Brown - Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-T-2]] || Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-P]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|b-methoxy-[[2C-D]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Pill testing]]<br />
* [[Marquis reagent|Marquis Reagent]]<br />
* [[Liebermann–Burchard test]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical tests]]<br />
[[Category:Analytical reagents]]<br />
[[Category:Drug testing reagents]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{chem-stub}}</div>
Enix150
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liebermann-Reagenz&diff=152147557
Liebermann-Reagenz
2013-07-26T02:24:09Z
<p>Enix150: more common name</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish2|the [[Liebermann nitroso reaction]], a test for [[nitrosamines]] and [[phenol]]}}<br />
The '''Liebermann reagent''' named after Hungarian chemist [[Leo Liebermann]] (1852-1926) is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify [[alkaloids]] as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of [[potassium nitrite]] and concentrated [[sulfuric acid]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Horowitz | first1 = Benjamin | title = A Study of the Action of Ammonia on Thymol | publisher = Bibliolife | year = 2009 | pages = 26 | url = http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/benjamin-harrow/a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala/page-2-a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala.shtml | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-1-110-61089-1 | quote = Since his day the Liebermann reagent (6% potassium nitrite in conc. sulphuric acid) has been extensively used. }}</ref><ref name='Dictionary'>{{cite book | last1 = Bell | first1 = Suzanne | title = Dictionary of Forensic Science (Facts on File Science Dictionary) (Facts on File Science Dictionary Series.) | publisher = Facts on File Inc | date = 30 Jun 2004 | year = 2004 | pages = 142 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x0kmY7Bj1zYC&lpg=PA142&dq=%22potassium%20nitrite%22%20sulphuric%20liebermann&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q=liebermann&f=false | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-8160-5131-1 }}</ref> 1g of potassium nitrite is used for every 10 mls of sulphuric acid.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Brittain | first1 = Harry G. | last2 = McLeish | first2 = Michael J | title = Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients | volume = 25 | publisher = Academic Press | date = 20 Mar 1998 | pages = 106 | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-12-260825-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is used to test for [[cocaine]], [[morphine]], [[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]].<br />
<br />
The test is performed by scraping off a small amount of the substance and adding a drop of the reagent (which is initially clear and colorless). The results are analyzed by viewing the color of the resulting mixture, and by the time taken for the change in color to become apparent.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Final colors produced by Liebermann Reagent with various substances<br />
|-<br />
!Substance<br />
!Color<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cocaine]] || Yellowish<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Morphine]] || Black<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Atropine]] || Red - Orange<ref name='DMT Nexus'>{{cite web | url = https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&m=278350#post278350 | title = Colorimetric test results for different alkaloids | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | last = DMT Nexus | date = 2011-09-29}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Yohimbine]] || Blue<ref name="DMT Nexus"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]] || Purple - Brown<ref name='EMCDDA'>{{cite book | last1 = EMCDDA | title = EMCDDA Risk Assessment: Report on the Risk Assessment of PMMA in the Framework of the Joint Action on New Synthetic Drugs | publisher = Dictus Publishing | date = 30 Mar 2011 | pages = 54 | url = http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index33349EN.html | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-3-8433-2695-7}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMA]] || Intense Brown<ref name="Microgram"/> - Black<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Amphetamine]] || Intense Olive Green<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methamphetamine]] || Red{{Citation needed|reason=|date=July 2013}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name='Microgram'>{{cite journal | author = Toole KE, Fu S, Shimmon RG, Kraymen N | title = Color Tests for the Preliminary Identification of Methcathinone and Analogues of Methcathinone | journal = Microgram Journal | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 27-32 | year = 2012 | url = http://www.justice.gov/dea/pr/microgram-journals/2012/mj9-1_27-32.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methcathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MMC]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[N,N-DMC]] || Faint Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-FMC]] || No reaction<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MOMC]] || Faint Orange<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMC|Methylone]] || Orange > Brown<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDPV]] || Yellow > Green<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MαPPP|4-Me-PPP]] || Orange<ref name='Morris'>{{cite web|title=Color Tests and Analytical Difficulties With Emerging Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.nist.gov/oles/upload/Color-Tests-and-Analytical-Difficulties-with-Emerging-Drugs-Morris.pdf|work=Johnson County Sheriff’s Office Criminalistics Laboratory|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Brephedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MEC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pentedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Butylone]] || Yellow > Brown<ref name="Morris"/> or Green > Brown<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3,4-DMMC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Naphyrone]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Benzedrone]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-307]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-001]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[CB-13]] || Dark Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JTE-907]] || Black (bubbling)<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[UR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB-597]] || Yellow Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB602]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB754]] || Light Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-1248]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-034]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-796,260]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-834,735]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[FUR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AKB48]] || No color change<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-073]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-018]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-200]] || Dark Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2201]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-203]] || Yellow - Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[RCS-4]]-C4 homolog || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-694]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MAM-2201]] || Green - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2233]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[STS-135]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MeO-PCP]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methoxetamine]] || Orange - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Ethketamine]] || Pale Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-HO-PCE]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-MeO-DALT]] || Dark Brown - Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl-aET]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DALT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MIPT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Alpha-Methyltryptamine|aMT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IT]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-APB]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[6-APB]] || Dark Purple<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Camfetamine]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methiopropamine]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDAI]] || Green > Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IAI]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pethidine]] || Red - Orange<ref name='UNlabmanual'>{{cite web|title=Rapid Testing Methods of Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/publications/st-nar-13-rev1.pdf|work=United Nations International Drug Control Programme|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Mescaline]] || Black<ref name="UNlabmanual"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Allylescaline]] || Brown - Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-T-2]] || Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-P]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|b-methoxy-[[2C-D]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Pill testing]]<br />
* [[Marquis reagent|Marquis Reagent]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical tests]]<br />
[[Category:Analytical reagents]]<br />
[[Category:Drug testing reagents]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{chem-stub}}</div>
Enix150
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liebermann-Reagenz&diff=152147556
Liebermann-Reagenz
2013-07-20T22:19:00Z
<p>Enix150: added citation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish2|the [[Liebermann nitroso reaction]], a test for [[nitrosamines]] and [[phenol]]}}<br />
The '''Liebermann reagent''' named after Hungarian chemist [[Leo Liebermann]] (1852-1926) is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify [[alkaloids]] as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of [[potassium nitrite]] and concentrated [[sulfuric acid]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Horowitz | first1 = Benjamin | title = A Study of the Action of Ammonia on Thymol | publisher = Bibliolife | year = 2009 | pages = 26 | url = http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/benjamin-harrow/a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala/page-2-a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala.shtml | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-1-110-61089-1 | quote = Since his day the Liebermann reagent (6% potassium nitrite in conc. sulphuric acid) has been extensively used. }}</ref><ref name='Dictionary'>{{cite book | last1 = Bell | first1 = Suzanne | title = Dictionary of Forensic Science (Facts on File Science Dictionary) (Facts on File Science Dictionary Series.) | publisher = Facts on File Inc | date = 30 Jun 2004 | year = 2004 | pages = 142 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x0kmY7Bj1zYC&lpg=PA142&dq=%22potassium%20nitrite%22%20sulphuric%20liebermann&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q=liebermann&f=false | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-8160-5131-1 }}</ref> 1g of potassium nitrite is used for every 10 mls of sulphuric acid.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Brittain | first1 = Harry G. | last2 = McLeish | first2 = Michael J | title = Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients | volume = 25 | publisher = Academic Press | date = 20 Mar 1998 | pages = 106 | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-12-260825-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is used to test for [[cocaine]], [[morphine]], [[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]].<br />
