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Lil Reese

2015-09-06T01:26:15Z

Dusti: Reverted 1 pending edit by 73.152.58.52 to revision 679232146 by Alpha Monarch: there's nothing in the corresponding page to suggest an association - please provide a source

{{pp-pc1}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Lil Reese
| alias =
| image =
|image_size=250px
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Tavares Taylor
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1993|1|6}}
| birth_place = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], United States
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| occupation = [[Rapping|Rapper]]
| studio =
| associated_acts = [[Chief Keef]], [[Lil Durk]], [[Fredo Santana]]
| years_active = 2010–present
| label = [[Glory Boyz Entertainment]], [[Def Jam]]
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Tavares Taylor''' (born January 6, 1993), better known by his stage name '''Lil Reese''' is an [[American people|American]] [[rapper]] from [[Chicago, Illinois]]. He is signed to the [[Def Jam Recordings]] [[record label]].<ref>[http://www.defjam.com/artists/lil-reese/ [[Def Jam]] website].</ref>

==Music career==
Taylor gained recognition when [[Chief Keef]]'s hit single "[[I Don't Like]]" featuring Lil Reese garnered widespread international attention. He then began to receive popularity through his music videos, including "Us" and "Beef". He then caught the eye of producer [[No I.D.]], who had produced albums or tracks for artists like Common, Kanye West and others, which led to Taylor signing with hip hop label [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Lil Reese, Chicago Rapper Signs With Def Jam Recordings! | url=http://www.islanddefjam.com/artist/news_single.aspx?nid=11506&artistID=7389 | date=July 2, 2012 | accessdate=November 17, 2012 | work=islanddefjam.com | author=}}</ref>

In November 2012 he released a remix from his song "Us" with [[Rick Ross]] and [[Drake (rapper)|Drake]] which later appeared on Rick Ross' mixtape ''[[The Black Bar Mitzvah]]''.<ref name="Rick Ross And Drake remix US">{{cite web | title=Rick Ross And Drake remix US | url=http://globalgrind.com/music/rick-ross-drake-lil-reese-us-remix-new-music | date=Oct 9, 2012 | accessdate=November 17, 2012 | work=Globalgrind.com | author=}}</ref> Taylor also created many songs with upandcoming music producers, such as [[Young Chop]]. He is also featured on [[Juelz Santana]]'s song "Bodies". In January 2013 Taylor released a remix to his song "Traffic" featuring [[Young Jeezy]] and [[Twista]]. On September 2, 2013, Lil Reese released his second solo mixtape ''[[Supa Savage]]'', featuring guest appearances from Chief Keef, [[Lil Durk]], [[Fredo Santana]], [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]] and [[Waka Flocka Flame]].<ref>http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2013/09/lil-reese-releases-supa-savage-mixtape/</ref>

==Legal issues==
In May 2010, Reese pleaded guilty to burglary charges and was given two years of probation.<ref name="hiphopdxlil">[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.23740/title.lil-reese-found-sleeping-in-car-arrested-on-a-warrant Lil Reese Found Sleeping In Car, Arrested On A Warrant | Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales | HipHop DX]</ref>

On October 24, 2012, a video allegedly showing Reese assaulting a woman was posted to the internet.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/15966048-418/lil-reese-rapper-involved-in-chief-keef-and-jojo-feud-tied-to-video-beating.html | title=Lil Reese tied to video beating | work=''suntimes.com'' | date=November 2, 2012 | accessdate=October 24, 2012 | author=BECKY SCHLIKERMAN}}</ref> On April 28, 2013, Reese was arrested by Chicago Police on a warrant issued two days earlier, based on criminal trespass to a residence with persons present, battery, and mob action from the video incident from February 2012.<ref name="hiphopdxlil"/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-south-side-rapper-lil-reese-arrested-on-warrant-20130428,0,1948123.story | work=Chicago Tribune | first=Geoff | last=Ziezulewicz | title=South Side rapper Lil Reese arrested on warrant - chicagotribune.com | date=April 29, 2013}}</ref>

On June 23, 2013, Reese was arrested in Chicago and charged with [[motor vehicle theft]] after an incident on April 13, 2013, where he was not able to provide proof of ownership for a BMW 750Li.<ref>[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24431/title.lil-reese-arrested-charged-with-auto-theft- Lil Reese Arrested, Charged With Auto Theft | Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales | HipHop DX]</ref> However, the charge was later dropped. On July 13, 2013, Reese was arrested again in Chicago for [[marijuana]] possession, a violation of his probation.<ref>[http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.24676/title.lil-reese-arrested-for-drug-possession Lil Reese Arrested For Drug Possession | Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales | HipHop DX]</ref>

==Discography==

=== Mixtapes ===
* ''Don't Like'' <small>(Hosted by [[DJ Drama]] and DJ Cannon)</small> (2012)
* ''[[Supa Savage]]'' <small> (Hosted by DJ Scream) </small> (2013)
*"[[Supa Savage 2]]" <small> (2015)

=== Singles ===
====As a lead artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album/Mixtape
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US R&B]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Hot Rap Songs|US Rap]]
|-
! scope="row" | "Us"
| rowspan="2"| 2012
| — || — || —
| rowspan="2"| ''Don't Like''
|-
! scope="row" | "Traffic" <br><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Chief Keef]])</span>
| — || — || —
|}

====As a featured artist====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of singles as featured performer, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br /><ref name="US100">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=chief keef|chart=Hot 100}} | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: Hot 100 | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|US<br />R&B]]<br /><ref name="USR&B">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=chief keef|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}} | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Rap Songs|US<br />Rap]]<br /><ref name="USRap">{{cite web | url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=chief keef|chart=Rap Airplay}} | title=Chief Keef Album & Song Chart History: Rap Songs | publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] | work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[I Don't Like]]"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Chief Keef]] featuring Lil Reese)</span>
|| 2012
| 73 || 20 || 15
| ''[[Finally Rich]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "Bang Like Chop"<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Young Chop]] featuring Chief Keef and Lil Reese)</span>
|| 2014
| – || – || –
| ''Bang Like Chop''
|}

===Guest appearances===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" style="width:19em;" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Other artist(s)
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row"| "OVA"
| rowspan="6"| 2012
| [[Freddie Gibbs]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Off The Shits"
| [[Lil Durk]]
| ''I'm Still A Hitta''
|-
! scope="row"| "My Lil Niggas"
| [[Fredo Santana]], [[Chief Keef]]
| rowspan="2"| ''It's A Scary Site''
|-
! scope="row"| "Respect"
| Fredo Santana
|-
! scope="row"| "Don't Try It"
| [[Frenchie]]
| ''Concrete Jungle 2''
|-
! scope="row"| "Nobody Move"
| Jay Stonez
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Bodies"
| rowspan="6"| 2013
| [[Juelz Santana]]
| ''[[God Will'n]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "S.O.S. (Smash On Sight)"
|Cap1, [[Lil Durk]]
| ''T.R.U. 2 It''
|-
! scope="row"| "No Lackin"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vibe.com/article/new-mixtape-funkmaster-flex-who-you-mad-me-or-yourself |title=New Mixtape: Funkmaster Flex 'Who You Mad At? Me Or Yourself?' |publisher=Vibe |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 13, 2013}}</ref>
|[[Funkmaster Flex]], [[Waka Flocka Flame]], [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]]
| ''Who You Mad At? Me Or Yourself?''
|-
! scope="row"| "Competition"
| rowspan="2"| Lil Durk
| rowspan="2"| ''Signed To The Streets''
|-
! scope="row"| "Street Life"
|-
! scope="row"| "Gangway (Remix)"
| rowspan=2| Lil Herb
| {{n/a}}
|-
! scope="row"| "On My Soul"
| rowspan="2"| 2014
| ''Welcome to Fazoland''
|-
! scope="row"| "On A T-Shirt"
| [[Plies (rapper)|Plies]]
| ''Purple Heart''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

{{Def Jam}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Taylors, Tavares
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American rapper
| DATE OF BIRTH = January 6, 1993
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Chicago, United States
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Reese}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:African-American male rappers]]
[[Category:Def Jam Recordings artists]]
[[Category:Drill (music genre)]]
[[Category:Gangsta rappers]]
[[Category:Midwest hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:Rappers from Chicago, Illinois]]

Zoe Sugg

2014-12-28T03:48:44Z

Dusti: Reverted edits by MilkManHQh (talk) (HG)

{{pp-pc1|expiry=03:36, 1 June 2015|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zoe Sugg
| image = Zoe Sugg by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| caption = Sugg at [[VidCon]] 2014
| birth_name = Zoe Elizabeth Sugg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|3|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Lacock]], England, UK
| occupation = YouTuber, vlogger, blogger, writer
| nationality = [[British people|British]]
| relatives = [[Joe Sugg]] (brother)
| partner = [[Alfie Deyes]] (2013–present)
| years_active = 2009–present
| website = {{url|http://www.zoella.co.uk}}
}}
'''Zoe Elizabeth Sugg''' (born 28 March 1990)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sugg|first1=Zoe|title=My 21st Birthday|url=http://www.zoella.co.uk/2011/03/my-21st-birthday.html|website=Zoella|accessdate=5 October 2014}}</ref> is an English fashion and beauty [[vlogger]], author, and internet personality. Her [[debut novel]], ''[[Girl Online]]'', was released in November 2014 and broke the record for highest first-week sales since records began. She is best known by her fans on [[YouTube]] as '''Zoella'''.

==Personal life==
Sugg is the older sister of [[Joe Sugg]], who is also a vlogger and internet personality known on YouTube as ThatcherJoe.<ref name="Woods">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/mother-tongue/10742668/Zoella-The-squeaky-clean-big-sister-no-teen-should-be-without.html|title=Zoella: The squeaky clean big sister no teen should be without|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=3 April 2014|accessdate=7 April 2014|first=Judith|last=Woods}}</ref> She grew up in [[Lacock, Wiltshire]], where she attended [[The Corsham School]] [[secondary school]] and [[arts college]], and currently lives in [[Brighton]].<ref name="Woods"/><ref name="ft">{{cite web|last=Ford |first=Jonathan |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/fa5e47c6-0d9b-11e4-815f-00144feabdc0.html |title=Lunch with the FT: Zoella |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=2014-07-18 |accessdate=2014-07-28}}</ref><ref name="Edmonds">{{cite web|last=Edmonds |first=Lizzie |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2613963/Rise-squeaky-clean-video-bloggers-taking-internet-storm-earn-20-000-MONTH-posting-advice-videogames-shopping-online.html |title=Video bloggers taking internet by storm and earn £20,000 a MONTH for posts |work=[[The Daily Mail]] |date=2014-04-26 |accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref><ref name="vogue">{{Cite web |title=Zoella: Queen Of The Haul |first=Emily |last=Sheffield |work=[[Vogue (British magazine)|Vogue]] |date=2014-11-06 |accessdate=2014-11-11 |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2014/11/06/zoella-full-interview-vogue-november-2014-issue}}</ref>

She is currently in a relationship with [[Alfie Deyes]], known on YouTube as PointlessBlog.<ref name="vogue"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andpop.com/2014/02/03/must-follow-monday-zoella-zoe-sugg/|title=Must Follow Monday: Zoella (Zoe Sugg)|first=Brittany Goldfield|last=Rodrigues|work=ANDPOP|date=3 February 2014|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
Sugg was working as an apprentice at an [[interior design]] company when she created her blog, "Zoella", in February 2009.<ref name="ft"/><ref name="vogue"/> By the end of the year it had a thousand followers and {{as of|2014|3|lc=true}} it has received 140 million total visits.<ref name="vogue"/><ref name="ft"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Harvey|first=Declan|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/24726895|title=Meet the vloggers: Self employed and 'worth a fortune'|work=[[Newsbeat]]|date=13 November 2013|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> The fashion, beauty and lifestyle blog expanded into a [[YouTube]] channel in 2009, while Sugg was working for British clothing retailer [[New Look (company)|New Look]].<ref name="vogue"/><ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|first=Rhiannon|last=Williams|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/10667632/Digital-natives-25-internet-success-stories-aged-25-and-under.html|title=Digital natives: 25 internet success stories aged 25 and under|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=28 February 2014|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref>

In 2013, Sugg was named as one of the [[National Citizen Service]]'s ambassadors, helping to promote the newly launched youth service.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Carl|last=Smith|url=http://www.sugarscape.com/main-topics/film-and-tv/955358/youtubers-alfie-deyes-zoella-and-jim-chapman-team-national-citizen-se|title=YouTubers Alfie Deyes, Zoella and Jim Chapman team up with the National Citizen Service|magazine=[[Sugarscape.com|Sugarscape]]|date=10 September 2013|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.northdevonjournal.co.uk/YouTube-sensations-Zoella-Sugg-Jim-Chapman/story-19464921-detail/story.html|title=YouTube sensations Zoella Sugg, Jim Chapman and Frankie Vu visit North Devon|newspaper=[[North Devon Journal]]|first=Sophie|last=Prideaux|date=3 July 2013|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> The following year she was named as the first "Digital Ambassador" for [[Mind (charity)|Mind]], the [[mental health]] charity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoella is bigger than Beyonce on YouTube – but who is Zoe Sugg? |first=Lamiat |last=Sabin |work=[[The Independent]] |date=2014-10-22 |accessdate=2014-11-18 |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/zoella-shes-bigger-than-beyonce-on-youtube--but-who-is-zoe-sugg-9810546.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube star Zoella raising awareness of anxiety and panic attacks |last=Dredge |first=Stuart |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-10-09 |accessdate=2014-11-18 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/09/youtube-zoella-mental-health-charity-mind }}</ref>

===YouTube===
Sugg's main channel, Zoella, first named "zoella280390" after her birth date, is mostly fashion, beauty hauls, and "favourites" videos (showing her favourite products of the previous month).<ref name="mirror">{{cite web|last=Retter |first=Emily |url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/zoe-sugg---most-famous-3671787 |title=Zoe Sugg - the most famous woman in Britain you've never heard of |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |date=2014-06-11 |accessdate=2014-06-23}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite web|first=Alison |last=Flood |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/jun/17/zoe-sugg-two-book-deal-novels-zoella |title=Zoe Sugg's YouTube success wins her two-book deal for novels |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-06-17 |accessdate=2014-06-23}}</ref> Her second channel, MoreZoella, contains mostly [[vlogs]] where she lets her viewers see what she is doing that day.<ref name="Woods"/> She is a member of the [[Style Haul]] [[Multi-channel network|network]] and is [[Talent agent|represented]] by Dominic Smales at Gleam Futures.<ref name="ft"/><ref name="mirror"/><ref name="guardian"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Meet the Top Five YouTube Creators in the StyleHaul Network |first=Mike |last=Shields |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=2014-08-15 |accessdate=2014-10-02 |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/cmo/2014/08/15/meet-the-top-five-youtube-creators-in-the-stylehaul-network/}}</ref> Sugg also appears alongside many other YouTubers on the channel DailyMix, which is managed by Gleam.<ref name="mirror"/> Sugg has done many collaborations on her channel Zoella with other YouTubers, including: [[Louise Pentland]], [[Tanya Burr]], [[Alfie Deyes]], [[Tyler Oakley]], [[Troye Sivan]], [[Grace Helbig]], and many others.

Sugg is influential through [[social media]], being mentioned by ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' as one of "Britain's most influential Tweeters" in 2013.<ref name="Audley">{{cite web|first=Alice |last=Audley |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/10742430/Social-media-sensations-top-UK-Beauty-YouTubers.html|title=Social media sensations: top UK Beauty YouTubers|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=18 July 2014|accessdate=7 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Miranda|last=Prynne|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/twitter/10416649/Britains-most-influential-tweeters.html|title=Britain's most influential tweeters|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=31 October 2013|accessdate=10 March 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2014|12}}, Sugg's main YouTube channel has over 6.6 million subscribers and over 300 million video views, and is the 60th most subscribed channel on the website; her second channel "MoreZoella" has over 2.5 million subscribers and over 160 million video views.<ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube vlogger 'Zoella' hits six million subscribers |work=irishexaminer.com |date=2014-09-24 |accessdate=2014-09-29 |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/examviral/celeb-life/youtube-vlogger-zoella-hits-six-million-subscribers-288420.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vidstatsx.com/zoella280390/youtube-channel|title=Zoella YouTube Channel Stats, Subscriber Statistics, Ranking|publisher=Vidstatsx.com|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vidstatsx.com/MoreZoella/youtube-channel|title=MoreZoella YouTube Channel Stats, Subscriber Statistics, Ranking|publisher=Vidstatsx.com|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Dredge">{{cite web |title=YouTube gives Vice News, Zoella and Slow Mo Guys primetime UK ad push |last=Dredge | first=Stuart |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-09-25 |accessdate=2014-09-25 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/25/youtube-vice-news-zoella-slow-mo-guys}}</ref> She also has over 2.5 million followers on [[Twitter]] and over 3.5 million on [[Instagram]].<ref name="Woods"/><ref name="telegraph"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/internet/op-ed-is-vlogging-becoming-the-latest-career-for-generation-y/article/387215 |title=Op-Ed: Is ‘vlogging’ becoming the latest career for Generation Y? |work=[[Digital Journal]] |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2014-07-28}}</ref>

In December 2014 Sugg was criticised for filming whilst driving her car. A member of the [[Metropolitan Police]] said "She could have killed someone. How can anyone who has their eyes off the road for that amount of time be in complete control of a vehicle?" Sugg's spokesperson stated that "at the time of filming she was in mostly stationary traffic."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11303199/Girl-Online-Zoella-could-have-killed-someone-while-driving.html|title=Girl Online Zoella: ‘could have killed someone while driving’|date=19 December 2014 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=20 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a617435/zoella-returns-to-youtube-and-is-immediately-criticised-for-new-video.html|title=Zoella returns to YouTube and is immediately criticised for new video|work=[[Digital Spy]] |date=18 December 2014 |accessdate=20 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/556725/zoella-could-have-killed-someone-senior-police-source-slams-youtube-star-s-reckless-new-video|title='Zoella could have killed someone!' Senior police source slams YouTube star's 'reckless' new video |work=[[Now (UK magazine)|Now]] |date=16 December 2014 |accessdate=20 December 2014}}</ref>

===Published works===
{{Main article|Girl Online}}
Sugg signed a [[book deal|two-book deal]] with [[Penguin Books]] in 2014.<ref name="guardian"/><ref name="bookseller">{{cite web|first=Charlotte |last=Eyre |url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/penguin-childrens-signs-vlogger-zoella.html |title=Penguin Children's signs vlogger Zoella |work=[[The Bookseller]] |date=2010-07-20 |accessdate=2014-06-23}}</ref><ref name="pw">{{cite web|last=Deahl |first=Rachel |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/book-deals/article/62992-book-deals-week-of-june-23-2014.html |title=Book Deals: Week of June 23, 2014 |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=2014-06-23 |accessdate=2014-07-28}}</ref> The North American publishing rights were purchased by [[Atria (imprint)|Atria]].<ref name="pw"/>

Suggs [[debut novel]] ''[[Girl Online]]'' was released on 25 November 2014.<ref name="Wyatt">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/zoella-youtube-sensation-zoe-suggs-debut-novel-expected-to-become-overnight-bestseller-9881453.html |title=Zoella: YouTube sensation Zoe Sugg's debut novel set to become overnight bestseller |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Daisy |last=Wyatt |date=2014-11-25 |accessdate=2014-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/zoella-joined-by-tanya-burr-and-jamie-oliver-at-launch-of-debut-novel-girl-online--which-is-set-to-become-a-uk-bestseller-9882216.html |title=Zoella joined by Tanya Burr and Jamie Oliver at launch of debut novel Girl Online - which is set to become a UK bestseller |work=[[London Evening Standard]] |first=Emma |last=Powell |date=2014-11-25 |accessdate=2014-11-26}}</ref> The fictional book is aimed at a [[Young-adult fiction|young adult]] audience and surrounds a 15-year-old anonymous [[blog]]ger and what happens when her blog goes [[Viral phenomenon|viral]].<ref name="bookseller"/><ref name="Adejobi">{{cite web|first=Alicia |last=Adejobi |url=http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/152543/Girl-Online-YouTube-Sensation-Zoe-Zoella-Sugg-To-Become-Novelist-After-Signing-Two-Book-Deal |title=YouTube Sensation Zoe 'Zoella' Sugg To Become Novelist After Signing Two-Book Deal |work=[[Gigwise|EntertainmentWise]] |date=2014-06-17 |accessdate=2014-06-23}}</ref> While based around similar experiences, Sugg has stated that the book is "in no way [[autobiographical]]".<ref name="Wyatt"/><ref name="Adejobi"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/blogs/miss-vogue-today/november-2014/25/zoella-girl-online-book-launch-london |work=[[Vogue (British magazine)|Vogue]] |title=Zoella's Girl Online Launch |date=2014-11-25 |accessdate=2014-11-26}}</ref> The novel broke the record for the highest ever first-week sales for a debut author since records began in 1998, selling a total of 78,109 copies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoella breaks record for first-week book sales |first=Anita |last=Singh |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=2 December 2014 |accessdate=2014-12-03 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11268540/Zoella-breaks-record-for-first-week-book-sales.html}}</ref><ref name="Drabble">{{Cite web |title=Zoe Sugg's Girl Online is fastest selling book of the year |first=Emily |last=Drabble |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-12-03 |accessdate=2014-12-03 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2014/dec/03/zoella-girl-online-zoe-sugg-fastest-selling-book-of-the-year}}</ref><ref name="Collinson">{{Cite web |title=Zoella's book Girl Online outsells JK Rowling |first=Anna |last=Collinson |work=[[Newsbeat|BBC Newsbeat]] |date=2014-12-03 |accessdate=2014-12-03 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/30305855}}</ref> {{As of|2014|12}} it is also the fastest selling book of the year.<ref name="Drabble"/><ref name="Collinson"/>

Penguin stated that "Sugg did not write ''Girl Online'' on her own", stating that she "has worked with an expert editorial team to help her bring to life her characters and experiences in a heartwarming and compelling story".<ref name="timeNotalone">{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/3623032/zoella-girl-online-ghost-written/ |first=Megan |last=Gibson |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title=Fashion Blogger Zoella Admits She Did Not Write ''Girl Online'' On Her Own |date=2014-12-08 |accessdate=2014-12-09}}</ref><ref name="FloodNotalone">{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/dec/08/zoella-bestselling-girl-online-written-siobhan-curham-zoe-sugg |title=YouTube star takes online break as she admits novel was 'not written alone' |first1=Alison |last1=Flood |first2=Hannah |last2= Ellis-Petersen |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-12-08 |accessdate=2014-12-09}}</ref> It has been reported that young-adult novelist Siobhan Curham was a [[ghostwriter]] for the novel, although neither Penguin nor Sugg have stated this.<ref name="timeNotalone"/><ref name="FloodNotalone"/><ref name="newsbeat">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/30377769 |work=[[Newsbeat]] |title=Zoella admits ''Girl Online'', her debut novel, was written with 'help' |first=Amelia |last=Butterly |date=2014-12-08 |accessdate=2014-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Charlotte |last=Runcie |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/11277201/zoella-girl-online-ghostwritten-zoe-sugg.html |title=Zoella's publishers confirm that Girl Online was ghostwritten |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=7 December 2014 |accessdate=7 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Zoella—The Newbie Author Whose Book Sales Topped J.K. Rowling |first=Lucy |last=Scholes |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=2014-12-11 |accessdate=2014-12-12 |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/11/meet-zoella-the-newbie-author-whose-book-sales-topped-j-k-rowling.html}}</ref> Penguin stated that Curham was an "editorial consultant" for the novel.<ref name="FloodNotalone"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Penguin: "Zoella had help with ''Girl Online''" |first=Charlotte |last=Eyre |work=[[The Bookseller]] |date=2014-12-08 |accessdate=2014-12-11 |url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/penguin-zoella-had-help-girl-online}}</ref>

===Music===
{{Main article|Band Aid 30}}
Sugg featured on the 2014 single "[[Do They Know It's Christmas?]]" as part of the [[Band Aid 30]] charity [[charity supergroup|supergroup]], raising money for the [[Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do They Know It's Christmas review – in tune with non-musical times |last=Petridis |first=Alexis |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2014-11-16 |accessdate=2014-12-01 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/nov/16/band-aid-do-they-know-its-christmas-2014-review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoella talks 'surreal' experience of singing with Band Aid 30 |first=Amelia |last=Butterly |work=[[BBC Newsbeat]] |date=2014-11-16 |accessdate=2014-12-01 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/30074456}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's who in Band Aid 30? One Direction, Bono, vloggers and more |last=Pocklington |first=Rebecca |work=[[Daily Mirror|The Mirror]] |date=2014-11-17 |accessdate=2014-12-01 |url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/band-aid-30-whos-who-4642252}}</ref>

