Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Hurrikan Nicole

2016-10-13T03:00:33Z

Dylan620: removed Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes; added Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes using HotCat

{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Hurricane Nicole
|category=cat4
|type=hurricane
|time=11:00 p.m. [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]] October 12 (03:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] October 13)
|image=Nicole Geostationary VIS-IR 2016.png
|track=15L 2016 5day.gif
|lat=30.1|N|lon=66.4|W
|within_units=15 [[nautical mile|nm]]
|distance_from=About 210 mi (335 km) SSW of [[Bermuda]]
|1sustained=115 kt (130 mph; 215 km/h)
|gusts=120 kt (140 mph; 220 km/h)
|pressure=956 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 28.23 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=NNE at 9 kt (10 mph; 17 km/h)
}}
'''Hurricane Nicole''' is currently a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] threatening the [[British Overseas Territory]] of [[Bermuda]], where preparations are underway. The fourteenth named storm, sixth hurricane and third [[major hurricane]] of the active [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]], Nicole formed in the central Atlantic on October 4. The small, slow-moving storm defied forecasts by steadily organizing in spite of strong [[wind shear]], and it rapidly intensified to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Category 2 hurricane]] on October 7. The wind shear finally took its toll by October 8, reducing Nicole to a weak tropical storm, but more favorable conditions allowed the cyclone to reintensify into a hurricane a couple days later. The storm's approach to Bermuda forced schools, businesses, and government offices to close, while flight, bus, and ferry services were interrupted.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nicole 2016 track.png}}
On October 1, 2016, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring a weak [[tropical wave]]-induced [[low pressure area]] producing scattered showers and thunderstorms, along with winds just shy of tropical storm intensity, over the central Atlantic. Strong [[wind shear]] prevented the disturbance from organizing significantly as it tracked northwestward for the next several days.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 2:00 am EDT Saturday, October 1, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610010534.txt}}</ref> On October 4, satellite data confirmed the presence of a well-defined circulation center with gale-force winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 8 am EDT Tuesday, October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610041148.txt}}</ref><ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Atmospheric convection|thunderstorm activity]] became better organized and [[rainband|banding features]] began to evolve over the eastern side of the disturbance. As a result, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Storm ''Nicole'' at 15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], while it was located about {{convert|525|mi|km|abbr=on}} northeast of [[San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]]. The storm, still plagued by inhibiting wind shear, was forecast to remain weak.<ref name="disc1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.001.shtml?}}</ref>

Nicole's cloud pattern gradually improved on October 5, partially shielded from the effects of wind shear by an upper-level low situated atop the tropical storm. Although [[convection]] remained lopsided, a distinct mid-level [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] developed within the unusually small cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 6|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> The storm continued moving generally northwestward around a [[subtropical ridge]] to its north.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 4|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> Nicole gradually intensified as it became more symmetrical in appearance, and at 18:00 UTC on October 6, it was upgraded to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale#Category 1|Category 1 hurricane]] about {{convert|345|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasche|title=Hurricane Nicole Special Advisory Number 10|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.010.shtml?}}</ref> A period of rapid intensification brought Nicole to its initial peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane early on October 7, with sustained winds of {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} and a minimum pressure of {{convert|968|hPa|inHg|abbr=on|lk=on}}. At the same time, a pinhole eye became evident on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.012.shtml?}}</ref> Considering the strong shear produced by [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] from powerful [[Hurricane Matthew]] to Nicole's southwest, the NHC described this strengthening trend as "unexpected."<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 11|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.011.shtml?}}</ref> An approaching [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] eroded the ridge to the north, leaving the hurricane in an area of very weak steering currents;<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 8|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.008.shtml?}}</ref> consequently, its forward movement slowed to nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.012.shtml?}}</ref>

[[File:Tropical Storm Nicole 2016-10-04 1705z.jpg|thumb|right|Nicole shortly after being classified as a tropical storm on October 4]]
By early on October 7, Nicole had finally felt the effects of strong wind shear and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 14|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.014.shtml?}}</ref> A new blocking [[high pressure area]] began forming to the north, driving Nicole slowly toward the south as the storm's convective pattern continued to deteriorate.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 15|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.015.shtml?}}</ref> On the morning of October 8, the storm's center was displaced far to the north of the waning deep convection, and Nicole further declined to a minimal tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 18|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> However, later that day, unusually warm [[sea surface temperature]]s enabled a "tremendous burst of deep convection" close to the center, and Nicole began to reintensify. That the storm was able to survive in spite of as much as {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} of northerly shear proved "puzzling" to forecasters.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 19|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.019.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 17|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> Convection oscillated in coverage and intensity throughout the day on October 9; bursts of deep convection, which at one point coalesced into a burgeoning [[central dense overcast]], repeatedly subsided to leave the center exposed. As steering currents slackened, Nicole slowed to a drift before the retreating ridge of high pressure allowed the storm to resume a northward course.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 23|date=October 9, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.023.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jack Beven|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 24|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.024.shtml}}</ref> By the morning of October 10, thunderstorms associated with the tropical storm had "faded away into a shallow and shapeless cloud mass", according to one NHC forecaster.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 26|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.026.shtml?}}</ref> The storm remained disorganized for the next day or so, until several bands of convection began to wrap around a ragged eye feature in response to abating wind shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 30|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Nicole reattained Category 1 hurricane intensity at 18:00 UTC on October 11, and its satellite appearance continued to improve.<ref name="30a">{{cite news|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Intermediate Public Advisory Number 30A|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Further intensification continued throughout the day on October 12, with a well-defined eye becoming visible, and Nicole strengthened to a Category 3 major hurricane by later that evening.<ref name="35a">{{cite news|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Intermediate Public Advisory Number 35A|date=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.035.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> This marked the first time that an [[Atlantic hurricane season]] had at least three major hurricanes, the last such was in [[2011 Atlantic hurricane season|2011]], which had four.

====Current storm information====
As of 8:00 p.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] October 12 (00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] October 13), Hurricane Nicole is located within 15 [[nautical mile]]s of {{coord|29.6|-66.4|dim:5000km|name=Nicole}}, about 210 miles (335 km) south-southwest of [[Bermuda]]. Maximum sustained winds are 100 knots (115 mph; 185 km/h), with gusts up to 120 knots (140 mph; 220 km/h). The minimum barometric pressure is 956 mbar (hPa; 28.23 inHg), and the system is currently moving north-northeast at 9 knots (10 mph; 17 km/h). Hurricane-force winds extend outward up to 45 miles (75 km) from the center, and tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 160 miles (260 km) from the center of Nicole.

For latest official information, see:
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/ latest public advisory on Hurricane Nicole]
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMAT5+shtml/ forecast advisory on Hurricane Nicole]

====Watches and warnings====
{{HurricaneWarningsTable
| HUW =
* '''[[United Kingdom]]'''
** '''[[Bermuda]]'''
| source= [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/110236.shtml National Hurricane Center's latest Public Advisory]
}}
{{clear}}

==Preparations and impact==
On October 10, while the storm was still located about {{convert|415|mi|km|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} to the south, the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[tropical cyclone watches and warnings|hurricane watch]] for the islands of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 27|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.027.shtml?}}</ref> A concurrent tropical storm warning was posted early the next morning,<ref>{{cite web|author=Lixon Avila|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 29|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.029.shtml?}}</ref> and both advisories were replaced with a hurricane warning when Nicole reintensified into a hurricane.<ref name="30a"/> The threat of the storm prompted three cruise liners to cancel their scheduled stops at Bermuda, and local officials urged residents to prepare for dangerous weather conditions.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole on track to hit Bermuda|date=October 10, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161010/nicole-on-track-to-hit-bermuda}}</ref> Residents boarded up their homes and businesses and placed sandbags to minimize the effects of flooding. Small boats were removed from marinas for safe storage, while larger vessels that remained in the water were tightly secured.<ref>{{cite news|author=Guy Cabral and Lisa Simpson|title=Nicole: Residents make final preparations|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-residents-make-final-preparations}}</ref>

Schools and government offices were slated to close for the duration of the storm, while ferry and bus services were expected to be suspended on October 12. Commercial flights to and from Bermuda were canceled. Additionally, [[The Royal Bermuda Regiment|Royal Bermuda Regiment]] soldiers prepared to be deployed at strategic points to help in the aftermath of the storm.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advice, closures and cancellations|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/advice-closures-and-cancellations|accessdate=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicole upgraded to hurricane|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/nicole-upgraded-to-hurricane}}</ref> As a precaution, officials decided to close [[The Causeway, Bermuda|the Causeway]] starting late on October 12.<ref>{{cite news|author=Adrian Robson|title=
Island braced for direct hit|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/island-braced-for-direct-hit}}</ref> With adverse weather conditions expected to impact a crucial [[NASA]] rocket tracking site in Bermuda, the launch of an [[International Space Station]] resupply spacecraft from Virginia's [[Wallops Flight Facility]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Northon|title=Atlantic Storm System Delays NASA Resupply Launch to Space Station|date=October 11, 2016|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/atlantic-storm-system-delays-nasa-resupply-launch-to-space-station}}</ref> [[Cygnus CRS OA-5|The mission]] had already been delayed, in part due to the threat of Hurricane Matthew.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Clark|title=Critical Antares rocket launch set for Friday night|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=Spaceflight Now|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/10/10/critical-antares-rocket-launch-set-for-friday-night/}}</ref>

Strong swells from the slow-moving storm started affecting Bermuda on October 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=BWS Daily Climatology Written Summary|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.weather.bm/climatereport/climateReport.asp|accessdate=October 11, 2016|publisher=Bermuda Weather Service}}</ref> Gusty winds along the periphery of Nicole's circulation caused a brief power outage on the evening of October 11.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan Bell|title=Belco reports first storm-related outage|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/belco-reports-first-storm-related-outage}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hurricane Fay (2014)]]
*[[Hurricane Fabian]]
*[[Hurricane Gonzalo]]
*[[List of Bermuda hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/NICOLE.shtml? Advisory archive] from the National Hurricane Center

{{2016 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes|Nicole (2016)]]
[[Category:2016 Atlantic hurricane season|Nicole]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Nicole]]

Hurrikan Nicole

2016-10-13T02:56:18Z

Dylan620: removed Category:Atlantic tropical storms; added Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes using HotCat

{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Hurricane Nicole
|category=cat3
|type=hurricane
|time=8:00 p.m. [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]] October 12 (00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] October 13)
|image=Nicole Geostationary VIS-IR 2016.png
|track=15L 2016 5day.gif
|lat=29.6|N|lon=66.4|W
|within_units=15 [[nautical mile|nm]]
|distance_from=About 210 mi (335 km) SSW of [[Bermuda]]
|1sustained=100 kt (115 mph; 185 km/h)
|gusts=120 kt (140 mph; 220 km/h)
|pressure=956 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 28.23 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=NNE at 9 kt (10 mph; 17 km/h)
}}
'''Hurricane Nicole''' is currently a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] threatening the [[British Overseas Territory]] of [[Bermuda]], where preparations are underway. The fourteenth named storm, sixth hurricane and third [[major hurricane]] of the active [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]], Nicole formed in the central Atlantic on October 4. The small, slow-moving storm defied forecasts by steadily organizing in spite of strong [[wind shear]], and it rapidly intensified to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Category 2 hurricane]] on October 7. The wind shear finally took its toll by October 8, reducing Nicole to a weak tropical storm, but more favorable conditions allowed the cyclone to reintensify into a hurricane a couple days later. The storm's approach to Bermuda forced schools, businesses, and government offices to close, while flight, bus, and ferry services were interrupted.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nicole 2016 track.png}}
On October 1, 2016, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring a weak [[tropical wave]]-induced [[low pressure area]] producing scattered showers and thunderstorms, along with winds just shy of tropical storm intensity, over the central Atlantic. Strong [[wind shear]] prevented the disturbance from organizing significantly as it tracked northwestward for the next several days.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 2:00 am EDT Saturday, October 1, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610010534.txt}}</ref> On October 4, satellite data confirmed the presence of a well-defined circulation center with gale-force winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 8 am EDT Tuesday, October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610041148.txt}}</ref><ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Atmospheric convection|thunderstorm activity]] became better organized and [[rainband|banding features]] began to evolve over the eastern side of the disturbance. As a result, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Storm ''Nicole'' at 15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], while it was located about {{convert|525|mi|km|abbr=on}} northeast of [[San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]]. The storm, still plagued by inhibiting wind shear, was forecast to remain weak.<ref name="disc1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.001.shtml?}}</ref>

Nicole's cloud pattern gradually improved on October 5, partially shielded from the effects of wind shear by an upper-level low situated atop the tropical storm. Although [[convection]] remained lopsided, a distinct mid-level [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] developed within the unusually small cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 6|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> The storm continued moving generally northwestward around a [[subtropical ridge]] to its north.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 4|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> Nicole gradually intensified as it became more symmetrical in appearance, and at 18:00 UTC on October 6, it was upgraded to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale#Category 1|Category 1 hurricane]] about {{convert|345|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasche|title=Hurricane Nicole Special Advisory Number 10|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.010.shtml?}}</ref> A period of rapid intensification brought Nicole to its initial peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane early on October 7, with sustained winds of {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} and a minimum pressure of {{convert|968|hPa|inHg|abbr=on|lk=on}}. At the same time, a pinhole eye became evident on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.012.shtml?}}</ref> Considering the strong shear produced by [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] from powerful [[Hurricane Matthew]] to Nicole's southwest, the NHC described this strengthening trend as "unexpected."<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 11|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.011.shtml?}}</ref> An approaching [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] eroded the ridge to the north, leaving the hurricane in an area of very weak steering currents;<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 8|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.008.shtml?}}</ref> consequently, its forward movement slowed to nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.012.shtml?}}</ref>

[[File:Tropical Storm Nicole 2016-10-04 1705z.jpg|thumb|right|Nicole shortly after being classified as a tropical storm on October 4]]
By early on October 7, Nicole had finally felt the effects of strong wind shear and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 14|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.014.shtml?}}</ref> A new blocking [[high pressure area]] began forming to the north, driving Nicole slowly toward the south as the storm's convective pattern continued to deteriorate.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 15|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.015.shtml?}}</ref> On the morning of October 8, the storm's center was displaced far to the north of the waning deep convection, and Nicole further declined to a minimal tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 18|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> However, later that day, unusually warm [[sea surface temperature]]s enabled a "tremendous burst of deep convection" close to the center, and Nicole began to reintensify. That the storm was able to survive in spite of as much as {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} of northerly shear proved "puzzling" to forecasters.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 19|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.019.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 17|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> Convection oscillated in coverage and intensity throughout the day on October 9; bursts of deep convection, which at one point coalesced into a burgeoning [[central dense overcast]], repeatedly subsided to leave the center exposed. As steering currents slackened, Nicole slowed to a drift before the retreating ridge of high pressure allowed the storm to resume a northward course.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 23|date=October 9, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.023.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jack Beven|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 24|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.024.shtml}}</ref> By the morning of October 10, thunderstorms associated with the tropical storm had "faded away into a shallow and shapeless cloud mass", according to one NHC forecaster.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 26|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.026.shtml?}}</ref> The storm remained disorganized for the next day or so, until several bands of convection began to wrap around a ragged eye feature in response to abating wind shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 30|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Nicole reattained Category 1 hurricane intensity at 18:00 UTC on October 11, and its satellite appearance continued to improve.<ref name="30a">{{cite news|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Intermediate Public Advisory Number 30A|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Further intensification continued throughout the day on October 12, with a well-defined eye becoming visible, and Nicole strengthened to a Category 3 major hurricane by later that evening.<ref name="35a">{{cite news|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Intermediate Public Advisory Number 35A|date=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.035.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> This marked the first time that an [[Atlantic hurricane season]] had at least three major hurricanes, the last such was in [[2011 Atlantic hurricane season|2011]], which had four.

====Current storm information====
As of 8:00 p.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] October 12 (00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] October 13), Hurricane Nicole is located within 15 [[nautical mile]]s of {{coord|29.6|-66.4|dim:5000km|name=Nicole}}, about 210 miles (335 km) south-southwest of [[Bermuda]]. Maximum sustained winds are 100 knots (115 mph; 185 km/h), with gusts up to 120 knots (140 mph; 220 km/h). The minimum barometric pressure is 956 mbar (hPa; 28.23 inHg), and the system is currently moving north-northeast at 9 knots (10 mph; 17 km/h). Hurricane-force winds extend outward up to 45 miles (75 km) from the center, and tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 160 miles (260 km) from the center of Nicole.

For latest official information, see:
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/ latest public advisory on Hurricane Nicole]
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMAT5+shtml/ forecast advisory on Hurricane Nicole]

====Watches and warnings====
{{HurricaneWarningsTable
| HUW =
* '''[[United Kingdom]]'''
** '''[[Bermuda]]'''
| source= [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/110236.shtml National Hurricane Center's latest Public Advisory]
}}
{{clear}}

==Preparations and impact==
On October 10, while the storm was still located about {{convert|415|mi|km|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} to the south, the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[tropical cyclone watches and warnings|hurricane watch]] for the islands of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 27|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.027.shtml?}}</ref> A concurrent tropical storm warning was posted early the next morning,<ref>{{cite web|author=Lixon Avila|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 29|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.029.shtml?}}</ref> and both advisories were replaced with a hurricane warning when Nicole reintensified into a hurricane.<ref name="30a"/> The threat of the storm prompted three cruise liners to cancel their scheduled stops at Bermuda, and local officials urged residents to prepare for dangerous weather conditions.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole on track to hit Bermuda|date=October 10, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161010/nicole-on-track-to-hit-bermuda}}</ref> Residents boarded up their homes and businesses and placed sandbags to minimize the effects of flooding. Small boats were removed from marinas for safe storage, while larger vessels that remained in the water were tightly secured.<ref>{{cite news|author=Guy Cabral and Lisa Simpson|title=Nicole: Residents make final preparations|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-residents-make-final-preparations}}</ref>

Schools and government offices were slated to close for the duration of the storm, while ferry and bus services were expected to be suspended on October 12. Commercial flights to and from Bermuda were canceled. Additionally, [[The Royal Bermuda Regiment|Royal Bermuda Regiment]] soldiers prepared to be deployed at strategic points to help in the aftermath of the storm.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advice, closures and cancellations|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/advice-closures-and-cancellations|accessdate=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicole upgraded to hurricane|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/nicole-upgraded-to-hurricane}}</ref> As a precaution, officials decided to close [[The Causeway, Bermuda|the Causeway]] starting late on October 12.<ref>{{cite news|author=Adrian Robson|title=
Island braced for direct hit|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/island-braced-for-direct-hit}}</ref> With adverse weather conditions expected to impact a crucial [[NASA]] rocket tracking site in Bermuda, the launch of an [[International Space Station]] resupply spacecraft from Virginia's [[Wallops Flight Facility]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Northon|title=Atlantic Storm System Delays NASA Resupply Launch to Space Station|date=October 11, 2016|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/atlantic-storm-system-delays-nasa-resupply-launch-to-space-station}}</ref> [[Cygnus CRS OA-5|The mission]] had already been delayed, in part due to the threat of Hurricane Matthew.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Clark|title=Critical Antares rocket launch set for Friday night|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=Spaceflight Now|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/10/10/critical-antares-rocket-launch-set-for-friday-night/}}</ref>

Strong swells from the slow-moving storm started affecting Bermuda on October 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=BWS Daily Climatology Written Summary|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.weather.bm/climatereport/climateReport.asp|accessdate=October 11, 2016|publisher=Bermuda Weather Service}}</ref> Gusty winds along the periphery of Nicole's circulation caused a brief power outage on the evening of October 11.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan Bell|title=Belco reports first storm-related outage|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/belco-reports-first-storm-related-outage}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hurricane Fay (2014)]]
*[[Hurricane Fabian]]
*[[Hurricane Gonzalo]]
*[[List of Bermuda hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/NICOLE.shtml? Advisory archive] from the National Hurricane Center

{{2016 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes|Nicole (2016)]]
[[Category:2016 Atlantic hurricane season|Nicole]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Nicole]]

Highly Suspect

2015-07-29T19:48:02Z

Dylan620: Cape Cod is not a town

{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Highly Suspect
|image = [[File:Highly Suspect Press Photo.jpg|thumb|right|Photo by Shervin Lainez]]
|caption =
|image_size =
|background = group_or_band
|origin = [[Cape Cod]], [[Massachusetts]]
|years_active = {{start date|2009}}–present
|label = [[300 Entertainment]]
|genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Hard rock]]
*[[progressive rock]]
*[[blues rock]]}}
|current_members = Rich Meyer Ryan Meyer Johnny Stevens
}}

'''Highly Suspect''' is a [[rock and roll]] trio who got their start in 2009 by playing cover sets in [[Cape Cod, Massachusetts]]. The band was founded by twins Rich and Ryan Meyer and their best friend, Johnny Stevens. They attended Dennis-Yarmouth High School.<ref>{{cite web|first=Jay N.|last=Miller |url=http://www.enterprisenews.com/article/20150528/ENTERTAINMENT/150526130|title=MUSIC SCENE: Highly Suspect revel in the growing buzz |work=[[Enterprise News]] |date= |accessdate=2015-06-25}}</ref> After realizing that songwriting was their true passion, they relocated to [[Brooklyn]], where they recorded ''The Worst Humans EP'' with producer [[Joel Hamilton]] ([[Elvis Costello]], Plastic Ono Band, [[The Black Keys]], [[Wu-Tang Clan]]). "Lydia", their first music video from ''Mister Asylum'' was premiered on [[MTV]].com on June 25, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/highly-suspect/biography/|title=Artist Spotlight: Highly Suspect |work=[[MTV]] |date= |accessdate=2015-06-25}}</ref> Their first full-length album, ''Mister Asylum'', was released on July 17, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|first=Natalie|last=Weiner |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/6583101/highly-suspect-claudeland-exclusive-mister-asylum|title=Highly Suspect Debuts Grungy New Track|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=2015-06-01|accessdate=2015-06-30}}</ref>

Highly Suspect was selected for iTunes' 2015 New Artist Spotlight by its editors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/mister-asylum/id975018114|title=Highly Suspect on iTunes|work=[[iTunes]]|accessdate=2015-06-30}}</ref> They have played over 800 live shows since 2009. Their sound has been compared to [[Queens of the Stone Age]], [[Kings of Leon]], [[Band of Skulls]] and [[Royal Blood (band)|Royal Blood]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Michelle|last=Geslani|url=http://consequenceofsound.net/2015/03/highly-suspect-premieres-new-song-lydia-listen/|title=Brooklyn rockers are ready to set your speakers ablaze with their latest single|work=[[Consequence of Sound]]|accessdate=2015-06-25}}</ref>

In an interview with Enterprise News, Johnny said:
<blockquote>“Our style definitely has evolved,” he said. “You’re a product of your environment, and when we were all living on a beach, we started out with a real laidback, reggae vibe. Moving to the city, just seemed to open us up from that vibe. In New York City, when you’re surrounded by bricks and buildings, and the people in Brooklyn, where we live, you have very different experiences to write about. Everything in our songs is taken from our own experiences – nothing is fabricated – so living in New York just opened up a whole lot of new possibilities.” <ref>{{cite web|first=Jay N.|last=Miller |url=http://www.enterprisenews.com/article/20150528/ENTERTAINMENT/150526130|title=MUSIC SCENE: Highly Suspect revel in the growing buzz |work=[[Enterprise News]] |date=2015-03-04|accessdate=2015-06-25}}</ref></blockquote>

The band toured the United States in early 2015 with well-known rock bands [[Chevelle (band)|Chevelle]], [[Halestorm]], [[Catfish and the Bottlemen]] and [[Scott Weiland]] from [[Stone Temple Pilots]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Jay N.|last=Miller |url=http://www.enterprisenews.com/article/20150528/ENTERTAINMENT/150526130|title=MUSIC SCENE: Highly Suspect revel in the growing buzz |work=[[Enterprise News]] |date=2015-03-04|accessdate=2015-06-25}}</ref> They have played festivals such as [[SXSW]], [[Bonnaroo]], and [[Lollapalooza]].<ref>Facebook.com. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://www.facebook.com/HighlySuspect/info>.</ref>

==Discography==

===''The Worst Humans EP'' (2012)===
''The Worst Humans'' was the band's debut release, released July 13, 2012. This EP featured some of their most popular singles: "Bath Salts", "Gumshoe" and "The Go". The recordings were available for both physical purchase and digital download on [[Bandcamp]].

===''The Black Ocean EP'' (2013)===
The band's second EP, ''The Black Ocean'' was released in October 2013. It featured two tracks from the debut release as well as three new tracks, "Fuck Me Up", "Lydia", and "Guess What". This release was jointly produced by [[Joel Hamilton]] and [[Joe Duplantier]] of [[Gojira (band)|Gojira]].

===''Mister Asylum'' (2015)===
Their first full-length album was released on July 17, 2015 via [[300 Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Natalie|last=Weiner |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/6583101/highly-suspect-claudeland-exclusive-mister-asylum|title=Highly Suspect Debuts Grungy New Track|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=2015-06-01|accessdate=2015-06-30}}</ref> The first single off Mister Asylum, titled "Lydia", has peaked at number 9 on the [[Mainstream Rock (chart)|US Mainstream Rock Songs]] chart. On July 24, 2015, the album debuted at number 39 on the [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|New Zealand Albums Chart]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4100|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=2015-07-27|accessdate=2015-07-24}}</ref>

==Band members==
* Ryan Meyer - drums, vocals
* Rich Meyer - bass, vocals
* Johnny Stevens – guitar, vocals, synthesizer

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:American rock music groups]]

Pennyroyal Tea

2012-04-27T19:14:23Z

Dylan620: /* Music video */ ce

{{Refimprove|date=March 2008}}
{{Infobox single
| Name = Pennyroyal Tea
| Cover = Pennyroyal Tea Nirvana.jpg
| Artist = [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]
| Album = [[In Utero (album)|In Utero]]
| B-side = "I Hate Myself and Want to Die"/"[[In the Pines|Where Did You Sleep Last Night]]"
| Released = 1994
| Format = [[Compact disc|CD]]
| Recorded = 1993
| Recorded = [[Pachyderm Studio]] in [[Cannon Falls, Minnesota|Cannon Falls]], [[Minnesota]]
| Genre = [[Grunge]], [[alternative rock]]
| Length = 3:36
| Label = [[Geffen Records|DGC]]
| Writer = [[Kurt Cobain]]
| Producer = [[Steve Albini]]
| Chart position =
| Reviews =
| Last single = "[[All Apologies]]"/ "[[Rape Me]]" (1993)
| This single = "'''Pennyroyal Tea'''" (1994)
| Next single = "[[About a Girl (Nirvana song)|About a Girl"]] (1994)
| Misc = {{Extra track listing
| Album = [[In Utero (album)|In Utero]]
| Type = studio
| prev_track = "Milk It"
| prev_no = 8
| this_track = "'''Pennyroyal Tea'''"
| track_no = 9
| next_track = "Radio Friendly Unit Shifter"
| next_no = 10
}}
{{Extra track listing
| Album = [[MTV Unplugged in New York]]
| Type = live
| prev_track = "[[The Man Who Sold the World (song)|The Man Who Sold the World]]"
| prev_no = 4
| this_track = "'''Pennyroyal Tea'''"
| track_no = 5
| next_track = "Dumb"
| next_no = 6
}}
}}

"'''Pennyroyal Tea'''" is a song by the American [[grunge]] band [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]. Featured on the band's third and final studio album, ''[[In Utero (album)|In Utero]]'' (1993), it was initially scheduled to be released as the third [[Single (music)|single]] in April 1994. After Nirvana's front-man [[Kurt Cobain]] was found dead that same month, the planned release was abandoned.

== History ==
According to Michael Azerrad's 1993 Nirvana biography, ''Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana'', "Pennyroyal Tea" was written by Cobain in 1990 in an [[Olympia, Washington]], apartment he shared with Nirvana drummer [[Dave Grohl]]. "Dave and I were screwing around on a [[4-track (multitrack)|4-track]]," said Cobain, "and I wrote that song in about thirty seconds. And I sat down for like half-an-hour and wrote the lyrics and then we recorded it." The band played the song live many times in 1991 and 1992. However, it didn't receive studio treatment until 1993, when it was recorded by [[Steve Albini]] for ''In Utero''. A remix by [[Scott Litt]] appears on the censored [[Wal-Mart]] and [[Kmart]] versions of ''[[In Utero (album)|In Utero]]''; this remix is also available on the band's 2002 best-of compilation, ''[[Nirvana (Nirvana album)|Nirvana]]'', and is, incidentally, the same mix that was to appear on the single (see below).

== Meaning ==
The [[herb]] [[pennyroyal]] is sometimes used as an [[abortifacient]]. In [[Journals (Cobain)|Cobain's ''Journals'']], which was published posthumously in 2002, there is an entry where he explains the tracks on ''[[In Utero (album)|In Utero]]''. The explanation given for "Pennyroyal Tea" simply reads: "herbal abortive... it doesn't work, you hippie."

In an interview in the October 1993 issue of ''Impact'', Cobain gave greater insight into the song, saying that it was about a person suffering from severe depression:<ref>Punter, Jennie. (October 1993). "[http://www.nirvanaclub.com/info/articles/10.00.93-impact.html In Womb]." ''Impact''. Retrieved May 28, 2010.</ref>
:"When I ask Cobain if 'Penny Royal Tea' is about indigestion, he half-laughs. 'Penny royal tea is a herbal abortive,' he says. 'I threw that in because I have so many friends who have tried to use that, and it never worked. The song is about a person who's beyond depressed; they're in their death bed, pretty much.' Cobain's own bout with serious stomach pain was well documented last year. 'Yeah, it did rub off on the song,' he admits. And I couldn't help noticing the 'Canadian' reference to a [[Leonard Cohen]] afterworld. 'That was my therapy, when I was depressed and sick. I'd read things like ''[[Malone Dies|Malloy Dies]]'' [sic] by [[Samuel Beckett|Beckett]], or listen to Leonard Cohen, which would actually make it worse,' he laughs."

==Composition==
Since the whole album of In Utero was recorded with all instruments tuned down a half step the song was recorded in the key of [[A♭ minor]]. The song starts with an audible noise of Cobain clearing his throat and begins strumming the open chords Ab/Gb for the first verse. Before the first chorus is played [[Grohl]] comes in with a loud fill to switch the dynamics loud and distorted guitars are added with the chords: Cb5-Db5-A5. For the second verse the clean function open chords return with a simple drumbeat provided by Grohl until the second chorus with a heavy fill and dynamic switch. After the second chorus there is an interlude with the same chords of Ab/Gb being used until the chorus chords are used as an instrumental chorus before a third verse breakdown at which point the song slows down and only Cobain's vocals and guitar are playing as it was for the first verse. A drum fill is used to bring the tempo up to speed and the final chorus is played which upon completion the use of the verse chords are used and the instruments start slowing down with an audible repeat of the word "I'm" being used by Cobain in a low voice to end the song.

== The single ==
Though most copies of the "Pennyroyal Tea" CD single were withdrawn from the market and destroyed following Cobain's death. Original copies have become collectors items and can sell for thousands of dollars.

#"Pennyroyal Tea" (Remix)
#"I Hate Myself and Want to Die"
#"[[Where Did You Sleep Last Night]]" (MTV Unplugged Version) ([[Lead Belly]])

The third track is not included on the vinyl release of the single.

The book ''In Utero'' by Gillian G. Gaar states that Cobain had no input into the artwork for "Pennyroyal Tea", which was scheduled for release in April 1994; the track had been remixed by Scott Litt at Bad Animals on November 22, 1993. Playing off the song's title, the sleeve pictures a cup of tea on a table, next to an ashtray filled with cigarette butts and a rooster-shaped cream pitcher, with a few animal crackers scattered around. "We got it done and I don't know that Kurt was around to approve it or not," says designer Robert Fisher. "I think it might just have been shot to management to approve or something."

==Personnel==
*[[Kurt Cobain]]: [[lead vocals]] and [[electric guitar|guitar]], [[backing vocal]] on ''Pennyroyal Tea'', [[acoustic guitar]] on ''Where Did You Sleep Last Night?''
*[[Krist Novoselic]]: [[Electric bass|bass]], [[acoustic bass guitar|acoustic bass]] on ''Where Did You Sleep Last Night?''
*[[Dave Grohl]]: [[drum kit|drums]], backing vocal on ''I Hate Myself and Want to Die''
*[[Pat Smear]]: acoustic guitar on ''Where Did You Sleep Last Night?''

==Music video==
Director [[Anton Corbijn]] was asked to direct the video for "Pennyroyal Tea". He refused, stating that he felt he couldn't make a video better than "[[Heart-Shaped Box]]". Jeffery Plansker then signed on as the new director. With Cobain's death, though, this was ultimately scrapped and no music video was ever released. It would have been the band's second music video off of ''In Utero'' as [[MTV]] informed Nirvana they would not air a "[[Rape Me]]" video and in protest Nirvana opted not to make a video for "[[All Apologies]]," which was a major hit.

== Other versions ==
A solo, stripped down performance of "Pennyroyal Tea" appears on the [[Acoustic guitar|acoustic]] ''[[MTV Unplugged in New York]]'' album. This was the only song during the ''[[MTV Unplugged]]'' performance that Kurt Cobain played solo. Kurt however does not play the guitar-solo in the "MTV Unplugged" version of Pennyroyal Tea. The full band plays during the rehearsal for Pennyroyal Tea with Pat Smear on backing vocals available on the DVD release.
An acoustic [[Demo (music)|demo]] (recorded in 1993) appears on the 2004 Nirvana [[box set]], ''[[With the Lights Out]]''. The box set also includes a live version from a concert at the [[OK Hotel]] on April 17, 1991.

==Accolades==

*Ranked #8 in ''[[NME|NME's]]'' "Top 20 Nirvana Songs" (2004)
*Ranked #2 in ''[[Q (magazine)|Q's]]'' "10 Album Tracks That Should Have Been Singles, But Weren't" (2004)

== Covers ==
"Pennyroyal Tea" has been covered by the following artists:
* American rock band [[Hole (band)|Hole]] (fronted by Cobain's widow, [[Courtney Love]]).
* American rock musician [[Kristin Hersh]].
* American rock musician [[Jared Leto]].
* American alternative rock band [[The Flaming Lips]].
* [[Wales|Welsh]] rock band the [[Manic Street Preachers]].
* Korean rock band [[Jaurim]].