<br />
The test is performed by scraping off a small amount of the substance and adding a drop of the reagent (which is initially clear and colorless). The results are analyzed by viewing the color of the resulting mixture, and by the time taken for the change in color to become apparent.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Final colors produced by Liebermann Reagent with various substances<br />
|-<br />
!Substance<br />
!Color<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cocaine]] || Yellowish<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Morphine]] || Black<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Atropine]] || Red - Orange<ref name='DMT Nexus'>{{cite web | url = https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&m=278350#post278350 | title = Colorimetric test results for different alkaloids | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | last = DMT Nexus | date = 2011-09-29}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Yohimbine]] || Blue<ref name="DMT Nexus"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]] || Purple - Brown<ref name='EMCDDA'>{{cite book | last1 = EMCDDA | title = EMCDDA Risk Assessment: Report on the Risk Assessment of PMMA in the Framework of the Joint Action on New Synthetic Drugs | publisher = Dictus Publishing | date = 30 Mar 2011 | pages = 54 | url = http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index33349EN.html | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-3-8433-2695-7}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMA]] || Intense Brown<ref name="Microgram"/> - Black<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Amphetamine]] || Intense Olive Green<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methamphetamine]] || Red{{Citation needed|reason=|date=July 2013}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name='Microgram'>{{cite journal | author = Toole KE, Fu S, Shimmon RG, Kraymen N | title = Color Tests for the Preliminary Identification of Methcathinone and Analogues of Methcathinone | journal = Microgram Journal | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 27-32 | year = 2012 | url = http://www.justice.gov/dea/pr/microgram-journals/2012/mj9-1_27-32.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methcathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MMC]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[N,N-DMC]] || Faint Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-FMC]] || No reaction<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MOMC]] || Faint Orange<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMC]] || Orange > Brown<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDPV]] || Yellow > Green<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MαPPP|4-Me-PPP]] || Orange<ref name='Morris'>{{cite web|title=Color Tests and Analytical Difficulties With Emerging Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.nist.gov/oles/upload/Color-Tests-and-Analytical-Difficulties-with-Emerging-Drugs-Morris.pdf|work=Johnson County Sheriff’s Office Criminalistics Laboratory|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Brephedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MEC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pentedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Butylone]] || Yellow > Brown<ref name="Morris"/> or Green > Brown<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3,4-DMMC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Naphyrone]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Benzedrone]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-307]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-001]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[CB-13]] || Dark Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JTE-907]] || Black (bubbling)<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[UR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB-597]] || Yellow Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB602]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB754]] || Light Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-1248]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-034]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-796,260]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-834,735]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[FUR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AKB48]] || No color change<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-073]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-018]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-200]] || Dark Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2201]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-203]] || Yellow - Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[RCS-4]]-C4 homolog || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-694]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MAM-2201]] || Green - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2233]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[STS-135]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MeO-PCP]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methoxetamine]] || Orange - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Ethketamine]] || Pale Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-HO-PCE]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-MeO-DALT]] || Dark Brown - Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl-aET]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DALT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MIPT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Alpha-Methyltryptamine|aMT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IT]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-APB]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[6-APB]] || Dark Purple<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Camfetamine]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methiopropamine]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDAI]] || Green > Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IAI]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pethidine]] || Red - Orange<ref name='UNlabmanual'>{{cite web|title=Rapid Testing Methods of Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/publications/st-nar-13-rev1.pdf|work=United Nations International Drug Control Programme|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Mescaline]] || Black<ref name="UNlabmanual"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Allylescaline]] || Brown - Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-T-2]] || Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-P]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|b-methoxy-[[2C-D]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Pill testing]]<br />
* [[Marquis reagent|Marquis Reagent]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical tests]]<br />
[[Category:Analytical reagents]]<br />
[[Category:Drug testing reagents]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{chem-stub}}</div>
Enix150
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liebermann-Reagenz&diff=152147554
Liebermann-Reagenz
2013-07-20T22:15:09Z
<p>Enix150: Tidied up and fixed Butylone</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish2|the [[Liebermann nitroso reaction]], a test for [[nitrosamines]] and [[phenol]]}}<br />
The '''Liebermann reagent''' named after Hungarian chemist [[Leo Liebermann]] (1852-1926) is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify [[alkaloids]] as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of [[potassium nitrite]] and concentrated [[sulfuric acid]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Horowitz | first1 = Benjamin | title = A Study of the Action of Ammonia on Thymol | publisher = Bibliolife | year = 2009 | pages = 26 | url = http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/benjamin-harrow/a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala/page-2-a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala.shtml | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-1-110-61089-1 | quote = Since his day the Liebermann reagent (6% potassium nitrite in conc. sulphuric acid) has been extensively used. }}</ref><ref name='Dictionary'>{{cite book | last1 = Bell | first1 = Suzanne | title = Dictionary of Forensic Science (Facts on File Science Dictionary) (Facts on File Science Dictionary Series.) | publisher = Facts on File Inc | date = 30 Jun 2004 | year = 2004 | pages = 142 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x0kmY7Bj1zYC&lpg=PA142&dq=%22potassium%20nitrite%22%20sulphuric%20liebermann&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q=liebermann&f=false | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-8160-5131-1 }}</ref> 1g of potassium nitrite is used for every 10 mls of sulphuric acid.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Brittain | first1 = Harry G. | last2 = McLeish | first2 = Michael J | title = Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients | volume = 25 | publisher = Academic Press | date = 20 Mar 1998 | pages = 106 | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-12-260825-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is used to test for [[cocaine]], [[morphine]], [[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]].<br />
<br />
The test is performed by scraping off a small amount of the substance and adding a drop of the reagent (which is initially clear and colorless). The results are analyzed by viewing the color of the resulting mixture, and by the time taken for the change in color to become apparent.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Final colors produced by Liebermann Reagent with various substances<br />
|-<br />
!Substance<br />
!Color<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cocaine]] || Yellowish<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Morphine]] || Black<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Atropine]] || Red - Orange<ref name='DMT Nexus'>{{cite web | url = https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&m=278350#post278350 | title = Colorimetric test results for different alkaloids | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | last = DMT Nexus | date = 2011-09-29}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Yohimbine]] || Blue<ref name="DMT Nexus"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]] || Purple - Brown<ref name='EMCDDA'>{{cite book | last1 = EMCDDA | title = EMCDDA Risk Assessment: Report on the Risk Assessment of PMMA in the Framework of the Joint Action on New Synthetic Drugs | publisher = Dictus Publishing | date = 30 Mar 2011 | pages = 54 | url = http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index33349EN.html | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-3-8433-2695-7}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMA]] || Intense Brown - Black<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Amphetamine]] || Intense Olive Green<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methamphetamine]] || Red{{Citation needed|reason=|date=July 2013}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name='Microgram'>{{cite journal | author = Toole KE, Fu S, Shimmon RG, Kraymen N | title = Color Tests for the Preliminary Identification of Methcathinone and Analogues of Methcathinone | journal = Microgram Journal | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 27-32 | year = 2012 | url = http://www.justice.gov/dea/pr/microgram-journals/2012/mj9-1_27-32.