===Television appearances===
In June 2014 Sugg was a guest panellist on the daytime [[chat show]] ''[[Loose Women]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sugarscape.com/main-topics/film-and-tv/1047404/zoella-looks-very-lovely-she-appears-loose-women-try-and-explain-wor |title=Zoella looks very lovely as she appears on Loose Women to try and explain the world of YouTube to Katie Price |first=Lucy |last=Wood |work=[[Sugarscape.com]] |date=2014-06-21 |accessdate=2014-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Shenton |first=Zoe |url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/recap-katie-price-co-hosts-loose-3730598 |title=Recap: Katie Price co-hosts Loose Women - all the gossip as it happened |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2014-06-23}}</ref> She also appeared on ''[[This Morning (TV programme)|This Morning]]'' in July 2014, to talk about [[social anxiety]].<ref>{{cite web|last=White |first=Julia |url=https://uk.celebrity.yahoo.com/gossip/omg/this-morning-spell-youtuber-zoe-sugg-s-name-wrong-twitter-goes-ballistic-113328491.html |title=This Morning Spell Youtuber Zoella's Name Wrong, Twitter Goes Ballistic |publisher=[[Yahoo.com]] |date=2014-07-10 |accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.stv.tv/tv/282232-this-morning-beauty-and-fashion-vlogger-zoella-on-overcoming-anxiety/ |title=This Morning: Beauty and fashion vlogger Zoella on overcoming anxiety |publisher=[[STV (TV channel)|STV]] |date=2014-07-10 |accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref> She was featured as "Queen of the Haul" in the November issue of British ''[[Vogue (British magazine)|Vogue]]'' in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inside November Vogue |first=Lauren |last=Milligan |work=[[Vogue (British magazine)|Vogue]] |date=2014-10-03 |accessdate=2014-10-08 |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2014/10/03/inside-november-issue-british-vogue---taylor-swift-cover/gallery/1270255}}</ref>

Sugg, along with [[The Slow Mo Guys]] and [[Vice News]], will be featured in television, print, and [[billboard]] advertisements in the UK from 25 September.<ref name="Dredge"/><ref name="OReilly">{{cite web |title=YouTube looks to boost perceptions of its quality content with major push |first=Lara |last=O'Reilly |publisher=[[Marketing Week]] |date=2014-09-25 |accessdate=2014-09-25 |url=http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/sectors/technology-and-telecoms/youtube-looks-to-boost-perceptions-of-its-quality-content-with-major-push/4011734.article}}</ref><ref name="Mortimer">{{cite web |title=YouTube woos brands as it promotes vlogging stars in first campaign push |first=Natalie |last=Mortimer |work=The Drum |date=2014-09-25 |accessdate=2014-09-25 |url=http://www.thedrum.com/news/2014/09/25/youtube-woos-brands-it-promotes-vlogging-stars-first-campaign-push}}</ref> The prime timeTV adverts will be broadcast on the three [[Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom|terrestrial]] UK channels.<ref name="Dredge"/><ref name="OReilly"/><ref name="Mortimer"/>

===Zoella Beauty===
Sugg launched a range of [[Skin care products|beauty product]]s under the brand name Zoella Beauty in September 2014.<ref name="metro">{{cite web |title=YouTube star Zoella's beauty collection is a sell-out |first=Hannah |last=Gale |work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|The Metro]] |date=2014-09-29 |accessdate=2014-09-29 |url=http://metro.co.uk/2014/09/29/if-you-dont-know-who-zoe-sugg-is-shes-the-girl-behind-the-biggest-beauty-launch-of-the-year-4885505}}</ref><ref name="grazia">{{cite web |title=Zoella Talks Us Through Her First Ever Beauty Range At Gorgeously Girlie Launch Party |first=Jessica |last=Vince |work=[[Grazia]] |date=2014-09-26 |accessdate=2014-09-29 |url=http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/beauty/makeup/zoella-beauty-collection}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The teenage vloggers with millions of fans set to conquer the world |first1=Bianca |last1=London |first2=Martha |last2=Cliff |work=[[The Daily Mail]] |date=2014-09-28 |accessdate=2014-09-29 |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2772761/The-young-vloggers-millions-fans-set-conquer-worlds-literature-fashion-beauty-television-thanks-lucrative-make-TV-book-deals.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zoella's bath and body products created to ease camera nerves |first=Katy |last=Young |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=2014-09-29 |accessdate=2014-09-30 |url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/beauty/news-features/TMG11123342/Zoellas-bath-and-body-products-created-to-ease-camera-nerves.html}}</ref> The "bath and beauty" range launch was, according to the ''[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]'', the "biggest beauty launch of the year".<ref name="metro"/><ref name="grazia"/><ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube sensation’s beauty range success |work=[[The Argus (Brighton)|The Argus]] |date=2014-09-30 |accessdate=2014-09-30 |url=http://www.theargus.co.uk/business/11503533.YouTube_sensation___s_beauty_range_success}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
Sugg won the 2011 [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] Blog Award in the "Best Established Beauty Blog" category and went on to win the "Best Beauty Vlogger" award the following year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevideoink.com/features/zoella-a-star-from-across-the-pond |first=Tara |last=Donaldson |title=Business of Beauty: Zoella, A Star from Across the Pond |publisher=VideoInk |date=12 July 2013 |accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Jordan |last=Howell |url=http://www.imediamonkey.com/2013/08/30/zoella-bypasses-2-million-youtube-subscribers/ |title=Zoella bypasses 2 million YouTube subscribers |publisher=Imediamonkey.com |date=30 August 2013 |accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Travers |first=Penny |url=http://www.cosmopolitan.co.uk/blogs/cosmo-blog-awards-2013/Cosmo_Blog_Awards_2012_winners_and_highly_commended_revealed |title=Cosmo Blog Awards 2012 winners |magazine=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] |date=5 October 2012 |accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> She was also awarded the 2013 "Best British Vlogger" award at the [[BBC Radio 1|Radio 1]] Teen Awards;<ref name="ft"/><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.company.co.uk/beauty/zoella-radio-1-teen-awards-winners-2013 |title=YAY: Zoella Wins At Radio 1 Teen Awards! |work=[[Company (magazine)|Company]] |date=15 September 2011 |accessdate=10 March 2014}}</ref> (and again in 2014), the 2014 [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards|Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award]] for "UK Favourite Vlogger";<ref name="Woods"/><ref>{{cite web | title=Winners | work=Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2014 | url=http://kca.nick.co.uk/winners | accessdate=2 April 2014}}</ref> and the [[2014 Teen Choice Awards|2014 Teen Choice Award]] for "Choice Web Star: Fashion/Beauty".<ref>{{cite web|first=Brian Anthony |last=Hernandez |url=http://mashable.com/2014/08/10/teen-choice-awards-winners-web-youtube-vine/ |title=YouTube and Vine Stars Win Big for #TeamInternet at Teen Choice Awards |publisher=[[Mashable]] |date=2014-08-10 |accessdate=2014-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Yahr |first=Emily |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/08/11/teen-choice-awards-claims-of-rigged-winners-cause-teen-meltdown-on-twitter/ |title=Teen Choice Awards: Claims of ‘rigged’ winners cause teen meltdown on Twitter |publisher=The Washington Post |date=2014-08-11 |accessdate=2014-08-11}}</ref>

Sugg was listed as one of ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph's]]'' "40 best beauty bloggers" in September 2014, and "Queen of the Haul" by [[Vogue (British magazine)|British Vogue]] in November.<ref name="vogue"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The 40 best beauty bloggers |first=Victoria |last=Moss |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=2014-09-26 |accessdate=2014-09-30 |url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG11120878/The-40-best-beauty-bloggers.html}}</ref> Her channel was the 4th most popular channel in the UK in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutant Giant Spider Dog and Zoella are among the biggest YouTube stars of 2014 |first= Mona |last=Tabbara |work=[[Radio Times]] |date=2014-12-10 |accessdate=2014-12-17 |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-12-10/mutant-giant-spider-dog-and-zoella-are-among-the-biggest-youtube-stars-of-2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PewDiePie, Zoella and who else? What the UK watched on YouTube in 2014 |last=Dredge |first=Stuart |work=the Guardian |date=2014-12-09 |accessdate=2014-12-17 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/09/youtube-2014-uk-pewdiepie-zoella}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.zoella.co.uk}}
* {{IMDb name|nm6294306}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Sugg, Zoe
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British vlogger
| DATE OF BIRTH = 28 March 1990
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Lacock, Wiltshire]], [[England]], UK
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sugg, Zoe}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:People from Brighton]]
[[Category:English bloggers]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:YouTube celebrities]]
[[Category:British women writers]]
[[Category:English video bloggers]]
[[Category:Novels by Zoe Sugg|Novels by Zoe Sugg]]

Brandrodung in Südostasien

2013-08-02T17:37:04Z

Dusti: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Southeast Asian haze closed as Nomination Withdrawn

{{multiple issues|
{{POV|date=July 2013}}
{{original research|date=July 2013}}
{{ref improve|date=July 2013}}
}}
{{quotebox|'''"They only have to be sparked by cigarette butts and they (peatlands) will go up in flames"|Achmad Taufik, South Sumatra Forestry Office'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/08/15/slash-and-burn-practices-lead-forest-fires-s-sumatra.html|title=Slash-and-burn practices lead to forest fires in S. Sumatra|first=Ansyor|last=Idrus|work=The Jakarta Post|date=15 August 2012}}</ref>}}
'''Southeast Asian haze''' is huge perennial air quality and health problem stemming from [[slash and burn]] deforestation techniques coupled with expansion of the [[palm oil]] industry<Ref>http://world.time.com/2013/07/30/the-southeast-asian-haze-is-back-and-worse-may-follow/</ref> at the expense of new and old growth forest, driven by desires for hard currency, employment, and large profits; largely controlled by multinational corporations. This mainly occurs in the [[Indonesian]] island of [[Sumatra]] The largest of the multinational corporations responsible for the deforestation are [[Wilmar International]] and [[Cargill]].

The problem flares up every dry season, in varying degrees, and affects Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, southern Thailand, and Indonesia. Rice paddy burning is also a common practice throughout Southeast Asia, resulting in poor air quality at a local level.

==Haze by year==
It generally refers to [[haze]] occurring in Southeast Asia; see [[Smog#Southeast Asia]]. In specific intense cases, it may refer to:
*[[1997 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[1997 Indonesian forest fires]]
*[[2005 Malaysian haze]]
*[[2006 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[2009 Southeast Asian haze]]
*[[2013 Southeast Asian haze]]

==See also==
*[[ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Asia Pollution}}
{{Palm oil}}

[[Category:Southeast Asian haze| ]]

{{environmental-disaster-stub}}
{{Indonesia-stub}}

Jack Dykinga

2011-01-24T20:25:43Z

Dusti: /* External links */clean up, added uncategorised tag using AWB

'''Jack William Dykinga''' (born January 2, 1943 [[Chicago]]) is an American [[photographer]].<ref>{{cite book| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=63nvmt4HqTEC&pg=PA206&lpg=PA206&dq=jack+dykinga+chicago&source=bl&ots=VntkV4egL7&sig=88xYrrdDpcHNQkEo_LcOJ5gokRA&hl=en&ei=uLk9TcjFE8_0gAfwqZiICQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBwQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=jack%20dykinga%20chicago&f=false| title=Who's who of Pulitzer Prize winners | authors= Elizabeth A. Brennan, Elizabeth C. Clarage }}</ref> He won the 1971 [[Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://current.com/tags/89850005_jack-dykinga/ |title=Jack Dykinga // Current |publisher=Current.com |date= |accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tucsonmorningblend.com/videos/100978749.html |title=Jack Dykinga |publisher=Tucson Morning Blend |date=2010-08-18 |accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref>

He worked for the ''Chicago Tribune'', and the ''Chicago Sun Times''.
He moved to Arizona.
He worked for the ''Arizona Daily Star'', and taught at the [[University of Arizona]] and [[Pima Community College]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Thomas |first=Narciso |url=http://villarrealjrn280.blogspot.com/ |title=JRN 280 Blog for Narciso Thomas Villarreal |publisher=Villarrealjrn280.blogspot.com |date= |accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref>

His work appears in ''Arizona Highways'' and ''National Geographic''.<ref name="nationalgeographic1">{{cite web|url=http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photographers/photographer-jack-dykinga.html |title=Photographer Jack Dykinga Biography – National Geographic |publisher=Photography.nationalgeographic.com |date= |accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref>
He shows at the G2 Gallery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theg2gallery.com/artists/jack_dykinga/index.html |title=Artists: Jack Dykinga |publisher=The G2 Gallery |date= |accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref>
He is on the board of the Sonoran Desert National Park Project.<ref>{{cite web|author=September 23, 2009 |url=http://ondemand.azpm.org/videoshorts/watch/2009/9/23/kuat-jack-dykinga/ |title=Arizona Public Media | Video Shorts | Jack Dykinga |publisher=Ondemand.azpm.org |date=2009-09-23 |accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref>

In 2010, he was photographer in residence at Sedona Photofest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sedonaphotofest.com/dykinga.html |title=Jack Dykinga, Sedona PhotoFest 2010 Master-in-Residence Photographer |publisher=Sedonaphotofest.com |date= |accessdate=2011-01-24}}</ref>
He married Margaret Malley in 1965; they live in [[Tucson, Arizona]].<ref name="nationalgeographic1"/>

==Works==
* ''Frog Mountain Blues'', University of Arizona Press, 1987, ISBN 9780816509294
* ''The Sonoran Desert'' H.N. Abrams, 1992, ISBN 9780810938243
* ''The Secret Forest'', University of New Mexico Press, 1993, ISBN 9780826314031
* ''Stone Canyons of the Colorado Plateau'' Abrams, 1996, ISBN 9780810944688
* ''The Sierra Pinacate'' University of Arizona Press, 1998, ISBN 9780816517770
* ''Desert: The Mojave and Death Valley'', Harry N. Abrams, 1999, ISBN 9780810932388
* ''Large format nature photography'' Amphoto Books, 2001, ISBN 9780817441579
* ''Jack Dykinga's Arizona'', Westcliffe Publishers, 2004, ISBN 9781565794993

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.azpbs.org/imagesofarizona/dykinga/dykinga.asp "Interview transcript"], Lew and Gail Steiger, ''Images of Arizona''
*[http://www.truckcampermagazine.com/jack-dykinga:-from-pulitzer-to-pop%11up/ "Jack Dykinga: From Pulitzer to Pop-Up"], Gordon White, ''Truck Camper Magazine'' 19 May 2009
*[http://www.dykinga.com/www.dykinga.com/Welcome.html Photographer's website]

{{Uncategorized|date=January 2011}}

Kloster Agarak

2011-01-24T09:50:56Z

Dusti: clean up, added orphan tag using AWB

{{Orphan|date=January 2011}}

{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Monastery of Agarak<br/>Ագարակի վանք
| infobox_width =
| image = Agarak_monastery.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| map_type = Turkey
| map_size = 290
| map_caption =
| location = {{flagicon|TUR}}
| geo =
| latitude = 40.0833
| longitude = 43.4326
| religious_affiliation = [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]
| rite =
| region = [[Armenian highland|Armenian upland]]
| state = Turkey
| province =
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district = [[Iğdır Province|Iĝdir province]]
| cercle =
| municipality =
| consecration_year =
| status = Destroyed by Turks in 1922
| functional_status = Ceased functioning as a monastery in 1920
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| website =
| architecture = yes
| architect = [[Nerses III the Builder|Nerses Shinarar]]
| architecture_type = Armenian church
| architecture_style = [[Armenian architecture|Armenian]]
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 650 A.D.
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials =
| nrhp =
| added =
| refnum =
| designated =
}}

Destroyed Armenian monastic complex of a few churches in [[Iğdır Province|Iĝdir province]] of modern [[Turkey]].

==Word Formation==
Monastery of Agarak was named by its settlement's name. Name '''Agarak''' is a historical name of the '''Egrek''' settlement in [[Iğdır Province|Iĝdir province]] of modern [[Turkey]]. Agarak ({{Lang-hy|Ագարակ}}) in Armenian for '''farm'''.

==History==
The monastery of Agarak was founded by [[Nerses III the Builder|Nerses Shinarar]] catholicos of [[Armenia]] sometime between 649-653 A.D. Agarak situated in the [[Jakatk']] district of [[Kingdom of Armenia|Historical Armenia]]'s [[Ayrarat]] province that in 1918-1920 was attached to [[Surmari]] (acronym of words Saint Mary) district of [[Democratic Republic of Armenia|Republic of Armenia in the 1920]].

== Current condition ==
The monastery today is a completely ruined structure in the village of Ekrek in [[Iğdır Province|Iĝdir province]] of [[Turkey]].

==Appearance==
The monastery had a few churches and many well carved khachkar-monuments (cross-stones) nearby. Main church was named as '''Sourb Stephanos''' ({{Lang-hy|Սուրբ Ստեփանոս}}) (Saint Stephanus). Cross-domed church's roof had been tiled, and dome's top was made of a spherical stone crowned with a cross. Many architectural fragments had been founded around the churches, including remains of a medieval stele with a statue of a woman holding a model of a basilica-church in her arms.

[[Category:Armenian Churches in Turkey]]
[[Category:Christian monasteries established in the 7th century]]
[[Category:Destroyed landmarks]]

Lovat Castle

2011-01-24T09:31:37Z

Dusti: clean up using AWB

'''Lovat Castle''' is a ruined castle in northern [[Scotland]], near [[Beauly]], [[Scottish Highlands|Highland]]. The castle once stood on the right bank of the [[River Beauly]]. Originally known as ''Beauly Castle'', it was built by the [[Clan Bissett|Bissets]] in the 11th-12th century. The castle came into the [[Clan Fraser|Fraser]]'s hands via the marriage of [[Simon Fraser (d. 1306)|Simon Fraser]] to a Bissett heiress in the 13th century and was dismantled for building materials in 1671.

[[Category:Castles in Highland]]
[[Category:Clan Fraser]]
[[Category:Clan Bissett]]

{{Scotland-castle-stub}}

Erchless Castle

2011-01-24T09:28:12Z

Dusti: /* References */clean up using AWB

'''Erchless Castle''' is a [[L-plan castle]] in northern [[Scotland]], near [[Struy]], [[Scottish Highlands|Highland]]. The castle is located at the foot of Strathglass by the [[River Glass, Strathglass|River Glass]] and [[River Farrar]]. Built in the 13th century by the [[Clan Bissett|Bissetts]], it became into the hands of the [[Clan Chisholm|Chisholms]] the 15th century, via the marriage of Alexander de Chisholme to Margaret, Lady of Erchless, and became their ancestral home. It was remodelled in the early 17th century as an L-plan tower house and underwent further alterations in the 19th century with the addition of a Baronial-style wing in 1895.

==References==
*[http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/12399/details/erchless+castle/ Ercless Castle RCAHMS webpage]

[[Category:Castles in Highland]]
[[Category:Clan Chisholm]]
[[Category:Clan Bissett]]

{{Scotland-castle-stub}}

Balquhain Castle

2011-01-24T09:09:54Z

Dusti: clean up, added orphan, deadend, wikify tags using AWB

{{Multiple issues|wikify = January 2011|dead end = January 2011|orphan = January 2011}}

'''Balquain Castle''' is a ruined castle. It was the stronghold of the Leslies of Balquain.

[[Category:Castles in Aberdeenshire]]

{{Scotland-castle-stub}}

The Iceman

2011-01-24T09:04:20Z

Dusti: /* External links */clean up using AWB

{{New unreviewed article|source=ArticleWizard|date=January 2011}}

'''The Iceman''' is an upcoming film based on the life of notorious hitman [[Richard Kuklinski]]. The film is being directed by [[Ariel Vroman]] and stars [[Michael Shannon]] as Kuklinski, [[Benicio Del Toro]] as mob capo [[Roy DeMeo]] and [[James Franco]] as fellow hitman Robert "[[Mr. Softee]]" Pronge. Vromen, also wrote the screenplay based on the book ''The Iceman: The True Story of a Cold-Blooded Killer'' by Anthony Bruno with Morgan Land, will direct.

This film should not be confused with a different upcoming film about the life of Richard Kuklinski based on the book ''The Ice Man: Confessions of a Mafia Contract Killer'' by [[Philip Carlo]]. That film has [[Mickey Rourke]] attached to star as Kuklinski.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=1491044| title=The Iceman}}
* [http://www.nextmovie.com/blog/benicio-del-toro-james-franco-the-iceman/]
* [http://www.sify.com/news/james-franco-to-star-in-iceman-news-international-lbwmOjehcie.html]
* [http://thefilmstage.com/2011/01/21/shannon-franco-and-del-toro-to-star-in-the-iceman/]

{{DEFAULTSORT:The Iceman (2011 Film)}}
[[Category:Upcoming films]]

Schneiderbrücke (Gjakova)

2011-01-24T08:07:51Z

Dusti: clean up using AWB

{{Copy edit|date=January 2010}}
{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name= Terzijski Bridge
|image=Terzijski Most.JPG
|caption=Terzijski bridge over Erenik river
|official_name=
|carries=1 pedestrian lane
|crosses=[[Ribnik River (Serbia)|Erenik]]
|locale=[[Bistražin]] by [[Đakovica]]
|maint=
|id=
|design= [[Rock (geology)|Stone]] blocks
|mainspan=
|length= {{convert|190|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|width= {{convert|3.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|height=
|clearance=
|below=
|traffic=
|open= 15th century
|closed=
|toll=
|map_cue=
|map_image=
|map_text=
|map_width=
|coordinates= {{coord|42|21|34|N|20|30|33|E|region:RS_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|lat=
|long=
|extra=[[Monuments of Culture of Exceptional Importance (Serbia)|Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance]], {{SRB}}
}}

'''Terzijski Bridge''' ({{lang-sr|Терзијски мост, ''Terzijski most''}}, {{Lang-tr|Terzi Köprüsü}}, {{Lang-sq|Ura e Terzive}}) sometimes called ''Tailors' Bridge''<ref>http://www.inyourpocket.com/kosovo/Gjakova</ref>, is located near the village of [[Bistražin]] near [[Đakovica]], [[Kosovo]]{{ref label|status|a|}}, and is a very important example of the old Ottoman bridge building saved in Serbia.<ref>http://spomenicikulture.mi.sanu.ac.rs/spomenik.php?id=81</ref>. It was built over the river [[Ribnik River (Serbia)|Erenik]], probably at the end of the 15th century and, to its present appearance given in the 18th century, a significantly when corrected means of [[Terzijski Crafts|terzijskog]] [[guild]] from Đakovica, by which it received name.
Major reconstruction works on the bridge and restore its original appearance were held from 1982 to 1984, and today bridge is under the protection of [[Republic of Serbia]], and it was declared [[Monuments of Culture of Exceptional Importance (Serbia)|Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance]] in 1990.<ref>[http://www.kultura.gov.rs/?p=901 "Cultural monuments of exceptional significance"] (Serbian Ministry of Culture) {{sr icon}}</ref>

== Terzijski bridge==

It is not known when exactly the bridge was build, but is thought to be built at the end of the 15th century. That opinion is based on the fact that the bridge was erected on the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] route, the one which connected [[Đakovica]] with [[Prizren]], and the fact that the bridge was later expanded, due to changes of flow in river Erenik. In the 18th century the bridge experienced major modifications, which gave him the current look. The works were financed by the Terzija guild from Đakovica, which is confirmed by the inscription carved in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], located on the bridge.

The bridge was built with properly trimmed stones, in dark gray and ocher shade. The bridge's length exceeds 190 meters, the width of the original pavement was over 3.5 meters and the bridge consists of 11 rounded arches, among which are embedded niches.

==Notes and references==

'''Notes:'''

{| class="references-small" style="margin-left:13px; line-height:150%"
|align="right" valign="top"|a.  
|{{note|status}}{{Kosovo-note}}
|}

'''References:'''
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
*[[Monuments of Culture of Exceptional Importance (Serbia)|Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance]]
*[[Tourism in Serbia]]
*[[Đakovica]]

{{Cultural Property of Great Importance}}

[[Category:Bridges in Serbia]]
[[Category:Bridges in Kosovo]]
[[Category:Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance]]
[[Category:Serbian architecture]]
[[Category:Ottoman architecture]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Kosovo]]

{{Kosovo-geo-stub}}
{{Cultural-Property-stub}}

[[sr:Терзијски мост код Ђаковице]]

VANOS

2011-01-24T06:11:13Z

Dusti: /* See also */clean up, removed stub tag using AWB

'''VANOS''' (abbr. from German '''''va'''riable '''No'''ckenwellen'''s'''teuerung'') is an [[automobile]] [[variable valve timing]] technology developed by [[BMW]] in close collaboration with Continental Teves. VANOS varies the timing of the [[poppet valve|valves]] by moving the position of the [[camshaft]]s in relation to the drive gear. This movement varies from 6 degrees of advanced to 6 degrees of retarded camshaft timing.

==Single VANOS==

VANOS is a combined hydraulic and mechanical camshaft control device managed by the car's DME engine management system. The VANOS system is based on a discrete adjustment mechanism that can modify the position of the intake camshaft versus the crankshaft. Double-VANOS adds continuous adjustability to the intake and exhaust camshafts.

VANOS operates on the intake camshaft in accordance with engine speed and accelerator pedal position. At the lower end of the engine-speed scale, the intake valves are opened later, which improves idling quality and smoothness. At moderate engine speeds, the intake valves open much earlier, which boosts torque and permits exhaust gas re-circulation inside the combustion chambers, reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. Finally, at high engine speeds, intake valve opening is once again delayed, so that full power can be developed. VANOS significantly enhances emission management, increases output and torque, and offers better idling quality and fuel economy.