==References==
*Azerrad, Michael. ''Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana'', Doubleday, New York: 1993, ISBN 0-86369-746-1
{{reflist}}

{{Nirvana (band)}}

[[Category:1994 singles]]
[[Category:Nirvana songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Kurt Cobain]]
[[Category:Songs produced by Steve Albini]]
[[Category:English-language songs]]

[[cs:Pennyroyal Tea]]
[[es:Pennyroyal Tea]]
[[fa:چای پونه]]
[[fr:Pennyroyal Tea]]
[[gl:Pennyroyal Tea]]
[[it:Pennyroyal Tea]]
[[lt:Pennyroyal Tea]]
[[pl:Pennyroyal Tea]]
[[pt:Pennyroyal Tea]]
[[ru:Pennyroyal Tea]]
[[fi:Pennyroyal Tea]]
[[uk:Pennyroyal Tea]]
[[vi:Pennyroyal Tea]]

Grade im ostkirchlichen und ostkatholischen Mönchtum

2010-11-17T01:16:08Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 24.18.202.193 to last revision by Auréola (HG)

{{citations missing|date=October 2007}}
{{Eastern Christianity}}

The '''degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism''' are the stages an [[Eastern Orthodox]] [[monk]] or [[nun]] passes through in their religious vocation.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the process of becoming a monk or nun (female ascetics in the East are called monks Nun is a Western tradition) is intentionally slow, as the [[monastic vows]] taken are considered to entail a life-long commitment to [[God]], and are not to be entered into lightly. After completing the [[novitiate]], there are three degrees of or steps in conferring the monastic habit.

==Orthodox monasticism==
{{main|Monasticism}}
Unlike in [[Western Christianity]], where sundry [[religious orders]] arose, each with its own profession rites, in the Eastern Orthodox Church, there is only one type of monasticism. The profession of monastics is known as [[Tonsure]] (referring to the ritual cutting of the monastic's hair which takes place during the service) and was, at one time, considered to be a [[Sacred Mystery]] (Sacrament). The Rite of Tonsure is printed in the ''[[Euchologion]]'' ([[Church Slavonic]]: ''Trebnik''), the same book as the other Sacred Mysteries and services performed according to need, e.g., [[Christian burial|funerals]], [[blessing]]s, [[exorcism]]s, etc.

[[Image:megaloschema.svg|thumb|200px|left|The Lesser Schema.]]

The [[religious habit|monastic habit]] is the same throughout the Eastern Church (with certain slight regional variations), and it is the same for both monks and nuns. Each successive grade is given a portion of the habit, the full habit being worn only by those in the highest grade, known for that reason as the "Great Schema", or "Great Habit." One is free to enter any monastery of one's choice; but after being accepted by the abbot (or abbess) and making vows, one may not move from place to place without the blessing of one's ecclesiastical superior.

One becomes a monk or nun by being tonsured, a rite which only a priest can perform. This is typically done by the [[abbot]]. The priest tonsuring a monk or nun must himself be tonsured into the same or greater degree of monasticism that he is tonsuring into. In other words, only a hieromonk who has been tonsured into the Great Schema may himself tonsure a Schemamonk. A [[bishop]], however, may tonsure into any rank, regardless of his own; also, on rare occasion, a bishop will allow a priest to tonsure a monk or nun into any rank.

Eastern Orthodox monks are addressed as "Father", as are priests and deacons in the Orthodox Church; but when conversing among themselves, monks in some places may address one another as "Brother." [[Novice]]s are most often referred to as "Brother," although some places, e.g., on [[Mount Athos]], novices are addressed as "Father". Among the Greeks, old monks are often called ''Gheronda'', or "Elder", out of respect for their dedication. In the Slavic tradition, the title of Elder (Slavonic: старецъ, ''[[Starets]]'') is normally reserved for those who are of an advanced spiritual life, and who serve as guides for others.

Nuns who have been tonsured to the Stavrophore or higher are addressed as "Mother". Novice and Rassophore nuns are addressed as "Sister". Nuns live identical ascetic lives to their male counterparts and are therefore also called ''monachai'' (the feminine plural of ''monachos''), and their community is likewise called a monastery.

Monks who have been ordained to the priesthood are called [[hieromonk]]s (priest-monks); monks who have been ordained to the [[diaconate]] are called [[hierodeacon]]s (deacon-monks). A Schemamonk who is a priest is called a Hieroschemamonk. Most monks are not ordained; a community will normally only present as many candidates for ordination to the bishop as the liturgical needs of the community require. Bishops are required by the [[canon law|sacred canons]] of the Orthodox Church to be chosen from among the monastic clergy.

==Degrees==
===Novice===
'''Novice''' ([[Church Slavonic|Slavonic]]: послушникъ, ''poslushnik''), lit. "one under obedience"—Those wishing to join a monastery begin their lives as novices. After coming to the monastery and living as a guest for not less than three days, the abbot or abbess may bless the candidate to become a novice. There is no formal ceremony for the clothing of a novice, he or she simply receives permission to wear the clothing of a novice. In the Eastern monastic tradition, novices may or may not dress in the black [[Cassock#Eastern practice (Orthodox and Eastern Catholic)|inner cassock]] ({{lang-el|Anterion'', ''Eisorasson}}; Slavonic: ''Podriasnik'') and wear the soft monastic hat (Greek: ''[[Skoufos]]'', Slavonic: ''Skufia''), depending on the tradition of the local community, and in accordance to the abbot’s directives. In some communities, the novice also wears the leather belt. Monks are given a [[prayer rope]] and instructed in the use of the [[Jesus Prayer]].

If a novice chooses to leave during the period of the novitiate, no penalty is incurred. He may also be asked to leave at any time if his behaviour does not conform to the monastic life, or if the superior discerns that he is not called to monasticism. When the abbot or abbess deems the novice ready, he is asked if he wishes to join the monastery. Some, out of humility, will choose to remain novices all their lives. Every stage of the monastic life must be entered into voluntarily.

===Rassophore===
'''Rassophore''' (Greek: ρασσοφορος, ''rassophoros''; Slavonic: рясофоръ, ''ryasofor''), lit. "Robe-bearer"—If the novice continues on to become a monk, he is clothed in the first degree of monasticism at a service at which he receives the [[tonsure]]. Although there are no formal [[vows]] made at this point, the candidate is normally required to affirm his commitment to persevere in the monastic life. The abbot will then perform the tonsure, cutting a small amount of hair from four spots on the head, forming a cross. He is then given the outer cassock (Greek: ρασσον, ''Rasson'', ''Exorasson'', or ''Mandorrason''; Slavonic: рясса, ''Riassa''), an outer robe with wide sleeves, from which the name of Rassophore is derived. He is also given a ''[[kamilavkion]]'', a cylindrical brimless hat, which is covered with a veil called an ''[[epanokamelavkion]]''. (These are separate items in the Greek tradition; in the Russian tradition the two are stitched together and collectively called a ''[[klobuk]]''.) If he has not previously received it, a leather belt is fastened around his waist. His [[Religious habit|habit]] is usually black, signifying that he is now dead to the world, and he receives a new name.

Although the Rassophore does not make formal vows, he is still morally obligated to continue in the monastic estate for the rest of his life. Some will remain Rassophores permanently without going on to the higher degrees.

===Stavrophore===
'''Stavrophore''' (Greek: σταυρoφορος, ''stavrophoros''; Slavonic: крестоносецъ, ''krestonosets''), lit. "Cross-bearer"—The next level for Eastern monastics takes place some years after the first tonsure when the abbot feels the monk has reached an appropriate level of discipline, dedication, and humility. This degree is also known as the '''Little Schema''', and is thought of as a "betrothal" to the Great Schema. At this stage, the monk makes formal vows of stability of place, chastity, obedience and poverty. Then he is tonsured and clothed in the habit, which in addition to that worn by the Rassophore, includes the ''paramandyas'' (Greek: παραμανδυας; Slavonic: параманъ, ''paraman''), a piece of square cloth worn on the back, embroidered with the instruments of the [[Passion of Christ|Passion]], and connected by ties to a wooden cross worn over the heart. The paramandyas represents the yoke of Christ. Because of this addition he is now called ''Stavrophore'', or ''Cross-bearer''. He is also given a wooden hand cross (or "profession cross"), which he should keep in his [[icon corner]], and a beeswax candle, symbolic of monastic vigilance the sacrificing of himself for God. He will be buried holding the cross, and the candle will be burned at his funeral. In the Slavic practice, the Stavrophore also wears the monastic [[mantle (vesture)|mantle]], which symbolizes 40 days of the Lord's fasting on the Mountain of Temptation. ''The rasson'' worn by the Stavrophore is more ample than that worn by the Rassophore.

After the ceremony, the newly-tonsured Stavrophore will remain in [[vigil]] in the church for five days, refraining from all work, except spiritual reading. Currently, this vigil is often reduced to three days. The abbot increases the Stavrophore monk’s [[prayer rule]], allows a more strict personal ascetic practice, and gives the monk more responsibility.

===Great Schema===
[[File:Saint Jonah of Kyiv.jpg|thumb|250px|Orthodox Schema Monk (Saint Jonah of Kiev, † 1902).]]

'''Great Schema''' (Greek: μεγαλοσχημος, ''Megaloschemos''; Slavonic: Схима, ''Schima'')—Monks whose abbot feels they have reached a high level of spiritual excellence reach the final stage, called the Great Schema. The tonsure of a ''Schemamonk'' or ''Schemanun'' follows the same format as the Stavrophore, and he makes the same vows and is tonsured in the same manner. But in addition to all the garments worn by the Stavrophore, he is given the ''analavos'' (Slavonic: ''analav'') which is the article of monastic vesture emblematic of the Great Schema. For this reason, the analavos itself is sometimes itself called the "Great Schema". It drapes over the shoulders and hangs down in front and in back, with the front portion somewhat longer, and is embroidered with the instruments of the Passion and the [[Trisagion]]. The Greek form does not have a hood, the Slavic form has a hood and lappets on the shoulders, so that the garment forms a large cross covering the monk's shoulders, chest, and back. Another piece added is the ''Polystavrion'' or "Many Crosses", which consists of a cord with a number of small crosses plaited into it. The polystavrion forms a yoke around the monk and serves to hold the analavos in place, and reminds the monastic that he is bound to Christ and that his arms are no longer fit for worldly activities, but that he must labor only for the [[Kingdom of God|Kingdom of Heaven]]. Among the Greeks, the mantle is added at this stage. The paramandyas of the Megaloschemos is larger than that of the Stavrophore, and if he wears the klobuk, it is of a distinctive thimble shape, called a ''[[cowl|koukoulion]]'', the veil of which is usually embroidered with crosses.

The Schemamonk also shall remain some days in vigil in the church. On the eighth day after Tonsure, there is a special service for the "Removal of the Koukoulion."

In some monastic traditions the Great Schema is never given or is only given to monks and nuns on their death bed, while in others, e.g., the [[cenobitic]] monasteries on [[Mount Athos]], it is common to tonsure a monastic into the Great Schema only 3 years after commencing the monastic life.

In Russian and some other traditions, when a bearer of some monastic title acquires the Great Schema, his title incorporates the word "schema". For example, a [[hieromonk]] of Great Schema is called '''hieroschemamonk''', [[archimandrite]] becomes '''schema-archimandrite''', [[hegumen]] - '''schema-hegumen''', etc. In the Russian Orthodox tradition, in such cases the part "schema" is commonly truncated to "схи" (''sche''), and correspondingly the titles are spelt as схимонах (''schemonach''), иеросхимонах (''ieroschemonach''), схиархимандрит (''schearchimandrit''), and схиигумен (''scheigumen'').

==Coptic Orthodox monastic degrees==
In the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria]] there are only two degrees of professed monks, corresponding to the Rassaphore combined with the Stavrophore and the Great Schema (nothing equivalent to separate Stavrophore status in the Coptic Orthodox tradition).

The two rites of Rasaphore and Stavrophore are served one immediately following the other, as a single service, very seldom nowadays to be separated by several years. When the two rites are separated, the portions of the habit that were given in the previous rite are not given a second time in the latter rite.

As for the Great Schema, which is made of a leather cord twisted in design and has 5 to 7 small crosses along its length and worn crosswise around the neck, flowing down cross wise front and back, it is usually granted to bishops either upon their episcopal consecration or shortly afterwards and it is usually granted when a monk has reached a high degree of asceticism or has been living as a hermit and also to the monks, hieromonks and abbots who have been in the monastic life for over 30 years and have been living in an exemplary monastic life.

==See also==
*[[Christian monasticism]]
*[[Monk]]
*[[Acoemetae]]
*[[Monastery of Stoudios|Studities]]
*[[Religious habit]] - the clothing of a monk

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mountathos.gr/active.aspx?mode=en{120fdd0f-1da6-4734-9c53-778f5ef26c2a}View Initiation of a Monk (Tonsure)] from the [[Mount Athos]] Website
*[http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/axismundi/2001/to_be_transformed_part1.php History of monasticism in Russia]
*[http://orthodoxmonk.blogspot.com/2005/10/vows-of-tonsure-to-great-schema.html Vows of Great Schema] a portion of the Tonsure service
*[http://www.sestry.ru/eng/content/bip/03/042 Tonsure of a Schemanun] Novo-Tikhvin Monastery, [[Ekaterinburg]], Russia
*[http://www.3saints.com/schema.html Great Angelic Schema] Russian Orthodox ([[Moscow Patriarchate]])
*[http://www.sestry.ru/eng/image?my_img=1115 Paraman] Russian Orthodox (Photo)
*[http://www.sestry.ru/eng/image?my_img=1115_ Skufia for Schemamonk] (Photo)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Degrees Of Eastern Orthodox Monasticism}}
[[Category:Asceticism]]
[[Category:Hesychasm]]
[[Category:Eastern Christian liturgy]]
[[Category:Russian Orthodox monastics| ]]

[[ru:Степени православного монашества]]

Huckleberry

2010-11-17T00:48:28Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 206.58.201.102 to last revision by Tide rolls (HG)

{{otheruses|Huckleberry (disambiguation)}}

[[Image:BogHBy.jpg|thumb|260px|right|[[Bog]] Huckleberry at Polly's Cove, [[Nova Scotia]]]]
[[Image:Huckleberry.jpg|thumb|260px|right|Wild huckleberry in the [[Mount Hood National Forest]]. The presence of floral remnants on the apex of the fruit indicates that this is an epigynous [[berry]].]]

'''Huckleberry''' is a name used in [[North America]] for several [[plant|plants]] in the family [[Ericaceae]], in two closely related genera: ''[[Vaccinium]]'' and ''[[Gaylussacia]]''. The huckleberry is the state fruit of [[Idaho]].

==Nomenclature==
While some ''Vaccinium'' species, such as ''[[Vaccinium parvifolium]]'', the ''Red Huckleberry'', are always called huckleberries, other species may be called [[blueberry|blueberries]] or huckleberries depending upon local custom. Usually, the distinction between them is that blueberries have numerous tiny seeds, while huckleberries have 10 larger seeds (making them more difficult to eat).

The [[fruit]] of the various species of plant called huckleberry is generally edible. The berries are small and round, 5-10 mm in diameter and look like blue berries. Berries range in color according to species from bright red, through dark purple, and into the blues. In taste the berries range from tart to sweet, with a flavor similar to that of a [[blueberry]], especially in blue- and purple-colored varieties. However, huckleberries have a noticeable, distinct taste different from blueberries. Huckleberries are enjoyed by many [[mammal]]s, including grizzly [[bear]]s and [[human]]s.

===''Vaccinium''===
In coastal [[Central California]] and [[Northern California]] of the [[United States]], the red huckleberry ''([[Vaccinium parvifolium]]'') is found in the [[Coast Redwood]] plant community. A prostrate form occurs also. In the [[Pacific Northwest]] of [[North America]], the huckleberry plant grows in many places. It can be found in mid-alpine regions, often on the lower slopes of mountains. The plant grows best in damp, acidic soil. Under optimal conditions, huckleberries bushes can be as high as {{convert|1.5|to|2|m|ft}}, and usually ripen in mid-to-late summer, or later at higher elevations. The Red Huckleberry (''Vaccinium parvifolium'') is used horticulturally in coastal naturalistic and [[California native plants|native plant]] public landscapes and private gardens.

===Use in slang===
Huckleberries hold a place in archaic English [[slang]]. The tiny size of the berries led to their frequent use as a way of referring to something small, often in an affectionate way. The phrase "a huckleberry over my [[persimmon]]" was used to mean "a bit beyond my abilities". "I'm your huckleberry" is a way of saying that one is just the right person for a given job.<ref>[http://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-huc1.htm World Wide Words]</ref> A similar saying was used by the [[United States|America]]n [[dentistry|dentist]], [[gambling|gambler]] and [[gunfighter]] of the [[American Old West]], [[Doc Holliday]] who would regularly use the term "I'll be your huckleberry." This may have been merely slang of the period for "I'm your best gun/man."

The range of slang meanings of huckleberry in the 19th century was fairly large, also referring to insignificant persons or nice persons.<ref>[http://www.word-detective.com/back-w.html#huckle Gullible Gulls, Huckleberry, Jumbi, Wooden Nickels, Realtors, and Calling a Spade a Spade] (1996), ''The Word Detective'', apparently based on the ''[[Dictionary of American Regional English]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=huckleberry Huckleberry], [[Douglas Harper]], ''[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]'', 2001</ref>

The slang name 'garden huckleberry' (''Solanum melanocerasum'') is not considered to be a true huckleberry but a member of the [[nightshade family]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ericaceae]]
[[Category:Berries|Huckleberry]]
[[Category:Plant common names|Huckleberry, Red]]
[[Category:Garden plants of North America|Huckleberry]]

[[simple:Huckleberry]]
[[ru:Черника]]
[[tr:Yaban mersini]]
[[uk:Чорниця]]

Gustav Nyquist

2010-11-17T00:10:12Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 130.111.206.175 to last revision by Little Mountain 5 (HG)

{{Infobox Ice Hockey Player
| team = [[Maine Black Bears men's ice hockey|Maine Black Bears]]
| league = [[Hockey East]]
| position = [[Right Wing (ice hockey)|Right Wing]]
| shoots = Left
| height_ft = 5
| height_in = 11
| weight_lb = 178
| nationality = SWE
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|9|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Halmstad]], [[Sweden]]
| career_start =
| career_end =
| image =
| image_size =
| draft = 121st overall
| draft_year = 2008
| draft_team = [[Detroit Red Wings]]
}}

'''Gustav Nyquist''' (born 1 September 1989) is a Swedish [[ice hockey]] player currently playing for [[Maine Black Bears men's ice hockey|Maine Black Bears]] of [[Hockey East]].<ref name="Player Profile">{{cite web |publisher=eurohockey.net|url=http://redwings.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=521959|title=Pair of Wings picks are Hobey finalists|accessdate=March 22, 2010}}</ref>Nyquist was drafted 121st overall in the fourth round of the [[2008 NHL Entry Draft]] , by the [[Detroit Red Wings]].

==Awards in College Ice Hockey==
Season 2008/2009 (playing for Maine Black Bears in NCAA)
* Named to the Hockey East All-Rookie Team in 2009.<ref>{{cite web | title=HOCKEY EAST ANNOUNCES 2008-09 ALL-ROOKIE TEAM| publisher=| url=http://www.hockeyeastonline.com/men/presarch/200903/mar18ar.php| accessdate=}}</ref>

* Named as the Pro Ambitions Hockey East Rookie of the Week (Week of November 3) in 2008.<ref>{{cite web | title=HOCKEY EAST WEEKLY HONORS| publisher=| url=http://www.hockeyeastonline.com/men/media/weekly0809.php}}</ref>

* Named as the Pro Ambitions Hockey East Rookie of the Month in December 2008.<ref>{{cite web | title=HOCKEY EAST MONTHLY HONORS| publisher=| url=http://www.hockeyeastonline.com/men/media/monthly0809.php}}</ref>

Season 2009/2010 (playing for Maine Black Bears in NCAA)

* Named to the Hockey East First Team All-Stars in 2010 and was the only unanimous selection.<ref>{{cite web | title=UNH'S BUTLER, MAINE'S NYQUIST HEADLINE HOCKEY EAST ALL-STAR SELECTIONS| publisher=| url=http://www.hockeyeastonline.com/men/presarch/201003/ban2010/mar18allstars.php| accessdate=}}</ref>

* Named as the Hockey East HUMBOLDT STORAGE AND MOVING Scoring Champion in 2010.<ref>{{cite web | title= HOCKEY EAST ANNOUNCES 2010 ALL-ROOKIE TEAM - League also announces Seven Individual Award Winners -| publisher=| url=http://www.hockeyeastonline.com/men/presarch/201003/mar17ar.php| accessdate=}}</ref>

* Named to the Hockey East All-Tournament team in 2010.<ref>{{cite web | title=BOSTON COLLEGE TAKES HOCKEY EAST TITLE WITH 7-6 OT WIN VS. MAINE| publisher=| url=http://www.hockeyeastonline.com/men/recaps10.php?mbc_mne1.m20| accessdate=}}</ref>

* Named to the 2009 Florida College Classic All-Tournament Team.<ref name="goblackbears.cstv.com">{{cite web | title=Nyquist Named to 2010 All-CHN First Team, Sophomore Tallied 61 Points During 2009-2010 Season| publisher=| url=http://goblackbears.cstv.com/sports/m-hockey/spec-rel/032510aab.html| accessdate=}}</ref>

* Named as the Athletic Republic Hockey East Player of the Month in December 2009.<ref name="goblackbears.cstv.com"/>

* Named to the 2010 All-College Hockey News First Team.<ref name="goblackbears.cstv.com"/>

* Named to the CollegeHockey247.com's All-America First Team.<ref name="goblackbears.cstv.com"/>

* Named to Hobey Baker Hat Trick <ref>{{cite web | title=Nyquist Named to Hobey Hat Trick| publisher=| url=http://goblackbears.cstv.com/sports/m-hockey/spec-rel/033110aab.html| accessdate=}}</ref>

* Named to the 2009-2010 New England Men's Division I All-Star Team <ref>{{cite web | title=Gustav Nyquist Named All-New England| publisher=| url=http://goblackbears.cstv.com/sports/m-hockey/spec-rel/040210aaa.html| accessdate=}}</ref>

* Named to the RBK Hockey/AHCA Men's Division I All-America First Team <ref>{{cite web | title=Nyquist Named First Team All-American| publisher=| url=http://goblackbears.cstv.com/sports/m-hockey/spec-rel/040910aaa.html| accessdate=}}</ref>

* Drafted by Bluedevil in Geekstar Fantasy Hockey League with the 21st Overall Pick in the 2010 Draft <ref>{{cite web | title=GFHL 2010 Draft| publisher=| url=http://geekfhl.angelfire.com/main.html| accessdate=}}</ref>

==External links==
*{{Eliteprospects|6223}}
*{{hockeydb|113830}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Nyquist, Gustav
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1 September 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Halmstad]], [[Sweden]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nyquist, Gustav}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maine Black Bears men's ice hockey players]]
[[Category:Swedish ice hockey players]]

{{Sweden-icehockey-bio-stub}}

Neuengland-Hurrikan (1938)

2009-10-18T22:12:37Z

Dylan620: formatting: 11x whitespace, 4x mdash, 2x HTML entity, 2x nbsp-dash (using Advisor.js)

{{Infobox Hurricane
| Name = New England Hurricane
| Type = hurricane
| Year = 1938
| Basin = Atl
| Image location = 1938 hurricane September 21, 1938 weather map.jpg
| Image name = Weather map from September 21, 1938 featuring the storm
| Formed = [[September 10]], [[1938]]
| Dissipated = [[September 22]], [[1938]]
| 1-min winds = 140
| Pressure = 938
| Damages = 306
| Inflated = 1
| Fatalities = 682 to 800 direct
| Areas = [[Bahamas]], [[New York]], [[Connecticut]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Vermont]], [[New Hampshire]], southern [[Quebec]]
| Hurricane season = [[1938 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}

The '''New England Hurricane of 1938''' (or '''Great New England Hurricane''' or '''Long Island Express''' or simply '''The Great Hurricane of 1938''') was the first major [[hurricane]] to strike [[New England]] since 1869. The storm formed near the coast of [[Africa]] in September of the [[1938 Atlantic hurricane season]], becoming a Category 5 hurricane on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]] before making landfall as a Category 3 hurricane <ref>[http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/38hurricane/ The Great Hurricane of 1938 - The Long Island Express]</ref> on [[Long Island]] on [[September 21]]. The hurricane was estimated to have killed between 682 and 800 people,<ref>{{cite news | first=R. A. | last=Scotti | coauthors= | title=Sudden Sea — The Great Hurricane of 1938 | date= | publisher=Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 2003 | url =http://workingwaterfront.com/review.asp?storyID=20060436 | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2007-11-30 | language = }}</ref> damaged or destroyed over 57,000 homes, and caused property losses estimated at $4.7 billion (2005 [[US dollars]]).<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/magazine/galleries/2005/0724/hurricane1938?pg=4 |title=The Great Hurrican of 1938 |accessdate=2007-11-30 |work=The Boston Globe |publisher=Boston.com }}</ref> In 1951 damaged trees and buildings were still to be seen in the affected areas.<ref>Lane, F.W. ''The Elements Rage'' (David & Charles 1966, ISBN ), p.16</ref> To date it remains the most powerful, costliest and deadliest hurricane in New England history.

==Background==

Before the 1938 hurricane it had been several decades since a hurricane of any significance adversely affected the northeastern Atlantic coastline. Nevertheless, history has shown that several severe hurricanes have affected the Northeast, although with much less frequency in comparison to areas of the Gulf, Florida, and southeastern Atlantic coastlines. Significant storms prior to the 1938 hurricane included:

*The [[Great September Gale of 1815]] (the term hurricane was not yet common in the American vernacular), which hit New York City directly as a Category 3 hurricane, caused extensive damage and created an inlet that separated the Long Island resort towns of the Rockaways and Long Beach into two separate barrier islands.

*The [[1821 Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane]], a Category 4 storm which made four separate landfalls in Virginia, New Jersey, New York and southern New England. The storm created the highest recorded storm surge in Manhattan of nearly 13 feet and severely impacted the farming regions of Long Island and southern New England.

*The [[1869 Saxby Gale]] affected areas in Northern New England, decimating the Maine coastline and the Canadian Outer Banks. It was the last major hurricane to affect New England until the 1938 storm.

*The 1893 "New York Hurricane", a Category 2 storm, directly hit the city itself, causing a great storm surge that pummeled the coastline, completely removing the Long Island resort town of [[Hog Island]].

The years spanning 1893 to 1938 saw much demographic change in the Northeast as large influxes of European immigrants settled in cities and towns throughout New York and New England, many of whom knew little, if anything, about hurricanes. Most people at the time associated hurricanes with the warmer tropical regions off the [[Gulf Coast]] and southern North Atlantic waters off the Florida coastline, and not the colder Atlantic waters off New York and New England. The only tropical storms to affect the area in recent years had been weak remnant storms. [[Noreaster]]s, powerful low-pressure storms common in the Northeast during fall and winter, were a more common weather phenomena. Although Noreasters can produce winds that are similar to those in hurricanes, they do not produce what proved to be the 1938 storm's greatest killer and what caught most people off guard: storm surge. By 1938, most of the earlier storms were hardly remembered.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|1938 New England hurricane track.png}}

The storm formed as a [[Cape Verde-type hurricane]] in the eastern [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It reached Category 5 status east of the [[Bahamas]] around [[September 20]] before turning northward.

This storm was extremely unusual in that its forward speed approached 70 mph (110 [[km/h]]). The unusual rapid movement allowed the hurricane to travel far to the north before it had a chance to weaken over cooler waters<ref>NOAA website: [http://www.erh.noaa.gov/box/hurricane1938.htm THE GREAT NEW ENGLAND HURRICANE of 1938]</ref> and earned it the nickname "Long Island Express."

Initially, the hurricane was forecast by the U.S. [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|National Weather Service]] to curve out into the Atlantic Ocean. However, a young research forecaster with the U.S. Weather Bureau doubted this prediction, concluding that the storm would track due north. Because the official forecasts expected mere overcast conditions, residents were unaware of the impending storm.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CzMfTLESpcUC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q=&f=false|page=26|author=Paul Douglas|title=Restless Skies: The Ultimate Weather Book|date=2007|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company|isbn=1402752237}}</ref> Defying these projections, the cyclone made landfall in [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk County]] on [[Long Island]], [[New York]] on [[September 21]], [[1938]] as a strong Category 3 hurricane on the present-day [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]] with a central pressure of 946 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[pascal (unit)|hPa]]).<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastint.shtml The Most Intense Hurricanes in the United States 1851-2004]</ref> It then traveled across [[Long Island Sound]] into [[Connecticut]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Vermont]], and finally into [[Canada]] while still moving at an unusually high speed.<ref>PBS [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hurricane38/maps/index.html The Hurricane of '38]</ref>

The hurricane hit Long Island around 3:30 p.m., which was just a few hours before astronomical [[high tide]]. At this time the eye was about {{convert|50|mi|km|0}} across and the hurricane was about {{convert|500|mi|km|-1}} wide.<ref>[http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/38hurricane/weather_history_38.html The Long Island Express: The Great Hurricane of 1938]</ref>

==Impact==

The majority of the storm damage was from [[storm surge]] and wind. Damage is estimated at $6 billion (2004 [[United States dollar|USD]]),<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastcost2.shtml Costliest U.S. Hurricanes 1900-2004 (adjusted)]</ref> making it among the most costly hurricanes to strike the U.S. mainland. It is estimated that if an identical hurricane struck today it would cause $39.2 billion (2005 USD) in damage.<ref>[http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/costliesttable3.html Ranked Using 2005 Inflation, Population, and Wealth Normalization]</ref>

Approximately 600 people died in the storm in New England, most in [[Rhode Island]], and up to 100 people elsewhere in the path of the storm.<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996]</ref> An additional 708 people were reported injured.<ref>[http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/38hurricane/damage_caused.html Damage Caused by Storm]</ref>

In total, 4,500 cottages, farms, and other homes were reported destroyed. An additional 25,000 homes were damaged. Other damages included 26,000 automobiles destroyed, and 20,000 electrical poles toppled. The hurricane also devastated the forests of the Northeast, knocking down an estimated 2 billion trees in New York and New England.<ref>http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/38hurricane/damage_caused.html</ref>
Freshwater flooding was minimal, however, as the quick passage of the storm decreased local rainfall totals, with only a few small areas receiving over 10 inches (250 mm) of rain.

===New York===
New York City caught the western edge of the hurricane. Winds up to 75 mph blew throughout Manhattan causing the East River to flow three blocks inland. Power was lost throughout the entire city. Brooklyn, Queens, and Nassau Counties, located on the western end of Long Island, were hammered with stronger hurricane force winds in excess of 100 mph but survived the worst wrath of the storm surge due to being on the storm's weaker west side.<ref>{{cite news | first=R. A. | last=Scotti | coauthors= | title=Sudden Sea — The Great Hurricane of 1938 | date= | publisher=Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 2003 | url =http://workingwaterfront.com/review.asp?storyID=20060436 | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2007-11-30 | language = }}</ref>

Eastern Long Island suffered the worst wrath of the storm. The Dune Road area of [[Westhampton Beach, New York|Westhampton Beach]], was obliterated resulting in 29 deaths. A cinema at Westhampton was also lifted out to sea: around 20 people at a matinee, and the theater — projectionist and all — landed two miles (3 km) into the [[Atlantic]] and drowned.<ref>Alistair Cooke, 'Hurricanes,' 23 September 1988, ''Letter from America'' (Penguin: London, 2004)</ref> There were 21 other deaths through the rest of the east end of Long Island. The storm surge temporarily turned [[Montauk, New York|Montauk]] into an island as it flooded across the South Fork at [[Napeague, New York|Napeague]] and obliterated the tracks of the [[Long Island Rail Road]].

The surge rearranged the sand at the Cedar Point Lighthouse so that the island became connected to what is now [[Cedar Point County Park]]. The surging water created the present-day [[Shinnecock Inlet]] by carving out a large section of barrier island separating Shinnecock Bay from the Atlantic Ocean. The storm toppled the landmark steeple of the tallest building in [[Sag Harbor, New York|Sag Harbor]] the [[First Presbyterian Church (Sag Harbor)|Old Whaler's Church]]. <ref>Push is on to rebuild church steeple — East Hampton Press by Oliver Peterson — June 13, 2007</ref> The steeple has not been rebuilt. [[Wading River, New York|Wading River]] suffered substantial damage.

In Greenport, on the North Fork of Long Island, the storm blew down the movie theatre located on Front Street.

===Rhode Island===
[[Image:GHo1938damage.jpg|thumb|left|Damage in [[Portsmouth, Rhode Island|Island Park, Rhode Island]]]]

The storm surge hit [[Westerly, Rhode Island]] at 3:50 p.m. EDT, resulting in 100 deaths there alone.<ref name="hurr1938">[http://www.geocities.com/hurricanene/hurr1938.htm 1938 Hurricane - September 21, 1938]</ref>

The tide was even higher than usual because of the [[Autumnal Equinox]] and [[full moon]]. The hurricane produced storm tides of 14 to {{convert|18|ft|m|0}} across most of the Long Island and Connecticut coast, with 18- to {{convert|25|ft|m|0|sing=on}} tides from [[New London, Connecticut|New London]] east to [[Cape Cod]]. The storm surge was especially violent along the Rhode Island shore, sweeping hundreds of summer cottages out to sea. As the surge drove northward through [[Narragansett Bay]], it was restricted by the Bay's funnel shape and rose to nearly 16 feet (15.8) feet above normal spring tides, resulting in more than {{convert|13|ft|m}} of water in some areas of downtown [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]. Several motorists were drowned in their autos.<ref name="Weather History of the '38 Hurricane">[http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/38hurricane/weather_history_38.html Weather History of the '38 Hurricane]</ref>

Many homes and structures along the coast were destroyed as well as many structures inland along the hurricane's path. Entire beach communities on the coast of Rhode Island were obliterated. Napatree Point, a small cape that housed nearly 40 families between the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and [[Little Narragansett Bay]] just off of [[Watch Hill, Rhode Island]], was completely swept away. Today, Napatree is wildlife refuge with no human inhabitants. The only structures lying directly on the coast that survived the storm were the immense stone mansions in [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], mostly because the largest mansions were along the [[Cliff Walk]], high above the waves, though several, including [[The Breakers]] and [[Carey Mansion]] (known at that time as Seaview Terrace) still bear scars from the high winds of the storm.

