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Fernandino

2016-11-28T06:57:10Z

Elinruby: /* Krio Fernandinos */ Copyedit (minor)

{{for|the unrelated South Californian group|Tongva people{{!}}Fernandeño}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Fernandinos
|image=
|popplace=[[Bioko Island]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
|langs=[[Pichinglis|Fernando Poo Creole English (Pichinglis)]], [[Krio language|Krio]], [[Bube language|Bube]], [[Igbo language|Igbo]], [[Equatoguinean Spanish]]
|rels= [[Christianity]]
|related=[[Bubi people|Bubi]], [[Sierra Leone Krio people|Krios]], [[Emancipados]], [[Saros (Nigeria)|Saros]], [[Americo-Liberian]], [[Creole peoples#Ethnic groups in Africa of African-American descent|African Americans]], [[Black African]], [[Mulatto]]es, [[Creole people]]
|footnotes=
}}

'''Fernandinos''' are [[creole peoples|creole]]s, multi-ethnic or multi-racial populations who developed in [[Equatorial Guinea]] and the former [[Spanish Guinea]]. Their name is derived from the island of Fernando Pó, where many worked. This island was named for the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] explorer [[Fernão do Pó]], credited with discovering the region.

Each population had a distinct ethnic, social, cultural and linguistic history. Members of these communities provided most of the labor that built and expanded the cocoa farming industry on [[Bioko|Fernando Pó]] during the 1880s and 1890s.<ref>[W. G. Clarence-Smith, "African and European Cocoa Producers on Fernando Póo, 1880s to 1910s," ''The Journal of African History,'' Volume 35, Issue 02, Jul 1994, pp 179–199, {{doi|10.1017/S0021853700026384}}, Published online by Cambridge University Press 22 Jan 2009]</ref> The Fernandinos of Fernando Po were closely related to each other. Because of the history of labor in this area, where workers were recruited, effectively impressed, from [[Sierra Leone Krio people|Freetown]], [[Cape Coast]], and [[Saros (Nigeria)|Lagos]], the Fernandinos also had family ties to those areas.<ref>I. K. Sundiata, ''From Slaving to Neoslavery: The Bight of Biafra and Fernando Po in the Era of Abolition, 1827–1930; Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1996; ISBN 0-299-14510-7, ISBN 978-0-299-14510-1; p.152</ref> Eventually these ethnically distinct groups intermarried and integrated. In 21st-century [[Bioko]], their differences are considered marginal.

== Native Fernandinos ==
The indigenous group of '''Fernandinos''' or ''Los Fernandinos'', were mixed-race descendants of the indigenous population of [[Spanish Guinea]] originating from the island of [[Fernando Po (island)|Fernando Pó]] (modern day [[Bioko Island]]), an island discovered by the explorer [[Fernão do Pó]]. This group consisted of [[mulatto]]es of female [[Bubi people|Bubi]] and white male [[Spaniard|Spanish]] parentage, and were part of the [[emancipados]] social class. Many children from such unions were not claimed by the father; however, some couples married under [[Roman Catholic]] law. Because the Bubi women generally were responsible for rearing and caring for their mixed-race children, they identified with and were generally accepted by the Bubi tribe.

Similarly, the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]-Indigenous descended [[mulatto]] population of [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], an island also discovered by explorer [[Fernão do Pó]], were also referred to as '''Fernandinos''', at one point.

=== Language ===
Native '''Fernandinos''' spoke [[Equatoguinean Spanish]], French, [[Bube language|Bube]] and a form of pidgin English called [[Pichinglis]]. Pichinglis was brought to Fernando Pó by [[Efik people|Efik]] settlers from [[Akwa Akpa|Akwa Akpa State]] (known during colonial times as [[Calabar States: Calabar Kingdom|Calabar State]]) in [[Nigeria]]. The dialect was used in trade activities, and may have varied slightly per region. During [[Language politics in Spain under Franco|the Franco regime]], this creole dialect was stigmatized.

=== Religion ===
Most [[Bubi people|Bubi]] living on Bioko during the colonial era became Roman Catholic. The mulatto Fernandinos were raised chiefly as Roman Catholic as well.

== Krio Fernandinos ==
The other Fernandinos of [[Equatorial Guinea]] were descended from English-speaking freed slaves of [[Sierra Leone Krio people|Sierra Leone]] and [[Liberia]]. Essentially, Krios are descendants of blacks who were resettled from London, the Caribbean and Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Some were formerly slaves in the United States who had been freed by the British after the [[American Revolutionary War]]. They were joined by [[Africans]] liberated from the illegal slave trade by British forces after 1808.

In separate actions, supported by the [[American Colonization Society]], groups of free African Americans emigrated to Liberia, established as a US colony in West Africa, in the antebellum years. Their numbers were also added to by Africans liberated from the slave trade along the west coast of Africa.

Workers from both Sierra Leone and especially Liberia were transported as workers to [[Bioko Island]]. As English speakers with some Anglo culture, they became a dominant force in the evolution of local society and economy and took on leadership roles. They tended to marry among themselves, as they identified as separate from the local, less educated and/or liberated indigenous peoples. The Krios eventually blended with the local populations, with Krio women and children taking on the surnames of indigenous families. They have contributed to the ethnically/racially mixed peoples who live along the West Coast of Africa.

The Krios arrived from Sierra Leone on the island of Fernando Po in 1827, a year after Great Britain leased the island for 50 years. The Krios joined an influx of several hundred freed Creole African-descended immigrants from [[Cape Coast]] and other groups from British colonies in Africa. The Krios began populating the harbor known as [[Port Clarence|Clarence Cove]]. The first inhabitants purchased dwellings for $3,000 to $5,000, along with a handful of large plantation owners who had engaged in the [[Theobroma cacao|cocoa]] and [[yam (vegetable)|yam]] farming industry. This was chiefly controlled by English and Spanish factory owners. A nineteenth-century British history characterized Krios as noted for their scholastic achievement and business acumen.<ref>''Glimpses of Africa, West and Southwest coast''. By Charles Spencer Smith; A.M.E. Sunday School Union, 1895; p. 164</ref> Biased writers attributed this to their partial European ancestry.

=== Marriage ===
The group is closely related to other West-Central African Creole communities in Freetown, Cape Coast and Lagos. Endogamy was a common marriage practice, and families aligned themselves in order to maintain, and increase, property ownership as well as social and business alliances outside of the island. Because of this, prior to the 20th century, marriages with non-Creoles, known as ''bush marriages'', were not recognized by the church or in estate claims. However, they were recognized socially.

=== Culture ===
Krio Fernandinos were heavily Anglophone and Protestant as well as a cultural arm of British West Africa. They were once noted as being highly xenophobic. A notable example of this was a Krio Fernandino, and son of a Scottish father, named [[Henry Hugh Gardner]]. He was beaten by Spanish police after he murdered his African-Catholic Cameroon-born common-law wife, Victoria Castellanos. At the bequest of his mother, Gardner refused to marry Castellanos because she refused religious conversion. She, then, became involved with a Catholic-convert which infuriated Gardener.

Krio Fernandinos were, initially, unimpressed and indifferent to Spanish rule. However, by the late-1800s, as Spanish cultural and religious influence grew on the island, Krio Fernandinos found that exclusively marrying into their traditional identity became less practical for political and economic survival.<ref name="sundiata01">{{cite book |url=https://uwpress.wisc.edu/books/0365.htm
|last1=Sundiata
|first1=I. K.
|title=From Slaving to Neoslavery: The Bight of Biafra and Fernando Po in the Era of Abolition, 1827-1930
|page=152
|date=1966
|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press
|location=Wisconsin
|isbn=978-0-299-14510-1
|ref=Paragraphs 3 and 4
|deadurl=no
|accessdate=25 September 2016
}}
</ref>

=== Language ===
Throughout the generations, the Fernandinos maintained their creole language, [[Fernando Poo Creole English]]. Krio Fernandinos are exclusively concentrated around [[Malabo]]. Although they comprise a distinct ethnic group in Equatorial Guinea, their pidgin dialect is spoken in only six communities (Musola, Las Palmas, Sampaca, Basupu, Fiston and Balveri de Cristo Rey). In 1998 it was estimated that the number of fluent speakers of this Equatoguinean language was 5,000. About one-fifth of those 5,000 speakers have this Creole English as their only language. Up to 70,000 EquatoGuineans may use it as a trade language. In the 21st century, [[Fernando Poo Creole English]] and [[Pichinglis]] have long been fused into one dialect.

=== Religion ===
The majority of Krio '''Fernandinos''' are Christian.<ref>''Glimpses of Africa, West and Southwest coast''By Charles Spencer Smith; A.M.E. Sunday School Union, 1895</ref> Krios have contributed to development of the [[Protestant]] church in [[Bioko]]. Descendants of Iberian parentage tend to be [[Roman Catholic]].

=== Notable Krio Fernandino families ===
* Allen
**Henry Enrique Allen
* Balboa
**[[Juan Balboa Boneke]]
**Manuel Balboa
* Barber
**[[Kenneth Barber]]
* Barleycorn
**[[Edward Barleycorn]]
**[[Edward Emilio Barleycorn]] – farmer <ref name="Neo p 114">{{citation|last=Sundiata|first=Ibrahim K.|title=From Slaving to Neoslavery: The Bight of Biafra and Fernando Po in the Era of Abolition, 1827–1930|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|year=1996|edition=online|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_csii76oqg4C&dq=%2B%22Edward+Barleycorn%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=21 December 2010 }}</ref>
**[[Edward Thaddeus Barleycorn Barber]] – doctor, minister and barber
**[[Gertrude Johnson Barleycorn]]
**[[Jeremiah (Jeremias) Barleycorn]] – an appointed mayor of former [[Spanish Guinea|Santa Isabel]] <ref name="Clio">{{citation|last=Fegley|first=Randall|title=Equatorial Guinea. Volume 136, World Bibliographical Series. Volume 136 of ABC-CLIO World Bibliographical|publisher=Clio|year=1991|edition=online|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rh3gAAAAMAAJ&q=%2B%22jeremias+barleycorn%22&dq=%2B%22jeremias+barleycorn%22&hl=en&ei=VcUQTZbRPMH7lwfaqpGfDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAg|accessdate=21 December 2010 }}</ref>
**[[Napoleon Barleycorn]]
**[[William Barleycorn]]
* Coker
* Collins
* [[Davis family (Sierra Leone)|Davis]]
**[[David Davis (handballer)|David Davis]]
* Dougan {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
**Joseph Dougan, patriarch of the Dougan family and their family home ''La Casa Teodolita (1902)'' in Malabo (formerly known as Santa Isabel) in Equatorial Guinea. He was the husband of Doña Mariana Kinson Bishop, also of Santa Isabel. ''La Casa Teodolita'' is today considered a national patrimony today, due to its architectural design and innovative construction techniques. Joseph Dougan was one of the country's agronomists. He was an agricultural entrepreneur along with other notable Creole families at the time (such as the Jones, Vivour etc.) They contributed to the economic development of the country. He and other similar families owned vast amounts of land devoted to the cultivation of cocoa and coffee.
**Teofilo Jorge Dougan Kinson, elder son of Joseph Dougan and Mariana Kinson-Bishop, and related to the royal Aqua House (of the present [[Republic of Cameroon]]). He studied in Spain at an early age before studying law at the University of Barcelona, Spain. He was the first native from Equatorial Guinea (then Spanish Guinea) to become a lawyer. He died in Barcelona in the early 1960s.
**Joseph Walterio Dougan Kinson, son of Joseph Dougan and Mariana Kinson-Bishop. He studied at [[Fourah Bay College]] in [[Freetown]], Sierra Leone and later agriculture in Spain. He became a notable politician and Diplomat of Equatorial Guinea, appointed as ambassaador of The Republic of Equatorial Guinea to many African nations and The Organisation of African Unity. He held the post of Minister of Justice before going into exile. He died in exile in Nigeria in 1984.
**Jose Domingo Dougan Beaca, son of Joseph Walterio Dougan Kinson. He studied in Italy and Switzerland, earning a degree in International law. He became a United Nations Diplomat Chief, holding the post of Coordinator Head of the Latin America and Caribbean Unit. Later he served as head the Anti-Discrimination Unit of the Human Rights High Commissioners office (Geneva, Switzerland) of the United Nations. He is Vice-President of the World Organisation Against Torture, based in Switzerland.
**Angel Serafin Seriche Dougan Malabo, son of Teofilo Dougan Kinson. He is a career diplomat and member of government of Equatorial Guinea. He has served in a variety of posts before being appointed as ambassador to Nigeria and later to Cameroon. He served as Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea and was later appointed as the President/Speaker of the House of Representatives. Since July 2013, he was made Senator for Life (Senador Vitalicio) in Equatorial Guinea.
**Jose Dougan Chubum, a son of Joseph Okori Dougan Kinson. He is an aviation pilot who studied law in Cuba. He became director of human resources for [[Amarak, Inc.]] in Equatorial Guinea. He later established an oil fuel business. In 2013 he was appointed as ambassador to Portugal, and to the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, with residence in [[Lisbon]].
**Eleanor Sono Dougan Ngongolo, a daughter of Joseph Okori Dougan Kinson. She studied business administration, and held an honours degree from [[The University of London]]. She was Chief Financial Accountant and a financial managers of [[London Transport]].<ref>http://www.tfl.gov.uk</ref>
* Fergusson
**William Fergusson Nicol
*Johnson
*Jones
**[[Maximiliano Jones]] – farmer and millionaire
**[[Miguel Jones]] – Spanish footballer
**[[Wilwardo Jones]] – Mayor of Santa Isabel in the 1960s.
**[[Alfredo Jones]] – Agronomist and Spanish consul in Calabar in the 1960s.
* Kinson
**Samuel Kinson
* Knox
**J. W. Knox
* Niger
**Daniel Niger
* Thompson
**Theophilus (Theopilo) Thompson
* Vivour
**[[Amelia Barleycorn Vivour]]
**[[William Vivour]]
*Willis
**Catherine (Catalina) Willis

== See also ==
* [[Afro-Hispanic people]]
* [[Afro-Spaniard]]
* [[Cape Coast]]
* [[Freetown]]
* [[Fernão do Pó]]
::formerly part of the island front named ''Fernando Pó'' or ''Fernando Poo'' which included [[Bioko Island]].
* [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
* [[Saros (Nigeria)]]
* [[Sierra Leone Krio people]]
* [[Spanish Guinea]]
* [[Spanish Equatoguineans]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=fpe Fernandinos]
* [http://webdoc.ubn.ru.nl/mono/y/yakpo_k/gramofpi.pdf Yakpo, Kofi (2009) "A Grammar of Pichi", 692 pp.] This link opens a pdf of the most comprehensive linguistic description of Pichinglis (Pichi/Fernando Po Creole English) so far by the linguist Kofi Yakpo (University of Nijmegen)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandino Peoples}}
[[Category:African-American diaspora]]
[[Category:Creole peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:History of Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:European colonisation in Africa]]
[[Category:History of Africa]]
[[Category:Repatriated Africans]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Portuguese diaspora in São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups of partial African ancestry]]

Fernandino

2016-11-28T06:46:53Z

Elinruby: Copyedit (minor) mostly accents

{{for|the unrelated South Californian group|Tongva people{{!}}Fernandeño}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Fernandinos
|image=
|popplace=[[Bioko Island]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
|langs=[[Pichinglis|Fernando Poo Creole English (Pichinglis)]], [[Krio language|Krio]], [[Bube language|Bube]], [[Igbo language|Igbo]], [[Equatoguinean Spanish]]
|rels= [[Christianity]]
|related=[[Bubi people|Bubi]], [[Sierra Leone Krio people|Krios]], [[Emancipados]], [[Saros (Nigeria)|Saros]], [[Americo-Liberian]], [[Creole peoples#Ethnic groups in Africa of African-American descent|African Americans]], [[Black African]], [[Mulatto]]es, [[Creole people]]
|footnotes=
}}

'''Fernandinos''' are [[creole peoples|creole]]s, multi-ethnic or multi-racial populations who developed in [[Equatorial Guinea]] and the former [[Spanish Guinea]]. Their name is derived from the island of Fernando Pó, where many worked. This island was named for the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] explorer [[Fernão do Pó]], credited with discovering the region.

Each population had a distinct ethnic, social, cultural and linguistic history. Members of these communities provided most of the labor that built and expanded the cocoa farming industry on [[Bioko|Fernando Pó]] during the 1880s and 1890s.<ref>[W. G. Clarence-Smith, "African and European Cocoa Producers on Fernando Póo, 1880s to 1910s," ''The Journal of African History,'' Volume 35, Issue 02, Jul 1994, pp 179–199, {{doi|10.1017/S0021853700026384}}, Published online by Cambridge University Press 22 Jan 2009]</ref> The Fernandinos of Fernando Po were closely related to each other. Because of the history of labor in this area, where workers were recruited, effectively impressed, from [[Sierra Leone Krio people|Freetown]], [[Cape Coast]], and [[Saros (Nigeria)|Lagos]], the Fernandinos also had family ties to those areas.<ref>I. K. Sundiata, ''From Slaving to Neoslavery: The Bight of Biafra and Fernando Po in the Era of Abolition, 1827–1930; Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1996; ISBN 0-299-14510-7, ISBN 978-0-299-14510-1; p.152</ref> Eventually these ethnically distinct groups intermarried and integrated. In 21st-century [[Bioko]], their differences are considered marginal.

== Native Fernandinos ==
The indigenous group of '''Fernandinos''' or ''Los Fernandinos'', were mixed-race descendants of the indigenous population of [[Spanish Guinea]] originating from the island of [[Fernando Po (island)|Fernando Pó]] (modern day [[Bioko Island]]), an island discovered by the explorer [[Fernão do Pó]]. This group consisted of [[mulatto]]es of female [[Bubi people|Bubi]] and white male [[Spaniard|Spanish]] parentage, and were part of the [[emancipados]] social class. Many children from such unions were not claimed by the father; however, some couples married under [[Roman Catholic]] law. Because the Bubi women generally were responsible for rearing and caring for their mixed-race children, they identified with and were generally accepted by the Bubi tribe.

Similarly, the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]-Indigenous descended [[mulatto]] population of [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], an island also discovered by explorer [[Fernão do Pó]], were also referred to as '''Fernandinos''', at one point.

=== Language ===
Native '''Fernandinos''' spoke [[Equatoguinean Spanish]], French, [[Bube language|Bube]] and a form of pidgin English called [[Pichinglis]]. Pichinglis was brought to Fernando Pó by [[Efik people|Efik]] settlers from [[Akwa Akpa|Akwa Akpa State]] (known during colonial times as [[Calabar States: Calabar Kingdom|Calabar State]]) in [[Nigeria]]. The dialect was used in trade activities, and may have varied slightly per region. During [[Language politics in Spain under Franco|the Franco regime]], this creole dialect was stigmatized.

=== Religion ===
Most [[Bubi people|Bubi]] living on Bioko during the colonial era became Roman Catholic. The mulatto Fernandinos were raised chiefly as Roman Catholic as well.

== Krio Fernandinos ==
The other Fernandinos of [[Equatorial Guinea]] were descended from English-speaking freed slaves of [[Sierra Leone Krio people|Sierra Leone]] and [[Liberia]]. Essentially, Krios are descendants of blacks who were resettled from London, the Caribbean and Nova Scotia to Sierra Leone in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Some were former United States slaves who had been freed by the British after the American Revolutionary War. They were joined by [[Africans]] liberated from the illegal slave trade by British forces after 1808.

In separate actions, supported by the [[American Colonization Society]], groups of free African Americans emigrated to Liberia, established as a US colony in West Africa, in the antebellum years. Their numbers were also added to by Africans liberated from the slave trade off the west coast of Africa.

Workers from both Sierra Leone and especially Liberia were transported as workers to [[Bioko Island]]. As English speakers with some Anglo culture, they became a dominant force in the evolution of local society and economy. They took leadership roles. They tended to intermarry among themselves, as they identified as separate from the local, less educated and/or liberated indigenous peoples. The Krios eventually blended with the local populations, with Krio women and children taking on the surnames of indigenous families. They have contributed to the ethnically/racially mixed peoples who live along the West Coast of Africa.

The Krios arrived from Sierra Leone on the island of Fernando Po in 1827, a year after Great Britain leased the island for 50 years. The Krios joined an influx of several hundred freed Creole African-descended immigrants from [[Cape Coast]] and other groups from British colonies in Africa. The Krios began populating the harbor known as [[Port Clarence|Clarence Cove]]. The first inhabitants purchased dwellings for $3,000 to $5,000, along with a handful of large plantation owners who had engaged in the [[Theobroma cacao|cocoa]] and [[yam (vegetable)|yam]] farming industry. This was chiefly controlled by English and Spanish factory owners. A nineteenth-century British history characterized Krios as noted for their scholastic achievement and business acumen,<ref>''Glimpses of Africa, West and Southwest coast''. By Charles Spencer Smith; A.M.E. Sunday School Union, 1895; p. 164</ref> (which biased writers attributed to their partial European ancestry).

=== Marriage ===
The group is closely related to other West-Central African Creole communities of Freetown, Cape Coast and Lagos. Endogamy was common in marriage practices, and families aligned themselves in order to maintain, and increase, property ownership as well as social and business alliances outside of the island. Because of this, prior to the 20th century, marriages with non-Creoles, known as ''bush marriages'', were not recognized by the church or in estate claims. However, they were recognized socially.

=== Culture ===
Krio Fernandinos were heavily Anglophone and Protestant as well as a cultural arm of British West Africa. They were once noted as being highly xenophobic. A notable example of this was a Krio Fernandino, and son of a Scottish father, named Henry Hugh Gardner. He was beaten by Spanish police after he murdered his African-Catholic Cameroon-born common-law wife, Victoria Castellanos. At the bequest of his mother, Gardner refused to marry Castellanos because she refused religious conversion. She, then, became involved with a Catholic-convert which infuriated Gardener.

Krio Fernandinos were, initially, unimpressed and indifferent to Spanish rule. However, by the late-1800s, as Spanish cultural and religious influence grew on the island, Krio Fernandinos found that exclusively marrying into their traditional identity became less practical for political and economic survival.<ref name="sundiata01">{{cite book |url=https://uwpress.wisc.edu/books/0365.htm |last1=Sundiata|first1=I. K.|title=From Slaving to Neoslavery: The Bight of Biafra and Fernando Po in the Era of Abolition, 1827-1930, p. 152|date=1966|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|location=Wisconsin|isbn=978-0-299-14510-1|pages=250 |ref=Paragraphs 3 and 4 |deadurl=no |accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref>

=== Language ===
Throughout the generations, the Fernandinos maintained their creole language, [[Fernando Poo Creole English]]. Krio Fernandinos are exclusively concentrated around [[Malabo]]. Although they comprise a distinct ethnic group in Equatorial Guinea, their pidgin dialect is spoken in only six communities (Musola, Las Palmas, Sampaca, Basupu, Fiston and Balveri de Cristo Rey). In 1998 it was estimated that the number of fluent speakers of this Equatoguinean language was 5,000. About one-fifth of those 5,000 speakers, have this Creole English as their only language. Up to 70,000 EquatoGuineans may use it as a trade language. In the 21st century, [[Fernando Poo Creole English]] and [[Pichinglis]] have long been fused into one dialect.

=== Religion ===
The majority of Krio '''Fernandinos''' are Christian.<ref>''Glimpses of Africa, West and Southwest coast''By Charles Spencer Smith; A.M.E. Sunday School Union, 1895</ref> Krios have contributed to development of the [[Protestant]] church in [[Bioko]]. Descendants of Iberian parentage tend to be [[Roman Catholic]].