VANOS was first introduced in 1992 on the BMW [[BMW M50|M50]] engine used in the 5 Series. [http://www.bmwworld.com/technology/vanos.htm]

==Double VANOS==

First double VANOS system appeared on [[BMW_M50#S50B32|S50B32]] engine in 1996. Later, BMW added "double" VANOS to its [[BMW M52|M52tu]] series of inline 6-cylinder engines, which changed the mechanism from fixed position operation to continuously variable, and added the same functionality to the [[exhaust system|exhaust]] camshaft, on a number of its cars. Double-VANOS (double-variable camshaft control) significantly improves torque and emissions since valve timing on both the intake and exhaust camshafts is adjusted to the power required from the engine as a function of gas pedal position and engine speed. On all BMW engines that use single VANOS, except [[BMW_M50#S50B30|S50B30]], the timing of the intake cam is only changed at two distinct rpm points, while on the double-VANOS system, the timing of the intake and exhaust cams is continuously variable through a range of ~40 crankshaft degrees for the intake, and 25 degrees for the exhaust. The advantage of double-VANOS is that the system controls the flow of hot exhaust gases into the [[Manifold (automotive engineering)|intake manifold]] individually for all operating conditions. This is referred to as "internal" [[EGR|exhaust gas re-circulation]], allowing very fine dosage of the amount of exhaust gas recycled.

==VANOS Performance==

Single and Double VANOS systems due to age and mileage are commonly seeing performance issues as well as complete failure of the BMW OEM Buna-N VANOS piston seals (which are often successfully repaired by the use of aftermarket [[Viton#Applications|Viton]] seals to replace the OEM Buna-N seals). Another common effect is a rattling sound coming from the upper valve train assembly. The original seal material was found to be inferior for the application and tends to break down within 75k - 100k miles. VANOS Seal & Rattle kits are available to address these shortcomings. VANOS repair does require special tools that can be rented or purchased from a variety of vendors.

==List of VANOS engines==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Name''' || '''VANOS Type''' || '''Infinite Adjustments''' || '''Solenoids'''
|-
| [[BMW M50|M50TU]] || Single || No || 1 solenoid I/O
|-
| [[BMW M52|M52]] || Single || No || 1 solenoid I/O
|-
| [[BMW M52|M52TU]] || Double || Yes || 2 solenoid pwm
|-
| [[BMW M54|M54]] || Double || Yes || 2 solenoid pwm
|-
| [[BMW N52|N52]] || Double || Yes || 2 solenoid pwm
|-
| [[BMW S50|S50]] || Single || Yes || 1992-1994 not in u.s - 2 solenoid pwm
|-
| [[BMW S50|S50]] || Double || Yes || 1995-1998 not in u.s - 4 solenoid pwm
|-
| [[BMW S52|S52]] || Single || No || 1996-1998 u.s - 1 solenoid I/O
|-
| [[BMW S54|S54]] || Double || Yes || - 4 solenoid pwm
|-
| [[BMW M62|M62TU]] || Single || Yes || - 2 solenoid pwm
|-
| [[BMW N62|N62]] || Double || Yes || - 4 solenoid pwm
|-
| [[BMW S62|S62]] || Double || Yes || - 8 solenoid pwm + 1 pwm solenoid pressure regulator
|-
| [[BMW S85|S85]] || Double || Yes || - 4 solenoid pwm + 1 pwm pressure regulator
|-
| [[BMW N73|N73]] || Double || Yes || - 4 solenoid pwm
|}

Note: The engines starting with an "N" also have [[valvetronic]] variable intake valve opening.

==See also==
* [[Subaru]] [[Active Valve Control System]]
* [[Variable valve timing]]
* [[BMW]]'s [[Valvetronic]] Variable valve lift system
* [[General Motors Corporation|GM]] [[Northstar System]] [[Variable valve timing|VVT]]
* [[Honda]] [[VTEC]]
* [[Toyota]] [[VVT-i]]
*[[4-stroke power valve system]]

[[Category:Valve timing tradenames]]
[[Category:BMW]]

[[de:Nockenwellenverstellung]]
[[it:VANOS]]
[[no:VANOS]]
[[sv:VANOS]]

SAR-Klasse 1E

2011-01-24T05:05:48Z

Dusti: clean up using AWB

{{Infobox locomotive
| name = South African Class 1E
| powertype = Electric
| image = Class 1E E23.JPG
| alt =
| imagesize =
| caption = E23 plinthed at UCW, Nigel, 24 September 2009
| designer = [[Metrovick|Metropolitan-Vickers]]
| builder = [[Metrovick|Metropolitan-Vickers]]
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber = 2875-2952, Series 1 E1-E78<br />Unknown, Series 2 E79-E95<br />Unknown, Series 3 E98-E102<br />Unknown, Series 4 E103-E122<br />3655-3676, Series 5 E139-E160<br />747-766, Series 6 E161-E180<br />7181-7190, Series 7 E181-E190
| buildmodel = MV 1E
| builddate = 1924-1944
| totalproduction = 78 Series 1, 1922-1924<br />17 Series 2, 1925-1926<br /> 5 Series 3, 1936<br />20 Series 4, 1936<br />22 Series 5, 1938<br />20 Series 6, 1938<br />10 Series 7, 1944
| rebuilder =
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| aarwheels =
| uicclass = [[Bo'Bo']] ([[Bo-Bo]])
| gauge = {{RailGauge|cape|al=on}}
| trucks =
| bogies = {{convert|2.819|m|ftin|abbr=on|lk=on}} wheelbase
| wheeldiameter = {{convert|1219|mm|in|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| trailingdiameter =
| minimumcurve = {{convert|91.45|m|ftin|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| wheelbase = {{convert|9.423|m|ftin|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| length = {{convert|13.310|m|ftin|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| width = {{convert|2.800|m|ftin|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| height = {{convert|3.962|m|ftin|abbr=on|lk=on}}<br>[[pantograph (rail)|pantograph]]s lowered
| framesize =
| axleload = {{convert|17018|kg|LT|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| weightondrivers =
| locoweight = {{convert|68075|kg|LT|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| sandcap =
| electricsystem =
| collectionmethod = [[pantograph (rail)|pantograph]]
| alternator =
| generator =
| tractionmotors = Four MV 182R
| transmission = 17/75 Gear ratio
| multipleworking = 4 maximum
| topspeed = {{convert|72|km/h|mph|abbr=on|lk=on}}
| poweroutput = {{convert|224|kW|hp|abbr=on|lk=on}} 1h per motor<br>{{convert|896|kW|hp|abbr=on|lk=on}} 1h total
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|176|kN|lbf|abbr=on|lk=on}} starting<br>{{convert|95|kN|lbf|abbr=on|lk=on}} 1 hour<br>{{convert|73|kN|lbf|abbr=on|lk=on}} continuous
| factorofadhesion =
| trainheating =
| locobrakes = Air
| locobrakeforce =
| trainbrakes = Air & Vacuum
| safety =
| railroad = [[South African Railways]]
| railroadclass = 1E
| powerclass = 3kV DC
| numinclass = 172
| roadnumber = E1 to E95<br>E98 to E122<br>E139 to E190
| officialname = Class 1E, Class 1ES
| nicknames =
| axleloadclass =
| locale =
| deliverydate = 1925-1945
| firstrundate = 1925<ref name="E&D diagram-book">South African Railways Index and Diagrams Electric and Diesel Locomotives, 610mm and 1065mm Gauges, Ref LXD 14/1/100/20, 28 January 1975, as amended</ref>
| lastrundate =
| retiredate =
| withdrawndate =
| preservedunits = 1 Plinthed
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner =
| disposition = Retired
| notes =
}}
The South African Railways (SAR), later renamed [[Spoornet]] and then [[Transnet Freight Rail]] (TFR), placed a total of 172 '''Class 1E''' locomotives in service, spread over seven orders between 1925 and 1945.

== Manufacturer ==
South Africa's first electric locomotives, the South African Class 1E, entered service in [[Natal Province|Natal]] in 1925. Designed by [[Metrovick|Metropolitan-Vickers]], they were built in seven series by [[Metrovick]] and the [[Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works]] (SLM). A total of 172 Class 1E's were delivered between 1925 and 1945.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Natal Contract to British|journal=Electric Railway Journal|date=13 January 1923|volume=61|pages=107|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/electricrailwayj611mcgrrich#page/107/mode/1up|accessdate=15 September 2010}}</ref>

==Numbering system==
In the steam era South African steam locomotives bore unlettered numbers, while electric locomotives bore numbers with an “E” prefix and diesel-electric locomotives numbers with a “D” prefix, all usually numbered sequentially as they were ordered from the manufacturers.

Narrow gauge locomotives and most narrow gauge rolling stock bore the letters “NG”, for example “[[South African Railways Class NG 15|Class NG15]]” for tender locomotives or “[[South African Railways Class NG G13|Class NG G13]]” for [[Garratt]]s, to distinguish them from {{RailGauge|cape|al=on}} locomotives that may have shared the same locomotive number.

Circa 1960 the [[South African Railways|SAR]] adopted a new classification and numbering system for electric and diesel powered locomotives. In terms of the new system, electric locomotives are classed from Class 1 upwards, diesel-electric locomotives from Class 31 upwards, diesel-hydraulic locomotives from Class 61 upwards, and narrow gauge diesel-electric locomotives from Class 91 upwards.

== Orientation ==
These dual cab locomotives have four grilles below the four windows on one side, and only two grilles below the centre two windows on the other side. The number 1 end will be at the front when the side with four grilles is to the left.<ref name="E&D diagram-book"/>

Like the Class 2E, 3E and 4E, the Class 1E has bogie mounted draft gear and an articulated inter-bogie joint, therefore no train forces are transmitted to the locomotive body.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne">Locomotives of the South African Railways (Leith Paxton & David Bourne, 1985), p125, ISBN 0 86977 211 2</ref>

==Interior layout==
The interior layout consisted of five compartments, a cab at each end with a connecting corridor along one side, the high tension compartment in the middle of the locomotive, and auxiliary gear such as two motor generator sets coupled to a blower, as well as the exhauster, compressor, air reservoirs and low tension control contactors.<ref name="Zurnamer">Steam, Oil & Wires, vol 1, (Bernard Zurnamer), pp69-71</ref>

==Service==
The first Class 1E locomotives were ordered and designed for the electrification of the [[Glencoe, KwaZulu-Natal|Glencoe]] to [[Pietermaritzburg]] route in [[Natal Province|Natal]] with its severe gradients and tight curves. The overhead power supply was 3kV DC, the highest direct current overhead voltage then in use, while the traction motors operated at 1.5kV. It was reportedly the first use in regular traffic of electric locomotives equipped for [[multiple unit]] operation with [[regenerative braking]].<ref>[http://www.sets.org.au/library/index.php?id=sar1e SAR Class 1E Electric Locomotives]</ref><ref>December 1922 and March 1925 issues of the Metropolitan-Vickers Gazette</ref><ref>Electric Traction by A.T. Dover (1929)</ref>

While they were employed mainly in [[Natal Province|Natal]], some later also worked on the [[Witwatersrand]] and eventually also in the [[Western Cape]]. Some of them totalled more than {{convert|8000000|km|mi|abbr=on|lk=on}} during their service lives.

==Modification==
They served in both goods and passenger service. Since their top speed of {{convert|72|km/h|mph|abbr=on|lk=on}} was considered too slow for passenger service, two Class 1Es were modified in 1936 by changing their gear ratio to enable them to run at speeds of up to {{convert|90|km/h|mph|abbr=on|lk=on}}.<ref name="Zurnamer"/> Two were rebuilt to centre cab [[South African Class ES|Class ES]] shunters at the same time, and two more in 1964.

==SAR Number Plates==
[[Image:SAR Class 1E E23 ID.JPG|right|x120px|]]The traditional number plates on the sides of SAR locomotives, usually cast in brass, are highly sought after by collectors. Unfortunately, this has led to a [[rhinoceros horn]] type situation where these plates were illegally removed from many locomotives, eventually culminating in a decision by [[Spoornet]] to remove these prized items from all electric and diesel-electric locomotives repainted in newer liveries.

==Retirement==
Altogether 35 of the Class 1Es were eventually withdrawn from main line service, modified and reclassified to Class 1ES to be used as shunter locomotives. They were all retired by 1990.

==Gallery==
<center><gallery>
File:Electrically-hauled express train in Natal, South Africa (CJ Allen, Steel Highway, 1928).jpg|A pair of Class 1Es on a goods train, Natal, circa 1928
File:E25.JPG|E25 in black livery stored at Danskraal, [[Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal]], 5 December 2010
</gallery></center>

==See also==
* [[South African Class ES]]
* [[South African Class 2E]]
* [[Electric locomotive]]
* [[List of South African locomotive classes]]
* [[Colenso Power Station]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://mikes.railhistory.railfan.net/r025.html South African Electrification]

{{commonscat-N|South African Class 1E}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:South African Electric Class 1e}}
[[Category:Electric Locomotives of South Africa]]
[[Category:Metropolitan Vickers locomotives]]
[[Category:SLM locomotives]]
[[Category:Bo-Bo locomotives]]

The Iceman

2011-01-24T04:51:04Z

Dusti: clean up using AWB

{{New unreviewed article|source=ArticleWizard|date=January 2011}}

'''The Iceman''' is an upcoming film based on the life of notorious hitman [[Richard Kuklinski]]. The film is being directed by [[Ariel Vroman]] and stars [[Michael Shannon]] as Kuklinski, [[Benicio Del Toro]] as mob capo [[Roy DeMeo]] and [[James Franco]] as fellow hitman Robert "[[Mr. Softee]]" Pronge. Vromen, also wrote the screenplay based on the book 'The Iceman: The True Story of a Cold-Blooded Killer' by Anthony Bruno with Morgan Land, will direct.

This film should not be confused with a different upcoming film about the life of Richard Kuklinski based on the book 'The Ice Man: Confessions of a Mafia Contract Killer' by [[Philip Carlo]]. That film has [[Mickey Rourke]] attached to star as Kuklinski.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=1491044| title=The Iceman}}
* [http://www.nextmovie.com/blog/benicio-del-toro-james-franco-the-iceman/]
* [http://www.sify.com/news/james-franco-to-star-in-iceman-news-international-lbwmOjehcie.html]
* [http://thefilmstage.com/2011/01/21/shannon-franco-and-del-toro-to-star-in-the-iceman/]



[[Category:Upcoming films]]

Fedderate Castle

2011-01-24T04:13:34Z

Dusti: clean up, added orphan tag using AWB

{{Orphan|date=January 2011}}

'''Federate Castle''' is a ruined castle near [[New Deer]] in [[Aberdeenshire]], [[Scotland]]. A drawbridge and causeway provided access to the castle. Lord William Oliphant with Jacobite forces, took control of Federate Castle and held out against the forces of [[Hugh Mackay]] for more than 3 weeks, surrendering in October 1690.

[[Category:Castles in Aberdeenshire]]

{{Scotland-castle-stub}}

Demétrio do Amaral de Carvalho

2011-01-11T05:10:53Z

Dusti: clean up, added wikify tag using AWB

{{Wikify|date=January 2011}}

'''Demetrio do Amaral de Carvalho''' is an [[environmentalist]] from East Timor. He is a former resistance member from the period of Indonesian occupation, and a founder of the environmental organization the ''Haburas Foundation''. He was awarded the [[Goldman Environmental Prize]] in 2004.<ref name=goldman-alphabetical>{{cite web |url=http://www.goldmanprize.org/recipients/alphalist |title=Alphabetical list of all recipients |publisher=Goldman Environmental Prize |accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref name=goldman>{{cite web |url=http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/95 |title=Islands & Islan Nations 2004. Demetrio do Amaral de Carvalho. East Timor. Environmental policy |publisher=Goldman Environmental Prize |accessdate=11 January 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = De Carvalho, Demetrio Do Amaral
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:De Carvalho, Demetrio Do Amaral}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:East Timorese people]]
[[Category:Environmentalists]]

{{EastTimor-bio-stub}}

Benutzer:Gabel1960/Naafez Mossadeq Ahmed

2010-11-08T08:13:36Z

Dusti: Reverted edits by 89.213.111.235 (talk) to last revision by 94.195.202.217 (HG)

'''Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed''' is a London-born author and political scientist specialising in interdisciplinary security studies. He teaches [[International Relations]] at the School of [[Social Sciences]] and [[Cultural Studies]], [[University of Sussex]], [[Brighton]], where he recently completed Doctoral research on European imperial [[genocides]] from the 15th to the 19th centuries.

==Career==
Nafeez Ahmed is a British-born Muslim of [[Bangladesh]]i ethnicity. He is the author of ''The London Bombings: An Independent Inquiry'' (London: Duckworth, 2006) and [http://www.c-spanstore.org/shop/index.php?main_page=product_video_info&products_id=188134-1 ''The War on Truth: 9/11, Disinformation and the Anatomy of Terrorism''] (New York: Olive Branch, 2005). His research on international terrorism was officially used by the [[9/11 Commission]] in Washington DC.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.archives.gov/research/alic/special-collections/9-11-commission.html|title= National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (9-11 Commission) Collection; See Item # 28 |author= [[U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |date= from November 27, 2002 to Aug 21, 2004|work= |publisher=[[U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]] |accessdate=2009-12-14}}</ref> On 22 July, 2005 he gave testimony on the failure of Western security policies at the hearing, "The 9/11 Commission Report One Year Later: Did They Get it Right?"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://911citizenswatch.org/?p=590#more-590 |title=Critics Cite Omissions, Cover-Ups On First Anniversary of 9/11 Commission Report |author= Leni Bracken|date=July 25, 2005 |work= |publisher= 9/11 Citizen's Watch|accessdate=2009-12-14}}</ref> (This was a Congressional briefing hosted by Rep. [[Cynthia McKinney]] and Rep. [[Raúl Grijalva]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://911citizenswatch.org/?p=588|title=UPDATE: The 9/11 Commission Report One Year Later: Did They Get It Right? (Press Release: 7/19/05) |author=John Judge |date=July 22, 2005 |work= |publisher= 9/11 Citizen's Watch|accessdate=2009-12-14}}</ref>) In addition to his testimony, his written submissions on Western collaboration with Islamist terror networks<ref name=newint>
{{cite web
|url= http://www.newint.org/features/2009/10/01/blowback-extended-version/
|title=Our Terrorists
|author= Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed
|date=October 2009
|work=
|publisher=[[New Internationalist]]
|accessdate=2009-12-07}}
</ref> were entered into the ''Congressional Record''<ref?{{cite web |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GZA2cvjYPUEC&pg=PA43&dq=nafeez+ahmed&hl=en&ei=qnrITOOnHZCRjAe-g4A7&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=nafeez%20ahmed&f=false |title=Congressional Record, Proceedings and Debates of the 109th Congress, First Session, Vol. 151, Part 18 |date=October 27, 2005 to November 7, 2005 |accessdate=2010-10-27}}</ref>

Ahmed has also written for the ''Independent on Sunday'', ''New Criminologist'' and ''Raw Story'', among others, and has appeared as a political commentator on BBC World Today, BBC Asian Network, BBC Southern Counties Radio, Channel 4, Sky News, C-SPAN, FOX News, PBS Foreign Exchange and other radio and TV shows in the USA, UK, and Europe.{{Fact|date=January 2009}}

==Works ==
*The War on Freedom: How and Why America was Attacked, September 11, 2001 'Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, ISBN 0-930852-40-0, 400 pages, Media Messenger Books
*Behind the War on Terror : Western Secret Strategy and the Struggle for Iraq ISBN 0-86571-506-8
*The War on Truth: 9/11, Disinformation, and the Anatomy of Terrorism ISBN 1-56656-596-0
*The London Bombings: An Independent Inquiry ISBN 0-7156-3583-2
*[http://www.eumed.net/entelequia/en.art.php?a=02a16 UN Humanitarian Intervention in East Timor. A Critical Appraisal]. ''Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar'', 2, Fall 2006. Pages 227-244.
*[http://www.eumed.net/entelequia/en.art.php?a=05a01 Structural Violence as a Form of Genocide. The Impact of the International Economic Order]. ''Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar'', 5, Fall 2007. Pages 3-41.
*''A User's Guide to the Crisis of Civilization: And How to Save it'', Pluto Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0745330532

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://nafeez.blogspot.com/ The Cutting Edge] (blog)
*[http://iprd.org.uk/] The Institute for Policy Research & Development (IPRD)
*C-SPAN video on [[Information Clearing House]] [http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article9626.htm]
*Ahmed interviewed on [http://foreignexchange.tv/?q=node/538 PBS Foreign Exchange], with Fareed Zakaria, ''Newsweek International'' editor
*Palm Beach Post, October 5, 2002, "Controversial book asks the 'hard questions' about 9/11" [http://www.newslibrary.com/nlsearch.asp?REGION=PBPB&s_hidethis=no&search_mode=advanced&search_text=War%20on%20Freedom]
*Missoula Independent, October 5, 2002, "Who knew?" [http://www.missoulanews.com/AE/News.asp?no=2858]
*Vanity Fair, January 29, 2010, "Nafeez Ahmed responds to Christopher Hitchens" [http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2010/02/nafeez-ahmed-responds-201002]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Nafeez Mosaddeq}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People associated with the University of Sussex]]
[[Category:British Muslims]]
[[Category:English Muslims]]
[[Category:British people of Bangladeshi descent]]

[[fr:Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed]]

Johnny Lee Clary

2010-11-08T07:20:04Z

Dusti: Reverted edits by 24.49.40.110 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)

{{Infobox person
| name = Johnny Lee Clary
|image= Replace this image male.svg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|6|18|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Martinez, California|Martinez]], [[California]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Preacher]], former [[professional wrestler]]
| spouse =
}}

'''Johnny Lee Clary''' (born June 18, 1959) is a former [[Ku Klux Klan]] leader who became a [[Born again Christianity|born again Christian]] and now travels around the globe [[preaching]] the [[gospel]] and teaching against [[racism]] and [[hate groups]] such as the Ku Klux Klan, [[Neo Nazi]]s, and [[Aryan Nations]]. Clary is known also as the wrestler '''Johnny Angel''' who had success in the 1980s in the [[National Wrestling Federation]] (NWF).

== Family, childhood and youth ==

Johnny Lee Clary was born on June 18, 1959 in [[Martinez, California]]. According to Clary, he was brought up in a racist household, where his father encouraged racist language and treatment of blacks,<ref name="Former KKK Grand Wizard finds new path">''[http://www.religionnewsblog.com/11989 Former KKK Grand Wizard finds new path] by Frank Wallis
</ref> and saw to it that Clary attended an all white church.<ref name="Apostle of Healing">''[http://www.kcm.org/studycenter/articles/relationships/apostle_healing.php Apostle of Healing] by Melanie Hemry
</ref> Although Clary's father, a [[Catholic]], was not a Klansman (the KKK being an anti-Catholic group), Clary states that his uncle, Harold, was a member and that Harold boasted to Clary's father of shooting an African-American man.<ref name="Apostle of Healing"/>

According to interviews Clary has given, his youth was marred by a tragic family life and also by a lack of stability. At the age of 11 he watched his father kill himself and was subsequently shunted from one family member to another. Eventually he found himself alone in [[East L.A.]] where he became involved in [[gangs]], and joined the [[Ku Klux Klan]] by the time he was 14.<ref name="Apostle of Healing"/>

==Wrestling career==

Johnny became a [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] in 1983. He was trained (along with his brother Terry Clary) by former [[NWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship|NWA World Junior Heavyweight Champion]], [[Danny Hodge]]. Terry began his career under the name Sugar Boy, with Johnny as his manager under the name ''Der Kommisar'' after a 1980s [[Der Kommissar (song)|new wave song]] of that name. Terry is most notable for almost holding the NWA World Jr. Heavyweight Title for a very brief period. The storyline had Terry defeat then-champion Danny Hodge after Johnny (portraying a [[heel (professional wrestling)|heel]] managerial character) reached under the ropes during the match and tripped Hodge with a cane, and then had the decision reversed due to Johnny's "interference."

Terry continued to wrestle, changing his name to Buddy "Bad Man" Savage. Johnny left wrestling management and began wrestling by himself, using the name Johnny Angel. He was given the NWF/NWA Arkansas Heavyweight Title in 1986 and appeared on shows for Kansas City All Star Wrestling with the [[National Wrestling Association]]. Later he joined the [[National Wrestling Federation]] and competed against some notable wrestlers such as [[DC Drake]], [[Wendi Richter]], and [[Sgt. Slaughter]].

Johnny Angel, was [[DC Drake]]'s last manager in the NWF. Clary represented Drake just prior to Drake's retirement. The most memorable event between the two occurred in Kalispell, Montana when Drake was set to meet [[Sgt. Slaughter]] to defend his title. Clary arrived in the Kalispell area about a week before the match and created an uproar on local radio and television programs. The night of the match, over 5000 fans wanted Clary's head on a platter. In the match, Clary interfered and cost Slaughter the belt, a near riot ensued and both Drake and Clary needed a police escort back to the dressing area. Clary also represented the Spanish Angel that night in a match against NWF Ladies Champion [[Wendi Richter]]. Clary interfered continuously in this match as well and barely made it back to the locker area. After the match, the Montana State Police suggested that Clary not return to their state. Drake and Clary remain friends to this day.