One of the more tragic stories related to the storm was that of the seven children who died after driver [[Norman Caswell]] abandoned their school bus while trying to cross a narrow causeway known as Mackerel Cove in [[Jamestown, Rhode Island]]. Halfway through the cove, the bus stalled; the children evacuated and formed a human chain, believing they would be safer. The chain broke and the children were washed away, later to be found at various locations along Narragansett Bay. The only survivors were Caswell and Clayton Chellis (whose sister perished and brother chose to ride home with friends instead, saving his life). Caswell was blamed by many in the town for the children's deaths and never drove the bus again.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

A few miles from Conanicus Island, keeper Walter Eberly lost his life when [[Whale Rock]] lighthouse was swept off its base and into the raging waves. His body was never found.

===Connecticut===
[[Image:1938 New England hurricane flooding.jpg|right|thumb|Flooding in [[Bushnell Park]] in [[Hartford, Connecticut]] in the aftermath of the hurricane]]
[[Image:Sheldon Dick New England Hurricane.jpg|thumb|Tobacco barn in [[Connecticut]], 1938, by [[Sheldon Dick]]]]

Eastern Connecticut was in the eastern side of the hurricane. Long Island acted as a buffer against large ocean surges, but the waters of Long Island Sound rose to unimaginable heights. Small shoreline towns to the east of New Haven had nearly complete destruction from the water and winds. To this day, the 1938 hurricane holds the record for the worst natural disaster in Connecticut's 350-year history.

In the beach towns of [[Clinton, Connecticut|Clinton]], [[Westbrook, Connecticut|Westbrook]], and [[Old Saybrook, Connecticut|Old Saybrook]], buildings were found as wreckage across coastal roads. Actress [[Katharine Hepburn]] waded to safety from her [[Old Saybrook]] beach home, narrowly escaping death. She stated in her 1991 book that 95% of her personal belongings were either lost or destroyed, including her 1932 [[Academy Award|Oscar]] which was later found intact.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} In [[Old Lyme, Connecticut|Old Lyme]], beach cottages were flattened or swept away. Along the Stonington shorefront, buildings were swept off their foundations and found two miles (3 km) inland. Rescuers later searching for survivors in the homes in [[Mystic, Connecticut|Mystic]] found live fish and crabs in kitchen drawers and cabinets.

[[New London, Connecticut|New London]] was first swept by the winds and storm surge; then the waterfront business district caught fire and burned out of control for 10 hours. Stately homes along [[Ocean Beach]] were leveled by the storm surge. The permanently anchored 240-ton lightship at the head of New London Harbor was found on a sand bar two miles (3 km) away.

Interior sections of the state experienced widespread flooding as the hurricane's torrential rains fell on soil already saturated from previous storms. The [[Connecticut River]] was forced out of its banks, inundating cities and towns from [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]], to [[Middletown, Connecticut|Middletown]].

===Massachusetts===

The eye of the storm followed the Connecticut River north into Massachusetts, where the winds and flooding killed 99 people. In Springfield, the river rose to 6 to {{convert|10|ft|m|0}} above flood stage, causing significant damage. Up to six inches (152 mm) of rain fell across western Massachusetts, which combined with over four inches (102 mm) that had fallen a few days earlier produced widespread flooding. Residents of [[Ware, Massachusetts|Ware]] were stranded for days and relied on air-dropped food and medicine. After the flood receded, the town's Main Street was a chasm in which sewer pipes could be seen.

To the east, the surge left Falmouth and New Bedford under eight feet of water. Two-thirds of all the boats in New Bedford harbor sank. The [[Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory|Blue Hills Observatory]] registered sustained winds of 121 mph (195 km/h) and a peak gust of 186 mph (299 km/h).

The [[New Haven Railroad]] from New Haven to Providence was particularly hard hit, as countless bridges along the [[Shore Line]] were destroyed or flooded, severing rail connections to badly affected cities (such as Westerly) in the process.

===New Hampshire===
[[Image:NH_Hurricane-l.jpg|thumb|Damage done to pine forests in [[Wolfeboro, NH]], 1938, by [[Peter Roome]]]]
In [[New Hampshire]], there was less damage than in other states. Only one inch (25 mm) of rain fell in [[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]].{{Fact|date=November 2007}} But [[Peterborough, New Hampshire|Peterborough]] was worse; total damage there was stated to be $500,000 (1938 USD, $6.5 million 2005 USD) and swept away 10 bridges. In all of New Hampshire, 13 people met their deaths.

===Canada===
The [[Extratropical cyclone|extratropical remnants]] of the hurricane tracked into southern [[Ontario]]. The system produced heavy rains and brought gusty winds but overall damage was minimal.<ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|publisher=Canadian Hurricane Centre|date=September 7, 2005|accessdate=May 20, 2009|title=History of Tropical Cyclones in Canada|url=http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/connection4.html}}</ref> Numerous trees were downed throughout the region due to the storm.<ref>{{cite web|author= Nicholas K. Coch|publisher=Fairfield University|year=2005|accessdate=May 20, 2009|title=Hurricane Hazards in the Northeast -A Re-appraisal based on recent research|url=http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/biology/sigxi/2005/Coch%20Abstract.doc}}</ref>

===Post 1938 Hurricanes===
In contrast to the long span of releatively mild hurricane activity that preceded the 1938 hurricane, storm activity afterwards would prove to be much more frequent. In the ensuing years following the '38 storm the northeastern United States would get hit with a number hurricanes most notably the [[Great Atlantic Hurricane of 1944]], [[Hurricane Carol]], [[Hurricane Edna]], and [[Hurricane Hazel]] in 1954, the flooding remnants of [[Hurricane Connie]], [[Hurricane Diane]], [[Hurricane Ione]] in 1955, [[Hurricane Donna]] in 1960 and more recently [[Hurricane Gloria]] in 1985, and [[Hurricane Bob]] in 1991.

==See also==
{{tcportal}}
* [[List of Atlantic hurricanes]]
* [[List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes]]
* [[List of New England hurricanes]]
* [[List_of_wettest_tropical_cyclones_in_the_United_States#Massachusetts|List of wettest tropical cyclones in Massachusetts]]
*[[List of Delaware hurricanes]]

==External links==
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hurricane38/index.html An episode of the [[PBS]] documentary series ''[[American Experience]]'' originally aired in 2001 was dedicated to this hurricane].
* [http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/38hurricane/damage_caused.html Damage from the hurricane]
* [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/12Tides.pdf National Hurricane Center], Brian R. Jarvinen ''Storm Tides in 12 Tropical Cyclones (including four intense New England hurricanes).
* [http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/38hurricane/ State University of New York: Suffolk County Community College - History of Storm]

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=A Wind To Shake The World |last=Allen |first=Everett S. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1976 |publisher=Little & Brown |location=Boston |isbn=0316034266 |pages= }}
* {{cite book |title=The Great Hurricane: 1938 |last=Burns |first=Cherie |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |location=New York |isbn=087113893X |pages= }}
* {{cite book |title=Sudden Sea: The Great Hurricane of 1938 |last=Scott |first=R. A. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2003 |publisher=Little & Brown |location=Boston |isbn=0316739111 |pages= }}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes}}

[[Category:1938 Atlantic hurricane season]]
[[Category:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes]]
[[Category:New England hurricanes|1938]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in New York]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in Rhode Island]]
[[Category:New York hurricanes]]
[[Category:Delaware hurricanes]]
[[Category:Disasters in New York City]]
[[Category:Long Island]]
[[Category:1938 meteorology|New England Hurricane]]
[[Category:1938 natural disasters|New England Hurricane]]
[[Category:1938 in the United States|New England Hurricane]]

[[da:Orkanen i New England 1938]]
[[es:Gran Huracán de Nueva Inglaterra de 1938]]
[[fr:Ouragan de Nouvelle-Angleterre (1938)]]

Elmhurst (Illinois)

2009-08-03T19:31:44Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by BuckwheatJ007 to last revision by 98.248.32.178 (HG)

{{Chicagoland municipality|
muni-name = Elmhurst|
muni = City|
date = 1910|
state = Illinois|
county = DuPage|
tcounty = DuPage|
township = Addison and York|
township2 = Addison|
gov = [[Council-manager government|Council-manager]]|
head_label = Mayor|
gov_head = Peter DiCianni|
pop = 43,298 (2006 Special Census)|
status = up|
percent = 1.74|
prevyear = 1990|
density-km = 1,609.2|
density-mi = 4,165.9|
white = 93.40|
black = 0.94|
hispanic = 4.02|
asian = 3.67|
islander = 0.02|
native = 0.06|
other = 0.97|
zips = 60126|
acode = 630|
area-km = 26.6|
area-mi = 10.2|
pci = 32,015|
geocode = 23620|
mhi = 69,794|
mnhv = 211,100 (2000)|
mhv = 241,272|
website = www.elmhurst.org|
}}
'''Elmhurst''' is a [[suburb]] of [[Chicago]] in [[DuPage County, Illinois|DuPage County]], [[Illinois]]. The population is 43,298 (2006 Special Census.)

==History==
Members of the [[Potawatomi Indians|Potawatomi Indian]] [[tribe]], who settled along Salt Creek just south of where the city would develop, are the earliest known settlers of the Elmhurst area. Around 1836, European [[immigrants]] settled on tracts of land along the same [[stream|creek]]. At what would become Elmhurst City Centre, a native of [[Ohio]] named Gerry Bates established a community on a tract of "treeless land" in 1842.

The following year, Cottage Hill Tavern opened where St. Charles Road and Cottage Hill Avenue presently intersect. In 1845, the [[community]] was officially named '''Cottage Hill''' when a [[post office]] was established. Four years later the [[Galena and Chicago Union Railroad]] was given right-of-way through Cottage Hill giving [[farmer]]s easier access to Chicago. The community changed its name to Elmhurst in 1869. Elmhurst was incorporated as a village in 1882, with a population of 1,050, and legal boundaries of St. Charles Road to North Avenue, and one half mile west and one quarter mile east of York Street. Elmhurst Memorial Hospital was founded in 1926 as the first hospital in DuPage County.

The Memorial Parade has run every [[Memorial Day]] since 1918, and the Annual Elmhurst St. Patrick's Day Parade continues to be the third largest parade of that sort in the Chicago area, following the more famous parades downtown and on the city's South Side.

The [[Keebler Company]]'s corporate headquarters were in Elmhurst until 2001, when the [[Kellogg Company]] purchased the company. The city is home to the headquarters of [[Sunshine Biscuits]] and [[McMaster-Carr]] Supply Co.

==Points of interest==
* [[Theatre Historical Society of America]] - [http://www.historictheatres.org Theatre Historical Society ]
* [[York Theater]] - [http://www.classiccinemas.com/history/york.asp York Theater]
* [http://www.springroad.com/ Spring Road Business Association]
* [http://www.yorkandvallette.com/ York & Vallette Business Association]
* [[Wilder Park Conservatory]]
* [http://epd.org/ Elmhurst Park District]
* [http://www.elmhurst.org/elmhurst/museum/ Elmhurst Historical Museum]
* [http://www.elmhurstartmuseum.org/ Elmhurst Art Museum]
* [http://www.lizzadromuseum.org/ Lizzadro Museum of Lapidary Art]
* [http://www.elmhurstpubliclibrary.org/ Elmhurst Public Library]
* [http://www.elmhurstcitycentre.com/ Elmhurst City Centre]
* A {{convert|150|ft|m|adj=on}} deep [[limestone]] [[quarry]] covering about {{convert|59|acre|m2}} is located half a mile west of downtown along West Avenue and 1st St. A tunnel from [[Salt Creek (Des Plaines River Tributary)|Salt Creek]] diverts water into the quarry in case of a flood.
* [http://www.illinoiswindmills.org/index_files/Fischer.htm Illinois Windmills] Fischer Windmill in Mount Emblem Cemetery.
* [http://emhc.org/ Elmhurst Memorial Healthcare]

==Schools==
* '''Colleges'''
* [[Elmhurst College]]

* '''High Schools'''
* [[York Community High School]]

* '''Middle Schools'''
* Bryan Middle School
* Churchville Middle School
* Sandburg Middle School

* '''Elementary Schools'''
* Conrad Fischer Elementary School
* Edison Elementary School
* Emerson Elementary School
* Field Elementary School
* Hawthorne Elementary School
* Jackson Elementary School
* Jefferson Elementary School
* Lincoln Elementary School
* Washington Elementary School, demolished in 1978

* '''Private Schools'''
* [[Immaculate Conception High School (Elmhurst, Illinois)|Immaculate Conception High School]]
* [[Timothy Christian School]]
* Immaculate Conception Grade School
* Immanuel Lutheran Grade School
* Visitation Catholic Grade School

==Notable residents==
* [[Al Weis]], Former Infielder, Chicago White Sox (1962-1967) and NY Mets (1968-1971)
* [[Eugene V. Debs]], Presidential Candidate and Socialist Leader
* [[Jody Gerut]], outfielder for the [[Milwaukee Brewers]]
* [[Fred Lorenzen]], former [[NASCAR]] driver
* [[Keith McCready]], professional pool player.
* [[Jack O'Callahan]], former [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]] hockey player
* [[Phillip Ramey]], composer and pianist
* [[Steve Rushin]], ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' writer
* [[Carl Sandburg]], poet, historian, and novelist
* [[Ian Michael Smith]], Star of ''[[Simon Birch]]''
* [[Larry Stefanki]], former tennis player
* [[Charles Tilly]], Sociologist
* [[Rachel Melvin]], Actress
* [[Jim Ryan (politician)|Jim Ryan]], Former Illinois Attorney General
* [[John Grochowski]], author and radio personality
* [[Jeff Hornacek]], Former NBA player
* [[Mark Sibley]], Former NBA player
* [[Daniel Keefe]], President and Founder of the International Longshoremen's Association
* [[Mark Wilson (golfer)|Mark Wilson]], Pro Golfer

==Transportation==
Elmhurst is served by [[Pace (transit)|Pace]] buses, and there is also a [[Elmhurst (Metra)|commuter railroad station]] with service to downtown Chicago. The [[Union Pacific Railroad]] has freight service on the [[Metra]] line and [[Canadian National Railway]] serves the train line south of the Metra line. All these trains go through a park in Elmhurst, the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] and [[Metra]] go through Golden Meadows Park, while the [[Canadian National Railway]] goes through Pioneer Park. [[O'Hare International Airport]] is eighteen minutes from Elmhurst and is also 33 minutes from [[Chicago Midway International Airport]].

==Geography==
Elmhurst is located at {{coord|41.892280|-87.943762|type:city_region:US|format=dms|display=inline,title}}.{{GR|1}}

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 10.3 square miles (26.6 km²), all of it land.

==Demographics==
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 42,762 people, 15,627 households, and 11,235 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 4,165.9 people per square mile (1,609.2/km²). There were 16,147 housing units at an average density of 1,573.1/sq mi (607.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 93.40% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.94% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.06% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 3.67% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.97% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.95% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 4.02% of the population.

There were 15,627 households out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.1% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.19.

In the city the population was spread out with 25.6% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $81,925, and the median income for a family was $97,975.<ref>http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US1720591&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US17%7C16000US1720591&_street=&_county=elmhurst&_cityTown=elmhurst&_state=04000US17&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=</ref> Males had a median income of $57,193 versus $37,087 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $32,015. About 1.9% of families and 2.5% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.elmhurst.org/ Official City Website]
* [http://www.longgreenlinemovie.com LONG GREEN LINE MOVIE - Elmhurst Cross Country Documentary Film featuring Coach Joe Newton]
* [http://www.nwburbs.net/ Elmhurst Community Message Board]

{{DuPage County, Illinois}}
{{Chicagoland}}
{{Illinois}}

[[Category:Cities in Illinois]]
[[Category:DuPage County, Illinois]]
[[Category:Cook County, Illinois]]
[[Category:Elmhurst, Illinois| ]]

[[io:Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[ht:Elmhurst, Ilinwa]]
[[nl:Elmhurst]]
[[pl:Elmhurst]]
[[pt:Elmhurst (Illinois)]]
[[simple:Elmhurst, Illinois]]
[[vo:Elmhurst (Illinois)]]

Panchayati Raj

2009-08-01T15:03:21Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 117.198.154.209 to last revision by ClueBot (HG)

{{Politics of India}}
The '''Panchayat''' is a [[South Asia]]n [[political system]] mainly in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Nepal]]. "Panchayat" literally means assembly (''yat'') of five (''panch'') wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the [[village]] community. Traditionally, these assemblies settled disputes between individuals and villages. Modern Indian government has decentralised several administrative functions to the village level, empowering elected [[gram panchayat]]s. Gram panchayats are not to be confused with the unelected [[khap]] panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in some parts of India.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Panchayats_turn_into_kangaroo_courts/rssarticleshow/2351247.cms | title = Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts | date = 9 Sep 2007 | author = Rohit Mullick & Neelam Raaj | work = The Times of India }}</ref>

== Panchayati Raj ==
The term ‘panchayat raj’ is relatively new, having originated during the [[British Raj|British administration]]. 'Raj' literally means governance or government. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] advocated ''Panchayati Raj'', a decentralized form of Government where each village is responsible for its own affairs, as the foundation of India's political system. His term for such a vision was "[[Swaraj|Gram Swaraj]]" (Village Self-governance).

It was adopted by state governments during the 1950s and 60s as laws were passed to establish Panchayats in various states. It also found backing in the [[Indian Constitution]], with the 73rd amendment in 1992 to accommodate the idea. The Amendment Act of 1992 contains provision for devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats to both for preparation of plans for economic development and social justice and for implementation in relation to twenty-nine subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution.<ref name = "India 2007">''India 2007, p. 696, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India</ref>

The panchayats receive funds from three sources – (i) local body grants, as recommended by the Central Finance Commission, (ii) funds for implementation of centrally-sponsored schemes, and (iii) funds released by the state governments on the recommendations of the State Finance Commissions.<ref name = "India 2007"/>

In the history of Panchayati Raj in India, on [[April 24]],[[1993]], the Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 came into force to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This Act was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight States, namely [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Orissa]] and [[Rajasthan]] from [[December 24]], [[1996]].

The Act aims to provide 3-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having population of over 2 million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every 5 years, to provide reservation of seats for [[Scheduled Castes]], [[Scheduled Tribes]] and [[Women]], to appoint State Finance Commission to make recommendations as regards the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute District Planning Committee to prepare draft development plan for the district.

Powers and responsibilities are delegated to Panchayats at the appropriate level :-
*Preparation of plan for economic development and social justice.
*Implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice in relation to 29 subjects given in Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution.
*To levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.

==Village level (Panchayat)==
'''Panchayati Raj''' is a [[system]] of [[governance]] in which [[Village|gram]] [[panchayat]]s are the basic units of [[Local government|administration]]. It has 3 levels: village, block and district. At the village level, it is called a Panchayat. It is a local body working for the good of the village. The number of members usually ranges from 7 to 31; occasionally, groups are larger, but they never have fewer than 7 members.

The block-level institution is called the [[Panchayat Samiti]].
The district-level institution is called the [[Zilla Parishad]].

==Gram Panchayat==

Gram sabha is constituted by all members of a village over the age of 18 years.The Gram Sabha elects the Gram Panchayat a council of elected members taking decisions on issues key to a village's [[social]], [[cultural]] and [[economic]] life: thus, a Gram Panchayat is also a village's body of elected [[representatives]]. The council leader is named ''[[Sarpanch]]'' in Hindi, and each member is a ''Gram Panchayat Sadasya'' or ''[[Panch]]''. The panchayat acts as a conduit between the local [[government]] and the people. Decisions are taken by a [[majority vote]] (Bahumat). It is said that in such a system, each villager can voice his opinion in the governance of his village.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Decisions are taken without lengthy legal procedures and the process remains for the most part transparent.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
Panchayat is an ancient Indian word that means means Five Persons ( Headman ). Since its inception, Panchayat has come a long way, it is currently included in the constitution of the Government of India.
==Intermediate level panchayat==
This is the panchayat set at the block or tehsil level for a group of grama panchayats in States where the total population exceeds 20 lakh. Block level panchayat is not advisable for many States like Kerala.

==District level panchayat==
This is the panchayats at the district level. Every district in the States where panchayat raj is implemented will have a District or Zilla Panchayats.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9374468
* http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/nepal/np_glos.html
* http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=333357&sid=REG
* http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/india/India994-07.htm

==External links==
* [http://panchayat.nic.in/ Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India]
* [http://rural.nic.in/ Panchayati Raj]
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440944/panchayat See the entry on Panchayat in Encyclopedia Britannica]
* [http://www.imow.org/wpp/stories/viewStory?storyId=100 A Feature on the Women of the Indian Panchayats], with video, by the [[International Museum of Women]].

== Further reading ==
* Subrata K. Mitra and V.B. Singh. 1999. ''Democracy and Social Change in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate''. New Delhi: Sage Publications. ISBN 81-7036-809-X (India HB) ISBN 0-7619-9344-4 (U.S. HB).
* Subrata K. Mitra. 2001. ''Making local government work: Local elites, panchayati raj and governance in India'', in: Atul Kohli (Ed.). The Success of India's Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Subrata K. Mitra. 2003. ''Politics in India'', in Almond, Gabriel/Bingham Powell/Russell Dalton/[[Kaare Strøm (political scientist)|Kaare Strøm]] (Eds.), Comparative Politics Today. 8th edition. New York: Addison-Wesley-Longman, pp. 634-684.
==See also==
* [[History of local governance in Kerala]]
*[[History of panchayatiraj in India]]
*[[Local Governance in Kerala]]

[[Category:Local governance]]
[[Category:Local government in India]]

[[es:Panchayat]]
[[hi:पंचायती राज]]
[[ja:パンチャヤット制]]
[[pt:Panchayat]]
[[sv:Panchayat]]
[[ta:இந்தியாவின் ஊராட்சி மன்றம்]]
[[te:పంచాయితీ]]
[[uk:Панчаяті радж]]

Kotaku

2009-07-12T21:50:30Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 86.160.78.120 to last revision by 71.196.223.231 (HG)

{{cleanup|date=March 2007}}
{{Infobox Website
|name=Kotaku
|logo=[[Image:Kotakulogo.png|250px]]
|screenshot=[[Image:Kotaku.png|200px]]
|caption=Kotaku, the Gamer's Guide
|url=http://www.kotaku.com
|commercial=Yes
|type=Gaming blog
|registration=
|owner=[[Gawker Media]]
|author=Brian Crecente
|launch date=[[October 4]], [[2004]] <ref name = "Kotaku original announcement"> Kotaku [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/04/technology/04blog.html?_r=1&oref=slogin]</ref>
|revenue=
|alexa rank=2,474
}}
'''Kotaku''' is a [[video game]]s focused [[blog]]. It is part of [[Gawker Media]]'s "Gawker" network of sites, which also includes [[Gizmodo]], [[Lifehacker.com]] and [[Jezebel (website)|Jezebel]].

Named to CNET News' Blog 100,<ref>[http://news.com.com/2311-10784_3-119315.html News.com's Blog 100 | CNET News.com]</ref> Kotaku is consistently listed in the top 40 of [[Technorati]]'s Top 100.<ref>[http://technorati.com/blogs/www.kotaku.com?reactions Kotaku, the Gamer’s Guide: Blog Reactions on Technorati]. Technorati.com. Last accessed October 14, 2007.</ref>
Kotaku is currently edited by [[Brian D. Crecente]]. Contributing editors include Brian Ashcraft, Michael McWhertor, Luke Plunkett, Michael Fahey and Stephen Totilo. Contract or temporary contributors include AJ Glasser, Leigh Alexander, Tori Floyd, Kim Phu, Maggie Greene, Owen Good, Flynn DeMarco, Mark Wilson, Adam Barenblat, Jim Reilly, and Jason Chen of Gizmodo's writers. Graduates of the site include [[Bungie Studios]]' [[Luke Smith (writer)|Luke Smith]], NetDevil's Adam Barenblat and Wired.com's John Brownlee (writing as Florian Eckhardt) and Eliza Gauger.

In August 2007, Allure Media launched [http://www.kotaku.com.au/ Kotaku Australia]. The site makes use of licensed content from Gawker Media in combination with original stories produced locally.<ref>[http://kotaku.com/gaming/announcement/welcome-to-kotaku-au-303574.php Announcement: Welcome to Kotaku. AU]</ref>

==Meaning of name==
As stated in an early FAQ in Kotaku's archives:
<blockquote>"Otaku is a Japanese word meaning unhealthily obsessed. In Japan, otaku are further sub-classed into being creepy crazy for either video games, anime, manga, or idol singers. In the U.S. it's been mostly associated with fans of anime and manga. We are told that using "ko-" at the beginning of the word instead of "o-" adds an additional connotation of small, but Matt is 5'10", which in Japan is lavishly vertical. So you see, it all makes sense."<ref>[http://kotaku.com/gaming/notag/kotaku-faq-22008.php Kotaku FAQ]</ref></blockquote>

==Editors==
===Current===
*''Brian Crecente'': Editor In Chief
*''Stephen Totillo'': Deputy Editor
*''Michael McWhertor'': Senior Editor
*''Brian Ashcraft'': Senior Contributing Editor, Japan
*''Michael Fahey'': Contributing Editor, East Coast
*''Luke Plunkett'': Contributing Editor, Oceania
*''Owen Good'': Contributing Editor, Weekends
*''A.J.Glasser'': Correspondent, San Francisco

===Former===
*''Leigh Alexander'': Associate Editor (Still contributes a monthly essay on a video game topic of her choice)
*''Flynn DeMarco'': Correspondent, San Francisco
*''Luke Smith'': Associate Editor
*''Adam Barenblat'': Associate Editor of Video & Imaging
*''Maggie Greene'': Associate Editor, Weekends

==Features==
*'''Features''': Daily features that take a deeper look at different aspects of the video game industry and include multiple sources.

*'''Reviews''': Heavily-formatted, color-coded reviews that require the writers to complete 100 percent of the game, and pros and cons are used exclusively in lieu of a score. Reviews are heavily opinionated.

*'''This Day in Gaming''': A look back at gaming milestones such as releases of games or game events in previous years.

*'''Papercraft''': A routine feature exhibiting popular gaming icons being portrayed in a paper [[origami]] style.

*'''Day/Night Note''': The daily recap section. Often detailing with personal information of the writer to another writer.

*'''Justify Your Game''': A video segment in which a game developer justifies his game, console, or cosplay in 15 seconds, after which he is immediately cut off.

*'''Critiques''': Deep analytical look at a video game, focusing on a single theme found in the game. These include interviews with the developer and a non-gaming expert on the theme's subject matter.

*'''Multi-Tap''': The weekly round up of comments. Since the introduction of Hyper Multi-tap, commentators have nominated other commentators to appear here. It is posted under the title of A Week in Comments.

*'''What Are You Playing This Weekend?''': An open thread designed to allow Kotaku commentator to share what they expect to be playing during the upcoming weekend.

*'''Tell Us Dammit''': A weekly question posed to commentators to answer. The questions are always very general and open to discussion.

*'''Talk Amongst Yourselves''': A Monday-Friday Official Kotaku Forum allowing members to ask and converse about any gaming questions desired.

==Controversy==
===Sony blackballing===
On [[March 1]], [[2007]] Kotaku released a rumor to the public from an anonymous source, as a follow up to an interview with the [[Game Developers Conference]] 2007 executive director Jamil Moledina, that [[Sony]]'s [[Phil Harrison]] would be announcing that PlayStation 3 owners would be "very happy". This rumor stated that the PlayStation 3 would be releasing "[[PlayStation Home]]", an achievement and virtual avatar add-on. Kotaku, after approaching Sony for information, was told "(we) do not comment on rumors or speculation." Sony then asked Kotaku not to publish the story. Kotaku decided to publish the story anyway resulting in an email from Sony's David Karraker suspending the two parties' professional relationship. Kotaku published Mr. Karraker's email and the response from Kotaku's editor Brian Crecente. Later that day, Dave Karraker and Brian Crecente exchanged phone calls and sorted the matter out, with Sony inviting back Kotaku to their GDC events and meetings.<ref>[http://kotaku.com/gaming/top/sony-blackballs-kotaku-240860.php Top: Sony Blackballs Kotaku (UPDATED)]</ref><ref>[http://kotaku.com/gaming/sony/sony-and-kotaku-makeup-240922.php Sony: Sony and Kotaku Make-Up]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.kotaku.com/ Kotaku home page]

{{GawkerMedia}}

[[Category:Video game blogs]]
[[Category:Gawker Media]]
[[Category:American blogs]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2004]]

[[ja:Kotaku]]
[[pt:Kotaku]]
[[ru:Kotaku.com]]

Cornelia Marie

2009-07-09T19:49:20Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 71.131.21.156 to last revision by 96.250.204.169 (HG)

{|{{Infobox Ship Begin}}
{{Infobox Ship Image
|Ship image=[[Image:No Photo Available.svg|300px]]
|Ship caption=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship flag=[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|60px|border|United States Ensign]]
|Ship name=''Cornelia Marie''
|Ship owner=F/V Cornelia Marie, LLC
|Ship operator=Phil Harris, Captain
|Ship registry=[[Kodiak, Alaska]], [[United States]]
|Ship route=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=Horton Boats, [[Bayou La Batre, Alabama]]
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=255
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=
|Ship completed=1989
|Ship christened=
|Ship acquired=
|Ship maiden voyage=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship identification=
|Ship fate=In service
|Ship status=
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=
|Ship tonnage= {{GT|198}} 135 [[Net tonnage|NT]]
|Ship displacement=
|Ship length={{convert|114.6|ft|m}}
|Ship beam={{convert|28|ft|m}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draught=
|Ship draft={{convert|11.70|ft|m}}
|Ship depth=
|Ship decks=
|Ship deck clearance=
|Ship ramps=
|Ship ice class=
|Ship sail plan=
|Ship power=
|Ship propulsion= 2x [[Mitsubishi]] Diesel, dual shafts
|Ship speed=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship crew=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

The '''F/V ''Cornelia Marie''''' is one of the commercial [[crab]] fishing boats featured on the [[Discovery Channel]] series ''[[Deadliest Catch]]''. The boat is owned by Cornelia Marie Devlin ([[Married and maiden names|née]] Collins) and Phil Harris (who also serves as captain). Two of Phil's sons, Jake and Josh Harris, work on the boat as well. Her home port is [[Kodiak, Alaska]].

The ''Cornelia Marie'' was built in 1989 in [[Bayou La Batre, Alabama|Alabama]]; she was one of the last boats built by Horton Boats. She is 128 feet (39 meters) long, 28 feet (8.5 meters) wide, and carries 28,500 [[U.S. gallon]]s (107,852 [[liter]]s) of fuel and 3,000 U.S. gallons (11,353 liters) of fresh water.<ref name=CM>{{cite web |url=http://www.corneliamarie.com/ |title=F/V Cornelia Marie - Crab Fishing Vessel featured on Discovery Channel's Deadliest Catch |accessdate=2007-06-12 |format= |work= }}</ref><ref name=CMstats>{{cite web |url=http://www.corneliamarie.com/about/stats/ |title=stats |accessdate=2007-06-12 |format= |work= }}</ref> Her original owner was Ralph Collins. The ''Cornelia Marie'' fishes for [[King crab|King]], [[Chionoecetes|Tanner]], and [[Chionoecetes|Opilio]] crab, and also does Salmon and Herring tendering. She features an aquamarine and white paint scheme with yellow banners bearing the ship's name.

==See also==
*[[Alaskan king crab fishing]]
*''[[Deadliest Catch]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/deadliestcatch/deadliestcatch.html Discovery.com Deadliest Catch website]
*[http://www.corneliamarie.com/ F/V Cornelia Marie Official site]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cornelia Maria}}
[[Category:Fishing ships of the United States]]
[[Category:Ships built in Alabama]]
[[Category:1989 ships]]

[[fi:Cornelia Marie]]

Shanganagh House

2009-07-07T18:51:11Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 86.43.218.39 to last revision by Sebras (HG)

{{otheruses4|the village in Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County|the district of Belfast|Shankill, Belfast}}
{{Infobox Irish Place|
name = Shankill |
gaeilge = Seanchill |
motto = |
map image = Ireland map County Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown Magnified.png|
pin coords = left: 74px; top: 115px|
area = 6.4 km2|
elevation = 30m|
province = [[Leinster]]|
county = [[Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County]]|
town pop = 13,242|
rural pop = |
census yr = 2006|
|}}

'''Shankill''' ({{lga|Seanchill|Old Church}}) is a suburb of [[Dublin]] located in [[Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. It had a population of 13,242 as of the 2006 census.

{{TOClimit|limit=2}}

==History==
[[Image:SeanchillRock.jpeg|thumb|left|Bilingual welcome boulder in [[English language|English]] and [[Irish language|Irish]].]]
[[Image:IMG ShankillRevisited5339.jpg|thumb|268px|right|Shankill village.]]
===Name===
The name Shankill is believed to derive from either the Irish ''Sean chill'', meaning ''Old Church'' or from the Irish ''Sean Choill'', meaning ''Old Wood''.

===Dark Ages===
Shankill features a number of antiquities, including [[Ringfort|ráth]]s and [[cromlech]]s. Around 1230, there were forests that were cleared under the orders of the then owner of Shankill, Archbishop Luke. Courts for serious crimes in the style of assizes were conducted at Shankill during this period. To keep the native Gaelic Irish out fortified gates protected parts of the townland.

The manor of Shankill was overrun by the Irish and completely destroyed a century later. In response to these incursions, a large garrison was re-instated. The Irish were restrained from entering and the land was eventually re-let as grazing land.