=== Notable Krio Fernandino families ===
* Allen
**Henry Enrique Allen
* Balboa
**[[Juan Balboa Boneke]]
**Manuel Balboa
* Barber
**[[Kenneth Barber]]
* Barleycorn
**[[Edward Barleycorn]]
**[[Edward Emilio Barleycorn]] – farmer <ref name="Neo p 114">{{citation|last=Sundiata|first=Ibrahim K.|title=From Slaving to Neoslavery: The Bight of Biafra and Fernando Po in the Era of Abolition, 1827–1930|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|year=1996|edition=online|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_csii76oqg4C&dq=%2B%22Edward+Barleycorn%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s|accessdate=21 December 2010 }}</ref>
**[[Edward Thaddeus Barleycorn Barber]] – doctor, minister and barber
**[[Gertrude Johnson Barleycorn]]
**[[Jeremiah (Jeremias) Barleycorn]] – an appointed mayor of former [[Spanish Guinea|Santa Isabel]] <ref name="Clio">{{citation|last=Fegley|first=Randall|title=Equatorial Guinea. Volume 136, World Bibliographical Series. Volume 136 of ABC-CLIO World Bibliographical|publisher=Clio|year=1991|edition=online|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rh3gAAAAMAAJ&q=%2B%22jeremias+barleycorn%22&dq=%2B%22jeremias+barleycorn%22&hl=en&ei=VcUQTZbRPMH7lwfaqpGfDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAg|accessdate=21 December 2010 }}</ref>
**[[Napoleon Barleycorn]]
**[[William Barleycorn]]
* Coker
* Collins
* [[Davis family (Sierra Leone)|Davis]]
**[[David Davis (handballer)|David Davis]]
* Dougan {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
**Joseph Dougan, patriarch of the Dougan family and their family home ''La Casa Teodolita (1902)'' in Malabo (formerly known as Santa Isabel) in Equatorial Guinea. He was the husband of Doña Mariana Kinson Bishop, also of Santa Isabel. ''La Casa Teodolita'' is today considered a national patrimony today, due to its architectural design and innovative construction techniques. Joseph Dougan was one of the country's agronomists. He was an agricultural entrepreneur along with other notable Creole families at the time (such as the Jones, Vivour etc.) They contributed to the economic development of the country. He and other similar families owned vast amounts of land devoted to the cultivation of cocoa and coffee.
**Teofilo Jorge Dougan Kinson, elder son of Joseph Dougan and Mariana Kinson-Bishop, and related to the royal Aqua House (of the present [[Republic of Cameroon]]). He studied in Spain at an early age before studying law at the University of Barcelona, Spain. He was the first native from Equatorial Guinea (then Spanish Guinea) to become a lawyer. He died in Barcelona in the early 1960s.
**Joseph Walterio Dougan Kinson, son of Joseph Dougan and Mariana Kinson-Bishop. He studied at [[Fourah Bay College]] in [[Freetown]], Sierra Leone and later agriculture in Spain. He became a notable politician and Diplomat of Equatorial Guinea, appointed as ambassaador of The Republic of Equatorial Guinea to many African nations and The Organisation of African Unity. He held the post of Minister of Justice before going into exile. He died in exile in Nigeria in 1984.
**Jose Domingo Dougan Beaca, son of Joseph Walterio Dougan Kinson. He studied in Italy and Switzerland, earning a degree in International law. He became a United Nations Diplomat Chief, holding the post of Coordinator Head of the Latin America and Caribbean Unit. Later he served as head the Anti-Discrimination Unit of the Human Rights High Commissioners office (Geneva, Switzerland) of the United Nations. He is Vice-President of the World Organisation Against Torture, based in Switzerland.
**Angel Serafin Seriche Dougan Malabo, son of Teofilo Dougan Kinson. He is a career diplomat and member of government of Equatorial Guinea. He has served in a variety of posts before being appointed as ambassador to Nigeria and later to Cameroon. He served as Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea and was later appointed as the President/Speaker of the House of Representatives. Since July 2013, he was made Senator for Life (Senador Vitalicio) in Equatorial Guinea.
**Jose Dougan Chubum, a son of Joseph Okori Dougan Kinson. He is an aviation pilot who studied law in Cuba. He became director human resources for Amarak, Inc. in Equatorial Guinea. He later established an oil fuel business. In 2013 he was appointed as ambassador to Portugal, and to the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, with residence in [[Lisbon]].
**Eleanor Sono Dougan Ngongolo, a daughter of Joseph Okori Dougan Kinson. She studied Business Administration, holding an Honours Degree from [[The University of London]]. She was a Chief Financial Accountants/Financial Managers of London Transport.<ref>http://www.tfl.gov.uk</ref>
* Fergusson
**William Fergusson Nicol
*Johnson
*Jones
**[[Maximiliano Jones]] – farmer and millionaire
**[[Miguel Jones]] – Spanish footballer
**[[Wilwardo Jones]] – Mayor of Santa Isabel in the 1960s.
**[[Alfredo Jones]] – Agronomist and Spanish Consul in Calabar in the 1960s.
* Kinson
**Samuel Kinson
* Knox
**J. W. Knox
* Niger
**Daniel Niger
* Thompson
**Theophilus (Theopilo) Thompson
* Vivour
**[[Amelia Barleycorn Vivour]]
**[[William Vivour]]
*Willis
**Catherine (Catalina) Willis

== See also ==
* [[Afro-Hispanic people]]
* [[Afro-Spaniard]]
* [[Cape Coast]]
* [[Freetown]]
* [[Fernão do Pó]]
::formerly part of the island front named ''Fernando Pó'' or ''Fernando Poo'' which included [[Bioko Island]].
* [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
* [[Saros (Nigeria)]]
* [[Sierra Leone Krio people]]
* [[Spanish Guinea]]
* [[Spanish Equatoguineans]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=fpe Fernandinos]
* [http://webdoc.ubn.ru.nl/mono/y/yakpo_k/gramofpi.pdf Yakpo, Kofi (2009) "A Grammar of Pichi", 692 pp.] This link opens a pdf of the most comprehensive linguistic description of Pichinglis (Pichi/Fernando Po Creole English) so far by the linguist Kofi Yakpo (University of Nijmegen)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fernandino Peoples}}
[[Category:African-American diaspora]]
[[Category:Creole peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:History of Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:European colonisation in Africa]]
[[Category:History of Africa]]
[[Category:Repatriated Africans]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Portuguese diaspora in São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups of partial African ancestry]]

Benutzer:Andy king50/Chã das Caldeiras

2016-11-25T03:18:45Z

Elinruby: Disambiguated: Diplotaxis → Diplotaxis (plant)

{{Infobox Cape Verde settlement
| name =
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| latd = 14.971
| longd = -24.367
| image_map =
| key = 83102
| area =
}}

'''Chã das Caldeiras''' (“Plain of the Calderas”) is a small community of approximately 1,000 inhabitants within the crater of the volcanic ''[[Pico do Fogo]]'' on the island of [[Fogo, Cape Verde|Fogo]], one of nine inhabited islands comprising [[Cape Verde]]. The village consists of two parts: ''Portela'' is the upper part with the Tourist Information, a school, Catholic Church, Adventist Church and the Cooperative. The lower part is ''Bangaeira''. Though technically in the ''Conselho de Santa Catarina'' with the northern part in ''Conselho do Mosteiros'', the village is functionally independent from outside governance due its isolated location. The municipal boundary runs in the eastern part roughly east. The main organizing body in the village is the ''Associação dos Agricultores de Chã'' (the agricultural cooperative), which holds considerable sway over the local [[economy]]. Chã is the only area in Cape Verde that grows significant quantities of [[grape]]s and produces export-quality [[wine]]s.

There is no [[Tap water|running water]] or [[electricity]] in Chã, though increasingly people use generators at night to light and power their homes. All non-drinking water is collected rain, stored in large cistern tanks for use in the dry season (November to July). Electricity may be introduced to the hamlets of Bangaeira and Portela in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rtc.cv/index.php?paginas=13&id_cod=10741|title=Primeiro-ministro promete energia para Chã das Caldeiras|trans_title=Prime Minister to Promote Energy in Chã das Caldeiras|newspaper=RTC|date=13 June 2011|language=pt}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:BangaeiraAldeia.jpg|thumb|Village of Bangaeira.]]
Fogo was the second island in the archipelago to be populated, after [[Santiago, Cape Verde|Santiago]] (then São Tiago). Initially, the island's cash crop was cotton, picked by slaves from [[Angola]]. A fiery eruption in 1688 caused a majority of the inhabitants to leave for nearby [[Brava, Cape Verde|Brava]], another of the Cape Verdean islands. From 1785 on, whaling ships from [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] and [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]], [[Massachusetts]] (United States) came to replenish their ships and recruit crews. The departure of these ''Americanos'' marks the beginning of the Cape Verdean diaspora. Not everyone left Fogo, however. In 1870, the eccentric Count of Montrond (France) stopped on the island en route to [[Brazil]], or so he thought. He stayed, and brought with him the vines that kicked off wine production in the [[caldera]]. Many of the inhabitants of Chã, with their light skin, blond hair, and blue eyes, trace their ancestry back to the biologically prolific Count.

Pico do Fogo erupted on November 23, 2014 and the lava devastated the sections of Bangaeira, Portela and Dje de Lorna and parts of the village, most of the center, the western part up to 1 km and most of the southern part where the volcano erupted, a 3.5 km stretch the southern basalt paved road that connected São Filipe was covered with lava from around 400 m from the center down to around the 4th kilometer, the road was reduced to a track encircling the previous and current lava flows and rerouted to north of the center.

==Landmarks==
The village once featured a school and had 158 students in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asemana.publ.cv/spip.php?article57358|title=Chã das Caldeiras: 158 alunos recebem kits escolares|newspaper=A Semana|date=23 October 2010|language=pt}}</ref> The recent eruption has recently closed the school.

==Natural setting==

A large crater rim with 1000-meter escarpments, called the ''Bordeira'', encircles the village, which consists of two neighborhoods, Portela and Bangaeira. On the plain is one large volcanic peak (2,829 m from sea level) and several smaller peaks and lava fields from recent eruptions, most notably 1951, 1995 and 2014 (during which the entire population had to be evacuated). The entire caldera, some 67 km², is a protected area as part of the ''Parque Natural do Fogo'', a cooperative effort between the [[Germany|German]] and Cape Verdean governments.

==Endemic plants==

84% of the endemic plants (31 total [[species]]) on Fogo are located in Chã and on the Bordeira. 48% of these are designated as rare and/or threatened on the Ministry of Environment, Agriculture, and Fisheries' (MAAP) “Red List,” which includes the species ''[[Echium volcanorum]]'', ''[[Erysimum caboverdeanum]]'', and ''[[Tornabenea bischoffii]]'' and the genus ''[[Diplotaxis (plant)|Diplotaxis]]''. These plants are specifically adapted to the caldera's [[climate]] (periodically Chã receives [[frost]] during the winter months) and volcanic soils. Chã's endemic plants, along with its unique terrain, are under increasing strain due to [[overgrazing]] and to the [[fuel]] and fodder collecting of the local populations.

==Tourism==
[[File:BangaeiraRuaPrincipal.jpg|thumb|Main Street of Bangaeira.]]
[[File:PortelaIgreja.jpg|thumb|Catholic Church of Portela.]]
Chã das Caldeiras is linked by a good road to the island capital [[São Filipe, Cape Verde|São Filipe]]. The area an be reached by ''aluguer'' busses.

An average day can see up to forty tourists, most of whom are European (from Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, the UK, and the USA) and come with operators from the islands of [[Sal, Cape Verde|Sal]] and [[Boa Vista, Cape Verde|Boa Vista]] or from the nearby city of [[São Filipe, Cape Verde|São Filipe]].

Some come only for the day, to see the volcano, taste the wine, and tour the Associação. Others spend the night to hike, with hired local guides, the final 1,200 m up the volcano and listen to live ''Talaia Baixo'', the traditional music of Fogo, in the ''Cooperativa'', a local store. Also popular are hikes to the 1995 peak, called the ''Dois de Abril'' (April 2, the day of the 1995 eruption); the interior rim of the Bordeira; the nearby zone ''Montinho''; and down to [[Mosteiros, Cape Verde|Mosteiros]], a city of 5,000 inhabitants on the northern coast of Fogo.

Those spending the night do so in a small hotel, one of four locally-owned hostels, or with families, where tourists can eat the traditional food of Chã, including ''catxupa'', a rich stew of beans, corn, and [[pork]] or [[fish]]; ''cabrito'' (baby [[goat]]); ''manteiga de vaca'', butter from unpasteurized cow's milk; ''feijão Congo'' and ''feijão pedra'' ([[Cajun]] [[peas]] and stone [[bean]]s); ''cuscuz'' ([[corn meal]]) with sweetened, condensed [[milk]]; and fried [[manioc]] ([[cassava]]).

There is a small Tourist Information Office (in Portela) and there are a few small shops in the community. Many houses are built of lava stones. In Bangaeira, even the Main Street is paved with lava.

==Agriculture==
[[File:FogoCafèzeiro.jpg|thumb|Coffee plant near Mosteiros.]]

Chã does have a lot of [[vegetation]] (albeit not in the [[lava]] fields), which grows in the rich volcanic soils adjacent to the crater rim. Because of its altitude (elevation 1,629 m), Chã is blessed with milder temperatures and greater precipitation than surrounding areas.
[[File:Chã das Caldeiras-Pommier (1).JPG|thumb|left|Chã das Caldeiras apples in growth.]]
Products in the caldera include fruits ([[apple]]s, grapes, [[quince]] fruit, [[pomegranate]], [[ficus|fig]]s, [[peach]]es and [[tomato]]es) and vegetables ([[bean]]s, [[Maize|corn]], [[potato]]es, [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]]s, [[Cassava|manioc]], and [[Capsicum|peppers]]) for local consumption and commercial production. The Associação buys excess fruit from the local farmers and turns it into white, red, rosé, and [[passito]] [[wine]] (label “''Chã''”); grape (''grappa''), apple, quince, and peach [[Distilled beverage|spirits]] (label “''Espírito da Caldeira''”); apple, quince, and peach [[marmalade]]; grape, fig, and quince compotes; apple and pomegranate [[Fruit preserves|jelly]]; and pomegranate and grape [[juice]] for commercial sale.

Also famous is house-made [[goat cheese]], ''queijo de cabra''. The Associação also roasts and grinds Fogo [[coffee]], ''Café do Fogo'' (label “''Café das Caldeiras''”), grown on the northern flank of the island. The local economy is based primarily on this speciality agriculture and animal-raising, the majority of which is sold domestically or to tourists. The “Chã” label wines, however, are available outside of the country on a limited basis, especially in Cape Verdean enclaves in Massachusetts, [[Lisbon]], [[Paris]], and [[Rotterdam]].

==Wines==

The “Chã” label wines, made by the Associação (with help from the Italian NGO Cospe and the [[European Union|EU]]), are full-bodied and rich in color and extract. All of the grapes used in the wines are locally-grown by farmers inside the caldera, which has a 120 year wine-making tradition. The first wines made in the crater to be exported were sent to Brazil and [[Guinea-Bissau]], then a Portuguese colony like Cape Verde.

Chã's climate and terrain are optimal for [[viticulture]]. Days are usually hot and dry, nights cool and humid. With sufficient rain, high-quality, semi-sweet grapes grow (1.2 km² total) in the caldera's rich volcanic soils. In 2006, the Associação produced 40,000 cases of wine (12 bottles each) from 100,000 kg of grapes. The percentage of [[alcohol]] in the “Chã” wines (14%) is greater than what is found in wines from the EU or [[California]] (usually between 11.5-12.5%).

The [[red wine]], '''''vinho tinto''''', made from the low-lying Portuguese ''preta tradicional'' variety of grapes, has a dark red color with shades of purple. Odors include tones and flavors of small, dark fruits like the [[Ribes|currant]] or [[blackberry]]. This sensation is enriched with shades of [[Chili pepper|pepper]] and Muscat nut. The wine's rich body, best when served at room temperature (20 °C), combines well with the strength of the alcohol. The soft, velvet [[tannin (wine)|tannin]]s of the wine can be appreciated when it is still young. (Market forces being such, Chã's reds have not yet been aged for any considerable time. The majority of the label is consumed within a year of production.) The red is perfect alone or to accompany any [[meat]] of strong taste.

The [[white wine]], '''''vinho branco''''', made from locally-grown Moscatel grapes, has a fresh taste, unique clarity, and golden shades. Odors include that of semi-sweet citric fruits like the [[grapefruit]]. These characteristics are noticed visually and on the palate, where the wine combines harmoniously with the alcohol content. The white also has a subtle, residual sweetness to be enjoyed with [[appetizer]]s or with [[fish]], [[shellfish]], white meats, or Chã's goat cheese. This elegant wine is best served at a temperature of 10 °C and can be saved for 2–3 years if stored correctly.


The [[rosé wine]], '''''vinho rosé''''', uses a similar variety of dark grapes as the red. It has an elegant rose color with flavors of small, sweet fruits like [[Ribes|currant]]s and [[strawberries]]. Like the white, the rosé is fresh on the palate and is best savored alone or with light meals, again at 10 °C. It too can be enjoyed up to three years.

New to the “Chã” family of wines is the sweet '''''vinho passito''''', made with the same Moscatel variety of grapes as the vinho branco. However, unlike with the white, the grapes used for the passito are first sun-dried, after which these ''uvas passas'', or [[raisin]]s, are put through the regular fermentation and filtration processes. Because dried grapes are used, the alcohol content in the passito is lower, at about 10.6%, than what is found in the other “Chã” wines (14%). The passito has a dark amber color; is slightly more viscous than the white, red, and rosé; and has a pleasant acidity to balance its sweetness. Odors include that of figs and dried fruits like raisins, [[prune]]s and [[Date Palm|dates]]. The passito is ideal between 12° and 14 °C as either a post-dinner or [[dessert wine]] or, simply, as a “wine of meditation.”

===Wine making at the Associação===
[[File:Fogo 17.jpg|thumb|Cooperative (''Associação dos Agricultores de Chã'') in Portela]]
During the wine-making process, much attention is given to the hygienic conditions of the cellar and machines. After arrival, the grapes are cleaned and are either crushed (to make red wine) or [[pressed (wine)|pressed]] (to make white and rosé). This process is done as quickly as possible to prevent contamination and odor. The pulp is then put in specially-designed barrels in the cellar, where the temperature remains cool even during the hottest days, to begin the [[Fermentation (food)|fermentation]] process. This is when the [[sugar]] of the grapes turns to alcohol and where the unique characteristics of the wine begin to develop.

The red wine ferments with the grape skins and is pressed afterwards. Then, the wine is fermented for a second time to eliminate remaining [[bacteria]] and reduce its [[vinegar]]-like [[acidity]]. After the second fermentation, the young wine is filtered and drawn into barrels for conservation. The white and rosé wines, on the other hand, are immediately filtered after the first fermentation to maintain freshness and to avoid bacteria growth. Until the wines are bottled, they remain in barrels (to avoid exposure to sunlight and [[air]]), except for periodic filtrations to improve clarity.

===Manecom===


Chã's best-known wine, however, is called '''''Manecom''''', a traditional, semi-sweet or -dry, house-made wine. (It should not be confused with the “Chã” label red, white, rosé, and passito wines.) Most households make Manecom for commercial production and personal consumption. The wine can either be a red or white, dry or sweet, but the sweet red variety is by far the most popular.

Manecom gets its name, legend has it, from a man named Manuel Montrond, supposedly the first person to live in Chã. ''Manuel Montrond'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], took a liking to the strong, sweet red wine he made. Other inhabitants coined Manuel's wine Manecom. The name stuck and remains to this day.

===Vinha Maria Chaves wines===
New since 2012 is the harvesting of grapes and the production of wines by '''"Vinha Maria Chaves"''', a new vineyard created during the last 10 years. The vineyard is about 25 hectares of surface and is located just beneath the crater. Adjoining, there is the newly constructed winery '''"Adega de Monte Barro"''', for the vinification, aging and bottling of the wines. 4 qualities of wines are produced : santaLuzia (white), sanVicente (rosé), sanTiago (red) and sanFilipe (red). These wines are produced with the grapes from the Maria Chaves vineyard and grapes from Chã das Caldeiras . These wines will be mainly exported.
During the festivities of April 30, 2013, the '''"Adega de Monte Barro"''' was inaugurated and the new wines were presented to the President, the prime minister and other officials of Cape Verde.

==Spirits==


After the white wine is fermented, the remnant pulp (Moscatel grapes) is distilled at high temperatures. This process results in a grape spirit, '''''destilado de uva''''' (label “Espírito da Caldeira”), that is bright and clear. (Grape spirits are usually known by their Italian name, [[grappa]].) The spirit's strength enables the drinker to taste, and feel on his/her palate, the flavor of Moscatel grapes. The after taste is smooth and has a hint of sweetness to balance the spirit's high alcohol content (45%).

The quince spirit, '''''destilado de marmelo''''', is produced from well-ripened quince fruit. Odors include that of the sweet, tart fruits of the caldera (like quince, apples, and grapes), flavors which combine nicely with the strength of the spirit's alcohol. The finish of the destilado de marmelo is smooth, gentle, and sweet.

The '''''destilado com ervas digestivas''''', or spirit with herbs, has the unique taste, aroma, potency, and medicinal properties to help with post-dinner digestion. The spirit is a combination of herbs that have been used as a [[traditional medicine]] by the people of Chã for generations.

==Sources==

Else, David; Newton, Alex; Williams, Jeff; Fitzpatrick, Mary; and Roddis, Miles, 1999, ''West Africa''. Lonely Planet: Hawthorn, Australia, 944 p.

Irwin, Aisling; and Wilson, Colum, 2001, ''Cape Verde Islands''. Bradt: Bucks, UK, 278 p.

MAAP de Cabo Verde, and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, 2003, “Endemic Plants and Indigenous Trees of the Cape Verde Islands.” Praia: UNDP, 35 p.

MAAP de Cabo Verde Pamphlet. “Integrated Participatory Ecosystem Management In and Around Protected Areas,” 2004.

“Spirits of Chã das Caldeiras,” Cospe Pamphlet, 2006.

“Wines of Chã das Caldeiras,” Cospe Pamphlet, 1999.

==External links==
* [http://www.vinhamariachaves.eu/vmc/ Vinha Maria Chaves ]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{wikivoyage}}

{{Fogo}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cha Das Caldeiras}}
[[Category:Villages and settlements in Fogo, Cape Verde]]
[[Category:Santa Catarina do Fogo]]
[[Category:Mosteiros, Cape Verde]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2016-05-25T06:48:45Z

Elinruby: /* Awards */ ce

The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and corruption. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. OCCRP was an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is a partner of the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in Colombia, the [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media. It recently cooperated with ICIJ and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' on the Panama Papers project.

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (CIN)]] and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. In 2007 the project won the first ever Global Shining Light Award<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://gijn.org/awards/
|title=The Global Shining Light Award
|date=2016
}}</ref> given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross-border investigative reporting was needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

==Stories==

The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and demonstrated that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, calls for his removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under the weight of these bad loans, the president bailed it out with taxpayer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan{{which}} simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref> A second series examined how the president through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like [[Darko Saric]], to the point where municipalities controlled by the president's party giving prime coastal property almost for free to the wanted kingpin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro owned by his good friend [[Stanko Subotic]] and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
OCCRP is one of the most-decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work, with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," an initiative to continue the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter Khadija Ismayilova.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
"Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank (First Family, First Bank).<ref>https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>
It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the [[South East Europe Media Organisation]]'s 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler-room scams.

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]](CIN) in Sarajevo, the [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in Belgrade, Journalists of Armenia [[Hetq Online|(HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Investigative in Yerevan, the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in Sofia, {{Ill|hu|Átlátszó.hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in Budapest, MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in Montenegro, Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in Riga, SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in Skopje, Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in Ukraine, The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kyiv]].

==Journalist Khadija Ismayilova==

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]], based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a ''cause célèbre'' when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note  threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos were shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained that prosecutors were doing very little<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter</ref> to identify the culprits who are widely believed to have been the government of Azerbaijan.

After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 on charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to his job at [[Radio Free Europe]], despite the fact that she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations. Also in December, police raided Radio Free Europe's offices removing computers and documents and effectively shutting the organization down. Allegedly they were looking for evidence of espionage and narcotics. Some jailed activists were caught with narcotics, police allege,although activists claim these drugs are often planted by the police themselves.

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist Paul Cristian Radu is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Politics}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:European journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Panama Papers]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2016-05-25T06:41:18Z

Elinruby: /* Journalist Khadija Ismayilova */ ce

The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and corruption. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. OCCRP was an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is a partner of the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in Colombia, the [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media. It recently cooperated with ICIJ and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' on the Panama Papers project.

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (CIN)]] and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. In 2007 the project won the first ever Global Shining Light Award<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://gijn.org/awards/
|title=The Global Shining Light Award
|date=2016
}}</ref> given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross-border investigative reporting was needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

==Stories==

The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and demonstrated that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, calls for his removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under the weight of these bad loans, the president bailed it out with taxpayer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan{{which}} simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref> A second series examined how the president through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like [[Darko Saric]], to the point where municipalities controlled by the president's party giving prime coastal property almost for free to the wanted kingpin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro owned by his good friend [[Stanko Subotic]] and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
OCCRP is one of the most decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work, with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," a project that continued the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter Khadija Ismayilova.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
"Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank (First Family, First Bank).<ref>https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>
It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the [[South East Europe Media Organisation]]'s 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler-room scams.

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]](CIN) in Sarajevo, the [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in Belgrade, Journalists of Armenia [[Hetq Online|(HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Investigative in Yerevan, the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in Sofia, {{Ill|hu|Átlátszó.hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in Budapest, MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in Montenegro, Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in Riga, SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in Skopje, Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in Ukraine, The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kyiv]].

==Journalist Khadija Ismayilova==

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]], based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a ''cause célèbre'' when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note  threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos were shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained that prosecutors were doing very little<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter</ref> to identify the culprits who are widely believed to have been the government of Azerbaijan.

After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 on charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to his job at [[Radio Free Europe]], despite the fact that she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations. Also in December, police raided Radio Free Europe's offices removing computers and documents and effectively shutting the organization down. Allegedly they were looking for evidence of espionage and narcotics. Some jailed activists were caught with narcotics, police allege,although activists claim these drugs are often planted by the police themselves.

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist Paul Cristian Radu is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Politics}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:European journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Panama Papers]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2016-05-25T06:34:34Z

Elinruby: /* Members */ Copyedit (minor)

The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and corruption. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. OCCRP was an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is a partner of the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in Colombia, the [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media. It recently cooperated with ICIJ and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' on the Panama Papers project.

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (CIN)]] and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. In 2007 the project won the first ever Global Shining Light Award<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://gijn.org/awards/
|title=The Global Shining Light Award
|date=2016
}}</ref> given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross-border investigative reporting was needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

==Stories==

The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and demonstrated that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, calls for his removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under the weight of these bad loans, the president bailed it out with taxpayer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan{{which}} simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref> A second series examined how the president through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like [[Darko Saric]], to the point where municipalities controlled by the president's party giving prime coastal property almost for free to the wanted kingpin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro owned by his good friend [[Stanko Subotic]] and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
OCCRP is one of the most decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work, with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," a project that continued the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter Khadija Ismayilova.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
"Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank (First Family, First Bank).<ref>https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>
It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the [[South East Europe Media Organisation]]'s 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler-room scams.

