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MTV Entertainment Studios

2022-05-09T22:33:17Z

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{{short description|Film and television production arm of MTV Entertainment Group}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = MTV Entertainment Studios
| logo = MTV Entertainment Studios logo.svg
| logo_caption = Logo as of March 2021.
| former_names = MTV Productions (1991–1995) MTV Films (1996–2020) MTV Production Development (2003–2018) MTV Studios (2018–2021)
| type = Subsidiary
| parent = [[MTV Entertainment Group]] ([[Paramount Media Networks]])
| divisions = [[MTV Animation]] MTV Documentary Films Comedy Partners
| owner = [[Paramount Global]]
| foundation = 1991 (as MTV Productions) 1996 (as MTV Films)
| key_people = Chris McCarthy Albert Berger David Gale Ron Yerxa
| location_city = Hollywood, California
| location_country = U.S.
| industry = [[Motion picture]] [[Television production]]
}}
'''MTV Entertainment Studios''' is the [[film]] and [[television]] production arm of [[MTV Entertainment Group]], a subsidiary of the [[Paramount Media Networks]] division of [[Paramount Global]]. Founded in 1991 as '''[[MTV]] Productions''', it is a consolidation of the former '''MTV Films''' group established in 1996 and the '''MTV Production Development'''/'''MTV Studios''' group of 2003–2021, it has produced original television shows like ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head]]'', ''[[Æon Flux]]'', ''[[Jackass (franchise)|Jackass]]'', ''[[My Super Sweet 16]]'', ''[[Daria]]'', ''[[Celebrity Deathmatch]]'', ''[[Clone High]]'' and ''[[The Real World (TV series)|The Real World]]'' and films such as ''[[Election (1999 film)|Election]]'', and ''[[Napoleon Dynamite]]''. Its films are released by fellow Paramount Global division [[Paramount Pictures]]. The MTV Films unit was once part of [[Paramount Players]] until 2020.

== History ==
MTV Productions originally started in 1991, and went into expansion two years later, with [[Doug Herzog]] serving as president of the unit. Its expansion was to produce shows for theatrical release, broadcast TV and cable, syndication and the international marketplace.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1993-05-10|title=MTV launches production unit|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting]]|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/93-OCR/BC-1993-05-10-OCR-Page-0025.pdf|access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref> MTV then signed a two-picture deal with [[The Geffen Film Company|Geffen Pictures]] to start making motion pictures afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Marx|first=Andy|date=1993-07-07|title=Geffen and MTV pair on 'Apartment'|url=https://variety.com/1993/film/news/geffen-and-mtv-pair-on-apartment-108474/|access-date=2021-10-07|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

Only one movie came out of the deal due to the 1994 acquisition of [[Paramount Pictures]] by MTV's parent company [[Viacom (1952–2006)|Viacom]], ''[[Joe's Apartment]]'', based on a short aired on MTV, came out on July 26, 1996, which grossed $4.6 million on a $13 million budget, making it a box office bomb.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leydon|first=Joe|date=1996-07-29|title=Joe's Apartment|url=https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/joe-s-apartment-1200446100/|access-date=2021-10-08|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, MTV Productions tried for an entertainment strip ''Real Time'', to be distributed by [[Viacom Productions|Viacom Enterprises]], which was owned by MTV's parent Viacom, and scheduled on air for the 1994–95 season, but it was never materialized.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1993-08-16|title=Viacom's 'Real Time' tackles access|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting]]|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/93-OCR/BC-1993-08-16-Page-0025.pdf|access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref>

Shortly after Viacom bought out Paramount Pictures, Paramount began to distribute material from MTV and Nickelodeon, with their respective movie divisions.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=Reuters|date=1994-03-14|title=Viacom takes over Paramount|url=https://variety.com/1994/biz/news/viacom-takes-over-paramount-119173/|access-date=2021-10-07|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Shortly after ''[[The Arsenio Hall Show]]'' was cancelled, Paramount began distributing and producing MTV's ''[[The Jon Stewart Show]]'' for the syndication market.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1994-04-25|title=Paramount folds Arsenio Hall Show|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting]]|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/94-OCR/BC-1994-04-25-Page-0028.pdf|access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref>

In 1994, the [[Paramount Television]] Group and MTV Productions signed a deal to develop projects commissioned by MTV, and gave Paramount the right of first refusal on projects developed by MTV.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1994-11-14|title=In Brief|work=[[Broadcasting & Cable|Broadcasting]]|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/94-OCR/BC-1994-11-14-Page-0092.pdf|access-date=2021-10-07}}</ref> By 1995, David Gale was named head of MTV Films.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gardner|first1=Chris|last2=McNary|first2=Dave|date=2006-06-27|title=MTV rewires its exec deck|url=https://variety.com/2006/film/markets-festivals/mtv-rewires-its-exec-deck-1200337104/|access-date=2021-10-07|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

MTV developed its first feature film in collaboration with Paramount Pictures, ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head Do America]]'', based on the MTV cartoon ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head]]'', which grossed $63.1 million on a $12 million budget.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leydon|first=Joe|date=1996-12-22|title=Beavis and Butt-Head Do America|url=https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/beavis-and-butt-head-do-america-1117436736/|access-date=2021-10-08|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

For the 1997–98 television season, MTV Productions has briefly dabbled into network television production, in conjunction with [[Paramount Television|Paramount Network Television]], sister sibling of Viacom, to produce the [[NBC]] comedy ''[[Jenny (TV series)|Jenny]]'', the [[UPN]] (then-sister of [[MTV]]) comedy ''[[Hitz]]'', and the [[The WB|WB]] drama ''[[Three (TV series)|Three]]'', but none of them got success beyond its first season.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Richmond|first=Ray|date=1997-06-06|title=Webs want their MTVP: Unit scores 1st time out|url=https://variety.com/1997/tv/news/webs-want-their-mtvp-unit-scores-1st-time-out-1116679487/|access-date=2021-10-07|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

On August 21, 1998, MTV Films has released another film, ''[[Dead Man on Campus]]'', which starred [[Tom Everett Scott]] and [[Mark-Paul Gosselaar]], which met negative reviews from critics, and it was a box office bomb, grossing $15.1 million on a $14 million budget.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Leydon|first=Joe|date=1998-08-21|title=Dead Man on Campus|url=https://variety.com/1998/film/reviews/dead-man-on-campus-1200454644/|access-date=2021-10-08|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

MTV Films made its next feature film project, ''[[200 Cigarettes]]'', released on February 26, 1999 which was a box office bomb, grossing $6.8 million on a $6 million budget.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Torres|first=Vanessa|date=1999-02-15|title='Cigarettes' preem has crowd smokin'|url=https://variety.com/1999/scene/vpage/cigarettes-preem-has-crowd-smokin-1117491326/|access-date=2021-10-11|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2001, MTV produced ''[[Zoolander]]'' under the VH1 Films branding, which grossed $60.7 million on a $28 million budget.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Fleming|first1=Ann Donahue,Michael|last2=Donahue|first2=Ann|last3=Fleming|first3=Michael|date=2000-05-25|title=Stiller dealing to direct, star in Zoolander|url=https://variety.com/2000/film/news/stiller-dealing-to-direct-star-in-zoolander-1117822088/|access-date=2021-10-11|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2003, MTV announced a theatrical feature film adaptation of ''[[Celebrity Deathmatch]]'', with creator [[Eric Fogel]] as writer, producer, and director, but it was cancelled by the end of the year before production could begin due to MTV being less interested in animation.

On August 21, 2006, [[Nickelodeon Movies]], [[Comedy Central Films]], and MTV Films became full labels of the Paramount Motion Pictures Group. By 2017, [[Paramount Players]] was created as a joint venture with MTV Films, [[Nickelodeon Movies]], and [[BET|BET Films]]. In 2019, MTV Studios launched MTV Documentary Films, a label producing and acquiring documentary features. In 2020, MTV Films was folded into MTV Studios. The following year, MTV Studios became MTV Entertainment Studios, encompassing content for and based on all of [[MTV Entertainment Group]]'s brands.