===Middle Ages===
The Lawless family feature prominently in the history of Shankill. In 1408, family members had control of the seigniory of ''Shanganagh''. Several Lawlesses became residents of Shankill by the 1480s.

Several castles which still stand today, ''Shankill Castle'' and ''Shanganagh Castle'', as well as a strong house, called ''Puck's Castle'', were built between 1400 and 1600. The Walsh family comes to prominence in the 1500s, building defensive structures throughout Shankill.

From 1640 onwards, the Irish were subdued in numerous battles, which led to greater agricultural use of the lands and consequent prosperity. Shankill was taken into the Rathmichael parish, becoming more populous.

The Walshes quit the lands of Shankill, primarily due to the [[Act of Commonwealth]] that redistributed landowners and tenancies. After this, the Lawless families regained possession for the third time of all of Shankill. The last Lawless died in 1795, whereupon the lands became the possessions of the third Sir William Domvile, resident of nearby Loughlinstown House. The Domvile family was granted the lands surrounding Loughlinstown under [[the Restoration]].

===19th century===
Shankill and Rathmichael were at that time the property of Sir Charles Compton William Domvile (1822–1884). Domvile was known as an uncompromising and ruthless property owner, and sought to change the usage of land from the smallholdings that existed at the time of his inheritance of the estate.

Domvile intended to build grand [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] style housing developments, squares and streets, to gentrify the area, making it attractive for wealthy Dublin based professionals to live. At this time, Shankill was a rural village.

During Domvile’s time new roads and streets were laid out, as well as water mains which feed a relief tank from [[Vartry Reservoir]], continuing on to [[Stillorgan]] reservoir.

However, Domvile was an impetuous man, and acted unreasonably with his tenants and prospective buyers of estates on his holdings. His personal debts mounted as a result of his financing two large estates at Shankill and [[Santry]], ultimately resulting in his bankruptcy.

The net outcome of Domvile’s actions was to halve the population of Shankill and Rathmichael during the 1860s. He evicted over 100 tenants, during a period of grinding poverty, and many were forced to re-negotiate their tenancies at usurious rates. Many of the evicted ended up in the local workhouse, the Rathdown Work Union, which is now the site of Loughlinstown Hospital.

A landowner with holdings adjacent to the Shankill townland, Benjamin Tilly, granted quarter-acre holdings to several of the evicted tenants. Tilly’s land straddled the townland border into ''Shanganagh'', and the new holdings along the ''Shanganagh Road'' became known as ''Tillystown''. In 1871, there were over 60 houses, and at the turn of the century, this village became known as Shankill proper.

In 1911, a large tract of land to the west of Shankill, known as ''New Vale'', was developed as labourers' cottages.

===20th, 21st centuries===
Shankill initially comprised large agricultural tracts broken into smallholdings for tenant farmers, and larger, grander estates with fine country houses, many which still exist today. Large housing estates have been built on many of these estates, of varying size and quality. Recently, tracts of land such as the caravan park and young offenders prison have been sold to developers, who have built higher density housing than the larger plot housing estates constructed in the 1970s.

There are a large number of local authority housing developments, notably Rathsallagh and Shanganagh Cliffs estates, located near Shankill DART station, stretching to the coastline. Smaller developments are also found on Quinn’s Road.

In recent times, several property developers have purchased adjacent large houses with the intention of developing apartment complexes.

==Geography==
The townland of Shankill was originally located on lands further northwest at [[Puck’s Castle]]. Today, the area of Shankill is sometimes taken to include both Shankill proper and [[Rathmichael]]{{Fact|date=June 2008}} (though historically Shankill was absorbed into Rathmichael parish, not vice versa), an area of around {{convert|6.5|km2|acre}}.

The townlands are bordered roughly by the points between [[Carrickgollogan]] hill (278m), or ''Shankhill'' as it was once called, to the west, the [[Ballycorus Leadmines]] to the northwest, [[Loughlinstown]] hospital to the north, stretching to the coast from [[Rathsallagh River]] to the southern boundary of Tyrell’s land.

The modern Shankill village centre consists mainly of a single street, with many amenities such as shops, pubs and other services. The village is located on the road between Shankill church and [[Bray]].

To the north of modern Shankill is [[Killiney]], with its prominent hill, to the south, the large town of [[Bray]], [[County Wicklow]].

==Local antiquities and features==
[[Image:Puck's Castle, Co. Dublin, Ireland.JPG|thumb|260px|right|Puck's Castle.]]
[[Image:Ballycorus Lead Mines Chimney.jpeg|thumb|260px|right|Ballycorus Chimney.]]
[[Image:Shanganagh Castle.JPG|thumb|260px|Shanganagh Castle (18th century).]]
[[Image:Crinken-church-shankill.JPG|thumb|260px|right|St. James's Church, Crinken (1840).]]

There are several antiquities in the area including ruined churches and standing stones. The ruins of several castles and defensive type structures remain; including Puck's Castle, Shankill Castle, Shanganagh Castle and a [[Martello Tower]].

Some houses of architectural note include ''Clontra'', a coastal [[Gothic revival|Gothic]] mansion, ''Crinken Castle House'', ''Crinken'', and ''Shanganagh House'', an imposing mansion now surrounded by housing estates built during the 1960s. Clontra was built for Dublin solicitor James Lawson and designed by eminent 19th century architects [[Sir Thomas Newenham Deane]] and [[Benjamin Woodward]] in their trademark Italian medieval style. They are better known for their work on the ''Kildare Street Club'' and the museum building at [[Trinity College, Dublin]]. The local library is itself of note, formerly a courthouse built in an old [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] style of granite and [[mock Tudor]] features. There are also some [[folly]]s such as a mock round tower built of red brick in the Castle Farm Farmyard.

Traces of South Dublin's industrial heritage remain, such as the lead mine chimney. Other features of note include the 'upside down' houses by the [[Harcourt Street railway line]] bridge, which was the site of the original post office, and has its guest rooms downstairs, and its kitchen and living room upstairs. Shankill was accessible via the original Kingstown-Bray train line, which is now five metres from the sea in some places. A coastal wall was built from Killiney to Bray to try to stop the erosion; traces of this can still be seen along the beach. The medieval village of ''Longnon'' was sited some {{convert|200|yd|m}} east of Quinn’s Road beach, but was completely obliterated by coastal erosion.

====Ballycorus Leadmines====
{{main|Ballycorus Leadmines}}
Site of a lead ore smelter, a mile long stone flue and a granite chimney on Carrickgollogan hill, which is visible from much of southeast Dublin.<ref>[http://www.metalprocessors.ie/mci/index.htm The Mining Company of Ireland Ltd., short history of mining operations at Ballycorus]</ref>

====Dorney Court====
Originally called ''Clare Mount'', built c. 1832, this fine Victorian house was demolished in 1984. Now the site of Shankill Garda Station. The grounds still contain a few [[Sequoia]] and [[Scots Pine]] trees following the felling of many of them in 1984.

====[[Carnegie Library]]====
Tudor-style library, architect R. M. Butler, 1912.<ref>[http://www.librarycouncil.ie/documents/AnTaisceCatalogue3.pdf An Taisce catalogue of photographs of Irish Carnegie Libraries]</ref>

====Clontra====
Gothic mansion designed by Deane and Woodward, 1860, interior murals by [[John Hungerford Pollen (senior)|John Hungerford Pollen]]. On {{convert|15|acre|m2}} of parkland by the coast.<ref>[http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/cgi-bin/viewsurveyresults.cgi?siteid=2560 Clontra, National Inventory of Architectural Heritage]</ref>

====Ferndale House====
Large estate on several acres, seat of [[David Plunket, 1st Baron Rathmore]].

====Mullinastill House====
Former mill house, listed structure, set for several film scenes.

====[[Harcourt Street railway line|Old Harcourt Street line]]====
Former railroad running from Dublin to Bray; closed in 1958.

====Defunct train line====
A spur at Tyrell’s land to the main Dublin-Bray line. Closed in 1915.

====Puck’s Castle====
The "castle,” actually an unfortified house, was built in the late 16th century. It provided a refuge in 1690 for [[James II of England|James II]] and his army fleeing the [[Battle of the Boyne]]. One explanation for its name is that a ghost or puca inhabited the castle.<ref>[http://www.askaboutireland.ie/show_narrative_page.do?page_id=3990 Pucks Castle, brief history & photos]</ref>

====Rosedale and Locksley====
Twin Victorian country houses, built by Guinness master brewer Perry in the early 1860s.

====Shanganagh Castle====
Located near Mill Lane, built in 1408 by the Lawless family and inhabited by their descendants until 1763, the castle was left in ruins by a fire in 1783.

During the late 18th century, a mansion of the same name was rebuilt on extensive lands at the border of Shankill with County Wicklow. It was used as an [[open prison]] for juveniles between 1969 and 2002.<ref>[http://www.askaboutireland.ie/show_narrative_page.do?page_id=3992 Shanganagh Castle (18th century), brief history, old drawing & photo]</ref><ref>[http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/cgi-bin/viewsurveyresults.cgi?siteid=2556 Shanganagh Castle (18th century), National Inventory of Architectural Heritage]</ref>

====Shanganagh House====
Later called ''Shanganagh Park'', this Georgian-era mansion was built c. 1823 for William Hopper. Later residents included the Darcy brewing family and racehorse breeder Frank Field. It was compulsorily purchased by [[Dublin County Council|Dublin Co. Council]] in 1970 and it now serves as a [[community centre]] and is surrounded by late 1970s council houses.<ref>[http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/cgi-bin/viewsurveyresults.cgi?siteid=2557 Shanganagh House, National Inventory of Architectural Heritage]</ref>

====Shankill Castle====
Built by Archbishop [[Henry de Loundres]] in 1229; site of the ancient Shankill church. It is one of the oldest surviving structures in the area.<ref>[http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/cgi-bin/viewsurveyresults.cgi?siteid=2541 Shankill Castle, National Inventory of Architectural Heritage]</ref><ref>[http://www.askaboutireland.ie/show_narrative_page.do?page_id=3992 Shankill Castle, brief history]</ref>

====Rathmichael Church====
{{main|Rathmichael}}
Commissioned by Charles Domvile in 1860, designed by Benjamin Woodward, in the Hiberno-Romanesque style. The Domviles had their own high-backed chairs, behind red velvet curtains.

===Gallery===
<gallery>
Image:Shanganagh House Shankill.jpg|Shanganagh House.
Image:Crinken House Shankill.jpg|Crinken.
Image:Old Shankill station.jpg|The old Shankill station house, hidden behind Shankill Business Centre.
</gallery>

==Amenities==
Sporting options in the area include two soccer teams, Vale View Shankill FC, which caters for senior and schoolchild football, and RSFC who cater for junior football. There is also a Bowling Club with an all-weather surface.

Shankill Tennis Club, which opened a new €940,000 clubhouse during 2007, is located on Quinn's Road.

There is one pub and restaurant complex in Shankill; ''Brady's'', ''Mickey Byrne's'', and ''Grace's Garden'', and the village is served by grocery and convenience stores. The local [[credit union]] has a substantial office on the main street. There is also a public library, and until recently, Shankill featured one of Dublin's few remaining campgrounds, the site of which has since been developed into an apartment complex.

The village recently won the national 'Best Urban Village Award' and two other awards<ref>[http://www.shankillmatters.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=0&Itemid=76/ Shankill Tidy Towns 2007 awards]</ref> in the [[Tidy Towns]] Competition. Efforts are ongoing by a very active committee and residents alike, to improve the appearance and quality of the local environment.

===Education===
Shankill itself has three primary schools: ''Saint Anne's National School'', and ''Scoil Mhuire'', one a large ''Naíonra'', an Irish language school.

In Rathmichael is also ''Rathmichael Parish School''.

===Religion===
The village has a Roman Catholic church.

The nearest Church of Ireland church is in [[Rathmichael]].

===The other Shankill===
Like its namesake, the Shankill district of [[Belfast]], Dublin's Shankill also has its own Falls Road. Occasionally the primary schools and community groups in both Shankills hold football or other sporting events to promote better north-south relationships. Shankill native [[Charlie Martin]] received an honorary [[MBE]] in April 2006 for his work in this field.

==People==
* [[Des Cahill]], [[RTÉ]] sports commentator and pundit.
* Chris Horn, founder of multinational technology company [[IONA Technologies|IONA]].
* [[George Morrison (documentary maker)|George Morrison]], director of ''[[Mise Éire]]'' and other documentaries.
* [[Eamon Gilmore]] Leader of the Irish Labour Party.
* [[Mary Bergin]] Famous tin whistle player
* [[Brian Drennan]] Former [[Ayr United]] and [[Accrington Stanley]] footballer.

==Transport==
There is a [[Dublin Area Rapid Transit]] [[Shankill railway station|station]] located in Shankill; it is the third last stop on the south side of the line. The old Harcourt Street railway line also connected close to the village centre. The [[Dublin Transportation Office]]'s 'Platform for Change' strategy envisaged reopening this as a [[rapid transit|metro]] connection, connecting with the existing [[Luas]] green line. However, the recently announced [[Luas]] [[Luas#Future|line B2 extension]] will instead now run parallel to the M11, not through Shankill on the old railway alignment.

The [[N11 road|N11]] national route used to run through the village, until the M11 bypass was built nearby.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dlrcoco.ie/ Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council]
* [http://www.shankilltennisclub.com/ Shankill Tennis Club]
* [http://www.shankillweather.com/ Shankill weather]

{{coord|53.226|N|6.124|W|type:city_region:IE_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}}

{{Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown County}}
{{Dublin residential areas}}

[[Category:Towns and villages in County Dublin]]

[[da:Shankill]]
[[fr:Shankill]]
[[ga:Seanchill]]
[[pl:Shankill]]
[[fi:Shankill (Dublin)]]

Shankill Castle (Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown)

2009-07-07T18:51:11Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 86.43.218.39 to last revision by Sebras (HG)

Puck’s Castle

2009-07-07T18:51:11Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 86.43.218.39 to last revision by Sebras (HG)

Shanganagh Castle

2009-07-07T18:51:11Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 86.43.218.39 to last revision by Sebras (HG)

Portal (Science-Fiction)

2009-07-06T18:27:30Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 24.107.203.186 to last revision by Neelix (HG)

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2007}}
{{Cleanup-laundry|date=December 2008}}
[[File:Portal physics.svg|The basic concept of the portal as a link to another point in space, within the same universe.|thumb]]
A '''portal''' in fiction is a [[Magic (fantasy)|magic]]al or [[technology|technological]] doorway that connects two distant locations, whether separated by [[time]] or, most commonly, [[space]].

Portals are a common concept in [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]] fiction. They can be of two forms: either you must step through the frames of an object (a [[mirror]], a [[cupboard]], a [[picture frame]], a [[gateway]] etc.) which serves as a portal or, when they stand alone, the portal will commonly appear in the form of a [[vortex]] of [[energy]].

Places that a portal will link to include: a different spot in the same universe (in which case it might be an alternative for [[teleportation]]); a parallel world (inter-dimensional portal); the past or the future ([[time portal]]); and other [[Plane (cosmology)|planes]] of existence, like [[heaven]], [[hell]] or other [[afterworld]]s.

Portals are similar to the cosmological concept of a [[wormhole]], and some portals work using the [[wormhole]].

Portals play a primary role in:
* [[Army Men]]
* [[Asheron's Call]]
* [[Avalon]]
* [[Being John Malkovich]]
* [[Broken Angels]]
* [[Chrono Trigger]]
* [[Contact (film)]]
* [[The Dark Tower (series)|The Dark Tower]] series
* [[Diablo (video game)]]
* [[Donnie Darko]]
* [[Doom 3]]
* [[Farscape]]
* [[Half-Life (series)|Half-Life]]
* [[Halo 3]]
* [[Harry Potter|Harry Potter series]]
* [[His Dark Materials]] series
* [[Metroid Prime 2: Echoes]]
* [[Metroid Prime Hunters]]
* [[Mighty Max]]
* [[Mortal Kombat (series)]]
* [[Narnia]]
* [[Nomaris: The Edge of Remembering]]
* [[Planescape]]
* [[Portal (video game)]]
* [[Prey (video game)]]
* [[Sliders]]
* [[Spyro the Dragon (series)|Spyro Series]]
* [[Stargate|The Stargate series]]
* [[Star Trek]] series
* [[Super Mario Brothers]] series
* [[Time Bandits]]
* [[Timeline (film)]]
* [[The 10th Kingdom]]
* [[Dark Portal|The Dark Portal]]
* [[The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion]]
* [[The Legend of Zelda (series)]]
* [[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]
* [[The Wheel of Time]]
* [[Through the Looking-Glass]]
* [[Tunnel in the Sky]]
* [[W.I.T.C.H]]
* [[Warcraft (series)]]

==See also==
* [[Portals in science fiction]]
* [[Teleportation]]
* [[Wormhole]]

{{fantasy-stub}}
{{sf-stub}}

[[hu:Dimenziókapu]]
[[it:Portale (fantascienza)]]

Yusuf İsmail

2009-07-04T21:08:47Z

Dylan620: My bad.

{{Infobox Wrestler
|name=Youssuf Ishmaelo
|image= Replace this image male.svg
|img_capt=
|names='''Yusuf Ismail, the Terrible Turk'''

|height= {{height|ft=6|in=2}}
|weight= {{convert|250|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
|birth_date = {{birth date |1857|1|1}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1898|7|4|1857|1|1}}
|birth_place = [[Scutari|Scutari, Bulgaria]]
|death_place = off [[Nova Scotia, Canada]]
|resides=
|billed=[[Shumia|Shumia, Turkey]]
|trainer=
|debut=1894
|retired=
|website=
|}}

'''Youssuf Ishmaelo''' (January 1 [[1857]]-[[July 4]], [[1898]]) was a Turkish professional wrestler who competed in [[Europe]] and the [[United States]] as '''Yusuf Ismail, the Terrible Turk''' during the 1890s. Widely known for his massive size and brute strength, he was recognized as one of the top three strongmen in the world by [[Alan Calvert]], pioneer of American [[weight training]], and photographer [[Edmond Desbonnet]] during the turn of the century.

Prior to his arrival in the United States, he remained undefeated in his near four-year career and successfully challenged [[Evan Lewis (wrestler)|Evan "Strangler" Lewis]] for the [[American Heavyweight Championship]] in 1898. Ishmaelo was the original wrestler to be known as "the Terrible Turk", however several others also used the name throughout the first half of the 20th century.

==Biography==
===Early career and the "Turkish Invasion"===
Little is known of his early life prior to his first wrestling appearance in 1894, however, according to Scottish wrestling historian William Baxter, Yusuf Ismail was born Youssuf Ishmaelo in Bulgaria (then part of the Ottoman Empire) in 1857. In ''A Pictorial History of Wrestling'', the English wrestling writer Graeme Kent incorrectly wrote that Yusuf Ismail was not Turkish, but French. Ismail first came to prominence when he won the [[Kirkpinar]] tournament in 1887. [[Edmond Desbonnet]] claimed in his book ''Les Rois de la Lutte'' (1910), the Turkish invasion began in 1894 after a wrestler named Joseph Doublier was defeated by a rival, Sabès. In a search to find someone who could defeat Sabès, Doublier visited Turkey and brought back three wrestlers: [[Kara Osman (oilwrestler)|Kara Osman]], [[Filiz Nurullah]], and the 6’2", 250-pound Youssuf Ishmaelo. In his Paris debut, Ishmaelo defeated Sabès in four seconds. Sabès had attempted to use a front belt hold, but Ishmaelo withstood the hold and pinned him using a chokehold. <ref name="Noble"> {{cite web |url=http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2003-05-23-noble-en.html |title=The life and death of the Terrible Turk |accessdate= |author=Noble, Graham |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2003-05-23 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=[[Eurozine]] |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }} </ref>

Ismail spent the next three years in France where he dominated opponents. A colorful figure, he was also known for his fierce pride. When rivals Antonio Pierri and Tom Cannon threatened to bring in a wrestler to defeat him, Ismail reportedly said he would cut his throat if he was ever beaten. His match against another fellow Turk, Ibrahim Mahmout, was said to be one of the ''"most brutal bouts ever seen on the mat"'' at the [[Cirque d'Hiver]] in Paris. Youssuf became so enraged during the match that he tore Mahmout's nostrils, broke his ribs and twisted his arms. Although referee Tom Cannon had attempted to stop the match, only the intervention of a police inspector and six officers along with several spectators were able to separate the two. Kara Osman had been originally scheduled to face Ismail, but fell ill and Mahmout had taken his place. According to a rumor heard by French promoter Joseph Doublier, Osman had withdrawn from the match fearing his life because of an unspecified grudge between them. <ref name="Noble"/>

===Tour of the United States===
He continued to managed by Doublier until 1898 when Antonio Pierri took him to New York. Taken on by promoter [[William A. Brady]], the two appeared at the London Theatre in New York offering $100 to anyone who could stay in the ring with him for 15 minutes. George Bothner, a well known lightweight wrestler, was the only one to accept the challenge. Although being outweighed by at least 100 pounds, Bothner claimed ''"there wasn't a man alive who could pin him on his back in 15 minutes"'' and accused Ismail of being an impostor ''"like so many other so-called terrors"''. Despite his bravado, Bothner was defeated several days later and suffered a neck injury during the match. He described their encounter years later to [[Nat Fleischer]] in his book ''From Milo to Londos'' (1937).

:''"He was a modern Hercules and he knew how to apply his punishing strength, as he was as quick as a jungle cat and master of all holds. Youssuf came at me like a bull. He rushed me right off the mat into a bunch of chorus girls in the wing. The first thing I knew I found myself helpless. The Turk picked me up as if I was a kitten. Never before have I felt such terrible strength. Before I could give a wiggle or squirm he dashed me down on the boards with terrific force, knocking all the strength and wits out of me."''

:''"They told me that after I had landed, Youssuf rolled me over with his foot, looked out over the audience, gave a contemptuous snort and walked off the stage. When I came to, I was a sadder, but wiser young man. Somehow or other I got into my clothes, hobbled out into the street and started to walk up Third Avenue towards my home. Youssuf had given my neck such a wrench that he almost tore it from my shoulders. It was several days before I could look in the direction I was headed."'' <ref name="Noble"/>

He was undefeated prior to his arrival in New York until his disqualification in a match against [[European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship|World Greco-Roman Heavyweight Champion]] [[Ernest Roeber]] at [[Madison Square Garden]] on March 26, 1898. <ref name="Sprechman">Sprechman, Jordan and Bill Shannon. ''This Day in New York Sports''. Champaigne, Illinois: Sports Publishing LLC, 1998. (pg. 86, 121) ISBN 1-57167-254-0</ref> Ismail, who may have intentionally fouled himself, caused the crowd to riot when he pushed Roeber out of the ring, a raised platform, and who fell head first to the ground five feet below. Roeber was unconscious for several minutes and many in the crowd believed he had been killed causing spectators to charge into the ring. Only a small police guard under Chief of Police [[John McCullagh]] were able to block the main body from entering.

Roeber was revived after a few minutes and examined by physicians for injuries. Having landing on his shoulder, it was announced that he had suffered a back injury and decided that he would not be able to continue. Referee Hugh Leonard awarded the match to Roeber and, with calls to ''"Kill the Turk"'' and threats of [[lynching]] from those in attendance, Ismail was escorted by police to his dressing room. Ismail's manager, William Brady, offered to stage an exhibition bout between Ismail and Tom Cannon but McCullagh refused to allow the event to continue due to concerns of rioting. <ref> {{cite web |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0DEFD71638E433A25754C2A9659C94699ED7CF |title=Yousouf Fouled Roeber; "The Terrible Turk," Angered by the German-American's Tactics, Pushed Him from the Platform. RIOTOUS OUTBREAK FOLLOWED Chief of Police McCullagh and a Cordon of Officers Necessary to Get the Big Wrestler Safely to His Dressing Room in Madison Square Garden. |accessdate= |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=1898-03-27 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=[[New York Times]] |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }} </ref> The match was described in the 1907 novel ''The Substitute: A Football Story'' by sports writer [[Walter Camp]]. <ref>Camp, Walter. ''The Substitute: A Football Story''. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1909. (pg. 123-125)</ref>

A rematch between the two was held at the [[Metropolitan Opera House]] on April 30. During the bout, the two began a shoving match which caused their managers, William Brady and Martin Julian, to enter the ring. Brady and Julian, who also managed rival heavyweight boxing champions [[Jim Corbett]] and [[Bob Fitzsimmons]], began arguing over the management of their respective men. When Fitzsimmons attempted to intervene, several fans stormed the ring and referee Herman Wolff declared the match a no-contest before the event once again ended in a near riot. Opera House management closed the venue to wrestling events soon after. <ref name="Sprechman"/>

Months later, he defeated [[Evan Lewis (wrestler)|Evan "Strangler" Lewis]] for the [[American Heavyweight Championship]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]]. Lewis was unable to overcome Ismail's massive size and strength nor manage to use his [[sleeper hold]] during the match. Ismail had the $5,000 prize money converted to gold and carried it in a [[money belt]] along with the title. <ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.brfwitness.org/Bread/turk.htm |title=The Bread Basket: The Terrible Turk |accessdate= |author=Brubaker, Paul W. |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year=1985 |month=September/October |format= |work= |publisher=Brethern Revival Fellowship |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }} </ref>

===Death===
Shortly after his victory over Lewis, Ismail took the first ship back to Europe where he reportedly planned to open a [[coffee]] or [[bazar]] in his native village of Scutari. It was on the ill-fated ''SS La Bourgogne'' that he was one of the 600 passengers who drowned when the ship sank on the morning of July 4, 1898. According to colorful accounts from the New York press, Ismail fell overboard while passengers were being evacuated to the lifeboats. Dragged underwater by the weight of his money belt, supposedly containing between $8,000-10,000 gold coins, he drowned before the crew could get to him. <ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.antekprizering.com/turkterribleobit.html |title=Ismail Youssouf, "The Terrible Turk" Obituary |accessdate= |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=1898-07-29 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=Evening Wisconsin |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }} </ref> <ref>''Incredible but True''. New Delhi: Pustak Mahal, 1992. (pg. 14) ISBN 81-223-0350-1</ref> <ref>Swindoll, Charles R. ''Growing Strong in the Seasons of Life''. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1994. (pg. 295) ISBN 0-310-42141-1</ref> A widely believed version of the story in Turkey is that, after the ship sank, he swam and reached one of the lifeboats. The passengers of the lifeboat were afraid that this huge man would topple the lifeboat, so they hit his hands with oars and he was drowned afterwards. It was also claimed by some journalists that "the Terrible Turk" threw women and children overboard trying to reach the lifeboats, however no mention of this was included in the official report and is generally assumed to have originated by Ismail's manager and promoter William Brady who later went on to become a successful [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] producer.<ref name="Noble"/> <ref>Bloom, Ken. ''Broadway: Its History, People, and Places: An Encyclopedia''. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2004. (pg. 79) ISBN 0-4159-3704-3</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Championships and Accomplishments===
American Heavyweight Champion (1 Time)

==External links==
*[http://www.bodyslamming.com/deceased/turk1.html Deceased Superstars - Youssuf Ishmaelo]
*[http://www.cagematch.de/?id=2&nr=3018 CageMatch.de - The Terrible Turk] {{ger}}
*[http://www.darphane.gov.tr/english/binyilinturkleri/Kocayusuf.htm Commemorative Coins issued by Turkish Mint]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ishmaelo, Youssuf}}
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:Turkish professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Bulgarian sport wrestlers]]

[[tr:Koca Yusuf]]

Yusuf İsmail

2009-07-04T21:08:10Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 85.105.68.49 to last revision by Hbasak (HG)

{{Infobox Wrestler
|name=Youssuf Ishmaelo
|image= Replace this image male.svg
|img_capt=
|names='''Yusuf Ismail, the Terrible Turk'''

|height= {{height|ft=6|in=2}}
|weight= {{convert|250|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
|birth_date = {{birth date |1857|1|1}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1898|7|4|1857|1|1}}
|birth_place = [[Scutari|Scutari, Bulgaria]]
|death_place = off [[Nova Scotia, Canada]]
|resides=
|billed=[[Shumia|Shumia, Turkey]]
|trainer=
|debut=1894
|retired=
|website=
|}}

'''Youssuf Ishmaelo''' (January 1 [[1857]]-[[July 4]], [[1898]]) was a Turkish professional wrestler who competed in [[Europe]] and the [[United States]] as '''Yusuf Ismail, the Terrible Turk''' during the 1890s. Widely known for his massive size and brute strength, he was recognized as one of the top three strongmen in the world by [[Alan Calvert]], pioneer of American [[weight training]], and photographer [[Edmond Desbonnet]] during the turn of the century.

Prior to his arrival in the United States, he remained undefeated in his near four-year career and successfully challenged [[Evan Lewis (wrestler)|Evan "Strangler" Lewis]] for the [[American Heavyweight Championship]] in 1898. Ishmaelo was the original wrestler to be known as "the Terrible Turk", however several others also used the name throughout the first half of the 20th century.

==Biography==
===Early career and the "Turkish Invasion"===
Little is known of his early life prior to his first wrestling appearance in 1894, however, according to Scottish wrestling historian William Baxter, Yusuf Ismail was born Youssuf Ishmaelo in Bulgaria (then part of the Ottoman Empire) in 1857. In ''A Pictorial History of Wrestling'', the English wrestling writer Graeme Kent incorrectly wrote that Yusuf Ismail was not Turkish, but French. Ismail first came to prominence when he won the [[Kirkpinar]] tournament in 1887. [[Edmond Desbonnet]] claimed in his book ''Les Rois de la Lutte'' (1910), the Turkish invasion began in 1894 after a wrestler named Joseph Doublier was defeated by a rival, Sabès. In a search to find someone who could defeat Sabès, Doublier visited Turkey and brought back three wrestlers: [[Kara Osman (oilwrestler)|Kara Osman]], [[Filiz Nurullah]], and the 6’2", 250-pound Youssuf Ishmaelo. In his Paris debut, Ishmaelo defeated Sabès in four seconds. Sabès had attempted to use a front belt hold, but Ishmaelo withstood the hold and pinned him using a chokehold. <ref name="Noble"> {{cite web |url=http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2003-05-23-noble-en.html |title=The life and death of the Terrible Turk |accessdate= |author=Noble, Graham |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2003-05-23 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=[[Eurozine]] |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }} </ref>

Ismail spent the next three years in France where he dominated opponents. A colorful figure, he was also known for his fierce pride. When rivals Antonio Pierri and Tom Cannon threatened to bring in a wrestler to defeat him, Ismail reportedly said he would cut his throat if he was ever beaten. His match against another fellow Turk, Ibrahim Mahmout, was said to be one of the ''"most brutal bouts ever seen on the mat"'' at the [[Cirque d'Hiver]] in Paris. Youssuf became so enraged during the match that he tore Mahmout's nostrils, broke his ribs and twisted his arms. Although referee Tom Cannon had attempted to stop the match, only the intervention of a police inspector and six officers along with several spectators were able to separate the two. Kara Osman had been originally scheduled to face Ismail, but fell ill and Mahmout had taken his place. According to a rumor heard by French promoter Joseph Doublier, Osman had withdrawn from the match fearing his life because of an unspecified grudge between them. <ref name="Noble"/>

===Tour of the United States===
He continued to managed by Doublier until 1898 when Antonio Pierri took him to New York. Taken on by promoter [[William A. Brady]], the two appeared at the London Theatre in New York offering $100 to anyone who could stay in the ring with him for 15 minutes. George Bothner, a well known lightweight wrestler, was the only one to accept the challenge. Although being outweighed by at least 100 pounds, Bothner claimed ''"there wasn't a man alive who could pin him on his back in 15 minutes"'' and accused Ismail of being an impostor ''"like so many other so-called terrors"''. Despite his bravado, Bothner was defeated several days later and suffered a neck injury during the match. He described their encounter years later to [[Nat Fleischer]] in his book ''From Milo to Londos'' (1937).

:''"He was a modern Hercules and he knew how to apply his punishing strength, as he was as quick as a jungle cat and master of all holds. Youssuf came at me like a bull. He rushed me right off the mat into a bunch of chorus girls in the wing. The first thing I knew I found myself helpless. The Turk picked me up as if I was a kitten. Never before have I felt such terrible strength. Before I could give a wiggle or squirm he dashed me down on the boards with terrific force, knocking all the strength and wits out of me."''

:''"They told me that after I had landed, Youssuf rolled me over with his foot, looked out over the audience, gave a contemptuous snort and walked off the stage. When I came to, I was a sadder, but wiser young man. Somehow or other I got into my clothes, hobbled out into the street and started to walk up Third Avenue towards my home. Youssuf had given my neck such a wrench that he almost tore it from my shoulders. It was several days before I could look in the direction I was headed."'' <ref name="Noble"/>

He was undefeated prior to his arrival in New York until his disqualification in a match against [[European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship|World Greco-Roman Heavyweight Champion]] [[Ernest Roeber]] at [[Madison Square Garden]] on March 26, 1898. <ref name="Sprechman">Sprechman, Jordan and Bill Shannon. ''This Day in New York Sports''. Champaigne, Illinois: Sports Publishing LLC, 1998. (pg. 86, 121) ISBN 1-57167-254-0</ref> Ismail, who may have intentionally fouled himself, caused the crowd to riot when he pushed Roeber out of the ring, a raised platform, and who fell head first to the ground five feet below. Roeber was unconscious for several minutes and many in the crowd believed he had been killed causing spectators to charge into the ring. Only a small police guard under Chief of Police [[John McCullagh]] were able to block the main body from entering.