"When I met Johnny, I had no idea of his background or what he was involved in (the KKK). It was many years later, after reading his book, that I realized the extent and depth of his involvement in the Klan. The fact that he made a break from his past and has become a successful evangelist is a credit to him and shows the strength of his current convictions. Johnny's wrestling career could have been so much more successful if he had not been burdened with the hatred he carried with him from his childhood. But his story is one of redemption. No experience is a waste if lessons are learned. And in Johnny's case, he took these lessons and has made a choice to share these experiences with others. His life is an inspiration for all and almost runs parallel with the underlying storyline that has made professional wrestling so successful—good can and will overcome evil. He lives that philosophy daily and continues to spread that message."
-- [[DC Drake]]

Johnny held the Arkansas Heavyweight title successfully several times between 1986 and 1988, even winning matches against his brother Terry (under the Buddy Savage moniker). Johnny retired from wrestling on July 30, 1988 in Grove, Oklahoma after winning a 10-Man Battle Royal. At the time of his retirement, he was still the Arkansas Heavyweight Champion. In 2002 he made a one-time return to professional wrestling, competing against [[Buddy Landel|"Nature Boy" Buddy Landel]] at a show in North Carolina in 2002.

== Racism and conversion to an anti-racism preacher ==

While wrestling, Clary continued his involvement in the KKK. According to his interviews with several media outlets, Clary became the [[Grand Dragon]] of the Oklahoma arm of the [[White Knights Of The Ku Klux Klan]]. Clary claims to have become increasingly disillusioned with the KKK even as he rose through its ranks. He mentions a first brush with evangelical Christianity in the mid-to-late 1980s but, he claims, was scared into returning to the KKK and went on to become the [[Imperial Wizard]] of the whole White Knights organization in 1989. Clary denies this on his website.<ref name="Enough Rope">{{Cite web
|title=Enough Rope with Andrew Denton
|url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/enoughrope/transcripts/s1453904.htm
|accessdate=2006-09-02
|date=2005-09-05
|format=Official show transcript
|publisher=abc.net.au}}</ref> During his leadership the White Knights did not garner much media attention for their activities, but Clary was an active spokesperson for the Klan, defending racism and violence against non-whites. In this role he appeared on syndicated talk shows including those hosted by [[Oprah Winfrey]] and [[Morton Downey, Jr]].<ref name="Former Klansman addresses his past">''[http://www.lincolntimesnews.com/archives.asp?Story=8374&Sect=20&Y=2005&M=10&D=3 Former Klansman addresses his past] by Jon Mayhew</ref>

In interviews Clary asserts that he left the KKK for good in 1990 and joined an evangelical church. This time he stayed with the church and in 1991 began preaching. He teamed up with [[Wade Watts]], a preacher and former leader of the Oklahoma chapter of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP), with whom he had previously sparred on numerous occasions during his time in the KKK.<ref name="Not a chance encounter, but a divine appointment">''[http://archive.baptistmessenger.com/Issue/030220/4.html Not a chance encounter, but a divine appointment] by Dana Williamson</ref>

The story of Clary's conversion from a Klansman to an anti-racism preacher has drawn the attention of numerous Christian media outlets and several national Australian talk shows. Clary has also appeared on national US talk shows such as "Donahue", and "Geraldo", discussing racial issues in the USA.<ref name="Grace Assembly press release">''[http://carolinanewswire.com/news/News.cgi?database=headlines.db&command=viewone&id=2001&op=t Grace Assembly Press release - Former Grand Wizard of National KKK to Speak at Grace Assembly] by Firebrand Marketing. Accessed September 3, 2006</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Professional wrestling}}
*''[[The Day I Met God]]'' (book)
*[[Leaders of the Ku Klux Klan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.xkkk.org Johnny Lee Clary’s Home Page]
*[http://www.johnnyleeclary.com/JLC%20segment-1.wmv Segment of Billy Joe Daugherty's "Power of Forgiveness" Video with Johnny Lee Clary 3:09]
*[http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/200605/r84424_246700.ram ABC Radio interview The Conversation Hour] One hour audio which has Clary on second half @ 31:03.
*[http://www.johnnyleeclary.com/Johnny%20Lee%20Clary%20Video-1.avi Documentary Video of Clary's life 12:53]
*[http://www.religionnewsblog.com/11989 ReligionNewsBlog.com] Former KKK Grand Wizard finds new path
*[http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/j/johnny-angel.html Profile for "Johnny Angel" on onlineworldofwrestling.com]
*[http://www.abc.net.au/tv/enoughrope/transcripts/s1453904.htm Johnny Lee Clary interview on ABC TV Enough Rope]
*[http://www.johnnyleeclary.com/manson.htm]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Clary, Johnny Lee
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = June 18, 1959
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Martinez, California|Martinez]], [[California]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clary, Johnny Lee}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:African Americans' rights activists]]
[[Category:Christian ministers]]
[[Category:American evangelists]]
[[Category:Ku Klux Klan members]]
[[Category:People from Contra Costa County, California]]
[[Category:Gang members]]

Lexi Ainsworth

2010-08-07T19:20:45Z

Dusti: Reverted edits by Jazolandj (talk) to last revision by L Kensington (HG)

{{BLP IMDB-only refimprove|date=June 2010}}
{{Infobox Actor
| name = Lexi Ainsworth
| image =
| caption =
| birthname = Alexandra Danielle Ainsworth
| birthdate ={{Birth date and age|1992|10|28}}
| birthplace = [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| othername =
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2005–present
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}
'''Alexandra Danielle''' "'''Lexi'''" '''Ainsworth''' (born October 28, 1992) is an [[United States|American]] [[teen actress]]. She is known for her role as [[Kristina Davis]] on ''[[General Hospital]]''

==Personal life and career==
Ainsworth was born in [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]]. At age 6, she began dancing on stage at the local ballet company.

This led her to appear in several theater productions, such as ''[[The Wizard of Oz (adaptations)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' (playing a munchkin) and ''[[To Kill A Mockingbird]]'' (portraying Scout). However, it was after attending a film camp in [[New York]] that Lexi developed an interest in film and television acting. She then headed to [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] where she enrolled in an acting camp program. A talent agency noticed Ainsworth, and they sent her out to audition for her first national commercial, subsequently for [[Barbie dolls]].

After shooting various commercials, Ainsworth acquired a role in the short film ''Caroline Crossing,'' and soon after, she portrayed Grace Budd in the film ''[[The Gray Man (2007 film)|The Gray Man]]''.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1943692/bio]</ref>

In June 2009, Ainsworth joined the cast of ''[[General Hospital]]'' as [[Kristina Davis]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!style="background:#CCCCCC"| Year
!style="background:#CCCCCC"| Title
!style="background:#CCCCCC"| Role
!style="background:#CCCCCC"| Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|2005||''[[Medical Investigation]]'' ||Kaitlin Ronson ||(1 episode)
|-
|''[[Gilmore Girls]]''||Tillie ||(2005–2006)
|-
|2006||''Caroline Crossing'' ||Caroline Price ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2007||''[[The Gray Man (2007 film)|The Gray Man]]'' ||Grace Budd ||
|-
|''[[iCarly]]'' ||Lexi || (1 episode)
|-
|2008||''[[Wild Child (film)|Wild Child]]''|| Molly ||
|-
|2009||''[[General Hospital]]'' ||[[Kristina Davis]]|| (2009–present)
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1943692/ Lexi Ainsworth] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
* [http://www.soaps.com/generalhospital/news/id/6589/General_Hospital_Interview_Lexi_Ainsworth/ Lexi Ainsworth Talks About Abuse Storyline]
* [http://www.tv.com/lexi-ainsworth/person/353252/summary.html TV.com profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ainsworth, Lexi}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:American child actors]]
[[Category:American soap opera actors]]
[[Category:People from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{US-screen-actor-1990s-stub}}

Jay Severin

2010-03-22T21:10:33Z

Dusti: Reverted edits by 71.83.51.118 to last revision by NewEnglandYankee (HG)

'''Jay Severin''' (born '''James Thompson Severino'''<ref name="marriage">{{cite web | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9403E2DB1238F93BA25756C0A961958260 | title="Renee Klock, James Severin 3d"}}</ref><ref name="lehigh">{{cite web | url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/09/16/severins_phony_pulitzer/ | title=Severin's phony Pulitzer | accessdate=2006-12-28}}</ref><ref>[http://www.savewrko.com/archives/2007/10/severinos_tempe.php Save WRKO: Jimmy Severino: Nigerian Phishing Scammer]</ref> on January 8, 1951) is an American political [[talk radio]] personality on [[Boston|Boston's]] [[WTKK]]-FM (96.9).

Severin, a former [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] [[political consultant]], who describes himself as a [[Libertarian conservatism|libertarian conservative]], [[constitutionalist]]/[[originalist]], or [[political radicalism|radical]] [[Independent (politician)|independent]], worked for the presidential campaigns of [[George H. W. Bush]] (1980) and [[Pat Buchanan]] (1996) before becoming a radio talk show host and political analyst.<ref name="mediamatters">{{cite web | url=http://mediamatters.org/items/200506100003 | title="The "Situation" with Jay Severin"}}</ref> Throughout his childhood and early adult years, he was called "Jimmy Severino", and later changed his name to "Jay Severin" upon entering the world of Republican politics.

For several weeks during 2005, Severin was a contributor to the [[MSNBC]] program ''[[The Situation with Tucker Carlson]]'', though he was originally billed as a permanent cast member.<ref name="mediamatters"/><ref name="fired">{{cite web | url=http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/msnbc/situation_severs_ties_with_severin_23685.asp | title="'Situation' Severs Ties With Severin"}}</ref> The ''[[New York Post]]'' quoted a source which said the reason was partly his displeasure over having to commute from [[Sag Harbor]] to the New Jersey-based MSNBC studio.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://radioequalizer.blogspot.com/2005/07/jay-severin-exits-tucker-carlsons-show.html | title="What Happened?"}}</ref>

In September 2005, it was announced that Severin would be joining [[CBS Radio]] with a new show called "''Jay Severin Has Issues''". His show at WTKK, "Extreme Games", was canceled, and both parties agreed he would return to the station with his new syndicated show. However, on November 14, 2005, [[Michael Graham]] took over Severin's slot at WTKK; days later, any mention of Severin vanished from the WTKK web page.

In December 2005, WTKK <ref>http://969fmtalk.com/listingsentryfeature.asp?ID=396783&PT=feature</ref> announced on their website that Severin would be broadcast following Michael Graham, silencing rumors that he would be moving to a competing station. During the summer 2006, Severin's syndicated radio program was heard in 48 cities across the country.

On October 9, 2006, Severin returned to his former timeslot, ending his syndication deal with [[Westwood One]]. WTKK owner, Greater Media, bought out Severin's remaining syndication contract. Despite not having a nationally syndicated program, Severin was named 53rd most important talk show host in the country. <ref name="talkers.com">http://www.talkers.com/main/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=19&Itemid=44</ref> Severin was suspended by WTKK on April 30, 2009 following a series of comments he made regarding Mexican immigrants. He returned to the air on June 2.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/05/01/severin_suspended_for_comments_about_mexican_immigrants/ David Abel, "Severin suspended for comments about Mexican immigrants", Boston Globe, May 1, 2009]</ref><ref>[http://www.thebostonchannel.com/family/19337285/detail.html Radio Host Suspended For 'Criminaliens' Remark]</ref> Severin's current contract with WTKK runs through 2013. Jay's show will expand to four hours, 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. in 2010.

Severin's has been married to the former Renee Klock since 1997.<ref name="marriage"/><ref name="manchester">{{cite web | url=http://www.boston.com/realestate/luxuryliving/articles/2006/11/12/the_bruins_dens/ | title="On Location: The Bruins' dens"}}</ref> Severin currently resides in [[Manchester-by-the-Sea]], [[Massachusetts]], with his wife and several [[Newfoundland dog]]s.

== Controversies ==
===Pulitzer Prize Claim===
On September 9, 2005 during an on-air discussion of journalistic standards, Severin described himself as the recipient of the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for online journalism: "But since journalism began, and up until the time at least that I took my master's degree at [[Boston University]] -- and may I add without being obnoxious, up till and including the time that I received a Pulitzer Prize for my columns for excellence in online journalism from the Columbia School of Journalism, the highest possible award for writing on the Web -- right up to and including that in 1998, you still had to practice journalism to be a journalist."<ref name="lehigh"/>

Severin has not been a recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, nor does the Pulitzer Prize have a category for online journalism. It was [[msnbc.com]] that won an [[Online News Association]] award in 2000, which was administered by [[Columbia University]] but unrelated to the Pulitzer Prize. Severin had a column that ran on msnbc.com, but the award was given for the entire site.<ref name=lehigh/>

===Master's Degree Claim===
Although for a period of 25 years Severin claimed to hold a Master's degree in Journalism from Boston University,<ref name="lehigh"/><ref name=autobio>{{cite web | url=http://www.westwoodone.com/agnosticchart?charttype=minichart&chartID=112&formatID=1&size=1&useMiniChartID=true&destinationpage=/pg/jsp/severin/bio.jsp?more=true | title="About Jay"}}</ref> on 27 September 2005 the <em>Inside Track</em> section of the [[Boston Herald]] reported that this is not the case.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thetrack.bostonherald.com/moreTrack/view.bg?articleid=104215&format=&page=2 | title="Inside Track"}}</ref> WTKK's web site advertises that Severin "pursued a masters degree in Journalism at Boston University," yet does not state that he received such a degree.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wtkk.com/Personalities/JaySeverin/tabid/69/Default.aspx | title="Jay Severin"}}</ref> In a brief autobiographical page on his syndicated show's web site, Severin says that he was surprised to learn in 2005 that Boston University had no record of his graduation, stating "... it would appear I have no degree."<ref name=autobio/>

===Comments on Muslims===
During the 22 April 2004 broadcast of his show, as part of his response to a caller suggesting the United States should befriend its Muslim residents, Severin said, "I believe that Muslims in this country are a [[fifth column]].... The vast majority of Muslims in this country are very obviously loyal, not to the United States, but to their religion. And I'm worried that when the time comes for them to stand up and be counted, the reason they are here is to take over our culture and eventually take over our country." Later during the same conversation, Severin asked the caller, "Do you think we should befriend them?" When the caller said yes, Severin responded in part, "I have an alternative viewpoint. It's slightly different than yours. You think we should befriend them; I think we should kill them."<ref name="rosenwald">{{cite web | url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2004/04/27/radio_host_says_remarks_misconstrued/ | title="Radio host says remarks misconstrued"}}</ref>

After these comments were heavily criticized by CAIR,<ref name=phoenix>{{cite news
| last = Kennedy
| first = Dan
| title = Killing Muslims? Jay Severin’s Muslim moment
| publisher = Boston Phoenix
| date = 2004-04-30
| url = http://bostonphoenix.com/boston/news_features/this_just_in/documents/03789089.asp
| accessdate = 2009-05-09 }}</ref> Severin responded to the criticism during his show on 26 April 2004, "[Someone listening for] any length of time longer than 10 minutes has heard me say that Muslims are not our enemies, that all Muslims are not terrorists," and also offered an apology, "To anyone who may have been offended by misunderstanding or misconstruing my remarks, I want you to know that I regret that. This is never my intention."<ref name="rosenwald"/>

===2004 Incident with the ''Boston Globe''===
On April 23, 2004, the day after Severin's controversial comments regarding Muslims, the [[Council on American-Islamic Relations]] (CAIR) issued a press release which called for the termination of Severin's employment at WTKK. In this press release, Severin was misquoted as saying, "Let's kill all Muslims."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cair-net.org/default.asp?Page=articleView&id=166&theType=AA | title="Boston Radio Host says Kill All Muslims"}}</ref> The ''[[Boston Globe]]'' subsequently ran an article on the controversy which included comments by a CAIR spokesperson. From the ''Globe'' article:<blockquote>She [CAIR spokesperson] said he [Severin] then remarked, "I've got an idea, let's kill all Muslims."<ref>{{Citation
| last = Bennett
| first = Jessica
| title = Islamic group seeks firing of radio host
| newspaper = [[Boston Globe]]
| date = April 24, 2004
| url = http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2004/04/25/islamic_group_seeks_firing_of_radio_host/}}
| accessdate = 05-09-2009</ref></blockquote>Two days later, the ''Globe'' printed a [[correction (newspaper)|correction]] with the actual quote from the radio broadcast: "You think we should befriend them; I think we should kill them."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/04/27/april_27_2004/ | title="April 27, 2004"}}</ref>

Thereafter, Severin has disparagingly referred to the ''Globe'' as "the Boston Globe Retractor." However, the ''Globe'' never made a [[retraction]] since the article in question properly attributed the quote to CAIR. The same article mentions that the general manager of WTKK declined to comment on the alleged remarks by Severin. The ''Globe'''s metro editor stated, "There were numerous efforts to get in touch with him [Severin]" about the comments, although Severin claimed, "They made no effort to communicate with me."<ref name=phoenix/>

The subsequent correction issued by the ''Globe'' did not pertain to the article itself; the CAIR spokesperson was wrong, and the ''Globe'' corrected the spokesperson. For this reason, the ''Globe'''s metro editor said the correction should not have been worded as a reporting error.<ref name=phoenix/>

=== 2009 Comments on Mexicans, Suspension, and Reaction ===
On April 30, 2009, Severin was indefinitely suspended from WTKK-FM after making derogatory comments about Mexicans in relation to the [[2009 swine flu outbreak]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2009/04/_jay_severin.html
|first = David | last = Abel
|date=2009-04-30
|title=WTKK-FM suspends Severin for derogatory comments about Mexicans
|publisher=Boston Globe
|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/05/05/severins_agent_says_he_will_return_to_the_airwaves_soon/
|first = David | last = Abel
|date=2009-05-05
|title=Severin's agent says he will return to the airwaves soon
|publisher=Boston Globe
|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.salon.com/politics/war_room/2009/05/01/severin/index.html
|first = Alex| last = Koppleman
|date=2009-05-01
|title=Radio host suspended; blamed Mexican "primitives" for flu
|publisher=Salon.com
|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>

According to news reports and recorded audio, Severin said,
<blockquote>
We are talking about illegal immigration. So now, in addition to venereal disease and the other leading exports of Mexico -- women with mustaches and VD -- now we have swine flu... When we are the magnet for primitives around the world -- and it's not the primitives' fault, by the way, I'm not blaming them for being primitives, I'm merely observing they are primitives -- and when you scoop up some of the world's lowest of primitives in poor Mexico and drop it down in the middle of the United States -- poor, without skills, without language, not share our culture, not share our hygiene, haven't been vaccinated... Millions of leeches from a primitive country come here to leech off you....
Now, at this particular moment in history, they are exporting to us a rather more active form of disease, which is the swine flu.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.salon.com/politics/war_room/2009/05/01/severin/index.html
|first = Alex | last = Koppelman
|date=2009-05-01
|title=Radio host suspended; blamed Mexican "primitives" for flu
|publisher=Salon.com
|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref></blockquote>

Severin also accused illegal Mexican immigrants of "ruining the schools, the hospitals, and a lot of life in America," and said emergency rooms were "essentially condos for Mexicans." He later added, "We should be, if anything, surprised that Mexico has not visited upon us poxes of more various and serious types already, considering the number of criminaliens already here."<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2009/04/_jay_severin.html
|first = David | last = Abel
|date=2009-04-09
|title=WTKK-FM suspends Severin for derogatory comments about Mexicans
|publisher=Boston Globe
|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>

Several advertisers have suspended their advertising from WTKK in the wake of the suspension, although other advertisers have stated that they would continue to advertise on Severin's show if he were reinstated.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2009/05/holding.html
|first = David | last = Abel
|date=2009-05-07
|title=Severin's barbs on Mexicans cause dismay among some advertisers
|publisher=Boston Globe
|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>

It was announced that Severin would return to broadcasting on June 2, 2009.<ref>http://bostonherald.com/business/media/view.bg?articleid=1175762&pos=breaking</ref>

=== G.U.'s, Geographic Undesirables ===
On January 13, 1984, Severin was quoted in a New York Times article about the opening of the ultra-fashionable Surf Club on the Upper East side of Manhattan:

"It's about time we had a place on the Upper East Side," James Severin was saying Tuesday night over the recorded sound of early 60's pop tunes. ''We've got to stay ahead of the G.U.'s," Mr. Severin added. G.U.'s? "Geographic undesirables, the bridge and tunnel types," he explained"<ref>

{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/13/style/evening-hours.html?scp=8&sq=%22james%20severin%22%20&st=cse"| title="Evening Hours", New York Times, January 13, 1984"}}</ref>

==Recognition==
*Placed 66th on trade journal ''[[Talkers Magazine]]'''s list of the 2007 "Heavy Hundred". The list ranks what the magazine considers the most popular, influential, or entertaining talk-show hosts from around the country.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/tv/articles/2007/03/02/area_talk_hosts_among_bizs_best/
|first = Clea | last = Simon
|date=2007-03-02
|title=Area talk hosts among biz's
|publisher=Boston Globe
|accessdate=2007-03-26}}</ref>. In 2008, he placed 53rd on the same list.<ref name="talkers.com"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/05/02/jay_severin_a_punk_posing_as_a_pundit/ Scot Lehigh, "Jay Severin, a punk posing as a pundit", Boston Globe, May 2, 2009]
* [http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2004/04/30/severin_fails_to_own_up_to_his_words/ Scot Lehigh, "Severin fails to own up to his words", Boston Globe, April 30, 2004]
* [http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/09/16/severins_phony_pulitzer/ Scot Lehigh, "Severin's Phony Pulitzer", Boston Globe, September 16, 2005]
* [http://thetrack.bostonherald.com/moreTrack/view.bg?articleid=117677&format=&page=3 Severin's New National Show Starts January 2006, Boston Herald, December 19, 2005]
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEFDD1E38F934A25752C0A962948260 Campaign Battles January 17, 1984]
* [http://archive.sagharboronline.com/sagquery/20000224/news3.htm Jay Severin talks politics in upcoming lecture]
* [http://archive.sagharboronline.com/sagquery/1998%2D3/98080608.htm Bill Clinton - Sag Harbor Kind of Guy? by Jay Severin]
* [http://archive.sagharboronline.com/sagquery/1997%2D4/97102312.htm Our Town: Ole Cassini by Jay Severin]
* [http://archive.sagharboronline.com/sagquery/1998%2D4/98102914.htm Our Town: Clash of Cultures by Jay Severin]
* [http://archive.sagharboronline.com/sagquery/1998%2D2/98060411.htm Our Town: Sag Harbor Memorial by Jay Severin]
* [http://www.ultimatetaxi.com/1997/jan4c.htm Jay & Renee Severin in "The Ultimate Taxi"]
* [http://www.boston.com/news/local/breaking_news/2009/05/holding.html Severin's barbs on Mexicans cause dismay among some advertisers] Boston Globe, May 7, 2009.
* [http://thephoenix.com/Boston/News/82542-Bostons-Severin-problem/ Boston's Severin Problem] The Boston Phoenix, May 6, 2009
* [http://www.boston.com/ae/tv/articles/2009/05/25/cultural_financial_storm_blowing_against_severin/?page=1 Cultural, financial storm blowing against Severin], Joseph P. Kahn, [[Boston Globe]], May 25, 2009.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Severin, Jay}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American talk radio hosts]]
[[Category:American libertarians]]
[[Category:People from Long Island]]
[[Category:Vassar College alumni]]

Paul Randall Harrington

2010-02-12T23:35:24Z

Dusti: rm oaf

</noinclude>
{{Infobox Medical Person
|name = Paul Randall Harrington
|box_width =
|image = Paul Randall Harrington.jpg
|image_width =
|caption = Paul Randall Harrington
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1911|9|27|df=yes}}
|birth_place =
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1980|11|29|1911|9|27|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Houston]], [[Texas]]
|profession = [[Surgeon]]
|specialism = [[Orthopaedic surgery]]<br/>
|research_field = Post-poliomyelitis scoliosis
|known_for = Design of the [[Harrington Rod]]
|years_active = 1939 - 1980
|education = [[University of Kansas]]
|work_institutions = Jefferson Davis County Hospital<br/>[[Baylor College of Medicine]]<br/>[[University of Kansas Medical Center]]
|prizes = Cora and Webb Mading Medal<br/>Nicholas Andry Award
}}

'''Paul Randall Harrington''' (born September 27, 1911 – died November 29, 1980) was an American [[orthopaedic surgery|orthopaedic surgeon]]. He is best known as the designer of the [[Harrington implant|Harrington Rod]], the first device for the straightening and immobilization of the [[spine]] inside the body. It entered common use in the early 1960s and remained the gold standard for scoliosis surgery until the late 1990s.<ref name="National Scoliosis Foundation">{{cite web |url=http://www.scoliosis.org/resources/medicalupdates/instrumentationsystems.php |title=Instrumentation Systems For Scoliosis Surgery |author=National Scoliosis Foundation |publisher=National Scoliosis Foundation |accessdate=February 11, 2010}}</ref> During this period over one million people benefited from Harrington's procedure.