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]](CIN) in Sarajevo, the [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in Belgrade, Journalists of Armenia [[Hetq Online|(HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Investigative in Yerevan, the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in Sofia, {{Ill|hu|Átlátszó.hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in Budapest, MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in Montenegro, Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in Riga, SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in Skopje, Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in Ukraine, The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kyiv]].

==Journalist Khadija Ismayilova==

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]] based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a cause celebre when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the Presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note from Russia threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos where shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained prosecutors were doing very little<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter</ref> to identify the culprits who are largely believed to be the government of Azerbaijan. After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 of charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to a job at [[Radio Free Europe]] despite the fact she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations. Also in December, police raided RFE's offices removing computers and documents and effectively shutting down the organization. Allegedly they were looking for evidence of espionage and narcotics. Some jailed activists were caught with narcotics police allege although activists claim these drugs are often planted by the police themselves.

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist Paul Cristian Radu is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Politics}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:European journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Panama Papers]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2016-05-25T06:33:13Z

Elinruby: /* Awards */ ce

The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and corruption. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. OCCRP was an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is a partner of the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in Colombia, the [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media. It recently cooperated with ICIJ and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' on the Panama Papers project.

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (CIN)]] and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. In 2007 the project won the first ever Global Shining Light Award<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://gijn.org/awards/
|title=The Global Shining Light Award
|date=2016
}}</ref> given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross-border investigative reporting was needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

==Stories==

The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and demonstrated that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, calls for his removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under the weight of these bad loans, the president bailed it out with taxpayer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan{{which}} simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref> A second series examined how the president through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like [[Darko Saric]], to the point where municipalities controlled by the president's party giving prime coastal property almost for free to the wanted kingpin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro owned by his good friend [[Stanko Subotic]] and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
OCCRP is one of the most decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work, with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," a project that continued the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter Khadija Ismayilova.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
"Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank (First Family, First Bank).<ref>https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>
It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the [[South East Europe Media Organisation]]'s 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler-room scams.

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]](CIN) in Sarajevo, [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in Belgrade, Journalists of Armenia [[Hetq Online|(HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Investigative in Yerevan, the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in Sofia, {{Ill|hu|Átlátszó.hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in Budapest, MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in Montenegro, Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in Riga, SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in Skopje, Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in Ukraine, The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kyiv]].

==Journalist Khadija Ismayilova==

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]] based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a cause celebre when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the Presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note from Russia threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos where shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained prosecutors were doing very little<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter</ref> to identify the culprits who are largely believed to be the government of Azerbaijan. After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 of charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to a job at [[Radio Free Europe]] despite the fact she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations. Also in December, police raided RFE's offices removing computers and documents and effectively shutting down the organization. Allegedly they were looking for evidence of espionage and narcotics. Some jailed activists were caught with narcotics police allege although activists claim these drugs are often planted by the police themselves.

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist Paul Cristian Radu is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Politics}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:European journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Panama Papers]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2016-05-25T06:29:52Z

Elinruby: /* Awards */ ce

The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and corruption. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. OCCRP was an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is a partner of the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in Colombia, the [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media. It recently cooperated with ICIJ and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' on the Panama Papers project.

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (CIN)]] and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. In 2007 the project won the first ever Global Shining Light Award<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://gijn.org/awards/
|title=The Global Shining Light Award
|date=2016
}}</ref> given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross-border investigative reporting was needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

==Stories==

The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and demonstrated that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, calls for his removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under the weight of these bad loans, the president bailed it out with taxpayer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan{{which}} simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref> A second series examined how the president through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like [[Darko Saric]], to the point where municipalities controlled by the president's party giving prime coastal property almost for free to the wanted kingpin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro owned by his good friend [[Stanko Subotic]] and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
OCCRP is one of the most decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work, with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," a project that continued the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter Khadija Ismayilova.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
"Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank (First Family, First Bank).<ref>https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>
It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler room scams.

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]](CIN) in Sarajevo, [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in Belgrade, Journalists of Armenia [[Hetq Online|(HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Investigative in Yerevan, the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in Sofia, {{Ill|hu|Átlátszó.hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in Budapest, MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in Montenegro, Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in Riga, SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in Skopje, Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in Ukraine, The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kyiv]].

==Journalist Khadija Ismayilova==

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]] based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a cause celebre when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the Presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note from Russia threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos where shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained prosecutors were doing very little<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter</ref> to identify the culprits who are largely believed to be the government of Azerbaijan. After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 of charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to a job at [[Radio Free Europe]] despite the fact she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations. Also in December, police raided RFE's offices removing computers and documents and effectively shutting down the organization. Allegedly they were looking for evidence of espionage and narcotics. Some jailed activists were caught with narcotics police allege although activists claim these drugs are often planted by the police themselves.

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist Paul Cristian Radu is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Politics}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:European journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Panama Papers]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2016-05-25T06:27:54Z

Elinruby: /* Stories */ ce

The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and corruption. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. OCCRP was an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is a partner of the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in Colombia, the [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media. It recently cooperated with ICIJ and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' on the Panama Papers project.

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (CIN)]] and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. In 2007 the project won the first ever Global Shining Light Award<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://gijn.org/awards/
|title=The Global Shining Light Award
|date=2016
}}</ref> given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross-border investigative reporting was needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

==Stories==

The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and demonstrated that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, calls for his removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under the weight of these bad loans, the president bailed it out with taxpayer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan{{which}} simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref> A second series examined how the president through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like [[Darko Saric]], to the point where municipalities controlled by the president's party giving prime coastal property almost for free to the wanted kingpin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro owned by his good friend [[Stanko Subotic]] and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
OCCRP is one of the most decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," a project that continued the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter Khadija Ismayilova. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
"Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and the millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank (First Family, First Bank).<ref>https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>
It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler room scams.

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]](CIN) in Sarajevo, [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in Belgrade, Journalists of Armenia [[Hetq Online|(HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Investigative in Yerevan, the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in Sofia, {{Ill|hu|Átlátszó.hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in Budapest, MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in Montenegro, Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in Riga, SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in Skopje, Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in Ukraine, The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kyiv]].

==Journalist Khadija Ismayilova==

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]] based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a cause celebre when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the Presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note from Russia threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos where shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained prosecutors were doing very little<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter</ref> to identify the culprits who are largely believed to be the government of Azerbaijan. After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 of charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to a job at [[Radio Free Europe]] despite the fact she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations. Also in December, police raided RFE's offices removing computers and documents and effectively shutting down the organization. Allegedly they were looking for evidence of espionage and narcotics. Some jailed activists were caught with narcotics police allege although activists claim these drugs are often planted by the police themselves.

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist Paul Cristian Radu is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Politics}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:European journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Panama Papers]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2016-05-25T06:21:38Z

Elinruby: /* History */ ce

The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and corruption. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. OCCRP was an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is a partner of the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in Colombia, the [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media. It recently cooperated with ICIJ and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' on the Panama Papers project.

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (CIN)]] and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. In 2007 the project won the first ever Global Shining Light Award<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://gijn.org/awards/
|title=The Global Shining Light Award
|date=2016
}}</ref> given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross-border investigative reporting was needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

==Stories==

The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and managed to demonstrate that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, his call for removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under these bad loans, the President bailed it out with tax payer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref>
An second series looked at how the President through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like Darko Saric to the point of municipalities controlled by the president's party gave almost free prime coastal property to the wanted king pin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro that was owned by his good friend Stanko Subotic and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
OCCRP is one of the most decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," a project that continued the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter Khadija Ismayilova. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
"Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and the millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank (First Family, First Bank).<ref>https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>
It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler room scams.

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]](CIN) in Sarajevo, [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in Belgrade, Journalists of Armenia [[Hetq Online|(HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Investigative in Yerevan, the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in Sofia, {{Ill|hu|Átlátszó.hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in Budapest, MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in Montenegro, Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in Riga, SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in Skopje, Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in Ukraine, The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kyiv]].

==Journalist Khadija Ismayilova==

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]] based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a cause celebre when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the Presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note from Russia threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos where shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained prosecutors were doing very little<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter</ref> to identify the culprits who are largely believed to be the government of Azerbaijan. After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 of charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to a job at [[Radio Free Europe]] despite the fact she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations. Also in December, police raided RFE's offices removing computers and documents and effectively shutting down the organization. Allegedly they were looking for evidence of espionage and narcotics. Some jailed activists were caught with narcotics police allege although activists claim these drugs are often planted by the police themselves.

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist Paul Cristian Radu is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Politics}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:European journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Panama Papers]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2016-05-25T06:19:37Z

Elinruby: Remove duplicate mention

The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and corruption. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. OCCRP was an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is a partner of the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in Colombia, the [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media. It recently cooperated with ICIJ and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' on the Panama Papers project.

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (CIN)]] and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. In 2007 the project won the first ever Global Shining Light Award<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://gijn.org/awards/
|title=The Global Shining Light Award
|date=2016
}}</ref> given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross border investigative reporting were needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

==Stories==

The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and managed to demonstrate that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, his call for removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under these bad loans, the President bailed it out with tax payer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref>
An second series looked at how the President through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like Darko Saric to the point of municipalities controlled by the president's party gave almost free prime coastal property to the wanted king pin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro that was owned by his good friend Stanko Subotic and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
OCCRP is one of the most decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," a project that continued the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter Khadija Ismayilova. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
"Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and the millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank (First Family, First Bank).<ref>https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>
It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler room scams.

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]](CIN) in Sarajevo, [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in Belgrade, Journalists of Armenia [[Hetq Online|(HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Investigative in Yerevan, the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in Sofia, {{Ill|hu|Átlátszó.hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in Budapest, MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in Montenegro, Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in Riga, SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in Skopje, Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in Ukraine, The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kyiv]].

==Journalist Khadija Ismayilova==

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]] based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a cause celebre when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the Presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note from Russia threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos where shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained prosecutors were doing very little<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter</ref> to identify the culprits who are largely believed to be the government of Azerbaijan. After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 of charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to a job at [[Radio Free Europe]] despite the fact she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations. Also in December, police raided RFE's offices removing computers and documents and effectively shutting down the organization. Allegedly they were looking for evidence of espionage and narcotics. Some jailed activists were caught with narcotics police allege although activists claim these drugs are often planted by the police themselves.

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist Paul Cristian Radu is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Politics}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:European journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Panama Papers]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2016-05-18T20:49:50Z

Elinruby: /* History */ added reference

The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and corruption. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. OCCRP is an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is partners with the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in Colombia, the [[International Center for Journalists]] in Washington, [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media. It recently cooperated with ICIJ and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' on the Panama Papers project.

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (CIN)]] and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. In 2007 the project won the first ever Global Shining Light Award<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://gijn.org/awards/
|title=The Global Shining Light Award
|date=2016
}}</ref> given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross border investigative reporting were needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

==Stories==

The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and managed to demonstrate that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, his call for removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under these bad loans, the President bailed it out with tax payer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref>
An second series looked at how the President through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like Darko Saric to the point of municipalities controlled by the president's party gave almost free prime coastal property to the wanted king pin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro that was owned by his good friend Stanko Subotic and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
OCCRP is one of the most decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," a project that continued the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter Khadija Ismayilova. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
"Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and the millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank (First Family, First Bank).<ref>https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>
It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler room scams.

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]](CIN) in Sarajevo, [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in Belgrade, Journalists of Armenia [[Hetq Online|(HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Investigative in Yerevan, the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in Sofia, {{Ill|hu|Átlátszó.hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in Budapest, MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in Montenegro, Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in Riga, SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in Skopje, Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in Ukraine, The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kyiv]].

==Journalist Khadija Ismayilova==

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]] based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a cause celebre when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the Presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note from Russia threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos where shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained prosecutors were doing very little<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter</ref> to identify the culprits who are largely believed to be the government of Azerbaijan. After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 of charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to a job at [[Radio Free Europe]] despite the fact she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations. Also in December, police raided RFE's offices removing computers and documents and effectively shutting down the organization. Allegedly they were looking for evidence of espionage and narcotics. Some jailed activists were caught with narcotics police allege although activists claim these drugs are often planted by the police themselves.

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist Paul Cristian Radu is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Politics}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:European journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Panama Papers]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2016-05-18T20:27:36Z

Elinruby: /* References */ fix

The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and corruption. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. OCCRP is an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is partners with the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in Colombia, the [[International Center for Journalists]] in Washington, [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media. It recently cooperated with ICIJ and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' on the Panama Papers project.

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (CIN)]] and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. The project later won the first ever Global Shining Light Award given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross border investigative reporting were needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

==Stories==

The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and managed to demonstrate that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, his call for removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under these bad loans, the President bailed it out with tax payer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref>
An second series looked at how the President through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like Darko Saric to the point of municipalities controlled by the president's party gave almost free prime coastal property to the wanted king pin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro that was owned by his good friend Stanko Subotic and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
OCCRP is one of the most decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," a project that continued the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter Khadija Ismayilova. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
"Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and the millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank (First Family, First Bank).<ref>https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>
It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler room scams.

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]](CIN) in Sarajevo, [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in Belgrade, Journalists of Armenia [[Hetq Online|(HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Investigative in Yerevan, the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in Sofia, {{Ill|hu|Átlátszó.hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in Budapest, MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in Montenegro, Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in Riga, SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in Skopje, Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in Ukraine, The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kyiv]].

==Journalist Khadija Ismayilova==

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]] based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a cause celebre when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the Presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note from Russia threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos where shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained prosecutors were doing very little<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter</ref> to identify the culprits who are largely believed to be the government of Azerbaijan. After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 of charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to a job at [[Radio Free Europe]] despite the fact she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations. Also in December, police raided RFE's offices removing computers and documents and effectively shutting down the organization. Allegedly they were looking for evidence of espionage and narcotics. Some jailed activists were caught with narcotics police allege although activists claim these drugs are often planted by the police themselves.

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist Paul Cristian Radu is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Politics}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:European journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Panama Papers]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2016-05-18T20:27:08Z

Elinruby: /* References */ added portal

The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and corruption. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. OCCRP is an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is partners with the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in Colombia, the [[International Center for Journalists]] in Washington, [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media. It recently cooperated with ICIJ and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' on the Panama Papers project.

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (CIN)]] and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. The project later won the first ever Global Shining Light Award given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross border investigative reporting were needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

==Stories==

The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and managed to demonstrate that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, his call for removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under these bad loans, the President bailed it out with tax payer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref>
An second series looked at how the President through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like Darko Saric to the point of municipalities controlled by the president's party gave almost free prime coastal property to the wanted king pin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro that was owned by his good friend Stanko Subotic and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
OCCRP is one of the most decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," a project that continued the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter Khadija Ismayilova. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
"Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and the millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank (First Family, First Bank).<ref>https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>
It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler room scams.

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]](CIN) in Sarajevo, [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in Belgrade, Journalists of Armenia [[Hetq Online|(HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Investigative in Yerevan, the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in Sofia, {{Ill|hu|Átlátszó.hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in Budapest, MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in Montenegro, Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in Riga, SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in Skopje, Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in Ukraine, The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kyiv]].

==Journalist Khadija Ismayilova==

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]] based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a cause celebre when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the Presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note from Russia threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos where shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained prosecutors were doing very little<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter</ref> to identify the culprits who are largely believed to be the government of Azerbaijan. After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 of charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to a job at [[Radio Free Europe]] despite the fact she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations. Also in December, police raided RFE's offices removing computers and documents and effectively shutting down the organization. Allegedly they were looking for evidence of espionage and narcotics. Some jailed activists were caught with narcotics police allege although activists claim these drugs are often planted by the police themselves.

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist Paul Cristian Radu is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Eastern Europe|Politics}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:European journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Panama Papers]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2016-05-18T20:04:43Z

Elinruby: /* References */ Fixing style/layout errors

The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and corruption. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. OCCRP is an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is partners with the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in Colombia, the [[International Center for Journalists]] in Washington, [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media. It recently cooperated with ICIJ and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' on the Panama Papers project.

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (CIN)]] and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. The project later won the first ever Global Shining Light Award given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross border investigative reporting were needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

==Stories==

The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and managed to demonstrate that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, his call for removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under these bad loans, the President bailed it out with tax payer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref>
An second series looked at how the President through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like Darko Saric to the point of municipalities controlled by the president's party gave almost free prime coastal property to the wanted king pin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro that was owned by his good friend Stanko Subotic and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
OCCRP is one of the most decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," a project that continued the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter Khadija Ismayilova. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
"Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and the millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank (First Family, First Bank).<ref>https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>
It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler room scams.

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]](CIN) in Sarajevo, [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in Belgrade, Journalists of Armenia [[Hetq Online|(HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Investigative in Yerevan, the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in Sofia, {{Ill|hu|Átlátszó.hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in Budapest, MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in Montenegro, Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in Riga, SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in Skopje, Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in Ukraine, The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kyiv]].

==Journalist Khadija Ismayilova==

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]] based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a cause celebre when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the Presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note from Russia threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos where shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained prosecutors were doing very little<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter</ref> to identify the culprits who are largely believed to be the government of Azerbaijan. After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 of charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to a job at [[Radio Free Europe]] despite the fact she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations. Also in December, police raided RFE's offices removing computers and documents and effectively shutting down the organization. Allegedly they were looking for evidence of espionage and narcotics. Some jailed activists were caught with narcotics police allege although activists claim these drugs are often planted by the police themselves.

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist Paul Cristian Radu is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Politics}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:European journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Panama Papers]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2016-05-08T04:37:51Z

Elinruby:

The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and corruption. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. OCCRP is an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is partners with the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in Colombia, the [[International Center for Journalists]] in Washington, [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media. It recently cooperated with ICIJ and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' on the Panama Papers project.

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (CIN)]] and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. The project later won the first ever Global Shining Light Award given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross border investigative reporting were needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

==Stories==

The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and managed to demonstrate that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, his call for removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under these bad loans, the President bailed it out with tax payer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref>
An second series looked at how the President through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like Darko Saric to the point of municipalities controlled by the president's party gave almost free prime coastal property to the wanted king pin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro that was owned by his good friend Stanko Subotic and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
OCCRP is one of the most decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," a project that continued the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter Khadija Ismayilova. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
"Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and the millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank (First Family, First Bank).<ref>https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>
It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler room scams.

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]](CIN) in Sarajevo, [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in Belgrade, Journalists of Armenia [[Hetq Online|(HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Investigative in Yerevan, the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in Sofia, {{Ill|hu|Átlátszó.hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in Budapest, MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in Montenegro, Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in Riga, SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in Skopje, Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in Ukraine, The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kyiv]].

==Journalist Khadija Ismayilova==

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]] based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a cause celebre when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the Presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note from Russia threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos where shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained prosecutors were doing very little<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter</ref> to identify the culprits who are largely believed to be the government of Azerbaijan. After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 of charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to a job at [[Radio Free Europe]] despite the fact she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations. Also in December, police raided RFE's offices removing computers and documents and effectively shutting down the organization. Allegedly they were looking for evidence of espionage and narcotics. Some jailed activists were caught with narcotics police allege although activists claim these drugs are often planted by the police themselves.

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist Paul Cristian Radu is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Panama|Politics}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:European journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Panama Papers]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2016-05-08T04:35:49Z

Elinruby: /* External links */ add PP

The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and corruption. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. OCCRP is an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is partners with the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in Colombia, the [[International Center for Journalists]] in Washington, [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], ''[[Time Magazine]]'', [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media. It recently cooperated with ICIJ and ''[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]]'' on the Panama Papers project.

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (CIN)]] and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. The project later won the first ever Global Shining Light Award given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross border investigative reporting were needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

==Stories==

The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and managed to demonstrate that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on Montenegro's long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, his call for removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under these bad loans, the President bailed it out with tax payer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref>
An second series looked at how the President through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like Darko Saric to the point of municipalities controlled by the president's party gave almost free prime coastal property to the wanted king pin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro that was owned by his good friend Stanko Subotic and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

==Awards==
OCCRP is one of the most decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," a project that continued the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter Khadija Ismayilova. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
"Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and the millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank (First Family, First Bank).<ref>https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>
It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler room scams.

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]](CIN) in Sarajevo, [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in Belgrade, Journalists of Armenia [[Hetq Online|(HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Investigative in Yerevan, the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in Sofia, {{Ill|hu|Átlátszó.hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in Budapest, MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in Montenegro, Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in Riga, SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in Skopje, Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in Bulgaria, Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in Ukraine, The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kyiv]].

==Journalist Khadija Ismayilova==

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]] based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a cause celebre when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the Presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note from Russia threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos where shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained prosecutors were doing very little<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter</ref> to identify the culprits who are largely believed to be the government of Azerbaijan. After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 of charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to a job at [[Radio Free Europe]] despite the fact she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations. Also in December, police raided RFE's offices removing computers and documents and effectively shutting down the organization. Allegedly they were looking for evidence of espionage and narcotics. Some jailed activists were caught with narcotics police allege although activists claim these drugs are often planted by the police themselves.

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist Paul Cristian Radu is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Panama|Politics}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:European journalism organizations]]
[[Category:Panama Papers]]

Neo-Feudalismus

2015-04-13T05:30:15Z

Elinruby: /* Neofeudalism in popular culture */ we don't need no stinking authorlinks -- I am going to bed. For the recorfd. they both have online profiles' firsrt hit in google

'''Neo-feudalism''' (literally '''new feudalism''' – the terms are used interchangeably in the literature<ref name=Shearing2001 />) refers to a theorized contemporary rebirth of policies of [[governance]], [[economy]] and public life<ref name=Huggins /> reminiscent of those present in many [[feudalism|feudal]] societies, such as unequal rights and legal protections for common people and for nobility.