Roeber was revived after a few minutes and examined by physicians for injuries. Having landing on his shoulder, it was announced that he had suffered a back injury and decided that he would not be able to continue. Referee Hugh Leonard awarded the match to Roeber and, with calls to ''"Kill the Turk"'' and threats of [[lynching]] from those in attendance, Ismail was escorted by police to his dressing room. Ismail's manager, William Brady, offered to stage an exhibition bout between Ismail and Tom Cannon but McCullagh refused to allow the event to continue due to concerns of rioting. <ref> {{cite web |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0DEFD71638E433A25754C2A9659C94699ED7CF |title=Yousouf Fouled Roeber; "The Terrible Turk," Angered by the German-American's Tactics, Pushed Him from the Platform. RIOTOUS OUTBREAK FOLLOWED Chief of Police McCullagh and a Cordon of Officers Necessary to Get the Big Wrestler Safely to His Dressing Room in Madison Square Garden. |accessdate= |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=1898-03-27 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=[[New York Times]] |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }} </ref> The match was described in the 1907 novel ''The Substitute: A Football Story'' by sports writer [[Walter Camp]]. <ref>Camp, Walter. ''The Substitute: A Football Story''. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1909. (pg. 123-125)</ref>

A rematch between the two was held at the [[Metropolitan Opera House]] on April 30. During the bout, the two began a shoving match which caused their managers, William Brady and Martin Julian, to enter the ring. Brady and Julian, who also managed rival heavyweight boxing champions [[Jim Corbett]] and [[Bob Fitzsimmons]], began arguing over the management of their respective men. When Fitzsimmons attempted to intervene, several fans stormed the ring and referee Herman Wolff declared the match a no-contest before the event once again ended in a near riot. Opera House management closed the venue to wrestling events soon after. <ref name="Sprechman"/>

Months later, he defeated [[Evan Lewis (wrestler)|Evan "Strangler" Lewis]] for the [[American Heavyweight Championship]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]]. Lewis was unable to overcome Ismail's massive size and strength nor manage to use his [[sleeper hold]] during the match. Ismail had the $5,000 prize money converted to gold and carried it in a [[money belt]] along with the title. <ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.brfwitness.org/Bread/turk.htm |title=The Bread Basket: The Terrible Turk |accessdate= |author=Brubaker, Paul W. |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year=1985 |month=September/October |format= |work= |publisher=Brethern Revival Fellowship |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }} </ref>

===Death===
Shortly after his victory over Lewis, Ismail took the first ship back to Europe where he reportedly planned to open a [[coffee]] or [[bazar]] in his native village of Scutari. It was on the ill-fated ''SS La Bourgogne'' that he was one of the 600 passengers who drowned when the ship sank on the morning of July 4, 1898. According to colorful accounts from the New York press, Ismail fell overboard while passengers were being evacuated to the lifeboats. Dragged underwater by the weight of his money belt, supposedly containing between $8,000-10,000 gold coins, he drowned before the crew could get to him. <ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.antekprizering.com/turkterribleobit.html |title=Ismail Youssouf, "The Terrible Turk" Obituary |accessdate= |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=1898-07-29 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=Evening Wisconsin |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }} </ref> <ref>''Incredible but True''. New Delhi: Pustak Mahal, 1992. (pg. 14) ISBN 81-223-0350-1</ref> <ref>Swindoll, Charles R. ''Growing Strong in the Seasons of Life''. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House, 1994. (pg. 295) ISBN 0-310-42141-1</ref> It was also claimed by some journalists that "the Terrible Turk" threw women and children overboard trying to reach the lifeboats, however no mention of this was included in the official report and is generally assumed to have originated by Ismail's manager and promoter William Brady who later went on to become a successful [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] producer. <ref name="Noble"/> <ref>Bloom, Ken. ''Broadway: Its History, People, and Places: An Encyclopedia''. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2004. (pg. 79) ISBN 0-4159-3704-3</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Championships and Accomplishments===
American Heavyweight Champion (1 Time)

==External links==
*[http://www.bodyslamming.com/deceased/turk1.html Deceased Superstars - Youssuf Ishmaelo]
*[http://www.cagematch.de/?id=2&nr=3018 CageMatch.de - The Terrible Turk] {{ger}}
*[http://www.darphane.gov.tr/english/binyilinturkleri/Kocayusuf.htm Commemorative Coins issued by Turkish Mint]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ishmaelo, Youssuf}}
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:Turkish professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:Bulgarian sport wrestlers]]

[[tr:Koca Yusuf]]

Peter Sunde

2009-07-04T13:52:20Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 217.208.13.29 to last revision by Scjessey (HG)

{{Infobox Person
|name = Peter Sunde
|image = Peter sunde close up.jpg
|caption = Sunde at [[The Pirate Bay trial]]
|birth_name = Peter Sunde Kolmisoppi
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|09|13|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Uddevalla]], [[Sweden]]
|other_names = brokep
|known_for = Co-founder of [[The Pirate Bay]]
|occupation =
|nationality = [[Norway|Norwegian]]-[[Finland|Finnish]]}}
'''Peter Sunde Kolmisoppi''' (alias '''brokep''') (born 13 September 1978, [[Uddevalla]], [[Sweden]]) is a [[Norway|Norwegian]]-[[Finland|Finnish]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Alexander |last=Kuprijanko |title=Jag känner inte att jag gör något fel |url=http://sydsvenskan.se/kultur-och-nojen/article411399/Jag-kanner-inte-att-jag-gor-nagot-fel.html |work=[[Sydsvenskan]] |date=2009-02-07 |language=Swedish }}</ref> computer expert,<ref>{{cite web | title=Countdown to Pirate Bay verdict | work=[[BBC]] | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8002171.stm | accessdate=20 April 2009}}</ref> best-known for co-founding [[The Pirate Bay]], a [[BitTorrent tracker]] site.<ref>{{cite news|first=Joakim|last=Thorkildsen|title=Norske Peter tiltalt i The Pirate Bay-saken|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/2008/01/31/525530.html|work=[[Dagbladet]]|date=2008-01-31|accessdate=2008-06-29|language=Norwegian}}</ref> Segments of an interview with Sunde talking about [[copyright]], the [[Internet]] and [[culture]] are featured in the 2007 documentary, ''[[Steal This Film]]''.

==Personal life==
Sunde is a [[vegan]].<ref>[http://www.privacydigest.com/2009/02/19/pirate+bay+crew+chums+foes+over+lunch Pirate Bay Crew Chums Up to Foes Over Lunch], Privacy Digest. 19 February 2009, retrieved 30 April 2009.</ref>

==The Pirate Bay Trial==
{{main|The Pirate Bay Trial}}
On 31 January 2008, [[The Pirate Bay]] operators — Sunde, [[Fredrik Neij]], [[Gottfrid Svartholm]] and [[Carl Lundström]] ([[CEO]] of The Pirate Bay's former [[ISP]]) — were charged with ''"assisting [others in] copyright infringement"''.<ref>[http://blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2008/01/pirate-bay-futu.html "Pirate Bay Future Uncertain After Operators Busted"]</ref> The [[The Pirate Bay Trial|trial]] began on 16 February 2009. On 17 April 2009, Sunde and his co-defendants were found to be guilty of "assisting in making copyright content available" in the [[Stockholm]] district court ([[tingsrätt]]). Each defendant was sentenced to one year in prison and ordered to pay damages of 30 million [[Swedish krona|SEK]] (approximately [[€]]2,740,900 or [[United States dollar|US$]]3,620,000), to be apportioned between the four defendants.<ref>[http://torrentfreak.com/the-pirate-bay-trial-the-verdict-090417/ "The Pirate Bay Trial: Official Verdict - Guilty"]</ref> The defendants lawyers have appealed to the [[Svea Court of Appeal]] together with a request for a retrial in the district court because of the recent suspicion of bias on behalf of judge Tomas Norström.<ref name=localretrial>{{cite news |date=2009-04-23 |title=Pirate Bay lawyer calls for retrial |url=http://www.thelocal.se/19028/20090423/ |publisher=[[The Local]] }}</ref> Under Swedish law, the verdict is not lawful until all appeals have been processed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Tom |date=2009-04-17 |title=‘Pirate Bay’ founders convicted by Swedish court |url=http://features.csmonitor.com/innovation/2009/04/17/pirate-bay-founders-convicted-by-swedish-court/ |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://blog.brokep.com/ Personal blog]
*[http://twitter.com/brokep Peter Sunde] on [[Twitter]]
*[http://www.svd.se/kulturnoje/nyheter/artikel_2438651.svd The story of the Pirate Bay] {{sv icon}}

{{lifetime|1978|Living|Sunde, Peter}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:The Pirate Bay]]
[[Category:Intellectual property activism]]
[[Category:Copyright activists]]
[[Category:Norwegian vegans]]
[[Category:Finnish vegans]]

[[it:Peter Sunde]]
[[no:Peter Sunde]]
[[sv:Peter Sunde]]

{{Internet-stub}}
{{norway-bio-stub}}
{{France-bio-stub}}{{Compu-bio-stub}}
{{Euro-business-bio-stub}}

Nenagh Castle

2009-07-04T01:57:46Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 93.107.21.125 to last revision by DrilBot (HG)

{{Infobox Irish Place|
name = Nenagh |
gaeilge = Aonach Urmhumhan |
crest image = |
motto = |
map image = Ireland map County Tipperary Magnified.png |
pin coords = left: 31px; top: 41px |
north coord = 52.8632 |
west coord = 8.1995 |
irish grid = R865787 |
area = |
elevation = 72 m (236 ft) |
province = [[Munster]] |
county = [[County Tipperary]] |
town pop = 6,121 |
rural pop = 333 |
census yr = 2002 |
web = www.nenagh.ie |
|}}
'''Nenagh''' (''Aonach Urmhumhan'' in [[Irish language|Irish]]) is the county town of [[North Tipperary]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. It is the administrative capital of North Tipperary. It has a population in 2006 of 7,415.<ref name=CSO>{{cite web|url=http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/census2006_Table_5.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Volume 1 2006 isbn.doc |date= |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref>

Nenagh was originally a market town, and its name in Irish, ''Aonach Urmhumhan'' means "The Fair of Ormond", a reference to the Ormond (East [[Munster]]) Fair, of which it was the site. Nenagh is today a busy commercial town and is governed by Nenagh [[Town council|Town Council]].<ref name="nenaghtc1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nenaghtc.ie/index.html |title=Nenagh Town Council - Homepage |publisher=Nenaghtc.ie |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> The town's historic attractions include [[#Nenagh Castle|Nenagh Castle]], the Heritage Centre, and the ruined [[Franciscan]] [[abbey]].

== Geography ==

Nenagh, the largest town in North Tipperary lies to the west of the Nenagh River, which empties into [[Lough Derg (Munster)|Lough Derg]] at [[Dromineer]], 9 km to the north-west, a popular centre for sailing and other [[Watersport|water sports]].<ref name="Lough Derg">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nenagh.ie/places.htm|title=Nenagh Places to Visit|accessdate=May 13 2008|dateformat=mdy}}</ref> The [[Silvermines]] mountains lie to the south of the town, with the highest peak being [[Keeper Hill]] (''Sliabh Ciamalta'' in Irish) at 694m.<ref name="Listing at peakbagger.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8999|title=Keeper Hill|accessdate=May 13 2008|dateformat=mdy}}</ref> The Silvermines Mountains have witnessed mining for [[silver]] and [[base metal]]s on and off over seven hundred years. Traces of 19th century mine workings remain.<ref name="Mining Heritage Trust">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mhti.com/mines_in_ireland_files/silvermines.htm|title=Silvermines|accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref>

==Climate==
Nenagh has a mild climate, with the average daily maximum in July of 19°C and the average daily minimum in January of 3°C.

{{climate chart
|Nenagh, [[Ireland]]
| 3 | 8 | 51.2
| 3 | 8 | 43.3
| 4 | 10 | 36.5
| 5 | 12 | 36.3
| 7 | 15 | 33.2
| 10 | 18 | 38.6
| 12 | 19 | 34.8
| 12 | 19 | 39.7
| 10 | 17 | 39.7
| 7 | 13 | 58.3
| 5 | 10 | 43.4
| 4 | 8 | 44.7
|float=right
}}

== History ==

Nenagh is located in the Barony of Ormond which was the traditional territory of the O'Kennedy's in pre-Norman times. This land was included in the grant made by King [[John of England|John]] to Theobald, eldest son of Hervey Walter of [[Lancashire|Lancashire, England]]. Theobald was subsequently appointed Chief Butler of Ireland.<ref name=Murphy2>{{cite book | last = Murphy | first = Nancy | authorlink = |coauthors = | title = Walkabout Nenagh| publisher = Relay Books| date = 1994| location = | url = | doi =| isbn = 0-946327-12-2 }}</ref>

Nenagh Castle was built c1216 and was the main castle of the Butler family before they moved to Gowran, [[County Kilkenny]] in the later 14th century, and later still to the castle in Kilkenny city.<ref name="Murphy2" /> The castle remained in Butler hands for over 500 years. The town was one of the ancient manors of the Butlers who received the grant of a fair from [[Henry VIII]]. The Butlers also founded the medieval priory of St John, just outside the town at Tyone. A small settlement grew up around the castle, but it never seems to have been of any great importance other than as a local market throughout the medieval period.<ref>Brian Hodkinson, ''In search of Medieval Nenagh'', '''North Munster Antiquarian Journal''', Vol. 46, 2006, pp. 31-41</ref> An important Franciscan friary was founded in the town in 1252 in the reign of [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] which became the head of the Irish custody of West Ireland and was one of the richest religious houses in Ireland.<ref name="Murphy2" /> The Abbey was in use for six hundred years, Fr. Patrick Harty, who died in 1817, being its last inhabitant.

The town seems to have been refounded in the 16th century. In 1550 the town and friary were burned by O'Carroll. In 1641 the town was captured by [[Owen Roe O'Neill]], but shortly afterwards it was recaptured by Lord Inchiquin. It surrendered to [[Henry Ireton|Ireton]] in 1651 during the [[Cromwellian]] period and was burned by [[Patrick Sarsfield|Sarsfield]] in 1688 during the [[Williamite war in Ireland|Williamite Wars]]. Apart from the Castle and Friary most of the town's buildings date from the mid-1700s onwards when its sale out of Butler ownership led to the large-scale grant of leases and the subsequent growth of industries and buildings. The town's growth and development was accelerated in 1838 when the geographical county of Tipperary was divided into two ridings and Nenagh became the administrative capital of the North Riding.<ref name="Murphy2" /> In this period [[Daniel O'Connell]] held one of his [[Monster meetings]] for [[Repeal (Ireland)|Repeal]] of the [[Act of Union 1800|Act of Union]] at Grange outside of Nenagh.

In the nineteenth century Nenagh was primarily a market town providing services to the agricultural hinterland. Industries included brewing, corn processing, coach building and [[Ironworks|iron works]] with the addition of [[Cottage industry|cottage industries]] such as tailoring, dressmaking, millinery, shoemaking, carpentry, wood-turning, wheelwrighting, harnessmaking, printing, and monumental sculpting. The Nenagh Co-operative Creamery was established in 1914 providing employment in milk processing and butter-making.<ref name="Murphy2" />

== Major Buildings ==
=== Nenagh Castle ===
[[Image:Nenagh Castle.jpg|thumb|right|Nenagh Castle]]
This fine Norman Keep was built c1200 by [[Theobald Walter, 1st Baron Butler|Theobald Fitzwalter]], the first Butler, and completed by his son also [[Theobald le Botiller|Theobald]] c1220.
<ref name=Murphy1>{{cite book | last = Murphy | first = Nancy | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Nenagh Castle: Chronology and Architecture | publisher = Relay Books | date = 1993 | location = | url =| doi = | isbn = 0-946327-10-6 }}</ref>
The Butlers later became [[Earl of Ormonde|Earls of Ormonde]] and Nenagh remained their principal seat until 1391 when the seat was moved to [[Kilkenny Castle]] where it remains to this day. The circular keep is over thirty metres high, and has a base of sixteen metres and is one of the finest of its
kind in Ireland.<ref name="Murphy1" />
The crown of mock crenellations and ring of clerestory windows were added at the instigation of Rev. William Flannery in 1861. The intention was that the keep would become the [[Bell tower]] of a [[E.W. Pugin|Pugin]]-designed cathedral which was never built.
<ref name="Murphy1" /> Though not true to historic character these additions have ensured the iconic status of the keep which ensures that it features on the logos of many local clubs and businesses including Nenagh Town Council.<ref name="nenaghtc1"/> A project is currently under way to develop the castle and its surrounds. This project will position the castle as the main [[tourist attraction]] in the area.

=== St Mary's of the Rosary Catholic Church ===
This [[Gothic Revival architecture|neo-gothic]] church was built in 1895 to a design by architect Walter G Doolin.
<ref name=Cotter1>{{cite book| last = Cotter| first = Rev. Pat| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = St. Mary's of the Rosary, Nenagh, 1896-1990 | publisher = | date = 1990| location = | url = | doi = | id = }}</ref> It was constructed by John Sisk using Lahorna stone and Portroe slate with the [[Portland stone]] of the arches being the only imported material.<ref name="Cotter1" />

=== St Marys Church of Ireland Church ===
The adjacent [[Church of Ireland]] church was built in 1862 to a design by the architect Joseph Welland.<ref name="Murphy2" /> It is striking in its simplicity in contrast to its larger and more ornate neighbour.

=== Courthouse ===
[[Image:Nenagh Courthouse.JPG|thumb|right|Nenagh Courthouse]]
Nenagh Courthouse was built in 1843 to the design of Architect John B Keane.<ref name="Murphy2" /> The design was similar to his previous courthouse in [[Tullamore]] which in turn followed William Morrison's designs for [[Carlow]] and [[Tralee]].<ref name="Murphy2" /> The courthouse has recently been refurbished following the moving of the [[County council|County Council]] offices to the new Civic Offices. The grounds of the refurbished courthouse nearby have recently become the site of bronze sculptures of [[:Image:Nenagh olympic.jpg|three Olympic gold medallists]] with Nenagh links.

=== Gaol and Governors House ===
The old gaol, with its beautiful octagonal governor's residence, has been happily reduced to the status of an historic monument. Only one Gaol block remains intact. The Governor's Residence and Gaol Gatehouse currently house Nenagh & District [[Heritage centre|Heritage Centre]].

=== New Civic Offices ===
New Civic Offices have recently opened on the [[Limerick]] Road housing both [[North Tipperary]] County Council and Nenagh Town Council. Designed by Ahrends Burton & Koralek, they have won international recognition for their striking modern design.
<ref name=ABK>[http://www.abk.co.uk/projects/recent/NorthTipp.htm ABK]</ref>

=== Town Hall ===
[[Image:Banba Square.JPG|thumb|right|The Town Hall in Banba Square]]
This distinctive building, which until 2005 housed the offices of Nenagh Town Council and up until the 1980s Nenagh [[Public library|Public Library]], was built in 1895 and designed by the then Town Engineer Robert Gill (grandfather of [[Tomás Mac Giolla]]).<ref name="Murphy2" />

==Transport==
===Road===
Nenagh is situated on the [[R445 road|R445]] [[Regional Road]], which links it to the [[N7 road|N7]] [[Roads in Ireland#National Primary Routes|National Primary Route]] (which bypasses the town to the south) between [[Limerick, Ireland|Limerick]] and [[Dublin]], as well as the [[N52 road|N52]] [[National Secondary Route]] to [[Birr]] (and through the Midlands to [[Dundalk]]).

===Rail===
Nenagh has a [[Nenagh railway station|station]] on the [[railway]] line between [[Limerick Suburban Rail|Limerick]] and [[Ballybrophy halt|Ballybrophy]]. Passengers can connect at Ballybrophy to trains heading northeast to [[Dublin]] or southwest to [[Cork (city)|Cork]] or [[Tralee]]. [[Nenagh railway station]] opened on 5 October 1863.<ref>{{cite web | title=Nenagh station | work=Railscot - Irish Railways | url=http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf | accessdate=2007-09-07}}</ref>

The railway line is lightly used. Lack of upkeep means that the line is restricted to a maximum speed of 40 km/h and the existing trains are poorly timetabled for [[commuting|commuters]]. A committee (the Nenagh Rail Steering Committee) working in conjunction with Irish Railway News, had a meeting with the national railway company [[Iarnród Éireann]] (IÉ) on 1 September 2005 to present the results of a traffic study funded by Nenagh Town Council and [[North Tipperary County Council]], and to seek a morning and evening service between Nenagh and Limerick which would increase commuter traffic. IÉ agreed to delay an afternoon service from the December 2005 timetable and to work towards an early service when equipment permitted from 2007.

While the twice-a-day service on the Ballybrophy/Limerick line is poor, Nenagh is only 37 km from Thurles, which is on the main Dublin/Cork line, and which has around 18 trains daily in each direction, including non-stop services to and from Dublin.

== Sport ==
=== GAA ===
[[Image:Nenaghflag.png|thumb|right|Nenagh Éire Óg Colours]]
[[Nenagh Éire Óg GAA|Éire Óg Nenagh]] is the local [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] club and has had a deal of success in County Championships in both football and hurling, last winning the County Championship in 1995. The club has been strongly represented on All-Ireland winning [[Tipperary GAA|Tipperary]] [[hurling]] teams with players such as Mick Burns, [[Michael Cleary (hurler)|Michael Cleary]], John Heffernan, Conor O'Donovan and [[Hugh Maloney]]. <ref name=NEO>[http://www.nenagheireog.com/achievements/club_history.shtml Nenagh Éire Óg History]</ref>

=== Rugby ===
After years of being one of the stronger junior Rugby clubs in Munster winning many trophies in the late nineties and early part of the new century [[Rugby Union]] club [[Nenagh Ormond]] RFC became the first Tipperary club to gain senior status by being promoted promoted to the third division of the Rugby [[AIB League]] in 2005. Since going senior the club has competed admirably in the AIL. The club has produced three full Irish International players: Tony Courtney in the 1920s and more recently [[Trevor Hogan]] and [[Donnacha Ryan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nenaghormondrfc.com/History.htm Nenagh Ormond History|title=Nenagh Ormond History|language=English|accessdate=2009-02-19}}</ref>

=== Athletics ===
[[Image:Nenagh olympic.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Olympic gold medalists Hayes, McGrath and Tisdall in Nenagh, Co Tipperary, Ireland]]
The local athletic club Nenagh Olympic were named after three men ([[Johnny Hayes]], [[Matt McGrath]] and [[Bob Tisdall]]) with Nenagh connections who won [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] Gold Medals and the badge of the club is three interlocking [[Olympic symbols|Olympic Rings]] in green, white and orange. A statue of the three has been erected in Banba Square in the grounds of the Courthouse. The club has produced many fine athletes including recently Gary Ryan who also represented Ireland at the Olympics.<ref name="Gary Ryan Biography and Statistics">{{cite web|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ry/gary-ryan-1.html|title=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|publisher=Sports-Reference.com|accessdate=2009-02-19}}</ref> The club also possesses Ireland's first and to date only international standard [[indoor athletics]] track at Tyone. Many championships are held there including [[munster]] championships and even [[all Ireland]] [[championship]]s <ref name=AI1>[http://www.athleticsireland.ie/statistics/natchampions_in.htm Athletics Ireland]</ref><ref name=NOS>[http://sindar.net/iuaa/results/venue/9/ Nenagh Olympic Stadium]</ref>

=== Soccer ===
Home to Nenagh A.F.C.(1951) and Nenagh Celtic F.C.(1981).
Nenagh A.F.C.'s home grounds are Brickfields and Islandbawn. Nenagh Celtic's home ground is the VEC grounds.Nenagh Celtic over the last decade have dominated the North Tipp soccer scene, winning numerous titles.

===Golf===
Nenagh Golf Club located at Beechwood on the "Old Birr Road" was affiliated to the Golfing Union of Ireland in 1929. The original 9 hole course was designed by Alister McKenzie, who along with [[Bobby Jones (golfer)|Bobby Jones]] designed the legendary [[Augusta National Golf Club|Augusta National]]. The course was expanded to 18 holes by Eddie Hackett in 1973. The course was expanded to 150 acres during the 1980s and 1990s and redevelopment to a new design by Patrick Merrigan was completed in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nenaghgolfclub.com/aboutUs.htm|title=Nenagh Golf Club |publisher=nenaghgolfclub.com |date= |accessdate=2009-02-06}}</ref>

=== Triathlon ===
The Nenagh Triathlon Club was formed in 2007 to cater for the growing number of triathlon enthusiasts in the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nenaghtriathlon.com |title=Nenagh Triathlon Club | Triathlon Ireland |publisher=Nenaghtriathlon.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref>

=== Swimming ===
Nenagh Neptune Swimming club

== Famous People with Nenagh Connections ==
* Helen Maria Bayly - wife of [[Irish people|Irish]] [[mathematics|mathematician]] [[William Rowan Hamilton]].
*[[J.D. Bernal]] - scientist
*[[There's No One As Irish As Barack O'Bama|Ger Corrigan]] of Hardy Drew and the Nancy Boys
*[[John Dominic Crossan]] - religious scholar and a major figure in the fields of [[biblical archaeology]], [[anthropology]] and New Testament textual and [[higher criticism]].
*[[Patrick Donohoe]] - [[Irish people|Irish]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]]
*[[John Doyle (critic)|John Doyle]] - journalist with [[Canada|Canada's]] [[Globe and Mail]]
*[[Bernadette Flynn]] - [[Irish dance]]r
*[[T.P. Gill]] MP of the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]] and agriculture pioneer
*[[Julian Gough]] - novelist and singer with [[Toasted Heretic]]
*[[Johnny Hayes]] - Olympic Marathon gold-medalist
*Billy Hassett - lead singer and guitarist with Mod band [[The Chords]]
*[[Trevor Hogan]] - Irish Rugby International
*[[Jack Jones (politician)|Jack Jones]] - [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour]] politician
*Seán Kenny - Theatre Designer [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O79-KennySean.html]
*[[Tomás Mac Giolla]] - Former [[Workers Party of Ireland|Workers' Party]] president, [[Dublin West (Dáil Éireann constituency)|Dublin West]] TD and [[Lord Mayor of Dublin]]
*[[Shane MacGowan]] - [[Singer-songwriter|singer and songwriter]] (His mother came from nearby Carney)
*[[Matt McGrath]] - Olympic Hammer-throwing gold-medalist
*[[Daniel Morrissey|Dan Morrissey]] - [[Minister (government)|Government Minister]]
*[[Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill]] - Irish poet
*[[Michael O'Kennedy]] - Government Minister and [[List of European Commissioners from Ireland|European Commissioner]]
*[[Mary Redmond]] - Sculptor
*[[Alec Reid|Father Alec Reid]] - Facilitator of the [[Northern Ireland peace process]]
*[[Donnacha Ryan]] - Irish Rugby International
*[[Bob Tisdall]] - Olympic [[400 metres hurdles|400m hurdles]]gold-medalist

==See also==
* [[Nenagh Guardian]]
* [[Nenagh railway station]]
* [[Ardcroney]]
* [[List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland|List of towns and villages in Ireland]]
* [[Market Houses in the Republic of Ireland|Market Houses in Ireland]]

==External links==
*[http://www.nenagh.ie/ Nenagh - The Friendly Town] (Official Portal)
*[http://www.nenagh.net/ Nenagh Community Bulletin Board] (community and business information)
*[http://www.nenaghtc.ie/ Nenagh Town Council]
*[http://www.flanneryclan.ie/nc.htm Nenagh Castle]

== References ==
{{1911}}
<ref name=Grace2000>{{cite book
| author = Grace, D.
| year = 2000
| title = The Famine in Nenagh Poor Law Union
| publisher = Nenagh: Relay
| isbn =
}}</ref>
<references/>

{{Coord|52|51|48|N|8|11|58|W|city|display=title}}

[[Category:Towns and villages in County Tipperary]]
[[Category:County towns in the Republic of Ireland]]

[[bg:Нина (град)]]
[[da:Nenagh]]
[[de:Nenagh]]
[[fr:Nenagh]]
[[ga:Aonach Urmhumhan]]
[[id:Nenagh]]
[[it:Nenagh]]
[[lt:Nina]]
[[nl:Nenagh]]
[[nn:Nenagh]]
[[pl:Nenagh]]
[[pt:Nenagh]]
[[sv:Nenagh]]

My Humps

2009-06-27T18:35:20Z

Dylan620: /* Charts */ Latvian Airplay Top and Mexico Top 100 listed on WP:BADCHARTS.

{{Infobox Single
| Name = My Humps
| Cover = My humps BEP.jpg
| Artist = [[The Black Eyed Peas]]
| from Album = [[Monkey Business (album)|Monkey Business]]
| B-side = "So Real"
| Released = November 14, 2005 ([[Australia|AUS]], [[UK]])
| Format = [[music download|Digital download]], [[CD single]]
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[hip hop music|Hip hop]], [[dance music|dance]], [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| Length = 5:27 (Album Version) 3:44 (Radio Edit #1) 3:54 (Video & Radio Edit #2)
| Label = [[A&M Records|A&M]], [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]
| Writer = [[will.i.am]], D. Payton
| Producer = will.i.am
| Certification = Platinum ([[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]) Silver ([[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]])
| Last single = "[[Don't Lie]]" (2005)
| This single = "'''My Humps'''" (2005)
| Next single = "[[Pump It]]" (2006)
| Misc = {{Audiosample
| Upper caption = Audio sample
| Audio file = MyHumpsSample.ogg
}}
}}

"'''My Humps'''" is the third [[Single (music)|single]] from [[The Black Eyed Peas]]' fourth album, ''[[Monkey Business (album)|Monkey Business]]''. It samples a section of the song "I Need a Freak" by Sexual Harassment as well as the 1989 song "[[Wild Thing (Tone Lōc song)|Wild Thing]]" by [[Tone Lōc]]. Released in 2005, it reached number three in the U.S., becoming the Black Eyed Peas' third top ten single in the U.S. The single also reached number three on the [[UK Singles Chart]], their sixth top ten single on the chart. The song was not initially released as a single; "[[Don't Lie]]" was intended to be the lead-off release for the album. The song won the 2007 [[Grammy Award]] for "[[Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]]". On an interview with ITV1 show [[This Morning (TV series)|This Morning]] in the UK, [[will.i.am]] claims that he originally wrote the song for the [[Pussycat Dolls]]. {{Fact|date=August 2008}}

== Criticism ==
"My Humps" has been the subject of severe criticism by the [[Music journalism|music press]]. John Bush, writing for [[Allmusic]], described it as "one of the most embarrassing rap performances of the new millennium",<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:yfu06ja47180 Allmusic]</ref> while Bill Lamb, writing for [[About.com]], called it "the musical equivalent of a bad [[Farrelly Brothers]] movie".<ref>[http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/myhumps.htm About.com]</ref> [[Hua Hsu]] of ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' said, "It's not Awesomely Bad; it's Horrifically Bad. ... There are bad songs that offend our sensibilities but can still be enjoyed, and then there are the songs that are just really bad—transcendentally bad, objectively bad."<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2131640/ ''Slate'']</ref>

In a poll conducted by [[Rolling Stone]], the song was ranked first in the list of 20 most annoying songs.<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2007/07/02/the-20-most-annoying-songs/ Rolling Stone : The 20 Most Annoying Songs]</ref>

Despite the heavy criticism, it became a huge hit, charting at #3 in the United States and staying there for about two months.

== Music video ==
The official [[music video]] for "My Humps", directed by [[Fatima Robinson]] and Malik Hassan Sayeed, premiered on ''[[Total Request Live|TRL]]''. It shows [[Stacy Ferguson|Fergie]] dancing with backup dancers as images of expensive items such as [[Louis Vuitton]] purses and jewelry, which is supposed to be the jewelry her men have bought her, appear on the screen. The other members of the Black Eyed Peas — [[apl.de.ap]], [[Taboo (rapper)|Taboo]], and [[will.i.am]] — sing about how much they spend on Fergie as she sings about her "[[Buttocks|humps]]" and "[[Breast|lovely lady lumps]]". In some vignettes Taboo, Apl.de.ap, and will.i.am are behind women erotically dancing.

The video received the award for "[[MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Video|Best Hip-Hop Video]]" at the [[2006 MTV Video Music Awards]] on August 31, 2006.

== In popular culture ==
{{trivia|date=December 2007}}
In Season 3 of the American version of the television show ''[[The Office (US TV series)|The Office]]'', the song can be heard as [[Michael Scott (The Office)|Michael Scott]]'s ringtone, replacing "[[Mambo No. 5]]", his old one from Season 2. [[Stephen Colbert]] was seen singing this song on an episode of ''[[The Colbert Report]]'', stating that he used to hate the song until it won a Grammy Award. In the 2007 film ''[[Blades of Glory]]'', [[Will Ferrell]]'s character sings (albeit incorrectly) "My Humps", stating it is the only song he will skate to. When [[Jon Heder]]'s character wonders what "lady humps" (what Ferrell's character named the song) means, Ferrell's character says, "Nobody knows what it means, but it's provocative..." It was also used in the film [[Scary Movie 4]] when Cindy and Brenda are in the car, Brenda wakes up shouting "My lovely lady lumps!", a reference to a line in the song.

=== Parodies ===
The unconventional lyrical content of the song has been a satire target, spawning many parodies.

Novelist and composer [[Jack Heath (writer)|Jack Heath]] cited the song and its "objectification of women disguised as empowerment"<ref name=CP>[http://jackheath.com.au/music.htm "Don't Stall"] June 14th, 2009.</ref> as his primary inspiration for his 2005 style parody "Don't Stall".

[[Peaches (musician)|Peaches]] covered the song in 2006, altering the lyrics humorously and changing the title to "My Dumps".

[[Alanis Morissette]] covered the song in 2007, seemingly as an [[April Fools' Day]] prank, although she has not confirmed this.<ref name=CP>[http://www.thestar.com/artsentertainment/article/199549 "Morissette's My Humps video spoof an online hit"]. [[Canadian Press]] via ''[[Toronto Star]]''. April 4, 2007.</ref> In contrast to the original "My Humps", Morissette's cover is performed slowly and in the style of a [[Ballad (music)|ballad]], with only a [[piano]] accompanying the vocal. On April 2, a video in which Morissette parodies [[Fergie (singer)|Fergie]]'s dancing moves in the original "My Humps" music video was added to the website [[YouTube]]. By April 3, the video was the most viewed on [[Technorati]],<ref>[http://www.spin.com/features/everybodystalkingabout/2007/04/070403_alanis/ "Alanis Morissette 'My Humps' Video"]. ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''. April 3, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2007.</ref> and it was viewed 1.5 million times six days later.<ref name=CP/> The video has been hosted on [http://alanis.com/myhumps.html Morissette's official website]. ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' stated that the parody proved that Morissette "under[stands]" irony, in reference to her hit single, [[Ironic (song)|Ironic]]. On April 15, Fergie confirmed to E! News that she thought that the parody was "hilarious", and "genius". Fergie also said that she sent Alanis a cake in the shape of a "[[Buttocks|derrière]]".

