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Phelps and Gorham Purchase

2009-04-05T12:40:58Z

Dspark76: Added Section Titles

The '''Phelps and Gorham Purchase''' was the purchase in 1788 of the pre-emptive right to some 6,000,000 [[acre]]s (24,000 km²) of land in western [[New York]] State for $1,000,000 (roughly equivalent to $20,000,000,000 in 2005). This was all land in western New York west of [[Seneca Lake (New York)|Seneca Lake]] between [[Lake Ontario]] and the [[Pennsylvania]] border. The purchasers were [[Oliver Phelps]] and [[Nathaniel Gorham]], both of [[Massachusetts]], and the seller was the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (In some discussions of this subject elsewhere, the Phelps and Gorham Purchase refers to all 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²) and in others it refers only to the 2,250,000 acres (9,100 km²) upon which Phelps and Gorham managed to extinguish [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] [[title]]. This comes about because although Phelps and Gorham purchased pre-emptive rights to all 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²;), they were only able to extinguish Indian rights—and obtain clear title—to the portion ''east'' of the Genesee River.)

[[Image:PhelpsGorhamMap Milliken.gif|right|thumb|300px|Map of Phelps and Gorham Purchase 1802-1806]]

== Colonial land rights ==
Following the [[American Revolution]], western New York was opened up for development as soon as New York and Massachusetts compromised and settled their competing claims for the area in December 1786 by the [[Treaty of Hartford]]. The compromise was that, while New York would have sovereignty over the land, Massachusetts would have the "pre-emptive" right to obtain title from the Indians.

By act of the Massachusetts Legislature, approved April 1, 1788 (Laws and Res. 1786-87, c. 135, p. 900), it was provided that 'this Commonwealth doth hereby agree, to grant, sell & convey' to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham, for a purchase price was $1,000,000, payable in three equal annual instalments of certain Massachusetts securities then worth about 20 cents on the dollar. , 'all the Right, Title & Demand, which the said Commonwealth has in & to the said Western Territory' ceded to it by the Treaty of Hartford.

== Counsel at Bufallo Creek ==
Phelps and Gorham wasted no time in exploiting their purchase. On July 8, 1788, Phelps met with Indians of the Five Indian Nations of the [[Iroquois Confederacy]] (including Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, Cayugas, and Senecas) at [[Buffalo River (New York)|Buffalo Creek]] to execute a deed or treaty for rights to a portion of their land.<ref name="RochesterHistoryPhelps"> {{cite journal |last=McKeveley |first= Blake|year=1939 |month=January |title=Historic Aspects of the Phelps and Gorham Treaty of July 4-8, 1788 |journal=Rochester History |volume=1 |issue=1 | publisher=Rochester Public Library | issn =0035-7413 |url=http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf |accessdate=2008-01-05}} </ref> The description embraces only approximately the east one-third of the territory ceded to Massachusetts by the Treaty of Hartford, from the [[Genesee River]] as the west boundary to a point 'in the north boundary line of the State of Pennsylvania in the parallel of forty-two degrees north latitude at a point distant eighty-two miles west from the northeast corner of Pennsylvania on Delaware river.' (the [[Preemption Line]]). In addition, the agreement included a small tract of lands west of the Genesee running south from [[Lake Ontario]] approximately 24 miles (39 km) and extending west from the river 12 miles (19 km) from "the westernmost bend of the Genesee," with this western boundary paralleling the course of the Genesee. This 184,300 acre (746 km²) tract west of the Genesee was known as [[The Mill Yard Tract]], so named because Phelps and Gorham asked the Indians for land west of the Genesee at the Falls so they could build a sawmill and gristmill. For this extinction of title, Phelps and Gorham paid the Indians $5,000, plus an annuity of $500. The area to which title was extinguished comprised some 2,250,000 acres (9,100 km²), including the Mill Yard Tract.

== Default ==
Due to Phelps and Gorham's default on the 1790 instalment, the preemptive right to lands of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase ''west'' of the Genesee River, comprising some 3,750,000 acres (15,000 km²), reverted back to Massachusetts on March 10, 1791. On March 12, 1791, Massachusetts agreed to sell the pre-emptive right to the lands ''west'' of the Genesee to [[Robert Morris (merchant)|Robert Morris]] for $333,333,33. The land was conveyed to Morris in five deeds on May 11, 1791. At that time, Morris was the richest man in America, as well as a signer of the Declaration of Independence and financier of the American Revolution.