== Films ==
=== Theatrically released ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Release date
! Production company(s)
! Distribution
! Budget
! Gross
|-
| ''[[Joe's Apartment]]'' || July 26, 1996 || [[The Geffen Film Company|Geffen Pictures]] / [[Blue Sky Studios]] (animation) || [[Warner Bros.]] || $13 million || $4,619,014
|-
| ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head Do America]]'' || December 20, 1996 || [[MTV Animation]] / Geffen Pictures / [[Judgemental Films]] || rowspan="5" | [[Paramount Pictures]] || $12 million || $63,118,386
|-
| ''[[Dead Man on Campus]]'' || August 21, 1998 || [[Gale Anne Hurd|Pacific Western Productions]] || $14 million || $15,064,946
|-
| ''[[Varsity Blues (film)|Varsity Blues]]'' || January 15, 1999 || [[Tollin/Robbins Productions]] || $16 million || $54,294,169
|-
| ''[[200 Cigarettes]]'' || February 26, 1999 || [[Lakeshore Entertainment]] || $6 million || $6,852,450
|-
| ''[[Election (1999 film)|Election]]'' || May 7, 1999 || Bona Fide Productions || $25 million || $14,902,041
|-
| ''[[South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut]]'' || June 30, 1999 || Under [[Comedy Central Films]]; [[Scott Rudin|Scott Rudin Productions]] / Braniff Productions || Paramount Pictures (USA) Warner Bros. (International) || $21 million || $83,137,603
|-
| ''[[The Wood]]'' || July 16, 1999 || || rowspan="13" | Paramount Pictures || $6 million || $25,059,640
|-
| ''[[The Original Kings of Comedy]]'' || August 18, 2000 || Latham Entertainment / [[40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks]] || $3 million || $38,182,790
|-
| ''[[Save the Last Dance]]'' || January 12, 2001 || Cort/Madden Productions || $13 million || $131,706,809
|-
| ''[[Pootie Tang]]'' || June 29, 2001 || [[Chris Rock|Chris Rock Productions]] / [[HBO Films|HBO Downtown Productions]] / [[3 Arts Entertainment|3 Arts]] / Alphaville Films || $7 million || $3,313,583
|-
| ''[[Zoolander]]'' || September 28, 2001 || Under VH1 Films; [[Village Roadshow Pictures]] / NPV Entertainment / [[Red Hour Productions]] / [[Scott Rudin|Scott Rudin Productions]] || $28 million || $60,780,981
|-
| ''[[Orange County (film)|Orange County]]'' || January 11, 2002 || Scott Rudin Productions || $18 million || $41,032,915
|-
| ''[[Crossroads (2002 film)|Crossroads]]'' || February 15, 2002 || [[Zomba Group of Companies|Zomba Films]] || $12 million || $61,141,030
|-
| ''[[Martin Lawrence Live: Runteldat]]'' || August 2, 2002 || [[Martin Lawrence|Runteldat Entertainment]] || $3 million || $19,184,820
|-
| ''[[Jackass: The Movie]]'' || October 25, 2002 || Dickhouse Productions / Lynch Siderow Productions || $5 million || $79,493,831
|-
| ''[[Better Luck Tomorrow]]'' || April 11, 2003 || || $250,000 || $3,809,226
|-
| ''[[The Fighting Temptations]]'' || September 19, 2003 || Handprint Films || $30 million || $32,750,821
|-
| ''[[Tupac: Resurrection]]'' || November 14, 2003 || [[Amaru Entertainment]] || $300,000 || $7,808,524
|-
| ''[[The Perfect Score]]'' || January 30, 2004 || [[Spyglass Entertainment]] / [[Tollin/Robbins Productions]] || || $10,876,805
|-
| ''[[Napoleon Dynamite]]'' || August 27, 2004 || [[Jared and Jerusha Hess|HH Films]] || [[Searchlight Pictures|Fox Searchlight Pictures]] (USA) Paramount Pictures (International) || $400,000 || $46,118,097
|-
| ''[[Coach Carter]]'' || January 14, 2005 || [[Tollin/Robbins Productions]] || Paramount Pictures || $30 million || $76,669,806
|-
| ''[[The Longest Yard (2005 film)|The Longest Yard]]'' ||May 27, 2005 || [[Columbia Pictures]] / [[Happy Madison Productions]] / Callahan Filmworks || Paramount Pictures (USA) [[Sony Pictures Releasing|Sony Pictures]] (International) || $82 million || $190,320,568
|-
| ''[[Hustle & Flow]]'' || July 22, 2005 || [[Paramount Classics]] / New Deal Entertainment || Paramount Pictures || $2.8 million || $23,563,727
|-
| ''[[Murderball (film)|Murderball]]'' || July 22, 2005 || [[Participant Media]] / [[A&E IndieFilms]] || [[THINKFilm]] || $350,000 || $1,750,211
|-
| ''[[Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)|Get Rich or Die Tryin']]'' || November 9, 2005 || [[G-Unit Films]] / [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]/[[Shady Records|Shady]]/[[Aftermath Entertainment|Aftermath]] Films || rowspan="2" | Paramount Pictures || $40 million || $46,442,528
|-
| ''[[Æon Flux (film)|Æon Flux]]'' || December 2, 2005 || [[Lakeshore Entertainment]] / [[Valhalla Motion Pictures]] || $62 million || $52,304,001
|-
| ''[[Strangers with Candy (film)|Strangers with Candy]]'' || June 28, 2006 || Under Comedy Central Films; [[Worldwide Pants]] / Robert/Davis Films || THINKFilm || $2.3 million ||
|-
| ''[[Broken Bridges]]'' || September 6, 2006 || Under CMT Films || [[Paramount Classics]] || $11 million || $252,539
|-
| ''[[Jackass Number Two]]'' || September 22, 2006 || Dickhouse Productions / Lynch Siderow Productions || rowspan="2" | Paramount Pictures || $11.5 million || $84,618,532
|-
| ''[[Freedom Writers]]'' || January 5, 2007 || [[Jersey Group|Jersey Films]] / 2S Films || $21 million || $43,090,741
|-
| ''[[Reno 911!: Miami]]'' || February 23, 2007 || Under Comedy Central Films; High Sierra Carpeting / Jersey Films / [[Double Feature Films]] / Principato-Young Entertainment || [[20th Century Fox]] (USA) Paramount Pictures (International) || $10 million || $22,021,262
|-
| ''[[Blades of Glory]]'' || March 30, 2007 || [[DreamWorks Pictures]] / [[Red Hour Films]] / Smart Entertainment || Paramount Pictures || $53 million || $145,708,642
|-
| ''[[How She Move]]'' || January 25, 2008 || [[Celluloid Dreams]] / Sienna Films || [[Paramount Vantage]] || $17 million || $8,533,187
|-
| ''[[Stop-Loss (film)|Stop-Loss]]'' || March 28, 2008 || || Paramount Pictures || $25 million || $11,207,130
|-
| ''[[The Foot Fist Way]]'' || May 30, 2008 || [[Gary Sanchez Productions]] / You Know I Can't Kiss You, Inc. || Paramount Vantage || $79,000 || $245,292
|-
| ''[[Dance Flick]]'' || May 22, 2009 || Wayans Bros. Entertainment || rowspan="3" | Paramount Pictures || $25 million || $31,439,140
|-
| ''[[Jackass 3D]]'' || October 15, 2010 || Dickhouse Productions || $20 million || $170,256,125
|-
| ''[[Justin Bieber: Never Say Never]]'' || February 11, 2011 || [[Insurge Pictures]] / [[AEG Live]] / [[Island Records]] / [[Scooter Braun|Scooter Braun Films]] / [[Antonio "L.A." Reid|L.A. Reid Media]] || $13 million || $98,441,954
|-
| ''[[Kevin Hart: Laugh at My Pain]]'' || September 9, 2011 || Under Comedy Central Films; [[Codeblack Entertainment]] / [[Hartbeat Productions]] / Usual Suspects Productions || [[AMC Theatres]] || $750,000 || $7,706,436
|-
| ''[[Footloose (2011 film)|Footloose]]'' || October 14, 2011 || [[Spyglass Entertainment]] / Unique Features / Dylan Sellers / Weston Pictures / Zadan/Meron / Southern Cross the Dog / Storyline Entertainment || rowspan="5" | Paramount Pictures || $24 million || $62,701,289
|-
| ''[[Katy Perry: Part of Me]]'' || July 3, 2012 || Insurge Pictures / [[Imagine Entertainment]] / [[AEG Live]] / Magical Elves Productions / Splinter Films / Pulse Films / [[EMI Music]] || $12 million || $31,911,815
|-
| ''[[Hansel & Gretel: Witch Hunters]]'' || January 25, 2013 || [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] / Gary Sanchez Productions / [[Studio Babelsberg]] / [[Flynn Picture Company]] || $50 million || $225,703,475
|-
| ''[[Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa]]'' || October 25, 2013 || [[Dickhouse Productions]] || $15 million || $151,826,547
|-
| ''[[Project Almanac]]'' || January 30, 2015 || Insurge Pictures / [[Platinum Dunes]] || $12 million || $32,200,000
|-
| ''[[76 Days]]'' || December 4, 2020|| Distribution only; 76 Days LLC / [[Ford Foundation]] / [[XTR (company)|XTR]] / [[Sundance Institute]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/wuhan-china-documentary-mtv-documentary-films-toronto-festival-docu-76-days-1234596437/|title=MTV Documentary Films Acquires Toronto Docu '76 Days' On COVID Outbreak In Wuhan, China|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Mike Jr.|last=Fleming|date=October 13, 2020|access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref> || rowspan="3" | Under MTV Documentary Films || ||
|-
| ''[[Finding Yingying]]'' || December 11, 2020 || Distribution only; [[Kartemquin Films]] / Mitten Media / Nika Media<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/sxsw-winners-beautiful-something-left-behind-finding-yingying-mtv-documentary-films/|title=SXSW Winners 'Beautiful Something Left Behind' and 'Finding Yingying' Nabbed by MTV Documentary Films (Exclusive)|website=[[TheWrap]]|first=Brian|last=Welk|date=October 8, 2020|access-date=December 13, 2020}}</ref> || ||
|-
| ''[[17 Blocks]]'' || February 19, 2021 || Distribution only; [[Big Beach (company)|Beachside Films]] / Bunny Lake Films / 21 Balloons Productions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/17-blocks-st-louis-superman-mtv-documentary-nevins-1203279048/|title=MTV Documentary Films Launches With '17 Blocks,' 'St. Louis Superman'|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Cynthia|last=Littleton|date=July 25, 2019|access-date=February 19, 2021}}</ref> || ||
|-
| ''[[Pink Skies Ahead]]'' || May 8, 2021 || Distribution only; Stampede Ventures / Divide/Conquer / Foton Pictures / Glanzrock Productions<ref>{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2020/10/mtv-films-pink-skies-ahead-1234599095/|title= MTV Films Acquires Coming-Of-Age Film 'Pink Skies Ahead' Prior To Its World Premiere At The AFI Film Festival|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Justin|last=Kroll|date=October 16, 2020|access-date=October 16, 2020}}</ref> || || ||
|-
| ''[[Ascension (film)|Ascension]]'' || October 8, 2021 || Distribution only; [[XTR (company)|XTR]] / [[Firelight Media]] / Field of Vision / [[Cinereach]] / [[Chicken & Egg Pictures]] / [[The Sundance Institute]] / [[San Francisco Film Society]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/mtv-documentary-films-ascension-awards-1235040602/|title=MTV Documentary Films Buys 'Ascension,' Plans Awards Push (EXCLUSIVE)|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Brent|last=Lang|date=August 12, 2021|access-date=August 12, 2021}}</ref> || Under MTV Documentary Films || || $17,200
|-
| ''[[Jackass Forever]]'' || February 4, 2022 || [[Jackass (franchise)|Dickhouse Productions]] / Gorilla Flicks || Paramount Pictures || $10 million || $60,850,771
|}

===Direct-to-video===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Release date
! Production company(s)
! Distribution
! Budget
|-
| ''[[Save the Last Dance 2]]'' || October 6, 2006 || || rowspan="4" | [[Paramount Home Entertainment]] || $5 million
|-
| ''[[Beneath (2007 film)|Beneath]]'' || August 7, 2007 || ||
|-
| ''[[Jackass Presents: Mat Hoffman's Tribute to Evel Knievel]]'' || May 27, 2008 || [[Dickhouse Productions]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Drawn Together Movie: The Movie!]]'' || April 20, 2010 || Double Hemm / [[6 Point Harness]] || $350,000
|}

=== Streaming ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Release date
! Production company(s)
! Service
! Budget
|-
|-
| ''[[Eli (2019 film)|Eli]]'' ||| October 18, 2019 || [[Paramount Players]] / [[Intrepid Pictures]] / Bellevue Productions || [[Netflix]] || $11 million
|-
| ''[[Madame X (2021 film)|Madame X]]'' || September 23, 2021 || || rowspan="4" | [[Paramount+]] ||
|-
| ''[[South Park: Post Covid]]'' || November 25, 2021 || [[Comedy Partners]] / South Park Studios ||
|-
| ''[[South Park: Post Covid: The Return of Covid]]'' || December 16, 2021 || Comedy Partners / South Park Studios ||
|-
| ''[[Three Months]]'' || February 23, 2022 || [[The Allegiance Theater]] ||
|}