[[American Greetings]] parodied the song in their Christmas e-card, "Three Wise Camels", in which the camels of the [[Three Wise Men]] rap about the gifts awaiting baby [[Jesus]], which are sitting on their humps.

[[Afroman]] parodied the song for his album "Waiting to Inhale" entitled "My Chunk" where he raps about his genitals.

Sketch-comedy show ''[[MADtv]]'' did a parody titled "My Slump" that featured [[George W. Bush]].

== Track listing ==
#"My Humps" (single version)
#"My Humps" (Lil' Jon remix version)
#"So Real"
#"My Humps" (video)

'''iTunes Digital Download'''

1.My Humps (Lil John Remix Version)

== Vinyl track listing ==
12 inch 33⅓ rpm black vinyl record from [[A&M Records]] - B0005585-11 Side A
# "My Humps" (radio edit) - 3:44
# "My Humps" (instrumental) - 4:10 Side B
# "My Humps" (album version) - 5:26
# "My Humps" (a cappella) - 4:08

== Chart performance ==
In the US "My Humps" reached number 3 on the [[Billboard Hot 100]] becoming their second top 5 on the chart from the album ''[[Monkey Business (album)|Monkey Business]]'' and the third overall. As of June, 2009, "My Humps" has so far sold 2,203,000 downloads in the United States.<ref>[http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/35570/week-ending-may-31-2009-boom-boom-pow-sets-digital-record/ Week Ending May 31, 2009: "Boom Boom Pow" Sets Digital Record] Chart Watch by Paul Grein, Retrived: June 3, 2009</ref>

== Charts ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart
!align="left"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]
|align="center"|5
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Rap Tracks]]
|align="center"|10
|-
|align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Austria Singles Top 75
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|Belgium Singles Top 50
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|[[Canadian Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|26
|-
|align="left"|[[Dutch Top 40]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[Eurochart Hot 100 Singles]]
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Finland Singles Top 20
|align="center"|7
|-
|align="left"|France Singles Top 100
|align="center"|11
|-
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart
!align="left"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[Media Control Charts|German Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Israeli Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Italian [[Federation of the Italian Music Industry|FIMI]] Singles Chart
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|New Zealand [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]] Singles Chart
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|Norway Singles Top 20
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[Romanian Top 100]]<ref>[http://www.rt100.ro/top-100-edition.html?edition=525&go=Go Romanian Top 100]</ref>
|align="center"|7
|-
|align="left"|[[Spain]] Promusicae
|align="center"|2
|-
|align="left"|Sweden Singles Top 60
|align="center"|19
|-
|align="left"|Swiss Singles Top 100
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|3
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Hung Up]]" by [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]]
| title = [[ARIA Charts|Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia in 2005|number-one single]]
| years = November 27 - December 11, 2005
| after = "[[Maybe Tonight]]" by [[Kate DeAraugo]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Gold Digger]]" by [[Kanye West]] featuring [[Jamie Foxx]]
| title = [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ (New Zealand)]] number-one single
| years = November 28 – December 5, 2005
| after = "[[Jingle Bells (Crazy Frog song)|Jingle Bells]]" by [[Crazy Frog]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[You Raise Me Up]]" by [[Westlife]]
| title = [[Irish Singles Chart]] number-one single
| years = December 8, 2005
| after = "[[JCB Song]]" by Nizlopi
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Stickwitu]]" by [[Pussycat Dolls|The Pussycat Dolls]]
| title = RIANZ (New Zealand) number-one single
| years = January 9 - January 16, 2006
| after = "[[Stickwitu]]" by The Pussycat Dolls
}}
{{end box}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Black Eyed Peas}}

[[Category:2005 singles]]
[[Category:Black Eyed Peas songs]]
[[Category:Dance-pop songs]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Ireland]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Alanis Morissette songs]]

[[es:My Humps]]
[[it:My Humps]]
[[pt:My Humps]]
[[ru:My Humps]]
[[tr:My Humps]]

About a Girl

2009-06-26T22:37:03Z

Dylan620: /* Airplay charts */ Latvian Airplay Top listed on WP:BADCHARTS.

{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = About a Girl
| Cover = nirvana_about_a_girl.jpg
| Artist = [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]
| from Album = [[MTV Unplugged in New York]]
| B-side = "[[Something in the Way]]" (live)
| Released = {{Start date|1994|10|24}}
| Format = [[CD Single|CD]]
| Recorded = {{Start date|1993|11|18}}
|Genre= [[Alternative rock]]
| Length = 3:37
| Label = [[Geffen Records|DGC]]
| Producer = [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] and [[Scott Litt]]
| Last single = "[[Pennyroyal Tea]]" (1994)
| This single = "'''About a Girl" (live)''' (1994)
| Next single = "[[Aneurysm (song)|Aneurysm]]" (1996)
{{Extra tracklisting
| Album = [[MTV Unplugged in New York]]
| Type = live
| prev_track =
| prev_no =
| this_track = "About a Girl"
| track_no = 1
| next_track = "[[Come as You Are (Nirvana song)|Come As You Are]]"
| next_no = 2
}}
}}

"'''About a Girl'''" is a song by the [[United States|American]] [[Grunge music|grunge]] band [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]. It is the third song on the group's debut album, ''[[Bleach (album)|Bleach]]'' (1989). It is also the first song on the posthumous ''[[MTV Unplugged in New York]]'' album from which it was a single in 1994.

==History==
According to the 1993 Nirvana biography ''Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana'' by [[Michael Azerrad]], "About a Girl" was written after Cobain spent an entire afternoon listening to ''[[Meet The Beatles!]]'' repeatedly. At the time, Cobain was trying to conceal his pop songwriting instincts, and he was reluctant to include the song on ''Bleach'' for fear of alienating the band's then-exclusively [[grunge]] fan base. "To put a jangly, [[R.E.M.]] type of pop song on a grunge record, in that scene, was risky," he admitted in a 1993 ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' interview.

However, the producer of ''Bleach'', [[Jack Endino]], was excited about the song, and even saw it as a potential [[Single (music)|single]]. Years later, [[Butch Vig]], who produced Nirvana's 1991 breakthrough album ''[[Nevermind]]'', would cite "About a Girl" as the first hint that there was more to Nirvana than grunge. "Everyone talks about Kurt's love affair with... the whole [[punk rock|punk]] scene, but he was also a huge [[The Beatles|Beatles]] fan, and the more time we spent together the more obvious their influence on his songwriting became," Vig told the ''[[NME]]'' in 2004.

"About a Girl" was recorded for ''Bleach'' in December 1988 by Endino in [[Seattle]], [[Washington]]. It remained one of the few songs from ''Bleach'' which Nirvana continued to perform live until Cobain's death in April 1994. The [[Steel-string guitar|acoustic]] ''[[MTV Unplugged]]'' rendition, recorded in 1993 and released posthumously on ''[[MTV Unplugged in New York]]'' in 1994, is perhaps the most familiar reading of the song. The live recording of "About a Girl" also appears as a playable song in the video game [[Guitar Hero World Tour]].

==Meaning==
According to [[Chad Channing]], Nirvana's drummer around the time of ''Bleach'', Cobain didn't have a title for the song when he first brought it into the studio. When asked what it was about, Cobain replied, "It's about a girl." {{Fact|date=April 2008}}

The girl in question was Tracy Marander, Cobain's then-girlfriend, with whom he lived at the time. Apparently, Marander had asked Cobain why he had never written a song for her, and Cobain responded with "About a Girl". The song addresses the couple's fractured relationship, caused by Cobain's refusal to get a job, or to share cleaning duties at their apartment (which housed many of his pets). During arguments on the subject, Cobain would occasionally threaten to move into his car, at which point Marander would usually relent. {{Fact|date=April 2008}}

Cobain never told Marander that he had written "About a Girl" for her. In the 1998 [[Nick Broomfield]] documentary ''[[Kurt and Courtney]]'', Marander revealed that she only found out after reading ''[[Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana]]''. {{Fact|date=April 2008}}

==Other versions==
A live version of "About a Girl," recorded in 1990, appears as a [[B-side]] on the band's 1990 "[[Sliver (song)|Sliver]]" non-album single. Cobain later expressed embarrassment towards the inclusion of this particular live version by calling it "ragged" in "the most unappealing way". The single for "Sliver" was a part of Nirvana's buyout deal while jumping ship from its indie [[Sub Pop]] label to the big-label major [[David Geffen Company]].

Another live electric version, recorded in 1991, appears on the 1994 [[home video]], ''[[Live! Tonight! Sold Out!!]]''. An additional live version (from Nirvana's show at the Paradiso Club in Amsterdam on November 25, 1991) appears on the 2006 DVD re-release of ''Live! Tonight! Sold Out!!''.

A solo [[Demo (music)|demo]] version appears on the 2004 Nirvana [[box set]], ''[[With the Lights Out]]'', and on the 2005 compilation album, ''[[Sliver: The Best of the Box]]''. The ''“Bleach”'' version was re-released in 2002 on the band's "best-of" compilation, ''[[Nirvana (album)|Nirvana]]''.

==Single==
"About a Girl" was released as a single from [[Bleach]] in 1989 but was re released as an acoustic version that was ''MTV Unplugged in New York'''s only commercial single and reached number one on Billboard's [[Modern Rock Tracks]] chart in late 1994. Five thousand numbered limited edition copies were sold in [[Australia]], an additional 200 copies were unnumbered for promotional use. A standard single was also sold in countries across [[Europe]]. The following songs appear on the single:
#"About a Girl" (Cobain)
#"[[Something in the Way]]" (Cobain)

==Chart positions==
===Singles charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1994)
!Position
|-
| [[ARIA Charts|Official Australian Singles Chart]]<ref>Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-1992. St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0646119176.
</ref>
| align=center|4
|-
| Official Belgium Singles Chart<ref>Het Belgisch Hit Boek - 45 jaar hits in Vlaanderen 1954-1999. By Robert Collin</ref>
| align=center|13
|-
| Official Finland Singles Chart<ref name="FinlandCharts">Pennanen, Timo (2003). Sisältää hitin: levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972. Otava Publishing Company Ltd. ISBN 951121053X.</ref>
| align=center|8
|-
| Official French Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web|author=Steffen Hung |url=http://lescharts.com/search.asp?search=Nirvana&cat=s |title=lescharts.com - Les charts français |publisher=Lescharts.com |date= |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>
| align=center|23
|-
| [[MegaCharts|Official Holland Singles Chart]]
| align=center|22
|-
| [[Federation of the Italian Music Industry|Official Italian Singles Chart]]
| align=center|20
|-
| Official Sweden Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web|author=Steffen Hung |url=http://swedishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Nirvana&cat=s |title=swedishcharts.com - Swedish Charts Portal |publisher=Swedishcharts.com |date= |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>
| align=center|20
|}

===Airplay charts===
{| class="wikitable"
!Chart (1992)
!Position
|-
| [[Polskie Radio|Polish Airplay Chart]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polskieradio.pl/ |title=Polskie Radio Online |publisher=Polskieradio.pl |date= |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>
| align=center|3
|-
!Chart (1993)
!Position
|-
| French Airplay Chart<ref>http://www.infodisc.fr/ French Airplay Chart</ref>
| align=center|9
|-
!Chart (1994)
!Position
|-
| Canadian National Airplay Chart<ref>Top 40 Hits, The Essential Chart Guide, 1975 - 1999. By Nanda Lwin. ISBN1-896594-13-1</ref>
| align=center|9
|-
| [[Mitä hittiä|Finland Mitä hittiä Chart]]<ref name="FinlandCharts"/>
| align=center|7
|-
| [[Triple J|Triple J Hottest 100]] (Australia)
| align=center|7
|-
| U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks]]<ref name="billboard1">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Singles&model.vnuArtistId=5316&model.vnuAlbumId=810092 |title=Billboard.com - Artist Chart History - Nirvana |publisher=Billboard.com |date= |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref>
| align=center|3
|-
| U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Modern Rock Tracks]]<ref name="billboard1"/>
| align=center|1
|-
| U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Top 40 Mainstream]]<ref name="billboard1"/>
| align=center|29
|-
| U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100 Airplay (U.S.)
| align=center|22
|}

==Accolades==
*Ranked #2 in ''[[NME|NME's]]'' "Top 20 Nirvana Songs" (2004)
*Ranked #2 in ''[[Q Magazine|Q's]]'' "10 Greatest Nirvana Songs Ever" (2004)
*Ranked #1 in ''[[Q Magazine|Q's]]'' "The 100 Greatest Singers and their 1000 Greatest Songs" (2007) in which Kurt was ranked as the 7th greatest singer

==Covers==
"About a Girl" has been covered by [[trip-hop]] band [[Cibo Matto]].

According to the official [[Foo Fighters]] web site, former Nirvana drummer and Foo Fighters lead singer [[Dave Grohl]] covered "About a Girl" during a studio session with music producer Barrett Jones{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. The recording has yet to surface.

[[Puddle of Mudd]] also has covered "About a Girl."

Brazilian singer-songwriter [[Cibelle]] released an EP named "About a Girl" with a cover of the track.

The first EP of the Italian band VerdeIride contains an acoustic version of the song.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.sliver.it/nirvana/test/pages/official/about_unplugged.html About a Girl discography information at sliver.it]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-zRt2OmKm0 About a Girl live unplugged]
*Azerrad, Michael. ''Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana'', Doubleday, New York: 1993, ISBN 0-86369-746-1

== External links ==

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Zombie (song)|Zombie]]" by [[The Cranberries]]
| title = [[Modern Rock Tracks|''Billboard'' Modern Rock Tracks]] [[List of number-one modern rock hits (United States)|number-one single]]
| years = December 10, 1994
| after = "[[Bang and Blame]]" by [[R.E.M.]]
}}
{{end box}}
{{Nirvana (band)}}

[[Category:Billboard Hot Alternative Tracks number-one singles]]
[[Category:Nirvana songs]]
[[Category:1989 songs]]
[[Category:1994 singles]]

[[cs:About a Girl]]
[[es:About a Girl]]
[[fr:About a Girl]]
[[pl:About a Girl]]
[[pt:About a Girl]]
[[fi:About a Girl]]
[[sv:About a Girl]]
[[vi:About a Girl]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:About A Girl}}

About a Girl

2009-06-26T22:37:03Z

Dylan620: /* Airplay charts */ Latvian Airplay Top listed on WP:BADCHARTS.

Land of Confusion

2009-05-17T19:54:19Z

Dylan620: /* External links */ This song (under Disturbed's version) was #1 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks for 3 weeks in late 2006; adding succession box.

{{Infobox Single
|Name=Land of Confusion
|Cover=Genesis-Land-of-confusion-single-cover.jpg
|Caption=Original single cover parodying 1963's ''[[With the Beatles]]''
|Artist=[[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
|from Album=[[Invisible Touch]]
|Released= {{flagicon|US}} {{start date|1986|10}} {{flagicon|UK}} {{start date|1986|11}}
|Format=US: [[Gramophone record|7"]], UK: 7", [[12-inch single|12"]]
|Recorded=[[The Farm (recording studio)|The Farm]], [[Surrey]]; 1985 – 1986
|Genre=[[Rock music|Rock]]
|Length=4:45
|Label={{flagicon|US}} [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] {{flagicon|UK}} [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] - GENS 3
|Writer=Music: [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] Lyrics: [[Mike Rutherford]]
|Producer=[[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] [[Hugh Padgham]]
|Reviews=
|Last single="[[Throwing it All Away]]" (1986)
|This single="'''Land of Confusion'''" (1986)
|Next single="[[Tonight, Tonight, Tonight]]" (1986)
| Misc = {{Extra tracklisting
| Album = [[Invisible Touch]]
| Type = studio
| prev_track = "[[Tonight, Tonight, Tonight]]"
| prev_no = 2
| this_track = "Land of Confusion"
| track_no = 3
| next_track = "[[In Too Deep (song)]]"
| next_no = 4
}}
{{Audiosample
| Upper caption = Audio sample
| Audio file= GenesisLandofConfusion.ogg
}}
}}
"'''Land of Confusion'''" is a rock song written by the band [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] for their 1986 album ''[[Invisible Touch]]''. The song was the third track on the album and was the fourth track from the album to become a single, which reached #4 in the US and #14 in the UK in 1987. It made #8 in the Netherlands. The music was written by the band, while the lyrics were written by [[guitar]]ist [[Mike Rutherford]]. The lyrics, further emphasized by the music video (see below), discuss the greed and uncertainty of the [[Cold War]]-era 1980s, but evoke a sense of hope for the future. The song is remembered by many Genesis fans because of its video, which featured puppets from the 1980s UK sketch show ''[[Spitting Image]]''.

== Background ==
* "...Phil offers thoughtful, well intentioned lyrics which tackle the world's problems of war and chaos;...Phil's worries in 1987 have a prophetic ring to them." ~ Welch, Chris. ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Genesis''. 1995 ed <ref>Welch, Chris. The Complete Guide to the Music of Genesis. London: Omnibus Press, 1995.</ref>
This quote is inaccurate. Mike Rutherford penned the lyrics for this track and the song was released in 1986.

==Music video==
[[Image:LandofConfusionscreenshot1.JPG|left|250px|thumb|The band members as they appeared in the video.]]


The song is widely remembered for its [[music video]], which had heavy airplay on [[MTV]]. The video drew controversy for its portrayal of Ronald Reagan as being physically and cognitively inept. The video features puppets by the British [[television show]] ''[[Spitting Image]]''. After [[Phil Collins]] saw a caricatured version of himself on the show, he commissioned the show's creators, [[Peter Fluck]] and [[Roger Law]], to create puppets of the entire band, as well as all the characters in the video.

The video opens with a caricatured [[Ronald Reagan]] (voiced by [[Chris Barrie]]), [[Nancy Reagan]], and a chimpanzee (parodying Reagan's film ''[[Bedtime for Bonzo]]''), going to bed at 16:30 (4:30 pm). Reagan, holding a [[teddy bear]], goes to sleep and begins to have a nightmare, which sets the premise for the entire video. The video intermittently features a line of stomping feet, illustrating an army marching through a swamp, and they pick up heads of [[Cold War]]-era political figures in the swamp along the way (an [[allusion]] to ''[[Motel Hell]]'').

Caricatured versions of the band members are shown playing instruments on stage during a concert: [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] on an array of synthesizers (as well as a [[cash register]]), [[Mike Rutherford]] on a [[Double neck guitar|four-necked guitar]] (parodying Rutherford's dual role as the band's guitar and bass-player), and two [[Phil Collins]] puppets: one on the drums, and one singing.

During the second verse, the video features various world leaders giving speeches on large video screens in front of mass crowds; the video shows [[Mussolini]], [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]], [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and his aides (appearing like [[Frank Sinatra]]'s '[[rat pack]]'), and [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]. Meanwhile, Reagan is shown putting on a [[Superman]] suit, fumbling along the way, while Collins sings,

:''Oh Superman where are you now''
:''When everything's gone wrong somehow''
:''The men of steel, the men of power''
:''Are losing control by the hour.''

Meanwhile, the "real world" Reagan is shown drowning in his own sweat (at one point, a [[rubber duck]] floats by).

During the bridge, the Superman-costumed Reagan and a [[Monoclonius]]-type dinosaur (with punk jewelry) watch a television showing various clips (apparently from the [[Spitting Image]] show itself), including [[Johnny Carson]], [[Leonard Nimoy]] as Mr [[Spock]], and [[Bob Hope]]. This segues into a sequence apparently set in prehistoric times, where the Monoclonius-type and a [[Theropod]]-type dinosaur (wearing a bow-tie) meet up with Ron and Nancy Reagan and a rather outlandish mammal eats an egg and reads a newspaper. At the end of this part, the ape from the prologue is shown throwing a bone in the air (an [[allusion]] to ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'').

As the bone begins to fall there is a sudden switch to Collin catching a falling phone which he uses to inform the person on the other end that he "won't be coming home tonight, my generation will put it right" (which is when a caricature of a 1980s [[Pete Townshend]] is seen playing a chord on guitar and giving thumbs up for putative mentioning of his own song, ''[[My Generation (The Who song)|My Generation]]'') and on the "we're not just making promises" verse the bone lands (on top of [[David Bowie]] and [[Bob Dylan]]). Reagan is then shown riding the ''[[Monoclonius]]'' through the streets while wearing a cowboy hat and wardrobe (a reference to Reagan's down-home public persona and ranch). As the video nears its climax, there are periodic scenes of a large group of spoofed celebrity puppets, including [[Tina Turner]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], and [[Hulk Hogan]] singing along to the chorus of the song, in a spoof of the charity driven song "[[We Are the World]]".

At the end of the video, Reagan awakens from his dream, and surfaces from the sweat surrounding him; Nancy at this point is wearing a [[Snorkeling|snorkel]]. After taking a drink (missing his mouth and, indeed, his face), he fumbles for a button next to his bed. He intends to push the one labeled "Nurse", but instead presses the one titled "[[Nuclear weapons|Nuke]]", setting off a [[mushroom cloud]]. Reagan then replies "Man, that's one heck of a nurse!" Nancy whacks him over the head with her snorkel. (This is somewhat reminiscent of the opening of ''[[Far Out Space Nuts]]'' when a "Launch" button is pressed, thinking it was labeled "Lunch".)

The video, directed by John Lloyd & Jim Yukich and produced by Jon Blair, won the short lived [[Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video]] during the [[Grammy Awards of 1988|1988 Grammys]].<ref>[http://80music.about.com/library/grammy/bl_1987.htm 1988 Grammy Awards information]. About.com. Retrieved March 4, 2006</ref> The video was also nominated for an [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Video of the Year]] in 1987, but lost to "[[Sledgehammer (song)|Sledgehammer]]" by [[Peter Gabriel]] (coincidentally, Genesis' former lead singer). It also made the number-one spot on ''[[The Village Voice]]'' critic [[Robert Christgau]]'s top 10 music videos in his year-end "Dean's List" feature, and number three on the equivalent list in his annual survey of music critics, [[Pazz & Jop]] (again losing out to "Sledgehammer").<ref>[http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans86.php Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1986: Dean's List]; [http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres86.php Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1986: Critics Poll]. Robert Christgau's Web Site. Retrieved June 19, 2006</ref>

===List of famous people and characters seen in the video===


{{inc-video|date=August 2008}}
{{MultiCol}}
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Ronald Reagan]]
* [[Pete Townshend]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Nancy Reagan]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Jimmy Carter]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Margaret Thatcher]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Henry Kissinger]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Robert Maxwell]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[David Owen]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Richard Branson]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Prince Charles]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Benito Mussolini]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Leonid Brezhnev]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Ed McMahon]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Johnny Carson]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Walter Cronkite]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Richard Nixon]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Leonard Nimoy]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Bob Hope]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Bob Hawke]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Sylvester Stallone]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Grace Jones]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[François Mitterrand]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Tina Turner]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Bruce Springsteen]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Bob Dylan]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[David Bowie]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Mick Jagger]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Tammy Faye Bakker]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Thomas Gottschalk]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Helmut Kohl]] (Whacking Erich Honecker with a banana. He is seen for a split second in the first TV segment)
* [[Erich Honecker]] (Being whacked with a banana by Helmut Kohl)
* [[Urho Kekkonen]]{{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Alan Greenspan]] {{Fact|date=October 2008}}
* [[Frank Sinatra]] (not a puppet; photo on book Nancy is reading)

{{ColBreak}}
;''in crowd:''
* [[Joan Rivers]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Ringo Starr]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Yoko Ono]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Clint Eastwood]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Michael Jackson]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Cyndi Lauper]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Barbra Streisand]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Jane Fonda]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Bette Midler]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Princess Diana]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Dolly Parton]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Queen Elizabeth II]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Stephen King]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Mr. T]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Walter Matthau]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Paul McCartney]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Hulk Hogan]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Bill Cosby]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Bob Geldof]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Faye Dunaway]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Cliff Richard]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Boy George]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Elton John]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Prince Philip]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* [[Freddie Mercury]] {{Fact|date=December 2007}}
* (For a brief moment at the end before President Reagan wakes, the real [[Phil Collins]] pops up and down in the crowd)
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Singles track listings==
[[Image:Genesis Live- Land Of Confusion.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Genesis performing "Land of Confusion" in [[Concerts at Knebworth House|Knebworth]], England (August 2, 1992).]]

===7": Virgin / GENS 3 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

=== 7": Atlantic / 7-89336 (US) ===

# "Land Of Confusion" (Edit Of Remix) - 4:45
# "Land Of Confusion" (LP Version) - 5:54

===12": Virgin / GENS 3-12 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===12": Virgin / 608 632-213 (Germany) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===CD: Virgin / SNEG 3-12 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54
# "Do the Neurotic" – 7:08

===12": Atlantic / PR 968 (US) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45

* Remixes by [[John Potoker]]

==Credits==
*[[Phil Collins]] - [[Drum kit|Drums]], [[Percussion instrument|Percussion]], [[Singer|Vocals]]
*[[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] - [[Keyboard instrument|Keyboards]], Vocals, Bass pedals
*[[Mike Rutherford]] - [[Guitar]]s, [[Bass guitar]]

==Live performances==
The song was played on their ''[[Invisible Touch]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=15&addcommentsall= Invisible Tour Songs & Dates]</ref>, ''[[We Can't Dance|The Way We Walk]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=16&addcommentsall= The Way We Walk Tour Songs & Dates]</ref>, ''[[Calling All Stations]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=17&addcommentsall= Calling All Stations Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> (with [[Ray Wilson (musician)|Ray Wilson]] on vocals) and ''[[Turn It On Again: The Tour]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=18&addcommentsall= Turn it on again Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> tours, though always transposed down a key to account for the deepening of Phil Collins's voice over the years.

It also appears on their live albums ''[[The Way We Walk, Volume One: The Shorts]]'', and ''[[Live Over Europe 2007]]''. As well as on their DVDs ''[[Genesis Live at Wembley Stadium]]'', ''[[The Way We Walk - Live in Concert]]'' and ''[[When in Rome 2007]]''.

==Cultural references==
"Land of Confusion" was also a track used for the final episode of the 1980s cop show ''[[Miami Vice]]'' (in which [[Phil Collins]] periodically played a minor role) called "Freefall" and was applied as the characters of the show [[James "Sonny" Crockett|Crockett]] ([[Don Johnson]]) and Tubbs ([[Philip Michael Thomas]]) were in the middle of a stakeout. The song was to imply the complexity of the story during the finale.

"Land of Confusion" was Delaware Senator [[Joe Biden]]'s campaign song during his brief run for President in 1987.

==Notable covers==
The song has been variously re-recorded as [[cover versions]] by several artists spanning a number of genres.

*One-time Genesis guitarist [[Daryl Stuermer]] reworked the song into a [[jazz]] tune on his album ''[[Another Side of Genesis]]''.<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:8hl67ur010jd Track Listing for "Another Side of Genesis" by Daryl Steurmer]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved March 4, 2006.</ref>

*It has been covered by [[reggae]] group [[Fourth Dimension]].<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:gn6htr2yklkx Track Listing for "Around the World" by Fourth Dimension]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved March 4, 2006</ref>


*A cover of Genesis' Land of Confusion was also done by the Swedish Melodic Metal band [[In Flames]] in their 2003 EP ''[[Trigger (EP)|Trigger]]''.


===Disturbed===
{{Infobox Single
|Name = Land of Confusion
|Artist = [[Disturbed]]
|Cover = disturbed_land_of_confusion.jpg
|from Album = [[Ten Thousand Fists]]
|Released = October 2, 2006
|Format = [[Compact disc]], [[Gramophone record|12" picture LP]]
|Recorded = January - April 2005 at Groovemaster Studios in [[Chicago, Illinois]]
|Genre = [[Hard rock]]
|Writer = [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
|Label = [[Reprise Records|Reprise]]
|Length = 4:50
|Producer = [[Johnny K]]
|Reviews=
|Last single= "[[Just Stop (song)|Just Stop]]" (2006)
|This single= "'''Land of Confusion'''" (2006)
|Next single= "[[Ten Thousand Fists (song)|Ten Thousand Fists]]" (2006)
}}
The most recent cover version was released by [[rock music|rock]] band [[Disturbed]] in July 2006 as their eleventh single, from their third studio album ''[[Ten Thousand Fists]]''. [[Singing|Vocalist]] [[David Draiman]] commented that the aim of covering the song was, "taking a song that's absolutely nothing like us and making it our own."<ref name="aimforcover">{{cite web|title=Disturbed frontman: 'I see ourselves as being a three-decade spanning band'|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=62683|date=2006-11-23|accessdate=2008-12-15|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref>

It was accompanied by a music video animated by [[Todd McFarlane]], known for his work with the ''[[Spawn (comics)|Spawn]]'' comic book series. McFarlane had previously animated the music videos for the songs "[[Freak on a Leash]]" by [[Korn]] and "[[Do the Evolution]]" by [[Pearl Jam]].<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane"/> According to McFarlane, the music video is "a big view of the corporate world and how it all ties into just one big beast for me... The world is run by one giant thing, which is driven by greed and lust."<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane"/>

The video starts out with the [[Disturbed#Mascot|The Guy]], Disturbed's mascot, falling to earth. It then shows military forces sporting a [[dollar sign]]<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane">{{cite news|last =Harris|first=Chris|title=Todd McFarlane to make Genesis' 'Confusion' clip even more disturbed|publisher=MTV|date=2006-03-15|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1525848/20060310/disturbed.jhtml|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> within a circle of white that is within a field of red, followed by legions of black-clad soldiers reminiscent of [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Schutzstaffel]]<ref name="mcfarlanevskirkman">{{cite news|last=Khouri|first=Andy|title=CCI, Day 3: McFarlane Vs Kirkman?|publisher=Comic Book Resources|date=2006-07-22|url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=7666|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref>, belonging to different countries. The video then shows The Guy, escaping bondage from chains, as the military forces continue to assault cities. Later on, leaders of various nations of the world are shown sitting at a table with the same dollar sign on it. Eventually The Guy confronts some soldiers, who sport patches with the dollar sign symbol, and stirs the people around the world to revolt and kill the soldiers, and then flags of various nations of the world are shown, with the final flag sporting the dollar sign. The Guy then leads the rebels to the [[United Nations Headquarters]] <ref name="mcfarlanevskirkman"/> where they slaughter the U.N. representatives and finally the overweight businessman who, when destroyed by The Guy, explodes into dollar bills.

==Charts==
===Genesis version===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" width="260"|Chart (1986–87)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks|U.S. ''Billboard'' Mainstream Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|align="left"|[[Billboard Hot 100|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|14
|}

===Disturbed version===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" width="260"|Chart (2006)
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Modern Rock Tracks
|align="center"|16
|-
|align="left"|U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100
|align="center"|100
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vh1classic.com/view/artist/1077/18140/Genesis/Land_Of_Confusion/index.jhtml ''Genesis'' Music Video] at [[VH1 Classic]]
* [http://www.mtvmusic.com/video/?id=18140 ''Genesis'' Music Video] at [[MTV Music]]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Through Glass]]" by [[Stone Sour]]
| title = [[Mainstream Rock Tracks|''Billboard'' Mainstream Rock Tracks]] [[List of number-one mainstream rock hits (United States)#2006|number-one single]] (Disturbed version)
| years = [[November 4]] [[2006]] - [[November 18]] [[2006]]
| after = "[[The Pot]]" by [[Tool (band)|Tool]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{Genesis}}
{{Disturbed}}

[[Category:1986 singles]]
[[Category:2006 singles]]
[[Category:Genesis (band) songs]]
[[Category:Disturbed songs]]
[[Category:Protest songs]]

[[es:Land of Confusion]]
[[fr:Land of Confusion]]
[[ka:Land of Confusion]]
[[sv:Land of Confusion]]

What I’ve Done

2009-05-17T18:02:35Z

Dylan620: Fix link to Breath (Breaking Benjamin song).

{{Refimprove|date=March 2009}}
{{Infobox Single
| Name = What I've Done
| Cover = WhatI'veDoneCover.jpg
| Artist = [[Linkin Park]]
| from Album = [[Minutes to Midnight (album)|Minutes to Midnight]]
| Released = '''Digital download''' {{flagicon|USA}} April 2, 2007 {{flagicon|UK}} {{flagicon|Australia}} April 3, 2007 '''CD single''' {{flagicon|USA}} April 10, 2007 {{flagicon|Australia}} May 5, 2007 {{flagicon|UK}} May 7, 2007
| Format = [[CD single]]
| Recorded = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| Genre = [[Alternative rock]]
| Length = 3:25 (album version) 3:28 (iTunes version) 3:29 (radio edit)
| Label = [[Warner Bros. Records|Warner Bros.]]
| Writer = [[Linkin Park]]
| Producer = [[Rick Rubin]], Mike Shinoda
| Certification = 2× platinum ([[RIAA]]), Gold ([[Sweden|SWE]])
| Last single = "[[Dirt off Your Shoulder/Lying from You]]" (2005)
| This single = "'''What I've Done'''" (2007)
| Next single = "[[Bleed It Out]]" (2007)
}}

"'''What I've Done'''" is a song by the American [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Linkin Park]], and the first [[Single (music)|single]] from their third [[studio album]], ''[[Minutes to Midnight (album)|Minutes to Midnight]]''. The song was released as a radio single on April 1, 2007, as a digital download on April 2, and as a CD single on April 30.

==Sound==
[[Chester Bennington]] described the track in a March 2007 interview with [[MTV]]:
{{Cquote|Joe [Hahn] came up to Mike and me and asked us to take the whole idea of ''Minutes to Midnight'' and apply that to how the band has changed. So, in a way, it's us saying goodbye to how we used to be...The lyrics in the first verse are 'In this farewell, there's no blood, there's no alibi,' and right away, you'll notice that the band sounds different: The drums are much more raw, the guitars are more raw and the vocals aren't tripled. It's just us out there ... and that's how [[Rick Rubin]] wanted it.<ref name="mtv">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1553982/20070306/linkin_park.jhtml|title=Linkin Park Finish Apocalyptic Album, Revive Projekt Revolution Tour|publisher=MTV|date=2007-03-06}}</ref>}}

The single and video appeared in the [[iTunes Store]] shortly after midnight EST on April 2, 2007. It became available the day after on iTunes in the UK and Australia. On April 2, the song was featured streaming on the front page of their official website, with the video being added to the site shortly thereafter.