Morris then re-sold most of these lands in December 1792 and in February and July 1793 to the [[Holland Land Company]] (known as [[The Holland Purchase]]). Morris, however, reserved for himself 500,000 acres (2,000 km²) in a twelve-mile (19 km)-wide (19 km) strip along the east side of the lands acquired from Massachusetts, from the Pennsylvania border to Lake Ontario, known as [[The Morris Reserve]]. At the north end of the Morris Reserve, an 87,000 acre (350 km²) triangular-shaped tract ("[[The Triangle Tract]]") was sold by Morris to Herman Leroy, William Bayard and John McEvers, while a 100,000 acre (400 km²) tract due west of the Triangle Tract was sold to the State of Connecticut. In September 1797, Morris extinguished the remaining Indian title for all the lands ''west'' of the Genesee at the "Treaty of Big Tree" ([[Geneseo (village), New York|Geneseo]]).

The Phelps and Gorham lands ''east'' of the Genesee River that had not already been sold were also acquired by Robert Morris in August 1790—some 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km²)—who re-sold them to [[The Pulteney Association]].

==Additional Maps==
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Image:WNY5.PNG|left|thumb|150px|Labeled Map showing Phelps & Gorham's Purchase (including the Mill Yard Tract)]]
|}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf Phelps & Gorham Treaty of July 4-8, l788, Historical Aspects of the, ''Rochester History'' magazine, by Blake McKelvey Vol 1 No(s)1 (January 1939) (PDF format)]
*[http://www.crookedlakereview.com/articles/101_135/131spring2004/131robortella.html The Field Notes of Col. Hugh Maxwell's Pre-emption Line Survey in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase] transcribed by John M. Robortella
*[http://www.sullivanclinton.com/mapset/shell.swf For Animations of these Land Acquisitions click Map Scene 5] Map animation by Dr. Robert Spiegelman

[[Category:Former regions and territories of the United States]]
[[Category:History of New York]]

Phelps and Gorham Purchase

2008-01-25T09:29:32Z

Dspark76: Added Additional Map from new reference

'''The Phelps and Gorham Purchase''' was the purchase in [[1788]] of the pre-emptive right to some 6,000,000 [[acre]]s (24,000 km²) of land in western [[New York]] State for $1,000,000 (roughly equivalent to $20,000,000,000 in 2005). This was all land in western New York west of [[Seneca Lake (New York)|Seneca Lake]] between [[Lake Ontario]] and the [[Pennsylvania]] border. The purchasers were [[Oliver Phelps]] and [[Nathaniel Gorham]], both of [[Massachusetts]], and the seller was the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (In some discussions of this subject elsewhere, the Phelps and Gorham Purchase refers to all 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²) and in others it refers only to the 2,250,000 acres (9,100 km²) upon which Phelps and Gorham managed to extinguish [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] [[title]]. This comes about because although Phelps and Gorham purchased pre-emptive rights to all 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²;), they were only able to extinguish Indian rights—and obtain clear title—to the portion ''east'' of the Genesee River.)

[[Image:PhelpsGorhamMap_Milliken.gif|right|thumb|300px|Map of Phelps and Gorham Purchase 1802-1806]]

Following the [[American Revolution]], western New York was opened up for development as soon as New York and Massachusetts compromised and settled their competing claims for the area in December [[1786]] by the [[Treaty of Hartford]]. The compromise was that, while New York would have sovereignty over the land, Massachusetts would have the "pre-emptive" right to obtain title from the Indians.

By act of the Massachusetts Legislature, approved April 1, 1788 (Laws and Res. 1786-87, c. 135, p. 900), it was provided that 'this Commonwealth doth hereby agree, to grant, sell & convey' to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham, for a purchase price was $1,000,000, payable in three equal annual instalments of certain Massachusetts securities then worth about 20 cents on the dollar. , 'all the Right, Title & Demand, which the said Commonwealth has in & to the said Western Territory' ceded to it by the Treaty of Hartford.

Phelps and Gorham wasted no time in exploiting their purchase. On July 8, 1788, Phelps and Gorham met with Indians of the Five Indian Nations of the [[Iroquois Confederacy]] (including Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, Cayugas, and Senecas) at [[Buffalo River (New York)|Buffalo Creek]] to execute a deed or treaty for rights to a portion of their land.<ref name="RochesterHistoryPhelps"> {{cite journal |last=McKeveley |first= Blake|year=1939 |month=January |title=Historic Aspects of the Phelps and Gorham Treaty of July 4-8, 1788 |journal=Rochester History |volume=1 |issue=1 | publisher=Rochester Public Library | issn =0035-7413 |url=http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf |accessdate=2008-01-05}} </ref> The description embraces only approximately the east one-third of the territory ceded to Massachusetts by the Treaty of Hartford, from the [[Genesee River]] as the west boundary to a point 'in the north boundary line of the State of Pennsylvania in the parallel of forty-two degrees north latitude at a point distant eighty-two miles west from the northeast corner of Pennsylvania on Delaware river.' (the [[Preemption Line]]). In addition, the agreement included a small tract of lands west of the Genesee running south from [[Lake Ontario]] approximately 24 miles (39 km) and extending west from the river 12 miles (19 km) from "the westernmost bend of the Genesee," with this western boundary paralleling the course of the Genesee. This 184,300-acre (746 km²) tract west of the Genesee was known as [[The Mill Yard Tract]], so named because Phelps and Gorham asked the Indians for land west of the Genesee at the Falls so they could build a sawmill and gristmill. For this extinction of title, Phelps and Gorham paid the Indians $5,000, plus an annuity of $500. The area to which title was extinguished comprised some 2,250,000 acres (9,100 km²), including the Mill Yard Tract.