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methcathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MMC]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[N,N-DMC]] || Faint Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-FMC]] || No reaction<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MOMC]] || Faint Orange<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMC]] || Orange > Brown<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDPV]] || Yellow > Green<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MαPPP|4-Me-PPP]] || Orange<ref name='Morris'>{{cite web|title=Color Tests and Analytical Difficulties With Emerging Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.nist.gov/oles/upload/Color-Tests-and-Analytical-Difficulties-with-Emerging-Drugs-Morris.pdf|work=Johnson County Sheriff’s Office Criminalistics Laboratory|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Brephedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MEC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pentedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Butylone]] || Yellow > Brown<ref name="Morris"/> or Green > Brown<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3,4-DMMC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Naphyrone]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Benzedrone]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-307]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-001]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[CB-13]] || Dark Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JTE-907]] || Black (bubbling)<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[UR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB-597]] || Yellow Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB602]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB754]] || Light Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-1248]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-034]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-796,260]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-834,735]] || Red-Orange > Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[FUR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AKB48]] || No color change<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-073]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-018]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-200]] || Dark Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2201]] || Yellow - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-203]] || Yellow - Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[RCS-4]]-C4 homolog || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-694]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MAM-2201]] || Green - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2233]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[STS-135]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MeO-PCP]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methoxetamine]] || Orange - Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Ethketamine]] || Pale Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-HO-PCE]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-MeO-DALT]] || Dark Brown - Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl-aET]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DALT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MIPT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Alpha-Methyltryptamine|aMT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IT]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-APB]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[6-APB]] || Dark Purple<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Camfetamine]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methiopropamine]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDAI]] || Green > Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IAI]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pethidine]] || Red - Orange<ref name='UNlabmanual'>{{cite web|title=Rapid Testing Methods of Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/publications/st-nar-13-rev1.pdf|work=United Nations International Drug Control Programme|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Mescaline]] || Black<ref name="UNlabmanual"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Allylescaline]] || Brown - Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-T-2]] || Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-P]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|b-methoxy-[[2C-D]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Pill testing]]<br />
* [[Marquis reagent|Marquis Reagent]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical tests]]<br />
[[Category:Analytical reagents]]<br />
[[Category:Drug testing reagents]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{chem-stub}}</div>
Enix150
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liebermann-Reagenz&diff=152147553
Liebermann-Reagenz
2013-07-18T19:45:25Z
<p>Enix150: Disambiguated: aMT → Alpha-Methyltryptamine</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish2|the [[Liebermann nitroso reaction]], a test for [[nitrosamines]] and [[phenol]]}}<br />
The '''Liebermann reagent''' named after Hungarian chemist [[Leo Liebermann]] (1852-1926) is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify [[alkaloids]] as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of [[potassium nitrite]] and concentrated [[sulfuric acid]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Horowitz | first1 = Benjamin | title = A Study of the Action of Ammonia on Thymol | publisher = Bibliolife | year = 2009 | pages = 26 | url = http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/benjamin-harrow/a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala/page-2-a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala.shtml | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-1-110-61089-1 | quote = Since his day the Liebermann reagent (6% potassium nitrite in conc. sulphuric acid) has been extensively used. }}</ref><ref name='Dictionary'>{{cite book | last1 = Bell | first1 = Suzanne | title = Dictionary of Forensic Science (Facts on File Science Dictionary) (Facts on File Science Dictionary Series.) | publisher = Facts on File Inc | date = 30 Jun 2004 | year = 2004 | pages = 142 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x0kmY7Bj1zYC&lpg=PA142&dq=%22potassium%20nitrite%22%20sulphuric%20liebermann&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q=liebermann&f=false | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-8160-5131-1 }}</ref> 1g of potassium nitrite is used for every 10 mls of sulphuric acid.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Brittain | first1 = Harry G. | last2 = McLeish | first2 = Michael J | title = Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients | volume = 25 | publisher = Academic Press | date = 20 Mar 1998 | pages = 106 | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-12-260825-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is used to test for [[cocaine]], [[morphine]], [[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]].<br />
<br />
The test is performed by scraping off a small amount of the substance and adding a drop of the reagent (which is initially clear and colorless). The results are analyzed by viewing the color of the resulting mixture, and by the time taken for the change in color to become apparent.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Final colors produced by Liebermann Reagent with various substances<br />
|-<br />
!Substance<br />
!Color<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cocaine]] || Yellowish<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Morphine]] || Black<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Atropine]] || Red - Orange<ref name='DMT Nexus'>{{cite web | url = https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&m=278350#post278350 | title = Colorimetric test results for different alkaloids | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | last = DMT Nexus | date = 2011-09-29}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Yohimbine]] || Blue<ref name="DMT Nexus"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]] || Purple - Brown<ref name='EMCDDA'>{{cite book | last1 = EMCDDA | title = EMCDDA Risk Assessment: Report on the Risk Assessment of PMMA in the Framework of the Joint Action on New Synthetic Drugs | publisher = Dictus Publishing | date = 30 Mar 2011 | pages = 54 | url = http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index33349EN.html | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-3-8433-2695-7}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMA]] || Intense Brown - Black<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Amphetamine]] || Intense Olive Green<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methamphetamine]] || Red{{Citation needed|reason=|date=July 2013}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name='Microgram'>{{cite journal | author = Toole KE, Fu S, Shimmon RG, Kraymen N | title = Color Tests for the Preliminary Identification of Methcathinone and Analogues of Methcathinone | journal = Microgram Journal | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 27-32 | year = 2012 | url = http://www.justice.gov/dea/pr/microgram-journals/2012/mj9-1_27-32.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methcathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MMC]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[N,N-DMC]] || Faint Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-FMC]] || No reaction<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MOMC]] || Faint Orange<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMC]] || Orange>Brown<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDPV]] || Yellow>Green<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MαPPP|4-Me-PPP]] || Orange<ref name='Morris'>{{cite web|title=Color Tests and Analytical Difficulties With Emerging Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.nist.gov/oles/upload/Color-Tests-and-Analytical-Difficulties-with-Emerging-Drugs-Morris.pdf|work=Johnson County Sheriff’s Office Criminalistics Laboratory|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Brephedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MEC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pentedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Butylone]] || Yellow>Brown<ref name="Morris"/> or Yellow>Green<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3,4-DMMC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Naphyrone]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Benzedrone]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-307]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-001]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[CB-13]] || Dark Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JTE-907]] || Black (Bubbling)<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[UR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB-597]] || Yellow Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB602]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB754]] || Light Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-1248]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-034]] || Red-Orange>Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-796,260]] || Red-Orange>Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-834,735]] || Red-Orange>Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[FUR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AKB48]] || No color change<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-073]] || Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-018]] || Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-200]] || Dark Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2201]] || Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-203]] || Yellow-Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[RCS-4]]-C4 homolog || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-694]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MAM-2201]] || Green-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2233]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[STS-135]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MeO-PCP]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methoxetamine]] || Orange-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Ethketamine]] || Pale Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-HO-PCE]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-MeO-DALT]] || Dark Brown/Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl-aET]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DALT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MIPT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Alpha-Methyltryptamine|aMT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IT]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-APB]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[6-APB]] || Dark Purple<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Camfetamine]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methiopropamine]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDAI]] || Green>Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IAI]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pethidine]] || Red-Orange<ref name='UNlabmanual'>{{cite web|title=Rapid Testing Methods of Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/publications/st-nar-13-rev1.pdf|work=United Nations International Drug Control Programme|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Mescaline]] || Black<ref name="UNlabmanual"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Allylescaline]] || Brown-Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-T-2]] || Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-P]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|b-methoxy-[[2C-D]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Pill testing]]<br />