Concept of "neofeudalism" largely focuses on economics. Among the issues claimed to be associated with the idea of neofeudalism in contemporary society are class stratification, [[globalization]], mass immigration/illegal immigration, [[open borders]] policies, [[multinational corporation]]s, and "[[corporatism|neo-corporatism]]."<ref>'''Thom Hartmann''', "Time to Remove the Bananas...and Return Our Republic to Democracy", ''CommonDreams.org'', 6 November 2002 [http://www.commondreams.org/views02/1106-07.htm]</ref>

==Use and Etymology==

The term seems to have been originated as a criticism of the paternalistic left; an early example being the essay ''[[John Kenneth Galbraith|Galbraith's]] Neo-Feudalism''<ref>[[George Reisman]] ''Human Events'', February 1961 [http://www.mises.org/web/2793]</ref> published in 1961. The term is still used by some on the right in that sense in the twenty-first century:

<blockquote>
Although he would later become a naturalized American citizen, Soros remains
in social outlook very much a European and believer in the paternalistic
'''neo-feudalism''' euphemistically called "democratic socialism" or "social
democracy." <ref>'''Lowell Ponte''' "George Soros: Billionaire for the Left" ''Front Page Magazine'', November 13, 2003</ref>
</blockquote>

In 1992 [[Immanuel Wallerstein]] has made his view on global development of the world, which has neofeudalism among three other variants, which meant [[autarky]] regions with local hierarchy and hi-tech goods available only for elite.<ref>Wallerstein I. Capitalist civilization. -Binghampton (N.Y.), 1992. {{cite journal |author= Malinovsky P. V. |year= 2001|title= Globalisation as a Civilization Shaping Process|url= http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9952491|journal=Russia and the modern world (Россия и современный мир)|publisher=ИНИОН РАН|volume= |issue= 2 |pages= 7 (5-30) |issn=1726-5223 }}</ref>

==Privatized governance==
According to Les Johnston, Clifford Shearing's theoretical approach of neofeudalism has been influential.<ref name=Johnston1999>{{cite journal |last1=Johnston |first1=Les |year=1999 |doi=10.1023/A:1008753326991 |title=Private Policing in Context |journal=European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=175–196}}</ref> Shearing "use[s] this term in a limited sense to draw attention to the emergence of domains of mass private property that are ‘gated’ in a variety of ways".<ref name=Shearing2001>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford |year=2001 |title=Punishment and the Changing Face of the Governance |journal=[[Punishment & Society]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=203–220 |doi=10.1177/1462474501003002001}}</ref><ref name=Shearing1983>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford D. |year=1983 |title=Private Security: Implications for Social Control |journal=[[Social Problems]] |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=493–506 |url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=89492 |issn=0037-7791}}</ref> <ref name=Shearing2001

Lucia Zedner responds that this use of neo-feudalism is ''too'' limited in scope; Shearing's comparison does not draw parallels with earlier governance explicitly enough. Zedner prefers more definitive endorsements<ref name=Zedner2006>{{cite journal |last1=Zedner |first1=Lucia |authorlink=Lucia Zedner |year=2006 |title=Policing Before and After the Police: The Historical Antecedents of Contemporary Crime Control |doi=10.1093/bjc/azi043 |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=78–96}}</ref>

Neofeudalism entails an order defined by commercial interests and administered in large areas, according to Bruce Baker, who argues that this does not fully describe the extent of cooperation between state and non-state policing.<ref name=Baker2004>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Bruce |year=2004 |title=Protection from crime: what is on offer for Africans? |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1080/cjca0258900042000230005 |url=http://www.ssrnetwork.net/uploaded_files/3606.pdf}}</ref> The significance of the comparison to feudalism, for Randy Lippert and Daniel O'Connor, is that corporations have power similar to states' governance powers.<ref name=Lippert2006>{{cite journal |last1=Lippert |first1=Randy |authorlink1=Randy K. Lippert |last2=O'Connor |first2=Daniel |year=2006 |doi=10.1080/10439460500399445 |title=Security Intelligence Networks and the Transformation of Contract Private Security |journal=Policing & Society |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=50–66}}</ref>

The widening of the wealth gap, as poor and marginalized people are excluded from the state's provision of security, can result in neofeudalism, argues Marina Caparini, who says this has already happened in [[South Africa]].<ref name=Caparini2006>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Caparini |first=Marina |editor-first=Alan |editor-last=Bryden |editor2-first=Marina |editor2-last=Caparini |encyclopedia=Private Actors and Security Governance |title=Applying a Security Governance Perspective to the Privatisation of Security |url=http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/96894/ichaptersection_singledocument/D52C839B-6A34-48DD-98E1-BE33926FCE17/en/chapter14.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=LIT Verlag |isbn=3-8258-9840-7 |pages=263–282}}</ref> Neofeudalism is made possible by the [[commodification]] of policing, and signifies the end of shared citizenship, says Ian Loader.<ref name=Loader1999>{{cite journal |last1=Loader |first1=Ian |year=1999 |doi=10.1177/S003803859900022X |title=Consumer Culture and the Commodification of Policing and Security |journal=Sociology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=373–392}}</ref> A primary characteristic of neofeudalism is that individuals' public lives are increasingly governed by business corporations, as Martha K. Huggins finds.<ref name=Huggins>{{cite journal |last1=Huggins |first1=Martha K. |year=2000 |title=Urban Violence and Police Privatization in Brazil: Blended Invisibility |journal=[http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/ Social Justice] |volume=27 |issue=2 |url=http://intranet.ukzn.ac.za/geog/ugrad/level3/hc_sust_cities/readings/8_URBAN%20VULNERABILITIES/Huggins,%20M.K.%202000.doc |issn=1043-1578}}</ref> Seattle-based technology billionaire [[Nick Hanauer]] has stated that "our country is rapidly becoming less a capitalist society and more a feudal society".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/the-pitchforks-are-coming-for-us-plutocrats-108014.html|title=The Pitchforks Are Coming… For Us Plutocrats|author=Nick Hanauer|publisher=Politico Magazine|date=2014-07}}</ref>

John Braithwaite notes that neofeudalism brings a different approach to governance, since business corporations in particular have this specialized need for loss reduction.<ref name=Braithwaite2000>{{cite journal |last1=Braithwaite |first1=John |author1-link=John Braithwaite (criminologist) |year=2000 |doi=10.1093/bjc/40.2.222 |url=http://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/jbraithwaite/_documents/Articles/New_Regulatory_2000.pdf |title=The New Regulatory State and the Transformation of Criminology |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=222–238}}</ref>

==Neofeudalism in popular culture==
* [[Frank Herbert]]'s ''[[Dune universe|Dune]]'' series of novels is set in the distant future with a neofeudalistic<ref>{{Citation
| last1 = Erman
| first1 = Eva
| last2 = Möller
| first2 = Niklas
| editor-last = Nicholas
| editor-first = Jeffery
| title = Dune and Philosophy: Weirding Way of the Mentat
| place =
| publisher = Open Court
| series = Popular Culture and Philosophy Series
| volume = 56
| year = 2013
| month= August
| chapter = What's Wrong with Politics in the Duniverse?
| chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false
| page = 66
| language = english
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC
| isbn = 0812697278
| }}</ref> galactic empire known as the Imperium after the [[Butlerian Jihad]] which prohibits all kinds of thinking machine technology, even its simpler forms.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[Category:Socioeconomics]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Social theories]]
[[Category:Economic theories]]
[[Category:Criminology]]

Neo-Feudalismus

2015-04-13T05:27:33Z

Elinruby: /* Neofeudalism in popular culture */ citation

'''Neo-feudalism''' (literally '''new feudalism''' – the terms are used interchangeably in the literature<ref name=Shearing2001 />) refers to a theorized contemporary rebirth of policies of [[governance]], [[economy]] and public life<ref name=Huggins /> reminiscent of those present in many [[feudalism|feudal]] societies, such as unequal rights and legal protections for common people and for nobility.

Concept of "neofeudalism" largely focuses on economics. Among the issues claimed to be associated with the idea of neofeudalism in contemporary society are class stratification, [[globalization]], mass immigration/illegal immigration, [[open borders]] policies, [[multinational corporation]]s, and "[[corporatism|neo-corporatism]]."<ref>'''Thom Hartmann''', "Time to Remove the Bananas...and Return Our Republic to Democracy", ''CommonDreams.org'', 6 November 2002 [http://www.commondreams.org/views02/1106-07.htm]</ref>

==Use and Etymology==

The term seems to have been originated as a criticism of the paternalistic left; an early example being the essay ''[[John Kenneth Galbraith|Galbraith's]] Neo-Feudalism''<ref>[[George Reisman]] ''Human Events'', February 1961 [http://www.mises.org/web/2793]</ref> published in 1961. The term is still used by some on the right in that sense in the twenty-first century:

<blockquote>
Although he would later become a naturalized American citizen, Soros remains
in social outlook very much a European and believer in the paternalistic
'''neo-feudalism''' euphemistically called "democratic socialism" or "social
democracy." <ref>'''Lowell Ponte''' "George Soros: Billionaire for the Left" ''Front Page Magazine'', November 13, 2003</ref>
</blockquote>

In 1992 [[Immanuel Wallerstein]] has made his view on global development of the world, which has neofeudalism among three other variants, which meant [[autarky]] regions with local hierarchy and hi-tech goods available only for elite.<ref>Wallerstein I. Capitalist civilization. -Binghampton (N.Y.), 1992. {{cite journal |author= Malinovsky P. V. |year= 2001|title= Globalisation as a Civilization Shaping Process|url= http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9952491|journal=Russia and the modern world (Россия и современный мир)|publisher=ИНИОН РАН|volume= |issue= 2 |pages= 7 (5-30) |issn=1726-5223 }}</ref>

==Privatized governance==
According to Les Johnston, Clifford Shearing's theoretical approach of neofeudalism has been influential.<ref name=Johnston1999>{{cite journal |last1=Johnston |first1=Les |year=1999 |doi=10.1023/A:1008753326991 |title=Private Policing in Context |journal=European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=175–196}}</ref> Shearing "use[s] this term in a limited sense to draw attention to the emergence of domains of mass private property that are ‘gated’ in a variety of ways".<ref name=Shearing2001>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford |year=2001 |title=Punishment and the Changing Face of the Governance |journal=[[Punishment & Society]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=203–220 |doi=10.1177/1462474501003002001}}</ref><ref name=Shearing1983>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford D. |year=1983 |title=Private Security: Implications for Social Control |journal=[[Social Problems]] |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=493–506 |url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=89492 |issn=0037-7791}}</ref> <ref name=Shearing2001

Lucia Zedner responds that this use of neo-feudalism is ''too'' limited in scope; Shearing's comparison does not draw parallels with earlier governance explicitly enough. Zedner prefers more definitive endorsements<ref name=Zedner2006>{{cite journal |last1=Zedner |first1=Lucia |authorlink=Lucia Zedner |year=2006 |title=Policing Before and After the Police: The Historical Antecedents of Contemporary Crime Control |doi=10.1093/bjc/azi043 |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=78–96}}</ref>

Neofeudalism entails an order defined by commercial interests and administered in large areas, according to Bruce Baker, who argues that this does not fully describe the extent of cooperation between state and non-state policing.<ref name=Baker2004>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Bruce |year=2004 |title=Protection from crime: what is on offer for Africans? |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1080/cjca0258900042000230005 |url=http://www.ssrnetwork.net/uploaded_files/3606.pdf}}</ref> The significance of the comparison to feudalism, for Randy Lippert and Daniel O'Connor, is that corporations have power similar to states' governance powers.<ref name=Lippert2006>{{cite journal |last1=Lippert |first1=Randy |authorlink1=Randy K. Lippert |last2=O'Connor |first2=Daniel |year=2006 |doi=10.1080/10439460500399445 |title=Security Intelligence Networks and the Transformation of Contract Private Security |journal=Policing & Society |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=50–66}}</ref>

The widening of the wealth gap, as poor and marginalized people are excluded from the state's provision of security, can result in neofeudalism, argues Marina Caparini, who says this has already happened in [[South Africa]].<ref name=Caparini2006>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Caparini |first=Marina |editor-first=Alan |editor-last=Bryden |editor2-first=Marina |editor2-last=Caparini |encyclopedia=Private Actors and Security Governance |title=Applying a Security Governance Perspective to the Privatisation of Security |url=http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/96894/ichaptersection_singledocument/D52C839B-6A34-48DD-98E1-BE33926FCE17/en/chapter14.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=LIT Verlag |isbn=3-8258-9840-7 |pages=263–282}}</ref> Neofeudalism is made possible by the [[commodification]] of policing, and signifies the end of shared citizenship, says Ian Loader.<ref name=Loader1999>{{cite journal |last1=Loader |first1=Ian |year=1999 |doi=10.1177/S003803859900022X |title=Consumer Culture and the Commodification of Policing and Security |journal=Sociology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=373–392}}</ref> A primary characteristic of neofeudalism is that individuals' public lives are increasingly governed by business corporations, as Martha K. Huggins finds.<ref name=Huggins>{{cite journal |last1=Huggins |first1=Martha K. |year=2000 |title=Urban Violence and Police Privatization in Brazil: Blended Invisibility |journal=[http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/ Social Justice] |volume=27 |issue=2 |url=http://intranet.ukzn.ac.za/geog/ugrad/level3/hc_sust_cities/readings/8_URBAN%20VULNERABILITIES/Huggins,%20M.K.%202000.doc |issn=1043-1578}}</ref> Seattle-based technology billionaire [[Nick Hanauer]] has stated that "our country is rapidly becoming less a capitalist society and more a feudal society".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/the-pitchforks-are-coming-for-us-plutocrats-108014.html|title=The Pitchforks Are Coming… For Us Plutocrats|author=Nick Hanauer|publisher=Politico Magazine|date=2014-07}}</ref>

John Braithwaite notes that neofeudalism brings a different approach to governance, since business corporations in particular have this specialized need for loss reduction.<ref name=Braithwaite2000>{{cite journal |last1=Braithwaite |first1=John |author1-link=John Braithwaite (criminologist) |year=2000 |doi=10.1093/bjc/40.2.222 |url=http://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/jbraithwaite/_documents/Articles/New_Regulatory_2000.pdf |title=The New Regulatory State and the Transformation of Criminology |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=222–238}}</ref>

==Neofeudalism in popular culture==
* [[Frank Herbert]]'s ''[[Dune universe|Dune]]'' series of novels is set in the distant future with a neofeudalistic<ref>{{Citation
| last1 = Erman
| first1 = Eva
| last2 = Möller
| first2 = Niklas
| authorlink = https://people.kth.se/~nmoller/
| editor-last = Nicholas
| editor-first = Jeffery
| title = Dune and Philosophy: Weirding Way of the Mentat
| place =
| publisher = Open Court
| series = Popular Culture and Philosophy Series
| volume = 56
| year = 2013
| month= August
| chapter = What's Wrong with Politics in the Duniverse?
| chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false
| page = 66
| language = english
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC
| isbn = 0812697278
| }}</ref> galactic empire known as the Imperium after the [[Butlerian Jihad]] which prohibits all kinds of thinking machine technology, even its simpler forms.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[Category:Socioeconomics]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Social theories]]
[[Category:Economic theories]]
[[Category:Criminology]]

Neo-Feudalismus

2015-04-13T05:25:51Z

Elinruby: /* Neofeudalism in popular culture */ sorry eva, can't get your link to work

'''Neo-feudalism''' (literally '''new feudalism''' – the terms are used interchangeably in the literature<ref name=Shearing2001 />) refers to a theorized contemporary rebirth of policies of [[governance]], [[economy]] and public life<ref name=Huggins /> reminiscent of those present in many [[feudalism|feudal]] societies, such as unequal rights and legal protections for common people and for nobility.

Concept of "neofeudalism" largely focuses on economics. Among the issues claimed to be associated with the idea of neofeudalism in contemporary society are class stratification, [[globalization]], mass immigration/illegal immigration, [[open borders]] policies, [[multinational corporation]]s, and "[[corporatism|neo-corporatism]]."<ref>'''Thom Hartmann''', "Time to Remove the Bananas...and Return Our Republic to Democracy", ''CommonDreams.org'', 6 November 2002 [http://www.commondreams.org/views02/1106-07.htm]</ref>

==Use and Etymology==

The term seems to have been originated as a criticism of the paternalistic left; an early example being the essay ''[[John Kenneth Galbraith|Galbraith's]] Neo-Feudalism''<ref>[[George Reisman]] ''Human Events'', February 1961 [http://www.mises.org/web/2793]</ref> published in 1961. The term is still used by some on the right in that sense in the twenty-first century:

<blockquote>
Although he would later become a naturalized American citizen, Soros remains
in social outlook very much a European and believer in the paternalistic
'''neo-feudalism''' euphemistically called "democratic socialism" or "social
democracy." <ref>'''Lowell Ponte''' "George Soros: Billionaire for the Left" ''Front Page Magazine'', November 13, 2003</ref>
</blockquote>

In 1992 [[Immanuel Wallerstein]] has made his view on global development of the world, which has neofeudalism among three other variants, which meant [[autarky]] regions with local hierarchy and hi-tech goods available only for elite.<ref>Wallerstein I. Capitalist civilization. -Binghampton (N.Y.), 1992. {{cite journal |author= Malinovsky P. V. |year= 2001|title= Globalisation as a Civilization Shaping Process|url= http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9952491|journal=Russia and the modern world (Россия и современный мир)|publisher=ИНИОН РАН|volume= |issue= 2 |pages= 7 (5-30) |issn=1726-5223 }}</ref>

==Privatized governance==
According to Les Johnston, Clifford Shearing's theoretical approach of neofeudalism has been influential.<ref name=Johnston1999>{{cite journal |last1=Johnston |first1=Les |year=1999 |doi=10.1023/A:1008753326991 |title=Private Policing in Context |journal=European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=175–196}}</ref> Shearing "use[s] this term in a limited sense to draw attention to the emergence of domains of mass private property that are ‘gated’ in a variety of ways".<ref name=Shearing2001>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford |year=2001 |title=Punishment and the Changing Face of the Governance |journal=[[Punishment & Society]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=203–220 |doi=10.1177/1462474501003002001}}</ref><ref name=Shearing1983>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford D. |year=1983 |title=Private Security: Implications for Social Control |journal=[[Social Problems]] |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=493–506 |url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=89492 |issn=0037-7791}}</ref> <ref name=Shearing2001

Lucia Zedner responds that this use of neo-feudalism is ''too'' limited in scope; Shearing's comparison does not draw parallels with earlier governance explicitly enough. Zedner prefers more definitive endorsements<ref name=Zedner2006>{{cite journal |last1=Zedner |first1=Lucia |authorlink=Lucia Zedner |year=2006 |title=Policing Before and After the Police: The Historical Antecedents of Contemporary Crime Control |doi=10.1093/bjc/azi043 |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=78–96}}</ref>

Neofeudalism entails an order defined by commercial interests and administered in large areas, according to Bruce Baker, who argues that this does not fully describe the extent of cooperation between state and non-state policing.<ref name=Baker2004>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Bruce |year=2004 |title=Protection from crime: what is on offer for Africans? |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1080/cjca0258900042000230005 |url=http://www.ssrnetwork.net/uploaded_files/3606.pdf}}</ref> The significance of the comparison to feudalism, for Randy Lippert and Daniel O'Connor, is that corporations have power similar to states' governance powers.<ref name=Lippert2006>{{cite journal |last1=Lippert |first1=Randy |authorlink1=Randy K. Lippert |last2=O'Connor |first2=Daniel |year=2006 |doi=10.1080/10439460500399445 |title=Security Intelligence Networks and the Transformation of Contract Private Security |journal=Policing & Society |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=50–66}}</ref>

The widening of the wealth gap, as poor and marginalized people are excluded from the state's provision of security, can result in neofeudalism, argues Marina Caparini, who says this has already happened in [[South Africa]].<ref name=Caparini2006>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Caparini |first=Marina |editor-first=Alan |editor-last=Bryden |editor2-first=Marina |editor2-last=Caparini |encyclopedia=Private Actors and Security Governance |title=Applying a Security Governance Perspective to the Privatisation of Security |url=http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/96894/ichaptersection_singledocument/D52C839B-6A34-48DD-98E1-BE33926FCE17/en/chapter14.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=LIT Verlag |isbn=3-8258-9840-7 |pages=263–282}}</ref> Neofeudalism is made possible by the [[commodification]] of policing, and signifies the end of shared citizenship, says Ian Loader.<ref name=Loader1999>{{cite journal |last1=Loader |first1=Ian |year=1999 |doi=10.1177/S003803859900022X |title=Consumer Culture and the Commodification of Policing and Security |journal=Sociology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=373–392}}</ref> A primary characteristic of neofeudalism is that individuals' public lives are increasingly governed by business corporations, as Martha K. Huggins finds.<ref name=Huggins>{{cite journal |last1=Huggins |first1=Martha K. |year=2000 |title=Urban Violence and Police Privatization in Brazil: Blended Invisibility |journal=[http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/ Social Justice] |volume=27 |issue=2 |url=http://intranet.ukzn.ac.za/geog/ugrad/level3/hc_sust_cities/readings/8_URBAN%20VULNERABILITIES/Huggins,%20M.K.%202000.doc |issn=1043-1578}}</ref> Seattle-based technology billionaire [[Nick Hanauer]] has stated that "our country is rapidly becoming less a capitalist society and more a feudal society".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/the-pitchforks-are-coming-for-us-plutocrats-108014.html|title=The Pitchforks Are Coming… For Us Plutocrats|author=Nick Hanauer|publisher=Politico Magazine|date=2014-07}}</ref>

John Braithwaite notes that neofeudalism brings a different approach to governance, since business corporations in particular have this specialized need for loss reduction.<ref name=Braithwaite2000>{{cite journal |last1=Braithwaite |first1=John |author1-link=John Braithwaite (criminologist) |year=2000 |doi=10.1093/bjc/40.2.222 |url=http://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/jbraithwaite/_documents/Articles/New_Regulatory_2000.pdf |title=The New Regulatory State and the Transformation of Criminology |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=222–238}}</ref>

==Neofeudalism in popular culture==
* [[Frank Herbert]]'s ''[[Dune universe|Dune]]'' series of novels is set in the distant future with a neofeudalistic<ref>{{Citation
| last1 = Erman
| first1 = Eva
| last2 = Möller
| first2 = Niklas
| author-link = https://people.kth.se/~nmoller/
| editor-last = Nicholas
| editor-first = Jeffery
| title = Dune and Philosophy: Weirding Way of the Mentat
| place =
| publisher = Open Court
| series = Popular Culture and Philosophy Series
| volume = 56
| year = 2013
| month= August
| chapter = What's Wrong with Politics in the Duniverse?
| chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false
| page = 66
| language = english
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC
| isbn = 0812697278|780812697278
| }}</ref> galactic empire known as the Imperium after the [[Butlerian Jihad]] which prohibits all kinds of thinking machine technology, even its simpler forms.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[Category:Socioeconomics]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Social theories]]
[[Category:Economic theories]]
[[Category:Criminology]]

Neo-Feudalismus

2015-04-13T05:23:49Z

Elinruby: /* Neofeudalism in popular culture */ fixing citation

'''Neo-feudalism''' (literally '''new feudalism''' – the terms are used interchangeably in the literature<ref name=Shearing2001 />) refers to a theorized contemporary rebirth of policies of [[governance]], [[economy]] and public life<ref name=Huggins /> reminiscent of those present in many [[feudalism|feudal]] societies, such as unequal rights and legal protections for common people and for nobility.

Concept of "neofeudalism" largely focuses on economics. Among the issues claimed to be associated with the idea of neofeudalism in contemporary society are class stratification, [[globalization]], mass immigration/illegal immigration, [[open borders]] policies, [[multinational corporation]]s, and "[[corporatism|neo-corporatism]]."<ref>'''Thom Hartmann''', "Time to Remove the Bananas...and Return Our Republic to Democracy", ''CommonDreams.org'', 6 November 2002 [http://www.commondreams.org/views02/1106-07.htm]</ref>

==Use and Etymology==

The term seems to have been originated as a criticism of the paternalistic left; an early example being the essay ''[[John Kenneth Galbraith|Galbraith's]] Neo-Feudalism''<ref>[[George Reisman]] ''Human Events'', February 1961 [http://www.mises.org/web/2793]</ref> published in 1961. The term is still used by some on the right in that sense in the twenty-first century:

<blockquote>
Although he would later become a naturalized American citizen, Soros remains
in social outlook very much a European and believer in the paternalistic
'''neo-feudalism''' euphemistically called "democratic socialism" or "social
democracy." <ref>'''Lowell Ponte''' "George Soros: Billionaire for the Left" ''Front Page Magazine'', November 13, 2003</ref>
</blockquote>

In 1992 [[Immanuel Wallerstein]] has made his view on global development of the world, which has neofeudalism among three other variants, which meant [[autarky]] regions with local hierarchy and hi-tech goods available only for elite.<ref>Wallerstein I. Capitalist civilization. -Binghampton (N.Y.), 1992. {{cite journal |author= Malinovsky P. V. |year= 2001|title= Globalisation as a Civilization Shaping Process|url= http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9952491|journal=Russia and the modern world (Россия и современный мир)|publisher=ИНИОН РАН|volume= |issue= 2 |pages= 7 (5-30) |issn=1726-5223 }}</ref>

==Privatized governance==
According to Les Johnston, Clifford Shearing's theoretical approach of neofeudalism has been influential.<ref name=Johnston1999>{{cite journal |last1=Johnston |first1=Les |year=1999 |doi=10.1023/A:1008753326991 |title=Private Policing in Context |journal=European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=175–196}}</ref> Shearing "use[s] this term in a limited sense to draw attention to the emergence of domains of mass private property that are ‘gated’ in a variety of ways".<ref name=Shearing2001>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford |year=2001 |title=Punishment and the Changing Face of the Governance |journal=[[Punishment & Society]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=203–220 |doi=10.1177/1462474501003002001}}</ref><ref name=Shearing1983>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford D. |year=1983 |title=Private Security: Implications for Social Control |journal=[[Social Problems]] |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=493–506 |url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=89492 |issn=0037-7791}}</ref> <ref name=Shearing2001

Lucia Zedner responds that this use of neo-feudalism is ''too'' limited in scope; Shearing's comparison does not draw parallels with earlier governance explicitly enough. Zedner prefers more definitive endorsements<ref name=Zedner2006>{{cite journal |last1=Zedner |first1=Lucia |authorlink=Lucia Zedner |year=2006 |title=Policing Before and After the Police: The Historical Antecedents of Contemporary Crime Control |doi=10.1093/bjc/azi043 |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=78–96}}</ref>

Neofeudalism entails an order defined by commercial interests and administered in large areas, according to Bruce Baker, who argues that this does not fully describe the extent of cooperation between state and non-state policing.<ref name=Baker2004>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Bruce |year=2004 |title=Protection from crime: what is on offer for Africans? |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1080/cjca0258900042000230005 |url=http://www.ssrnetwork.net/uploaded_files/3606.pdf}}</ref> The significance of the comparison to feudalism, for Randy Lippert and Daniel O'Connor, is that corporations have power similar to states' governance powers.<ref name=Lippert2006>{{cite journal |last1=Lippert |first1=Randy |authorlink1=Randy K. Lippert |last2=O'Connor |first2=Daniel |year=2006 |doi=10.1080/10439460500399445 |title=Security Intelligence Networks and the Transformation of Contract Private Security |journal=Policing & Society |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=50–66}}</ref>

The widening of the wealth gap, as poor and marginalized people are excluded from the state's provision of security, can result in neofeudalism, argues Marina Caparini, who says this has already happened in [[South Africa]].<ref name=Caparini2006>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Caparini |first=Marina |editor-first=Alan |editor-last=Bryden |editor2-first=Marina |editor2-last=Caparini |encyclopedia=Private Actors and Security Governance |title=Applying a Security Governance Perspective to the Privatisation of Security |url=http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/96894/ichaptersection_singledocument/D52C839B-6A34-48DD-98E1-BE33926FCE17/en/chapter14.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=LIT Verlag |isbn=3-8258-9840-7 |pages=263–282}}</ref> Neofeudalism is made possible by the [[commodification]] of policing, and signifies the end of shared citizenship, says Ian Loader.<ref name=Loader1999>{{cite journal |last1=Loader |first1=Ian |year=1999 |doi=10.1177/S003803859900022X |title=Consumer Culture and the Commodification of Policing and Security |journal=Sociology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=373–392}}</ref> A primary characteristic of neofeudalism is that individuals' public lives are increasingly governed by business corporations, as Martha K. Huggins finds.<ref name=Huggins>{{cite journal |last1=Huggins |first1=Martha K. |year=2000 |title=Urban Violence and Police Privatization in Brazil: Blended Invisibility |journal=[http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/ Social Justice] |volume=27 |issue=2 |url=http://intranet.ukzn.ac.za/geog/ugrad/level3/hc_sust_cities/readings/8_URBAN%20VULNERABILITIES/Huggins,%20M.K.%202000.doc |issn=1043-1578}}</ref> Seattle-based technology billionaire [[Nick Hanauer]] has stated that "our country is rapidly becoming less a capitalist society and more a feudal society".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/the-pitchforks-are-coming-for-us-plutocrats-108014.html|title=The Pitchforks Are Coming… For Us Plutocrats|author=Nick Hanauer|publisher=Politico Magazine|date=2014-07}}</ref>

John Braithwaite notes that neofeudalism brings a different approach to governance, since business corporations in particular have this specialized need for loss reduction.<ref name=Braithwaite2000>{{cite journal |last1=Braithwaite |first1=John |author1-link=John Braithwaite (criminologist) |year=2000 |doi=10.1093/bjc/40.2.222 |url=http://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/jbraithwaite/_documents/Articles/New_Regulatory_2000.pdf |title=The New Regulatory State and the Transformation of Criminology |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=222–238}}</ref>

==Neofeudalism in popular culture==
* [[Frank Herbert]]'s ''[[Dune universe|Dune]]'' series of novels is set in the distant future with a neofeudalistic<ref>{{Citation
| last1 = Erman
| first1 = Eva
| last2 = Möller
| first2 = Niklas
| author-link = http://www.statsvet.su.se/forskning/v%C3%A5ra-forskare/eva-erman|https://people.kth.se/~nmoller/
| editor-last = Nicholas
| editor-first = Jeffery
| title = Dune and Philosophy: Weirding Way of the Mentat
| place =
| publisher = Open Court
| series = Popular Culture and Philosophy Series
| volume = 56
| year = 2013
| month= August
| chapter = What's Wrong with Politics in the Duniverse?
| chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false
| page = 66
| language = english
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC
| isbn = 0812697278, 9780812697278
| }}</ref> galactic empire known as the Imperium after the [[Butlerian Jihad]] which prohibits all kinds of thinking machine technology, even its simpler forms.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[Category:Socioeconomics]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Social theories]]
[[Category:Economic theories]]
[[Category:Criminology]]

Neo-Feudalismus

2015-04-13T05:19:53Z

Elinruby: /* Neofeudalism in popular culture */ fixing citation

'''Neo-feudalism''' (literally '''new feudalism''' – the terms are used interchangeably in the literature<ref name=Shearing2001 />) refers to a theorized contemporary rebirth of policies of [[governance]], [[economy]] and public life<ref name=Huggins /> reminiscent of those present in many [[feudalism|feudal]] societies, such as unequal rights and legal protections for common people and for nobility.