Due to Phelps and Gorham's default on the 1790 instalment, the preemptive right to lands of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase ''west'' of the Genesee River, comprising some 3,750,000 acres (15,000 km²), reverted back to Massachusetts on March 10, 1791. On March 12, 1791, Massachusetts agreed to sell the pre-emptive right to the lands ''west'' of the Genesee to [[Robert Morris (merchant)|Robert Morris]] for $333,333,33. The land was conveyed to Morris in five deeds on May 11, 1791. At that time, Morris was the richest man in America, as well as a signer of the Declaration of Independence and financier of the American Revolution.

Morris then re-sold most of these lands in December [[1792]] and in February and July [[1793]] to the [[Holland Land Company]] (known as [[The Holland Purchase]]). Morris, however, reserved for himself 500,000 acres (2,000 km²) in a twelve-mile-wide (19 km) strip along the east side of the lands acquired from Massachusetts, from the Pennsylvania border to Lake Ontario, known as [[The Morris Reserve]]. At the north end of the Morris Reserve, an 87,000-acre (350 km²) triangular-shaped tract ("[[The Triangle Tract]]") was sold by Morris to Herman Leroy, William Bayard and John McEvers, while a 100,000-acre (400 km²) tract due west of the Triangle Tract was sold to the State of Connecticut. In September 1797, Morris extinguished the remaining Indian title for all the lands ''west'' of the Genesee at the "Treaty of Big Tree" ([[Geneseo (village), New York|Geneseo]]).

The Phelps and Gorham lands ''east'' of the Genesee River that had not already been sold were also acquired by Robert Morris in August 1790—some 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km²)—who re-sold them to [[The Pulteney Association]].

==Additional Maps==
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Image:WNY5.PNG|left|thumb|150px|Labeled Map showing Phelps & Gorham's Purchase (including the Mill Yard Tract)]]
|}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf Phelps & Gorham Treaty of July 4-8, l788, Historical Aspects of the, ''Rochester History'' magazine, by Blake McKelvey Vol 1 No(s)1 (January 1939) (PDF format)]
*[http://www.crookedlakereview.com/articles/101_135/131spring2004/131robortella.html The Field Notes of Col. Hugh Maxwell's Pre-emption Line Survey in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase] transcribed by John M. Robortella
*[http://www.sullivanclinton.com/mapset/shell.swf For Animations of these Land Acquisitions click Map Scene 5] Map animation by Dr. Robert Spiegelman

[[Category:Former regions and territories of the United States]]
[[Category:History of New York]]

Phelps and Gorham Purchase

2008-01-06T13:09:06Z

Dspark76: Corrected Ambiguous link for Buffalo Creek

'''The Phelps and Gorham Purchase''' was the purchase in [[1788]] of the pre-emptive right to some 6,000,000 [[acre]]s (24,000 km²) of land in western [[New York]] State for $1,000,000 (roughly equivalent to $20,000,000,000 in 2005). This was all land in western New York west of [[Seneca Lake (New York)|Seneca Lake]] between [[Lake Ontario]] and the [[Pennsylvania]] border. The purchasers were [[Oliver Phelps]] and [[Nathaniel Gorham]], both of [[Massachusetts]], and the seller was the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (In some discussions of this subject elsewhere, the Phelps and Gorham Purchase refers to all 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²) and in others it refers only to the 2,250,000 acres (9,100 km²) upon which Phelps and Gorham managed to extinguish [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] [[title]]. This comes about because although Phelps and Gorham purchased pre-emptive rights to all 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²;), they were only able to extinguish Indian rights—and obtain clear title—to the portion ''east'' of the Genesee River.)

Following the [[American Revolution]], western New York was opened up for development as soon as New York and Massachusetts compromised and settled their competing claims for the area in December [[1786]] by the [[Treaty of Hartford]]. The compromise was that, while New York would have sovereignty over the land, Massachusetts would have the "pre-emptive" right to obtain title from the Indians.