===Upcoming films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Release date
! Production company(s)
! Distribution / Service
|-
| [[Beavis and Butt-Head#Sequel|''Beavis and Butt-Head Do the Universe'']] || July 2022 || [[Comedy Partners]] || rowspan="5" | [[Paramount+]]
|-
| Untitled [[Amy York Rubin]] and [[Bo Burnham]] Project || rowspan="4" | TBA || [[Paramount Players]]
|-
| [[Teen Wolf|Untitled ''Teen Wolf'' film adapatation]] || [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
|-
| [[Workaholics#Film|Untitled ''Workaholics'' film]] || Comedy Partners
|-
| ''[[Finestkind]]'' ||
|}

==Television==
=== Television series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Network
! Original run
! Production company(s)
|-
| ''[[120 Minutes]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[MTV2]] || 1986–2013 ||
|-
| ''[[Club MTV]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1987–1992 ||
|-
| ''Stevie and Zoya'' || [[MTV]] || 1987–1989 || [[MTV Animation]]
|-
| ''[[Remote Control (game show)|Remote Control]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[Broadcast syndication|Syndication]] || 1987–1990 ||
|-
| ''[[Yo! MTV Raps]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1988–1995 ||
|-
| ''[[House of Style]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1989–2012 ||
|-
| ''[[Night After Night with Allan Havey]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 1989–1992 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[HBO Downtown Productions]]
|-
| ''[[MTV Unplugged]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[MTV Live (TV network)|MTV Live]] || 1989–present ||
|-
| ''[[Turn It Up!]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1990 || [[Frederator Studios|Chauncey Street Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Liquid Television]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1991–2014 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[Colossal Pictures]] (seasons 1–3) / [[Titmouse, Inc.]] (season 4)
|-
| ''[[Æon Flux]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1991–1995 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[Colossal Pictures]]
|-
| ''[[The Real World (TV series)|The Real World]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[Facebook Watch]] / [[Paramount+]] || 1992–present || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Lip Service (game show)|Lip Service]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1992–1994 ||
|-
| ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[Paramount+]] || 1993–present || [[MTV Animation]] (seasons 1–8) / [[Comedy Partners]] (seasons 9–10) / [[Judgemental Films]]
|-
| ''[[Politically Incorrect]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] / [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] || 1993–2002 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[HBO Downtown Productions]] / [[Brillstein-Grey Entertainment]] (1997–1999) / [[Brad Grey Television]] (1999–2002)
|-
| ''[[The Jon Stewart Show]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[Broadcast syndication|Syndication]] || 1993-1995 || [[Busboy Productions]] / [[Paramount Domestic Television]] (season 2)
|-
| ''[[The Brothers Grunt]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1994–1995 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[a.k.a. Cartoon]]
|-
| ''[[The Head (1994 TV series)|The Head]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1994–1996 || [[MTV Animation]]
|-
| ''[[The Tom Green Show]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[Rogers TV]] / [[The Comedy Network]] || 1994–2000 ||
|-
| ''[[The Maxx#Television series|The Maxx]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1995 || [[MTV Animation]]
|-
| ''[[Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 1995–2000 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[HBO Downtown Productions]] / Popular Arts Entertainment / [[Tom Snyder Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Singled Out]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[Quibi]] || 1995–2020 || Start Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Road Rules]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[Paramount+]] || 1995–present || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[The Daily Show]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 1996–present || [[Comedy Partners]] / Mad Cow Productions (1996–2002) / [[Busboy Productions]] (1999–2015) / Ark Angel (2015–present)
|-
| ''[[Daria]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1997–2002 || [[MTV Animation]] / Heyday Media
|-
| ''[[South Park]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 1997–present || [[Comedy Partners]] / Braniff Productions (1997–2006) / Parker-Stone Productions (2006–2007) / South Park Studios (2007–present)
|-
| ''[[Cartoon Sushi]]'' || [[MTV]] [[Teletoon]] || 1997–1998 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[a.k.a Cartoon]] / [[DNA Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Hitz]]'' || [[UPN]] || 1997–1998 || Vaczy-Gamble Productions / [[Paramount Television]]
|-
| ''[[Jenny (TV series)|Jenny]]'' || [[NBC]] || 1997–1998 || Mark & Howard Productions / [[Paramount Television]]
|-
| ''[[Behind the Music]]'' || [[VH1]] / [[Paramount+]] || 1997–present || [[CBS News]] (some episodes) / [[Paramount Television]] (some episodes) / Gay Rosenthal Productions / Creature Films
|-
| ''[[Three (TV series)|Three]]'' || [[The WB]] || 1998 || [[Paramount Television]]
|-
| ''[[True Life]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1998–2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Celebrity Deathmatch]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[MTV2]] || 1998–2007 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[Cuppa Coffee Studio]]
|-
| ''[[The Challenge (TV series)|The Challenge]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1998–present || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Comedy Central Presents]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 1998–2011 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Rick Mill Productions
|-
| ''[[Total Request Live]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1998–2008 ||
|-
| ''[[Station Zero]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1999 || [[MTV Animation]] / Possible Worlds / C-Traze Studios / Upfront Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Strangers with Candy]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 1999–2000 ||
|-
| ''[[Downtown (1999 TV series)|Downtown]]'' || [[MTV]] || 1999 || [[MTV Animation]]
|-
| ''[[Making the Band]]'' || [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] / [[MTV]] || 2000–2009 || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[2gether: The Series (American TV series)|2gether: The Series]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2000–2001 || Gunn & Gunn Productions / [[Alliance Atlantis]]
|-
| ''[[The Lyricist Lounge Show]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2000–2001 || C to the B Productions
|-
| ''[[MTV Cribs]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[CMT (U.S. TV channel)|CMT]] || 2000–present ||
|-
| ''[[Jackass (franchise)|Jackass]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2000–2002 || [[Dickhouse Productions]]
|-
| ''[[That's My Bush!]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2001 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Important Television
|-
| ''[[Undergrads]]'' || [[MTV]] [[Teletoon]] || 2001 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[Decode Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Primetime Glick]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2001–2003 || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''[[CMT Crossroads]]'' || [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] || 2002–present || Country Music Television, Inc.
|-
| ''[[Crank Yankers]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] / [[MTV2]] || 2002–present || [[Comedy Partners]] / Kimmelot / [[ITV America]]
|-
| ''[[Sorority Life]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2002–2003 ||
|-
| ''[[Clone High]]'' || [[MTV]] [[Teletoon]] || 2002–2003 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[ABC Signature|Touchstone Television]] / [[Doozer (company)|Doozer]] / [[Lord Miller Productions]] / [[Nelvana]]
|-
| ''TV Land Legends: The [[60 Minutes]] Interviews'' || [[TV Land]] || 2002–2004 || [[CBS News]]
|-
| ''[[3-South]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2002–2003 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[Warner Bros. Animation]]
|-
| ''[[Gerhard Reinke's Wanderlust]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2003 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Jackhole Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Chappelle's Show]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2003–2006 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Pilot Boy Productions / Marobru Productions
|-
| ''[[Punk'd]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[BET]] / [[The Roku Channel]] || 2003–present || [[Katalyst Media]] (seasons 1–9) / [[STX Entertainment]] (season 10–present)
|-
| ''[[I'm with Busey]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2003 || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''[[Gary the Rat]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2003 || Spike Cable Networks / [[Grammnet Productions]] / [[Cheyenne Enterprises]]
|-
| ''[[Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon"]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2003 || Spike Cable Networks / [[Spümcø]] / Carbunkle Cartoons/ Big Star Enterprises / [[PiP Animation Services]]
|-
| ''[[Stripperella]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2003–2004 || Spike Cable Networks / The Firm
|-
| ''[[Reno 911!]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] / [[The Roku Channel]] / [[Paramount+]] || 2003–present || High Sierra Carpeting / Jersey Television (2003–2009)
|-
| ''[[Comedy Central Roast]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2003–present || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''[[The Joe Schmo Show]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2003–2013 || Spike Cable Networks / Resse Wernick Productions / Stone Stanley Entertainment (seasons 1–2) / [[Zoo Productions]] (season 3)
|-
| ''[[Kid Notorious]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2003 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Alan & Alan Productions / [[6 Point Harness]]
|-
| ''[[Viva La Bam]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2003–2004 || 18 Husky (seasons 1–3) / [[Dakota Pictures]] / Bam Margena Productions
|-
| ''[[Bands Reunited]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2004–2006 || VH1 Productions / [[Evolution Media]]
|-
| ''[[Pimp My Ride]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2004–2007 || R–Lab
|-
| ''[[I Want a Famous Face]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2004–2005 || Pink Sneakers Productions
|-
| ''TV Land Moguls'' || [[TV Land]] || 2004–2009 || [[CBS News]]
|-
| ''[[Crossballs: The Debate Show]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2004 || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''[[ALF's Hit Talk Show]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2004 || Burt Dubrow Productions
|-
| ''[[The Assistant (TV series)|The Assistant]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2004 ||
|-
| ''Living in TV Land'' || [[TV Land]] || 2004–2006 ||
|-
| ''[[Video Mods]]'' || [[MTV2]] || 2004–2005 || Big Bear Entertainment / IBC Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2004–2006 || Go Go Luckey Productions
|-
| ''[[Wanda Does It]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2004 || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''[[Drawn Together]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2004–2007 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Double Hemm
|-
| ''[[My Super Sweet 16]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2005–2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Wonder Showzen]]'' || [[MTV2]] || 2005–2006 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[PFFR#PFFR Productions|PFFR Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Chasing Farrah]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2005 ||
|-
| ''[[The Andy Milonakis Show]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[MTV2]] || 2005–2007 || [[Jackhole Productions]]
|-
| ''[[365gay News]]'' || [[Logo TV]] || 2005–2011 || [[CBS News]]
|-
| ''[[Stella (American TV series)|Stella]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2005 || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''[[Mind of Mencia]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2005–2008 || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''[[Wild 'n Out]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[MTV2]] / [[VH1]] || 2005–present || Mr. Renassiance Entertainment (seasons 1–4) / [[Collective Digital Studio|The Collective]] (seasons 1–4) / [[Ncredible Entertainment]] (season 5–present)
|-
| ''[[Run's House]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2005–2009 || [[Good Clean Fun (production company)|Good Clean Fun]] / Simmons/Lathan Media Group / Bad Boy Films
|-
| ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2005–2014 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Spartina Productions]] / [[Busboy Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Noah's Arc (TV series)|Noah's Arc]]'' || [[Logo TV]] || 2005–2006 ||
|-
| ''[[Sit Down Comedy with David Steinberg]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2005–2007 || Dark Light Pictures
|-
| ''[[Can't Get a Date]]'' || [[VH1]] / [[Logo TV]] || 2006–2008 ||
|-
| ''[[So Notorious]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2006 || Alberghini/Chessler Productions
|-
| ''[[Yo Momma]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2006–2007 || [[Evolution Media]] / MV Productions Inc
|-
| ''[[The Hills (TV series)|The Hills]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2006–2010 || Done and Done Productions
|-
| ''[[Where My Dogs At?]]'' || [[MTV2]] || 2006 || [[MTV Animation]] / Enough With The Bread / Already Productions / [[6 Point Harness]]
|-
| ''[[Dog Bites Man]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2006 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[DreamWorks Television]]
|-
| ''[[Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders: Making the Team]]'' || [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] || 2006–present || Country Music Television, Inc. / Triage Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Rob & Big]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2006–2008 || [[Dickhouse Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Bam's Unholy Union]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2007 || Bam Margera Productions / [[Sonar Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[The Sarah Silverman Program]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2007–2010 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Eleven Eleven O' Clock Productions]] / Oil Factory, Inc.
|-
| ''[[Human Giant]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2007–2008 || [[3 Arts Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Friday: The Animated Series]]'' || [[MTV2]] || 2007 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[New Line Television]] / [[Cube Vision]]
|-
| ''[[American Body Shop]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2007 || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''[[Room 401]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2007 || Toy Plane Industries / Proud Mary Entertainment / [[Katalyst Films]]
|-
| ''[[A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2007 || [[495 Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Kaya (TV series)|Kaya]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2007 || [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] / [[Flame Ventures]] / Kedzie Productions / [[Protocol Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2007–2008 || Go Go Luckey Productions
|-
| ''CMT Invitation Only'' || [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] || 2007–2011 || [[Country Music Television]]
|-
| ''[[Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2008 || [[Irwin Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[America's Best Dance Crew]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2008–2015 || Tenth Planet Productions / Hip Hop International / Bayonne Entertainment / Dream Merchant Entertainment / [[Warner Horizon Television]]
|-
| ''[[1000 Ways to Die]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2008–2012 || Spike Cable Networks / [[Original Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Atom TV]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2008 || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''[[Factory (TV series)|Factory]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2008 || Spike Cable Networks / Screamin' Chicken Productions / [[3 Arts Entertainment]] / Devlin Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Chocolate News]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2008 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Central Productions
|-
| ''[[50 Cent: The Money and the Power]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2008–2009 || Ish Entertainment / [[Shady Records]] / [[Aftermath Entertainment]] / [[Interscope Records]] / Cheetah Vision Films
|-
| ''[[The City (2008 TV series)|The City]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2008–2010 || Done and Done Productions
|-
| ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]'' || [[Logo TV]] / [[VH1]] || 2009–present || [[World of Wonder Productions]]
|-
| ''[[How's Your News?]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2009 || AM/FM Pictures
|-
| ''[[T.I.'s Road to Redemption]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2009 || Category 5 Entertainment / Grand Hustle Productions / Ish Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Important Things with Demetri Martin]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2009 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Busboy Productions]] / PersonGlobal
|-
| ''[[Tough Love (TV series)|Tough Love]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2009–2013 || [[High Noon Entertainment]] / [[Flower Films]]
|-
| ''[[The Cougar (TV series)|The Cougar]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2009 || [[Warner Horizon Television]] / [[Next Entertainment (production company)|Next Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Tosh.0]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2009–2020 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Black Heart Productions
|-
| ''[[16 and Pregnant]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2009–present || 11th Street Productions
|-
| ''[[DJ & the Fro]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2009 || [[MTV Animation]] / Double Hemm
|-
| ''[[Michael & Michael Have Issues]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2009 || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''Have My Day'' || [[TV Land]] || 2009 || [[Sony Pictures Television]] / [[Embassy Row (production company)|Embassy Row]] / [[Monkey Kingdom (production company)|Monkey Kingdom]]
|-
| ''[[Popzilla]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2009 || [[MTV Animation]] / [[Animax Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Secret Girlfriend]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2009 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Fremantle (company)|Fremantle]]
|-
| ''[[Jersey Shore (TV series)|Jersey Shore]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2009–2012 || [[495 Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Teen Mom]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2009–present || 11th Street Productions
|-
| ''[[John Oliver's New York Stand-Up Show]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2010–2013 || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''First Love, Second Chance'' || [[TV Land]] || 2010 ||
|-
| ''[[Ugly Americans (TV series)|Ugly Americans]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2010–2012 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Irony Point / [[Augenblick Studios]] / Big Jump Entertainment (season 2) / Solis/Markle Animation Productions / Tookie Wilson Productions / F**k Factor Productions / [[Cuppa Coffee Studios]] (season 1) / [[Turner Studios]]
|-
| ''[[Hot in Cleveland]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2010–2015 || [[Hazy Mills Productions]] / SamJen Productions
|-
| ''[[Harry Loves Lisa]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2010 || [[Good Clean Fun (production company)|Good Clean Fun]]
|-
| ''[[Auction Hunters]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2010–2012 || Spike Cable Networks Inc. / Gurney Productions
|-
| ''[[Teen Mom 2]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2011–present || 11th Street Productions
|-
| ''[[Skins (American TV series)|Skins]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2011 || [[Company Pictures]] / Storm Dog Films / [[Entertainment One]]
|-
| ''[[Retired at 35]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2011–2012 || Fore Left Productions / Acme Productions
|-
| ''[[Love & Hip Hop: New York]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2011–2020 || Monami Productions / Eastern TV (seasons 1–9) / [[Big Fish Entertainment]] (season 10)
|-
| ''[[Coal (TV series)|Coal]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2011 || Spike Cable Networks Inc. / [[Original Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Workaholics]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2011–2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Avalon Television]] / Mail Order Comedy / 4th Year Productions (2011–2014) / Gigapix Studios (2011–2013)
|-
| ''[[Mob Wives]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2011–2016 || [[Electus]] / [[The Weinstein Company]] / [[Left/Right Productions]] / [[Just Jenn Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Repo Games]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2011–2012 || Spike Cable Networks Inc, / [[495 Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Single Ladies (TV series)|Single Ladies]]'' || [[VH1]] / [[BET Her]] || 2011–2014 || [[Flavor Unit Entertainment]] / Popfilms Movie Company / The Littlejohn Experience / In Cahoots Media Inc.
|-
| ''[[Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)|Teen Wolf]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2011–2017 || Adelstein Productions / DiGa Vision / First Cause, Inc. / Lost Marbles Television / Siesta Productions / [[MGM Television]]
|-
| ''[[Happily Divorced]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2011–2013 || Uh-Oh Productions
|-
| ''[[Bar Rescue]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2011–present || Spike Cable Networks Inc. / [[3 Ball Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Awkward (TV series)|Awkward]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2011–2016 || Remote Productions / Mosquito Productions / Crazy Cat Lady Productions