Concept of "neofeudalism" largely focuses on economics. Among the issues claimed to be associated with the idea of neofeudalism in contemporary society are class stratification, [[globalization]], mass immigration/illegal immigration, [[open borders]] policies, [[multinational corporation]]s, and "[[corporatism|neo-corporatism]]."<ref>'''Thom Hartmann''', "Time to Remove the Bananas...and Return Our Republic to Democracy", ''CommonDreams.org'', 6 November 2002 [http://www.commondreams.org/views02/1106-07.htm]</ref>

==Use and Etymology==

The term seems to have been originated as a criticism of the paternalistic left; an early example being the essay ''[[John Kenneth Galbraith|Galbraith's]] Neo-Feudalism''<ref>[[George Reisman]] ''Human Events'', February 1961 [http://www.mises.org/web/2793]</ref> published in 1961. The term is still used by some on the right in that sense in the twenty-first century:

<blockquote>
Although he would later become a naturalized American citizen, Soros remains
in social outlook very much a European and believer in the paternalistic
'''neo-feudalism''' euphemistically called "democratic socialism" or "social
democracy." <ref>'''Lowell Ponte''' "George Soros: Billionaire for the Left" ''Front Page Magazine'', November 13, 2003</ref>
</blockquote>

In 1992 [[Immanuel Wallerstein]] has made his view on global development of the world, which has neofeudalism among three other variants, which meant [[autarky]] regions with local hierarchy and hi-tech goods available only for elite.<ref>Wallerstein I. Capitalist civilization. -Binghampton (N.Y.), 1992. {{cite journal |author= Malinovsky P. V. |year= 2001|title= Globalisation as a Civilization Shaping Process|url= http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9952491|journal=Russia and the modern world (Россия и современный мир)|publisher=ИНИОН РАН|volume= |issue= 2 |pages= 7 (5-30) |issn=1726-5223 }}</ref>

==Privatized governance==
According to Les Johnston, Clifford Shearing's theoretical approach of neofeudalism has been influential.<ref name=Johnston1999>{{cite journal |last1=Johnston |first1=Les |year=1999 |doi=10.1023/A:1008753326991 |title=Private Policing in Context |journal=European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=175–196}}</ref> Shearing "use[s] this term in a limited sense to draw attention to the emergence of domains of mass private property that are ‘gated’ in a variety of ways".<ref name=Shearing2001>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford |year=2001 |title=Punishment and the Changing Face of the Governance |journal=[[Punishment & Society]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=203–220 |doi=10.1177/1462474501003002001}}</ref><ref name=Shearing1983>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford D. |year=1983 |title=Private Security: Implications for Social Control |journal=[[Social Problems]] |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=493–506 |url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=89492 |issn=0037-7791}}</ref> <ref name=Shearing2001

Lucia Zedner responds that this use of neo-feudalism is ''too'' limited in scope; Shearing's comparison does not draw parallels with earlier governance explicitly enough. Zedner prefers more definitive endorsements<ref name=Zedner2006>{{cite journal |last1=Zedner |first1=Lucia |authorlink=Lucia Zedner |year=2006 |title=Policing Before and After the Police: The Historical Antecedents of Contemporary Crime Control |doi=10.1093/bjc/azi043 |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=78–96}}</ref>

Neofeudalism entails an order defined by commercial interests and administered in large areas, according to Bruce Baker, who argues that this does not fully describe the extent of cooperation between state and non-state policing.<ref name=Baker2004>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Bruce |year=2004 |title=Protection from crime: what is on offer for Africans? |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1080/cjca0258900042000230005 |url=http://www.ssrnetwork.net/uploaded_files/3606.pdf}}</ref> The significance of the comparison to feudalism, for Randy Lippert and Daniel O'Connor, is that corporations have power similar to states' governance powers.<ref name=Lippert2006>{{cite journal |last1=Lippert |first1=Randy |authorlink1=Randy K. Lippert |last2=O'Connor |first2=Daniel |year=2006 |doi=10.1080/10439460500399445 |title=Security Intelligence Networks and the Transformation of Contract Private Security |journal=Policing & Society |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=50–66}}</ref>

The widening of the wealth gap, as poor and marginalized people are excluded from the state's provision of security, can result in neofeudalism, argues Marina Caparini, who says this has already happened in [[South Africa]].<ref name=Caparini2006>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Caparini |first=Marina |editor-first=Alan |editor-last=Bryden |editor2-first=Marina |editor2-last=Caparini |encyclopedia=Private Actors and Security Governance |title=Applying a Security Governance Perspective to the Privatisation of Security |url=http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/96894/ichaptersection_singledocument/D52C839B-6A34-48DD-98E1-BE33926FCE17/en/chapter14.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=LIT Verlag |isbn=3-8258-9840-7 |pages=263–282}}</ref> Neofeudalism is made possible by the [[commodification]] of policing, and signifies the end of shared citizenship, says Ian Loader.<ref name=Loader1999>{{cite journal |last1=Loader |first1=Ian |year=1999 |doi=10.1177/S003803859900022X |title=Consumer Culture and the Commodification of Policing and Security |journal=Sociology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=373–392}}</ref> A primary characteristic of neofeudalism is that individuals' public lives are increasingly governed by business corporations, as Martha K. Huggins finds.<ref name=Huggins>{{cite journal |last1=Huggins |first1=Martha K. |year=2000 |title=Urban Violence and Police Privatization in Brazil: Blended Invisibility |journal=[http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/ Social Justice] |volume=27 |issue=2 |url=http://intranet.ukzn.ac.za/geog/ugrad/level3/hc_sust_cities/readings/8_URBAN%20VULNERABILITIES/Huggins,%20M.K.%202000.doc |issn=1043-1578}}</ref> Seattle-based technology billionaire [[Nick Hanauer]] has stated that "our country is rapidly becoming less a capitalist society and more a feudal society".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/the-pitchforks-are-coming-for-us-plutocrats-108014.html|title=The Pitchforks Are Coming… For Us Plutocrats|author=Nick Hanauer|publisher=Politico Magazine|date=2014-07}}</ref>

John Braithwaite notes that neofeudalism brings a different approach to governance, since business corporations in particular have this specialized need for loss reduction.<ref name=Braithwaite2000>{{cite journal |last1=Braithwaite |first1=John |author1-link=John Braithwaite (criminologist) |year=2000 |doi=10.1093/bjc/40.2.222 |url=http://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/jbraithwaite/_documents/Articles/New_Regulatory_2000.pdf |title=The New Regulatory State and the Transformation of Criminology |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=222–238}}</ref>

==Neofeudalism in popular culture==
* [[Frank Herbert]]'s ''[[Dune universe|Dune]]'' series of novels is set in the distant future with a neofeudalistic<ref>{{Citation
| last1 = Erman
| first1 = Eva
| last2 = Möller
| first2 = Niklas
| author-link = http://www.statsvet.su.se/forskning/v%C3%A5ra-forskare/eva-erman
| author-link = https://people.kth.se/~nmoller/
| editor-last = Nicholas
| editor-first = Jeffery
| title = Dune and Philosophy: Weirding Way of the Mentat
| place =
| publisher = Open Court
| series = Popular Culture and Philosophy Series
| volume = 56
| year = 2013
| month= August
| chapter = What's Wrong with Politics in the Duniverse?
| chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false
| page = 66
| pages = 288
| language = english
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC
| isbn = 0812697278, 9780812697278
| }}</ref> galactic empire known as the Imperium after the [[Butlerian Jihad]] which prohibits all kinds of thinking machine technology, even its simpler forms.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[Category:Socioeconomics]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Social theories]]
[[Category:Economic theories]]
[[Category:Criminology]]

Neo-Feudalismus

2015-04-13T05:15:09Z

Elinruby: /* Neofeudalism in popular culture */ added a citation

'''Neo-feudalism''' (literally '''new feudalism''' – the terms are used interchangeably in the literature<ref name=Shearing2001 />) refers to a theorized contemporary rebirth of policies of [[governance]], [[economy]] and public life<ref name=Huggins /> reminiscent of those present in many [[feudalism|feudal]] societies, such as unequal rights and legal protections for common people and for nobility.

Concept of "neofeudalism" largely focuses on economics. Among the issues claimed to be associated with the idea of neofeudalism in contemporary society are class stratification, [[globalization]], mass immigration/illegal immigration, [[open borders]] policies, [[multinational corporation]]s, and "[[corporatism|neo-corporatism]]."<ref>'''Thom Hartmann''', "Time to Remove the Bananas...and Return Our Republic to Democracy", ''CommonDreams.org'', 6 November 2002 [http://www.commondreams.org/views02/1106-07.htm]</ref>

==Use and Etymology==

The term seems to have been originated as a criticism of the paternalistic left; an early example being the essay ''[[John Kenneth Galbraith|Galbraith's]] Neo-Feudalism''<ref>[[George Reisman]] ''Human Events'', February 1961 [http://www.mises.org/web/2793]</ref> published in 1961. The term is still used by some on the right in that sense in the twenty-first century:

<blockquote>
Although he would later become a naturalized American citizen, Soros remains
in social outlook very much a European and believer in the paternalistic
'''neo-feudalism''' euphemistically called "democratic socialism" or "social
democracy." <ref>'''Lowell Ponte''' "George Soros: Billionaire for the Left" ''Front Page Magazine'', November 13, 2003</ref>
</blockquote>

In 1992 [[Immanuel Wallerstein]] has made his view on global development of the world, which has neofeudalism among three other variants, which meant [[autarky]] regions with local hierarchy and hi-tech goods available only for elite.<ref>Wallerstein I. Capitalist civilization. -Binghampton (N.Y.), 1992. {{cite journal |author= Malinovsky P. V. |year= 2001|title= Globalisation as a Civilization Shaping Process|url= http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9952491|journal=Russia and the modern world (Россия и современный мир)|publisher=ИНИОН РАН|volume= |issue= 2 |pages= 7 (5-30) |issn=1726-5223 }}</ref>

==Privatized governance==
According to Les Johnston, Clifford Shearing's theoretical approach of neofeudalism has been influential.<ref name=Johnston1999>{{cite journal |last1=Johnston |first1=Les |year=1999 |doi=10.1023/A:1008753326991 |title=Private Policing in Context |journal=European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=175–196}}</ref> Shearing "use[s] this term in a limited sense to draw attention to the emergence of domains of mass private property that are ‘gated’ in a variety of ways".<ref name=Shearing2001>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford |year=2001 |title=Punishment and the Changing Face of the Governance |journal=[[Punishment & Society]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=203–220 |doi=10.1177/1462474501003002001}}</ref><ref name=Shearing1983>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford D. |year=1983 |title=Private Security: Implications for Social Control |journal=[[Social Problems]] |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=493–506 |url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=89492 |issn=0037-7791}}</ref> <ref name=Shearing2001

Lucia Zedner responds that this use of neo-feudalism is ''too'' limited in scope; Shearing's comparison does not draw parallels with earlier governance explicitly enough. Zedner prefers more definitive endorsements<ref name=Zedner2006>{{cite journal |last1=Zedner |first1=Lucia |authorlink=Lucia Zedner |year=2006 |title=Policing Before and After the Police: The Historical Antecedents of Contemporary Crime Control |doi=10.1093/bjc/azi043 |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=78–96}}</ref>

Neofeudalism entails an order defined by commercial interests and administered in large areas, according to Bruce Baker, who argues that this does not fully describe the extent of cooperation between state and non-state policing.<ref name=Baker2004>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Bruce |year=2004 |title=Protection from crime: what is on offer for Africans? |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1080/cjca0258900042000230005 |url=http://www.ssrnetwork.net/uploaded_files/3606.pdf}}</ref> The significance of the comparison to feudalism, for Randy Lippert and Daniel O'Connor, is that corporations have power similar to states' governance powers.<ref name=Lippert2006>{{cite journal |last1=Lippert |first1=Randy |authorlink1=Randy K. Lippert |last2=O'Connor |first2=Daniel |year=2006 |doi=10.1080/10439460500399445 |title=Security Intelligence Networks and the Transformation of Contract Private Security |journal=Policing & Society |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=50–66}}</ref>

The widening of the wealth gap, as poor and marginalized people are excluded from the state's provision of security, can result in neofeudalism, argues Marina Caparini, who says this has already happened in [[South Africa]].<ref name=Caparini2006>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Caparini |first=Marina |editor-first=Alan |editor-last=Bryden |editor2-first=Marina |editor2-last=Caparini |encyclopedia=Private Actors and Security Governance |title=Applying a Security Governance Perspective to the Privatisation of Security |url=http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/96894/ichaptersection_singledocument/D52C839B-6A34-48DD-98E1-BE33926FCE17/en/chapter14.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=LIT Verlag |isbn=3-8258-9840-7 |pages=263–282}}</ref> Neofeudalism is made possible by the [[commodification]] of policing, and signifies the end of shared citizenship, says Ian Loader.<ref name=Loader1999>{{cite journal |last1=Loader |first1=Ian |year=1999 |doi=10.1177/S003803859900022X |title=Consumer Culture and the Commodification of Policing and Security |journal=Sociology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=373–392}}</ref> A primary characteristic of neofeudalism is that individuals' public lives are increasingly governed by business corporations, as Martha K. Huggins finds.<ref name=Huggins>{{cite journal |last1=Huggins |first1=Martha K. |year=2000 |title=Urban Violence and Police Privatization in Brazil: Blended Invisibility |journal=[http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/ Social Justice] |volume=27 |issue=2 |url=http://intranet.ukzn.ac.za/geog/ugrad/level3/hc_sust_cities/readings/8_URBAN%20VULNERABILITIES/Huggins,%20M.K.%202000.doc |issn=1043-1578}}</ref> Seattle-based technology billionaire [[Nick Hanauer]] has stated that "our country is rapidly becoming less a capitalist society and more a feudal society".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/the-pitchforks-are-coming-for-us-plutocrats-108014.html|title=The Pitchforks Are Coming… For Us Plutocrats|author=Nick Hanauer|publisher=Politico Magazine|date=2014-07}}</ref>

John Braithwaite notes that neofeudalism brings a different approach to governance, since business corporations in particular have this specialized need for loss reduction.<ref name=Braithwaite2000>{{cite journal |last1=Braithwaite |first1=John |author1-link=John Braithwaite (criminologist) |year=2000 |doi=10.1093/bjc/40.2.222 |url=http://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/jbraithwaite/_documents/Articles/New_Regulatory_2000.pdf |title=The New Regulatory State and the Transformation of Criminology |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=222–238}}</ref>

==Neofeudalism in popular culture==
* [[Frank Herbert]]'s ''[[Dune universe|Dune]]'' series of novels is set in the distant future with a neofeudalistic<ref>{{Citation
| last1 = Erman
| first1 = Eva
| last2 = Möller
| first2 = Niklas
| author-link1 = http://www.statsvet.su.se/forskning/v%C3%A5ra-forskare/eva-erman
| author-link2 = https://people.kth.se/~nmoller/
| editor-last = Nicholas
| editor-first = Jeffery
| title = Dune and Philosophy: Weirding Way of the Mentat
| place =
| publisher = Open Court
| series = Popular Culture and Philosophy Series
| volume = 56
| year = 2013
| month= Aug 21
| chapter = What's Wrong with Politics in the Duniverse?
| chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false
| page = 66
| pages = 288
| language = english
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC
| isbn = 0812697278, 9780812697278
| }}</ref> galactic empire known as the Imperium after the [[Butlerian Jihad]] which prohibits all kinds of thinking machine technology, even its simpler forms.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[Category:Socioeconomics]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Social theories]]
[[Category:Economic theories]]
[[Category:Criminology]]

Raymond Duncan

2015-04-03T07:13:25Z

Elinruby: /* Biography */ Clean up

{{about||the Scottish ornithologist|Raymond Duncan (ornithologist)|the American entrepreneur and vintner|Ray Duncan}}
[[File:Raymond Duncan with his wife and child 1912.jpg|thumb|right|Raymond Duncan with his wife and son in 1912]]
'''Raymond Duncan''' (1874{{spaced ndash}}1966) was an American dancer, artist, poet, craftsman, and [[philosopher]], and brother of dancer [[Isadora Duncan]].

==Biography==
Born in San Francisco on November 1, 1874, Raymond Duncan was the third of the four children of Joseph Charles Duncan, a banker, and Mary Dora Gray, the youngest daughter of [[Thomas Gray (senator)|Thomas Gray]], a California state senator. Their other children were Elisabeth, [[Augustin Duncan|Augustin]], and [[Isadora Duncan|Isadora]], a noted dancer, In 1891, at the age of 17, he developed a theory of movement which he called [[kinematics]], "a remarkable synthesis of the movements of [[manual labor|labor]] and of daily life."<ref>Raymond Duncan Biographical Notes, ca. 1948. In the Raymond Duncan Collection, Syracuse University Special Collections Research Center.</ref> He believed that the importance of labor was the development of the worker, not production or earnings.

In 1898 he and his family left America and lived for a time in [[London]], [[Berlin]], [[Athens]], and [[Paris]]. In 1900 he met the German poet [[Gusto Graeser]] in Paris and was deeply impressed by his ideas of natural and simple life. Duncan's theory of movement led him to work particularly closely with his sister Isadora, a noted dancer. Duncan became particularly fond of Greece; he and his Greek wife, Penelope Sikelianos, lived in a [[villa]] outside Athens which was furnished in a historically accurate manner, with many of the furnishings handmade by Raymond, whose craftwork included [[ceramic art|ceramics]], [[weaving]], and [[carpentry]]. No one was permitted to enter the villa in modern dress, and they themselves dressed in [[classical Greece|classical Greek]] attire both at home and abroad (which caused some consternation in 1907 Berlin).<ref>"WOULD LIVE LIKE ANCIENT GREEKS; Raymond Duncan and His Hellenic Wife Create a Sensation in Berlin." ''New York Times'', July 14, 1907, page C1.</ref>

In 1909 Raymond and Penelope returned to the United States for a series of performances of classical Greek plays, touring [[Philadelphia]], [[Chicago]], [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], [[San Francisco]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], and other cities. The couple also gave lectures and classes on [[folk music]], weaving, dancing, and [[Greek music]]. They then spent several months in the [[Pacific Northwest]] with the [[Klamath people|Klamath]] Indians. While visiting they were visiting New York in early 1910,their son [[Menalkas Duncan]] was taken to the Children's Society by the New York City police when he was found on the street wearing classical attire.<ref>"BARE LEGGED BOY SHOCKS A POLICEMAN." "New York Times", January 9, 1910, page 3.</ref>

In 1911 Duncan and Penelope returned to Paris and founded a school, the Akademia, at 31 Rue de Seine, which offered free courses in their specialty areas of dance, arts, and crafts; they later opened a similar school in London. Both schools were based on the idea of the [[Platonic Academy]] and both were "an open house for every new effort in theatre, literature, music and art."<ref>Raymond Duncan Biographical Notes, ca. 1948. In the Raymond Duncan Collection, Syracuse University Special Collections Research Center.</ref> Duncan's ultimate goal was a "complete technique of living" which, by synthesizing work, the arts, and physical movement, would result in the further development of man.

Duncan also wrote poetry and plays, newspapers, and editorials expounding his philosophy of "actionalism."

He printed his books on his own printing press using a typeface that he designed himself, including ''La Parole est dans le désert'' (1920), ''Poemes de parole torrentielle'' (1927), ''L'Amour à Paris'' (1932), and ''Etincelles de mon enclume'' (1957). Duncan's work on his printing press was featured in an interview at the academy for a 1955 documentary by Orson Welles, ''Around the World with Orson Welles: St.-Germain-des-Prés''.Nouec Vihan

At the age of 73, he proposed creating the city of "New Paris York" at latitude 45N, longitude 36W (in the middle of the [[Atlantic Ocean]]) as a symbol of cooperation and inter-cultural communication.<ref>"Duncan's Utopian City Only a Drop in Ocean." ''Washington Times-Herald'', 14 Feb 1948.</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[American philosophy]]
* [[List of American philosophers]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/d/duncan_r.htm Raymond Duncan Collection at Syracuse University]

{{Authority control|VIAF=56653154}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Duncan, Raymond
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American dancer, artist and philosopher
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1874
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1966
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Duncan, Raymond}}
[[Category:American male dancers]]
[[Category:American male poets]]
[[Category:American philosophers]]
[[Category:Aristotelian philosophers]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]

Raymond Duncan

2015-04-03T05:36:23Z

Elinruby: /* Biography */ Copyedit (major)

{{about||the Scottish ornithologist|Raymond Duncan (ornithologist)|the American entrepreneur and vintner|Ray Duncan}}
[[File:Raymond Duncan with his wife and child 1912.jpg|thumb|right|Raymond Duncan with his wife and son in 1912]]
'''Raymond Duncan''' (1874{{spaced ndash}}1966) was an American dancer, artist, poet, craftsman, and [[philosopher]], and brother of dancer [[Isadora Duncan]].

==Biography==
Born in San Francisco, November 1, 1874, the third of four children of Joseph Charles Duncan, a banker, and Mary Dora Gray, youngest daughter of [[Thomas Gray (senator)|Thomas Gray]], a California senator (the other children were Elisabeth, [[Augustin Duncan|Augustin]], and [[Isadora Duncan|Isadora]]), Raymond Duncan was drawn to the arts from an early age. In 1891, at the age of 17, he developed a theory of movement which he called [[kinematics]], "a remarkable synthesis of the movements of [[manual labor|labor]] and of daily life."<ref>Raymond Duncan Biographical Notes, ca. 1948. In the Raymond Duncan Collection, Syracuse University Special Collections Research Center.</ref> He believed that the value of labor was the development of the worker, not production or earnings.