By act of the Massachusetts Legislature, approved April 1, 1788 (Laws and Res. 1786-87, c. 135, p. 900), it was provided that 'this Commonwealth doth hereby agree, to grant, sell & convey' to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham, for a purchase price was $1,000,000, payable in three equal annual instalments of certain Massachusetts securities then worth about 20 cents on the dollar. , 'all the Right, Title & Demand, which the said Commonwealth has in & to the said Western Territory' ceded to it by the Treaty of Hartford.

Phelps and Gorham wasted no time in exploiting their purchase. On July 8, 1788, Phelps and Gorham met with Indians of the Five Indian Nations of the [[Iroquois Confederacy]] (including Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, Cayugas, and Senecas) at [[Buffalo_River_%28New_York%29|Buffalo Creek]] to execute a deed or treaty for rights to a portion of their land. <ref name="RochesterHistoryPhelps"> {{cite journal |last=McKeveley |first= Blake|year=1939 |month=January |title=Historic Aspects of the Phelps and Gorham Treaty of July 4-8, 1788 |journal=Rochester History |volume=1 |issue=1 | publisher=Rochester Public Library | issn =0035-7413 |url=http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf |accessdate=2008-01-05}} </ref> The description embraces only approximately the east one-third of the territory ceded to Massachusetts by the Treaty of Hartford, from the [[Genesee River]] as the west boundry to a point 'in the north boundary line of the State of Pennsylvania in the parallel of forty-two degrees north latitude at a point distant eighty-two miles west from the northeast corner of Pennsylvania on Delaware river.' (the [[Preemption Line]]). In addition, the agreement included a small tract of lands west of the Genesee running south from [[Lake Ontario]] approximately 24 miles (39 km) and extending west from the river 12 miles (19 km) from "the westernmost bend of the Genesee," with this western boundary paralleling the course of the Genesee. This 184,300-acre (746 km²) tract west of the Genesee was known as [[The Mill Yard Tract]], so named because Phelps and Gorham asked the Indians for land west of the Genesee at the Falls so they could build a sawmill and gristmill. For this extinction of title, Phelps and Gorham paid the Indians $5,000, plus an annuity of $500. The area to which title was extinguished comprised some 2,250,000 acres (9,100 km²), including the Mill Yard Tract.

[[Image:WNY5.PNG|thumb|300px|Map showing Phelps & Gorham's Purchase (including the Mill Yard Tract)]]

Due to Phelps and Gorham's default on the 1790 instalment, the preemptive right to lands of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase ''west'' of the Genesee River, comprising some 3,750,000 acres (15,000 km²), reverted back to Massachusetts on March 10, 1791. On March 12, 1791, Massachusetts agreed to sell the pre-emptive right to the lands ''west'' of the Genesee to [[Robert Morris (merchant)|Robert Morris]] for $333,333,33. The land was conveyed to Morris in five deeds on May 11, 1791. At that time, Morris was the richest man in America, as well as a signer of the Declaration of Independence and financier of the American Revolution.

Morris then re-sold most of these lands in December [[1792]] and in February and July [[1793]] to the [[Holland Land Company]] (known as [[The Holland Purchase]]). Morris, however, reserved for himself 500,000 acres (2,000 km²) in a twelve-mile-wide (19 km) strip along the east side of the lands acquired from Massachusetts, from the Pennsylvania border to Lake Ontario, known as [[The Morris Reserve]]. At the north end of the Morris Reserve, an 87,000-acre (350 km²) triangular-shaped tract ("[[The Triangle Tract]]") was sold by Morris to Herman Leroy, William Bayard and John McEvers, while a 100,000-acre (400 km²) tract due west of the Triangle Tract was sold to the State of Connecticut. In September 1797, Morris extinguished the remaining Indian title for all the lands ''west'' of the Genesee at the "Treaty of Big Tree" ([[Geneseo (village), New York|Geneseo]]).

The Phelps and Gorham lands ''east'' of the Genesee River that had not already been sold were also acquired by Robert Morris in August 1790—some 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km²)—who re-sold them to [[The Pulteney Association]].