|-
| ''[[Ridiculousness (TV series)|Ridiculousness]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2011–present || Dickhouse Productions (2011–2014) / Superjacket Productions (2013–2021) / Thrill One Media (2021–present) / Gorilla Flicks (2014–present)
|-
| ''[[Death Valley (TV series)|Death Valley]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2011 || Liquid Therapy / Guitar & Pen Productions
|-
| ''[[Flip Men]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2011–2012 || Spike Cable Networks Inc. / 25/7 Productions
|-
| ''[[Good Vibes (American TV series)|Good Vibes]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2011 || [[MTV Animation]] / Werner Entertainment / Rough House / Not the QB Pro. / [[Six Point Harness]] / [[Warner Horizon Television]]
|-
| ''[[Guy Code]]'' || [[MTV2]] || 2011–2015 ||
|-
| ''[[The Exes]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2011–2015 || Mark Reisman Productions / Acme Productions
|-
| ''[[Ink Master]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] / [[Paramount+]] || 2012–present || Spike Cable Networks Inc. / Truly Original
|-
| ''[[Key & Peele]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2012–2015 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Cindylou / [[Monkeypaw Productions]] / Martel & Roberts Productions / Principato-Young Entertainment
|-
| ''[[American Digger (TV series)|American Digger]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2012–2013 || Spike Cable Networks Inc. / Gurney Productions
|-
| ''[[The Pauly D Project]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2012 || [[495 Productions]] / ReignDeer Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Undercover Stings]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2012 || Spike Cable Networks Inc. / [[Langley Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Comedy Central Stand-Up Presents]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2012–2019 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Triage Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Stevie TV]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2012–2013 || New Wave Entertainment
|-
| ''[[World's Worst Tenants]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2012–2013 || Spike Cable Networks Inc. / [[Zoo Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2012–present || Monami Productions / Eastern TV (seasons 1–8), [[Big Fish Entertainment]] (season 9) / New Group Productions (season 10)
|-
| ''[[The Soul Man]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2012–2016 || Bird and a Bear Entertainment / [[Hazy Mills Productions]] / SamJen Productions
|-
| ''[[Snooki & Jwoww]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2012–2015 || [[495 Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Hollywood Exes]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2012–2014 || [[Shed Media]] / Lynch-Dyson Entertainment
|-
| ''[[The Inbetweeners (American TV series)|The Inbetweeners]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2012 || [[Bwark Productions]] / [[Kapital Entertainment]] / Brad Copeland Productions
|-
| ''[[Brickleberry]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2012–2015 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Fox 21 Television Studios]] / [[Bento Box Entertainment]] / Damn! Show Productions / Black Heart Productions
|-
| ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars]]'' || [[Logo TV]] / [[VH1]] / [[Paramount+]] || 2012–present || [[World of Wonder Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Catfish: The TV Show]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2012–present || [[Critical Content]] / Catfish Picture Company
|-
| ''[[Buckwild (TV series)|Buckwild]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2013 || Parallel Entertainment Pictures / [[Zoo Productions]]
|-
| ''CMT Hot Twenty'' || [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] || 2013–present ||
|-
| ''[[Black Ink Crew]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2013–present || VH1 Productions / [[Big Fish Entertainment]] (seasons 1–8)
|-
| ''[[Kroll Show]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2013–2015 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Good at Bizness, Inc.
|-
| ''[[Nathan for You]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2013–2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Abso Lutely Productions]] / Blow Out Productions / W.D.M
|-
| ''[[Forever Young (American TV series)|Forever Young]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2013 || 3 Ball Productions / [[Katalyst Films]]
|-
| ''[[Girl Code]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2013–2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Inside Amy Schumer]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] / [[Paramount+]] || 2013–present || It's So Easy Productions / Irony Point / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[The Show with Vinny]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2013 || [[495 Productions]] / Generate Management
|-
| ''[[Hit the Floor (TV series)|Hit the Floor]]'' || [[VH1]] / [[BET]] || 2013–2018 || The Film Syndicate / In Cahoots Media
|-
| ''[[Drunk History]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2013–2019 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Gary Sanchez Productions]] / Konner Productions / [[Funny or Die]]
|-
| ''[[Bounty Hunters (American TV series)|Bounty Hunters]]'' || [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] || 2013 || [[Country Music Television]] / [[Muse Entertainment]] / Parallel Entertainment Pictures
|-
| ''[[@midnight]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2013–2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Funny or Die]] / Garant Lennon Productions / [[Nerdist Industries]] / Serious Business / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]]
|-
| ''[[Adam DeVine's House Party]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2013–2016 || Dennis and Penny's Son, Inc. / Wonk Inc. / [[Avalon Television]]
|-
| ''[[Kirstie (TV series)|Kirstie]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2013–2014 || Marco Pennette Productions / True Blue Productions
|-
| ''[[Party Down South]]'' || [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] || 2014–2016 || [[Country Music Television]] / [[495 Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Are You the One?]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2014–2019 || Lighthearted Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Broad City]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2014–2019 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Paper Kite Productions]] / [[3 Arts Entertainment]] / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[Idiotsitter]]'' || CC: Studios / [[Comedy Central]] || 2014–2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[3 Arts Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Review (TV series)|Review]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2014–2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Abso Lutely Productions]]
|-
| ''[[TripTank]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2014–2016 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[ShadowMachine]]
|-
| ''Copycat'' || [[MTV]] || 2014 || [[Next Entertainment (production company)|Next Entertainment]] / [[Warner Horizon Television]]
|-
| ''[[Jennifer Falls]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2014 || Vanity Logo Productions / Acme Productions
|-
| ''[[Steve Austin's Broken Skull Challenge]]'' || [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] || 2014–2016 || [[Country Music Television]] / Broken Skull Productions / [[51 Minds Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Finding Carter]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2014–2015 || The Popfilms Movie Company / Stockton Drive Inc. / Go Dog Go / One Two Punch Productions / [[Warner Horizon Television]]
|-
| ''Make or Break: The Linda Perry Project'' || [[VH1]] || 2014 || [[Irwin Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Dating Naked]]'' || [[VH1]] / [[Paramount+]] || 2014–present || Lighthearted Entertainment
|-
| ''[[The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2014–2016 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Red Hour Productions]] / Literally Figurative / Johnny Videogames
|-
| ''[[Atlanta Exes]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2014 || [[Shed Media]] / Lynch-Dyson Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2014–2019 || Monami Productions / Eastern TV (seasons 1–5) / [[Big Fish Entertainment]] (season 6)
|-
| ''Tiny & Shekinah's Weave Trip'' || [[VH1]] || 2014 || [[51 Minds Entertainment]] / Wikked Cat / Pretty Hustle Productions / Grand Hustle Productions
|-
| ''[[Slednecks]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2014 || [[Zoo Productions]] / [[All3Media|All3Media America]] / Parallel Entertainment Pictures
|-
| ''MTV's Got Your 6'' || [[MTV]] || 2014 || Karga Seven Pictures
|-
| ''Suave Says'' || [[VH1]] || 2014–2015 || Blank Paige Productions / [[51 Minds Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Eye Candy (TV series)|Eye Candy]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2015 || [[Blumhouse Television]] / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[Schitt's Creek]]'' || [[Pop (American TV channel)|Pop]] [[CBC Television|CBC]] || 2015–2020 || Pop Media Group / Not A Real Company Productions / [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] / [[ITV Studios Global Entertainment]]
|-
| ''One Bad Choice'' || [[MTV]] || 2015 || [[Optomen]] / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[Big Time in Hollywood, FL]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2015 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Red Hour Productions]] / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]]
|-
| ''[[Younger (TV series)|Younger]]'' || [[TV Land]] / [[Paramount+]] || 2015–2021 || Darren Star Productions / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[Lip Sync Battle]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2015–present || Spike Cable Networks / [[Matador Content]] / [[Sunday Night Productions]] / Eight Million Plus Productions / Four Eyes Entertainment / Carey Patterson Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Scream (TV series)|Scream]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[VH1]] || 2015–2019 || [[Dimension Films|Dimension Television]] (seasons 1–2) / Signpost Up Ahead (seasons 1–2) / [[Flavor Unit Entertainment]] (season 3)
|-
| ''Sing it On'' || [[Pop (American TV channel)|Pop]] || 2015–2016 || Pop Media Group / [[Core Media Group]] / [[Sharp Entertainment]] / Get Lifted Film Co.
|-
| ''[[Another Period]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2015–2018 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Red Hour Productions]] / Leggero/Lindhome Productions / Konner Productions
|-
| ''[[Why? with Hannibal Buress]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2015 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[3 Arts Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Impastor]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2015–2016 || [[CBS Studios]] / The Tannenbaum Company / All in Vane
|-
| ''[[The Jim Gaffigan Show]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2015–2016 || Fedora Entertainment / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]] / Burrow Owl Productions / [[Jax Media]] / Chimichanga Productions, Inc./ [[Sony Pictures Television]]
|-
| ''[[Kingin' with Tyga]]'' || [[MTV2]] / [[MTV]] || 2015–2016 || [[3 Ball Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Todrick (TV series)|Todrick]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2015 || Brian Graden Media
|-
| ''[[Moonbeam City]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2015 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Olive Bridge Entertainment / Alphapanel Industries / Solis Animation / [[Titmouse, Inc.]]
|-
| ''[[Middle of the Night Show]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2015 || Big Breakfast
|-
| ''[[Follow the Rules]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2015 || [[51 Minds Entertainment]] / [[Flavor Unit Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Black Ink Crew: Chicago]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2015–present || VH1 Productions / [[Big Fish Entertainment]] (seasons 1–6)
|-
| ''I Love Kellie Pickler'' || [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] || 2015–2017 || Country Music Television, Inc. / [[Ryan Seacrest Productions]] / [[51 Minds Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[The Shannara Chronicles]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[Paramount Network]] || 2016–2017 || [[Sonar Entertainment]] / Farah Films / [[Millar Gough Ink]] / Raygun One
|-
| ''Easiest Game Show Ever'' || [[Pop (American TV channel)|Pop]] || 2016 || Pop Media Group / Nigel Lithgoe Productions / [[The Jackal Group]]
|-
| ''[[Teachers (2016 TV series)|Teachers]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2016–2019 || Martel & Roberts Productions
|-
| ''[[Greatest Party Story Ever]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2016 || [[MTV Animation]] / Four Peaks Media Group / Den of Theives / [[ShadowMachine]]
|-
| ''[[Not Safe with Nikki Glaser]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2016 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Perfect / Convy Entertainment / Guinea Pig Productions / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]]
|-
| ''MTV's Suspect'' || [[MTV]] || 2016 || [[Critical Content]] / Right Mind Films
|-
| ''[[Lopez (TV series)|Lopez]]'' || [[TV Land]] || 2016–2017 || [[3 Arts Entertainment]] / [[Dakota Pictures]] / Travieso Productions / Altschuler Krinsky Works
|-
| ''[[Time Traveling Bong]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2016 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[3 Arts Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Ladylike (series)|Ladylike]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2016 || Bird Brain
|-
| ''[[VH1 Live!]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2016 || [[Embassy Row]]
|-
| ''[[Loosely Exactly Nicole]]'' || [[MTV]] / [[Facebook Watch]] || 2016–2018 || [[3 Arts Entertainment]] / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[Legends of Chamberlain Heights]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2016–2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Bento Box Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Acting Out (TV series)|Acting Out]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2016 || [[A. Smith & Co.|A. Smith & Co. Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Sweet/Vicious]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2016–2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Nightcap (2016 TV series)|Nightcap]]'' || [[Pop (American TV channel)|Pop]] || 2016–2017 || Pop Media Group / [[Lionsgate Television]] / Free 90 Media / Trout The Dog Productions / [[Zero Point Zero Production]] / [[Dakota Pictures]]
|-
| ''[[Jeff & Some Aliens]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[ShadowMachine]]
|-
| ''[[The High Court with Doug Benson]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Jash]] / [[Propagate Content]]
|-
| ''[[Nobodies (TV series)|Nobodies]]'' || [[TV Land]] / [[Paramount Network]] || 2017–2018 || Spike Cable Networks Inc. / [[On the Day Productions]] / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[Return of the Mac (TV series)|Return of the Mac]]'' || [[Pop (American TV channel)|Pop]] || 2017 || Pop Media Group / [[CBS Studios]] / D&J Productions / T Group Productions
|-
| ''[[Hollywood Darlings]]'' || [[Pop (American TV channel)|Pop]] || 2017–2018 || Pop Media Group / [[All3Media|All3Media America]] / Main Event Media
|-
| ''[[The Challenge: Champs vs. Stars]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2017–2018 || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Siesta Key (TV series)|Siesta Key]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2017–present || [[Entertainment One]]
|-
| ''[[The Opposition with Jordan Klepper]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2017–2018 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Ark Angel
|-
| ''[[90's House]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2017 || Super Delicious Productions
|-
| ''[[Floribama Shore]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2017–present || [[495 Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Hot Date]]'' || [[Pop (American TV channel)|Pop]] || 2017–present || Pop Media Group / Artists First / Electric Avenue / [[Propagate Content]] / Big Breakfast
|-
| ''[[Love & Hip Hop: Miami]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2018–present || Monami Productions / Eastern TV (seasons 1–2) / [[Big Fish Entertainment]] (season 3) / New Group Productions (season 4)
|-
| ''[[Corporate (TV series)|Corporate]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2018–2020 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Incredible Success!
|-
| ''[[Teen Mom: Young and Pregnant]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2018–present ||
|-
| ''[[Jersey Shore: Family Vacation]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2018–present || [[495 Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Ex on the Beach (American TV series)|Ex on the Beach]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2018–present || [[Entertainment One]] / Whizz Kid Entertainment / Purveyors of Pop
|-
| ''[[Yellowstone (American TV series)|Yellowstone]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2018–present || Spike Cable Networks / Linson Entertainment / Bosque Ranch Productions / Treehouse Films / 101 Studios
|-
| ''[[Heathers (TV series)|Heathers]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2018 || Spike Cable Networks / Gyre & Gimble Productions / Underground Films / [[Lakeshore Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Teen Mom: Young Moms Club]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2018–2019 ||
|-
| ''[[T.I. & Tiny: Friends & Family Hustle]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2018–present || VH1 Productions / Grand Hustle Productions / Tiny Hustle / Crossover Entertainment / [[51 Minds Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Cartel Crew]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2019–present || VH1 Productions / [[Big Fish Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Lindsay Lohan's Beach Club]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2019 || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[The Other Two]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] / [[HBO Max]] || 2019–present || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Broadway Video]] / [[Jax Media]] / Kelly/Schneider
|-
| ''[[Game of Clones]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2019 || The Roush Wagner Company / Youngest Media
|-
| ''[[Double Shot at Love (2019 TV series)|Double Shot at Love]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2019–present || [[495 Productions]]
|-
| ''[[El Mundo Real]]'' || [[Facebook Watch]] || 2019 || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Alternatino with Arturo Castro]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2019 || [[Avalon Television]]
|-
| ''[[The Hills: New Beginnings]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2019–present || [[Evolution Media]]
|-
| ''[[Girls Cruise]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2019 || [[Big Fish Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[South Side (TV series)|South Side]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] / [[HBO Max]] || 2019–present || [[Comedy Partners]] / Emerald Street / The Riddle Entertainment Group / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[Black Ink Crew: Compton]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2019–present || VH1 Productions / [[Big Fish Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Ghosted: Love Gone Missing]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2019–present || [[Sharp Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[True Life Crime]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2020–present || Good Caper Content / Karga Seven Pictures / [[Left/Right Productions]]
|-
| ''[[68 Whiskey]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2020 || [[CBS Studios]] / [[Imagine Television|Imagine Television Studios]] / yes Studios / Little City Ironworks
|-
| ''[[Awkwafina Is Nora from Queens]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2020–present || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Awkwafina|In Fina We Trust]] / Artists First
|-
| ''[[Families of the Mafia]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2020–present ||
|-
| ''[[RuPaul's Secret Celebrity Drag Race]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2020–present || [[World of Wonder (company)|World of Wonder]]
|-
| ''[[Revenge Prank]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2020–present || Gobstopper Television
|-
| ''True Life Presents: Quarantine Stories'' || [[MTV]] || 2020 ||
|-
| ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race: Vegas Revue]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2020 || [[World of Wonder (company)|World of Wonder]]
|-
| ''[[Emily in Paris]]'' || [[Netflix]] || 2020–present || Darren Star Productions / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[VH1 Family Reunion: Love & Hip Hop Edition]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2021 ||
|-
| ''[[The Real World Homecoming: New York]]'' || [[Paramount+]] || 2021 || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''[[The Challenge: All Stars]]'' || [[Paramount+]] || 2021 || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''From Cradle to Stage'' || [[Paramount+]] || 2021–present || [[Live Nation Entertainment]] / [[Roswell Records|Roswell Films]] / Therapy Studios
|-
| ''[[Adorableness (TV series)|Adorableness]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2021–present || Superjacket Productions / Gorilla Flicks
|-
| ''My True Crime Story'' || [[VH1]] || 2021 || Hotsnakes Media
|-
| ''[[Messyness]]'' || [[MTV]] || 2021–present || Thrill One Media / Gorilla Flicks
|-
| ''[[Tha God's Honest Truth]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2021–present || [[Comedy Partners]] / CThaGodWorld Productions / [[Spartina Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Mayor of Kingstown]]'' || [[Paramount+]] || 2021–present || Bosque Ranch Productions / 101 Studios / [[Yari Film Group]] / [[Yucaipa Companies]]
|-
| ''[[Queen of the Universe (TV series)|Queen of the Universe]]'' || [[Paramount+]] || 2021–present || [[World of Wonder (company)|World of Wonder]]
|-
| ''[[1883 (TV series)|1883]]'' || [[Paramount+]] || 2021–2022 || 101 Studios / Bosque Ranch Productions / Linson Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Fairview (TV series)|Fairview]]''|| [[Comedy Central]] || 2022–present || [[CBS Studios]] / [[Spartina Productions]] / Licht Media Solutions / RJ Fried Worldwide
|-
| ''[[Jodie (TV series)|Jodie]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || TBA || [[Comedy Partners]]
|}