In 1898 he and his mother and siblings left America and worked for a time in [[London]], [[Berlin]], [[Athens]], and [[Paris]]. In 1900 he met in Paris the German poet [[Gusto Graeser]] and was deeply impressed by his ideas of natural and simple life. Duncan's theory of movement led him to work particularly closely with his sister Isadora, a noted dancer. Duncan became particularly fond of Greece; he and his Greek wife, Penelope Sikelianos, lived in a [[villa]] outside Athens which was furnished in a historically accurate manner, with many of the furnishings handmade by Raymond, whose craftwork included [[ceramic art|ceramics]], [[weaving]], and [[carpentry]]. No one was permitted to enter the villa in modern dress, and they themselves dressed in [[classical Greece|classical Greek]] attire both at home and abroad (which caused some consternation in 1907 Berlin).<ref>"WOULD LIVE LIKE ANCIENT GREEKS; Raymond Duncan and His Hellenic Wife Create a Sensation in Berlin." ''New York Times'', July 14, 1907, page C1.</ref>

In 1909 Raymond and Penelope returned to the United States for a series of performances of classical Greek plays, touring [[Philadelphia]], [[Chicago]], [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], [[San Francisco]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], and other cities. The couple also gave lectures and classes on [[folk music]], weaving, dancing, and [[Greek music]]. They then spent several months in the [[Pacific Northwest]] with the [[Klamath people|Klamath]] Indians. While visiting they were visiting New York in early 1910,their son [[Menalkas Duncan]] was taken to the Children's Society by the New York City police when he was found on the street wearing classical attire.<ref>"BARE LEGGED BOY SHOCKS A POLICEMAN." "New York Times", January 9, 1910, page 3.</ref>

In 1911 Duncan and Penelope returned to Paris and founded a school, the Akademia, at 31 Rue de Seine, which offered free courses in their specialty areas of dance, arts, and crafts; they later opened a similar school in London. Both schools were based on the idea of the [[Platonic Academy]] and both were "an open house for every new effort in theatre, literature, music and art."<ref>Raymond Duncan Biographical Notes, ca. 1948. In the Raymond Duncan Collection, Syracuse University Special Collections Research Center.</ref> Duncan's ultimate goal was a "complete technique of living" which, by synthesizing work, the arts, and physical movement, would result in the further development of man.

Duncan also wrote poetry and plays, newspapers, and editorials expounding his philosophy of "actionalism."

He printed his books on his own printing press using a typeface that he designed himself, including ''La Parole est dans le désert'' (1920), ''Poemes de parole torrentielle'' (1927), ''L'Amour à Paris'' (1932), and ''Etincelles de mon enclume'' (1957). Duncan's work on his printing press was featured in an interview at the academy for a 1955 documentary by Orson Welles, ''Around the World with Orson Welles: St.-Germain-des-Prés''.Nouec Vihan

At the age of 73, he proposed creating the city of "New Paris York" at latitude 45N, longitude 36W (in the middle of the [[Atlantic Ocean]]) as a symbol of cooperation and inter-cultural communication.<ref>"Duncan's Utopian City Only a Drop in Ocean." ''Washington Times-Herald'', 14 Feb 1948.</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[American philosophy]]
* [[List of American philosophers]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/d/duncan_r.htm Raymond Duncan Collection at Syracuse University]

{{Authority control|VIAF=56653154}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Duncan, Raymond
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American dancer, artist and philosopher
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1874
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1966
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Duncan, Raymond}}
[[Category:American male dancers]]
[[Category:American male poets]]
[[Category:American philosophers]]
[[Category:Aristotelian philosophers]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]

Freie-Software-Bewegung

2011-11-04T05:00:06Z

Elinruby: /* Legislation */ dead link tag

The '''free software movement''' is a [[social movement|social]] and [[political movement]]<ref>[http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2008-03/msg00635.html Richard Stallman on the nature of the Free software movement] in 2008 on emacs-devel mailing list.</ref> with the goal of ensuring software users' four basic freedoms: the freedom to run their software, to study and change their software, and to redistribute copies with or without changes. The [[alternative terms for free software|alternative terms]] "software libre", "open source", and "FOSS" are associated with the free software movement. Although drawing on traditions and philosophies among members of the 1970s [[hacker (programmer subculture)|hacker culture]], [[Richard Stallman]] founded and launched the movement in 1983 by founding the [[GNU Project]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Announcement of the GNU project
|url=http://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html
}}</ref>

The '''free software philosophy''' at the core of the movement drew on the essence and incidental elements of what was called ''hacker culture'' by many computer users in the 1970s, among other sources.

Stallman founded the [[Free Software Foundation]] in 1985 to support the movement.

== Philosophy ==
The philosophy of the movement is to give freedom to computer users by replacing [[proprietary software]] under restrictive licensing terms with [[free software]],<ref>{{cite web
|title=Use Free Software
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/use-free-software.html
}}</ref> with the ultimate goal of liberating everyone "in cyberspace"<ref>{{cite web
|title=Stallman interviewed by Sean Daly
|url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20060625001523547
|publisher=Groklaw
|date=2006-06-23
}}</ref> – that is, every computer user. Stallman notes that this action will promote rather than hinder the progression of technology, since "it means that much wasteful duplication of system programming effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the state of the art".<ref name="Wardrip-Fruin, Noah 2003">Wardrip-Fruin, Noah, and Nick Montfort, eds. ''The New Media Reader''. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.</ref>

Members of the free software movement believe that all users of software should have the freedoms listed in the [[free software definition]]. Many of them hold that it is [[morality|immoral]] to prohibit or prevent people from exercising these freedoms and that these freedoms are required to create a decent society where software users can help each other, and to have control over their computers.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Why free software?
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html
|publisher=gnu.org
}}</ref>

Some adherents to the free software movement do not believe that [[proprietary software]] is strictly immoral.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.fsf.org/licensing/essays/pragmatic.html
}}</ref> They argue freedom is valuable (both socially and pragmatically) as a property of software in its own right, separate from technical quality in a narrow sense.

The Free Software Foundation also believes all software needs free [[documentation]] (in particular because conscientious programmers should be able to update manuals to reflect modification that they made to the software), but deems the freedom to modify less important for other types of written works.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Free Software and Free Manuals
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html
|publisher=gnu.org
}}</ref> Within the free software movement, the [[Floss manuals]] foundation specializes on the goal of providing such documentation. Members of the free software movement advocate that works which serve a practical purpose should also be free.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

== Actions ==
=== Writing and spreading free software ===
The core work of the free software movement focused on software development. The free software movement also rejects proprietary software, refusing to install software that does not give them the freedoms of free software. According to Stallman, "The only thing in the software field that is worse than an unauthorised copy of a proprietary program, is an authorised copy of the proprietary program because this does the same harm to its whole community of users, and in addition, usually the developer, the perpetrator of this evil, profits from it."<ref>{{cite web
|title=Transcript of Stallman on Free Software
|date=2006-03-09
|url=http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html
|publisher=FSFE
}}</ref>

=== Building awareness ===
Some supporters of the free software movement take up [[public speaking]], or host a stall at software-related conferences to raise awareness of software freedom. This is seen as important since people who receive free software, but who are not aware that it is free software, will later accept a non-free replacement or will add software which is not free software.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Transcript of Stallman speaking at WSIS
|url=http://fsfe.org/en/fellows/ciaran/ciaran_s_free_software_notes/transcript_of_rms_at_wsis_on_is_free_open_source_software_the_answer#wsis--importance-of-awareness
|publisher=[[Ciarán O'Riordan]]
}}</ref>

== Legislation ==
A lot of lobbying work has been done against [[software patent]]s and expansions of copyright law.

The [[Venezuela]]n government implemented a free software law in January 2006. Decree No. 3,390 mandated all government agencies to migrate to free software over a two-year period.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/professional_services_venezuela/
|title=Free software liberates Venezuela
|publisher=[[Free Software Magazine]] n°10
|date=2006-02-08
}}</ref>

Congressmen Dr [[Edgar David Villanueva]] and Jacques Rodrich Ackerman have been instrumental in introducing in Republic of Peru bill 1609 on "Free Software in Public Administration".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Free_Software_in_Public_Agencies
|title=An English translation of the Free Software bill proposed in Peru
}}{{dead link}}</ref> The incident immediately invited the attention of Microsoft Inc, Peru, whose General Manager wrote a letter to Dr Edgar David Villanueva. Dr Villanueva's response received worldwide attention and is still seen as a classical piece of argumentation favouring use of Free Software in Governments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070829215908/http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html|archivedate=2007-08-29|title=Peruvian Congressman Edgar Villanueva writing to Microsoft about free software.}}</ref>

In the USA, there have been efforts to pass legislation at the state level encouraging use of free software by state government agencies.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-949241.html
|title=Open source's new weapon: The law?
}}</ref>

== Internal conflict ==
Like many social movements, the free software movement has ongoing internal conflict between personalities and between supporters of compromise versus strict adherence to values.

=== Open source ===
In 1998, some companies {{who}} met to create a marketing campaign for free software which would focus on technology rather than ethics{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}. After this [[Eric Raymond]] and [[Bruce Perens]] founded the [[Open Source Initiative]] (OSI), to promote the term "[[open-source software]]" as an [[alternative term for free software]]. OSI did not agree with the free software movement's position that non-free software is a social problem or that it is unethical,<ref>[http://www.urbanophile.com/arenn/hacking/fsvos.html "Free", "Open Source", and Philosophies of Software Ownership]{{dead link}}</ref> arguing instead that it is a superior model for software development.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html
|title=Open Source misses the point
}}</ref>

By 2005, Richard Glass considered the differences to be a "serious fracture" but "vitally important to those on both sides of the fracture" and "of little importance to anyone else studying the movement from a software engineering perspective" since they have had "little effect on the field".<ref>{{Citation
| author = Richard Glass
| chapter = Standing in Front of the Open Source Steamroller
| title = Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software
| editor = Joseph Feller, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott A. Hissam, Karim R. Lakahani
| publisher = MIT Press
| year = 2005
| isbm = 0262062461
| pages = 89}}</ref>

Some free software advocates use the term [[Free and Open Source Software]] (FOSS) as an inclusive compromise, drawing on both philosophies to bring both free software advocates and open source software advocates together to work on projects with more cohesion. Some users believe that a compromise term encompassing both aspects is ideal, to promote both the user's freedom with the software and also to promote the perceived superiority of an open source development model.

=== Stallman and Torvalds ===
The two most prominent people attached to the movement, [[Richard Stallman]] and [[Linus Torvalds]], may be seen as representatives of the value based versus apolitical philosophies, as well as the Gnu versus Linux [[coding style]]s. Paradoxically as it seems, it is the [[symbiosis]] of their works that make up a complete [[operating system]] known as [[GNU/Linux|GNU/Linux, or just Linux]].

== Measures of progress ==
[[Ohloh]], a [[web service]] founded in 2004 and launched in 2006, monitors the development activity in the [[free software community]], providing detailed [[Software metric|metrics]] and [[Quantitative analysis (finance)|quantitative analyses]] on the growth and popularity of projects and [[programming language]]s.

In January 2010, [[Global Graphics]] completed a survey [http://www.computerworlduk.com/toolbox/open-source/applications/news/index.cfm?newsid=18518] with 400 Chief Information Officers from organisations with over 1000 employees across the US and the UK that showed three quarters (76 per cent) of large organisations use free software across the enterprise with over half (51 per cent) planning to deploy more free software in 2010.

== Criticism and controversy ==
=== Is something impeding progress? ===
Some, such as [[Eric Raymond]], criticise the speed at which the free software movement is progressing, suggesting that temporary compromises should be made for long-term gains. Raymond argues that this could raise awareness of the software and thus increase the free software movement's influence on relevant standards and legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/world-domination/world-domination-201.html|title=ESR's "World Domination 201", on the need for more compromise by the free software movement}}</ref>

Others, such as Richard Stallman, see the current level of compromise to be the bigger worry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/use-free-software.html|title=RMS on the progress of the movement and his worry about compromise}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libervis.com/article/richard_stallman_on_world_domination_201|title=Richard Stallman on "World Domination 201"|quote=I cannot agree to that compromise, and my experience teaches me that it won't be temporary. ... What our community needs most is more spine in rejection of non-free software. It has far too much willingness to compromise. ... To "argue" in favor of adding non-free software in GNU/Linux distros is almost superfluous, since that's what nearly all of them have already done.}}</ref>

=== Shouldn't a programmer deserve or ask for rewards for their creativity? ===
Stallman said that this is where people get the misconception of "free": there is no wrong in programmers' requesting rewards for their works. Restricting and controlling the user's decisions on use is the actual violation of freedom. Stallman defends that in some cases, monetary incentive is not necessary for motivation since the pleasure in expressing creativity is a reward in itself (such as music and art).<ref name="Wardrip-Fruin, Noah 2003" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [[Digital rights management]]
* [[Free Culture Movement]]
* [[Free software community]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]
* [[GNU Manifesto]]
* [[Linux adoption]]
* [[Open Source Initiative]]
* [[Open source governance]]
* [[Open source movement]]
* Projects
** [[BadVista]]
** [[Defective by Design]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* David M. Berry, ''Copy, Rip, Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source'', Pluto Press, 2008, ISBN 0745324142
* Johan Soderberg, ''Hacking Capitalism: The Free and Open Source Software Movement'', Routledge, 2007, ISBN 0415955432

==External links==
* [http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/09/29/what-is-free-software.html What is Free Software?] - Essay by Karl Fogel.
* [http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom], a 2006 lecture by Richard Stallman
* [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-intro.html Free Software Movement intro by FSF]
* [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/ The GNU Project Philosophy Directory], containing many defining documents of the free software movement
* [http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/4795 An interview with Stallman, "Free Software as a social movement"]
* Christian Imhorst, [http://www.imhorst.net/translations/anarchy-and-source-code/ ''Anarchy and Source Code - What does the Free Software Movement have to do with Anarchism?]'', (license: [[GFDL]]), 2005
* [http://www.zeuux.org/law/billxu-rms-drm.html An anti-DRM campaign] - by Bill Xu and Richard Stallman
* [http://www.apdip.net/news/fossdoc The Codebreakers - a freely redistributable movie]
* [http://www.gnu.org/music/free-software-song.html Stallman's Free Software Song]

{{FLOSS}}
{{Intellectual property activism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Free Software Movement}}
[[Category:Copyleft media]]
[[Category:Free software culture and documents]]
[[Category:Free Software Foundation]]
[[Category:GNU Project|*]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

[[bn:মুক্ত সফটওয়্যার আন্দোলন]]
[[es:Movimiento del software libre]]
[[fa:جنبش نرم‌افزار آزاد]]
[[fr:Mouvement du logiciel libre]]
[[ko:자유 소프트웨어 운동]]
[[hr:Pokret slobodnih programa]]
[[id:Gerakan perangkat lunak bebas]]
[[ja:フリーソフトウェア運動]]
[[si:නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග ව්‍යාපාරය]]
[[simple:Free software movement]]
[[zh:自由软件运动]]

Freie-Software-Bewegung

2011-11-04T04:56:24Z

Elinruby: /* Internal conflict */ added dead link tag

The '''free software movement''' is a [[social movement|social]] and [[political movement]]<ref>[http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2008-03/msg00635.html Richard Stallman on the nature of the Free software movement] in 2008 on emacs-devel mailing list.</ref> with the goal of ensuring software users' four basic freedoms: the freedom to run their software, to study and change their software, and to redistribute copies with or without changes. The [[alternative terms for free software|alternative terms]] "software libre", "open source", and "FOSS" are associated with the free software movement. Although drawing on traditions and philosophies among members of the 1970s [[hacker (programmer subculture)|hacker culture]], [[Richard Stallman]] founded and launched the movement in 1983 by founding the [[GNU Project]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Announcement of the GNU project
|url=http://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html
}}</ref>

The '''free software philosophy''' at the core of the movement drew on the essence and incidental elements of what was called ''hacker culture'' by many computer users in the 1970s, among other sources.

Stallman founded the [[Free Software Foundation]] in 1985 to support the movement.

== Philosophy ==
The philosophy of the movement is to give freedom to computer users by replacing [[proprietary software]] under restrictive licensing terms with [[free software]],<ref>{{cite web
|title=Use Free Software
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/use-free-software.html
}}</ref> with the ultimate goal of liberating everyone "in cyberspace"<ref>{{cite web
|title=Stallman interviewed by Sean Daly
|url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20060625001523547
|publisher=Groklaw
|date=2006-06-23
}}</ref> – that is, every computer user. Stallman notes that this action will promote rather than hinder the progression of technology, since "it means that much wasteful duplication of system programming effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the state of the art".<ref name="Wardrip-Fruin, Noah 2003">Wardrip-Fruin, Noah, and Nick Montfort, eds. ''The New Media Reader''. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.</ref>

Members of the free software movement believe that all users of software should have the freedoms listed in the [[free software definition]]. Many of them hold that it is [[morality|immoral]] to prohibit or prevent people from exercising these freedoms and that these freedoms are required to create a decent society where software users can help each other, and to have control over their computers.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Why free software?
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html
|publisher=gnu.org
}}</ref>

Some adherents to the free software movement do not believe that [[proprietary software]] is strictly immoral.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.fsf.org/licensing/essays/pragmatic.html
}}</ref> They argue freedom is valuable (both socially and pragmatically) as a property of software in its own right, separate from technical quality in a narrow sense.

The Free Software Foundation also believes all software needs free [[documentation]] (in particular because conscientious programmers should be able to update manuals to reflect modification that they made to the software), but deems the freedom to modify less important for other types of written works.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Free Software and Free Manuals
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html
|publisher=gnu.org
}}</ref> Within the free software movement, the [[Floss manuals]] foundation specializes on the goal of providing such documentation. Members of the free software movement advocate that works which serve a practical purpose should also be free.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

== Actions ==
=== Writing and spreading free software ===
The core work of the free software movement focused on software development. The free software movement also rejects proprietary software, refusing to install software that does not give them the freedoms of free software. According to Stallman, "The only thing in the software field that is worse than an unauthorised copy of a proprietary program, is an authorised copy of the proprietary program because this does the same harm to its whole community of users, and in addition, usually the developer, the perpetrator of this evil, profits from it."<ref>{{cite web
|title=Transcript of Stallman on Free Software
|date=2006-03-09
|url=http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html
|publisher=FSFE
}}</ref>

=== Building awareness ===
Some supporters of the free software movement take up [[public speaking]], or host a stall at software-related conferences to raise awareness of software freedom. This is seen as important since people who receive free software, but who are not aware that it is free software, will later accept a non-free replacement or will add software which is not free software.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Transcript of Stallman speaking at WSIS
|url=http://fsfe.org/en/fellows/ciaran/ciaran_s_free_software_notes/transcript_of_rms_at_wsis_on_is_free_open_source_software_the_answer#wsis--importance-of-awareness
|publisher=[[Ciarán O'Riordan]]
}}</ref>

== Legislation ==
A lot of lobbying work has been done against [[software patent]]s and expansions of copyright law.

The [[Venezuela]]n government implemented a free software law in January 2006. Decree No. 3,390 mandated all government agencies to migrate to free software over a two-year period.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/professional_services_venezuela/
|title=Free software liberates Venezuela
|publisher=[[Free Software Magazine]] n°10
|date=2006-02-08
}}</ref>

Congressmen Dr [[Edgar David Villanueva]] and Jacques Rodrich Ackerman have been instrumental in introducing in Republic of Peru bill 1609 on "Free Software in Public Administration".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Free_Software_in_Public_Agencies
|title=An English translation of the Free Software bill proposed in Peru
}}</ref> The incident immediately invited the attention of Microsoft Inc, Peru, whose General Manager wrote a letter to Dr Edgar David Villanueva. Dr Villanueva's response received worldwide attention and is still seen as a classical piece of argumentation favouring use of Free Software in Governments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070829215908/http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html|archivedate=2007-08-29|title=Peruvian Congressman Edgar Villanueva writing to Microsoft about free software.}}</ref>

In the USA, there have been efforts to pass legislation at the state level encouraging use of free software by state government agencies.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-949241.html
|title=Open source's new weapon: The law?
}}</ref>

== Internal conflict ==
Like many social movements, the free software movement has ongoing internal conflict between personalities and between supporters of compromise versus strict adherence to values.

=== Open source ===
In 1998, some companies {{who}} met to create a marketing campaign for free software which would focus on technology rather than ethics{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}. After this [[Eric Raymond]] and [[Bruce Perens]] founded the [[Open Source Initiative]] (OSI), to promote the term "[[open-source software]]" as an [[alternative term for free software]]. OSI did not agree with the free software movement's position that non-free software is a social problem or that it is unethical,<ref>[http://www.urbanophile.com/arenn/hacking/fsvos.html "Free", "Open Source", and Philosophies of Software Ownership]{{dead link}}</ref> arguing instead that it is a superior model for software development.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html
|title=Open Source misses the point
}}</ref>

By 2005, Richard Glass considered the differences to be a "serious fracture" but "vitally important to those on both sides of the fracture" and "of little importance to anyone else studying the movement from a software engineering perspective" since they have had "little effect on the field".<ref>{{Citation
| author = Richard Glass
| chapter = Standing in Front of the Open Source Steamroller
| title = Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software
| editor = Joseph Feller, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott A. Hissam, Karim R. Lakahani
| publisher = MIT Press
| year = 2005
| isbm = 0262062461
| pages = 89}}</ref>

Some free software advocates use the term [[Free and Open Source Software]] (FOSS) as an inclusive compromise, drawing on both philosophies to bring both free software advocates and open source software advocates together to work on projects with more cohesion. Some users believe that a compromise term encompassing both aspects is ideal, to promote both the user's freedom with the software and also to promote the perceived superiority of an open source development model.

=== Stallman and Torvalds ===
The two most prominent people attached to the movement, [[Richard Stallman]] and [[Linus Torvalds]], may be seen as representatives of the value based versus apolitical philosophies, as well as the Gnu versus Linux [[coding style]]s. Paradoxically as it seems, it is the [[symbiosis]] of their works that make up a complete [[operating system]] known as [[GNU/Linux|GNU/Linux, or just Linux]].

== Measures of progress ==
[[Ohloh]], a [[web service]] founded in 2004 and launched in 2006, monitors the development activity in the [[free software community]], providing detailed [[Software metric|metrics]] and [[Quantitative analysis (finance)|quantitative analyses]] on the growth and popularity of projects and [[programming language]]s.

In January 2010, [[Global Graphics]] completed a survey [http://www.computerworlduk.com/toolbox/open-source/applications/news/index.cfm?newsid=18518] with 400 Chief Information Officers from organisations with over 1000 employees across the US and the UK that showed three quarters (76 per cent) of large organisations use free software across the enterprise with over half (51 per cent) planning to deploy more free software in 2010.

== Criticism and controversy ==
=== Is something impeding progress? ===
Some, such as [[Eric Raymond]], criticise the speed at which the free software movement is progressing, suggesting that temporary compromises should be made for long-term gains. Raymond argues that this could raise awareness of the software and thus increase the free software movement's influence on relevant standards and legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/world-domination/world-domination-201.html|title=ESR's "World Domination 201", on the need for more compromise by the free software movement}}</ref>

Others, such as Richard Stallman, see the current level of compromise to be the bigger worry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/use-free-software.html|title=RMS on the progress of the movement and his worry about compromise}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libervis.com/article/richard_stallman_on_world_domination_201|title=Richard Stallman on "World Domination 201"|quote=I cannot agree to that compromise, and my experience teaches me that it won't be temporary. ... What our community needs most is more spine in rejection of non-free software. It has far too much willingness to compromise. ... To "argue" in favor of adding non-free software in GNU/Linux distros is almost superfluous, since that's what nearly all of them have already done.}}</ref>

=== Shouldn't a programmer deserve or ask for rewards for their creativity? ===
Stallman said that this is where people get the misconception of "free": there is no wrong in programmers' requesting rewards for their works. Restricting and controlling the user's decisions on use is the actual violation of freedom. Stallman defends that in some cases, monetary incentive is not necessary for motivation since the pleasure in expressing creativity is a reward in itself (such as music and art).<ref name="Wardrip-Fruin, Noah 2003" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [[Digital rights management]]
* [[Free Culture Movement]]
* [[Free software community]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]
* [[GNU Manifesto]]
* [[Linux adoption]]
* [[Open Source Initiative]]
* [[Open source governance]]
* [[Open source movement]]
* Projects
** [[BadVista]]
** [[Defective by Design]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* David M. Berry, ''Copy, Rip, Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source'', Pluto Press, 2008, ISBN 0745324142
* Johan Soderberg, ''Hacking Capitalism: The Free and Open Source Software Movement'', Routledge, 2007, ISBN 0415955432

==External links==
* [http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/09/29/what-is-free-software.html What is Free Software?] - Essay by Karl Fogel.
* [http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom], a 2006 lecture by Richard Stallman
* [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-intro.html Free Software Movement intro by FSF]
* [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/ The GNU Project Philosophy Directory], containing many defining documents of the free software movement
* [http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/4795 An interview with Stallman, "Free Software as a social movement"]
* Christian Imhorst, [http://www.imhorst.net/translations/anarchy-and-source-code/ ''Anarchy and Source Code - What does the Free Software Movement have to do with Anarchism?]'', (license: [[GFDL]]), 2005
* [http://www.zeuux.org/law/billxu-rms-drm.html An anti-DRM campaign] - by Bill Xu and Richard Stallman
* [http://www.apdip.net/news/fossdoc The Codebreakers - a freely redistributable movie]
* [http://www.gnu.org/music/free-software-song.html Stallman's Free Software Song]

{{FLOSS}}
{{Intellectual property activism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Free Software Movement}}
[[Category:Copyleft media]]
[[Category:Free software culture and documents]]
[[Category:Free Software Foundation]]
[[Category:GNU Project|*]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

[[bn:মুক্ত সফটওয়্যার আন্দোলন]]
[[es:Movimiento del software libre]]
[[fa:جنبش نرم‌افزار آزاد]]
[[fr:Mouvement du logiciel libre]]
[[ko:자유 소프트웨어 운동]]
[[hr:Pokret slobodnih programa]]
[[id:Gerakan perangkat lunak bebas]]
[[ja:フリーソフトウェア運動]]
[[si:නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග ව්‍යාපාරය]]
[[simple:Free software movement]]
[[zh:自由软件运动]]

Freie-Software-Bewegung

2011-11-04T04:43:40Z

Elinruby: /* Open source */ removed comma, added "the", changed verb to more appropriate past tense

The '''free software movement''' is a [[social movement|social]] and [[political movement]]<ref>[http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2008-03/msg00635.html Richard Stallman on the nature of the Free software movement] in 2008 on emacs-devel mailing list.</ref> with the goal of ensuring software users' four basic freedoms: the freedom to run their software, to study and change their software, and to redistribute copies with or without changes. The [[alternative terms for free software|alternative terms]] "software libre", "open source", and "FOSS" are associated with the free software movement. Although drawing on traditions and philosophies among members of the 1970s [[hacker (programmer subculture)|hacker culture]], [[Richard Stallman]] founded and launched the movement in 1983 by founding the [[GNU Project]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Announcement of the GNU project
|url=http://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html
}}</ref>

The '''free software philosophy''' at the core of the movement drew on the essence and incidental elements of what was called ''hacker culture'' by many computer users in the 1970s, among other sources.