==Early life==
Harrington was born September 27, 1911 and educated in the [[Kansas City]] school system, from which he graduated in 1930, having been named one of the State of Kansas' 15 most outstanding high-school graduates. He had initially not planned to go to college but changed his mind after being offered a basketball scholarship by the [[University of Kansas]]. During his time at the University of Kansas he competed on their basketball team, which won the [[Big Eight Conference|Big Eight]] championship three years in a row. In his senior year he was elected captain of the team.<ref name="Who's Who">{{cite web |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/gw702746l4j21000/ |title=Who's Who In Orthopaedic Surgery |publisher=Springer London |ISBN=978-1-85233-786-5 |accessdate=February 11, 2010}}</ref>

An initial interest in the field of physical education bloomed into an interest in medicine. He attended the University of Kansas School of Medicine and graduated in 1939, having worked his way through school playing semi-professional basketball. In 1936 he tried out for the [[United States at the Olympics|national Olympic team]] and won the championship of his region in the [[javelin]], but did not end up attending the finals in Chicago due to the cost involved.<ref name="Who's Who"/>

Harrington undertook his [[internship (medical)|internship]] and first year of [[residency (medicine)|surgical residency]] at Roper Hospital, Charleston, South Carolina, after which he returned to [[Saint Luke's Hospital (Kansas_City, Missouri)|St Luke's Hospital]] in Kansas City, where he completed his residency in orthopaedic surgery in 1942, under Doctors Frank Dickson and Rex Dively.<ref name="HPMN">{{cite web |url=http://www.kumc.edu/history/pubs/spring96.html|title=History and Philosophy of Medicine Newsletter #1 |author=Nancy Hulston |publisher=Kansas University Medical College |accessdate=February 12, 2010}}</ref> He then joined the United States Army.<ref name="JBJS">{{cite web |url=http://www.ejbjs.org/cgi/reprint/63/5/857.pdf|title=Paul Randall Harrington, M.D., 1911–1980 |publisher=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery |accessdate=February 11, 2010}}</ref>

In the Army, from May 1942 to November 1945 Harrington served as a doctor at the 77th Evacuation Hospital in [[World War II]], acting as chief of the orthopaedic service. The 77th Evacuation Hospital was made up largely of medical practitioners from the University of Kansas Schools of Medicine and Nursing, and saw service in Europe and Africa.<ref name="HPMN"/> It was during his time with the 77th that Harrington encountered such military celebrities as General [[George S. Patton]].<ref name="JBJS"/>

Following the war Harrington moved to [[Texas]] and worked as a surgeon at Jefferson Davis County Hospital in [[Houston]]. During the post-war years a [[poliomyelitis]] epidemic caused polio cases to swell dramatically and they eventually became his main priority. At this time he worked with the [[Baylor College of Medicine]] to create the Southwest Respiratory Foundation of the National Infantile Paralysis Association, the first such organisation in the United States.<ref name="JBJS"/>

Polio patients would sometimes develop [[scoliosis]], a condition where the spine becomes curved laterally (from side to side).<ref name="AAOS">{{cite web |url=http://www.aaos75years.org/stories/physician_story.htm?id=8 |title=Arresting Development – Dr Paul Harrington MD |author=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons |publisher=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons |accessdate=February 11, 2010}}</ref> Harrington realised that existing treatments for scoliosis were inappropriate for patients paralysed by polio, and began to research new treatments. An early method he tried for scoliotic polio patients was manual correction of the scoliotic deformity at the time of surgery, and internal fixation of each facet. There were some benefits to this treatment but Harrington found that the fixation would not hold.<ref name="JBJS"/> The hooks and threaded rods used would corrode and break, causing curvature to return to the spine. Two patients of this procedure died.<ref name="AAOS"/>

Undeterred, from the late 1940s to late 1950s Harrington worked on what would eventually become known as the Harrington implant, or Harrington Rod.<ref name="JBJS"/>

==The Harrington Rod==
[[File:Amanda-Scoliosis.JPG|thumb|150px|Lateral curvature of the spine in a scoliosis patient]]
{{main|Harrington implant}}
The Harrington Rod, or Harrington implant, is a device for the straightening of the spine inside the body, designed by Paul Harrington. The device consists of a stainless steel rod, attached to the spine at the top and bottom of the curve with hooks. Attached ratchets are then tightened to distract or straighten the spine. Following surgery to insert the rod, the patient wears a postoperative plaster cast or brace for a few months, until vertebral fusion has occurred, after which the cast or brace is removed.<ref name="AAOS"/>

Harrington's first uses of the device that would become the Harringon Rod involved creating fresh instruments on the night before a prospective surgery. Following the surgery, he would modify the design for use on the next patient, making alterations based on his perception of the surgery outcome.<ref name="JBJS"/>

Once Harrington was satisfied with the basic design, he arranged for extensive testing of the instruments at the Engineering Department at [[Rice University]] in Houston, Texas, and at a commercial testing company in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].<ref name="JBJS"/>

He publicly presented the process at the Annual Meeting of the [[American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons]] in Chicago in 1958, where it was met with "astonishment and deep skepticism".<ref name="AAOS"/>

However, the process slowly gained acceptance. In 1959 Harrington contracted with the medical manufacturing firm [[Zimmer Holdings|Zimmer]] to make his instrumentation available to other doctors. He insisted, however, that no one be allowed to use the rods without first seeing him demonstrate the procedure.<ref name="AAOS"/> [[Time Magazine]] reported in 1960, "Some ailments seem almost preferable to their cures. A case in point is scoliosis, an abnormal curvature of the spine that occurs in childhood. [The] treatment seems so punishing that [parents] cannot be persuaded to permit it even to save their children from permanent deformity. Last week Houston surgeon Paul Harrington, MD, was winning converts to a new and happier method."<ref name="AAOS"/>

==Late life==

During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Harrington travelled extensively, demonstrating the techniques associated with the Harrington Rod.<ref name="JBJS"/> During this time he developed an interest in boats, which led to designing and building a 54-foot aluminium catamaran. He also dabbled in photography and high-fidelity systems.<ref name="JBJS"/>

In 1966, Harrington was one of the founding members of the [[Scoliosis Research Society]], of which he later served as President from 1972 to 1973.<ref name="JBJS"/> He also acted as orthopaedic consultant to the [[United States Air Force]] and [[United States Army]] in San Antonio, Texas.<ref name="JBJS"/>

He acted as a Professor of the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and a Professor of the Department of Rehabilitation at Baylor College of Medicine. In 1973 he received the Cora and Webb Mading Medal from the Institute for Rehabilitation and Research and Baylor College of Medicine, and in the same year he also received the Nicholas Andry Award from the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons. In 1975 he received a Most Distinguished Alumnus Award from the Medical Alumni Association at the University of Kansas.<ref name="JBJS"/>

Between 1972 and his death in 1980, Harrington worked with Marc Addason Asher to institute the Mary Alice and Paul R. Harrington Distinguished Professorship of Molecular Orthopedics at Kansas University Medical College.<ref name="Native Sons">{{cite web |url=http://www.ksnativesonsanddaughters.org/2007/2007%20Distinguished%20Kansas.php |title=Native Sons and Daughters of Kansas - Marc Addason Asher MD, 2007 Distinguished Kansan |publisher=www.ksnativesonsanddaughters.org|accessdate=February 12, 2010}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Harrington died in Houston, Texas, on November 29, 1980.<ref name="JBJS"/>

In an obituary following his death, the [[Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery]] said, "Paul will be remembered not only for the development of the Harrington instruments, but for his straightforward frankness, his bowties, his par golf, his smile, his trumpet, and above all for being a nice person."<ref name="JBJS"/>

By will, Harrington left his professional materials to the University of Kansas Medical Centre,<ref name="Spine Article">{{cite web |url=http://journals.lww.com/spinejournal/Citation/2009/09150/Thirty_Fourth_Harrington_Guest_Lecture,_SRS,_2008.8.aspx |title=Thirty-Fourth Harrington Guest Lecture, SRS, 2008 Harrington's Contributions in Perspective |author=National Scoliosis Foundation |publisher=Spine |accessdate=February 12, 2010}}</ref> where they are now known as the Harrington Archives. The archives contain "Harrington’s professional papers, photographs, publications, manuscripts, blueprints, drawings, and examples of the Harrington Rod". They also include "biographical information, presentations, professional correspondence files, personal correspondence, personal photographs, movies, and videotapes. Display cases in the archives exhibit photographs, documents, and artifacts that depict the history of Harrington’s life and career".<ref name="HPMN"/>

Baylor College of Medicine awards the Paul Harrington Award for Excellence in Orthopaedic Research in recognition of Harrington's contribution to spinal surgery.

In 1992, Harrington's writings were collected by Nancy J. Hulston and Marc A. Asher in ''The Collected Writings of Paul Randall Harrington, MD'', published by Lowell Press.<ref name="Collected Writings">{{Cite book |last1=Hulston |last2=Asher |first1=Nancy J. |first2=Dr Marc A. | title=The Collected Writings of Paul Randall Harrington, MD | publisher=Lowell Press |date=1992}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Baylor College of Medicine]]
*[[Harrington implant]]
*[[Scoliosis]]
*[[Scoliosis Research Society]]

==References==

{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harrington, Paul Randall}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:American surgeons]]
[[Category:American physicians]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II]]

Fess Parker

2009-02-25T15:36:50Z

Dusti: Reverted edits by 200.125.241.5 to last revision by 24.118.124.121 (HG)

{{Infobox actor
| name = Fess Parker
| image = Replace this image male.svg
| imagesize = 180px
| caption =
| birthname = Fess Elisha Parker, Jr.
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1924|8|16}}
| birthplace = [[Fort Worth, Texas]], [[United States|USA]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| spouse = Marcella Belle Rinehart (1960-present)
| yearsactive = 1950-present
| website =
}}

'''Fess Elisha Parker, Jr.''' (born 16 August 1924) is an American film and television [[actor]] best known for his 1950s portrayals of [[Davy Crockett]] for [[Walt Disney]] and of [[Daniel Boone]] in the late 1960s. He is also known as a [[Viticulture|wine maker]] and [[resort]] owner-operator.

==Biography==
===Early years===
Parker was born in [[Fort Worth, Texas]], and grew up on a small farm outside [[San Angelo, TX]].<ref>http://legends.disney.go.com/legends/detail?key=Fess+Parker Disney Legends -- Fess Parker</ref> He served in the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] at the end of [[World War II]]. He joined to become a [[Aviator|pilot]], but was turned down for being too tall (six feet, five inches) for a pilot.

After being discharged, he was stabbed in the neck by a drunken driver during a post-collision argument. Parker required many months of rehabilitation, but was unable to participate in sports to the extent he desired.

At the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] he was initiated into the [[Pi Kappa Alpha]] [[Fraternities and sororities|Fraternity]] in 1948. Parker graduated from the University in 1950 with a history degree, and then moved to California, where he studied drama at the [[University of Southern California]].

=== Career ===
Parker began his show-business career in the play ''[[Mister Roberts (play)|Mister Roberts]]'' in 1951, although he is credited with the voice of Leslie, the chauffeur, in the 1950 film ''[[Harvey (film)|Harvey]]''.

He was subsequently hired by the [[The Walt Disney Company#Studio Entertainment|Walt Disney Studios]] in 1954 to play the legendary Davy Crockett in three shows depicting his exploits as frontiersman, congressman, and heroic figure of the Alamo (in perhaps the first TV mini-series). The shows were a tremendous hit with children, and led to a merchandising frenzy for all things Crockett.

There is an interesting story from Fess himself. When Walt Disney Company was looking for their "Davy Crockett," they originally considered [[James Arness]] for the title role. Fess had recently graduated to a contract weekly actor, but listened to his agent, so he appeared instead in a [[B movie]] called ''[[Them!]]'' that required only one day's work. Parker had a small scene in the movie, that of a pilot put into an insane asylum after claiming his plane had been downed by giant flying insects. Arness appeared in a larger role in the same film.

It was during a screening of this film that Walt Disney discovered Fess Parker. Parker was asked to drop by the Disney Studio. When he did, he brought his guitar, met Walt, sang a song, and then said his goodbye. A couple of weeks later he was told that he had been selected to play Davy Crockett.

Parker also starred in the Disney family film ''[[Old Yeller]]'' (1957); made guest appearances on many television programs; and composed and sang music. From 1964 to 1970 he starred in the [[NBC]] series ''[[Daniel Boone (TV series)|Daniel Boone]]'', portraying [[Daniel Boone|another mythic figure]] of America's frontier days. Parker retired from the film industry in the 1970s, after a short-lived 1974 [[sitcom]], ''[[The Fess Parker Show]]''.

In 2003, Parker received the [[Texas Cultural Trust]]'s Texas Medal of Arts, established only the year before.<ref>{{cite news | author=Associated Press | title=Talented Texans to be Honored | url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2003_3624907 | work=The Houston Chronicle | pages=2 | date=7 February 2003| accessdate=2008-01-22}}</ref>

=== Fess Parker Winery ===
[[Image:Fessparker.jpg|thumb||The Fess Parker Winery in Los Olivos, California.]]
Parker currently devotes most of his time operating his [[Fess Parker Family Winery and Vineyards]] in [[Los Olivos, California]]. The winery is owned and operated by Parker and his family, and has produced several different types of award-winning wines.

Parker's operation includes over {{convert|1500|acre|km2}} of vineyards, and a tasting room and visitor center along the Foxen Canyon Wine Trail. In addition to wine, Parker is known for selling [[Coonskin cap|coon skin caps]] and bottle toppers at his winery (inspired by his Crockett and Boone characters).

Parker also operates two hotels, the [[Fess Parker Doubletree Resort]] in Santa Barbara (which he jointly developed with [[Hilton Hotels]]), and the [[Fess Parker's Wine Country Inn and Spa]], located in Los Olivos. Parker is also in the midst of developing a five-star seaside resort in Santa Barbara called [[Fess Parker's Santa Barbara Beach Front Hotel]].

A trip to Parker's winery is often offered as a prize in [[Live With Regis and Kelly]]'s travel trivia game.

===Personal life===
Parker married Marcella Belle Rinehart on 19 January 1960. They have two children: Fess Elisha III and Ashley Allen Rinehart.

== Filmography ==
[[Image:Fess.JPG|right|thumb|250px|The handprints of Fess Parker in front of [[Hollywood Hills Amphitheater]] at [[Walt Disney World]]'s [[Disney's Hollywood Studios]] theme park.]]

* ''[[Harvey (film)|Harvey]]'' (1950)
* ''No Room for the Groom'' (1952)
* ''Untamed Frontier'' (1952)
* ''Springfield Rifle'' (1952)
* ''Take Me to Town'' (1953)
* ''The Kid from Left Field'' (1953)
* ''[[Island in the Sky (1953 film)|Island in the Sky]]'' (1953)
* ''Thunder Over the Plains'' (1953)
* ''[[Dragonfly Squadron]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Them!]]'' (1954)
* ''The Bounty Hunter'' (1954)
* ''[[Battle Cry (film)|Battle Cry]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier]]'' (1955)
* ''[[The Great Locomotive Chase (film)|The Great Locomotive Chase]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Davy Crockett and the River Pirates]]'' (1956)
* ''Westward Ho the Wagons!'' (1956)
* ''[[Old Yeller (1957 film)|Old Yeller]]'' (1957)
* ''[[The Light in the Forest]]'' (1958)
* ''The Hangman'' (1959)
* ''[[Alias Jesse James]]'' (1959)
* ''[[The Jayhawkers!]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Hell Is for Heroes (film)|Hell Is for Heroes]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Smoky (1966 film)|Smoky]]'' (1966 film|1966]])
* ''Daniel Boone: Frontier Trail Rider'' (1966)

== Television ==
*''[[City Detective (TV series)|City Detective]], (1 episode, 1955)
*''[[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (TV series)|Mr. Smith Goes to Washington]]'' (1962-1963)
*''[[Daniel Boone (TV series)|Daniel Boone]]'' (lead cast member from 1964-1969)
*''Climb an Angry Mountain'' (1972)
*''The Fess Parker Show'' (1974) (unsold pilot)

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.fessparker.com/fess_parker.htm Official bio and winery information]
*{{imdb name |id=0662240 | name=Fess Parker}}
*[http://www.fpdtr.com/index2.html Fess Parker's Resort]
*[http://www.famousinterview.ca/interviews/fess_parker.htm Interview with Fess Parker]
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-684287983973337210&q=%22morse+code%22 Archive of American Television Interview with Fess Parker [[July 24]], 2000(video)]
*{{tvtome person|id=69992|name=Fess Parker}}

{{Lifetime|1924||Parker, Fess}}
[[Category:American actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Texas]]
[[Category:Western film actors]]
[[Category:RCA Victor Records artists]]
[[Category:People from Fort Worth, Texas]]
[[Category:People from Santa Barbara, California]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin alumni]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]

[[fr:Fess Parker]]
[[no:Fess Parker]]
[[fi:Fess Parker]]

Bau des World Trade Centers

2009-02-25T15:36:31Z

Dusti: Reverted edits by 194.80.86.120 to last revision by Aude (HG)

{{for|the post-9/11 rebuilding and ongoing construction at the World Trade Center site|World Trade Center site}}
[[Image:World trade center new york city construction flickr.png|thumb|right|250px|View of the World Trade Center's construction from [[New Jersey]], across the [[Hudson River]]]]
The '''construction of the [[World Trade Center]]''' was conceived as an [[urban renewal]] project, spearheaded by [[David Rockefeller]], to help revitalize [[Lower Manhattan]]. The project was developed by the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]], which hired architect [[Minoru Yamasaki]] who came up with the specific idea for twin towers. After extensive negotiations, the [[New Jersey]] and [[New York|New York State]] governments, which oversee the Port Authority, agreed to support the World Trade Center project at the [[Radio Row, Manhattan|Radio Row]] site on the lower-west side of [[Manhattan]]. To make the agreement acceptable to New Jersey, the Port Authority agreed to take over the bankrupt Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (renamed as [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]]), which brought commuters from New Jersey to the Lower Manhattan site.

The towers were designed as [[Tube (structure)|framed tube structures]], which provided tenants with open floor plans, uninterrupted by columns or walls. This was accomplished using numerous closely-spaced perimeter columns to provide much of the strength to the structure, along with gravity load shared with the core columns. The [[elevator]] system, which made use of [[sky lobby|sky lobbies]] and a system of express and local elevators, allowed substantial floor space to be freed up for use as office space by making the structural core smaller. The design and construction of the World Trade Center twin towers involved many other innovative techniques, such as the [[slurry wall]] for digging the [[Foundation (architecture)|foundation]], and [[wind tunnel]] experiments. Construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower began in August 1968, and the South Tower in 1969. Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process. The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970 and into the South Tower in January 1972. Four other low-level buildings were constructed as part of the World Trade Center in the 1970s, and a [[7 World Trade Center|seventh]] building was constructed in the mid-1980s.

==Planning==
In 1942, [[Austin J. Tobin]] became the Executive Director of the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|Port Authority]], beginning a 30-year career during which he oversaw the planning and development of the World Trade Center.<ref name="Doig-chap1">{{cite book |last=Doig |first=Jameson W. |title=Empire on the Hudson |year=2001 |publisher=Columbia University Press |chapter=Chapter 1}}</ref> The concept of establishing a "[[Worldwide world trade center|world trade center]]" was conceived during the post-[[World War II]] period, when the United States thrived economically and international trade was increasing. In 1946, the [[New York State Legislature]] passed a bill that called for a "world trade center" to be established.<ref name="nyt-07061946">{{cite news |title=Dewey Picks Board for Trade Center |publisher=The New York Times |date=July 6, 1946}}</ref> The World Trade Corporation was founded, and a board was appointed by New York Governor [[Thomas E. Dewey]] to develop plans for the project.<ref name="nyt-07061946"/> Architect [[John Eberson]] and his son Drew devised a plan that included 21 buildings over a ten-block area, at an estimated cost of $150 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Plans are Tabled for Trade Center |author=Crisman, Charles B. |publisher=The New York Times |date=November 10, 1946}}</ref> In 1949, the World Trade Corporation was dissolved by the New York State Legislature, and plans for a "world trade center" were put on hold.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lets Port Group Disband, State Senate for Dissolution of World Trade Corporation |publisher=The New York Times |date=March 11, 1949}}</ref>

===Original plans===
[[Image:East-side-wtc.png|thumb|right|300px|Architect's model for the proposed World Trade Center on the East River]]
During the post-war period, economic growth was concentrated in [[Midtown Manhattan]], in part stimulated by the [[Rockefeller Center]], which was developed in the 1930s. Meanwhile, Lower Manhattan was left out of the [[Boom and bust|economic boom]]. One exception was the construction of [[One Chase Manhattan Plaza]] in the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District]] by [[David Rockefeller]], who led [[urban renewal]] efforts in Lower Manhattan.<ref name="Gillespie-chap1">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |chapter=Chapter 1 |publisher=Rutgers University Press}}</ref> In 1958, Rockefeller established the Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association (DLMA), which commissioned [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]] to draw up plans for revitalizing [[Lower Manhattan]]. The plans, made public in 1960, called for a World Trade Center to be built on a {{convert|13|acre|m2}} site along the [[East River]], from [[Old Slip]] to [[Fulton Street (Manhattan)|Fulton Street]] and between [[Water Street (Manhattan)|Water Street]] and [[South Street (Manhattan)|South Street]].<ref name="Levinson">{{cite book|last=Levinson |first=Leonard Louis| title=Wall Street| year=1961| publisher=Ziff Davis Publishing| location=New York| page=346}}</ref><ref name="nyt-01271960">{{cite news |title=A World Center of Trade Mapped Off Wall Street |date=January 27, 1960 |publisher=The New York Times |author=Grutzner, Charles}}</ref> The complex would include a 900-foot (275 m) long [[Convention center|exhibition hall]], and a 50–70 story building, with some of its upper floors used as a hotel.<ref>{{cite book |title=Men of Steel: The Story of the Family That Built the World Trade Center |author=Koch, Karl III |publisher=Three Rivers Press |year=2002 |page=173}}</ref> Other amenities would include a theater, shops, and restaurants.<ref name="dlma-plan">{{cite news |title=Text of Trade Center Report by the Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association |publisher= The New York Times |date=January 27, 1960}}</ref> The plan also called for a new [[security (finance)|securities]] exchange building, which the Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association hoped would house the [[New York Stock Exchange]].<ref name="nyt-01271960"/>

David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority would be a logical choice for taking on the project,<ref name="nyt-01271960"/> and argued that the Trade Center would provide great benefits in facilitating and increasing volume of international commerce coming through the Port of New York.<ref name="dlma-plan"/> Given the importance of [[New York City]] in global commerce, Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin remarked that the proposed project should be ''the'' World Trade Center, and not just ''a'' "world trade center".<ref>{{cite news |title=Tobin Says Proposed Center Should Be World's Best |publisher=The New York Times |date=May 5, 1960}}</ref> After a year-long review of the proposal, the Port Authority formally backed the project on March 11, 1961.<ref>{{cite news |title=355 Million World Trade Center Backed by Port Authority Study |publisher=The New York Times |date=March 12, 1961}}</ref>

===Agreement===
[[Image:Wtc locator map.png|thumb|right|300px|Location of World Trade Center and originally proposed site]]
The States of New York and New Jersey also needed to approve the project, given their control and oversight role of the Port Authority. Objections to the plan came from [[New Jersey]] Governor [[Robert B. Meyner]], who resented that [[New York]] would be getting this $335 million project.<ref name="Gillespie-chap1"/> Meanwhile, ridership on New Jersey's [[Hudson and Manhattan Railroad]] (H&M) had declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958, after new automobile tunnels and bridges opened across the [[Hudson River]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Rails Under the Mighty Hudson |author=Cudahy, Brian J. |publisher=Fordham University Press |year=2002 |page=56}}</ref> Toward the end of 1961, negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner regarding the World Trade Center project reached a stalemate. In December 1961, Tobin met with newly elected New Jersey Governor [[Richard J. Hughes]], and made a proposal to shift the World Trade Center project to a west side site where the [[Hudson Terminal]] was located.<ref name="nyt-1961dec29">{{cite news |title=Port Unit Backs Linking of H&M and Other Lines |author=Grutzner, Charles |publisher=The New York Times |date=December 29, 1961}}</ref> In acquiring the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad, the Port Authority would also acquire the Hudson Terminal and other buildings which were deemed obsolete.<ref name="nyt-1961dec29"/> On January 22, 1962, the two states reached an agreement to allow the Port Authority to take over the railroad and to build the World Trade Center on Manhattan's lower west side.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 States Agree on Hudson Tubes and Trade Center |author=Wright, George Cable |date=January 23, 1962 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> The shift in location for the World Trade Center to a site more convenient to New Jersey, together with Port Authority acquisition of the H&M Railroad, brought New Jersey to agreement in support of the World Trade Center project.