The song starts out with a [[piano]] [[riff]], before adding a [[hip hop]]-inspired drum line, and then introducing a raw-sounding guitar riff. When the song is played live at Linkin Park's concerts, [[Mike Shinoda]] plays the piano intro and the guitar after that. This song differs from most of Linkin Park's previously released songs (except "[[Breaking the Habit]]") in that it features almost no lead vocals from vocalist [[Mike Shinoda]], save for a brief "na na na" refrain at the end and contributing harmonies throughout. "What I've Done" was the last song written for ''[[Minutes to Midnight (album)|Minutes to Midnight]]''.<ref>[http://lptimes.com/news2007/april/news04042007.html LP Times] reports on "What I've Done".</ref> The song also has a downbeat exactly once every second, consistent throughout its entirety.

==Critical reception==
{{POV-section|date=April 2009}}
''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's [[David Fricke]] gave it a 4/5 stars noteing that it is a "balled-fist guilt" of the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/linkinpark/albums/album/14435695/review/14459315/minutes_to_midnight|title=Linkin Park: Minutes to Midnight : Music Reviews|publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]''|date=May 30, 2007|accessdate=December 23|accessyear=2008}}</ref>

==Track listings==
'''CD 1'''
{{Tracklist
| all_writing = Linkin Park
| title1 = What I've Done
| note1 = radio edit
| length1= 3:29
| title2 = [[Faint (song)|Faint]]
| note2 = live in Japan
| length2 = 2:45
}}

'''CD 2 (Maxi / AU Single)'''
{{Tracklist
| title1 = What I've Done
| length1 = 3:28
| title2 = Faint
| note2 = live in Japan
| length2 = 2:46
| title3 = [[From the Inside]]
| note3 = live in Japan
| length3 = 3:31
}}

'''DVD Version'''
{{Tracklist
| title1 = What I've Done
| note1 = music video
| length1 = 3:29
| title2 = Faint
| note2 = live in Japan; video
| length2 = 2:45
}}

'''7" Picture disk format'''
{{Tracklist
| title1 = What I've Done
| note1 = radio edit
| length1 = 3:29
| title2 = Faint
| note2 = live in Japan
| length2 = 2:45
}}
All of the live tracks on this CD (and vinyl) were recorded at the Chiba Marine stadium in Tokyo, Japan on August 13, 2006 at the Summer Sonic Festival.

==Music video==
[[Image:What Ive Done - Linkin Park.ogg|noicon|thumb|300px|"What I've Done" music video ([http://www.jeroenwijering.com/embed/mediaplayer.swf?file=http://download.wbr.com/bandbuilder/lp/mtm/WhatIveDone_v400h.flv Watch Full Video])]]
The music video for "What I've Done" explores the many ironies of humanity and its ill effects on the earth and the environment. It juxtaposes various pieces of footage: a large, well-fed man eating fast food, a woman measuring her waist and a man who is so malnourished that his ribcage is visible through his skin; African Americans being hosed down and the [[Ku Klux Klan]]; nuclear explosions, the [[September 11, 2001|World Trade Center towers collapsing]], children waving American flags, a Middle Eastern child holding an [[AK-47]], clips of oil tankers torn in half and birds covered in an oil slick. The band's [[Disc Jockey|turntablist]] [[Joe Hahn]] directed the video for the single, which was shot in the California desert.<ref name="billboard">{{cite web|url=http://billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003554313|title=Clock Strikes 'Midnight' For New Linkin Park Album|publisher=Billboard|date=2007-03-06}}</ref> The video premiered on [[April 2]], [[2007]] on [[MTV]] and [[Fuse TV|Fuse]]. It premiered on MTV-Asia, MTV-Germany, TMF Netherlands and Canada's [[MuchMusic]] on [[April 3]], 2007.

It features footage of the band performing in the desert, interspersed with stock footage reflecting on a variety of social and environmental issues including [[pollution]], [[global warming]], [[racism]], [[Nazism]], the [[Ku Klux Klan]], [[abortion]], [[starvation]], [[terrorism]], [[warfare]], [[deforestation]], [[poverty]], [[drug addiction]], [[obesity]], [[destruction]], rising [[gasoline]] prices and crimes committed by humanity. The video also features short views of important historical figures, such as [[Mother Teresa]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Robert Kennedy]], [[Fidel Castro]], [[Saddam Hussein]], [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Mao Zedong]], and [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Some cut scenes like the traffic scene and the [[napalm]] exploding were also featured on the [[Rise Against]] music video for [[Ready To Fall]].

The video clip was featured and won on MTV's ''Battle of the Videos'' against videos by [[Evanescence]] ("[[Sweet Sacrifice]]") and [[Lil' Mama]] ("[[Lip Gloss (song)|Lip Gloss]]").<ref>[http://www.mtvbattleofthevideos.com/2007/04/16/finally-a-winner/#comments "What I've Done"] wins MTV Battle Of the Videos.</ref> The video also marks the first appearance of a Linkin Park video in the #1 spot on MTV's [[Total Request Live|TRL]], hitting #1 six times so far. The video was among the all-time top 50 most viewed on YouTube with over 36 million views but was removed as a result of [[Warner Music Group]]'s feud with YouTube. AOL currently has a live performance of "What I've Done" on their website.<ref>[http://www.aolmusicnewsblog.com/2007/04/16/linkin-park-sessions-tease/"What I've Done"] live on AOL.</ref>


When the band's logo is shown for the first time in the video (on the front of Rob's [[bass drum]]), it features a complete circle with the stylized letters "LP" within it. However, every time the logo is shown after this, the circle is not complete, being "separated" by two blank spaces above the "L" and below the "P". This is explained in "Making of What I've Done", where the band shows the original drums that were wrongly made, and that they had to use black tape to make the breaks in the circle.

So far, this is the only video in which Joe Hahn's face is not focused at although some parts shown his hands on the turntables.

Chester's jacket was lent to him by [[Yellowcard]] frontman [[Ryan Key]] as mentioned in an episode (Episode 89) of [[MTV Cribs]].{{Fact|date=April 2009}}

===Alternate music video===
A second video, made exclusively for Australia, features a completely different scenario from the first; instead of clips of human sin, the video tells the story of a woman working at a government-run pharmaceutical company learning of a plan to develop a deadly new virus for "social control", and - with the help of several people dressed in black hooded sweatshirts with Linkin Park's logo on them - smuggles out several blood samples of a human test subject of the virus to expose the conspiracy. The video can be seen on YouTube and Linkin Park's Australian website.<ref>[http://minutestomidnight.com.au/ Linkin Park]</ref> 

===Notable clips from the video===



The following is a non-exhaustive list of historical and/or [[stock footage]] in the music video:
{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
*A [[scorpion]]
*[[Clockwork]]
*A soaring [[bald eagle]]
*[[Desertification]]
*Aerial targeting footage of a missile strike from the [[Gulf War]]
*A rear shot of riot police
*A 1960s civil rights demonstration in [[Birmingham, Alabama]]
*A firefighter carrying a child from a burning building
*A riot in [[South America]]
*A Canadian Forces [[CH-113 Labrador]] [[search and rescue]] helicopter
*The [[Vietnam War]]
*[[Global Warming]]
*[[Urbanization]]
*[[Pollution]]
*[[Poaching]] ([[Ivory]])
*[[Deforestation]]
*a [[Polar Bear]]
*Citizens of the world's [[least developed countries]]
*[[Obesity]]
*An [[anorexia nervosa|anorexic]] woman
*[[Starvation]]
*[[Effects of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans]]
*[[Stonehenge]]
*[[Hagia Sophia]]
{{col-break}}
*[[Great Pyramid of Giza]]
*[[Parthenon]]
*[[Vitruvian Man]]
*[[Mother Teresa]]
*[[Robert F. Kennedy]]
*[[Mahatma Gandhi]]
*[[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]
*[[Mao Zedong]]
*[[Abraham Lincoln|Abraham]] [[Lincoln Memorial]]
*[[Fidel Castro]]
*[[Ku Klux Klan]]
*[[Adolf Hitler]]
*[[Saddam Hussein]]
*[[September 11 attacks|9/11]]
*Cellular [[meiosis]]
*[[Reproduction]]
*[[Birth]]
*[[Genetic engineering]]
*[[Drug abuse]]
*a [[Penguin]]
*[[Oil spill]]s
*The [[Trinity Test]] [[nuclear explosion|mushroom cloud]] and other [[Nuclear testing|Atomic weapons testing]]
*Ethnically diverse children with American Flags
{{col-break}}
*[[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[child]] (holding an [[AK-47]])
*[[Auschwitz concentration camp]]

*[[Joseph Stalin]]
*[[Nationalism]] (particularly [[Americanism]])
*[[Acropolis of Athens]]
*[[Sultan Ahmed Mosque]]
*[[Robert Mugabe]]
*[[Benito Mussolini]]
*[[Martin Luther King Jr.]]
*[[Oklahoma City Bombing]]
{{col-end}}

==Chart performance==
The song made big debuts on the US charts during the chart week of April 21, 2007. The song debuted in the top 10 of the US Hot 100 on April 10, 2007, at #7. It is by far the band's highest debut to date on the chart (this title was previously held by "[[Somewhere I Belong]]" which opened at #47), earning "Hot Shot" debut of the week, and subsequently becoming the second highest position for a Linkin Park single to date on the Hot 100. At the time of its debut it was only the eleventh song since [[2000]] to debut at #7 or higher on the Hot 100, and only the third song to do so by an artist not from ''[[American Idol]]''.<ref>[http://billboard.com/bbcom/chart_beat/bonus.jsp http://billboard.com/bbcom/chart_beat/bonus.jsp] ''Billboard.com'' Retrieved on 05-27-07 </ref> The song was partly fueled by digital sales, debuting at #4 on the digital chart.

In addition the song became only the third song ever to open at #1 on the Modern Rock chart, also becoming the band's seventh number one on the chart. It held the #1 spot on Modern Rock Tracks for 15 consecutive weeks, at the time tying it with [[Marcy Playground]]'s "[[Sex and Candy]]" as the second longest running #1 in that charts history (it is now tied as the third longest running). It was the most successful song on the Modern Rock Tracks chart of 2007 until [[Foo Fighters]] released "[[The Pretender (song)|The Pretender]]". The song also reached #1 on the Mainstream Rock chart, where it stayed for 8 consecutive weeks. In the iTunes music store, the song had reached number two. It was kept out of the top spot by "[[Give It To Me]]" by [[Timbaland]]. The music video is the first to reach the number 1 spot on TRL for Linkin Park video history. It has also become a moderate hit on the [[Adult Top 40]], and [[Pop 100 Airplay]] charts, so far peaking at number 22 and 24 respectively on those charts.

In the rest of the world, the song has been their most successful overall, reaching the top ten in over twenty countries including [[Canada]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], and [[New Zealand]] to name a few. In the [[United Kingdom]], the song hit #6 once the physical format was released, making it Linkin Park's highest-charting UK single. The song was highly successful in [[China]] as well, where it became their first number one there. Statistically speaking, this is Linkin Park's biggest song to date.

The song was number one on a list of the top 101 songs from 2007 by [[WKQX|Q101]] in Chicago. [[Bleed It Out]], [[Shadow of the Day]], and even [[Given Up]], which didn't become a single until March 2008, were also on the list.

{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Chart (2007)
!align="left"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|[[Austria]]n Singles Chart<ref name=acharts>[http://acharts.us/song/12478 "Linkin Park - What I've Done global chart positions and trajectories"]. aCharts.us. Retrieved [[June 30]] [[2007]].</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australia Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|13
|-
|align="left"|''Billboard'' [[Hot 100]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|7
|-
|align="left"|''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|''Billboard'' [[Hot Digital Songs]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|''Billboard'' [[Modern Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|''Billboard'' [[Mainstream Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Dutch Top 40]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|23
|-
|align="left"|[[Mega Single Top 100|Dutch Top 100 Singles]]
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|[[France|French]] Download Chart
|align="center"|17
|-
|align="left"|[[Germany|German]] Singles Chart<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Germany|German Download Chart]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|7
|-
|align="left"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|9
|-
|align="left"|[[Norway|Norwegian Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|[[Sweden|Swedish Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[Switzerland|Switzerland Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="left"|[[U.K. Singles Chart]]<ref name=acharts/>
|align="center"|6
|-
|}

==In popular culture==
"What I've Done" is featured during the film ''[[Transformers (film)|Transformers]]'', playing on [[Bumblebee (Transformers)|Bumblebee]]'s radio as [[Witwicky family#Sam (Samuel James Witwicky)|Sam Witwicky]] is dropping [[Witwicky family#Mikaela Banes|Mikaela Banes]] off at her home, as well as leading in to the end credits, and included on the [[Transformers - The Album|official soundtrack]] and used heavily in the film's ad campaign, because of this the song is sometimes unofficially referred to as "The Transformers Song". [[Megan Fox]] revealed that when the band first heard about the movie, they asked to be on the soundtrack.<ref name="Shia LaBeouf & Megan Fox Interview">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MyRPHXvPAQ|title=Megan Fox Interview}}</ref>

During [[Fox NFL Sunday]] "What I've Done" was one of theme songs for the show.

During the [[2008 Olympics]] in Beijing, the song was distinctly heard in the background during a replay in the [[swimming (sport)|swimming]] event.

"What I've done" was played before a commercial break during the MLB 2008 World Series.

"What I've Done" is a playable song in the 2008 music/rhythm video game [[Guitar Hero World Tour]], for the [[Xbox 360]], [[PlayStation 3]], [[PlayStation 2]], and [[Wii]] gaming systems, where it is generally considered one of the easiest songs in the game.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==


* [http://linkinpark.com/lyrics/Singles/what_ive_done-10#1 ''What I've Done'' official lyrics]
* [http://www.linkinpark.com Linkin Park's official site]
{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Survivalism (song)|Survivalism]]" by [[Nine Inch Nails]]
| title = [[Modern Rock Tracks|''Billboard'' Modern Rock Tracks]] [[List of number-one modern rock hits (United States)|number-one single]]
| years = [[April 15]], [[2007]] – [[July 28]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[Icky Thump (song)|Icky Thump]]" by [[The White Stripes]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Breath (Breaking Benjamin song)|Breath]]" by [[Breaking Benjamin]]
| title = [[Mainstream Rock Tracks|''Billboard'' Mainstream Rock Tracks]] [[List of number-one mainstream rock hits (United States)|number-one single]]
| years = [[May 12]], [[2007]] – [[June 30]], [[2007]]
| after = "[[I Don't Wanna Stop]]" by [[Ozzy Osbourne]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{Linkin Park}}

[[Category:2007 singles]]
[[Category:Linkin Park songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Modern Rock Tracks number-one singles]]
[[Category:Transformers music]]
[[Category:Songs that are playable elements in computer entertainment]]

[[ca:What I've Done]]
[[es:What I've Done]]
[[fr:What I've Done]]
[[hr:What I've Done]]
[[id:What I've Done]]
[[it:What I've Done]]
[[nl:What I've Done]]
[[ja:ワット・アイヴ・ダン]]
[[no:What I've Done]]
[[uz:What I've Done]]
[[pl:What I've Done]]
[[pt:What I've Done]]
[[ru:What I've Done]]
[[simple:What I've Done]]
[[fi:What I've Done]]
[[sv:What I've Done]]
[[vi:What I've Done]]

Geschichte der Stadt San Francisco

2009-02-19T18:23:07Z

Dylan620: Reverted edits by 209.129.235.124 (talk) to last version by Joowwww

{{California history sidebar}}
The history of [[San Francisco]], [[California]], has been greatly influenced by its coastal location, which has made it a natural center for maritime trade and military activity. Since its incorporation into the [[United States]], where it is now the fourteenth largest city (2004 census), it has been characterized by rapid economic change and cultural diversity.

==Precolonial history==
[[Europe]]an visitors to the Bay Area were preceded 10,000 to 20,000 years earlier by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. When Europeans arrived, they found the area inhabited by the [[Yelamu]] tribe, which belongs to a linguistic grouping later called the [[Ohlone]], living in the coastal and bay areas between [[Big Sur]] and the [[San Francisco Bay]].

San Francisco's characteristic foggy weather and geography led early European explorers, including [[Juan Cabrillo]] and [[Sir Francis Drake]] (who would instead land somewhere to the north), to bypass the [[Golden Gate]] and miss sighting San Francisco Bay.

==Arrival of Europeans and early settlement==
[[File:San Fran, 1822.jpg|thumb|400px|View of [[Presidio]] of San Francisco circa 1817 by [[Louis Choris]] ]]
A [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish exploration party]], led by Don [[Gaspar de Portolà]], arriving on [[November 2]], [[1769]], was the first documented European visit to [[San Francisco Bay]], claiming it for Spain as part of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]].<ref name="Portola">{{cite web |title=Visitors: San Francisco Historical Information |url=http://www.sfgov.org/site/visitor_index.asp?id=8091 | dateformat=mdy |accessdate=September 3 2006 |publisher=City and County of San Francisco }}</ref> Seven years later a [[Spanish Missions of California|Spanish mission]], [[Mission San Francisco de Asís]] (Mission Dolores), was established with a small settlement, and an associated military fort was built in what is now the [[Presidio of San Francisco|Presidio]].<ref name="Perouse">{{cite book |last=De La Perouse |authorlink=Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse |first=Jean Francois |coauthors=Yamane, Linda Gonsalves; Margolin, Malcolm |title=Life in a California Mission: Monterey in 1786 : The Journals of Jean Francois De La Perouse |isbn=0-930588-39-8 }}</ref><ref>For the [[Juan Vicente de Güemes Padilla Horcasitas y Aguayo, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo|Revillagigedo]] Census of 1790, see [http://sfgenealogy.com/spanish/cen1790.htm The Census of 1790, California], California Spanish Genealogy. Retrieved on [[2008-08-04]]. Compiled from William Marvin Mason. ''The Census of 1790: A Demographic History of California''. (Menlo Park: Ballena Press, 1998). 75-105. ISBN 9780879191375.</ref>


In 1786 French explorer, the [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse|Comte de la Pérouse]] visited San Francisco and left a detailed account of it.<ref>De La Perouse, ''Life in a California Mission''.</ref> Six years later, in 1792 British explorer [[George Vancouver]] also stopped in San Francisco, in part, according to his journal, to spy on the Spanish settlements in the area. <ref>[http://www.nps.gov/prsf/coast_defense/spanish/vancouver/vancouvr.htm Vancouver's Report] Presidio of San Francisco, National Park Service.</ref> In addition to Western European sailors, [[Russia]]n colonists also visited the Bay area. From 1770, lasting through 1841, Russia colonized an area that ranged from [[Alaska]] south to [[Fort Ross]] in [[Sonoma County]], California. The naming of San Francisco's [[Russian Hill]] neighborhood is attributed to the remains of Russian fur-traders and sailors found there.

Upon [[Mexican independence|independence]] from [[Spain]] in 1821, the area became part of [[Mexico]]. In 1835, Englishman [[William A. Richardson|William Richardson]] erected the first significant homestead outside the immediate vicinity of the Mission Dolores,<ref name="Richardson">{{cite web |title=From the 1820s to the Gold Rush |url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/early.html | dateformat=mdy |accessdate=August 28 2006 |publisher=The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco }}</ref> near a boat anchorage around what is today [[Portsmouth Square]]. Together with Mission [[Alcalde]] [[Francisco de Haro]], he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named [[Yerba Buena (town)|Yerba Buena]] after the herb, which was named by the missionaries that found it abundant nearby, began to attract American settlers. In 1838, Richardson petitioned and received a large land grant in [[Marin County]] and, in 1841, he moved there to take up residence at Rancho Sauselito. [[Richardson Bay]] to the north bears his name.

The British Empire briefly entertained the idea of purchasing the bay from Mexico in 1841, claiming it would "Secure to Great Britain all the advantages of the finest port in the Pacific for her commercial speculations in time of peace, and in war for more easily securing her maritime ascendency". However little came of this, and San Francisco would become a prize of the United States rather than that of British naval power.<ref>{{cite book |author=Porter, Andrew|title=The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III: The Ninenteenth Century|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-19-820565-1}}</ref>

On [[July 31]] [[1846]], Yerba Buena doubled in population when about 240 [[Mormon]] migrants from the East coast arrived on the ship ''Brooklyn'', led by [[Sam Brannan]]. Brannan, also a member of the [[Mormon Church]], would later become well known for being the first publicist of the [[California Gold Rush]] of 1849 and the first [[millionaire]] resulting from it.

[[Image:SanFrancisco1851a.jpg|thumb|left|375px|Portsmouth Square, 1851.]]

[[US Navy]] [[Commodore]] [[John D. Sloat]] claimed California for the [[United States]] on [[July 7]], [[1846]], during the [[Mexican-American War]], and [[US Navy]] [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] [[John Berrien Montgomery]] and [[US Marine]] [[Second Lieutenant]] [[Henry Bulls Watson]] of the ''[[USS Portsmouth (1843)|USS Portsmouth]]'' arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later by raising the flag over the town plaza, which is now [[Portsmouth Square]] in honor of the ship. Henry Bulls Watson was placed in command of the garrison there. In August 1846, Lt. Washington A. Bartlett was named [[alcalde]] of Yerba Buena. On January 30, 1847, Lt. Bartlett's proclamation changing the name Yerba Buena to San Francisco took effect.<ref>[http://www.yerbabuenagardens.com/history.html History of Yerba Buena Gardens.] Yerba Buena Gardens. Accessed August 28, 2003</ref> The city and the rest of California officially became American in 1848 by the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]], which ended the [[Mexican-American War]]. California was admitted to the U.S. as a state on [[September 9]], [[1850]] -- the State of California soon chartered San Francisco as both a City and a County.

Situated at the tip of a windswept peninsula without water or firewood, San Francisco lacked most of the basic facilities for a nineteenth century settlement. These natural disadvantages forced the town's residents to bring water, fuel and food to the site. The first of many environmental transformations was the city's reliance on filled marshlands for real estate. Much of the present downtown is built over the former Yerba Buena Cove, granted to the city by military governor [[Stephen Watts Kearny]] in 1847.

==1848 gold rush==
[[Image:SanFranciscoharbor1851c sharp.jpg|thumb|250px|San Francisco harbor in 1850 or 1851. During this time, the harbor would become so crowded that ships often had to wait days before unloading their passengers and goods.<ref>{{cite book | first=Dennis | last=Powers | authorlink=Dennis M. Powers | title=Treasure Ship: The Legend and Legacy of the S.S. Brother Jonathan | publisher=Kensington/Citadel Press | location=New York, New York | year=2006}}</ref>]]
The [[California gold rush]] starting in 1848 led to a large boom in population, including considerable [[immigration]]. Between January 1848 and December 1849, the population of San Francisco increased from 1,000 to 25,000. The rapid growth continued through the 1850s and under the influence of the [[1859]] [[Comstock Lode]] silver discovery. This rapid growth complicated city planning efforts, leaving a legacy of narrow streets that continues to cause unique traffic problems today. San Francisco became America's largest city west of the [[Mississippi River]], until it lost that title to [[Los Angeles]] in 1920.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Census POPULATION OF THE 100 LARGEST CITIES AND OTHER URBAN PLACES IN THE UNITED STATES: 1790 TO 1990 |url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html |accessdate=April 20 |accessyear=2006 }}</ref>

The population boom included many workers from China who came to work in the gold mines and later on the [[Transcontinental Railroad]]. The [[Chinatown]] district of the city became and is still one of the largest in the country; the city as a whole is roughly one-fifth [[Chinese American|Chinese]], one of the largest concentrations outside of [[China]]. Many businesses founded to service the growing population exist today, notably [[Levi Strauss & Co.]] clothing, [[Ghirardelli Chocolate Company|Ghirardelli]] [[chocolate]], and [[Wells Fargo]] bank. Many famous railroad, banking, and mining [[tycoon]]s or "[[robber barons]]" such as [[Charles Crocker]], [[Mark Hopkins]], [[Collis P. Huntington]], and [[Leland Stanford]] settled in the city in its [[Nob Hill]] neighborhood. The sites of their mansions are now famous and expensive San Francisco hotels ([[Mark Hopkins Hotel]] and the [[Huntington Hotel (San Francisco)| Huntington Hotel]]).

[[Image:lynching-of-casey-and-cora.jpg|left|300px|thumb|Charles Cora and James Casey are [[lynching in the United States|lynched]] by the [[San Francisco Vigilance Movement|Committee of Vigilance]], 1856.]]
As in many mining towns, the social climate in early San Francisco was chaotic. [[San Francisco Vigilance Movement|Committees of Vigilance]] were formed in 1851, and again in 1856, in response to crime and government corruption, but also had a strong element of anti-immigrant violence, and arguably created more lawlessness than they eliminated.{{Dubious|date=September 2008}} This popular militia movement [[lynching in the United States|lynched]] 12 people, kidnapped hundreds of Irishmen and government militia members, and forced several elected officials to resign.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} The Committee of Vigilance relinquished power both times after it decided the city had been "cleaned up." This mob activity later focused on Chinese immigrants, creating many race riots.{{Fact|date=September 2008}} These riots culminated in the creation of the [[Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]] in 1882 that aimed to reduce Chinese immigration to the United States by limiting immigration to males and reducing numbers of immigrants allowed in the city.{{Dubious|date=September 2008}} The law was not repealed until 1943.

[[Image:MarketStreetSanFran.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Market Street, early 20th century]]
The City of San Francisco was the seat of the County of San Francisco from 1849 to 1856. In response to the lawlessness and vigilantism that escalated rapidly between 1855 and 1856, the State of California decided to divide the County; and carved out the city core from the rest of the County. A straight line was drawn across the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula just north of [[San Bruno Mountain]]. Everything south of the line became the new [[San Mateo County, California|County of San Mateo]], while everything north of the line became part of the new consolidated City-County of San Francisco -- California's first and, to date, only metropolitan municipality.

In autumn of 1855, a ship bearing [[refugees]] from an ongoing [[cholera]] [[epidemic]] in the Far East (authorities disagree as to whether this was the ''S.S. Sam'' or the ''S.S. Carolina'' but primary documents indicate that the Caroline was involved in the epidemic of 1850 and the SS Uncle Sam in the epidemic of 1855) docked in San Francisco. As the city's rapid Gold Rush area population growth had significantly outstripped the development of infrastructure, including [[sanitation]], a serious cholera epidemic quickly broke out. The responsibility for caring for the indigent sick had previously rested on the state, but faced with the San Francisco cholera epidemic, the state legislature devolved this responsibility to the counties, setting the precedent for California's system of county hospitals for the poor still in effect today. The [[Sisters of Mercy]] were contracted to run San Francisco's first county hospital, the State Marine and County Hospital, due to their efficiency in handling the cholera epidemic of 1855. By 1857, the order opened St. Mary's Hospital on Stockton Street, the first Catholic hospital west of the Rocky Mountains. In 1905, The Sisters of Mercy purchased a lot at Fulton and Stanyan Streets, the current location of St. Mary's Medical Center, the oldest continually operating hospital in San Francisco.

== Labor ==
For labor history of San Francisco, see: [[History of California to 1899]] and [[History of California 1900 to present]]

== Paris of the West==
By the 1890s, San Francisco was suffering from [[Political machine|machine politics]] and corruption once again, and was ripe for political reform. [[Adolph Sutro]] ran for mayor in 1894 under the auspices of the Populist Party and won handily without campaigning. Unfortunately, except for the [[Sutro Baths]], Mayor Sutro substantially failed in his efforts to improve the city.

The next mayor, [[James D. Phelan]] elected in 1896, was more successful, pushing through a new city charter that allowed for the ability to raise funds through bond issues. He was able to get bonds passed to construct a new sewer system, seventeen new schools, two parks, a hospital, and a main library. After leaving office in 1901, Phelan became interested in remaking San Francisco into a grand and modern ''[[Paris]] of the West.'' When the San Francisco Art Association asked him to draft a plan for the beautification of the city, he hired famed architect [[Daniel Burnham]]. Burnham and Phelan's plan was ambitious, envisioning a 50-year effort to transform the city with wide diagonal boulevards creating open spaces and squares as they crossed the orthogonal grid of existing streets. Some parts of the plan were eventually implemented, including an Opera house to the north of City Hall, a subway under Market Street, and a waterfront boulevard (The [[Embarcadero, San Francisco|Embarcadero]]) circling the city.<ref>{{cite book |author=Wiley, Peter Booth |title=National Trust Guide San Francisco |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |year=2000 |isbn=0-471-19120-5}}</ref>

[[Image:Chinatownsf-large1.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Ross Alley in Chinatown 1898, (Photo by [[Arnold Genthe]])]]In 1900, a ship brought with it rats infected with [[bubonic plague]]. Mistakenly believing that interred corpses contributed to the transmission of plague, and possibly also motivated by the opportunity for profitable land speculation, city leaders banned all burials within the city. Cemeteries moved to the undeveloped area just south of the city limit, now the town of [[Colma, California]]. A fifteen-block section of Chinatown was quarantined while city leaders squabbled over the proper course to take, but the outbreak was finally eradicated by 1905. However, the problem of existing cemeteries and the shortage of land in the city remained. In 1912 (with fights extending until 1942), all remaining cemeteries in the city were evicted to Colma, where the dead now outnumber the living by more than a thousand to one. The above-ground [[Columbarium of San Francisco]] was allowed to remain, as well as the historic cemetery at [[Mission Dolores]], the grave of [[Thomas Starr King]] at the Unitarian Church, and the San Francisco National Cemetery at the [[Presidio of San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite web |title=San Francisco Cemeteries |url=http://www.sanfranciscocemeteries.com |accessdate=July 12 |accessyear=2005 }}</ref>

==1906 Earthquake and Fire==

{{main|1906 San Francisco earthquake}}
[[Image:San Francisco Fire Sacramento Street 1906-04-18.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Noob Hill, looking down Sacramento Street, during the fire]]
On [[April 18]] [[1906]], a devastating [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|earthquake]] resulted from the rupture of over 270 miles of the [[San Andreas Fault]], from [[San Juan Bautista, California|San Juan Bautista]] to [[Eureka, California|Eureka]], centered immediately offshore of San Francisco. The quake is estimated by the [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] to have had a magnitude of 7.8 on the [[Richter scale]]. Water mains ruptured throughout San Francisco, and the fires that followed burned out of control for days, destroying approximately 80% of the city, including almost all of the downtown core. Many residents were trapped between the water on three sides and the approaching fire, and a mass evacuation across the Bay saved thousands. Refugee camps were also set up in [[Golden Gate Park]], [[Ocean Beach (San Francisco)|Ocean Beach]], and other undeveloped sections of the city. The official death toll at the time was 478, although it was officially revised in 2005 to 3,000+. The initial low death toll was concocted by civic, state, and federal officials who felt that reporting the actual numbers would hurt rebuilding and redevelopment efforts, as well as city and national morale.

==Reconstruction==
Almost immediately after the quake re-planning and reconstruction plans were hatched to quickly rebuild the city. One of the more famous and ambitious plans, proposed before the fire, came from famed urban planner, [[Daniel Burnham]]. His bold plan called for [[Baron Haussmann|Haussmann]] style avenues, boulevards, and [[arterial thoroughfares]] that radiated across the city, a massive civic center complex with classical structures, what would have been the largest urban park in the world, stretching from [[Twin Peaks]] to [[Lake Merced]] with a large [[athenaeum]] at its peak, and various other proposals. This plan was dismissed at the time and by critics now, as impractical and unrealistic to municipal supply and demand. Property owners and the Real Estate industry were against the idea as well due to the amounts of their land the city would have to purchase to realize such proposals. While the original street grid was restored, many of Burnham's proposals inadvertently saw the light of day such as a [[Neoclassical architecture|neo-classical]] civic center complex, wider streets, a preference of arterial thoroughfares, a [[Market Street Subway|subway under Market Street]], a more people friendly [[Fisherman's Wharf]], and a monument to the city on [[Telegraph Hill, San Francisco|Telegraph Hill]], [[Coit Tower]].

In 1907 and 08, the city was rocked by graft investigations and trials involving bribery of the [[Board of Supervisors]] from so-called [[public service corporations]] that put mayor [[Eugene Schmitz]] and [[Abe Ruef]] in jail.

[[Image:Palace of fine arts.jpeg|right|thumbnail|250px|The [[Palace of Fine Arts]] is the only building that remains from the Panama-Pacific Exposition]]

In 1915, the city hosted the [[Panama-Pacific Exposition]], officially to celebrate the opening of the [[Panama Canal]], but also as a showcase of the vibrant completely rebuilt city less than a decade after the Earthquake. After the exposition ended, all of its grand buildings were demolished except for the [[Palace of Fine Arts]] which survives today in an abbreviated form.

==After rebuilding==
[[Image:Golden gate bridge.750pix.jpg|left|thumb|150px|The [[Golden Gate Bridge]] is one of San Francisco's most well-known landmarks, recognized internationally.]]
The [[San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge]] was opened in 1936 and the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] in 1937. The 1939 [[Golden Gate International Exposition]] was held on [[Treasure Island]].

During [[World War II]], San Francisco was the major mainland supply point and port of embarkation for the war in the Pacific.

The [[War Memorial Opera House (San Francisco)|War Memorial Opera House]] which opened in 1932, was the site of some significant post World War II history. In 1945, the conference that formed the [[United Nations]] was held there, with the [[UN Charter]] being signed nearby in the [[Herbst Theatre]] on June 26. Additionally the [[Treaty of San Francisco]] which formally ended war with [[Japan]] and established peaceful relations, was drafted and signed here six years later in 1951.