* [[Marquis reagent|Marquis Reagent]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical tests]]<br />
[[Category:Analytical reagents]]<br />
[[Category:Drug testing reagents]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{chem-stub}}</div>
Enix150
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liebermann-Reagenz&diff=152147552
Liebermann-Reagenz
2013-07-17T23:50:12Z
<p>Enix150: haven't found a source yet, but added methamphetamine's reaction for Harm Reduction</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish2|the [[Liebermann nitroso reaction]], a test for [[nitrosamines]] and [[phenol]]}}<br />
The '''Liebermann reagent''' named after Hungarian chemist [[Leo Liebermann]] (1852-1926) is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify [[alkaloids]] as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of [[potassium nitrite]] and concentrated [[sulfuric acid]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Horowitz | first1 = Benjamin | title = A Study of the Action of Ammonia on Thymol | publisher = Bibliolife | year = 2009 | pages = 26 | url = http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/benjamin-harrow/a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala/page-2-a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala.shtml | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-1-110-61089-1 | quote = Since his day the Liebermann reagent (6% potassium nitrite in conc. sulphuric acid) has been extensively used. }}</ref><ref name='Dictionary'>{{cite book | last1 = Bell | first1 = Suzanne | title = Dictionary of Forensic Science (Facts on File Science Dictionary) (Facts on File Science Dictionary Series.) | publisher = Facts on File Inc | date = 30 Jun 2004 | year = 2004 | pages = 142 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x0kmY7Bj1zYC&lpg=PA142&dq=%22potassium%20nitrite%22%20sulphuric%20liebermann&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q=liebermann&f=false | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-8160-5131-1 }}</ref> 1g of potassium nitrite is used for every 10 mls of sulphuric acid.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Brittain | first1 = Harry G. | last2 = McLeish | first2 = Michael J | title = Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients | volume = 25 | publisher = Academic Press | date = 20 Mar 1998 | pages = 106 | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-12-260825-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is used to test for [[cocaine]], [[morphine]], [[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]].<br />
<br />
The test is performed by scraping off a small amount of the substance and adding a drop of the reagent (which is initially clear and colorless). The results are analyzed by viewing the color of the resulting mixture, and by the time taken for the change in color to become apparent.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Final colors produced by Liebermann Reagent with various substances<br />
|-<br />
!Substance<br />
!Color<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cocaine]] || Yellowish<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Morphine]] || Black<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Atropine]] || Red - Orange<ref name='DMT Nexus'>{{cite web | url = https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&m=278350#post278350 | title = Colorimetric test results for different alkaloids | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | last = DMT Nexus | date = 2011-09-29}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Yohimbine]] || Blue<ref name="DMT Nexus"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]] || Purple - Brown<ref name='EMCDDA'>{{cite book | last1 = EMCDDA | title = EMCDDA Risk Assessment: Report on the Risk Assessment of PMMA in the Framework of the Joint Action on New Synthetic Drugs | publisher = Dictus Publishing | date = 30 Mar 2011 | pages = 54 | url = http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index33349EN.html | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-3-8433-2695-7}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMA]] || Intense Brown - Black<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Amphetamine]] || Intense Olive Green<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methamphetamine]] || Red{{Citation needed|reason=|date=July 2013}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name='Microgram'>{{cite journal | author = Toole KE, Fu S, Shimmon RG, Kraymen N | title = Color Tests for the Preliminary Identification of Methcathinone and Analogues of Methcathinone | journal = Microgram Journal | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 27-32 | year = 2012 | url = http://www.justice.gov/dea/pr/microgram-journals/2012/mj9-1_27-32.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methcathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MMC]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[N,N-DMC]] || Faint Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-FMC]] || No reaction<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MOMC]] || Faint Orange<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMC]] || Orange>Brown<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDPV]] || Yellow>Green<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MαPPP|4-Me-PPP]] || Orange<ref name='Morris'>{{cite web|title=Color Tests and Analytical Difficulties With Emerging Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.nist.gov/oles/upload/Color-Tests-and-Analytical-Difficulties-with-Emerging-Drugs-Morris.pdf|work=Johnson County Sheriff’s Office Criminalistics Laboratory|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Brephedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MEC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pentedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Butylone]] || Yellow>Brown<ref name="Morris"/> or Yellow>Green<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3,4-DMMC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Naphyrone]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Benzedrone]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-307]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-001]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[CB-13]] || Dark Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JTE-907]] || Black (Bubbling)<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[UR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB-597]] || Yellow Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB602]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB754]] || Light Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-1248]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-034]] || Red-Orange>Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-796,260]] || Red-Orange>Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-834,735]] || Red-Orange>Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[FUR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AKB48]] || No color change<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-073]] || Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-018]] || Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-200]] || Dark Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2201]] || Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-203]] || Yellow-Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[RCS-4]]-C4 homolog || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-694]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MAM-2201]] || Green-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2233]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[STS-135]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MeO-PCP]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methoxetamine]] || Orange-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Ethketamine]] || Pale Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-HO-PCE]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-MeO-DALT]] || Dark Brown/Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl-aET]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DALT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MIPT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[aMT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IT]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-APB]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[6-APB]] || Dark Purple<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Camfetamine]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methiopropamine]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDAI]] || Green>Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IAI]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pethidine]] || Red-Orange<ref name='UNlabmanual'>{{cite web|title=Rapid Testing Methods of Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/publications/st-nar-13-rev1.pdf|work=United Nations International Drug Control Programme|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Mescaline]] || Black<ref name="UNlabmanual"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Allylescaline]] || Brown-Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-T-2]] || Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-P]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|b-methoxy-[[2C-D]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Pill testing]]<br />
* [[Marquis reagent|Marquis Reagent]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical tests]]<br />
[[Category:Analytical reagents]]<br />
[[Category:Drug testing reagents]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{chem-stub}}</div>
Enix150
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liebermann-Reagenz&diff=152147551
Liebermann-Reagenz
2013-07-17T22:42:31Z
<p>Enix150: finished table and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish2|the [[Liebermann nitroso reaction]], a test for [[nitrosamines]] and [[phenol]]}}<br />