===Controversy===
Even once the agreement between the states of New Jersey, New York, and the Port Authority was finalized, the World Trade Center plan faced continued controversy. The site for the World Trade Center was the location of [[Radio Row]], which was home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants, property owners, small businesses, and approximately 100 residents.<ref name="Gillespie-chap1"/> The World Trade Center plans involved evicting these business owners, some of whom fiercely protested the forced relocation.<ref name="Gillespie-chap1"/> In June 1962, a group representing approximately 325 shops and 1,000 other affected small businesses filed an [[injunction]], challenging the Port Authority's power of [[eminent domain]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Injunction Asked on Trade Center |date=June 27, 1962 |publisher=The New York Times |author=Clark, Alfred E.}}</ref> The dispute with local business owners worked its way through the court system, up to the [[New York Court of Appeals|New York State Court of Appeals]], which in April 1963 upheld the Port Authority's right of eminent domain, saying that the project had a "public purpose."<ref>{{cite news |title=World Trade Center Here Upheld by Appeals Court |author=Crowell, Paul |publisher=The New York Times |date=April 5, 1963}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Merchants Ask Supreme Court to Bar Big Trade Center Here |publisher=The New York Times / Associated Press |date=August 26, 1963}}</ref> On November 12, 1963, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] refused to accept the case.<ref name="nyt-1963nov13">{{cite news |title=High Court Plea is Lost by Foes of Trade Center |author=Arnold, Martin |publisher=The New York Times |date=November 13, 1963}}</ref><ref>[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=375&page=78 375 US. 4] - ''Courtesy Sandwich Shop, Inc., et al. v. Port of New York Authority''</ref> Under the state law, the Port Authority was required to assist business owners in relocating, though many business owners regarded what the Port Authority offered as inadequate.<ref name="nyt-1963nov13"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Port Body Raises Relocation Aid |author=Apple, Jr. R.W. |publisher=The New York Times |date=November 16, 1963}}</ref> Questions continued while the World Trade Center was constructed, as to whether the Port Authority really ought to take on the project, described by some as a "mistaken social priority."<ref>{{cite news |title=Kheel Urges Port Authority to Sell Trade Center |date=November 12, 1969 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref>

Private [[real estate]] developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York also expressed concerns about this much "subsidized" office space going on the open market, competing with the private sector when there was already a glut of vacancies.<ref name="Gillespie-chap1"/><ref>{{cite news |title=New Fight Begun on Trade Center |author=Knowles, Clayton |date=February 14, 1964 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> An especially vocal critic was Lawrence A. Wien, owner of the [[Empire State Building]], which would lose its title of [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|tallest building in the world]].<ref name="Gillespie-chap1"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Critics Impugned on Trade Center |author=Ennis, Thomas W. |date=February 15, 1964 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> Wien organized a group of builders into a group called the "Committee for a Reasonable World Trade Center" to demand that the project be scaled down.<ref>{{cite news |title=All Major Builders are Said to Oppose Trade Center Plan |author=Knowles, Clayton |date=March 9, 1964 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref>

In January 1964, the Port Authority inked a deal with the State of New York to locate government offices at the World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite news |title=State Will Rent at Trade Center |author=Sibley, John |publisher=The New York Times |date=January 14, 1964}}</ref> The Port Authority began signing commercial tenants in the spring and summer of 1964, including several banks.<ref>{{cite news |title=4th Bank Signed by Trade Center |date=July 14, 1964 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> In 1965, the Port Authority signed the [[United States Customs Service]] as a tenant.<ref>{{cite news |title=Customs to Move to Trade Center |author=Fowler, Glenn |date=July 7, 1965 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref>

A final obstacle for the Port Authority was getting approval from New York City Mayor [[John Lindsay]] and the [[New York City Council]], who raised concerns about the limited extent that the Port Authority involved the city in the negotiations and deliberations. Negotiations between The City of New York and the Port Authority were centered on tax issues. A final agreement was made on August 3, 1966, that the Port Authority would make annual payments to the City, in lieu of taxes, for the portion of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants.<ref>{{cite news |title=City Ends Fight with Port Body on Trade Center |author=Smith, Terence |date=August 4, 1966 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> In subsequent years, the payments would rise as the [[Property tax|real estate tax]] rate increased.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mayor Signs Pact on Trade Center |author=Smith, Terence |publisher=The New York Times |date=January 26, 1967}}</ref>

==Design==
On September 20, 1962, the Port Authority announced the selection of [[Minoru Yamasaki]] as lead architect, and [[Emery Roth|Emery Roth & Sons]] as associate architects.<ref>{{cite news |title=Architect Named for Trade Center |author=Esterow, Milton |date=September 21, 1962 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> Originally, Yamasaki submitted to the Port Authority a concept incorporating twin towers, but with each building only 80 stories tall. Yamasaki remarked that the "obvious alternative, a group of several large buildings, would have looked like a housing project."<ref name="nyt-1964jan19a">{{cite news |title=A New Era Heralded |author=Huxtable, Ada Louise |publisher=The New York Times |date=January 19, 1964}}</ref>
[[Image:World Trade Center Building Design with Floor and Elevator Arrangment.svg|thumb|250px|A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers]]
To meet the Port Authority's requirement to build 10 million [[Square foot|square feet]] (930,000 m²) of office space, the buildings would each need to be 110 stories tall. A major limiting factor in building heights is elevators; the taller the building, the more [[elevator]]s are needed to service the building, requiring more space-consuming elevator banks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biggest Buildings Herald New Era |author=Huxtable, Ada Louise |date=January 26, 1964 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with sky lobbies, which are floors where people can switch from a large-capacity express elevator, which goes only to the sky lobbies, to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section (the local elevators can be stacked within the same elevator shaft). Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower, the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently, while also increasing the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of required elevator shafts.<ref>{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |month=September | year=2005 |page=9}}</ref> The World Trade Center towers were the second [[supertall]] buildings to use sky lobbies, after the [[John Hancock Center]] in [[Chicago]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.otis.com/otis150/section/1,2344,ARC3066_CLI1_RES1_SEC5,00.html|publisher=[[Otis Elevator Company]]|title= Otis History: The World Trade Center|accessdate=2006-12-07}}</ref> This system was inspired by the [[New York City Subway]] system, whose lines include local stations where local trains stop and express stations where all trains stop.<ref name="gillespie-p76">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=76}}</ref>
[[Image:Wtc model at skyscraper museum.jpg|thumb|left|185px|Original architectural and engineering model]]
Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center was unveiled to the public on January 18, 1964, with an eight-foot model.<ref name="nyt-1964jan19a"/> The towers had a square plan, approximately 207 feet (63 m) in dimension on each side.<ref>{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |month=September | year=2005 |page=7}}</ref> The buildings were designed with narrow office windows, only 18 [[inch]]es (45 cm) wide, which reflected on Yamasaki's [[Acrophobia|fear of heights]] and desire to make building occupants feel secure.<ref name="pekala">{{cite news |title=Profile of a lost landmark; World Trade Center |publisher=Journal of Property Management |date=2001-11-01 |author=Pekala, Nancy}}</ref> Yamasaki's design called for the building facades to be sheathed in aluminum-alloy.<ref name="nyt-1966may29">{{cite news |title=Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Buildings |author=Huxtable, Ada Louise |date=May 29, 1966 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> In all, the World Trade Center complex contained six buildings within the {{convert|16|acre|m2}} [[City block#Superblock|superblock]].

The World Trade Center design brought criticism of its aesthetics from the [[American Institute of Architects]] and other groups.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marring City's Skyline |author=Steese, Edward |date=March 10, 1964 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="nyt-1966may29"/> [[Lewis Mumford]], author of ''[[The City in History]]'' and other works on [[urban planning]], criticized the project and described it and other new skyscrapers as "just glass-and-metal filing cabinets."<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumford Finds City Strangled By Excess of Cars and People |author=Whitman, Alden |publisher=The New York Times |date=March 22, 1967}}</ref> [[Television]] broadcasters raised concerns that the World Trade Center twin towers would cause interference in television reception for viewers in the [[New York metropolitan area|New York City area]].<ref>{{cite news |title=TV Group Objects to Trade Towers |author=Schumach, Murray |date=February 20, 1966 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> In response to these concerns, the Port Authority offered to provide new television transmission facilities at the World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite news |title=TV Mast Offered on Trade Center |date=February 24, 1966 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> The [[Linnaean Society]] of the [[American Museum of Natural History]] also opposed the Trade Center project, citing hazards the buildings would impose on [[Bird migration|migrating bird]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Big Trade Center Called Bird Trap |author=Knowles, Clayton |publisher=The New York Times |date=March 16, 1967}}</ref>

The structural engineering firm Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki's design, developing the [[Tube (structure)|tube-frame structural system]] used in the buildings. The Port Authority's Engineering Department served as [[geotechnical engineering|foundation engineers]], Joseph R. Loring & Associates as [[electrical engineering|electrical engineers]], and Jaros, Baum & Bolles as [[mechanical engineering|mechanical engineers]]. [[Tishman Reality & Construction|Tishman Realty & Construction Company]] was the [[general contractor]] on the World Trade Center project. Guy F. Tozzoli, director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority, and the Port Authority's Chief Engineer, Rino M. Monti, oversaw the project.<ref>{{cite book |author=National Construction Safety Team |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf |format =PDF | title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers |publisher=NIST |chapter=Chapter 1 |month=September | year=2005 |page=1}}</ref>

===Structural design===
As an interstate agency, the Port Authority was not subject to local laws and regulations of the City of New York, including [[building code]]s. Nonetheless, the Port Authority required architects and structural engineers to follow the New York City building codes. At the time when the World Trade Center was planned, new building codes were being devised to replace the 1938 version that was still in place. The structural engineers ended up following draft versions of the new 1968 building codes, which incorporated "advanced techniques" in [[building design]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |month=September | year=2005 |page=xxxviii}}</ref>

The World Trade Center towers included many [[structural engineering]] innovations in [[skyscraper design and construction]], which allowed the buildings to reach new heights and become the [[List of tallest buildings in the world|tallest]] in the world. Traditionally, [[skyscraper]]s used a skeleton of columns distributed throughout the interior to support building loads, with interior columns disrupting the floor space. The tube-frame concept, earlier introduced by [[Fazlur Khan]], was a major innovation, allowing open floor plans and more space to rent. The buildings used high-strength, load-bearing perimeter [[steel]] columns called [[Truss#Vierendeel truss|Vierendeel trusses]] that were spaced closely together to form a strong, rigid wall structure. There were 59 perimeter columns, narrowly spaced, on each side of the buildings. In all, the perimeter walls of the towers were {{convert|210|ft|m}} on each side, and the corners were [[bevel]]ed. The perimeter columns were designed to provide support for virtually all lateral loads (such as wind loads) and to share the gravity loads with the core columns.<ref>{{cite book |author=National Construction Safety Team |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf |title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers |publisher=NIST |format =PDF |month=September | year=2005 |chapter=Chapter 1 |page=5-6}}</ref> Structural analysis of major portions of the World Trade Center were computed on an [[IBM 1620]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Taylor | first = R. E. | year = 1966 | month = December | title = Computers and the Design of the World Trade Center | journal = [[ASCE]], Structural Division | volume = 92 | issue = ST-6 | pages = pp. 75–91}}</ref>
[[Image:Nistncstar1-1-fig2-4.png|thumb|right|Typical WTC architectural floor plan]]

The perimeter structure was constructed with extensive use of prefabricated modular pieces, which consisted of three columns, three stories tall, connected by [[wikt:spandrel|spandrel]] plates. The perimeter columns had a square cross section, 14 inches (36 cm) on a side, and were constructed of welded steel plate.<ref name="NIST-chapter1">{{cite book |author=National Construction Safety Team |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf |format =PDF |title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers |publisher=NIST |month=September | year=2005}}</ref> The thickness of the plates and grade of [[structural steel]] varied over the height of the tower, ranging from 36,000 to 100,000 pounds per square inch<ref>[[A36 steel]] has a nominal [[Yield (engineering)|yield strength]] of 36,000 to 100,000 pounds per square inch.</ref> (260 to 670 MPa). The strength of the steel and thickness of the steel plates decreased with height because they were required to support lesser amounts of building mass on higher floors.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> The tube-frame design required 40 percent less structural steel than conventional building designs.<ref name="steel">{{cite journal |author=American Iron and Steel Institute |title=The World Trade Center - New York City |journal=Contemporary Steel Design |volume=1(4) |year=1964 |publisher=American Iron and Steel Institute}}</ref> From the 7th floor to the ground level, and down to the foundation, the columns were spaced 10 feet (3 m) apart.<ref>{{cite book |author=National Construction Safety Team |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf |format =PDF |title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers |publisher=NIST |month=September | year=2005 |page=10}}</ref> All columns were placed on [[bedrock]], which, unlike that in Midtown Manhattan, where the bedrock is shallow, is at 65–85 feet (20–26 m) below the surface.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nae.edu/nae/bridgecom.nsf/weblinks/CGOZ-58NLJ9?OpenDocument |title=World Trade Center "Bathtub": From Genesis to Armageddon |journal=Bridges |author=Tamaro, George J. |date=Spring 2002 |volume=32(1)}}</ref>

The spandrel plates were welded to the columns to create the modular pieces off-site at the fabrication shop.<ref>{{cite book |author=National Construction Safety Team |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1CollapseofTowers.pdf |format =PDF |title=Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers |publisher=NIST |month=September | year=2005 |page=8}}</ref> The modular pieces were typically 52 inches (1.3 m) deep, and extended for two full floors and half of two more floors.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> Adjacent modules were bolted together, with the splices occurring at mid-span of the columns and spandrels. The spandrel plates were located at each floor, transmitting [[shear stress]] between columns, allowing them to work together in resisting lateral loads. The joints between modules were staggered vertically, so the column splices between adjacent modules were not at the same floor.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/>

The building's core housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m), and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> The columns tapered after the 66th floor, and consisted of welded box-sections at lower floors and rolled wide-flange sections at upper floors. The structural core in 1 WTC was oriented with the long axis east to west, while that of 2 WTC was oriented north to south. All elevators were located in the core. Each building had three stairwells, also in the core, except on the [[mechanical floor]]s where they were located outside the core.<ref name="NCSTAR 1-1-p8"/>
[[Image:Wtc floor truss system.png|thumb|left|Schematic of composite floor truss system]]
The large, column-free space between the perimeter and core was bridged by prefabricated floor trusses. The floors supported their own weight, as well as [[live loads]], provided lateral stability to the exterior walls, and distributed wind loads among the exterior walls. The floors consisted of 4 inch (10 cm) thick lightweight [[concrete]] slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors. The trusses had a span of 60 feet (18.2 m) in the long-span areas and 35 feet (11 m) in the short span area.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns, and were on 6 foot 8 inch (2.03 m) centers. The top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to the core columns on the interior side. The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with [[Viscoelasticity|viscoelastic]] dampers, which helped reduce the amount of sway felt by building occupants. The trusses supported a {{convert|4|in|mm|sing=on}} thick (10 cm) lightweight concrete floor slab, with shear connections for composite action.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/>

Hat [[truss]]es (or "outrigger truss") located from the 107th floor to the top of the buildings were designed to support a tall communication [[Antenna (radio)|antenna]] on top of each building.<ref name="NIST-chapter1"/> Only 1 WTC (north tower) actually had an antenna fitted, which was added in 1978.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/sfeature/sf_building.html |title=New York: A Documentary Film - The Center of the World (Construction Footage) |publisher = Port Authority / PBS |accessdate=2007-05-16}}</ref> The truss system consisted of six trusses along the long axis of the core and four along the short axis. This truss system allowed some load redistribution between the perimeter and core columns and supported the transmission tower.

===Wind effects===
The tube frame design using steel core and perimeter columns protected with sprayed-on fire resistant material created a relatively lightweight structure that would sway more in response to the wind, compared to traditional structures such as the [[Empire State Building]] that have thick, heavy [[masonry]] for [[fireproofing]] of steel structural elements.<ref>{{cite book |title=City in the Sky |author=Glanz, James and Eric Lipton |publisher=Times Books |year=2003 |page=138}}</ref> During the design process, [[wind tunnel]] tests were done at [[Colorado State University]] and at the [[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory]] in the U.K. to establish design wind pressures that the World Trade Center towers could be subjected to and structural response to those forces.<ref>{{cite book |title=Design and Construction of Structural Systems (NCSTAR 1-1A) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |author=Fanella, David A., Arnaldo T. Derecho, S.K. Ghosh |month=September | year=2005 |page=65}}</ref> Experiments also were done to evaluate how much sway occupants could tolerate. Subjects were recruited for "free eye exams," while the real purpose of the experiment was to subject them to simulated building sway and find out how much they could comfortably tolerate.<ref>{{cite book |title=City in the Sky |author=Glanz, James and Eric Lipton |pages=139–144 |publisher=Times Books |year=2003}}</ref> Many subjects did not respond well, experiencing [[dizziness]] and other ill effects. One of the chief engineers [[Leslie Robertson]] worked with Canadian engineer Alan G. Davenport to develop viscoelastic [[Damping|dampers]] to absorb some of the sway. These viscoelastic dampers, used throughout the structures at the joints between floor trusses and perimeter columns, along with some other structural modifications reduced the building sway to an acceptable level.<ref>{{cite book |title=City in the Sky |author=Glanz, James and Eric Lipton |pages=160–167 |publisher=Times Books |year=2003}}</ref>

===Aircraft impact===
The structural engineers on the project also considered the possibility that an aircraft could crash into the building. In July 1945, a [[B-25 bomber]] that was lost in the fog had crashed into the 79th floor of the [[Empire State Building]]. A year later, another airplane nearly crashed into the [[40 Wall Street]] building, and there was another near-miss at the Empire State Building.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E2DD1F3FF93BA3575AC0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=10 |title=The Height of Ambition |author=Glanz, James and Eric Lipton |date=2002-09-08 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> In designing the World Trade Center, [[Leslie Robertson]] considered the scenario of the impact of a jet airliner, the [[Boeing 707]], which might be lost in the fog, seeking to land at JFK or at Newark.<ref name="Robertson">{{cite web | last =Robertson | first = Leslie E. | year = 2002 | url = http://www.nae.edu/nae/bridgecom.nsf/weblinks/CGOZ-58NLCB?OpenDocument | title = Reflections on the World Trade Center | work = The Bridge Volume 32, Number 1 | publisher = National Academy of Engineering | accessdate = 2006-07-28}}</ref> NIST found a three page [[white paper]] that mentioned another aircraft impact analysis, involving impact of a jet at {{convert|600|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}, was indeed considered, but the original documentation of the study was lost when Port Authority offices were destroyed in the collapse of the World Trade Center.<ref>Sadek, Fahim. ''Baseline Structural Performance and Aircraft Impact Damage Analysis of the World Trade Center Towers''(NCSTAR 1-2 appendix A). NIST 2005. pp. 305-307.</ref> In 1993, John Skilling recalled doing the analysis, and remarked, "The building structure would still be there."<ref name="Nalder">{{cite news |author=Nalder, Eric |title=Twin Towers Engineered to Withstand Jet Collision |publisher=The Seattle Times |date=1993-02-27 |url=http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=1687698&date=19930227}}</ref> However, he gave little thought to how the structure would behave in an intense fire that would result from an aircraft impact. They simply assumed that the World Trade Center's trusses and columns would perform as well as the heavy masonry and steel structure in the Empire State Building.<ref>{{cite book |author=Glanz, James and Eric Lipton |title=City in the Sky: The Rise and Fall of the World Trade Center |year=2003 |publisher=Times Books |pages=138–139}}</ref>

===Fire protection===
[[Fireproofing|Sprayed-fire resistant material]]s (SFRMs) were used to protect some structural steel elements in the towers, including all floor trusses and beams.<ref name="NCSTAR 1-1-p8">{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |month=September | year=2005 |page=8}}</ref> [[Gypsum]] [[wallboard]] in combination with SFRMs, or in some cases gypsum wallboard alone, was used to protect core columns.<ref name="NCSTAR 1-1-p8"/> [[Vermiculite]] plaster was used on the interior-side and SFRMs on the other three sides of the perimeter columns for fire protection.<ref name="NCSTAR 1-1-p8"/> The 1968 New York City building codes were more lenient in some aspects of fire protection, such as allowing three exit stairwells in the World Trade Center towers, instead of six as required under older building codes.<ref name="NCSTAR 1-1-p153">{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |month=September | year=2005 |page=153}}</ref>

More fireproofing was added after a fire in February 1975 that spread to six floors before being extinguished.<ref name="FEMA">{{cite web | last = Hamburger | first = Ronald, et al | title = World Trade Center Building Performance Study | work = | publisher = Federal Emergency Management Agency| date = | url = http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch2.pdf | format = pdf|accessdate = 2006-07-27 }}</ref> After the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing|1993 bombing]], inspections found fireproofing to be deficient. The Port Authority was in the process of replacing it, but replacement had been completed on only 18 floors in WTC 1, including all the floors affected by the aircraft impact and fires on 9/11,<ref>NCSTAR 1-6, (p lxxi) NIST lists upgraded floors as 92-100 and 102 plus 8 unspecified floors.</ref> and on 13 floors in WTC 2, although only three of these floors (77,78 & 85) were directly affected by the aircraft impact.<ref>NCSTAR 1-6, (p lxvii-lxix) NIST lists upgraded floors as 77,78,85,88,89,92,96 and 97 plus 5 unspecified floors. Although replacement fireproofing was specified at 1.5 inches in thickness, NIST found the average thickness to be {{convert|2.5|in|mm}}. (NCSTAR 1-6A p xl ) NIST concluded that "The existing condition of the fireproofing prior to aircraft impact and the fireproofing thickness on the WTC floor system did not play a significant role".</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Dwyer, Jim and Kevin Flynn |year=2005 |title=102 Minutes |publisher=Times Books |pages=9–10}}</ref>

The 1968 New York City building codes did not require [[Fire sprinkler|sprinkler]]s for [[high-rise]] buildings, except for underground spaces. In accordance with building codes, sprinklers were originally installed only in the underground parking structures of the World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |month=September | year=2005 |page=162}}</ref> Following a major fire in February 1975, the Port Authority decided to start installing sprinklers throughout the buildings. By 1993, nearly all of Tower 2 [South Tower] and 85 percent of Tower 1 had sprinklers installed,<ref>{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |month=September | year=2005 |page=163}}</ref> and the entire complex was retrofitted by 2001.<ref>{{cite book |title=Active Fire Protection Systems (NCSTAR 1-4) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |author=Evans, David D., Richard D. Peacock, Erica D. Kuligowski, W. Stuart Dols, William L. Grosshandler |month=September | year=2005 |page=14}}</ref>

==Construction==
In March 1965, the Port Authority began acquiring property at the World Trade Center site.<ref>{{cite news |title=Port Agency Buys Downtown Tract |author=Ingraham, Joseph C. |date=March 29, 1965 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> The Ajax Wrecking and Lumber Corporation was hired for the demolition work, which began on March 21, 1966 to clear the site for construction of the World Trade Center.<ref name="gillespie-p61">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=61}}</ref>

Groundbreaking was on August 5, 1966, marking the beginning of construction of the World Trade Center's foundations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jackhammers Bite Pavement to Start Trade Center Job |date=August 6, 1966 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> The site of the World Trade Center was located on [[landfill]], with the bedrock located 65 feet (20 m) below.<ref name="iglauer">{{cite news |title=The Biggest Foundation |author=Iglauer, Edith |date=1972-11-04 |publisher=The New Yorker}}</ref> In order to construct the World Trade Center, it was necessary to build the "bathtub", with the [[slurry wall]] along the [[West Side Highway|West Street]] side of the site, to keep water from the [[Hudson River]] out. This method was used in place of conventional dewatering methods because lowering the [[groundwater table]] would cause large [[groundwater-related subsidence|settlements]] of nearby buildings not built on [[deep foundation]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tall Towers will Sit on Deep Foundations |last=Kapp |first=Martin S |publisher=Engineering News Record |date=July 9, 1964}}</ref> The slurry method involves digging a [[trench]], and as [[excavation]] proceeds, filling the space with a "slurry" mixture, composed of [[bentonite]] which plugs holes and keeps water out. When the trench was dug out, a steel cage was inserted, with concrete poured in, forcing the "slurry" out. The "slurry" method was devised by Port Authority chief engineer John M. Kyle, Jr. Towards the end of 1966, work began on building the slurry wall, led by [[Montreal]]-based Icanda, a subsidiary of an Italian engineering firm, Impresa Costruzioni Opere Specializzate (I.C.O.S.).<ref name="gillespie-p68">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=68}}</ref> It took fourteen months for the slurry wall to be completed, which was necessary before excavation of material from the interior of the site could begin.<ref name="gillespie-p68"/> The original [[Downtown Hudson Tubes|Hudson Tubes]], which carried PATH trains into Hudson Terminal, remained in service as elevated tunnels until 1971 when a new [[World Trade Center (PATH station)|PATH station]] was built.<ref>{{cite news |author=Carroll, Maurice |title=A Section of the Hudson Tubes is Turned into Elevated Tunnel |date=December 30, 1968 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref>
[[Image:Wtc panynj 1973.jpg|thumb|right|200px|World Trade Center in 1973]]
Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968 with construction beginning on the South Tower by January 1969.<ref name="pbstimeline">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/timeline/index.html |title=Timeline: World Trade Center chronology |publisher=PBS - American Experience |accessdate=2007-05-15}}</ref> In January 1967, $74 million in contracts were awarded to the [[PACCAR|Pacific Car and Foundry Company]], [[Laclede Steel Company]], [[U.S. Steel|Granite City Steel Company]], and [[Karl Koch Steel Consulting|Karl Koch Erecting Company]] to supply [[steel]] for the project.<ref name="nyt-1967jan24">{{cite news |title=Contracts Totaling $74,079,000 Awarded for the Trade Center |publisher=The New York Times |date=January 24, 1967}}</ref> The Port Authority chose to use many different steel suppliers, bidding on smaller portions of steel, rather than buy larger amounts from a single source such as [[Bethlehem Steel]] or [[U.S. Steel]] as a cost-saving measure.<ref name="gillespie-p83">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=83}}</ref> Karl Koch was also hired to do all the work of erecting the steel, and a contract for work on the aluminum facade was awarded to the [[Alcoa|Aluminum Company of America]].<ref name="nyt-1967jan24"/> [[Tishman Realty & Construction]] was hired in February 1967 to oversee construction of the project.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trade Center Job To Go To Tishman |author=Kihss, Peter |publisher=The New York Times |date=February 27, 1967}}</ref>