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf Phelps & Gorham Treaty of July 4-8, l788, Historical Aspects of the, ''Rochester History'' magazine, by Blake McKelvey Vol 1 No(s)1 (January 1939) (PDF format)]
*[http://www.crookedlakereview.com/articles/101_135/131spring2004/131robortella.html The Field Notes of Col. Hugh Maxwell's Pre-emption Line Survey in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase] transcribed by John M. Robortella
*[http://www.sullivanclinton.com/mapset/shell.swf For Animations of these Land Acquisitions click Map Scene 5] Map animation by Dr. Robert Spiegelman

[[Category:Former regions and territories of the United States]]
[[Category:History of New York]]

Phelps and Gorham Purchase

2008-01-06T13:05:56Z

Dspark76: added link onto buffalo creek

'''The Phelps and Gorham Purchase''' was the purchase in [[1788]] of the pre-emptive right to some 6,000,000 [[acre]]s (24,000 km²) of land in western [[New York]] State for $1,000,000 (roughly equivalent to $20,000,000,000 in 2005). This was all land in western New York west of [[Seneca Lake (New York)|Seneca Lake]] between [[Lake Ontario]] and the [[Pennsylvania]] border. The purchasers were [[Oliver Phelps]] and [[Nathaniel Gorham]], both of [[Massachusetts]], and the seller was the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (In some discussions of this subject elsewhere, the Phelps and Gorham Purchase refers to all 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²) and in others it refers only to the 2,250,000 acres (9,100 km²) upon which Phelps and Gorham managed to extinguish [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] [[title]]. This comes about because although Phelps and Gorham purchased pre-emptive rights to all 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²;), they were only able to extinguish Indian rights—and obtain clear title—to the portion ''east'' of the Genesee River.)

Following the [[American Revolution]], western New York was opened up for development as soon as New York and Massachusetts compromised and settled their competing claims for the area in December [[1786]] by the [[Treaty of Hartford]]. The compromise was that, while New York would have sovereignty over the land, Massachusetts would have the "pre-emptive" right to obtain title from the Indians.

By act of the Massachusetts Legislature, approved April 1, 1788 (Laws and Res. 1786-87, c. 135, p. 900), it was provided that 'this Commonwealth doth hereby agree, to grant, sell & convey' to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham, for a purchase price was $1,000,000, payable in three equal annual instalments of certain Massachusetts securities then worth about 20 cents on the dollar. , 'all the Right, Title & Demand, which the said Commonwealth has in & to the said Western Territory' ceded to it by the Treaty of Hartford.

Phelps and Gorham wasted no time in exploiting their purchase. On July 8, 1788, Phelps and Gorham met with Indians of the Five Indian Nations of the [[Iroquois Confederacy]] (including Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, Cayugas, and Senecas) at [[Buffalo Creek]] to execute a deed or treaty for rights to a portion of their land. <ref name="RochesterHistoryPhelps"> {{cite journal |last=McKeveley |first= Blake|year=1939 |month=January |title=Historic Aspects of the Phelps and Gorham Treaty of July 4-8, 1788 |journal=Rochester History |volume=1 |issue=1 | publisher=Rochester Public Library | issn =0035-7413 |url=http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf |accessdate=2008-01-05}} </ref> The description embraces only approximately the east one-third of the territory ceded to Massachusetts by the Treaty of Hartford, from the [[Genesee River]] as the west boundry to a point 'in the north boundary line of the State of Pennsylvania in the parallel of forty-two degrees north latitude at a point distant eighty-two miles west from the northeast corner of Pennsylvania on Delaware river.' (the [[Preemption Line]]). In addition, the agreement included a small tract of lands west of the Genesee running south from [[Lake Ontario]] approximately 24 miles (39 km) and extending west from the river 12 miles (19 km) from "the westernmost bend of the Genesee," with this western boundary paralleling the course of the Genesee. This 184,300-acre (746 km²) tract west of the Genesee was known as [[The Mill Yard Tract]], so named because Phelps and Gorham asked the Indians for land west of the Genesee at the Falls so they could build a sawmill and gristmill. For this extinction of title, Phelps and Gorham paid the Indians $5,000, plus an annuity of $500. The area to which title was extinguished comprised some 2,250,000 acres (9,100 km²), including the Mill Yard Tract.

[[Image:WNY5.PNG|thumb|300px|Map showing Phelps & Gorham's Purchase (including the Mill Yard Tract)]]

Due to Phelps and Gorham's default on the 1790 instalment, the preemptive right to lands of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase ''west'' of the Genesee River, comprising some 3,750,000 acres (15,000 km²), reverted back to Massachusetts on March 10, 1791. On March 12, 1791, Massachusetts agreed to sell the pre-emptive right to the lands ''west'' of the Genesee to [[Robert Morris (merchant)|Robert Morris]] for $333,333,33. The land was conveyed to Morris in five deeds on May 11, 1791. At that time, Morris was the richest man in America, as well as a signer of the Declaration of Independence and financier of the American Revolution.