Stallman founded the [[Free Software Foundation]] in 1985 to support the movement.

== Philosophy ==
The philosophy of the movement is to give freedom to computer users by replacing [[proprietary software]] under restrictive licensing terms with [[free software]],<ref>{{cite web
|title=Use Free Software
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/use-free-software.html
}}</ref> with the ultimate goal of liberating everyone "in cyberspace"<ref>{{cite web
|title=Stallman interviewed by Sean Daly
|url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20060625001523547
|publisher=Groklaw
|date=2006-06-23
}}</ref> – that is, every computer user. Stallman notes that this action will promote rather than hinder the progression of technology, since "it means that much wasteful duplication of system programming effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the state of the art".<ref name="Wardrip-Fruin, Noah 2003">Wardrip-Fruin, Noah, and Nick Montfort, eds. ''The New Media Reader''. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.</ref>

Members of the free software movement believe that all users of software should have the freedoms listed in the [[free software definition]]. Many of them hold that it is [[morality|immoral]] to prohibit or prevent people from exercising these freedoms and that these freedoms are required to create a decent society where software users can help each other, and to have control over their computers.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Why free software?
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html
|publisher=gnu.org
}}</ref>

Some adherents to the free software movement do not believe that [[proprietary software]] is strictly immoral.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.fsf.org/licensing/essays/pragmatic.html
}}</ref> They argue freedom is valuable (both socially and pragmatically) as a property of software in its own right, separate from technical quality in a narrow sense.

The Free Software Foundation also believes all software needs free [[documentation]] (in particular because conscientious programmers should be able to update manuals to reflect modification that they made to the software), but deems the freedom to modify less important for other types of written works.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Free Software and Free Manuals
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html
|publisher=gnu.org
}}</ref> Within the free software movement, the [[Floss manuals]] foundation specializes on the goal of providing such documentation. Members of the free software movement advocate that works which serve a practical purpose should also be free.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

== Actions ==
=== Writing and spreading free software ===
The core work of the free software movement focused on software development. The free software movement also rejects proprietary software, refusing to install software that does not give them the freedoms of free software. According to Stallman, "The only thing in the software field that is worse than an unauthorised copy of a proprietary program, is an authorised copy of the proprietary program because this does the same harm to its whole community of users, and in addition, usually the developer, the perpetrator of this evil, profits from it."<ref>{{cite web
|title=Transcript of Stallman on Free Software
|date=2006-03-09
|url=http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html
|publisher=FSFE
}}</ref>

=== Building awareness ===
Some supporters of the free software movement take up [[public speaking]], or host a stall at software-related conferences to raise awareness of software freedom. This is seen as important since people who receive free software, but who are not aware that it is free software, will later accept a non-free replacement or will add software which is not free software.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Transcript of Stallman speaking at WSIS
|url=http://fsfe.org/en/fellows/ciaran/ciaran_s_free_software_notes/transcript_of_rms_at_wsis_on_is_free_open_source_software_the_answer#wsis--importance-of-awareness
|publisher=[[Ciarán O'Riordan]]
}}</ref>

== Legislation ==
A lot of lobbying work has been done against [[software patent]]s and expansions of copyright law.

The [[Venezuela]]n government implemented a free software law in January 2006. Decree No. 3,390 mandated all government agencies to migrate to free software over a two-year period.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/professional_services_venezuela/
|title=Free software liberates Venezuela
|publisher=[[Free Software Magazine]] n°10
|date=2006-02-08
}}</ref>

Congressmen Dr [[Edgar David Villanueva]] and Jacques Rodrich Ackerman have been instrumental in introducing in Republic of Peru bill 1609 on "Free Software in Public Administration".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Free_Software_in_Public_Agencies
|title=An English translation of the Free Software bill proposed in Peru
}}</ref> The incident immediately invited the attention of Microsoft Inc, Peru, whose General Manager wrote a letter to Dr Edgar David Villanueva. Dr Villanueva's response received worldwide attention and is still seen as a classical piece of argumentation favouring use of Free Software in Governments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070829215908/http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html|archivedate=2007-08-29|title=Peruvian Congressman Edgar Villanueva writing to Microsoft about free software.}}</ref>

In the USA, there have been efforts to pass legislation at the state level encouraging use of free software by state government agencies.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-949241.html
|title=Open source's new weapon: The law?
}}</ref>

== Internal conflict ==
Like many social movements, the free software movement has ongoing internal conflict between personalities and between supporters of compromise versus strict adherence to values.

=== Open source ===
In 1998, some companies {{who}} met to create a marketing campaign for free software which would focus on technology rather than ethics{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}. After this [[Eric Raymond]] and [[Bruce Perens]] founded the [[Open Source Initiative]] (OSI), to promote the term "[[open-source software]]" as an [[alternative term for free software]]. OSI did not agree with the free software movement's position that non-free software is a social problem or that it is unethical,<ref>[http://www.urbanophile.com/arenn/hacking/fsvos.html "Free", "Open Source", and Philosophies of Software Ownership]</ref> arguing instead that it is a superior model for software development.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html
|title=Open Source misses the point
}}</ref>

By 2005, Richard Glass considered the differences to be a "serious fracture" but "vitally important to those on both sides of the fracture" and "of little importance to anyone else studying the movement from a software engineering perspective" since they have had "little effect on the field".<ref>{{Citation
| author = Richard Glass
| chapter = Standing in Front of the Open Source Steamroller
| title = Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software
| editor = Joseph Feller, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott A. Hissam, Karim R. Lakahani
| publisher = MIT Press
| year = 2005
| isbm = 0262062461
| pages = 89}}</ref>

Some free software advocates use the term [[Free and Open Source Software]] (FOSS) as an inclusive compromise, drawing on both philosophies to bring both free software advocates and open source software advocates together to work on projects with more cohesion. Some users believe that a compromise term encompassing both aspects is ideal, to promote both the user's freedom with the software and also to promote the perceived superiority of an open source development model.

=== Stallman and Torvalds ===
The two most prominent people attached to the movement, [[Richard Stallman]] and [[Linus Torvalds]], may be seen as representatives of the value based versus apolitical philosophies, as well as the Gnu versus Linux [[coding style]]s. Paradoxically as it seems, it is the [[symbiosis]] of their works that make up a complete [[operating system]] known as [[GNU/Linux|GNU/Linux, or just Linux]].

== Measures of progress ==
[[Ohloh]], a [[web service]] founded in 2004 and launched in 2006, monitors the development activity in the [[free software community]], providing detailed [[Software metric|metrics]] and [[Quantitative analysis (finance)|quantitative analyses]] on the growth and popularity of projects and [[programming language]]s.

In January 2010, [[Global Graphics]] completed a survey [http://www.computerworlduk.com/toolbox/open-source/applications/news/index.cfm?newsid=18518] with 400 Chief Information Officers from organisations with over 1000 employees across the US and the UK that showed three quarters (76 per cent) of large organisations use free software across the enterprise with over half (51 per cent) planning to deploy more free software in 2010.

== Criticism and controversy ==
=== Is something impeding progress? ===
Some, such as [[Eric Raymond]], criticise the speed at which the free software movement is progressing, suggesting that temporary compromises should be made for long-term gains. Raymond argues that this could raise awareness of the software and thus increase the free software movement's influence on relevant standards and legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/world-domination/world-domination-201.html|title=ESR's "World Domination 201", on the need for more compromise by the free software movement}}</ref>

Others, such as Richard Stallman, see the current level of compromise to be the bigger worry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/use-free-software.html|title=RMS on the progress of the movement and his worry about compromise}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libervis.com/article/richard_stallman_on_world_domination_201|title=Richard Stallman on "World Domination 201"|quote=I cannot agree to that compromise, and my experience teaches me that it won't be temporary. ... What our community needs most is more spine in rejection of non-free software. It has far too much willingness to compromise. ... To "argue" in favor of adding non-free software in GNU/Linux distros is almost superfluous, since that's what nearly all of them have already done.}}</ref>

=== Shouldn't a programmer deserve or ask for rewards for their creativity? ===
Stallman said that this is where people get the misconception of "free": there is no wrong in programmers' requesting rewards for their works. Restricting and controlling the user's decisions on use is the actual violation of freedom. Stallman defends that in some cases, monetary incentive is not necessary for motivation since the pleasure in expressing creativity is a reward in itself (such as music and art).<ref name="Wardrip-Fruin, Noah 2003" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [[Digital rights management]]
* [[Free Culture Movement]]
* [[Free software community]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]
* [[GNU Manifesto]]
* [[Linux adoption]]
* [[Open Source Initiative]]
* [[Open source governance]]
* [[Open source movement]]
* Projects
** [[BadVista]]
** [[Defective by Design]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* David M. Berry, ''Copy, Rip, Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source'', Pluto Press, 2008, ISBN 0745324142
* Johan Soderberg, ''Hacking Capitalism: The Free and Open Source Software Movement'', Routledge, 2007, ISBN 0415955432

==External links==
* [http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/09/29/what-is-free-software.html What is Free Software?] - Essay by Karl Fogel.
* [http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom], a 2006 lecture by Richard Stallman
* [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-intro.html Free Software Movement intro by FSF]
* [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/ The GNU Project Philosophy Directory], containing many defining documents of the free software movement
* [http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/4795 An interview with Stallman, "Free Software as a social movement"]
* Christian Imhorst, [http://www.imhorst.net/translations/anarchy-and-source-code/ ''Anarchy and Source Code - What does the Free Software Movement have to do with Anarchism?]'', (license: [[GFDL]]), 2005
* [http://www.zeuux.org/law/billxu-rms-drm.html An anti-DRM campaign] - by Bill Xu and Richard Stallman
* [http://www.apdip.net/news/fossdoc The Codebreakers - a freely redistributable movie]
* [http://www.gnu.org/music/free-software-song.html Stallman's Free Software Song]

{{FLOSS}}
{{Intellectual property activism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Free Software Movement}}
[[Category:Copyleft media]]
[[Category:Free software culture and documents]]
[[Category:Free Software Foundation]]
[[Category:GNU Project|*]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

[[bn:মুক্ত সফটওয়্যার আন্দোলন]]
[[es:Movimiento del software libre]]
[[fa:جنبش نرم‌افزار آزاد]]
[[fr:Mouvement du logiciel libre]]
[[ko:자유 소프트웨어 운동]]
[[hr:Pokret slobodnih programa]]
[[id:Gerakan perangkat lunak bebas]]
[[ja:フリーソフトウェア運動]]
[[si:නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග ව්‍යාපාරය]]
[[simple:Free software movement]]
[[zh:自由软件运动]]

Freie-Software-Bewegung

2011-11-04T04:42:21Z

Elinruby: /* Open source */ removed comma, added "the", changed verb to more appropriate past tense

The '''free software movement''' is a [[social movement|social]] and [[political movement]]<ref>[http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2008-03/msg00635.html Richard Stallman on the nature of the Free software movement] in 2008 on emacs-devel mailing list.</ref> with the goal of ensuring software users' four basic freedoms: the freedom to run their software, to study and change their software, and to redistribute copies with or without changes. The [[alternative terms for free software|alternative terms]] "software libre", "open source", and "FOSS" are associated with the free software movement. Although drawing on traditions and philosophies among members of the 1970s [[hacker (programmer subculture)|hacker culture]], [[Richard Stallman]] founded and launched the movement in 1983 by founding the [[GNU Project]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Announcement of the GNU project
|url=http://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html
}}</ref>

The '''free software philosophy''' at the core of the movement drew on the essence and incidental elements of what was called ''hacker culture'' by many computer users in the 1970s, among other sources.

Stallman founded the [[Free Software Foundation]] in 1985 to support the movement.

== Philosophy ==
The philosophy of the movement is to give freedom to computer users by replacing [[proprietary software]] under restrictive licensing terms with [[free software]],<ref>{{cite web
|title=Use Free Software
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/use-free-software.html
}}</ref> with the ultimate goal of liberating everyone "in cyberspace"<ref>{{cite web
|title=Stallman interviewed by Sean Daly
|url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20060625001523547
|publisher=Groklaw
|date=2006-06-23
}}</ref> – that is, every computer user. Stallman notes that this action will promote rather than hinder the progression of technology, since "it means that much wasteful duplication of system programming effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the state of the art".<ref name="Wardrip-Fruin, Noah 2003">Wardrip-Fruin, Noah, and Nick Montfort, eds. ''The New Media Reader''. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.</ref>

Members of the free software movement believe that all users of software should have the freedoms listed in the [[free software definition]]. Many of them hold that it is [[morality|immoral]] to prohibit or prevent people from exercising these freedoms and that these freedoms are required to create a decent society where software users can help each other, and to have control over their computers.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Why free software?
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html
|publisher=gnu.org
}}</ref>

Some adherents to the free software movement do not believe that [[proprietary software]] is strictly immoral.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.fsf.org/licensing/essays/pragmatic.html
}}</ref> They argue freedom is valuable (both socially and pragmatically) as a property of software in its own right, separate from technical quality in a narrow sense.

The Free Software Foundation also believes all software needs free [[documentation]] (in particular because conscientious programmers should be able to update manuals to reflect modification that they made to the software), but deems the freedom to modify less important for other types of written works.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Free Software and Free Manuals
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html
|publisher=gnu.org
}}</ref> Within the free software movement, the [[Floss manuals]] foundation specializes on the goal of providing such documentation. Members of the free software movement advocate that works which serve a practical purpose should also be free.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

== Actions ==
=== Writing and spreading free software ===
The core work of the free software movement focused on software development. The free software movement also rejects proprietary software, refusing to install software that does not give them the freedoms of free software. According to Stallman, "The only thing in the software field that is worse than an unauthorised copy of a proprietary program, is an authorised copy of the proprietary program because this does the same harm to its whole community of users, and in addition, usually the developer, the perpetrator of this evil, profits from it."<ref>{{cite web
|title=Transcript of Stallman on Free Software
|date=2006-03-09
|url=http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html
|publisher=FSFE
}}</ref>

=== Building awareness ===
Some supporters of the free software movement take up [[public speaking]], or host a stall at software-related conferences to raise awareness of software freedom. This is seen as important since people who receive free software, but who are not aware that it is free software, will later accept a non-free replacement or will add software which is not free software.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Transcript of Stallman speaking at WSIS
|url=http://fsfe.org/en/fellows/ciaran/ciaran_s_free_software_notes/transcript_of_rms_at_wsis_on_is_free_open_source_software_the_answer#wsis--importance-of-awareness
|publisher=[[Ciarán O'Riordan]]
}}</ref>

== Legislation ==
A lot of lobbying work has been done against [[software patent]]s and expansions of copyright law.

The [[Venezuela]]n government implemented a free software law in January 2006. Decree No. 3,390 mandated all government agencies to migrate to free software over a two-year period.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/professional_services_venezuela/
|title=Free software liberates Venezuela
|publisher=[[Free Software Magazine]] n°10
|date=2006-02-08
}}</ref>

Congressmen Dr [[Edgar David Villanueva]] and Jacques Rodrich Ackerman have been instrumental in introducing in Republic of Peru bill 1609 on "Free Software in Public Administration".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Free_Software_in_Public_Agencies
|title=An English translation of the Free Software bill proposed in Peru
}}</ref> The incident immediately invited the attention of Microsoft Inc, Peru, whose General Manager wrote a letter to Dr Edgar David Villanueva. Dr Villanueva's response received worldwide attention and is still seen as a classical piece of argumentation favouring use of Free Software in Governments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070829215908/http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html|archivedate=2007-08-29|title=Peruvian Congressman Edgar Villanueva writing to Microsoft about free software.}}</ref>

In the USA, there have been efforts to pass legislation at the state level encouraging use of free software by state government agencies.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-949241.html
|title=Open source's new weapon: The law?
}}</ref>

== Internal conflict ==
Like many social movements, the free software movement has ongoing internal conflict between personalities and between supporters of compromise versus strict adherence to values.

=== Open source ===
In 1998, some companies {{who}} met to create a marketing campaign for free software which would focus on technology rather than ethics{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}. After this [[Eric Raymond]] and [[Bruce Perens]], founded [[Open Source Initiative]] (OSI), to promote the term "[[open-source software]]" as an [[alternative term for free software]]. OSI does not agree with the free software movement's position that non-free software is a social problem or that it is unethical,<ref>[http://www.urbanophile.com/arenn/hacking/fsvos.html "Free", "Open Source", and Philosophies of Software Ownership]</ref> arguing instead that it is a superior model for software development.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html
|title=Open Source misses the point
}}</ref>

By 2005, Richard Glass considered the differences to be a "serious fracture" but "vitally important to those on both sides of the fracture" and "of little importance to anyone else studying the movement from a software engineering perspective" since they have had "little effect on the field".<ref>{{Citation
| author = Richard Glass
| chapter = Standing in Front of the Open Source Steamroller
| title = Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software
| editor = Joseph Feller, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott A. Hissam, Karim R. Lakahani
| publisher = MIT Press
| year = 2005
| isbm = 0262062461
| pages = 89}}</ref>

Some free software advocates use the term [[Free and Open Source Software]] (FOSS) as an inclusive compromise, drawing on both philosophies to bring both free software advocates and open source software advocates together to work on projects with more cohesion. Some users believe that a compromise term encompassing both aspects is ideal, to promote both the user's freedom with the software and also to promote the perceived superiority of an open source development model.

=== Stallman and Torvalds ===
The two most prominent people attached to the movement, [[Richard Stallman]] and [[Linus Torvalds]], may be seen as representatives of the value based versus apolitical philosophies, as well as the Gnu versus Linux [[coding style]]s. Paradoxically as it seems, it is the [[symbiosis]] of their works that make up a complete [[operating system]] known as [[GNU/Linux|GNU/Linux, or just Linux]].

== Measures of progress ==
[[Ohloh]], a [[web service]] founded in 2004 and launched in 2006, monitors the development activity in the [[free software community]], providing detailed [[Software metric|metrics]] and [[Quantitative analysis (finance)|quantitative analyses]] on the growth and popularity of projects and [[programming language]]s.

In January 2010, [[Global Graphics]] completed a survey [http://www.computerworlduk.com/toolbox/open-source/applications/news/index.cfm?newsid=18518] with 400 Chief Information Officers from organisations with over 1000 employees across the US and the UK that showed three quarters (76 per cent) of large organisations use free software across the enterprise with over half (51 per cent) planning to deploy more free software in 2010.

== Criticism and controversy ==
=== Is something impeding progress? ===
Some, such as [[Eric Raymond]], criticise the speed at which the free software movement is progressing, suggesting that temporary compromises should be made for long-term gains. Raymond argues that this could raise awareness of the software and thus increase the free software movement's influence on relevant standards and legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/world-domination/world-domination-201.html|title=ESR's "World Domination 201", on the need for more compromise by the free software movement}}</ref>

Others, such as Richard Stallman, see the current level of compromise to be the bigger worry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/use-free-software.html|title=RMS on the progress of the movement and his worry about compromise}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libervis.com/article/richard_stallman_on_world_domination_201|title=Richard Stallman on "World Domination 201"|quote=I cannot agree to that compromise, and my experience teaches me that it won't be temporary. ... What our community needs most is more spine in rejection of non-free software. It has far too much willingness to compromise. ... To "argue" in favor of adding non-free software in GNU/Linux distros is almost superfluous, since that's what nearly all of them have already done.}}</ref>

=== Shouldn't a programmer deserve or ask for rewards for their creativity? ===
Stallman said that this is where people get the misconception of "free": there is no wrong in programmers' requesting rewards for their works. Restricting and controlling the user's decisions on use is the actual violation of freedom. Stallman defends that in some cases, monetary incentive is not necessary for motivation since the pleasure in expressing creativity is a reward in itself (such as music and art).<ref name="Wardrip-Fruin, Noah 2003" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [[Digital rights management]]
* [[Free Culture Movement]]
* [[Free software community]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]
* [[GNU Manifesto]]
* [[Linux adoption]]
* [[Open Source Initiative]]
* [[Open source governance]]
* [[Open source movement]]
* Projects
** [[BadVista]]
** [[Defective by Design]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* David M. Berry, ''Copy, Rip, Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source'', Pluto Press, 2008, ISBN 0745324142
* Johan Soderberg, ''Hacking Capitalism: The Free and Open Source Software Movement'', Routledge, 2007, ISBN 0415955432

==External links==
* [http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/09/29/what-is-free-software.html What is Free Software?] - Essay by Karl Fogel.
* [http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom], a 2006 lecture by Richard Stallman
* [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-intro.html Free Software Movement intro by FSF]
* [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/ The GNU Project Philosophy Directory], containing many defining documents of the free software movement
* [http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/4795 An interview with Stallman, "Free Software as a social movement"]
* Christian Imhorst, [http://www.imhorst.net/translations/anarchy-and-source-code/ ''Anarchy and Source Code - What does the Free Software Movement have to do with Anarchism?]'', (license: [[GFDL]]), 2005
* [http://www.zeuux.org/law/billxu-rms-drm.html An anti-DRM campaign] - by Bill Xu and Richard Stallman
* [http://www.apdip.net/news/fossdoc The Codebreakers - a freely redistributable movie]
* [http://www.gnu.org/music/free-software-song.html Stallman's Free Software Song]

{{FLOSS}}
{{Intellectual property activism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Free Software Movement}}
[[Category:Copyleft media]]
[[Category:Free software culture and documents]]
[[Category:Free Software Foundation]]
[[Category:GNU Project|*]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

[[bn:মুক্ত সফটওয়্যার আন্দোলন]]
[[es:Movimiento del software libre]]
[[fa:جنبش نرم‌افزار آزاد]]
[[fr:Mouvement du logiciel libre]]
[[ko:자유 소프트웨어 운동]]
[[hr:Pokret slobodnih programa]]
[[id:Gerakan perangkat lunak bebas]]
[[ja:フリーソフトウェア運動]]
[[si:නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග ව්‍යාපාරය]]
[[simple:Free software movement]]
[[zh:自由软件运动]]

Freie-Software-Bewegung

2011-11-04T04:42:03Z

Elinruby: /* Open source */ removed comma, added "the", changed verb to more appropriate past tense

The '''free software movement''' is a [[social movement|social]] and [[political movement]]<ref>[http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2008-03/msg00635.html Richard Stallman on the nature of the Free software movement] in 2008 on emacs-devel mailing list.</ref> with the goal of ensuring software users' four basic freedoms: the freedom to run their software, to study and change their software, and to redistribute copies with or without changes. The [[alternative terms for free software|alternative terms]] "software libre", "open source", and "FOSS" are associated with the free software movement. Although drawing on traditions and philosophies among members of the 1970s [[hacker (programmer subculture)|hacker culture]], [[Richard Stallman]] founded and launched the movement in 1983 by founding the [[GNU Project]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Announcement of the GNU project
|url=http://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html
}}</ref>

The '''free software philosophy''' at the core of the movement drew on the essence and incidental elements of what was called ''hacker culture'' by many computer users in the 1970s, among other sources.

Stallman founded the [[Free Software Foundation]] in 1985 to support the movement.

== Philosophy ==
The philosophy of the movement is to give freedom to computer users by replacing [[proprietary software]] under restrictive licensing terms with [[free software]],<ref>{{cite web
|title=Use Free Software
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/use-free-software.html
}}</ref> with the ultimate goal of liberating everyone "in cyberspace"<ref>{{cite web
|title=Stallman interviewed by Sean Daly
|url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20060625001523547
|publisher=Groklaw
|date=2006-06-23
}}</ref> – that is, every computer user. Stallman notes that this action will promote rather than hinder the progression of technology, since "it means that much wasteful duplication of system programming effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the state of the art".<ref name="Wardrip-Fruin, Noah 2003">Wardrip-Fruin, Noah, and Nick Montfort, eds. ''The New Media Reader''. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.</ref>

Members of the free software movement believe that all users of software should have the freedoms listed in the [[free software definition]]. Many of them hold that it is [[morality|immoral]] to prohibit or prevent people from exercising these freedoms and that these freedoms are required to create a decent society where software users can help each other, and to have control over their computers.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Why free software?
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html
|publisher=gnu.org
}}</ref>

Some adherents to the free software movement do not believe that [[proprietary software]] is strictly immoral.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.fsf.org/licensing/essays/pragmatic.html
}}</ref> They argue freedom is valuable (both socially and pragmatically) as a property of software in its own right, separate from technical quality in a narrow sense.