=== Television specials ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Network
! Original run
! Production company(s)
|-
| ''[[CMT Music Awards]]'' || [[CMT (American TV channel)|CMT]] || 1964–present || Switched On Entertainment
|-
| ''[[MTV New Year's Eve specials]]'' || rowspan="4" | [[MTV]] || 1981–2014 || [[MTV News]]
|-
| ''[[MTV Music Video Awards]]'' || 1984–present || Den of Thieves
|-
| ''[[Camp MTV]]'' || 1989 ||
|-
| ''[[MTV Movie & TV Awards]]'' || 1992–present || Den of Thieves
|-
| ''VH1 Honors'' || rowspan="3" | [[VH1]] || 1994 || Ken Ehrlich Productions
|-
| ''VH1 Fashion and Music Awards'' || 1995 ||
|-
| ''[[My VH1 Music Awards]]'' || 2000–2001 ||
|-
| ''CBS News on Logo: Special Report on AIDS'' || [[Logo TV]] || 2005 || [[CBS News]]
|-
| ''[[A Colbert Christmas]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2008 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Spartina Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Bam's World Domination]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || rowspan="2" | 2010 || Spike Cable Networks Inc. / [[Time Inc.|Time Inc. Studios]] / Capital V Productions
|-
| ''Bo Burnham: Words, Words, Words'' || rowspan="9" | [[Comedy Central]] || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[3 Arts Entertainment]] / Art & Industry
|-
| ''[[The Comedy Awards]]'' || 2011–2012 || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''Daniel Tosh: Happy Thoughts'' || rowspan="2" | 2011 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Irwin Entertainment]] / Black Hearts Productions
|-
| ''Norm Macdonald: Me Doing Standup'' || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Irwin Entertainment]] / Norm Macdonald Productions / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]]
|-
| ''Jo Koy: Lights Out'' || rowspan="3" | 2012 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Art & Industry
|-
| ''Jeff Ross Roasts America'' || [[Comedy Partners]] / Enough with the Bread Already Productions / Tagline Television
|-
| ''D.L. Hughley: The Endangered List'' || [[Comedy Partners]] / Five Timez Productions / Kahn Miller Greenberg / [[3 Arts Entertainment]]
|-
| ''Al Madrigal: Why Is The Rabbit Crying?'' || 2013 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Pupcake Productions / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]]
|-
| ''Neal Brennan: Woman and Black Dudes'' || rowspan="2" | 2014 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Neal Brennan, Inc. / [[Irwin Entertainment]] / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]]
|-
| ''The T Word'' || [[MTV]] || Ish Entertainment / Gigantic! Productions
|-
| ''Ari Shaffir: Paid Regular'' || rowspan="6" | [[Comedy Central]] || rowspan="3" | 2015 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Tax Industries / Art & Industry
|-
| ''Bridget Everest: Gynecological Wonder'' || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Red Hour Productions]] / Beavertail Productions
|-
| ''Steve Rannazzisi: Breaking Dad'' || [[Comedy Partners]] / Thank You, Brain! Productions / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]]
|-
| ''Nikki Glasser: Perfect'' || rowspan="2" | 2016 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Irwin Entertainment]] / Perfect / Convy Entertainment / [[Brillstein Entertainment Partners]]
|-
| ''Big Jay Oakerson: Live at Wembley Hall'' || [[Comedy Partners]] / Angry Buddha Films / ScooBADoo Productions / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''Roy Wood Jr.: Father Figure'' || 2017 || [[Comedy Partners]] / Art & Industry
|-
| ''In Session Live with Dr. Jess'' || rowspan="2" | [[VH1]] || rowspan="3" | 2018 || [[Big Fish Entertainment]] / CThaGodWorld Productions
|-
| ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race Holi-slay Spectacular]]'' || [[World of Wonder (company)|World of Wonder]]
|-
| ''The Challenge: CT's Getting Married'' || [[MTV]] || [[Bunim/Murray Productions]]
|-
| ''Hollywood Exes: Reunited'' || [[VH1]] || 2020 || New Pop Culture Productions
|-
| ''[[Dragging the Classics: The Brady Bunch]]'' || [[Paramount+]] || rowspan="3" | 2021 || [[World of Wonder (company)|World of Wonder]]
|-
| ''Roy Wood Jr.: Imperfect Messenger'' || [[Comedy Central]] || [[Comedy Partners]] / Bob Bain Productions / Mainstay Entertainment
|-
| ''Reno 911!: The Hunt for QAnon'' || [[Paramount+]] || [[Comedy Partners]] / High Sierra Carpeting
|}