Morris then re-sold most of these lands in December [[1792]] and in February and July [[1793]] to the [[Holland Land Company]] (known as [[The Holland Purchase]]). Morris, however, reserved for himself 500,000 acres (2,000 km²) in a twelve-mile-wide (19 km) strip along the east side of the lands acquired from Massachusetts, from the Pennsylvania border to Lake Ontario, known as [[The Morris Reserve]]. At the north end of the Morris Reserve, an 87,000-acre (350 km²) triangular-shaped tract ("[[The Triangle Tract]]") was sold by Morris to Herman Leroy, William Bayard and John McEvers, while a 100,000-acre (400 km²) tract due west of the Triangle Tract was sold to the State of Connecticut. In September 1797, Morris extinguished the remaining Indian title for all the lands ''west'' of the Genesee at the "Treaty of Big Tree" ([[Geneseo (village), New York|Geneseo]]).

The Phelps and Gorham lands ''east'' of the Genesee River that had not already been sold were also acquired by Robert Morris in August 1790—some 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km²)—who re-sold them to [[The Pulteney Association]].

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf Phelps & Gorham Treaty of July 4-8, l788, Historical Aspects of the, ''Rochester History'' magazine, by Blake McKelvey Vol 1 No(s)1 (January 1939) (PDF format)]
*[http://www.crookedlakereview.com/articles/101_135/131spring2004/131robortella.html The Field Notes of Col. Hugh Maxwell's Pre-emption Line Survey in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase] transcribed by John M. Robortella
*[http://www.sullivanclinton.com/mapset/shell.swf For Animations of these Land Acquisitions click Map Scene 5] Map animation by Dr. Robert Spiegelman

[[Category:Former regions and territories of the United States]]
[[Category:History of New York]]

Phelps and Gorham Purchase

2008-01-06T12:26:37Z

Dspark76: Eliminated and Clarified repetitive information in paragraphs 3 and 4

'''The Phelps and Gorham Purchase''' was the purchase in [[1788]] of the pre-emptive right to some 6,000,000 [[acre]]s (24,000 km²) of land in western [[New York]] State for $1,000,000 (roughly equivalent to $20,000,000,000 in 2005). This was all land in western New York west of [[Seneca Lake (New York)|Seneca Lake]] between [[Lake Ontario]] and the [[Pennsylvania]] border. The purchasers were [[Oliver Phelps]] and [[Nathaniel Gorham]], both of [[Massachusetts]], and the seller was the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (In some discussions of this subject elsewhere, the Phelps and Gorham Purchase refers to all 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²) and in others it refers only to the 2,250,000 acres (9,100 km²) upon which Phelps and Gorham managed to extinguish [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] [[title]]. This comes about because although Phelps and Gorham purchased pre-emptive rights to all 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²;), they were only able to extinguish Indian rights—and obtain clear title—to the portion ''east'' of the Genesee River.)

Following the [[American Revolution]], western New York was opened up for development as soon as New York and Massachusetts compromised and settled their competing claims for the area in December [[1786]] by the [[Treaty of Hartford]]. The compromise was that, while New York would have sovereignty over the land, Massachusetts would have the "pre-emptive" right to obtain title from the Indians.

By act of the Massachusetts Legislature, approved April 1, 1788 (Laws and Res. 1786-87, c. 135, p. 900), it was provided that 'this Commonwealth doth hereby agree, to grant, sell & convey' to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham, for a purchase price was $1,000,000, payable in three equal annual instalments of certain Massachusetts securities then worth about 20 cents on the dollar. , 'all the Right, Title & Demand, which the said Commonwealth has in & to the said Western Territory' ceded to it by the Treaty of Hartford.

Phelps and Gorham wasted no time in exploiting their purchase. On July 8, 1788, Phelps and Gorham met with Indians of the Five Indian Nations of the [[Iroquois Confederacy]] (including Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, Cayugas, and Senecas) at Buffalo Creek to execute a deed or treaty for rights to a portion of their land. <ref name="RochesterHistoryPhelps"> {{cite journal |last=McKeveley |first= Blake|year=1939 |month=January |title=Historic Aspects of the Phelps and Gorham Treaty of July 4-8, 1788 |journal=Rochester History |volume=1 |issue=1 | publisher=Rochester Public Library | issn =0035-7413 |url=http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf |accessdate=2008-01-05}} </ref> The description embraces only approximately the east one-third of the territory ceded to Massachusetts by the Treaty of Hartford, from the [[Genesee River]] as the west boundry to a point 'in the north boundary line of the State of Pennsylvania in the parallel of forty-two degrees north latitude at a point distant eighty-two miles west from the northeast corner of Pennsylvania on Delaware river.' (the [[Preemption Line]]). In addition, the agreement included a small tract of lands west of the Genesee running south from [[Lake Ontario]] approximately 24 miles (39 km) and extending west from the river 12 miles (19 km) from "the westernmost bend of the Genesee," with this western boundary paralleling the course of the Genesee. This 184,300-acre (746 km²) tract west of the Genesee was known as [[The Mill Yard Tract]], so named because Phelps and Gorham asked the Indians for land west of the Genesee at the Falls so they could build a sawmill and gristmill. For this extinction of title, Phelps and Gorham paid the Indians $5,000, plus an annuity of $500. The area to which title was extinguished comprised some 2,250,000 acres (9,100 km²), including the Mill Yard Tract.