The '''Liebermann reagent''' named after Hungarian chemist [[Leo Liebermann]] (1852-1926) is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify [[alkaloids]] as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of [[potassium nitrite]] and concentrated [[sulfuric acid]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Horowitz | first1 = Benjamin | title = A Study of the Action of Ammonia on Thymol | publisher = Bibliolife | year = 2009 | pages = 26 | url = http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/benjamin-harrow/a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala/page-2-a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala.shtml | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-1-110-61089-1 | quote = Since his day the Liebermann reagent (6% potassium nitrite in conc. sulphuric acid) has been extensively used. }}</ref><ref name='Dictionary'>{{cite book | last1 = Bell | first1 = Suzanne | title = Dictionary of Forensic Science (Facts on File Science Dictionary) (Facts on File Science Dictionary Series.) | publisher = Facts on File Inc | date = 30 Jun 2004 | year = 2004 | pages = 142 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x0kmY7Bj1zYC&lpg=PA142&dq=%22potassium%20nitrite%22%20sulphuric%20liebermann&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q=liebermann&f=false | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-8160-5131-1 }}</ref> 1g of potassium nitrite is used for every 10 mls of sulphuric acid.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Brittain | first1 = Harry G. | last2 = McLeish | first2 = Michael J | title = Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients | volume = 25 | publisher = Academic Press | date = 20 Mar 1998 | pages = 106 | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-12-260825-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is used to test for [[cocaine]], [[morphine]], [[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]].<br />
<br />
The test is performed by scraping off a small amount of the substance and adding a drop of the reagent (which is initially clear and colorless). The results are analyzed by viewing the color of the resulting mixture, and by the time taken for the change in color to become apparent.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Final colors produced by Liebermann Reagent with various substances<br />
|-<br />
!Substance<br />
!Color<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cocaine]] || Yellowish<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Morphine]] || Black<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Atropine]] || Red - Orange<ref name='DMT Nexus'>{{cite web | url = https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&m=278350#post278350 | title = Colorimetric test results for different alkaloids | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | last = DMT Nexus | date = 2011-09-29}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Yohimbine]] || Blue<ref name="DMT Nexus"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]] || Purple - Brown<ref name='EMCDDA'>{{cite book | last1 = EMCDDA | title = EMCDDA Risk Assessment: Report on the Risk Assessment of PMMA in the Framework of the Joint Action on New Synthetic Drugs | publisher = Dictus Publishing | date = 30 Mar 2011 | pages = 54 | url = http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index33349EN.html | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-3-8433-2695-7}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMA]] || Intense Brown - Black<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Amphetamine]] || Intense Olive Green<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Cathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name='Microgram'>{{cite journal | author = Toole KE, Fu S, Shimmon RG, Kraymen N | title = Color Tests for the Preliminary Identification of Methcathinone and Analogues of Methcathinone | journal = Microgram Journal | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 27-32 | year = 2012 | url = http://www.justice.gov/dea/pr/microgram-journals/2012/mj9-1_27-32.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methcathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MMC]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[N,N-DMC]] || Faint Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-FMC]] || No reaction<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MOMC]] || Faint Orange<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMC]] || Orange>Brown<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDPV]] || Yellow>Green<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MαPPP|4-Me-PPP]] || Orange<ref name='Morris'>{{cite web|title=Color Tests and Analytical Difficulties With Emerging Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.nist.gov/oles/upload/Color-Tests-and-Analytical-Difficulties-with-Emerging-Drugs-Morris.pdf|work=Johnson County Sheriff’s Office Criminalistics Laboratory|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Brephedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MEC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pentedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Butylone]] || Yellow>Brown<ref name="Morris"/> or Yellow>Green<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3,4-DMMC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Naphyrone]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Benzedrone]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-307]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-001]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[CB-13]] || Dark Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JTE-907]] || Black (Bubbling)<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[UR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB-597]] || Yellow Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB602]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB754]] || Light Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-1248]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-034]] || Red-Orange>Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-796,260]] || Red-Orange>Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-834,735]] || Red-Orange>Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[FUR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AKB48]] || No color change<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-073]] || Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-018]] || Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-200]] || Dark Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2201]] || Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-203]] || Yellow-Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[RCS-4]]-C4 homolog || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-694]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MAM-2201]] || Green-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2233]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[STS-135]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MeO-PCP]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methoxetamine]] || Orange-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Ethketamine]] || Pale Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-HO-PCE]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-MeO-DALT]] || Dark Brown/Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl-aET]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DALT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-HO-MIPT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-AcO-DET]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[aMT]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IT]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-APB]] || Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[6-APB]] || Dark Purple<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Camfetamine]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methiopropamine]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDAI]] || Green>Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[5-IAI]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pethidine]] || Red-Orange<ref name='UNlabmanual'>{{cite web|title=Rapid Testing Methods of Drugs of Abuse|url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/publications/st-nar-13-rev1.pdf|work=United Nations International Drug Control Programme|accessdate=2013-07-16|format=PDF|month=|year=2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Mescaline]] || Black<ref name="UNlabmanual"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Allylescaline]] || Brown-Black<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-T-2]] || Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[2C-P]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|b-methoxy-[[2C-D]] || Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Pill testing]]<br />
* [[Marquis reagent|Marquis Reagent]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical tests]]<br />
[[Category:Analytical reagents]]<br />
[[Category:Drug testing reagents]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{chem-stub}}</div>
Enix150
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liebermann-Reagenz&diff=152147550
Liebermann-Reagenz
2013-07-16T22:02:54Z
<p>Enix150: filled in table</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish2|the [[Liebermann nitroso reaction]], a test for [[nitrosamines]] and [[phenol]]}}<br />
The '''Liebermann reagent''' named after Hungarian chemist [[Leo Liebermann]] (1852-1926) is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify [[alkaloids]] as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of [[potassium nitrite]] and concentrated [[sulfuric acid]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Horowitz | first1 = Benjamin | title = A Study of the Action of Ammonia on Thymol | publisher = Bibliolife | year = 2009 | pages = 26 | url = http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/benjamin-harrow/a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala/page-2-a-study-of-the-action-of-ammonia-on-thymol--ala.shtml | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-1-110-61089-1 | quote = Since his day the Liebermann reagent (6% potassium nitrite in conc. sulphuric acid) has been extensively used. }}</ref><ref name='Dictionary'>{{cite book | last1 = Bell | first1 = Suzanne | title = Dictionary of Forensic Science (Facts on File Science Dictionary) (Facts on File Science Dictionary Series.) | publisher = Facts on File Inc | date = 30 Jun 2004 | year = 2004 | pages = 142 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x0kmY7Bj1zYC&lpg=PA142&dq=%22potassium%20nitrite%22%20sulphuric%20liebermann&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q=liebermann&f=false | accessdate= 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-8160-5131-1 }}</ref> 1g of potassium nitrite is used for every 10 mls of sulphuric acid.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Brittain | first1 = Harry G. | last2 = McLeish | first2 = Michael J | title = Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients | volume = 25 | publisher = Academic Press | date = 20 Mar 1998 | pages = 106 | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-0-12-260825-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is used to test for [[cocaine]], [[morphine]], [[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]].<br />
<br />
The test is performed by scraping off a small amount of the substance and adding a drop of the reagent (which is initially clear and colorless). The results are analyzed by viewing the color of the resulting mixture, and by the time taken for the change in color to become apparent.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Final colors produced by Liebermann Reagent with various substances<br />
|-<br />
!Substance<br />
!Color<br />
|-<br />