==Period after World War II==
After World War II, many American military personnel who fell in love with the city during leaving to or returning from the Pacific, settled in the city prompting the creation of the [[Sunset District]] and [[Visitacion Valley]]. During this period, [[Caltrans]] commenced an aggressive [[freeway]] construction program in the Bay Area. However, Caltrans soon encountered strong resistance in San Francisco, for the city's high [[population density]] meant that virtually any right-of-way would displace a large number of people. Caltrans tried to minimize displacement (and its land acquisition costs) by building double-decker freeways, but the crude state of [[civil engineering]] at that time resulted in construction of some embarrassingly ugly freeways which ultimately turned out to be seismically unsafe. In 1959, the Board of Supervisors voted to halt construction of any more freeways in the city, an event known as the [[Freeway revolts|Freeway Revolt]]. Although some minor modifications have been allowed to the ends of existing freeways, the city's anti-freeway policy has remained in place ever since. In 1989, the [[Loma Prieta earthquake]] destroyed the [[Embarcadero Freeway]] and portions of the so-called Central Freeway. Over the course of several referendums, San Francisco's residents elected not to rebuild either structure. The neighborhoods once covered by these freeways have been rebuilt, and the restoration of the Embarcadero, San Francisco's historic bay waterfront, as a public space has been especially successful.

==Urban renewal==
In the 1950s San Francisco mayor [[George Christopher]] hired Harvard graduate [[Justin Herman]] to head the redevelopment agency for the city and county. Justin Herman began an aggressive campaign to tear down so-called blighted areas of the city that were really working class, non-white neighborhoods. Enacting [[eminent domain]] whenever necessary, he set upon a plan to tear down huge areas of the city and replace them with modern construction. Critics accused Herman of racism for what was perceived as attempts to create segregation and displacement of blacks. Many black residents were forced to move from their homes near the Fillmore jazz district to newly constructed projects such as the near the naval base [[Hunter's Point]] or even to cities such as [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]. He began leveling entire areas in San Francisco's [[Western Addition]] and [[Japantown]] neighborhoods. Herman also completed the final removal of the produce district below [[Telegraph Hill]], moving the produce merchants to the Alemany boulevard site. His planning led to the creation of [[Embarcadero Center]], the [[Embarcadero Freeway]], [[Japantown, San Francisco|Japantown]], the Geary Street superblocks, and eventually [[Yerba Buena Gardens]].

==Counterculture==
{{see also|Counterculture of the 1960s|History of the hippie movement‎}}
San Francisco has often been a magnet for America's [[counterculture]]. During the 1950s, [[City Lights Bookstore]] in the North Beach neighborhood was an important publisher of [[Beat Generation]] literature. Some of the story of the evolving arts scene of the 1950s is told in the article [[San Francisco Renaissance]]. During the latter half of the following decade, the 1960s, San Francisco was the center of [[hippie]] and other alternative culture.

In 1967 thousands of young people poured into the [[Haight-Ashbury]] district during what became known as the [[Summer of Love]]. At this time, the [[San Francisco Sound]] emerged as an influential force in [[rock and roll|rock music]], with such acts as [[Jefferson Airplane]] and the [[Grateful Dead]] achieving international prominence. These groups blurred the boundaries between folk, rock and jazz traditions and further developed rock's lyrical content.

During the 1980s and 1990s San Francisco became a major focal point in the North American--and international-- [[Punk rock|punk]], [[thrash metal]], and [[rave]] scenes. In 2004, the city hosted its first [[Love Parade]], which originated in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]], ten years earlier. It was also a hot spot during the 1980s for comedians like [[Ellen DeGeneres]] and [[Robin Williams]] who got major career boosts thanks to the presence of the city's popular comedy clubs.

[[Image:Castro Rainbow Flag.jpg|thumb|left|110px|[[Rainbow flag (gay movement)|Rainbow flag]] displayed in [[The Castro]].]]
San Francisco's frontier spirit and wild and ribald character started its reputation as a gay mecca in the first half of the twentieth century. World War II saw a jump in the gay population when the US military actively sought out and dishonorably discharged homosexuals. From 1941 to 1945, more than 9000 gay servicemen and women were discharged, and many were processed out in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite book |author=Berube, Allan |title=Coming Out Under Fire The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two |publisher=Free Press |year=1990 |isbn=0-7432-1071-9}}</ref> The late 1960s also brought in a new wave of [[lesbian]]s and [[gay]]s who were more radical and less mainstream and who had flocked to San Francisco not only for its gay-friendly reputation, but for its reputation as a radical, left-wing center. These new residents were the prime movers of [[Gay Liberation]] and often lived communally, buying decrepit Victorians in the Haight and fixing them up. When drugs and violence began to become a serious problem in the Haight, many lesbians and gays simply moved "over the hill", to the Castro replacing Irish-Americans who had moved to the more affluent and culturally homogenous suburbs. [[The Castro]] became known as a Gay Mecca, and its gay population swelled as significant numbers of gay people moved to San Francisco in the 1970s and 1980s. The growth of the gay population caused tensions with some of the established ethnic groups in the western part of the city. On [[November 27]], [[1978]] [[Dan White]], a former member of the Board of Supervisors and former police officer, [[Moscone-Milk assassinations|assassinated]] the city's mayor [[George Moscone]] and San Francisco's first openly gay elected official, Supervisor [[Harvey Milk]]. The murders and the subsequent trial were marked both by candlelight vigils and riots within the gay community. In the 1980s, the [[AIDS]] virus wreaked havoc on the gay male community there. Today, the gay population of the city is estimated to be approximately 15%, and gays remain an important force in the city's life. San Francisco has a higher percentage of gays and lesbians than any other major US city.

==1980s: "Manhattanization" and Homelessness==
During the administration of Mayor [[Dianne Feinstein]] (1978-1988), San Francisco saw a development boom referred to as "[[Manhattanization]]." Many large [[skyscrapers]] were built — primarily in the [[Financial District (San Francisco)|Financial District]] — but the boom also included high-rise condominiums in some residential neighborhoods. An opposition movement gained traction among those who felt the skyscrapers ruined views and destroyed San Francisco's unique character. Similar to the [[Freeway revolts|freeway revolt]] in the city decades earlier, a "skyscraper revolt" forced the city to embed height restrictions in the planning code. For many years, the limits slowed construction of new skyscrapers, but recent (2000-2007) housing pressures have led to master plan changes which will allow new construction of high-rise structures like [[One Rincon Hill]] along The Embarcadero, [[Rincon Hill]] and in the [[South of Market]] district. This second wave of towers has met little opposition unlike the first wave. For more information see [[List of tallest buildings in San Francisco]].

[[Image:Homeless-Church-Street-SF.jpg|thumb|175x|A homeless person takes refuge in front of a construction site on Church St.]]
During the 1980s, [[homeless]] people began appearing in large numbers in the city, the result of multiple factors including the closing of state institutions for the mentally ill, and social changes which increased the availability of addictive [[drug abuse|drugs]]. Combined with San Francisco's attractive environment and generous welfare policies the problem soon became endemic. Mayor [[Art Agnos]] (1988-92) was the first to attack the problem, and not the last; it is a top issue for San Franciscans even today. Agnos allowed the homeless to camp in the Civic Center park, which led to its title of "Camp Agnos." The failure of this policy led to his losing the election to [[Frank Jordan]] in 1991. Jordan launched the "MATRIX" program the next year, which aimed to displace the homeless through aggressive police action. And it did displace them - to the rest of the city. His successor, [[Willie Lewis Brown, Jr.]], was able to largely ignore the problem, riding on the strong economy into a second term. Present mayor [[Gavin Newsom]]'s policy on the homeless is the controversial "Care Not Cash" program, which calls for ending the city's generous welfare policies towards the homeless and instead placing them in affordable housing and requiring them to attend city funded [[drug rehabilitation]] and job training programs.

==1989 Loma Prieta earthquake==
On [[October 17]], [[1989]], an earthquake measuring 6.9 on the [[Richter magnitude scale]] struck on the [[San Andreas Fault]] near Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz mountains, approximately 70 miles (113 km) south of San Francisco, a few minutes before game 3 of the 1989 [[World Series]]. The quake severely damaged many of the city's freeways including the [[Embarcadero Freeway]] and the [[Central Freeway]]. The damage to these freeways was so extensive that they were eventually demolished. The quake also caused extensive damage in the [[Marina District]] and the [[South of Market]]. Known in most of the United States as the "World Series Quake," but in California and by seismologists as the [[Loma Prieta earthquake]], it caused significant destruction throughout the greater Bay Area, yet is to blame for only 67 deaths.

==1990s dot-com boom==
During the [[Dot-com bubble|dot-com boom]] of the 1990s, large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer [[software]] professionals moved into the city, followed by marketing and sales professionals, and changed the social landscape as once poorer neighborhoods became [[gentrified]]. The rising rents forced many people, families, and businesses to leave. San Francisco has the smallest share of children of any major U.S. city, with city's 18 and under population at just 14.5 percent. [http://news.sfobserver.com/news/view_article.html?article_id=8351949ee6ac559b5939f034bd28f1ef]

By 2001, the boom was over, and many people left San Francisco. [[South of Market (San Francisco)|South of Market]], where many dot-com companies were located, had been bustling and crowded with few vacancies, but by 2002 was a virtual wasteland of empty offices and for-rent signs. Much of the boom was blamed for the city's "fastest shrinking population", reducing the city's population by 30,000 in just a few years. While the bust has helped put an ease on the city's apartment rents, the city remains expensive.

==Post boom==
By 2003, the city's economy had recovered from the dot-com crash thanks to a resurgent international tourist industry. Residential demand as well as rents are on the rise again and as a result of such demand, city officials have relaxed building height restrictions and zoning codes to allow another wave of Manhattanization in the city in the form of very tall residential condominiums in [[South of Market, San Francisco, California|SOMA]] such as [[One Rincon Hill]], [[300 Spear Street]], and [[Millennium Tower (San Francisco)|Millennium Tower]]. In addition to this, a major transformation of the neighborhood is planned with the [[San Francisco Transbay Terminal|Transbay Terminal]] [[San Francisco Transbay development|Replacement Project]], which if funded, is planned to be open by 2013 along with what will be the tallest skyscraper on the West Coast with a cluster of other [[supertall]] skyscrapers next to it. [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/08/12/MN6SRGFIU.DTL ].

==Historic Populations==
*1852-34,776<ref>1850 census was lost in fire. This is the figure for 1852 California Census.</ref>
*1860-56,802
*1870-149,473
*1880-233,959
*1890-298,997
*1900-342,782
*1910-416,912
*1920-506,676
*1930-634,394
*1940-634,536
<ref>1940 Census. Population Report. Vol. 1. p. 32-33</ref>

== See also ==
* [[101 California Street|101 California Street]]
* [[History of the west coast of North America]]
* [[Redstone (building)]]

== Notes ==

<div class="references">
<references />
</div>

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|San Francisco}}
*[http://www.zpub.com/sf/history/ San Francisco History Index]
*[http://www.americahurrah.com/ Website with many historic photos and documents of San Francisco history]
*[http://www.shapingsf.org/ Shaping San Francisco, the lost history of San Francisco]
*[http://sanfrancisco.cityviews.us/ Historic Pictures of 19th Century San Francisco], from the Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
*[http://www.jbmonaco.com/ Historic San Francisco photographs, including the 1906 Earthquake and Fire], by JB Monaco, a local photographer during that period
*[http://www.archive.org/movies/movieslisting-browse.php?collection=prelinger&cat=San%20Francisco Videos of San Francisco from the Prelinger Collection at archive.org]
*[http://www.archive.org/movies/movieslisting-browse.php?collection=shaping_sf Videos of San Francisco from the Shaping San Francisco collection at archive.org]
*[http://www.timespacemap.com/search/eventsearch.htm?_what=san_francisco&_zoom=11&_ll=37.764201%2C%2D122.433014&_maptype=0 A Map and Timeline] of many of the events mentioned in this article.

{{San Francisco}}
{{California history}}

[[Category:History of San Francisco, California| ]]

Tropischer Sturm Olga (2007)

2008-09-19T20:59:57Z

Dylan620: Fixing redirect in Wikilink to Noel

{{dablink|This article is about the 2007 tropical storm; for other storms of the same name, see [[Hurricane Olga]]}}''

{{Infobox Hurricane
| Name=Tropical Storm Olga
| Type=Tropical storm
| Year=2007
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Olgacolor.jpg
| Image name=Tropical Storm Olga near Dominican Republic landfall
| Formed=December 11, 2007
| Dissipated=December 13, 2007
| 1-min winds=50
| Pressure=1003
| Damages=45
| Fatalities=40 direct
| Areas=[[Puerto Rico]], [[Hispaniola]], central [[Florida]]
| Hurricane season=[[2007 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}

'''Tropical Storm Olga''' was the fifteenth named storm of the [[2007 Atlantic hurricane season]]. In the second week of December, after the official end of the hurricane season, a low developed east of the northernmost [[Lesser Antilles]]. It slowly acquired tropical characteristics, and late on December 10, the NHC declared it Subtropical Storm Olga while just north of [[Puerto Rico]]. It is the first post-season storm since [[Tropical Storm Zeta (2005)|Tropical Storm Zeta]] in the [[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|2005 season]], making the 2007 season one of the few with activity [[Subtropical Storm Andrea (2007)|both before]] and after the official bounds of the hurricane season. Olga was only one of a few out of season landfalls, and was the deadliest post-season storm in the Atlantic Basin, with 40 deaths. The storm made landfall on December 11 on the eastern tip of the [[Dominican Republic]]. Later that evening, Olga transitioned into a tropical storm just after making landfall. Olga tracked over [[Hispaniola]] and emerged in the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Strong [[wind shear]] and dry air caused Olga to weaken into a remnant low early on December 13.

The storm impacted many areas affected by [[Hurricane Noel|Tropical Storm Noel]] a month earlier. In Puerto Rico, moderate rainfall caused one death. 37 fatalities were confirmed in the Dominican Republic, including twenty deaths due to the release of floodgates at a dam in [[Santiago Province (Dominican Republic)|Santiago Province]]. Two deaths were also reported in [[Haiti]].

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Olga 2007 track.png}}
In the first week of December, a westward-moving upper-level low led to the formation of a broad surface trough well to the east of the northern [[Lesser Antilles]].<ref name="rain"/><ref name="twd127"/> With a strong [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to its northeast, the trough tracked slowly westward, producing scattered convection and some cyclonic turning.<ref name="twd127">{{cite web|author=Gladys Rubio|year=2007|title=December 7 Tropical Weather Discussion|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-11|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Atl-Dis/2007120717.AXNT20}}</ref> On December 8 convection began to persist in association with the trough and an upper-level low.<ref>{{cite web|author=Patricia Wallace|year=2007|title=December 8 Tropical Weather Discussion|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-11|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Atl-Dis/2007120823.AXNT20}}</ref> Early on December 9, officials at the [[Tropical Prediction Center]] began classifying the system using the [[Hebert-Poteat technique]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Mike Tichacek|year=2007|title=December 9 Tropical Weather Discussion|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-11|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Atl-Dis/2007120906.AXNT20}}</ref> and several [[tropical cyclone forecast model]]s anticipated its development of [[tropical cyclogenesis|tropical characteristics]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Mike Formosa|year=2007|title=December 9 Tropical Weather Discussion|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-11|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Atl-Dis/2007120917.AXNT20}}</ref> The system, which consisted of a sharp trough with an area of gale force winds to its north, continued westward through an area of moderately warm [[sea surface temperatures]].<ref>{{cite web|author=James Franklin|year=2007|title=December 9 Special Tropical Disturbance Statement|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-11|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Disturbance/2007120921.WONT41}}</ref> On December 10 a low-level circulation developed within the system, though its convection had become disorganized and well-removed from the center.<ref>{{cite web|author=James Franklin|year=2007|title=December 10 Special Tropical Disturbance Statement|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-12|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Disturbance/2007121015.WONT41}}</ref> Southerly [[wind shear]] left the structure asymmetric,<ref name="1210twd">{{cite web|author=John Cangialosi|year=2007|title=December 10 Tropical Weather Discussion|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-12|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Atl-Dis/2007121017.AXNT20}}</ref> and convection steadily increased closer to the center. With an upper-level low situated just south of the center, the [[National Hurricane Center]] classified it as Subtropical Storm Olga at 0300 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on December 11 while located about 55 miles (85 km) east of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]].<ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Beven|year=2007|title=Subtropical Storm Olga Discussion One|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al17/al172007.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref>
[[Image:Olga2007flfilledrainblk.gif|thumb|right|Rainfall caused by Olga's remnant low passing by Florida]]
Upon being classified as a [[subtropical cyclone]], Olga maintained well-defined [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and located to the southeast of a strong ridge over the western Atlantic Ocean, the cyclone tracked west-southwestward.<ref name="disc1"/> The storm strengthened slightly while paralleling the north coast of [[Puerto Rico]],<ref name="disc2">{{cite web|author=Knabb & Mainelli|year=2007|title=Subtropical Storm Olga Discussion Two|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al17/al172007.discus.002.shtml?}}</ref> and after an increase in convection near the center, Olga made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] near [[Punta Cana]], [[Dominican Republic]] at 1800 UTC on December 11.<ref name="disc4">{{cite web|author=Franklin|year=2007|title=Subtropical Storm Olga Discussion Four|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al17/al172007.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> A [[Hurricane Hunters]] flight into the storm reported a tighter wind gradient and peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), and at 0000 UTC on December 12 the National Hurricane Center reclassified Olga as a [[tropical cyclone]] while it was still inland.<ref name="pa4a">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Olga Public Advisory Four-A|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al17/al172007.public_a.004.shtml?}}</ref> Convection rapidly weakened as the storm crossed central [[Hispaniola]], and upon reaching the [[Caribbean Sea]] the system lacked the convection required for the classification of a tropical cyclone; [[Squall#tropical cyclones|rainbands]] well to its northeast maintained stronger winds, though the center became ill-defined with dry air and strong wind shear.<ref name="disc7">{{cite web|author=Franklin & Mainelli|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Olga Discussion Seven|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al17/al172007.discus.007.shtml?}}</ref> Late on December 12, convection increased slightly over the center, though by that time the cyclone weakened to tropical depression status.<ref name="disc7">{{cite web|author=Franklin & Mainelli|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Olga Discussion Eight|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al17/al172007.discus.008.shtml?}}</ref> As significant convection failed to persist, the National Hurricane Center discontinued advisories on Olga earlier on December 13 while located about 80 miles (130 km) northwest of [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]].<ref name="disc9">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=2007|title=Tropical Depression Olga Discussion Nine|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al17/al172007.public.009.shtml?}}</ref>

Its remnants continued west-northwestward with a clear low-level circulation, producing scattered thunderstorms over [[Cuba]] and the [[Cayman Islands]] with its moisture extending northward into southern [[Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Gladys Rubio|year=2007|title=December 13 Tropical Weather Discussion|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-13|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Atl-Dis/2007121323.AXNT20}}</ref> A small cluster of deep convection developed just east of the center, and the low-level circulation remained well-defined as it approached the coast of the [[Yucatán Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Gladys Rubio|year=2007|title=December 14 Tropical Weather Discussion|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-13|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Atl-Dis/2007121423.AXNT20}}</ref> The remnants of Olga turned northward into the [[Gulf of Mexico]] as a [[cold front]] approached the center from the northwest.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mike Tichacek|year=2007|title=December 15 Tropical Weather Discussion|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-12-13|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Atl-Dis/2007121518.AXNT20}}</ref> Late on December 16 and early on December 17, the low intensified as it approached the west coast of Florida, with sustained winds of tropical storm force, and gusts to hurricane force, being reported at [[Clearwater Beach]]. Ultimately, the approaching [[cold front]] absorbed the low as it moved across the [[Florida]] peninsula.<ref name="rain"/> The cold front was associated with a powerful [[Mid-December 2007 North American Winter storms|winter storm]] that affected much of Eastern America during that weekend and killed at least 25 across six US states and three Canadian provinces tapped Olga's moisture, drawing it northeastward mainly offshore the East Coast.

==Preparations==
On December 10, the [[Tropical Prediction Center]] issued a gale warning for waters north of the [[Lesser Antilles]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[Dominican Republic]], in association with the precursor disturbance to Olga.<ref name="1210twd"/> Upon it being classified as a subtropical cyclone, the government of the Dominican Republic issued a [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical storm warning]] from [[Cabo Engaño]] along the north coast to its border with [[Haiti]]; a tropical storm watch was also issued along the southern coastline to near [[Santo Domingo]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Beven|year=2007|title=Subtropical Storm Olga Public Advisory One|accessdate=2007-12-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al17/al172007.public.001.shtml?}}</ref> Because winds were well to the north of its center, a tropical storm warning was not issued for Puerto Rico.<ref name="disc1"/> Prior to it moving ashore, the government of Haiti issued a tropical storm warning for its northern coastline,<ref>{{cite web|author=Franklin & Brown|year=2007|title=Subtropical Storm Olga Public Advisory Three|accessdate=2007-12-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al17/al172007.public.003.shtml?}}</ref> and later a tropical storm warning was issued for the Turks and Caicos Islands, as well as the southeastern [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Franklin & Brown|year=2007|title=Subtropical Storm Olga Public Advisory Four|accessdate=2007-12-12|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2007/al17/al172007.public.004.shtml?}}</ref>

The San Juan [[National Weather Service]] office issued a flood watch for all of Puerto Rico, including the islands of [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]] and [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]]. Extended periods of heavy rainfall also resulted in flash flood warnings for portions across the island.<ref name="prnws">{{cite web|author=Puerto Rico National Weather Service|year=2007|title=Watches, Warnings, and Advisories for Tropical Storm Olga in Puerto Rico|accessdate=2007-12-13|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5U1Ss8vdV}}</ref> Ferry service between [[Fajardo, Puerto Rico|Fajardo]] and the islands of Culebra and Vieques was temporarily suspended during the passage of the storm.<ref>{{cite news|author=Associated Press|date=2007-12-11|title=Domestic News by State/Province|accessdate=2007-12-13}}</ref> In the Dominican Republic, officials opened shelters in 15 provinces, with citizens in low-lying areas recommended to stay elsewhere during the passage of the storm;<ref>{{cite news|author=Michael Melia|date=2007-12-11|title=Subtropical Storm Olga spreads heavy rains across Puerto Rico|accessdate=2007-12-13|publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> citizens in 22 communities were evacuated.<ref name="ap1211">{{cite news|author=Ramon Almanzar|date=2007-12-11|title=Subtropical Storm Olga forces evacuations in Dominican Republic|accessdate=2007-12-13|publisher=Associated Press}}</ref>

==Impact==
[[Image:Olga2007filledrainblk.gif|thumb|right|200 px|Olga's rainfall in Puerto Rico]]
The cyclone dropped light to moderate precipitation across [[Puerto Rico]], peaking at 11.13 inches (283 mm) near [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]].<ref name="rain">{{cite web|author=David Roth|year=2007|title=Rainfall Summary for Tropical Storm Olga|publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|accessdate=2007-12-20|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/olga2007.html}}</ref> The rainfall increased levels along several [[List of rivers in Puerto Rico|rivers]] across the island, including the [[Arecibo Big River]] which was reported at several feet above flood stage.<ref name="prnws"/> Its passage left about 79,000 people without power and 144,000 without water.<ref name="ap1211"/> In the northern portion of the island, the rainfall caused a mudslides that buried an automobile, which killed its driver.<ref>
{{cite news
|author=Ramon Almanzar
|date=2007-12-12
|title=''Tropical Storm Olga forces evacuations in Dominican Republic; one killed in Puerto Rico''
|publisher=Associated Press
|url=http://www.pr-inside.com/tropical-storm-olga-forces-evacuations-in-r344416.htm
|accessdate=2007-12-13
}}</ref>

Heavy rainfall fell across the [[Dominican Republic]], with isolated totals of 10 inches (250 mm) expected.<ref name="pa4a"/> The rainfall caused flooding along the [[Yaque del Norte River]], and initially there appeared to be a threat that the [[Hydroelectricity and dams in the Dominican Republic|Tavera Dam]] along the river would fail, potentially killing thousands in [[Santiago Province (Dominican Republic)|Santiago Province]]. Officials instead opted to open all six floodgates at 0400 UTC on December 12, which released about 1.6 million gallons (6.1 million liters) of water into the river every second. The deluge created a 66 foot (20 m) wave of water that caught many off guard due to the time of night and only about 15 minutes to prepare, according to eyewitnesses who criticized the decision; the flooding killed at least 35 people<ref name="afp1215">
{{cite news
|date=2007-12-15
|title=40 dead in Caribbean tropical storm
|publisher=Agence France-Press/News.com.au
|accessdate=2007-12-16
|url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22928524-1702,00.html?from=public_rss
}}</ref> and left homes in seven towns flooded.<ref name="lat1213">{{cite news|author=Los Angeles Times|date=2007-12-13|title=Tropical storm leaves 14 dead|accessdate=2007-12-13}}</ref> Two other deaths were reported elsewhere in the country, and more than 34,000 people fled their homes due to the storm; more than 7,500 houses were damaged.<ref name="ap1215">{{cite news|author=Associated Press|date=2007-12-15
|title=Dominican officials say Tropical Storm Olga causes major crop losses|accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref> Damage in the country was estimated at $1.5 billion (2007 [[Dominican peso|DOP]], $45 million 2007 USD).<ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/MUMA-7A48PY?OpenDocument Situation Reports: Caribbean: Tropical Storm Olga - Dec 2007, Dominican Republic: Tropical Storm Olga OCHA Situation Report No. 3]</ref> In neighboring [[Haiti]], two deaths were reported in the northern portion of the country.<ref name="ap1214">{{cite news|author=Associated Press|date=2007-12-18|title=Dominican president orders probe into opening of dam during Tropical Storm Olga|accessdate=2007-12-20|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20071218-1002-dominican-olga.html}}</ref> On December 11, a station in the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]] recorded sustained winds of 36 mph (58 km/h).<ref name="disc4"/>

While still moving through the western Caribbean sea, heavy rains fell along a trough in its northeast quadrant beginning on December 14, with a total of 7.08 inches/179.8 mm falling at Nettles Island, Florida. The remnant low intensified due to occasional convection forming near and northeast of the center as it approached the Sunshine State. Clearwater Beach recorded a pressure as low as 1002 mb as well as sustained winds reaching 45 mph (72 km/h), with gusts to 78 mph (126 km/h) between 4 and 5 on the morning of December 16. As a cold front approached, the low pressure area became ill-defined and dissipated before reaching Florida's [[Space Coast]].<ref name="rain"/>

Despite the death toll from Tropical Storm Olga, the name was not retired and is included on the list of names for the [[List of tropical cyclone names|2013 Atlantic hurricane season]].

==References==
{{tcportal}}
{{reflist}}

{{2007 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:2007 Atlantic hurricane season|Olga]]
[[Category:Atlantic tropical storms|Olga (2007)]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Puerto Rico|Olga (2007)]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Haiti|Olga (2007)]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in the Dominican Republic|Olga (2007)]]
[[Category:Off-season Atlantic tropical cyclones|Olga (2007)]]
[[Category:2007 in the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:2007 in Haiti]]
[[Category:2007 in Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:2007 in the United States]]

[[ko:열대폭풍 올가 (2007년)]]
[[pt:Tempestade tropical Olga (2007)]]
[[simple:Tropical Storm Olga (2007)]]

Hurrikan Guillermo (1997)

2007-09-18T21:39:57Z

Dylan620:

{{Infobox Hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Guillermo
| Type=hurricane
| Year=1997
| Basin=EPac
| Image location=HurricaneGuillermo1997.JPG
| Image name=Hurricane Guillermo at peak intensity
| Formed=[[July 30]], [[1997]]
| Dissipated=[[August 24]], [[1997]] (extratropical after [[August 15]])
| 1-min winds=140
| Pressure=919
| Damages=
| Fatalities=3 direct
| Areas=[[California]]
| Hurricane season=[[1997 Pacific hurricane season]]
}}

'''Hurricane Guillermo''' was the ninth tropical depression, seventh tropical storm, fourth hurricane and third major hurricane of the active [[1997 Pacific hurricane season]]. It formed as a wave on [[July 16]] off the African coast and entered the Eastern Pacific eleven days later. Guillermo was absorbed by an extratropical low on [[August 24]], over 1 month after forming in the Atlantic. Guillermo did not affect land except for some swells and heavy surf along California. Three people were killed directly by Guillermo.

Guillermo became one of 12 storms to reach Category-5 status in the Eastern Pacific basin. Its peak intensity of 919 millibars was the second strongest on record at the time (behind [[Hurricane Ava]] of 1973), but [[Hurricane Linda (1997)|Hurricane Linda]] later that year and [[Hurricane Kenna]] in the 2002 season surpassed it.

== Storm History ==
{{storm path|Guillermo 1997 track.png}}
Rawinsonde data from Dakar determined that a wave had formed off the coast of Africa on [[July 16]]. The wave moved westward with little change in convection, as strong westerly winds had made it difficult for the wave to strengthen.<ref name="TCR">{{
cite web
| author=B. Max Mayfield
| year=[[1997]]
| title=Hurricane Guillermo Prelimary Report
| publisher=National Hurricane Center
| accessdate=2007-03-06
| url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997guillerm.html
}}</ref>Reasonable extrapolation would put the wave in an area of cloudiness off the Pacific coast of Mexico on [[July 27]]. Convection increased in amount and the wave strengthened into Tropical Depression Ten-E on [[July 30]], 300 [[nautical miles]] south of [[Salina Cruz, Mexico]]. The depression strengthened quickly in the Pacific Ocean, become Tropical Storm Guillermo the very next day.<ref name="TCR"/>
A cloud circulation had appeared over Guillermo and the storm continued to strengthen, becoming a hurricane on [[August 1]] near [[Acapulco, Mexico]].<ref name="TCR"/> After upper-level outflow became well established, an eye started to appear in Guillermo, which strengthened into a Category 2-hurricane at 1200 [[UTC]] [[August 2]]. Guillermo strengthened into a 120 mph Category 3-storm within six hours of that and became a Category 4-storm six hours after that.<ref name="TCR"/>[[Image:CIMMS- Guillermo '97.gif|thumb|right|175px|Guillermo]] As it continued to move across the Eastern Pacific, Guillermo fluctuated in strength. Finally on [[August 5]], Guillermo reached Category 5-status and peaked at 160 mph winds with a minimal pressure of 919 millibars, one of the stronget storms in the Eastern Pacific. As quickly as Guillermo strengthened, the storm started weakening at a moderate pace, becoming a tropical storm just before entering the Central Pacific basin on [[August 10]].<ref name="TCR"/>

The [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]] took over duties of tracking Guillermo as the storm moved around the Central Pacific.<ref name="TCR"/><ref name="CPHCTCR">{{
cite web
| author=National Hurricane Center
| year=[[1997]]
| title=Hurricane Guillermo Prelimary Report
| publisher=Central Pacific Hurricane Center
| accessdate=2007-03-07
| url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1997.php#GUILLERMO
}}</ref> Guillermo weakened into a tropical depression, but quickly regained tropical storm strength. At this point, Guillermo turned temporarily to the west-northwest near [[Hawaii]] and weakened into a tropical depression on [[July 15]]. Tropical Depression Guillermo became extratropical the next day.<ref name="TCR"/> The remnants of Guillermo were tracked as north as [[Vancouver, British Columbia]] before turning south. Guillermo was finally absorbed by an extratropical low on [[August 24]] off of [[California]].<ref name="TCR"/>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

== Impact and records ==
{{Category 5 Pacific hurricanes|align=right}}
Guillermo's size caused 8 foot-wide swells off of beaches in Los Angeles, which was at the time, 1500 miles away from the Guillermo's center. 12-foot surf was experienced for more than 600 miles from the storm center. The heavy surf kept master Cabo [[skippers]] in port in Los Cabos. From [[Cabo San Lucas]] to [[San Jose del Cabo]], the force of the storm crashed waves from the [[Sea of Cortez]] over the grounds of beachside resorts. The heavy surf chased tourists off some of Cabo's most popular beaches. A moderate amount of condos and homes were flooded by Guillermo. Two people were killed when waves swept sightseers from normally high beaches.<ref name="Impact">{{
cite web
| author=Cabo Bob
| year=[[2007]]
| title=Hurricanes in Cabo San Lucas
| publisher=Unknown
| accessdate=2007-03-06
| url=http://www.cabobob.com/pages/051gllrmo.html
}}</ref>

Hurricane Guillermo generated heavy surf across the beaches of Southern California. Average surf heights were 6 to 8 feet with local sets above 10 feet. Over 100 rescues were reported by local lifeguards.<ref name="NCDC">{{
cite web
| author=NCDC
| year=[[1997]]
| title=Event- Heavy Surf- 06 Aug 1997, 06:00:00 AM PST
| publisher=NOAA
| accessdate=2007-03-06
| url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~288788
}}</ref>Surf whipped up by Hurricane Guillermo pounded beaches in Orange County with waves from 6 to 12 feet high. Hundreds of people were rescued, but rip currents were blamed for three injuries and one death. On the fifth, a 19 year old man was swept away about a mile north of the Huntington Beach Pier. His body was recovered several days later. On the sixth, a teenage boy and girl were pummelled on a beach in Corona Del Mar. Another 18 year old was pulled ashore and sent to the hospital with neck injuries. In Newport Beach, lifeguards made nearly 300 rescues on the fifth and sixth alone.<ref name="NCDC2">{{
cite web
| author=NCDC
| year=[[1997]]
| title=Event- Rip Currents- 05 Aug 1997, 06:00:00 AM PST
| publisher=NOAA
| accessdate=2007-03-06
| url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~288786
}}</ref>
*Guillermo became the second strongest storm on record in the Eastern Pacific basin with a minimal pressure of 919 millibars.<ref name="TCR"/>
*Guillermo also became one of only twelve storms to reach Category 5-status.<ref name="TCR"/>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

== See also ==
*[[List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes]]
*[[List of notable Pacific hurricanes]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997epac.html NHC 1997 Pacific hurricane season archive]
* [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/1997.html HPC 1997 Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages]
* [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/pages/hurrclimate.php#1997 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive]

{{1997 Pacific hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Pacific hurricanes|Guillermo]]
[[Category:1997 Pacific hurricane season|Guillermo]]
[[Category:Category 5 tropical cyclones|Guillermo]]