The Free Software Foundation also believes all software needs free [[documentation]] (in particular because conscientious programmers should be able to update manuals to reflect modification that they made to the software), but deems the freedom to modify less important for other types of written works.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Free Software and Free Manuals
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html
|publisher=gnu.org
}}</ref> Within the free software movement, the [[Floss manuals]] foundation specializes on the goal of providing such documentation. Members of the free software movement advocate that works which serve a practical purpose should also be free.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

== Actions ==
=== Writing and spreading free software ===
The core work of the free software movement focused on software development. The free software movement also rejects proprietary software, refusing to install software that does not give them the freedoms of free software. According to Stallman, "The only thing in the software field that is worse than an unauthorised copy of a proprietary program, is an authorised copy of the proprietary program because this does the same harm to its whole community of users, and in addition, usually the developer, the perpetrator of this evil, profits from it."<ref>{{cite web
|title=Transcript of Stallman on Free Software
|date=2006-03-09
|url=http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html
|publisher=FSFE
}}</ref>

=== Building awareness ===
Some supporters of the free software movement take up [[public speaking]], or host a stall at software-related conferences to raise awareness of software freedom. This is seen as important since people who receive free software, but who are not aware that it is free software, will later accept a non-free replacement or will add software which is not free software.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Transcript of Stallman speaking at WSIS
|url=http://fsfe.org/en/fellows/ciaran/ciaran_s_free_software_notes/transcript_of_rms_at_wsis_on_is_free_open_source_software_the_answer#wsis--importance-of-awareness
|publisher=[[Ciarán O'Riordan]]
}}</ref>

== Legislation ==
A lot of lobbying work has been done against [[software patent]]s and expansions of copyright law.

The [[Venezuela]]n government implemented a free software law in January 2006. Decree No. 3,390 mandated all government agencies to migrate to free software over a two-year period.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/professional_services_venezuela/
|title=Free software liberates Venezuela
|publisher=[[Free Software Magazine]] n°10
|date=2006-02-08
}}</ref>

Congressmen Dr [[Edgar David Villanueva]] and Jacques Rodrich Ackerman have been instrumental in introducing in Republic of Peru bill 1609 on "Free Software in Public Administration".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Free_Software_in_Public_Agencies
|title=An English translation of the Free Software bill proposed in Peru
}}</ref> The incident immediately invited the attention of Microsoft Inc, Peru, whose General Manager wrote a letter to Dr Edgar David Villanueva. Dr Villanueva's response received worldwide attention and is still seen as a classical piece of argumentation favouring use of Free Software in Governments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070829215908/http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html|archivedate=2007-08-29|title=Peruvian Congressman Edgar Villanueva writing to Microsoft about free software.}}</ref>

In the USA, there have been efforts to pass legislation at the state level encouraging use of free software by state government agencies.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-949241.html
|title=Open source's new weapon: The law?
}}</ref>

== Internal conflict ==
Like many social movements, the free software movement has ongoing internal conflict between personalities and between supporters of compromise versus strict adherence to values.

=== Open source ===
In 1998, some companies {{who}} met to create a marketing campaign for free software which would focus on technology rather than ethics{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}. After this [[Eric Raymond]] and [[Bruce Perens]] founded the [[Open Source Initiative]] (OSI), to promote the term "[[open-source software]]" as an [[alternative term for free software]]. OSI did not agree with the free software movement's position that non-free software is a social problem or that it is unethical,<ref>[http://www.urbanophile.com/arenn/hacking/fsvos.html "Free", "Open Source", and Philosophies of Software Ownership]</ref> arguing instead that it is a superior model for software development.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html
|title=Open Source misses the point
}}</ref>

By 2005, Richard Glass considered the differences to be a "serious fracture" but "vitally important to those on both sides of the fracture" and "of little importance to anyone else studying the movement from a software engineering perspective" since they have had "little effect on the field".<ref>{{Citation
| author = Richard Glass
| chapter = Standing in Front of the Open Source Steamroller
| title = Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software
| editor = Joseph Feller, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott A. Hissam, Karim R. Lakahani
| publisher = MIT Press
| year = 2005
| isbm = 0262062461
| pages = 89}}</ref>

Some free software advocates use the term [[Free and Open Source Software]] (FOSS) as an inclusive compromise, drawing on both philosophies to bring both free software advocates and open source software advocates together to work on projects with more cohesion. Some users believe that a compromise term encompassing both aspects is ideal, to promote both the user's freedom with the software and also to promote the perceived superiority of an open source development model.

=== Stallman and Torvalds ===
The two most prominent people attached to the movement, [[Richard Stallman]] and [[Linus Torvalds]], may be seen as representatives of the value based versus apolitical philosophies, as well as the Gnu versus Linux [[coding style]]s. Paradoxically as it seems, it is the [[symbiosis]] of their works that make up a complete [[operating system]] known as [[GNU/Linux|GNU/Linux, or just Linux]].

== Measures of progress ==
[[Ohloh]], a [[web service]] founded in 2004 and launched in 2006, monitors the development activity in the [[free software community]], providing detailed [[Software metric|metrics]] and [[Quantitative analysis (finance)|quantitative analyses]] on the growth and popularity of projects and [[programming language]]s.

In January 2010, [[Global Graphics]] completed a survey [http://www.computerworlduk.com/toolbox/open-source/applications/news/index.cfm?newsid=18518] with 400 Chief Information Officers from organisations with over 1000 employees across the US and the UK that showed three quarters (76 per cent) of large organisations use free software across the enterprise with over half (51 per cent) planning to deploy more free software in 2010.

== Criticism and controversy ==
=== Is something impeding progress? ===
Some, such as [[Eric Raymond]], criticise the speed at which the free software movement is progressing, suggesting that temporary compromises should be made for long-term gains. Raymond argues that this could raise awareness of the software and thus increase the free software movement's influence on relevant standards and legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/world-domination/world-domination-201.html|title=ESR's "World Domination 201", on the need for more compromise by the free software movement}}</ref>

Others, such as Richard Stallman, see the current level of compromise to be the bigger worry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/use-free-software.html|title=RMS on the progress of the movement and his worry about compromise}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libervis.com/article/richard_stallman_on_world_domination_201|title=Richard Stallman on "World Domination 201"|quote=I cannot agree to that compromise, and my experience teaches me that it won't be temporary. ... What our community needs most is more spine in rejection of non-free software. It has far too much willingness to compromise. ... To "argue" in favor of adding non-free software in GNU/Linux distros is almost superfluous, since that's what nearly all of them have already done.}}</ref>

=== Shouldn't a programmer deserve or ask for rewards for their creativity? ===
Stallman said that this is where people get the misconception of "free": there is no wrong in programmers' requesting rewards for their works. Restricting and controlling the user's decisions on use is the actual violation of freedom. Stallman defends that in some cases, monetary incentive is not necessary for motivation since the pleasure in expressing creativity is a reward in itself (such as music and art).<ref name="Wardrip-Fruin, Noah 2003" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [[Digital rights management]]
* [[Free Culture Movement]]
* [[Free software community]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]
* [[GNU Manifesto]]
* [[Linux adoption]]
* [[Open Source Initiative]]
* [[Open source governance]]
* [[Open source movement]]
* Projects
** [[BadVista]]
** [[Defective by Design]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* David M. Berry, ''Copy, Rip, Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source'', Pluto Press, 2008, ISBN 0745324142
* Johan Soderberg, ''Hacking Capitalism: The Free and Open Source Software Movement'', Routledge, 2007, ISBN 0415955432

==External links==
* [http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/09/29/what-is-free-software.html What is Free Software?] - Essay by Karl Fogel.
* [http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom], a 2006 lecture by Richard Stallman
* [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-intro.html Free Software Movement intro by FSF]
* [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/ The GNU Project Philosophy Directory], containing many defining documents of the free software movement
* [http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/4795 An interview with Stallman, "Free Software as a social movement"]
* Christian Imhorst, [http://www.imhorst.net/translations/anarchy-and-source-code/ ''Anarchy and Source Code - What does the Free Software Movement have to do with Anarchism?]'', (license: [[GFDL]]), 2005
* [http://www.zeuux.org/law/billxu-rms-drm.html An anti-DRM campaign] - by Bill Xu and Richard Stallman
* [http://www.apdip.net/news/fossdoc The Codebreakers - a freely redistributable movie]
* [http://www.gnu.org/music/free-software-song.html Stallman's Free Software Song]

{{FLOSS}}
{{Intellectual property activism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Free Software Movement}}
[[Category:Copyleft media]]
[[Category:Free software culture and documents]]
[[Category:Free Software Foundation]]
[[Category:GNU Project|*]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

[[bn:মুক্ত সফটওয়্যার আন্দোলন]]
[[es:Movimiento del software libre]]
[[fa:جنبش نرم‌افزار آزاد]]
[[fr:Mouvement du logiciel libre]]
[[ko:자유 소프트웨어 운동]]
[[hr:Pokret slobodnih programa]]
[[id:Gerakan perangkat lunak bebas]]
[[ja:フリーソフトウェア運動]]
[[si:නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග ව්‍යාපාරය]]
[[simple:Free software movement]]
[[zh:自由软件运动]]

Freie-Software-Bewegung

2011-11-04T04:40:20Z

Elinruby: /* Open source */ improved English, added a who tag

The '''free software movement''' is a [[social movement|social]] and [[political movement]]<ref>[http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2008-03/msg00635.html Richard Stallman on the nature of the Free software movement] in 2008 on emacs-devel mailing list.</ref> with the goal of ensuring software users' four basic freedoms: the freedom to run their software, to study and change their software, and to redistribute copies with or without changes. The [[alternative terms for free software|alternative terms]] "software libre", "open source", and "FOSS" are associated with the free software movement. Although drawing on traditions and philosophies among members of the 1970s [[hacker (programmer subculture)|hacker culture]], [[Richard Stallman]] founded and launched the movement in 1983 by founding the [[GNU Project]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Announcement of the GNU project
|url=http://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html
}}</ref>

The '''free software philosophy''' at the core of the movement drew on the essence and incidental elements of what was called ''hacker culture'' by many computer users in the 1970s, among other sources.

Stallman founded the [[Free Software Foundation]] in 1985 to support the movement.

== Philosophy ==
The philosophy of the movement is to give freedom to computer users by replacing [[proprietary software]] under restrictive licensing terms with [[free software]],<ref>{{cite web
|title=Use Free Software
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/use-free-software.html
}}</ref> with the ultimate goal of liberating everyone "in cyberspace"<ref>{{cite web
|title=Stallman interviewed by Sean Daly
|url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20060625001523547
|publisher=Groklaw
|date=2006-06-23
}}</ref> – that is, every computer user. Stallman notes that this action will promote rather than hinder the progression of technology, since "it means that much wasteful duplication of system programming effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the state of the art".<ref name="Wardrip-Fruin, Noah 2003">Wardrip-Fruin, Noah, and Nick Montfort, eds. ''The New Media Reader''. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003.</ref>

Members of the free software movement believe that all users of software should have the freedoms listed in the [[free software definition]]. Many of them hold that it is [[morality|immoral]] to prohibit or prevent people from exercising these freedoms and that these freedoms are required to create a decent society where software users can help each other, and to have control over their computers.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Why free software?
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html
|publisher=gnu.org
}}</ref>

Some adherents to the free software movement do not believe that [[proprietary software]] is strictly immoral.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.fsf.org/licensing/essays/pragmatic.html
}}</ref> They argue freedom is valuable (both socially and pragmatically) as a property of software in its own right, separate from technical quality in a narrow sense.

The Free Software Foundation also believes all software needs free [[documentation]] (in particular because conscientious programmers should be able to update manuals to reflect modification that they made to the software), but deems the freedom to modify less important for other types of written works.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Free Software and Free Manuals
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html
|publisher=gnu.org
}}</ref> Within the free software movement, the [[Floss manuals]] foundation specializes on the goal of providing such documentation. Members of the free software movement advocate that works which serve a practical purpose should also be free.{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}

== Actions ==
=== Writing and spreading free software ===
The core work of the free software movement focused on software development. The free software movement also rejects proprietary software, refusing to install software that does not give them the freedoms of free software. According to Stallman, "The only thing in the software field that is worse than an unauthorised copy of a proprietary program, is an authorised copy of the proprietary program because this does the same harm to its whole community of users, and in addition, usually the developer, the perpetrator of this evil, profits from it."<ref>{{cite web
|title=Transcript of Stallman on Free Software
|date=2006-03-09
|url=http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html
|publisher=FSFE
}}</ref>

=== Building awareness ===
Some supporters of the free software movement take up [[public speaking]], or host a stall at software-related conferences to raise awareness of software freedom. This is seen as important since people who receive free software, but who are not aware that it is free software, will later accept a non-free replacement or will add software which is not free software.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Transcript of Stallman speaking at WSIS
|url=http://fsfe.org/en/fellows/ciaran/ciaran_s_free_software_notes/transcript_of_rms_at_wsis_on_is_free_open_source_software_the_answer#wsis--importance-of-awareness
|publisher=[[Ciarán O'Riordan]]
}}</ref>

== Legislation ==
A lot of lobbying work has been done against [[software patent]]s and expansions of copyright law.

The [[Venezuela]]n government implemented a free software law in January 2006. Decree No. 3,390 mandated all government agencies to migrate to free software over a two-year period.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/professional_services_venezuela/
|title=Free software liberates Venezuela
|publisher=[[Free Software Magazine]] n°10
|date=2006-02-08
}}</ref>

Congressmen Dr [[Edgar David Villanueva]] and Jacques Rodrich Ackerman have been instrumental in introducing in Republic of Peru bill 1609 on "Free Software in Public Administration".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Free_Software_in_Public_Agencies
|title=An English translation of the Free Software bill proposed in Peru
}}</ref> The incident immediately invited the attention of Microsoft Inc, Peru, whose General Manager wrote a letter to Dr Edgar David Villanueva. Dr Villanueva's response received worldwide attention and is still seen as a classical piece of argumentation favouring use of Free Software in Governments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070829215908/http://www.gnu.org.pe/resmseng.html|archivedate=2007-08-29|title=Peruvian Congressman Edgar Villanueva writing to Microsoft about free software.}}</ref>

In the USA, there have been efforts to pass legislation at the state level encouraging use of free software by state government agencies.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-949241.html
|title=Open source's new weapon: The law?
}}</ref>

== Internal conflict ==
Like many social movements, the free software movement has ongoing internal conflict between personalities and between supporters of compromise versus strict adherence to values.

=== Open source ===
In 1998, some companies {{who}} met to create a marketing campaign for free software which would focus on technology rather than ethics{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}. After this [[Eric Raymond]] and [[Bruce Perens]], founded [[Open Source Initiative]] (OSI), to promote the term "[[open-source software]]" as an [[alternative term for free software]]. OSI does not agree with the free software movement's position that non-free software is a social problem or that it is unethical,<ref>[http://www.urbanophile.com/arenn/hacking/fsvos.html "Free", "Open Source", and Philosophies of Software Ownership]</ref> arguing instead that it is a superior model for software development.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher=gnu.org
|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html
|title=Open Source misses the point
}}</ref>

By 2005, Richard Glass considered the differences to be a "serious fracture" but "vitally important to those on both sides of the fracture" and "of little importance to anyone else studying the movement from a software engineering perspective" since they have had "little effect on the field".<ref>{{Citation
| author = Richard Glass
| chapter = Standing in Front of the Open Source Steamroller
| title = Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software
| editor = Joseph Feller, Brian Fitzgerald, Scott A. Hissam, Karim R. Lakahani
| publisher = MIT Press
| year = 2005
| isbm = 0262062461
| pages = 89}}</ref>

Some free software advocates use the term [[Free and Open Source Software]] (FOSS) as an inclusive compromise, drawing on both philosophies to bring both free software advocates and open source software advocates together to work on projects with more cohesion. Some users believe that a compromise term encompassing both aspects is ideal, to promote both the user's freedom with the software and also to promote the perceived superiority of an open source development model.

=== Stallman and Torvalds ===
The two most prominent people attached to the movement, [[Richard Stallman]] and [[Linus Torvalds]], may be seen as representatives of the value based versus apolitical philosophies, as well as the Gnu versus Linux [[coding style]]s. Paradoxically as it seems, it is the [[symbiosis]] of their works that make up a complete [[operating system]] known as [[GNU/Linux|GNU/Linux, or just Linux]].

== Measures of progress ==
[[Ohloh]], a [[web service]] founded in 2004 and launched in 2006, monitors the development activity in the [[free software community]], providing detailed [[Software metric|metrics]] and [[Quantitative analysis (finance)|quantitative analyses]] on the growth and popularity of projects and [[programming language]]s.

In January 2010, [[Global Graphics]] completed a survey [http://www.computerworlduk.com/toolbox/open-source/applications/news/index.cfm?newsid=18518] with 400 Chief Information Officers from organisations with over 1000 employees across the US and the UK that showed three quarters (76 per cent) of large organisations use free software across the enterprise with over half (51 per cent) planning to deploy more free software in 2010.

== Criticism and controversy ==
=== Is something impeding progress? ===
Some, such as [[Eric Raymond]], criticise the speed at which the free software movement is progressing, suggesting that temporary compromises should be made for long-term gains. Raymond argues that this could raise awareness of the software and thus increase the free software movement's influence on relevant standards and legislation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/world-domination/world-domination-201.html|title=ESR's "World Domination 201", on the need for more compromise by the free software movement}}</ref>

Others, such as Richard Stallman, see the current level of compromise to be the bigger worry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/use-free-software.html|title=RMS on the progress of the movement and his worry about compromise}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libervis.com/article/richard_stallman_on_world_domination_201|title=Richard Stallman on "World Domination 201"|quote=I cannot agree to that compromise, and my experience teaches me that it won't be temporary. ... What our community needs most is more spine in rejection of non-free software. It has far too much willingness to compromise. ... To "argue" in favor of adding non-free software in GNU/Linux distros is almost superfluous, since that's what nearly all of them have already done.}}</ref>

=== Shouldn't a programmer deserve or ask for rewards for their creativity? ===
Stallman said that this is where people get the misconception of "free": there is no wrong in programmers' requesting rewards for their works. Restricting and controlling the user's decisions on use is the actual violation of freedom. Stallman defends that in some cases, monetary incentive is not necessary for motivation since the pleasure in expressing creativity is a reward in itself (such as music and art).<ref name="Wardrip-Fruin, Noah 2003" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [[Digital rights management]]
* [[Free Culture Movement]]
* [[Free software community]]
* [[Free Software Foundation]]
* [[GNU Manifesto]]
* [[Linux adoption]]
* [[Open Source Initiative]]
* [[Open source governance]]
* [[Open source movement]]
* Projects
** [[BadVista]]
** [[Defective by Design]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* David M. Berry, ''Copy, Rip, Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source'', Pluto Press, 2008, ISBN 0745324142
* Johan Soderberg, ''Hacking Capitalism: The Free and Open Source Software Movement'', Routledge, 2007, ISBN 0415955432

==External links==
* [http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/09/29/what-is-free-software.html What is Free Software?] - Essay by Karl Fogel.
* [http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom], a 2006 lecture by Richard Stallman
* [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-intro.html Free Software Movement intro by FSF]
* [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/ The GNU Project Philosophy Directory], containing many defining documents of the free software movement
* [http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/4795 An interview with Stallman, "Free Software as a social movement"]
* Christian Imhorst, [http://www.imhorst.net/translations/anarchy-and-source-code/ ''Anarchy and Source Code - What does the Free Software Movement have to do with Anarchism?]'', (license: [[GFDL]]), 2005
* [http://www.zeuux.org/law/billxu-rms-drm.html An anti-DRM campaign] - by Bill Xu and Richard Stallman
* [http://www.apdip.net/news/fossdoc The Codebreakers - a freely redistributable movie]
* [http://www.gnu.org/music/free-software-song.html Stallman's Free Software Song]

{{FLOSS}}
{{Intellectual property activism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Free Software Movement}}
[[Category:Copyleft media]]
[[Category:Free software culture and documents]]
[[Category:Free Software Foundation]]
[[Category:GNU Project|*]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

[[bn:মুক্ত সফটওয়্যার আন্দোলন]]
[[es:Movimiento del software libre]]
[[fa:جنبش نرم‌افزار آزاد]]
[[fr:Mouvement du logiciel libre]]
[[ko:자유 소프트웨어 운동]]
[[hr:Pokret slobodnih programa]]
[[id:Gerakan perangkat lunak bebas]]
[[ja:フリーソフトウェア運動]]
[[si:නිදහස් මෘදුකාංග ව්‍යාපාරය]]
[[simple:Free software movement]]
[[zh:自由软件运动]]

Gesetz von Conway

2011-10-31T10:54:22Z

Elinruby: /* Raymond’s version */ originally was just going to make it a complete sentence with a verb and only one period. Went and found out who the heck Raymond is and linked to relevant pages

{{refimprove|date=May 2010}}
'''Conway's Law''' is an [[adage]] named after [[computer]] [[programmer]] [[Melvin Conway]], who introduced the idea in 1968:
<blockquote>
...organizations which design systems ... are constrained to produce designs which are copies of the communication structures of these organizations.<ref name=Conway>{{citation
|last=Conway
|first=Melvin E.
|title=How do Committees Invent?
|journal=[[Datamation]]
|volume=14
|number=5
|pages=28–31
|url=http://www.melconway.com/research/committees.html
|date=April, 1968
|accessdate=2009-04-05}}
full text</ref></blockquote>

Although sometimes construed as humorous, Conway's Law was intended as a valid sociological observation. It is based on the reasoning that in order for two separate software modules to interface correctly, the designers and implementers of each module must communicate with each other. Therefore, the interface structure of a software system will reflect the social structure of the organization(s) that produced it.

==Examples of Conway's Law==
Consider a large system S that a government wants to build. The government hires company X to build system S. Say company X has three engineering groups, E1, E2, and E3, that participate in the project. Conway's law suggests that it is likely that the resultant system will consist of 3 major subsystems (S1, S2, S3), each built by one of the engineering groups. More importantly, the resultant interfaces between the subsystems (S1-S2, S1-S3, etc.) will reflect the quality and nature of the real-world interpersonal communications between the respective engineering groups (E1-E2, E1-E3, etc.).

Another example: Consider a two-person team of software engineers, A and B. Say A designs and codes a software class X. Later, the team discovers that class X needs some new features. If A adds the features, A is likely to simply expand X to include the new features. If B adds the new features, B may be afraid of breaking X, and so instead will create a new derived class X2 that inherits X's features, and puts the new features in X2. So, in this example, the final design is a reflection of ''who'' implemented the functionality.

A real life example: NASA's [[Mars Climate Orbiter]] crashed because one team used [[United States customary units]] (e.g., inches, feet and pounds) while the other used [[International System of Units|metric units]] for a key spacecraft operation. This information was critical to the maneuvers required to place the spacecraft in the proper Mars orbit. "People sometimes make errors," said Dr. [[Edward Weiler]], NASA's Associate Administrator for Space Science. "The problem here was not the error, it was the failure of NASA's systems engineering, and the checks and balances in our processes to detect the error. That's why we lost the spacecraft."<ref>{{citation
|url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msp98/news/mco990930.html
|title=Mars Climate Orbiter Team Finds Likely Cause of Loss
|publisher=[[NASA]]
|date=30 September 1999
|accessdate=2009-04-05
}}</ref>

== Versions of Conway's Law ==
=== Raymond’s version===
[[Eric S Raymond]], an open source advocate who co-founded the [[Open Source Initiative]], restated Conway’s Law in [http://www.amazon.com/New-Hackers-Dictionary-3rd/dp/0262680920 The New Hacker's Dictionary], a reference work based on the [[Jargon File]] he maintained for years. The organization of the software and the organization of the software team will be congruent, he said. He originally stated that "If you have four groups working on a compiler, you’ll get a 4-pass compiler"<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Hacker's Dictionary - 3rd Edition|author=Eric S. Raymond|isbn=978-0262680929|month=October|year=1996}}</ref>

=== Coplien and Harrison’s version ===
"If the parts of an organization (e.g. teams, departments, or subdivisions) do not closely reflect the essential parts of the product, or if the relationship between organizations do not reflect the relationships between product parts, then the project will be in trouble.
...
Therefore: Make sure the organization is compatible with the product architecture."<ref>{{cite book|
title=Organizational Patterns of Agile Software Development |
author= [[James Coplien|James O. Coplien]], [[Neil B. Harrison]]|
isbn=978-0131467408|
month=July|year=2004}}</ref>

==Service industries==
Conway's law may extend to the service industries; for example whether train services are run for the convenience of an individual company or for those they connect with (to the benefit of all). A good example is given in Bill Bryson's [[Notes From a Small Island]], where the only train of the day is scheduled to leave exactly two minutes before the bus to the station arrives.

==Supporting evidence==
There is [http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/08-039.pdf supporting evidence] of Conway's Law that has been published by a team of [http://www.hbs.edu/ Harvard Business School] researchers. Their study reveals ''significant differences in modularity, consistent with a view that distributed teams tend to develop more modular products''.

Another case study of Conway's Law can be found [http://research.microsoft.com/research/pubs/view.aspx?type=Technical%20Report&id=1425 on Microsoft Research].

==Notes==
<references/>

==See also==
*[[List of eponymous laws]]

[[Category:Adages]]
[[Category:Software project management]]
[[Category:Software design]]