=== Television movies===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Network
! Original run
! Production company(s)
|-
| ''[[Two of Us (2000 film)|Two of Us]]'' || [[VH1]] || rowspan="6" | 2000 || [[Viacom Productions]]
|-
| ''2gether'' || rowspan="2" | [[MTV]] || Keystone Pictures / 2gether Productions
|-
| ''Jailbait'' || [[Once Upon a Time Films]]
|-
| ''[[Meat Loaf: To Hell and Back]]'' || [[VH1]] ||
|-
| ''[[Is It Fall Yet?]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[MTV]] || [[MTV Animation]]
|-
| ''[[Love Song (2000 film)|Love Song]]'' || [[Viacom Productions]]
|-
| ''The Way She Moves'' || [[VH1]] || rowspan="3" | 2001 || [[Wilshire Court Productions]] / Charter Films / Randwell
|-
| ''[[Anatomy of a Hate Crime]]'' || [[MTV]] || Team Entertainment
|-
| ''Too Leight: The MC Hammer Story'' || rowspan="2" | [[VH1]] || [[Wilshire Court Productions]] / Charter Films
|-
| ''[[Warning: Parental Advisory]]'' || 2002 ||
|-
| ''[[Windy City Heat]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[Comedy Central]] || rowspan="2" | 2003 || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Jackhole Productions]] / [[Dakota Pictures]]
|-
| ''[[The Hebrew Hammer]]'' || ContentFilm / Intrinsic Value Films
|-
| ''[[Fat Camp: An MTV Docs Movie Presentation]]'' || rowspan="2" | [[MTV]] || rowspan="3" | 2006 || Gigantic Productions
|-
| ''[[All You've Got]]'' || [[Paramount Home Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Totally Awesome]]'' || [[VH1]] || [[Paramount Home Entertainment]] / [[3 Arts Entertainment]] / [[The Weinstein Company]]
|-
| ''[[Super Sweet 16: The Movie]]'' || rowspan="3" | [[MTV]] || 2007 || [[Paramount Home Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[My Super Psycho Sweet 16]]'' || 2009 || rowspan="2" | In Cahoots Media, Inc. / The Popfilms Movie Company
|-
| ''[[My Super Psycho Sweet 16: Part 2]]'' || 2010
|-
| ''Alternate History: Nazi's Win WW2'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2011 || Spike Cable Networks Inc. / Flight 33 Productions
|-
| ''[[6 Days to Air]]'' || [[Comedy Central]] || 2011 || [[Comedy Partners]]
|-
| ''[[My Super Psycho Sweet 16: Part 3]]'' || [[MTV]] || rowspan="2" | 2012 || In Cahoots Media, Inc. / The Popfilms Movie Company
|-
| ''Eugene!'' || [[Comedy Central]] || [[Comedy Partners]] / [[Jax Media]]
|-
| ''[[CrazySexyCool: The TLC Story]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2013 || VH1 Productions / Diggit Entertainment Group / In Cahoots Media, Inc. / The Popfilms Movie Company
|-
| ''[[The Breaks (2016 film)|The Breaks]]'' || [[VH1]] || 2016 || VH1 Productions
|-
| ''[[Dashing in December]]'' || [[Paramount Network]] || 2020 || The Ninth House
|-
| ''[[South Park: Post Covid]]'' || [[Paramount+]] || rowspan="8" | 2021 || [[Comedy Partners]] / South Park Studios
|-
| ''Adventures in Christmasing'' || rowspan="2" | [[VH1]] || Johnson Production Group / K-Lab Studios
|-
| ''[[The Bitch Who Stole Christmas]]'' || [[World of Wonder (company)|World of Wonder]]
|-
| ''A Clüsterfünke Christmas'' || [[Comedy Central]] || [[Comedy Partners]] / Lighthouse Pictures / Wishing Floor Films
|-
| ''Hip Hop Family Christmas'' || [[VH1]] || Foxhole / Nexus Films
|-
| ''Hot Mess Holiday'' || [[Comedy Central]] || [[Comedy Partners]] / Gunpowder & Sky
|-
| ''Let's Get Merried'' || rowspan="2" | [[VH1]] || UnbeliEVAble Entertainment / Blue Ice Pictures
|-
| ''Miracle Across 125th Street'' || [[Ncredible Entertainment]] / Capital Arts
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
=== Academy Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Category !! Film !! Winner/nominee(s) !! Result
|-
| [[72nd Academy Awards|2000]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]
| ''[[Election (1999 film)|Election]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=John Irving Wins Adapted Screenplay: 2000 Oscars – YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UJOYSgdPiH0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/UJOYSgdPiH0| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|work=YouTube|publisher=Oscars|access-date=July 10, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| [[Alexander Payne]] [[Jim Taylor (writer)|Jim Taylor]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[77th Academy Awards|2004]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary Feature]]
| ''[[Tupac: Resurrection]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Born into Brothels Wins Documentary Feature: 2005 Oscars|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFjf0BDnlSU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/NFjf0BDnlSU| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|work=Youtube|publisher=Oscars|access-date=February 11, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| [[Lauren Lazin]] [[Karolyn Ali]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[78th Academy Awards|2006]]
| ''[[Murderball (film)|Murderball]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Documentary Winners: 2006 Oscars|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzEONlV8pqw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/wzEONlV8pqw| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|work=YouTube|publisher=Oscars|access-date=June 23, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| [[Henry Alex Rubin]] [[Dana Adam Shapiro]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Hustle & Flow]]''<ref>{{cite web|title="Lose Yourself" winning Best Original Song Oscar®|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klUAGK9Z-dg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/klUAGK9Z-dg| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|work=YouTube|access-date=May 22, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| [[Jordan Houston]] [[Cedric Coleman]] [[Paul Beauregard]] ("[[It's Hard out Here for a Pimp]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Terrence Howard]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[86th Academy Awards|2014]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling|Best Makeup and Hairstyling]]
| ''[[Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa]]''<ref>{{cite web|title="Dallas Buyers Club" winning the Oscar® for Makeup and Hairstyling|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zmNb9ix_JE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/5zmNb9ix_JE| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|work=YouTube|publisher=Oscars|access-date=May 22, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| [[Stephen Prouty]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="1"| [[94th Academy Awards|2022]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary Feature]]
| ''[[Ascension (film)|Ascension]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2022|title=2022}}</ref>
| Jessica Kingdom Kira Simon-Kennedy [[Nathan Truesdell]]
| {{pending}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{MTV Films}}
{{Paramount Animation}}
{{Paramount theatrical animated features}}
{{ViacomCBS}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mtv Films}}
[[Category:Film production companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Television production companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:Paramount Global subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Companies based in California]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures]]