[[Image:WNY5.PNG|thumb|300px|Map showing Phelps & Gorham's Purchase (including the Mill Yard Tract)]]

Due to Phelps and Gorham's default on the 1790 instalment, the preemptive right to lands of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase ''west'' of the Genesee River, comprising some 3,750,000 acres (15,000 km²), reverted back to Massachusetts on March 10, 1791. On March 12, 1791, Massachusetts agreed to sell the pre-emptive right to the lands ''west'' of the Genesee to [[Robert Morris (merchant)|Robert Morris]] for $333,333,33. The land was conveyed to Morris in five deeds on May 11, 1791. At that time, Morris was the richest man in America, as well as a signer of the Declaration of Independence and financier of the American Revolution.

Morris then re-sold most of these lands in December [[1792]] and in February and July [[1793]] to the [[Holland Land Company]] (known as [[The Holland Purchase]]). Morris, however, reserved for himself 500,000 acres (2,000 km²) in a twelve-mile-wide (19 km) strip along the east side of the lands acquired from Massachusetts, from the Pennsylvania border to Lake Ontario, known as [[The Morris Reserve]]. At the north end of the Morris Reserve, an 87,000-acre (350 km²) triangular-shaped tract ("[[The Triangle Tract]]") was sold by Morris to Herman Leroy, William Bayard and John McEvers, while a 100,000-acre (400 km²) tract due west of the Triangle Tract was sold to the State of Connecticut. In September 1797, Morris extinguished the remaining Indian title for all the lands ''west'' of the Genesee at the "Treaty of Big Tree" ([[Geneseo (village), New York|Geneseo]]).

The Phelps and Gorham lands ''east'' of the Genesee River that had not already been sold were also acquired by Robert Morris in August 1790—some 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km²)—who re-sold them to [[The Pulteney Association]].

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf Phelps & Gorham Treaty of July 4-8, l788, Historical Aspects of the, ''Rochester History'' magazine, by Blake McKelvey Vol 1 No(s)1 (January 1939) (PDF format)]
*[http://www.crookedlakereview.com/articles/101_135/131spring2004/131robortella.html The Field Notes of Col. Hugh Maxwell's Pre-emption Line Survey in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase] transcribed by John M. Robortella
*[http://www.sullivanclinton.com/mapset/shell.swf For Animations of these Land Acquisitions click Map Scene 5] Map animation by Dr. Robert Spiegelman

[[Category:Former regions and territories of the United States]]
[[Category:History of New York]]

Phelps and Gorham Purchase

2008-01-05T22:23:07Z

Dspark76: Re-added reference to buffalo creek (the place not the treaty this time) and reference

'''The Phelps and Gorham Purchase''' was the purchase in [[1788]] of the pre-emptive right to some 6,000,000 [[acre]]s (24,000 km²) of land in western [[New York]] State for $1,000,000 (roughly equivalent to $20,000,000,000 in 2005). This was all land in western New York west of [[Seneca Lake (New York)|Seneca Lake]] between [[Lake Ontario]] and the [[Pennsylvania]] border. The purchasers were [[Oliver Phelps]] and [[Nathaniel Gorham]], both of [[Massachusetts]], and the seller was the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (In some discussions of this subject elsewhere, the Phelps and Gorham Purchase refers to all 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²) and in others it refers only to the 2,250,000 acres (9,100 km²) upon which Phelps and Gorham managed to extinguish [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] [[title]]. This comes about because although Phelps and Gorham purchased pre-emptive rights to all 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km²;), they were only able to extinguish Indian rights—and obtain clear title—to the portion ''east'' of the Genesee River.)

Following the [[American Revolution]], western New York was opened up for development as soon as New York and Massachusetts compromised and settled their competing claims for the area in December [[1786]] by the [[Treaty of Hartford]]. The compromise was that, while New York would have sovereignty over the land, Massachusetts would have the "pre-emptive" right to obtain title from the Indians.