|[[Cocaine]] || Yellowish<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Morphine]] || Black<ref name="Dictionary"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Atropine]] || Red - Orange<ref name='DMT Nexus'>{{cite web | url = https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&m=278350#post278350 | title = Colorimetric test results for different alkaloids | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | last = DMT Nexus | date = 2011-09-29}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Yohimbine]] || Blue<ref name="DMT Nexus"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Para-Methoxyamphetamine|PMA]] and [[Para-Methoxymethamphetamine|PMMA]] || Purple - Brown<ref name='EMCDDA'>{{cite book | last1 = EMCDDA | title = EMCDDA Risk Assessment: Report on the Risk Assessment of PMMA in the Framework of the Joint Action on New Synthetic Drugs | publisher = Dictus Publishing | date = 30 Mar 2011 | pages = 54 | url = http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index33349EN.html | accessdate = 2012-01-25 | isbn = 978-3-8433-2695-7}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMA]] || Intense Brown - Black<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Amphetamine]] || Intense Olive Green<ref name="EMCDDA"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Cathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name='Microgram'>{{cite journal | author = Toole KE, Fu S, Shimmon RG, Kraymen N | title = Color Tests for the Preliminary Identification of Methcathinone and Analogues of Methcathinone | journal = Microgram Journal | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 27-32 | year = 2012 | url = http://www.justice.gov/dea/pr/microgram-journals/2012/mj9-1_27-32.pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methcathinone]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MMC]] || Bright Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[N,N-DMC]] || Faint Yellow<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-FMC]] || No reaction<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MOMC]] || Faint Orange<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDMC]] || Orange>Brown<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MDPV]] || Yellow>Green<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-Me-PPP]] || Orange<ref name='Morris'>{{cite }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Brephedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MEC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Pentedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-methyl buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Buphedrone]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Butylone]] || Yellow>Brown<ref name="Morris"/> or Yellow>Green<ref name="Microgram"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3,4-DMMC]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Naphyrone]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Benzedrone]] || Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-307]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-001]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[CB-13]] || Dark Green<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JTE-907]] || Black (Bubbling)<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[UR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB-597]] || Yellow Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB602]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[URB754]] || Light Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-1248]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AB-034]] || Red-Orange>Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-796,260]] || Red-Orange>Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[A-834,735]] || Red-Orange>Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[FUR-144]] || Dark Red<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AKB48]] || No color change<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-073]] || Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-018]] || Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-200]] || Dark Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2201]] || Yellow-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[JWH-203]] || Yellow-Orange<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[RCS-4]]-C4 homolog || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-694]] || Dark Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[MAM-2201]] || Green-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[AM-2233]] || Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[STS-135]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[4-MeO-PCP]] || Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Methoxetamine]] || Orange-Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[Ethketamine]] || Pale Yellow<ref name="Morris"/><br />
|-<br />
|[[3-HO-PCE]] || Dark Brown<ref name="Morris"/><br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Pill testing]]<br />
* [[Marquis reagent|Marquis Reagent]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical tests]]<br />
[[Category:Analytical reagents]]<br />
[[Category:Drug testing reagents]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{chem-stub}}</div>
Enix150
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GW1516&diff=169434516
GW1516
2011-11-10T04:39:09Z
<p>Enix150: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Drugbox<br />
| Verifiedfields = changed<br />
| verifiedrevid = 458657924<br />
| IUPAC_name = 2-[2-methyl-4-([4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-<br />
| image = GW501516.png<br />
| width = 260<br />
<br />
<!--Clinical data--><br />
| tradename =<br />
| legal_AU = unscheduled<br />
| legal_US = unscheduled<br />
| legal_UK = unscheduled<br />
| routes_of_administration = oral<br />
<br />
<!--Identifiers--><br />
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}<br />
| CAS_number = 317318-70-0<br />
| PubChem = 9803963<br />
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}<br />
| ChEMBL = 38943<br />
<br />
<!--Chemical data--><br />
| C=21 | H=18 | F=3 | N=1 | O=3 | S=2<br />
| molecular_weight = 453.498 g/mol<br />
| smiles = O=C(O[H])COc1c(C)cc(SCC2=C(C)N=C(c3ccc(C(F)(F)F)cc3)S2)cc1<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''GW-501516''' (also known as '''GW-501,516''', '''GW1516''' or '''GSK-516''') is a [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta|PPARδ]] modulator compound being investigated for drug use by [[GlaxoSmithKline]].<ref name="pmid12699745">{{cite journal | author = Sznaidman ML, Haffner CD, Maloney PR, Fivush A, Chao E, Goreham D, Sierra ML, LeGrumelec C, Xu HE, Montana VG, Lambert MH, Willson TM, Oliver WR Jr, Sternbach DD | title = Novel selective small molecule agonists for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta)--synthesis and biological activity | journal = Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = 1517–21 | year = 2003 | month = May | pmid = 12699745 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-894X(03)00207-5 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid17869249">{{cite journal | author = Dimopoulos N, Watson M, Green C, Hundal HS | title = The PPARdelta agonist, GW501516, promotes fatty acid oxidation but has no direct effect on glucose utilisation or insulin sensitivity in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells | journal = FEBS Lett. | volume = 581 | issue = 24 | pages = 4743–8 | year = 2007 | month = October | pmid = 17869249 | doi = 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.08.072 | url = | issn = }}</ref> It activates the same pathways activated through exercise, including PPARδ and [[AMP-activated protein kinase]]. It is being investigated as a potential treatment for [[obesity]], [[diabetes]], [[dyslipidemia]] and [[cardiovascular disease]]. <ref name="pmid16511591">{{cite journal | author = Barish GD, Narkar VA, Evans RM | title = PPAR delta: a dagger in the heart of the metabolic syndrome | journal = J. Clin. Invest. | volume = 116 | issue = 3 | pages = 590–7 | year = 2006 | month = March | pmid = 16511591 | pmc = 1386117 | doi = 10.1172/JCI27955 | url = | issn = }}</ref> <ref name="doi:10.1210/me.2003-0151">{{cite journal | author =<br />
<br />
* Uwe Dressel,<br />
* Tamara L. Allen,<br />
* Jyotsna B. Pippal,<br />
* Paul R. Rohde,<br />
* Patrick Lau,<br />
* and George E. O. Musc<br />
<br />
at | title = The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β/δ Agonist, GW501516, Regulates the Expression of Genes Involved in Lipid Catabolism and Energy Uncoupling in Skeletal Muscle Cells | journal = Molecular Endocrinology | issue =17 | pages = 2477-93 | year = 2003 doi=doi:10.1210/me.2003-015 | url = [http://mend.endojournals.org/content/17/12/2477.short http://mend.endojournals.org/content/17/12/2477.short]}}</ref><br />
GW-501516 has a synergistic effect when combined with [[AICAR]]: the combination has been shown to significantly increase exercise endurance in animal studies more than either compound alone.<br />
<ref name="Narkar_2008">{{cite journal | author = Narkar VA, Downes M, Yu RT, Embler E, Wang Y-X, Banayo E, Mihaylova MM, Nelson MC, Zou Y, Juguilon H, Kang H, Shaw RJ,2 Evans RM | title = AMPK and PPARδ Agonists Are Exercise Mimetics | journal = Cell | volume = 134 | issue = 3| pages = 1–11 | year = 2008 | month = August| doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.051 | url = http://download.cell.com/pdfs/0092-8674/PIIS0092867408008386.pdf |format=PDF| issn = | pmid = 18674809 | pmc = 2706130 }}</ref><ref name="urlExercise In A Pill: Researchers Identify Drugs That Enhance Exercise Endurance">{{cite web | url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080731135918.htm | title = Exercise In A Pill: Researchers Identify Drugs That Enhance Exercise Endurance | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = 2008-08-01 | format = | work = Science News | publisher = ScienceDaily | pages = | language = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = | accessdate = 2008-08-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
GW-50156 regulates fat burning through a number of widespread mechanisms <ref> Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867403002691 </ref>; it increases [[glucose uptake]] in [[skeletal muscle]] tissue and increases muscle gene expression, especially genes involved in preferential lipid utilization.,<ref name="AMPK and PPARδ Agonists Are Exercise Mimetics">Vihang A. Narkar, Michael Downes, Ruth T. Yu, Emi Embler, Yong-Xu Wang, Ester Banayo, Maria M. Mihaylova, Michael C. Nelson, Yuhua Zou, Henry Juguilon, Heonjoong Kang, Reuben J. Shaw, Ronald M. Evans, AMPK and PPARδ Agonists Are Exercise Mimetics, Cell, Volume 134, Issue 3, 8 August 2008, Pages 405-415, ISSN 0092-8674, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.051.<br />
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867408008386)}}</ref><ref name="pmid17500064">{{cite journal | author = Krämer DK, Al-Khalili L, Guigas B, Leng Y, Garcia-Roves PM, Krook A | title = Role of AMP kinase and PPARdelta in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism in human skeletal muscle | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 282 | issue = 27 | pages = 19313–20 | year = 2007 | month = July | pmid = 17500064 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M702329200 | url = | issn = }}</ref> <ref> Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE http://mend.endojournals.org/content/17/12/2477.short </ref> This shift changes the body's metabolism to favor burning fat for energy instead of carbohydrates or muscle protein, potentially allowing clinical application for obese patients to lose fat effectively without experiencing muscle catabolism or the effects and satiety issues associated with low blood sugar. <ref> http://mend.endojournals.org/content/17/12/2477.short </ref> GW-501516 also increases muscle mass, which improved glucose tolerance and reduced fat mass accumulation even in mice fed a very high fat diet, suggesting that GW-501516 may have a protective effect against obesity <ref> Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020294 </ref><br />
<br />
It has been demonstrated at oral doses of 5 mg a day to reverse metabolic abnormalities in [[obese]] men with pre-diabetic [[metabolic syndrome]], most likely by stimulating fatty acid oxidation.<ref name="pmid18024853">{{cite journal | author = Risérus U, Sprecher D, Johnson T, Olson E, Hirschberg S, Liu A, Fang Z, Hegde P, Richards D, Sarov-Blat L, Strum JC, Basu S, Cheeseman J, Fielding BA, Humphreys SM, Danoff T, Moore NR, Murgatroyd P, O'Rahilly S, Sutton P, Willson T, Hassall D, Frayn KN, Karpe F | title = Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)delta promotes reversal of multiple metabolic abnormalities, reduces oxidative stress, and increases fatty acid oxidation in moderately obese men | journal = Diabetes | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 332–9 | year = 2008 | month = February | pmid = 18024853 | doi = 10.2337/db07-1318 | url = | issn = }}</ref> Treatments with GW-501516 have been shown to increase HDL cholesterol by up to 79% in rhesus monkeys and the compound is now undergoing Phase II trials to improve HDL cholesterol in humans. <ref> Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:tJeBg7cljugJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,39 </ref><br />