Alexander Key

2018-08-07T06:02:15Z

Doczilla: /* Literary work */ italics

{{Incomplete|date=December 2016}}
'''Alexander Hill Key''' (September 21, 1904 – July 25, 1979) was an American [[science fiction]] writer, most of whose books were aimed at a juvenile audience. <ref name="merrimous">{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309182208/http://www.utahsf.org/key/faq.html |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |title=Alexander Key - FAQ}}</ref>

==Early life==
He attended the [[School of the Art Institute]] in Chicago, Illinois between 1921-1923.<ref name="merrimous"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fremontlibraries.wordpress.com/2009/02/04/13-facts-about-alexander-key/|title=13 Facts About Alexander Key|publisher=}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He became a nationally known illustrator before he became an author. After he began writing novels for young people, he moved his family to the [[North Carolina]] mountains, and most of his books include that wild and rugged landscape.

==Literary work==
His novel ''[[Escape to Witch Mountain]]'' was made into a popular film in 1975, 1995, and again in 2009. The sequel was made into another popular film in 1978. His novel ''[[The Incredible Tide]]'' became a popular [[anime]] series called ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' in 1978.

He is known for his portrayals of alien but human-looking people who have tremendously strong [[psychic]]/[[psionic]] abilities and a close communion with nature, and who can telepathically speak with animals. In his nonfiction book ''The Strange White Doves'', he professed his belief that animals are conscious, thinking, feeling, perceiving, independent, and self-aware intelligent beings, and have subtle ways of communicating, perhaps via [[empathy]] or [[telepathy]]. The protagonists of Key's books are often ostracized, feared, or persecuted because of their astonishing abilities or extraterrestrial origins, and Key uses this as a clear metaphor for racism and other prejudice.

In several of his novels (most notably ''The Case of the Vanishing Boy'') Key portrays some sort of communal withdrawal from society by a group of like-minded individuals. Key sometimes depicted government-sponsored [[social services]] for children as inefficient or even counterproductive in its efforts: In ''The Forgotten Door,'' social services is presented as a clearly undesirable alternative for the protagonist Little Jon, and in ''Escape to Witch Mountain'', Tony and Tia actively flee the system. In both cases, however, it's for a very logical reason: the characters are "not from around here." All they want to do is go home and, happily, a few of us locals have the decency to help them do so (Key's ''The Forgotten Door'' predates [[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial|''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'']] by over a decade).

The plot of Key's ''The Magic Meadow'' is even more poignant for any reader who has ever been bedridden in hospital. Its ending in particular is phenomenally optimistic. That was another Alexander Key theme: that good and decent people deserve to escape ''to'' a place worthy of them.

== Selected works ==

=== As illustrator only ===
* ''In the Light of Myth: Selections from the World's Myths'', compiled and interpreted by Rannie B. Baker (1925) {{OCLC|593232}}
* ''Real Legends of New England'', G. Waldo Browne (1930) {{OCLC|1710918}}
* ''The Book of Dragons'', selected and edited by O. Muiriel Fuller (1931) {{OCLC|2391529}}
* ''Suwannee River: Strange Green Land'', Cecile Hulse Matschat (1938) {{OCLC|484454}}

=== As writer ===
* ''[[The Red Eagle (book)|The Red Eagle]]: A Tale for Young Aviators'' (1930) {{OCLC|3442600}}
*''[[Liberty or Death (book)|Liberty or Death]]'' (1936)
*''[[With Daniel Boone on the Caroliny Trail]]'' (1941)
*''[[The Wrath and the Wind]]'' (1949)
*''[[Island light]]'' (1950)
*''[[Sprockets: a Little Robot|Sprockets: A Little Robot]]'' (1963)
*''[[Rivets and Sprockets]]'' (1964)
*''[[The Forgotten Door]]'' (1965) {{OCLC|0590403982}}
*''[[Bolts: a Robot Dog]]'' (1966)
*''[[Mystery of the Sassafras Chair]]'' (1968)
*''[[Escape to Witch Mountain]]'' (1968) {{OCLC|436504}}
*''[[The Golden Enemy]]'' (1969)
*''[[The Incredible Tide]]'' (1970)
*''[[Flight to the Lonesome Place]]'' (1971)
*''[[The Strange White Doves]]'' (1972)
*''[[The Preposterous Adventures of Swimmer]]'' (1973)
*''[[The Magic Meadow]]'' (1975)
*''[[Jagger, the Dog from Elsewhere]]'' (1976)
*''[[The Sword of Aradel]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Return from Witch Mountain]]'' (1978) – by Key based on the Disney motion picture; screenplay by [[Malcolm Marmorstein]], based on characters created by Key {{OCLC|3542494}}
*''[[The Case of the Vanishing Boy]]'' (1979)

==References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.powernet.net/~mbaring/earthlibrary.htm |title=The Earth Library |accessdate=2005-04-03 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050218020028/http://www.powernet.net/~mbaring/earthlibrary.htm |archivedate=2005-02-18 |df= }} Read some of Mr. Key's out-of-print books online.
* [http://www.utahsf.org/key/faq.html Facts about Key] (hosted at the UtahSF site)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130802150204/http://bccb.lis.illinois.edu/2002/November2002/1102focus.html "Gone But Not Forgotten: Alexander Key"]—''The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books'', University of Illinois, November 2002
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0215414/ ''The Forgotten Door''], a three-episode television series based on Key's novel of the same name, distributed by [[ITV Network|ITV]] and broadcast in 1966
* [http://wonderlandofbooks.blogspot.it/2008/09/alexander-key-forgotten-author.html Alexander Key: A Forgotten Author?]
* {{isfdb name|1707|name=Alexander Key}}
* {{Find a Grave|50684418|Alexander Key}}
* {{LCAuth|n50045815|Alexander Key|35|}}

{{Witch Mountain}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Key, Alexander}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:American children's writers]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American naval personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:People from La Plata, Maryland]]
[[Category:Writers from Jacksonville, Florida]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maryland]]
[[Category:20th-century male writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Florida]]

Daisy (Werbung)