By act of the Massachusetts Legislature, approved April 1, 1788 (Laws and Res. 1786-87, c. 135, p. 900), it was provided that 'this Commonwealth doth hereby agree, to grant, sell & convey' to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham, for a purchase price was $1,000,000, payable in three equal annual instalments of certain Massachusetts securities then worth about 20 cents on the dollar. , 'all the Right, Title & Demand, which the said Commonwealth has in & to the said Western Territory' ceded to it by the Treaty of Hartford. On July 8, 1788, the Five Indian Nations (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, Cayugas, and Senecas) executed a deed or treaty extinguishing the Indian claim to the territory described in it and conveying that territory to Phelps and Gorham. The description embraces approximately the east one-third of the territory ceded to Massachusetts by the Treaty of Hartford, and begins at a point 'in the north boundary line of the State of Pennsylvania in the parallel of forty-two degrees north latitude at a point distant eighty-two miles west from the northeast corner of Pennsylvania on Delaware river.' (the [[Preemption Line]])

Phelps and Gorham wasted no time in exploiting their purchase. On July 8, 1788, they met with Indian chiefs at Buffalo Creek to purchase title to all land from the Pre-emption Line west to the [[Genesee River]], as well as to lands west of the Genesee running south from Lake Ontario approximately 24 miles (39 km) and extending west from the river 12 miles (19 km) from "the westernmost bend of the Genesee," with this western boundary paralleling the course of the Genesee. <ref name="RochesterHistoryPhelps"> {{cite journal |last=McKeveley |first= Blake|year=1939 |month=January |title=Historic Aspects of the Phelps and Gorham Treaty of July 4-8, 1788 |journal=Rochester History |volume=1 |issue=1 | publisher=Rochester Public Library | issn =0035-7413 |url=http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf |accessdate=2008-01-05}} </ref> This 184,300-acre (746 km²) tract west of the Genesee was known as [[The Mill Yard Tract]], so named because Phelps and Gorham asked the Indians for land west of the Genesee at the Falls so they could build a sawmill and gristmill. For this extinction of title, Phelps and Gorham paid the Indians $5,000, plus an annuity of $500. The area to which title was extinguished comprised some 2,250,000 acres (9,100 km²), including the Mill Yard Tract.

[[Image:WNY5.PNG|thumb|300px|Map showing Phelps & Gorham's Purchase (including the Mill Yard Tract)]]

Due to Phelps and Gorham's default on the 1790 instalment, the preemptive right to lands of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase ''west'' of the Genesee River, comprising some 3,750,000 acres (15,000 km²), reverted back to Massachusetts on March 10, 1791. On March 12, 1791, Massachusetts agreed to sell the pre-emptive right to the lands ''west'' of the Genesee to [[Robert Morris (merchant)|Robert Morris]] for $333,333,33. The land was conveyed to Morris in five deeds on May 11, 1791. At that time, Morris was the richest man in America, as well as a signer of the Declaration of Independence and financier of the American Revolution.

Morris then re-sold most of these lands in December [[1792]] and in February and July [[1793]] to the [[Holland Land Company]] (known as [[The Holland Purchase]]). Morris, however, reserved for himself 500,000 acres (2,000 km²) in a twelve-mile-wide (19 km) strip along the east side of the lands acquired from Massachusetts, from the Pennsylvania border to Lake Ontario, known as [[The Morris Reserve]]. At the north end of the Morris Reserve, an 87,000-acre (350 km²) triangular-shaped tract ("[[The Triangle Tract]]") was sold by Morris to Herman Leroy, William Bayard and John McEvers, while a 100,000-acre (400 km²) tract due west of the Triangle Tract was sold to the State of Connecticut. In September 1797, Morris extinguished the remaining Indian title for all the lands ''west'' of the Genesee at the "Treaty of Big Tree" ([[Geneseo (village), New York|Geneseo]]).

The Phelps and Gorham lands ''east'' of the Genesee River that had not already been sold were also acquired by Robert Morris in August 1790—some 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km²)—who re-sold them to [[The Pulteney Association]].

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v1_1939/v1i1.pdf Phelps & Gorham Treaty of July 4-8, l788, Historical Aspects of the, ''Rochester History'' magazine, by Blake McKelvey Vol 1 No(s)1 (January 1939) (PDF format)]
*[http://www.crookedlakereview.com/articles/101_135/131spring2004/131robortella.html The Field Notes of Col. Hugh Maxwell's Pre-emption Line Survey in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase] transcribed by John M. Robortella
*[http://www.sullivanclinton.com/mapset/shell.swf For Animations of these Land Acquisitions click Map Scene 5] Map animation by Dr. Robert Spiegelman

[[Category:Former regions and territories of the United States]]
[[Category:History of New York]]