<br />
Concerns were raised prior to the [[2008 Beijing Olympics]] that GW-501516 could be used by athletes as a [[performance enhancing drug]] which was not currently controlled by regulations or detected by standard tests. One of the main researchers from the study on enhanced endurance consequently developed a urine test to detect the drug, and made it available to the [[International Olympic Committee]].<ref name="AICAR and GW1516 - The Exercise Pill">{{cite web |url= http://www.medical-weight-loss-guide.com/AICAR.html | title= AICAR and GW 1516 - The Exercise Pill |accessdate=2008-09-18 |work= |publisher= |date= }}</ref> The [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] has also begun work on a test GW-501516 and other related [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta|PPARδ]] modulators.,<ref name="urlWarning to Beijing Olympics over pills that mimic exercise - Health News, Health & Wellbeing - The Independent">{{cite web | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/health-news/warning-to-beijing-olympics-over-pills-that-mimic-exercise-882608.html | title = Warning to Beijing Olympics over pills that mimic exercise | author = Laurance J, Rajan A | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = 2008-08-01 | format = | work = Health News, Health & Wellbeing | publisher = The Independent | pages = | language = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = | accessdate = 2008-08-01 }}</ref> and they have been added to the prohibited list from 2009 onwards.<ref>[http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/2009_Prohibited_List_ENG_Final_20_Sept_08.pdf WADA 2009 Prohibited List]</ref> The compound has yet to be named a controlled or prohibited substance by any nation's drug enforcement or regulation agency. To date, no athlete is known to have tested positive for the substance, though the increase in endurance, muscle fiber performance, fat loss and metabolism suggests GW-501516 has the potential for [[ergogenic]] use and abuse.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Acadesine]]<br />
* [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Drugs]]<br />
[[Category:PPARδ agonists]]<br />
[[Category:GlaxoSmithKline]]<br />
<br />
{{pharm-stub}}</div>
Enix150
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GW1516&diff=169434509
GW1516
2011-11-02T16:18:14Z
<p>Enix150: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Drugbox<br />
| Watchedfields = changed<br />
| verifiedrevid = 403603665<br />
| IUPAC_name = 2-[2-methyl-4-([4-methyl-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-<br />
| image = GW501516.png<br />
| width = 260<br />
<br />
<!--Clinical data--><br />
| tradename =<br />
| legal_AU = unscheduled<br />
| legal_US = unscheduled<br />
| legal_UK = unscheduled<br />
| routes_of_administration = oral<br />
<br />
<!--Identifiers--><br />
| CAS_number = 317318-70-0<br />
| PubChem = 9803963<br />
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}<br />
| ChEMBL = 38943<br />
<br />
<!--Chemical data--><br />
| C=21 | H=18 | F=3 | N=1 | O=3 | S=2<br />
| molecular_weight = 453.498 g/mol<br />
| smiles = O=C(O[H])COc1c(C)cc(SCC2=C(C)N=C(c3ccc(C(F)(F)F)cc3)S2)cc1<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''GW-501516''' (also known as '''GW-501,516''','''GW1516''' or '''GSK-516''') is a [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta|PPARδ]] modulator compound being investigated for drug use by [[GlaxoSmithKline]].<ref name="pmid12699745">{{cite journal | author = Sznaidman ML, Haffner CD, Maloney PR, Fivush A, Chao E, Goreham D, Sierra ML, LeGrumelec C, Xu HE, Montana VG, Lambert MH, Willson TM, Oliver WR Jr, Sternbach DD | title = Novel selective small molecule agonists for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARdelta)--synthesis and biological activity | journal = Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = 1517–21 | year = 2003 | month = May | pmid = 12699745 | doi = 10.1016/S0960-894X(03)00207-5 | url = | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid17869249">{{cite journal | author = Dimopoulos N, Watson M, Green C, Hundal HS | title = The PPARdelta agonist, GW501516, promotes fatty acid oxidation but has no direct effect on glucose utilisation or insulin sensitivity in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells | journal = FEBS Lett. | volume = 581 | issue = 24 | pages = 4743–8 | year = 2007 | month = October | pmid = 17869249 | doi = 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.08.072 | url = | issn = }}</ref> It activates the same pathways activated through exercise, including PPARδ and [[AMP-activated protein kinase]]. It is being investigated as a potential treatment for [[obesity]], [[diabetes]], [[dyslipidemia]] and [[cardiovascular disease]]. <ref name="pmid16511591">{{cite journal | author = Barish GD, Narkar VA, Evans RM | title = PPAR delta: a dagger in the heart of the metabolic syndrome | journal = J. Clin. Invest. | volume = 116 | issue = 3 | pages = 590–7 | year = 2006 | month = March | pmid = 16511591 | pmc = 1386117 | doi = 10.1172/JCI27955 | url = | issn = }}</ref> <ref name="doi:10.1210/me.2003-0151">{{cite journal | author =<br />
<br />
* Uwe Dressel,<br />
* Tamara L. Allen,<br />
* Jyotsna B. Pippal,<br />
* Paul R. Rohde,<br />
* Patrick Lau,<br />
* and George E. O. Musc<br />
<br />
at | title = The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β/δ Agonist, GW501516, Regulates the Expression of Genes Involved in Lipid Catabolism and Energy Uncoupling in Skeletal Muscle Cells | journal = Molecular Endocrinology | issue =17 | pages = 2477-93 | year = 2003 doi=doi:10.1210/me.2003-015 | url = [http://mend.endojournals.org/content/17/12/2477.short http://mend.endojournals.org/content/17/12/2477.short]}}</ref><br />
GW-501516 has a synergistic effect when combined with [[AICAR]]: the combination has been shown to significantly increase exercise endurance in animal studies more than either compound alone.<br />
<ref name="Narkar_2008">{{cite journal | author = Narkar VA, Downes M, Yu RT, Embler E, Wang Y-X, Banayo E, Mihaylova MM, Nelson MC, Zou Y, Juguilon H, Kang H, Shaw RJ,2 Evans RM | title = AMPK and PPARδ Agonists Are Exercise Mimetics | journal = Cell | volume = 134 | issue = 3| pages = 1–11 | year = 2008 | month = August| doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.051 | url = http://download.cell.com/pdfs/0092-8674/PIIS0092867408008386.pdf |format=PDF| issn = | pmid = 18674809 | pmc = 2706130 }}</ref><ref name="urlExercise In A Pill: Researchers Identify Drugs That Enhance Exercise Endurance">{{cite web | url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080731135918.htm | title = Exercise In A Pill: Researchers Identify Drugs That Enhance Exercise Endurance | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = 2008-08-01 | format = | work = Science News | publisher = ScienceDaily | pages = | language = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = | accessdate = 2008-08-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
GW-50156 regulates fat burning through a number of widespread mechanisms <ref> Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867403002691 </ref>; it increases [[glucose uptake]] in [[skeletal muscle]] tissue and increases muscle gene expression, especially genes involved in preferential lipid utilization.,<ref name="AMPK and PPARδ Agonists Are Exercise Mimetics">Vihang A. Narkar, Michael Downes, Ruth T. Yu, Emi Embler, Yong-Xu Wang, Ester Banayo, Maria M. Mihaylova, Michael C. Nelson, Yuhua Zou, Henry Juguilon, Heonjoong Kang, Reuben J. Shaw, Ronald M. Evans, AMPK and PPARδ Agonists Are Exercise Mimetics, Cell, Volume 134, Issue 3, 8 August 2008, Pages 405-415, ISSN 0092-8674, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.06.051.<br />
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867408008386)}}</ref><ref name="pmid17500064">{{cite journal | author = Krämer DK, Al-Khalili L, Guigas B, Leng Y, Garcia-Roves PM, Krook A | title = Role of AMP kinase and PPARdelta in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism in human skeletal muscle | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 282 | issue = 27 | pages = 19313–20 | year = 2007 | month = July | pmid = 17500064 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M702329200 | url = | issn = }}</ref> <ref> Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE http://mend.endojournals.org/content/17/12/2477.short </ref> This shift changes the body's metabolism to favor burning fat for energy instead of carbohydrates or muscle protein, potentially allowing clinical application for obese patients to lose fat effectively without experiencing muscle catabolism or the effects and satiety issues associated with low blood sugar. <ref> http://mend.endojournals.org/content/17/12/2477.short </ref> GW-501516 also increases muscle mass, which improved glucose tolerance and reduced fat mass accumulation even in mice fed a very high fat diet, suggesting that GW-501516 may have a protective effect against obesity <ref> Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020294 </ref><br />
<br />
It has been demonstrated at oral doses of 5 mg a day to reverse metabolic abnormalities in [[obese]] men with pre-diabetic [[metabolic syndrome]], most likely by stimulating fatty acid oxidation.<ref name="pmid18024853">{{cite journal | author = Risérus U, Sprecher D, Johnson T, Olson E, Hirschberg S, Liu A, Fang Z, Hegde P, Richards D, Sarov-Blat L, Strum JC, Basu S, Cheeseman J, Fielding BA, Humphreys SM, Danoff T, Moore NR, Murgatroyd P, O'Rahilly S, Sutton P, Willson T, Hassall D, Frayn KN, Karpe F | title = Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)delta promotes reversal of multiple metabolic abnormalities, reduces oxidative stress, and increases fatty acid oxidation in moderately obese men | journal = Diabetes | volume = 57 | issue = 2 | pages = 332–9 | year = 2008 | month = February | pmid = 18024853 | doi = 10.2337/db07-1318 | url = | issn = }}</ref> Treatments with GW-501516 have been shown to increase HDL cholesterol by up to 79% in rhesus monkeys and the compound is now undergoing Phase II trials to improve HDL cholesterol in humans. <ref> Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:tJeBg7cljugJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,39 </ref><br />
<br />
Concerns were raised prior to the [[2008 Beijing Olympics]] that GW-501516 could be used by athletes as a [[performance enhancing drug]] which was not currently controlled by regulations or detected by standard tests. One of the main researchers from the study on enhanced endurance consequently developed a urine test to detect the drug, and made it available to the [[International Olympic Committee]].<ref name="AICAR and GW1516 - The Exercise Pill">{{cite web |url= http://www.medical-weight-loss-guide.com/AICAR.html | title= AICAR and GW 1516 - The Exercise Pill |accessdate=2008-09-18 |work= |publisher= |date= }}</ref> The [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] has also begun work on a test GW-501516 and other related [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta|PPARδ]] modulators.,<ref name="urlWarning to Beijing Olympics over pills that mimic exercise - Health News, Health & Wellbeing - The Independent">{{cite web | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/health-news/warning-to-beijing-olympics-over-pills-that-mimic-exercise-882608.html | title = Warning to Beijing Olympics over pills that mimic exercise | author = Laurance J, Rajan A | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = 2008-08-01 | format = | work = Health News, Health & Wellbeing | publisher = The Independent | pages = | language = | archiveurl = | archivedate = | quote = | accessdate = 2008-08-01 }}</ref> and they have been added to the prohibited list from 2009 onwards.<ref>[http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/2009_Prohibited_List_ENG_Final_20_Sept_08.pdf WADA 2009 Prohibited List]</ref> The compound has yet to be named a controlled or prohibited substance by any nation's drug enforcement or regulation agency. To date, no athlete is known to have tested positive for the substance, though the increase in endurance, muscle fiber performance, fat loss and metabolism suggests GW-501516 has the potential for [[ergogenic]] use and abuse.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Acadesine]]<br />