Extensive use of prefabricated parts for the perimeter framing and floor truss systems helped speed up the construction process and reduce costs, while providing greater [[quality control]].<ref name="steel"/> Steel components were freighted into a [[Penn Central Transportation|Penn Central]] yard in [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]]. From there, they were brought in early morning hours through the [[Holland Tunnel]] to the construction site, and lifted into place by a [[Crane (machine)|crane]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Trade Center is Doing Everything Big |publisher=The New York Times |date=June 6, 1969 |author=Kaufman, Micheal T.}}</ref> Larger pieces were brought to the construction site by [[tugboat]]s.<ref name="gillespie-p88">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=88}}</ref> A special type of crane, suitable for constructing such tall buildings, that used [[hydraulics]] to lift components and provided its own power was used in construction of the World Trade Center. The Favco Standard 2700 Crane, manufactured by Favelle Mort Ltd. of [[New South Wales]], Australia was informally called a "[[kangaroo]] crane".<ref name="gillespie-p92">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |pages=92–94}}</ref>

In 1970, tugboat workers went on [[Strike action|strike]], halting the transport of material to the construction site.<ref>{{cite news |title=300 Tugboats Idle as Men Walk Out for Doubled Wage |author=McFadden, Robert D. |date=1970-02-02 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> The Port Authority attempted other means of transporting material, including via [[helicopter]]. When this method was tried, the helicopter lost its load of steel into the [[Kill Van Kull]].<ref name="gillespie-p91">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=91}}</ref> Some other mishaps occurred during the construction process, including disruption of [[telephone]] service in Lower Manhattan when telephone cables were crushed by [[pile driver]]s.<ref>{{cite news |author=Carroll, Maurice |title=Phones Disrupted by a Pile Driver |date=March 19, 1969 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> On March 16, 1970, a [[propane]] gas explosion injured six workers when a truck hit a propane tank.<ref>{{cite news |title=Propane Blast Hits Trade Center |author=Van Gelder, Lawrence |date=1970-03-17 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> In all, 60 workers were killed in construction accidents while the World Trade Center was being built.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/americarebuilds/engineering/engineering_qfacts.html |title=America Rebuilds: Quick Facts |publisher=PBS |accessdate=2007-05-15}}</ref>

The [[topping out]] ceremony of 1 WTC (North Tower) took place on December 23, 1970, with 2 WTC's ceremony (South Tower) occurring later on July 19, 1971.<ref name="pbstimeline"/> The first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970, and into the South Tower in January 1972.<ref>{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |month=September | year=2005 |page=xxxvi}}</ref> The buildings were dedicated on April 4, 1973; Tobin, who had resigned the year before, was absent from the ceremonies.<ref name="Darton-chap6">Darton, Eric (1999) ''Divided We Stand: A Biography of New York's World Trade Center'', Chapter 6, Basic Books.</ref>

Building the World Trade Center involved excavating 1.2 million [[cubic yard]]s (917,000 [[Cubic metre|m³]]) of material.<ref name="gillespie-p71">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=71}}</ref> Rather than transporting this material at great costs out to sea or to landfills in [[New Jersey]], the fill material was used to expand the [[Manhattan]] shoreline across West Street.<ref name="gillespie-p71"/> Work to demolish the [[pier]]s began on January 5, 1967, including Pier 7 to Pier 11 which were all constructed around 1910.<ref>{{cite news |title=Demolition Begun on 5 City Piers |author=Horne, George |publisher=The New York Times |date=January 5, 1967}}</ref> The demolition work moved forward, despite conflicts between [[David Rockefeller]], Governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]] and Mayor [[John Lindsay]] regarding plans for [[Battery Park City, Manhattan|Battery Park City]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Conflicts Stall Landfill Plans |author=Roberts, Steven V. |publisher=The New York Times |date=January 17, 1967}}</ref> Landfill material from the [[World Trade Center]] was used to add land, and a cellular [[cofferdam]] was constructed to retain the material.<ref name="iglauer">{{cite news |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/content/articles/010924fr_archive02 |title=The Biggest Foundation |author=Iglauer, Edith |date=1972-11-04 |publisher=The New Yorker}}</ref> The result was a 700 foot (210 m) extension into the Hudson River, running six blocks or 1,484 feet (450 m).<ref name="gillespie-p71"/> This land was a "gift" to New York City, allowing more [[tax]]-generating developments in Battery Park City.<ref>{{cite news |title=New York Gets $90 Million Worth of Land for Nothing |publisher=Engineering News Record |date=April 18, 1968}}</ref>

The original estimates put forth by the Port Authority had the costs for construction of the World Trade Center at $350 million—an optimistic figure.<ref name="gillespie-p70">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=70}}</ref> In December 1966, the Port Authority announced increased cost estimates, bringing the estimated total to $575 million.<ref name="gillespie-p69">{{cite book |author=Gillespie, Angus K. |year=1999 |title=Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page=69}}</ref> This announcement brought criticism of the project from private real estate developers, ''[[The New York Times]]'', and others in New York City.<ref>{{cite news |title=Questions on the Trade Center |publisher=The New York Times |date=December 24, 1966}}</ref> The critics charged that the Port Authority figure was an unrealistically low estimate, and they estimated the project would end up costing $750 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Estimate Raised for Trade Center |author=Phillips, McCandlish |date=December 29, 1966 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed, the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million.<ref name="Cudahy">Cudahy, Brian J. (2002) ''Rails Under the Mighty Hudson: The Story of the Hudson Tubes, the Pennsy Tunnels, and Manhattan Transfer'', Chapter 3, Fordham University Press.</ref> The project was financed through [[Tax exemption|tax-exempt]] [[Bond (finance)|bond]]s issued by the Port Authority.<ref>{{cite news |author=Allan, John H. |title=Bonds: Port of New York Authority to Raise $100-Million |date=February 28, 1968 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref>

==Other buildings==
The World Trade Center complex included four other smaller buildings constructed during the 1970s. 3 World Trade Center was a 22-story building, which was home to the [[Marriott World Trade Center]]. It was designed by [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]] in 1978–79.<ref>{{cite book |author=McAllister, Therese, Johnathan Barnett, John Gross, Ronald Hamburger, Jon Magnusson |chapter=WTC3 |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |publisher=FEMA |month=May | year=2002}}</ref> [[4 World Trade Center]], [[5 World Trade Center]], and [[6 World Trade Center]] were all 8–9 story buildings that were designed by the same team as the Twin Towers, including Minoru Yamasaki, Emery Roth & Sons, and Skilling, Helle, Christiansen, Robertson.<ref>{{cite book |author=McAllister, Therese, Johnathan Barnett, John Gross, Ronald Hamburger, Jon Magnusson |chapter=WTC4, 5, and 6 |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |publisher=FEMA |month=May | year=2002}}</ref> A seventh building ([[7 World Trade Center]]) was built in the mid-1980s, just to the north of the main World Trade Center site. The 47-story building was designed by Emery, Roth & Sons, and constructed on top of a [[Con Edison]] power [[substation]].<ref>{{cite book |author=McAllister, Therese, Johnathan Barnett, John Gross, Ronald Hamburger, Jon Magnusson |chapter=WTC7 |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |publisher=FEMA |month=May | year=2002}}</ref>

==Modifications==
Over time, numerous structural modifications were made to suit the needs of tenants in the Twin Towers. Modifications were made in accordance with the Port Authority's ''Tenant Alteration Review Manual'' and were reviewed by the Port Authority to ensure the changes did not compromise structural integrity of the buildings. In many instances, openings were cut in the floors to accommodate new stairways to connect tenant floors. Some steel beams in the core were reinforced and strengthened to accommodate heavy live loads, such as large amounts of heavy files that tenants had on their floors.<ref>{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |month=September | year=2005 |page=xliv}}</ref>

Repairs to structural elements on the lower levels of 1 WTC [North Tower] were made following the [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]]. The greatest damage occurred on levels B1 and B2, with significant structural damage also on level B3.<ref>{{cite book |title=Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |author=Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino |month=September | year=2005 |page=xlv}}</ref> Primary structural columns were not damaged, but secondary steel members experienced some damage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interfire.org/res_file/pdf/Tr-076.pdf |format =PDF |title=Experiences of the Chief Engineer of the Port Authority |author=Fasullo, Eugene |publisher=United States Fire Administration |accessdate=2007-05-15}}</ref> Floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore the structural support they provided to columns.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.interfire.org/res_file/pdf/Tr-076.pdf |format =PDF |title=The World Trade Center Complex |author=Port Authority Risk Management Staff |publisher=United States Fire Administration |accessdate=2007-05-15}}</ref> The slurry wall was in peril following the bombing and loss of the floor slabs which provided lateral support to counteract pressure from Hudson River water on the other side.<ref name="ennala">{{cite journal |author=Ramabhushanam, Ennala and Marjorie Lynch |title=Structural Assessment of Bomb Damage for World Trade Center |journal=Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities |volume=8(4) |pages=229–242}}</ref> The [[refrigeration]] plant on sublevel B5, which provided [[air conditioning]] to the entire World Trade Center complex, was heavily damaged and replaced with a temporary system for the summer of 1993.<ref name="ennala"/> The [[fire alarm]] system for both towers needed to be replaced, after critical wiring and signaling in the original system was destroyed in the 1993 bombing. Installation of the new system took years to complete, and replacement of some components was still underway at the time of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Active Fire Protection Systems (NCSTAR 1-4) |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |author=Evans, David D., Richard D. Peacock, Erica D. Kuligowski, W. Stuart Dols, William L. Grosshandler |month=September | year=2005 |page=44}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Collapse of the World Trade Center]]
*[[Freedom Tower]]
*[[150 Greenwich Street]]
*[[175 Greenwich Street]]
*[[200 Greenwich Street]]
*[[Plans to rebuild the World Trade Center]]
*[[Philippe Petit]], who wirewalked between the two towers

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/newyork/sfeature/sf_building.html New York: A Documentary Film - The Center of the World] - ''Building the World Trade Center'', an 18-minute film, with construction footage, produced by the Port Authority in 1983
*[http://www.skyscraper.org/WHAT%27S_UP/WTC_DOSSIER/wtc.htm World Trade Center] - Skyscraper Museum
*{{Cite web
| title = Corus in construction - Systems evolution
| accessdate = 2007-05-14
| url = http://corusconstruction.com/en/reference/teaching_resources/architectural_studio_reference/design/tall_building_designs/systems_evolution/
}}
*[http://wtc.nist.gov/ NIST and the World Trade Center]
*[http://www.ericdarton.net/ New York's World Trade Center - A Living Archive] - by author, Eric Darton
*[http://www.antiqueradio.com/Sep02_RadioRow_Steinhardt.html The Death of New York's Radio Row], by Syd Steinhard - Downtown Express

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[[ar:بناء مبنى التجارة العالمي]]

Magical Negro

2009-02-15T14:57:51Z

Dusti: Reverted edits by 80.183.97.176 (talk) to last version by 138.88.32.143

The '''magical negro''' (sometimes called the '''mystical negro''' or '''magic negro''') is a supporting, often mystical [[stock character]] in fiction who, by use of special insight or powers, helps the [[White people|white]] [[protagonist]] get out of trouble. The word ''[[negro]]'', now considered by many as archaic and offensive, is used intentionally to suggest that the archetype is a racist throwback, an update of the "[[Sambo (racial term)|Sambo]]" and "savage other" stereotypes.<ref>{{cite book|title=Race, Sex, and Suspicion: The Myth of the Black Male |first= D. Marvin | last = Jones |pages= 35 |location = [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport, Conn.]]| publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=2005 |isbn = 0275974626 | oclc = 56095393}}</ref> [[Spike Lee]] popularized the term, deriding the [[archetype]] of the "super-duper magical negro" in 2001 while discussing films with students at [[Washington State University]] and at [[Yale University]].<ref name="strangehorizons">{{cite news |url= http://www.strangehorizons.com/2004/20041025/kinga.shtml |title= Stephen King's Super-Duper Magical Negroes |first= Nnedi | last = Okorafor-Mbachu | authorlink = Nnedi Okorafor-Mbachu| work = Strange Horizons |date= [[2004-10-25]] | accessdate = 2006-12-03 }}</ref><ref name="SpikeLee">{{cite news | url = http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v29.n21/story3.html | title = Director Spike Lee slams 'same old' black stereotypes in today's films | first = Susan | last = Gonzalez | work = Yale Bulletin & Calendar | publisher =[[Yale University]] | date = [[2001-03-02]] | accessdate = 2008-12-29 }}</ref>

==The magical negro in fiction==
The magical negro is typically but not always "in some way outwardly or inwardly disabled, either by discrimination, disability or social constraint," often a janitor or prisoner.<ref name="Hicks">{{cite journal|first=Heather J. |last = Hicks | journal = Camera Obscura | title= Hoodoo Economics: White Men's Work and Black Men's Magic in Contemporary American Film |publisher=Camera Obscura |volume=18 |issue=2 |date=2003-09-01 |pages= 27–55 |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-24435280_ITM |accessdate=2007-02-03 | doi= 10.1215/02705346-18-2_53-27}}</ref> He has no past; he simply appears one day to help the [[White people|white]] protagonist.<ref name="ejumpcut">{{cite journal | url= http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc45.2002/colombe/ |title= White Hollywood's new Black boogeyman |first= Audrey | last = Colombe | issue = 45 | work = Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media | month = October | year = 2002 | accessdate = 2006-12-03 }}</ref> He sometimes fits the black stereotype, "prone to criminality and laziness."<ref>{{cite book|title=Contemporary Patterns of Politics, Praxis, and Culture | first = Georgia Anne | last = Persons |pages= 137 | location = [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick, NJ]] | publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2005 |isbn = 141280468X | oclc = 56510401 }}</ref> To counterbalance this, he has some sort of magical power, "rather vaguely defined but not the sort of thing one typically encounters."<ref name="ejumpcut" /> He is patient and wise, often dispensing various words of wisdom, and is "closer to the earth."<ref name="strangehorizons" />

The magical negro serves as a plot device to help the protagonist get out of trouble, typically through helping the white character recognize his own faults and overcome them.<ref name="strangehorizons" /> Although he has magical powers, his "magic is ostensibly directed toward helping and enlightening a white male character."<ref name="Hicks" /> It is this feature of the magical negro that some people find most troubling. Although from a certain perspective the character may seem to be showing blacks in a positive light, he is still ultimately subordinate to whites. He is also regarded as an exception, allowing white America to "like individual black people but not black culture."<ref>{{cite book|title=Black Magic: White Hollywood and African American Culture | first = Krin | last = Gabbard |pages=173 | location = [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick, NJ]] | publisher=Rutgers University Press |year= 2004|isbn = 081353383X | oclc = 53215708}}</ref>

To save the white protagonist, however, he would do anything, including sacrificing himself, as [[Sidney Poitier]] portrays in ''[[The Defiant Ones]]'', the prototypical magical Negro movie.<ref name="strangehorizons" /> Note that Poitier's character is also saved by the white protagonist, as the two help each other throughout the film.

The magical negro is a recurring theme in [[Chinese literature]] from the [[Tang Dynasty]] (618–907 AD).<ref name=snow>Snow, Philip. ''The Star Raft: China's Encounter With Africa''. Cornell Univ. Press, 1989 (ISBN 0801495830)</ref> Known as "Kun-lun" (崑崙, an ancient Chinese term that denoted all dark-skinned races), these African slaves were portrayed as having supernatural strength and the power to invade people's dreams to reveal great knowledge. One tale known as the ''[[Kunlun Nu|Kun-lun slave]]'' mentions a slave leaping over high walls while laden with the weight of two people in order to rescue his master's lover.<ref>Liu, James J.Y. ''The Chinese Knight Errant''. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967 (ISBN 0-2264-8688-5)</ref> Other tales mention them swimming to the bottom of raging rivers to retrieve heavenly treasures for their lord. The color of their skin was believed to be a medicinal balm that could be wiped off and used to cure a person's illness.<ref name=snow/>

===Examples===

{{Prose|date=December 2008}}
[[Image:Uncle Remus crop, 1881.jpg|thumb|right|[[Uncle Remus]] in ''Uncle Remus, His Songs and His Sayings: The Folk-Lore of the Old Plantation'', 1881]]

Examples of magical negroes as published by social commentators include:


*[[Uncle Remus]] ([[James Baskett]]) in the film ''[[Song of the South]]'' (1946) <ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.patrickkillough.com/ethics/brer_rabbit.html |title=BRER RABBIT SEZ, SEZEE: THE WISDOM OF JOEL CHANDLER HARRIS |first=Patrick |last=Killough |date=1997-12-09 |accessdate=2007-05-16}}</ref>
*Noah Cullen ([[Sidney Poitier]]) in the film ''[[The Defiant Ones]]'' (1958)<ref name="strangehorizons" />
**Also Poitier in ''[[To Sir, With Love]]'', ''[[Lilies of the Field]]'' and ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]'', the last "particularly striking in this regard, as it posits miscegenation without evoking sex. (Talk about magic!)" Quote from Ehrenstein.<ref name=nonfic>[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-ehrenstein19mar19,0,5335087.story?coll=la-opinion-center Obama the 'Magic Negro' - Los Angeles Times]By David Ehrenstein March 19, 2007 Retrieved 1-2-09</ref>
*The magical negro is a recurring archetype [[Stephen King]]'s [[novel]]s as well as some adaptations of his work:
**Dick Hallorann in ''[[The Shining (novel)|The Shining]]'' (1977), and in both the [[The Shining (film)|1980 film adaptation]] ([[Scatman Crothers]]) and the [[The Shining (mini-series)|1997 TV miniseries]] ([[Melvin Van Peebles]])<ref name="strangehorizons" />
**Mother Abagail in ''[[The Stand]]'' (1978), and the [[The Stand (TV miniseries)|1994 TV adaptation]] ([[Ruby Dee]])<ref name="strangehorizons" />
**John Coffey in ''[[The Green Mile (book)|The Green Mile]]'' (1996), and the [[The Green Mile (film)|1999 film adaptation]] ([[Michael Clarke Duncan]])<ref name="strangehorizons" /><ref name="ejumpcut" />
*Moses the Clock Man ([[Bill Cobbs]]) in the film ''[[The Hudsucker Proxy]]'' (1994) <ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.fortheretarded.com/?p=37 |title=Exposing Hollywood's Fascination with the Magic Negro |first=Noel |last=Wood |date=2002-10-29 |accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref>
*Cash ([[Don Cheadle]]) in the film ''[[The Family Man]]'' (2000)<ref name="SpikeLee" /><ref name="ejumpcut" />
*Bagger Vance ([[Will Smith]]) in the film ''[[The Legend of Bagger Vance]]'' (2000)<ref name="strangehorizons" /><ref name="SpikeLee" /><ref name="ejumpcut" /><ref>{{cite news||title=That Old Black Magic |date= [[2000-05-27]] | first = Christopher John | last = Farley | authorlink = Christopher John Farley |work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998604,00.html |accessdate=2007-02-03}}</ref>
*Gloria Dump ([[Cicely Tyson]]) in the film ''[[Because of Winn-Dixie (film)|Because of Winn-Dixie]]'' (2005)<ref name='charlotteObs'>{{cite news | first=Gary | last=Thompson | coauthors= | title='Winn-Dixie' Gets No Place Fast | date=2005-02-18 | publisher=[[Philadelphia Media Holdings LLC]] | url =http://ae.charlotte.com/entertainment/ui/charlotte/movie.html;jsessionid=2738A0AB6137F17664C1590346E175C7.prodapp14_ae_02?id=241836&reviewId=17357 | work =[[The Philadelphia Daily News]] | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-21 | language = }}</ref>

*God ([[Morgan Freeman]]) in the film ''[[Bruce Almighty]]''/''[[Evan Almighty]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title= Just Say Noah |date= [[2007-06-22]] |first= David |last= Plotz |work= [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |url= http://www.slate.com/id/2168886/ |accessdate= 2007-06-22}}</ref>
* Eddie "Scrap Iron" Dupris (Morgan Freeman) in ''[[Million Dollar Baby]]''<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/03/24/AR2005032400739.html
|title=Oscar's 'Ray' Of Hope
|author=Eugene Robinson
|publisher=The Washington Post Company
|accessdate=2008-07-27}}</ref>
** Also Freeman in ''[[Driving Miss Daisy]]'', ''[[Seven]]'' "and the seemingly endless series of films in which he plays ersatz paterfamilias to a white woman bedeviled by a serial killer. But at least he survives, unlike Crothers ...." Quote from Ehrenstein.<ref name=nonfic>[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-ehrenstein19mar19,0,5335087.story?coll=la-opinion-center Obama the 'Magic Negro' - Los Angeles Times] By David Ehrenstein March 19, 2007 Retrieved 1-2-09</ref>
*[[Morpheus (The Matrix)|Morpheus]] ([[Laurence Fishburne]]) in ''[[Matrix series|The Matrix]]''.<ref name="ejumpcut" />
*[[The Oracle (The Matrix)|Oracle]] ([[Gloria Foster]]/[[Mary Alice]]) in ''[[Matrix series|The Matrix]]''.<ref name="ejumpcut" />
*Lamont ([[Guy Torry]]) in the film ''[[American History X]]''.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/americanhistoryxhunter.htm "'History X': Hate With a Passion"], By Stephen Hunter, Washington Post Staff Writer. October 30, 1998</ref>


==Uses outside of fiction==
Examples of the use of the term ''magical negro'' as published by commentators in non-fictional contexts include:
*[[Barack Obama]], winner of the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential election]].<ref name=nonfic>[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-ehrenstein19mar19,0,5335087.story?coll=la-opinion-center Obama the 'Magic Negro' - Los Angeles Times]</ref> Usage of the title [http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-ehrenstein19mar19,0,3391015.story "Obama the 'Magic Negro'"] by [[David Ehrenstein]] for a [[Los Angeles Times]] piece later inspired the satirical song "[[Barack the Magic Negro]]," written by parodist [[Paul Shanklin]] and broadcast on [[Rush Limbaugh]]'s [[The Rush Limbaugh Show|radio show]].<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/28/us/politics/28rnc.html?hp</ref> It received new attention in late 2008 when it was included on a CD sent by [[Chip Saltsman]], running for chair of the [[Republican National Committee]], to members of the committee.<ref>[http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1208/16919.html "'Magic Negro' flap might help Saltsman"] by Andy Barr, politico.com, 12/30/08 Retrieved 1-2-09. </ref>
*[[David Hampton]], [[con artist]]. Hampton in real life posed as the son of [[Sidney Poitier]], which story then inspired [[John Guare]]'s ''[[Six Degrees of Separation (play)]]'' and ''[[Six Degrees of Separation (film)|(film)]]''. <ref name=nonfic>[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-ehrenstein19mar19,0,5335087.story?coll=la-opinion-center Obama the 'Magic Negro' - Los Angeles Times] By David Ehrenstein March 19, 2007 Retrieved 1-2-09</ref>

==See also==
*[[Noble savage]]
*[[Xenocentrism]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url= http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/dictionary/magic_negro/ |title= "magic Negro" definition from Double Tongued Dictionary |accessdate=2007-10-04}}

[[Category:Fictional African-Americans]]
[[Category:Stock characters]]

Cosmos Club

2008-06-28T22:44:24Z

Dusti: Reverted edits by 24.126.209.103 to last version by 208.27.111.132 (using Huggle)

The '''Cosmos Club''' is a [[social club]] founded in [[Washington D.C.]] by [[John Wesley Powell]] in [[1878]]. [[Clarence Edward Dutton]], [[Henry Smith Pritchett]], [[William Harkness]], [[John Shaw Billings]] were original members. Among its stated goals is "The advancement of its members in [[science]], [[literature]], and [[art]]".{{ref|Statement}}

Its members have included many recipients of the [[Nobel Prize]], [[Pulitzer Prize]] and [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]].

==History==
The Club originally met in the Corcoran Building on the corner of 15th and F Streets, Northwest, but moved to [[President's Park|Lafayette Square]] in 1882. Eventually, the Club occupied the Tayloe and [[Dolley Madison]] Houses on the Eastern side of the Square, and razed two rowhouses between them for additional space. Prompted to relocate by the Federal government, the Club moved to the Townsend mansion at the intersection of [[Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Massachusetts]] and [[Florida Avenue (Washington, D.C.)|Florida Avenue]]s in Northwest Washington in 1952.

Since 1887, the regular meeting place of the [[Philosophical Society of Washington]] has been the assembly hall of the Cosmos Club, now called the [[John Wesley Powell]] auditorium. The [[National Geographic Society]] was founded in the Cosmos Club in 1888.

For its first 110 years, the Cosmos Club did not permit women members, and forbade female guests to enter by the front door or to enter rooms reserved for members. In 1988, the Washington D.C. Human Rights Office ruled that there was probable cause to believe that the club's men-only policy violated the city's anti-discrimination law. The Office was ready to order public hearings on the case, which could have resulted in the loss of all city licenses and permits if the all-male policy had continued.