* [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Drugs]]<br />
[[Category:PPARδ agonists]]<br />
[[Category:GlaxoSmithKline]]<br />
<br />
{{pharm-stub}}</div>
Enix150
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-1-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)cyclohex-1-en&diff=100749395
2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-1-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-(1,2-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)cyclohex-1-en
2010-12-24T01:04:02Z
<p>Enix150: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Drugbox|<br />
|IUPAC_name = 2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-1-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-nonylphenyl)cyclohex-1-ene<br />
| image = IPMDHNPC.png<br />
| width= 240<br />
| CAS_number= <br />
| ATC_prefix=<br />
| ATC_suffix=<br />
| PubChem= <br />
| DrugBank=<br />
| C=25 | H=40 | O=2<br />
| molecular_weight = 372.582 g/mol<br />
| smiles = CC(C)C=2CCC(C)CC=2c1c(O)cc(cc1O)CCCCCCCCC<br />
| bioavailability=<br />
| metabolism = <br />
| elimination_half-life= <br />
| excretion = <br />
| pregnancy_category =<br />
| legal_status = <br />
| routes_of_administration= <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-1-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-nonylphenyl)cyclohex-1-ene''' is an [[analgesic]] compound which is a [[cannabinoid]] [[agonist]]. It is a ring-opened cannabinoid derivative, an analogue of [[cannabidiol]]. However, unlike cannabidiol, this compound produces potent cannabis-like effects in animals, suggesting it acts as a [[cannabinoid receptor 1|CB<sub>1</sub>]] agonist.<ref>Raj K. Razdan. The Total Synthesis of Cannabinoids. p245. Volume 4 of The Total Synthesis of Natural Products, edited by John Apsimon. Wiley Interscience. May 1981. ISBN 978-0-471-05460-3</ref><br />
<br />
It can be synthesized by [[Birch reduction]] from the [[nonyl]]-analog of [[cannabidiol]].<ref>{{cite journal| author = Razdan RK, Pars HG, Thompson WR, Granchelli FE | journal = Tetrahedron Letters | year = 1974 | pages=4315| doi = 10.1016/S0040-4039(01)92152-5| title = Lithium-ammonia reduction of tetrahydrocannabinols| volume = 15}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{cannabinoids}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Isopropyl-5-methyl-1-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-nonylphenyl)cyclohex-1-ene, 2-}}<br />
[[Category:Cannabinoids]]<br />
[[Category:Resorcinols]]<br />
<br />
{{cannabinoid-stub}}</div>
Enix150
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonel_Claypool%E2%80%99s_Bucket_of_Bernie_Brains&diff=95317554
Colonel Claypool’s Bucket of Bernie Brains
2010-11-29T02:09:36Z
<p>Enix150: /* History */</p>
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<div>{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| Name = C2B3<br />
| Img =<br />
| Background = temporary<br />
| Genre = [[Experimental rock]], [[Jam band]]<br />
| Years_active = 2002–2004<br />
| Label = [[Broadcast Music Incorporated|BMI Records]]<br />
| Associated_acts = [[Primus (band)|Primus]]<br>[[Praxis (band)|Praxis]]<br>[[Buckethead]]<br />
| URL = http://www.c2b3.com/<br />
| Current_members = [[Les Claypool]]<br/>[[Buckethead]]<br/>[[Bryan Mantia]]<br/>[[Bernie Worrell]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains''' ('''C2B3''') was an experimental [[supergroup (bands)|supergroup]] featuring bassist [[Les Claypool]], guitarist [[Buckethead]], keyboardist [[Bernie Worrell]] and drummer [[Bryan "Brain" Mantia]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Les Claypool, bassist of many bands, including [[Primus (band)|Primus]], collaborated with virtuoso guitarist [[Buckethead]], funk keyboardist [[Bernie Worrell]], and former [[Primus (band)|Primus]] drummer Brain ([[Bryan Mantia]]) under the name Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains (a combination of all the band members' names), after they met at the 2002 [[Bonnaroo]] Music and Arts festival. Worrell, Brain and Buckethead were there to perform with [[Bill Laswell]] as [[Praxis (band)|Praxis]]. Laswell was not able to play at the concert, so Claypool invited them to jam with him. From this point, they developed the concept of this supergroup. Their concerts pushed the improvisational envelope by preparing no material and not rehearsing beforehand.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458874/20021125/buckethead.jhtml Buckethead's Brains On Hold During GN'R Tour, Claypool Says - MTV, November 2002]</ref> At one of their shows they prepared sandwiches onstage for the audience members to eat.<br />
<br />
Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains reunited in 2004 to record ''[[The Big Eyeball in the Sky]]'', an album with equal parts instrumental and vocal songs.<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1485811/20040317/guns_n_roses.jhtml Buckethead's Hand Puppet Says Goodbye To Guns N' Roses - MTV, May 2004]</ref> The band began an 18-state tour of the [[United States|US]] on September 24, 2004.<ref>http://www.c2b3.com/tour/</ref> Claypool said the tour was "a traveling, oversized sock-puppet show spawned by the characters of a [[Tobe Hooper]] film and scored by [[Danny Elfman]] on bad acid." The album features only one guest, the multi-talented [[Gabby La La]] (noted as Gabby Lang on [[Les Claypool's Frog Brigade]]'s ''[[Purple Onion]]'') on [[vocals]] and [[sitar]]. She also opened on every show during the [[2004]] tour to mixed reviews as a solo act, sometimes with members of C2B3.<br />
<br />
==Line-up==<br />
*[[Les Claypool]] - Vocals, Bass<br />
*[[Buckethead]] - Guitar<br />
*[[Bernie Worrell]] - Keyboards<br />
*[[Bryan Mantia|Bryan "Brain" Mantia]] - Drums<br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
'''Studio Albums'''<br />
*2004: ''[[The Big Eyeball in the Sky]]''<br />
<br />
'''2004 Fall Tour'''<br />
*Downloads at the official site ([[MP3]] or [[FLAC]] format)<br />
<br />
'''Compilations'''<br />
*2003: ''[[Bonnaroo, Vol. 2]]'' - Featuring the live track "Number Two"<br />
*2004: ''[[Concrete Corner: October Sampler 2004]]'' - Featuring the track "Junior"<br />
<br />
==Videography==<br />
*2005: [[Les Claypool]] - ''[[5 Gallons of Diesel]]''<br />
Features the four live tracks: "Opening Jam," "Encore Jam," "Tyranny of the Hunt," and "Scott Taylor."<br />
*2003: ''[[Bonnaroo Music Festival 2002]]''<br />
Features the only live performance of the song "Number Two."<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.c2b3.com/ Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains' Official Website]<br />
* [http://www.c2b3live.com/ Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains Official Live Download Website]<br />
* [http://www.primusville.com/ Primus's Official Website]<br />
* [http://www.lesclaypool.com/ Les Claypool's Official Website]<br />
* [http://www.bucketheadland.com/ Buckethead's Official Website]<br />
* [http://www.bernieworrell.com/ Bernie Worrel's Official Website]<br />
* [http://www.wayofthebrain.com/ Brain's Official Website]<br />
<br />
{{Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains}}<br />
{{Les Claypool}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Colonel Claypool's Bucket Of Bernie Brains}}<br />
[[Category:Jam bands]]<br />
[[Category:American alternative rock groups]]<br />
[[Category:American rock music groups]]<br />
[[Category:Supergroups]]<br />
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2002]]<br />
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2004]]<br />
[[Category:Buckethead]]<br />
<br />
[[it:Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains]]<br />
[[pt:Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains]]</div>
Enix150
https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falcarinol&diff=95516486
Falcarinol
2010-06-06T20:11:35Z
<p>Enix150: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| ImageFile = Falcarinol-structure.png<br />
| ImageSize = 200px<br />
| IUPACName = (3''S'',9''Z'')-heptadeca-1,9-diene-4,6-diyn-3-ol<br />
| OtherNames = <br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| CASNo = 21852-80-2 <br />
| PubChem = 5469789<br />
| SMILES = CCCCCCC/C=C\CC#CC#C[C@H](C=C)O<br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| C=17|H=24|O=1<br />
| Appearance = <br />
| Density = <br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| Solubility = }}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| MainHazards = <br />
| FlashPt = <br />
| Autoignition = }}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Falcarinol''' is a natural pesticide and [[fatty alcohol]] found in [[carrot]]s, red [[ginseng]] (''Panax ginseng'') and [[ivy]]. It protects [[root]]s from fungal diseases, such as liquorice rot that causes black spots on the roots during storage. Falcarinol is a [[polyyne]] with two carbon carbon triple bonds and two double bonds.<ref>{{cite journal<br />
| author = S. G. Yates, R. E. England<br />
| title = Isolation and analysis of carrot constituents: myristicin, falcarinol, and falcarindiol<br />
| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry<br />
| year = 1982<br />
| volume = 30<br />
| issue = <br />
| pages = 317–320<br />
| doi =10.1021/jf00110a025 }}</ref> Falcarinol can cause [[allergic reaction|allergic]] and irritant [[contact dermatitis]].<ref>{{cite journal<br />
| author = S. Machado, E. Silva, A. Massa<br />
| title = Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from falcarinol<br />
| journal = Contact Dermatitis<br />
| year = 2002 <br />
| volume = 47<br />
| issue = 2 <br />
| pages = 109–125<br />
| doi = 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2002.470210_5.x }}</ref><br />
<br />
It was shown that falcarinol but not falcarindiol acts as covalent cannabinoid [[CB1 receptor]] inverse agonist (antagonist) and blocks the effect of [[anandamide]] in [[keratinocytes]], leading to pro-allergic effects in human skin.<ref>{{cite journal<br />
| author = M. Leonti, S. Raduner, L. Casu, F. Cottiglia, C. Floris, KH. Altmann, J. Gertsch<br />
| title = Falcarinol is a covalent cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist and induces pro-allergic effects in skin<br />
| journal = Biochemical Pharmacology<br />
| year = 2010 <br />
| volume = 79<br />
| issue = 12 <br />
| pages = 1815–1826<br />
| doi = 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.02.015<br />
| pmid = 20206138 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Falcarinol is thought to reduce the risk of developing cancer, as a research team from the [[University of Newcastle upon Tyne]] and Danish Universities found in February 2005 in a study on rats.<ref><br />
{{cite journal<br />
| author = M. Kobæk-Larsen, L. P. Christensen, W. Vach, J. Ritskes-Hoitinga and K. Brandt<br />
| title = Inhibitory Effects of Feeding with Carrots or (-)-Falcarinol on Development of Azoxymethane-Induced Preneoplastic Lesions in the Rat Colon<br />
| journal = Journal of Acricultural and Food Chemistry<br />
| year = 2005<br />
| volume = 53<br />
| issue = 5<br />
| pages = 1823–1827 <br />
| doi = 10.1021/jf048519s<br />
| pmid = 15740080 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4246107.stm Carrots may help ward off cancer], BBC News<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8101403.stm Cancer boost from whole carrots], BBC News<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plant toxins]]<br />
[[Category:Alkynes]]<br />
[[Category:Alkenes]]<br />
[[Category:Alcohols]]<br />
[[Category:Fungicides]]<br />
<br />
[[pl:Falkarinol]]</div>
Enix150