==Members==
{{incomplete-list}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
*[[Cyrus Adler]]
*[[Akbar S. Ahmed]]
*[[Lila Oliver Asher]]
*[[John Vincent Atanasoff]]
*[[Kevin Gordon Barrow]]
*[[Alexander Graham Bell]]
*[[Filmore Bender]]
*[[John Shaw Billings]]
*[[Harry Blackmun]]
*[[Herbert Block]]
*[[Thomas E. Bryant]]
*[[Vannevar Bush]]
*[[Robert Butler]]
*[[Stanwood Cobb]]
*[[Henry B. Collins]]
*[[Karl Compton]]
*[[Frank Cyr]]
{{Col-break}}
*[[Clarence Edward Dutton]]
*[[John Hope Franklin]]
*[[Billie Frazier]]
*[[William R. Green]]
*[[William Harkness]]
*[[Helen Hayes]]
*[[Herbert Hoover]]
*[[Abraham Horwitz]]
*[[M. Thomas Inge]]
*[[Howard Jenkins, Jr.]]
*[[Marvin Kalb]]
*[[James Katzer]]
*[[Henry Kissinger]]
*[[David Linowes]]
*[[Sol Linowitz]]
*[[Vladimir Lumelsky]]
*[[Robert McNamara]]
{{Col-break}}
*[[Albert H. Marckwardt]]
*[[Sandra Day O'Connor]]
*[[Douglas Lane Patey]]
*[[Stanton J. Peelle]]
*[[George B. Post]]
*[[John Wesley Powell]]
*[[Larry Pressler]]
*[[Henry Smith Pritchett]]
*[[Mila Rechcigl]]
*[[Hood Roberts]]
*[[William Rodney]]
*[[Nelson Rockefeller]]
*[[Carl Sagan]]
*[[Roger Shuy]]
*[[Julian Steward]]
*[[William Howard Taft]]
*[[Joseph Weber]]
*[[Woodrow Wilson]]
{{Col-end}}

==See also==
* [[List of American gentlemen's clubs]]

==External links==
* [http://www.cosmos-club.org/ Official web site of the Cosmos Club]

==References==

{{note|Statement}} [http://www.cosmos-club.org Cosmos Club Official Site]
*[http://hillyer.org/historyexhibit/fullwebsite.html Presidents in the Cosmos]
*{{cite book | last = Spaulding | first =Thomas M. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Cosmos Club on Lafayette Square | publisher = The Cosmos Club | date = 1949 | location = Washington, D.C. | url = | doi = | id = }}
*{{cite book | last = Crossette | first =George | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Founders of The Cosmos Club of Washington, 1878 | publisher = The Cosmos Club | date = 1966 | location = Washington, D.C. | url = | doi = | id = }}
*{{cite book | last=Washburn | first=Wilcomb E. | title = The Cosmos Club of Washington : a centennial history, 1878-1978 | publisher = The Cosmos Club | date = 1978| location = Washington, D.C. | }}

{{US-org-stub}}

[[Category:Private clubs]]
[[Category:1878 establishments]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Clubs and societies in the United States]]
[[Category:Organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Traditional gentlemen's clubs]]

New Wave of American Heavy Metal

2008-06-24T20:48:23Z

Dusti: Reverted edits by 98.217.147.228 to last version by ClueBot (using Huggle)

{{Infobox Music genre
|name={{pagename}}
|bgcolor=#b02
|color=white
|stylistic_origins= [[Hardcore punk]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" /><br/>[[Thrash metal]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" /><br/>[[Groove metal]]<br/>[[Metalcore]]<br/>[[Death metal]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" /><br/>[[Melodic death metal]]<ref name="maximummetal">{{cite web
| url = http://www.maximummetal.com/columns/tales/37.asp
| publisher = Maximum Metal
| title = NWOAHM - New Frontier Or Well Worn Path?
| author =
| accessdate = 2008-05-18
}}</ref>
|cultural_origins=Mid 1990s<ref name="Blabbermouth" /> [[United States]]
|instruments=[[Electric guitar]] - [[Bass guitar|Bass]] - [[Drums]]
|popularity=Rise in worldwide popularity since mid 2000s<ref name="popmatters" />
|derivatives=
|subgenrelist=
|subgenres=
|fusiongenres=
|regional_scenes=
}}

The '''New Wave of American Heavy Metal''' (abbreviated as '''NWOAHM''' or '''NWoAHM''') is a movement in [[heavy metal music]] that originated in the [[United States]] during the late 1990s. The term ''NWOAHM'' is a reference to the [[New Wave of British Heavy Metal]] movement of the 1980s.<ref name="Blabbermouth" /><ref name="NWOAHM">Garry Sharpe-Young, ''New Wave of American Heavy Metal'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=uIIf03bGyAAC&pg=PP10&dq=nwoahm&ei=a7ohSNGYCrW2iQGP95nFDQ&sig=yhEpvA_dhNF6I5YwMJACJGRA3XY#PPP10,M1 (link)]</ref><ref name="LOTFP-TGOGMP" /> Although the term is used by the Rock media with increasing frequency, the definition has not been finished completely.<ref name="NWOAHM" /> NWOAHM is considered to bring the heavy metal back to mainstream.<ref name="LOTFP-TGOGMP" /><ref name="popmatters" />

== History ==

The movement has its origins in a group of post-[[grunge music|grunge]] acts such as [[Pantera]], [[Biohazard (band)|Biohazard]], [[Slipknot]] and [[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]] that brought heavy metal "back to its core brutality and drawing not from the traditional [[Blues]] formula but from [[New York hardcore|NYHC]], [[thrash metal]] and [[punk rock|punk]]."<ref name="NWOAHM" /> "At one end of the spectrum, you have the traditionalists, the bands who choose to remain within the rigid confines of whatever style they play; and at the other, the innovators who, despite equally strong contributions from the traditionalists, are providing the most thrills these days, taking metal's sound in daring new directions."<ref name="popmatters" />

Garry Sharpe-Young from [[Rockdetector]] says that in the book ''New Wave of American Heavy Metal'' he "included some of the older bands that show the real roots of metalcore, like [[Agnostic Front]] and the whole [[New York hardcore|NYHC]], plus the groups that broke the metal scene into new territory after grunge — Pantera, Biohazard and Machine Head. From there it gets really diverse, crossing the spectrum from [[melodic death metal]] to [[Emo|emocore]] and everything in between."<ref name="Blabbermouth" /> The movement encompasses a number of different styles including [[alternative metal]], [[Goth subculture|sub-Gothique]] [[Emo|emocore]], [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]], [[progressive metal]], [[mathcore]], [[melodic death metal]], [[metalcore]], [[groove metal|neo-thrash]] and [[screamo]] bands.<ref name="Blabbermouth">{{cite web |title='New Wave Of American Heavy Metal' Book Documents Over 600 Bands |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=44955 |publisher=Blabbermouth.net |accessmonthday=April 27 |accessyear=2008}}</ref><ref name="maximummetal" /><ref name="NWOAHM" /><ref name="popmatters">{{cite web
| url = http://www.popmatters.com/columns/begrand/051014.shtml
| publisher = Popmatters
| title = BLOOD AND THUNDER: Regeneration
| author = Adrien Begrand
| accessdate = 2008-05-14
}}</ref><ref name="zonda">{{cite web
| url = http://www.zondabooks.com/titles/nwoahm/
| publisher = Zondabooks
| title = New Wave of American Heavy Metal
| author =
| accessdate = 2006-05-06
}}</ref>

== List of NWOAHM key artists ==
A list of notable bands who emerged during the NWOAHM era of music:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*[[All That Remains (band)|All That Remains]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Terry, Nick |title=''The Fall of Ideals'' review |url=http://www.decibelmagazine.com/reviews/aug2006/allthatremains.aspx |publisher=Decibelmagazine.com |accessmonthday=April 27 |accessyear=2008}}</ref>
*[[As I Lay Dying (band)|As I Lay Dying]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" />
*[[Atreyu (band)|Atreyu]]<ref name="metalexpressradio" />
*[[Between the Buried and Me]]<ref name="zonda" /><ref name="Blabbermouth" />
*[[Biohazard (band)|Biohazard]]<ref name="NWOAHM" /><ref name="Blabbermouth" /><ref name="zonda" />
*<font size =2>
*[[Byzantine (band)|Byzantine]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" />
<div class="NavFrame" style="padding:0;border-style:none;">
<div class="NavFrame" style="border-style:none;padding:0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#EDF1F1;text-align:left;text-style:normal">
*<font size =2>[[Chimaira (band)|Chimaira]]</font><ref>{{cite web |author=Bansal, Vik |title=''The Impossibility Of Reason'' review |url=http://www.musicomh.com/albums/chimaira.htm |publisher-Musicomh.com |accessmonthday=April 27 |accessyear=2008}}</ref><ref name="rock of lamb" /><ref name="metalexpressradio" /></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;text-align:left;">
:* [[This Present Darkness (album)|''This Present Darkness EP'']] (2000)
:* [[Pass Out of Existence|''Pass Out of Existence'']] (2001)
:* [[The Impossibility of Reason|''The Impossibility of Reason'']] (2003)
:* [[Chimaira (album)|''Chimaira'']] (2005)
:* [[Resurrection (Chimaira album)|''Resurrection'']] (2007)
</div></div></div>
*[[Damageplan]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" />
*[[Darkest Hour (band)|Darkest Hour]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" />
*[[DevilDriver]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" />
*<font size =2>[[God Forbid]]</font><ref>{{cite web |author=Terry, Nick |title=''IV: Constitution of Treason'' review |url=http://www.decibelmagazine.com/reviews/oct2005/godforbid.aspx |publisher=Decibelmagazine.com |accessmonthday=April 27 |accessyear=2008}}</ref>
*[[Hatebreed]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Armin |title=Interview with Mike Chlasciak |url=http://www.metalglory.de/interviews.php?nr=253 |publisher=metalglory.de |accessmonthday=April 27 |accessyear=2008}}</ref>
<div class="NavFrame" style="padding:0;border-style:none;">
<div class="NavFrame" style="border-style:none;padding:0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#EDF1F1;text-align:left;text-style:normal">
*<font size =2>[[Killswitch Engage]]</font><ref name="rock of lamb" /><ref>{{cite web |author=Terry, Nick |title=''As Daylight Dies'' review |publisher=Decibelmagazine.com |url=http://www.decibelmagazine.com/reviews/dec2006/killswitchengage.aspx |accessmonthday=April 27 |accessyear=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Bansal, Vik |title=Killswitch Engage - Metal To The Core |url=http://www.musicomh.com/interviews/killswitch-engage.htm |publisher-Musicomh.com |accessmonthday=April 27 |accessyear=2008}}</ref><ref name="stylus sacrament" /><ref name="blabbermouth2">{{cite web
| url = http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=31533
| publisher = [[Blabbermouth]]
| title = THROWDOWN Prepare To Record New Album
| author =
| accessdate = 2008-06-24
}}</ref></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;text-align:left;">
:* [[Killswitch Engage (album)|''Killswitch Engage'']] (2000)
:* [[Alive or Just Breathing|''Alive or Just Breathing'']] (2002)
:* [[The End of Heartache|''The End of Heartache'']] (2004)
:* [[As Daylight Dies|''As Daylight Dies'']] (2006)
</div></div></div>
<div class="NavFrame" style="padding:0;border-style:none;">
<div class="NavFrame" style="border-style:none;padding:0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#EDF1F1;text-align:left;text-style:normal">
*<font size =2>[[Lamb of God (band)|Lamb of God]]</font><ref name="LOTFP-TGOGMP">{{cite web |author=James Edward |title=The Ghosts of Glam Metal Past |url=http://www.lotfp.com/content.php?editorialid=64 |publisher=Lamentations of the Flame Princess |accessmonthday=April 27 |accessyear=2008}}</ref><ref name="rock of lamb">{{cite web |author=Fong, Erik |title=Rock of Lamb |url=http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/07.20.05/lamb-0529.html |publisher=Metroactive.com |accessmonthday=April 27 |accessyear=2008}}</ref><ref name="stylus sacrament">{{cite web |author=Lee, Cosmo |title=''Sacrament'' review |publisher=Stylusmagazine.com |url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/lamb-of-god/sacrament.htm |accessmonthday=April 27 |accessyear=2008}}</ref></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;text-align:left;">
:* [[Burn the Priest (album)|''Burn the Priest'']] (1999)
:* [[New American Gospel|''New American Gospel'']] (2000)
:* [[As the Palaces Burn|''As the Palaces Burn'']] (2003)
:* [[Ashes of the Wake|''Ashes of the Wake'']] (2004)
:* [[Sacrament (album)|''Sacrament'']] (2006)
</div></div></div>
*[[Life of Agony]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" /><ref name="zonda" />
<div class="NavFrame" style="padding:0;border-style:none;">
<div class="NavFrame" style="border-style:none;padding:0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background:#EDF1F1;text-align:left;text-style:normal">
*<font size =2>[[Machine Head (band)|Machine Head]]<ref name="NWOAHM" /><ref name="Blabbermouth" /><ref name="zonda" /><ref name="metalexpressradio">{{cite web
| url = http://www.metalexpressradio.com/menu.php?main=reviews&id=1013
| publisher = Metal Express Radio
| title = LAMB OF GOD - Burn The Priest
| author = SHOEGAZER ROSS
| accessdate = 2008-05-06
}}</ref></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;text-align:left;">
:* [[Burn My Eyes|''Burn My Eyes'']] (1994)
:* [[The More Things Change...|''The More Things Change...'']] (1997)
:* [[The Burning Red|''The Burning Red'']] (1999)
:* [[Supercharger (album)|''Supercharger'']] (2001)
:* [[Through the Ashes of Empires|''Through the Ashes of Empires'']] (2003)
:* [[The Blackening|''The Blackening'']] (2007)
</div></div></div>
{{col-2}}
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*<font size =2>[[Mastodon (band)|Mastodon]]</font><ref name="LOTFP-TGOGMP" /><ref name="popmatters" /></div>
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:* [[Lifesblood|''Lifesblood'']] (2001)
:* [[Remission (Mastodon album)|''Remission'']] (2002)
:* [[Leviathan (album)|''Leviathan'']] (2004)
:* [[Blood Mountain (album)|''Blood Mountain'']] (2006)
</div></div></div>
*[[Otep]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" />
*[[Pantera]]<ref name="NWOAHM" /><ref name="Blabbermouth" /><ref name="zonda" />
*[[Poison the Well]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" />
*[[Prong (band)|Prong]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" /><ref name="zonda" />
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*<font size =2>[[Shadows Fall]]</font><ref name="LOTFP-TGOGMP" /><ref name="rock of lamb" /><ref name="stylus sacrament" /><ref>{{cite web |author=Bansal, Vik |title=''The War Within'' review |url=http://www.musicomh.com/albums/shadows-fall.htm |publisher-Musicomh.com |accessmonthday=April 27 |accessyear=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Terry, Nick |title=''The War Within'' review |publisher=Decibelmagazine.com |url=http://www.decibelmagazine.com/reviews/oct2004/shadows_fall.aspx |accessmonthday=April 27 |accessyear=2008}}</ref><ref name="blabbermouth2" /></div>
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:* [[Somber Eyes to the Sky|''Somber Eyes to the Sky'']] (1997)
:* [[Of One Blood|''Of One Blood'']] (2000)
:* [[The Art of Balance|''The Art of Balance'']] (2002)
:* [[The War Within|''The War Within'']] (2004)
:* [[Fallout from the War|''Fallout from the War'']] (2006)
:* [[Threads of Life|''Threads of Life'']] (2007)
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*<font size =2>[[Slipknot (band)|Slipknot]]<ref name="NWOAHM" /><ref name="Blabbermouth" /><ref name="zonda" /><ref name="metalexpressradio" /></div>
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:* ''[[Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat.]]'' (1996)
:* [[Slipknot (album)|''Slipknot'']] (1999)
:* [[Iowa (album)|''Iowa'']] (2001)
:* [[Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)|''Vol. 3: The Subliminal Verses'']] (2004)
</div></div></div>
*[[Superjoint Ritual]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" />
*[[The Agony Scene]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" />
*[[The Black Dahlia Murder]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" />
*[[The Dillinger Escape Plan]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" />
*[[The Red Chord]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" />
*[[Throwdown]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" />
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*<font size =2>[[Trivium (band)|Trivium]]</font><ref>{{cite web |author=Bansal, Vik |title=''Ascendancy'' review |url=http://www.musicomh.com/albums/trivium.htm |publisher-Musicomh.com |accessmonthday=April 27 |accessyear=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Terry, Nick |title=''Ascendancy'' review |publisher=Decibelmagazine.com |url=http://www.decibelmagazine.com/reviews/may2005/trivium.aspx |accessmonthday=April 27 |accessyear=2008}}</ref></div>
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:* [[Ember to Inferno|''Ember to Inferno'']] (2003)
:* [[Ascendancy (album)|''Ascendancy'']] (2005)
:* [[The Crusade (album)|''The Crusade'']] (2006)
</div></div></div>
*[[Unearth]]<ref name="Blabbermouth" />
{{col-end}}

==References==
*{{citation |last=Sharpe-Young |first=Garry |title=New Wave of American Heavy Metal |location= New Plymouth |publisher=Zonda Books Limited |date=2005 |ISBN=0958268401}}
*{{citation |last=Raggi IV |first=James Edward |title=The Ghosts of Glam Metal Past |url=http://www.lotfp.com/content.php?editorialid=64 |journal=Lamentations of the Flame Princess
|date=December 2006 |accessdate=2008-04-27}}
*{{citation |last=maxxxisgod |first= |title=New Wave Of Same Old Metal |url=http://www.ultimate-guitar.com/columns/junkyard/new_wave_of_same_old_metal.html |journal=ultimate-guitar.com
|date=2005 |accessdate=2008-06-24}}
*{{citation |last= |first= |title=Chimaira |url=http://www.rob-arnold-rocks.com/chimaira.php |journal=rob-arnold-rocks.com
|date= |accessdate=2008-06-24}}
*Decibel Magazine - Sleepytime Gorilla Museum - Sleepytime Gorilla Museum of Natural History [http://www.decibelmagazine.com/reviews/dec2004/sleepytime.aspx?terms=NWOAHM&searchtype=2&fragment=True link]
*Decibel Magazine - Diecast - Internal Revolution [http://www.decibelmagazine.com/reviews_detail.aspx?id=5314&terms=NWOAHM&searchtype=2&fragment=True link]
*Decibel Magazine - The Haunted - The Dead Eye [http://www.decibelmagazine.com/reviews/dec2006/thehaunted.aspx?terms=NWOAHM&searchtype=2&fragment=True link]
*Music OMH - Killswitch Engage - Metal To The Core
*Music OMH - Zao - The Funeral Of God [http://www.musicomh.com/albums/zao.htm link]
*About Heavy Metal Albums - NWOAHM - Lamb Of God [http://www.about-heavy-metal-albums.com/20201.html link]
*[http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/New+Wave+of+American+Heavy+Metal+(music+genre) The Free Dictionary]
*[http://www.acronymfinder.com/acronym.aspx?rec={367D6167-3B1F-4312-A868-183882734F38} Acronymfinder]
*Agony Scene Review[http://www.sweetslyrics.com/bio-THE%20AGONY%20SCENE.html]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.last.fm/listen/globaltags/NWOAHM NWOAHM radio on Last FM]

{{Heavymetal}}

[[Category:Heavy metal]]
[[Category:American styles of music]]

Stephen M. Young

2008-03-14T19:12:13Z

Dusti: Reverted edits by 66.21.192.59 (talk) to last version by Dimadick

{{otherpeople2|Stephen Young}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2008}}

[[Image:Y000053.jpg|frame|right|'''Stephen M. Young''' Credited to the United States Senate Historical Office]]
'''Stephen Marvin Young''' ([[May 4]], [[1889]] – [[December 1]], [[1984]]) was an [[United States of America|American]] politician of the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] from [[Ohio]]. He was a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from Ohio from 1958 until 1971.

Young received a law degree from [[Case Western Reserve University|Western Reserve University]] in [[Cleveland, Ohio]] in 1911.

He served as an Ohio state representative from 1913 to 1917, and as an assistant prosecutor of [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio]], from 1917 to 1918. He then served in the U.S. Army during World War I. In 1919, he returned to the Cuyahoga County prosecutor's office.

In 1922, Young ran for the office of Ohio attorney general and lost. In 1930, he ran for the nomination to be the Democratic candidate for [[List of Governors of Ohio|governor of Ohio]] but lost to fellow Democrat [[George White (Ohio politician)|George White]], who went on to win the governorship.

From 1931 to 1932, Young served on the Ohio Commission on Unemployment Insurance. In 1932, Young was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]. He was re-elected to his House seat in 1934. In 1936, instead of running for re-election to the House, Young ran for governor of Ohio again. This time, he lost the Democratic nomination to incumbent Gov. [[Martin Davey]], [[George White (Ohio politician)|George White]]'s successor.

From 1937 to 1939, Young served as special counsel to the attorney general of Ohio. In 1940, Young was again elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, one of two at-large representatives elected that year (the other being Republican [[George H. Bender]]). Losing that race were Democrat [[Francis W. Durbin]] and Republican [[L. L. Marshall]]. However, in 1942, he failed in his re-election bid, losing to [[George H. Bender|Bender]].

During World War II, from 1943 to 1946, Young served in the U.S. Army, entering as a major and being discharged as a lieutenant colonel. He returned to practicing law in Cleveland and [[Washington, D.C.]]

In 1948, Young was elected to the U.S. House for a third time, defeating [[George H. Bender|Bender]]. He again lost his seat to [[George H. Bender|Bender]] in the 1950 election. In 1956, Young ran for attorney general of Ohio, but lost to Republican [[William B. Saxbe]]. In 1958, Young ran for the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] against incumbent Republican [[John W. Bricker]]. Bricker seemed invincible, but Young capitalized on widespread public opposition to the proposed "right to work" amendment to Ohio's constitution, which Bricker had endorsed. Few thought that Young, 70 at the time, could win; even members of his own party had doubts, particularly Ohio's other senator, Democrat [[Frank J. Lausche]]. In an upset, Young defeated Bricker. Young knew that Lausche had not supported him and, when he took the oath of office, refused to allow Lausche to stand with him. This broke with the Senate custom of a senior senator escorting the junior senator of his state to take the oath.

Young was re-elected in 1964, defeating Republican [[Robert Taft, Jr.|Robert Taft Jr.]]. Young decided not to run for re-election to the Senate in 1970. The Democrats selected [[Howard Metzenbaum]] to replace Young, but Metzenbaum lost the race to [[Robert Taft, Jr.|Taft]], who was again the Republican nominee. Metzenbaum eventually won Young's Senate seat back from Taft and held it for the Democratic Party until his retirement.

Young could be feisty and even acerbic at times. He was perhaps best known for returning a letter to a constituent with the note, "Some idiot sent me this letter and signed your name to it." Another constituent once wrote Young on an issue of public policy, ending the letter with a request to have "intercourse" with Young on the issue. Young replied, "Go have intercourse with yourself."

Young lived in Washington, D.C., until his death in 1984. He was buried in Norwalk Cemetery, [[Norwalk, Ohio]].

In the 1998 miniseries ''[[From the Earth to the Moon (HBO)|From the Earth to the Moon]]'' Young was portrayed by [[J. Don Ferguson]].

{{start box}}
{{USRepSuccessionBox
| state=Ohio
| district=AL
| before=None
| years=1932 – 1936<br/>alongside [[George H. Bender]], [[Daniel Scofield Earhart]]
| after=[[Harold G. Mosier]], [[John McSweeney (politician)|John McSweeney]]}}
{{USRepSuccessionBox
| state=Ohio
| district=AL
| before=[[George H. Bender]], [[L. L. Marshall]]
| years=1940 – 1942<br/>alongside [[George H. Bender]]
| after=[[George H. Bender]]}}
{{USRepSuccessionBox
| state=Ohio
| district=AL
| before=[[George H. Bender]]
| years=1948 – 1950
| after=[[George H. Bender]]}}
{{U.S. Senator box
| state=Ohio
| class=1
| before=[[John W. Bricker]]
| after=[[Robert Taft, Jr.]]
| years=1959 – 1971}}
{{succession box
| title=[[Earliest living US senator##1 Oldest Senators (Historic)|Oldest living U.S. Senator]]
| before=[[Hall S. Lusk|Hall Lusk]]
| after=[[Samuel W. Reynolds|Samuel Reynolds]]
|years= [[May 15]], [[1983]]-[[December 1]], [[1984]]}}
{{end box}}

==External links==
*{{CongBio|Y000053}}

{{USSenOH}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Young, Stephen M.}}
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1968]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Ohio]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio]]
[[Category:Members of the Ohio House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:American military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:People from Cleveland, Ohio]]
[[Category:Case Western Reserve University alumni]]
[[Category:Prosecutors]]
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]

Laura duPont

2008-01-11T18:49:02Z

Dusti:

{{unreferenced}}.

'''Laura DuPont''' (May 1949 - February 2002) was a champion singles tennis player. Along with winning many tournaments, Laura DuPont is also the first woman to win a national title in any sport for the [[University of North Carolina]],<ref>http://www.wm.edu/tenniscenter/dupont.html</ref> as well as be the first female [[All-American]]<ref>http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/uars/ead/40094.html</ref> at the school.

Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Laura became acquainted with tennis by practicing on the city's public courts. In her adolescent years, Laura moved to North Carolina, where she showed promise competing in junior tennis championships.

Laura attended the [[University of North Carolina]] where she was thrice named Mid-Atlantic Singles Collegiate Champion. Aside from her tennis accolades at the school, she also played varsity basketball. In [[1970]], Laura was named North Carolina AAU Athlete of the Year.<ref>http://www.wm.edu/tenniscenter/dupont.html</ref> In [[1972]], Laura graduated and joined the tennis inter-national circuit soon after. She won the Canadian, Argentine, and German singles and by 1977 she was ranked 10th worldwide in women's singles tennis.