2014-09-08T04:13:33Z

Doczilla: /* Background */ clarify verb

[[File:Commercial-LBJ1964ElectionAdDaisyGirl.ogv|thumb|350px|thumbtime=3|Complete "Daisy" commerical]]
"'''Daisy'''", sometimes known as "'''Daisy Girl'''" or "'''Peace, Little Girl'''", was a controversial [[Campaign advertising|political advertisement]] aired on television during the [[United States presidential election, 1964|1964 United States presidential election]] by incumbent president [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s campaign. Though only aired once (by the campaign), it is considered an important factor in Johnson's [[Landslide victory#Presidential|landslide victory]] over [[Barry Goldwater]] and an important turning point in [[Politics of the United States|political]] and [[advertising]] history. It was created by [[Tony Schwartz (sound archivist)|Tony Schwartz]] of [[DDB Worldwide|Doyle Dane Bernbach]]. It remains one of the most controversial political advertisements ever made.<ref name="Independent Press-Telegram" /><ref name="Kurson" />

== Synopsis ==
The commerical begins with a little girl (two-year-old Monique M. Corzilius) standing in a meadow with chirping birds, picking the petals of a daisy flower while counting each petal slowly.<ref name="Newsweek-Mar26/Apri2-12" /><ref name="monique-corzilius" /> Because little Monique does not know her numbers perfectly, she repeats some and says others in the wrong order, all of which adds to her childlike appeal.<ref name="Newsweek-Mar26/Apri2-12" /> When she reaches "nine", an ominous-sounding male voice is then heard [[countdown|counting down]] a missile launch, and as the girl's eyes turn toward something she sees in the sky, the camera [[cinematography#Focal length|zoom]]s in until her pupil fills the screen, blacking it out. When the countdown reaches zero, the blackness is instantly replaced by both a simultaneous bright flash and thunderous sound, the film continues to roll and footage of a [[nuclear testing|nuclear explosion]], an explosion similar in appearance to the near [[surface burst]] [[Trinity test]] of 1945 is displayed, followed by another cut to footage of a billowing [[mushroom cloud]].

As the [[Nuclear weapon yield|fireball]] ascends, the final cut is made, this time a cut to a close-up section of [[incandescence]] in the [[mushroom cloud]], over which a [[voiceover]] from Johnson is played, which states emphatically, "These are the stakes. To make a world in which all of God's children can live, or to go into the dark. We must either love each other, or we must die." Another voiceover (sportscaster [[Chris Schenkel]]) then says, "Vote for President Johnson on November 3rd. The stakes are too high for you to stay home."

==Background==
In the 1964 election, Republican [[Barry Goldwater presidential campaign, 1964|Barry Goldwater]] campaigned on a right-wing message of cutting social programs and pursuing aggressive military action. Goldwater's campaign suggested a willingness to use [[nuclear weapons]] in situations when others would find that unacceptable, something which Johnson sought to capitalize on. For example, Johnson used Goldwater's speeches to imply that he would willingly wage a [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]], quoting Goldwater: "by one impulse act you could press a button and wipe out 300 million people before sun down." In turn, Goldwater defended himself by accusing Johnson of making the accusation indirectly, and contending that the media blew the issue out of proportion.<ref name=campaign1>{{cite web|title=1964 Johnson v. Goldwater|url=http://www.kennesaw.edu/pols/3380/pres/1964.html|publisher=Kennesaw State University|accessdate=19 November 2011}}</ref> While Johnson wished to de-escalate the [[Vietnam War]], Goldwater was a supporter and even suggested the use of nuclear weapons if necessary.<ref name=hc1>{{cite web|title=Presidential Election of 1964|url=http://www.historycentral.com/elections/1964.html|publisher=History Central|accessdate=22 November 2011}}</ref> The [[attack ad]] was designed to capitalize on these comments. It was not the only ad developed at this time, though it is the best-remembered. One was called, "Girl with Ice Cream Cone", and it also talked about the risk of nuclear proliferation.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5CHYSUfQ_Y Girl with Ice Cream Cone] on YouTube</ref>
Another was called, "KKK for Goldwater", and it portrayed Goldwater as being racist, by noting that Alabama [[KKK]] leader Robert Creel supported him.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtQVIKKlcFY KKK for Goldwater] on Youtube</ref>
Another notable ad of the Johnson campaign, "Eastern Seaboard", took aim at Goldwater's statement: "Sometimes I think this country would be better off if we could just saw off the eastern seaboard and let it float out to sea." Bob Mann, author of ''Daisy Petals and Mushroom Clouds: LBJ, Barry Goldwater and the Ad that Changed American Politics'', wrote: "were it not for the "Daisy Girl" spot, "Eastern Seaboard" might today be considered the most effective presidential attack ad."<ref>[http://talkingpointsmemo.com/archives/2012/09/goldwater_eastern_seaboard_comment.php "Goldwater’s ‘Eastern Seaboard’ Comment"], ''TPM'', September 19, 2012</ref>

==Broadcast and impact==
"Daisy" aired only once, during a September 7, 1964, telecast of ''[[David and Bathsheba (film)|David and Bathsheba]]'' on ''[[The NBC Monday Movie]]''. Johnson's campaign was widely criticized for using the prospect of [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]], as well as for the implication that Goldwater would start one, to frighten [[voting|voters]]. The ad was immediately pulled, but the point was made, appearing on the nightly news and on conversation programs in its entirety. [[Jack Valenti]], who served as a special assistant to Johnson, later suggested that pulling the ad was a calculated move, arguing that "it showed a certain gallantry on the part of the Johnson campaign to withdraw the commercial."<ref name="wgbh" /> Johnson's line "We must either love each other, or we must die" echoes [[W. H. Auden]]'s poem "[[September 1, 1939]]" in which line 88 reads, "We must love one another or die." The words "children" and "the dark" also occur in Auden's poem.

In 1984, [[Walter Mondale]]'s unsuccessful presidential campaign used ads with a similar theme to the Daisy ad. Mondale's advertisements cut between footage of children and footage of ballistic missiles and nuclear explosions, over the song, "[[Teach Your Children]]", by [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]].<ref name="livingroomcandidate" />

The ad was also re-made in 2010 by the [[American Values Network]] and was aimed at getting voters to ask their senators to ratify the [[New START]] program.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=as1cTOx8Hrk Daisy Ad 2010] on Youtube</ref>

Johnson's majority was the largest since James Monroe, in 1820.

==See also==
{{portal|1960s}}
*[[Political Psychological Rationalization]]
*[[Bill Moyers]]
*[[Negative campaigning]]
*[[Attack ad]]
*[[Comparative advertising]]
*[[Culture during the Cold War]]
*[[Fear mongering]]
*[[Gene Case]]
*[[Children's interests (rhetoric)]]

;Cultural references
*[[Sideshow Bob's Last Gleaming]]
*''[[Fail-Safe (1964 film)|Fail-Safe]]''
*"[[Sunset (Bird of Prey)]]"

== References ==
{{reflist
| refs =

<ref name="Independent Press-Telegram">
"The Tony Schwarz commercials are back" (October 30, 1976) ''Independent Press-Telegram'', Long Beach, California
</ref>

<ref name="Kurson">
{{cite news
| url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204777904576653070396452408.html?KEYWORDS=daisy+girl
| accessdate = 2011-11-07
| last = Kurson
| first = Ken
| title = Book Review: Daisy Petals and Mushroom Clouds - WSJ.com
| date = 2011-11-07
| work=The Wall Street Journal
}}
</ref>

<ref name="Newsweek-Mar26/Apri2-12">
{{cite journal
| last = Daly
| first= Michael
| date = March 26 – April 2, 2012
| title = Flower Power
| journal = Newsweek
| location = New York City
| page = 17
| publisher = The Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC.
}} One-page interview with Monique Corzilius with stills from the TV ad and photograph of Corzilius, age 50 and living in Phoenix, Arizona, taken for the article.
</ref>

<ref name="monique-corzilius">
[http://conelrad.blogspot.com/2010/09/meet-real-daisy-girl-monique-corzilius.html Daisy Girl]
</ref>

<ref name="wgbh">
[http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/org.wgbh.mla:fb173975ae974ed99073a4bf726c2e80689ce4c1 "Interview with Jack Valenti, 1981.”] 04/23/1981.WGBH Media Library & Archives. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
</ref>

<ref name="livingroomcandidate">
[http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1984/arms-control-5 Mondale ad]
</ref>

}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/media/daisyspot/ Video] of the ad at the [[Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum]]
* [http://conelrad.com/daisy/index.php Production history of "Daisy" with source documents]
* http://conelrad.blogspot.com/2010/09/meet-real-daisy-girl-monique-corzilius.html
* http://conelrad.blogspot.com/2010/09/picking-wrong-daisy-conelrad-correction.html
* http://www.conelrad.com/daisy/interview.php
* http://adage.com/campaigntrail/post?article_id=145995
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63h_v6uf0Ao The Daisy Ad, (Youtube)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Daisy (Advertisement)}}
[[Category:United States presidential election, 1964]]
[[Category:Political campaign television commercials]]
[[Category:Lyndon B. Johnson]]
[[Category:Barry Goldwater]]
[[Category:Works about the Cold War]]
[[Category:1964 works]]

WonderCon

2014-05-10T06:36:44Z

Doczilla: Clarify the opening.

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2013}}

{{Refimprove|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox Convention
| name = WonderCon
| image = [[Image:WonderCon.svg|center|150px]] [[File:WonderCon 2010 - Floor 013.jpg|250px]]
| caption = WonderCon 2010 main exhibit hall
| status = Active
| genre = Multi-genre
| venue = 1987-2002: Oakland Convention Center 2003-2011: [[Moscone Center]]
| location = [[California]]
| country = [[United States]]
| first = [[1987 in comics|1987]]
| last =
| organizer = [[Comic-Con International]]
| filing = Nonprofit
| attendance = 46,000 (2013)
| website = http://www.comic-con.org/wc/
}}
'''WonderCon''' is an annual [[comic book]], [[science fiction]], and [[motion picture]] [[fan convention|convention]], held in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] (1987-2011) and then, under the name '''WonderCon Anaheim''', in Anaheim, California.<ref>[http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2012/03/17/wondercon-moves-to-anaheim-with-costumed-avengers-in-tow/ "WonderCon Moves To Anaheim With Costumed Avengers In Tow,"] CBS 2 San Francisco (March 17, 2012).</ref>

The convention was conceived by retailer John Barrett (a founder of the retail chain Comics and Comix) and originally held in the Oakland Convention Center. In 2003, it moved to San Francisco's [[Moscone Center]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comic-con.org/wc/ |title=WonderCon Anaheim 2013 :: What's New |publisher=Comic-con.org |date= |accessdate=November 19, 2012}}</ref> The show's original name was the '''Wonderful World of Comics Convention'''. The WonderCon logo was designed by Richard Bruning and Tim Zach. In 2012 the convention was moved to Anaheim and rebranded WonderCon Anaheim.

== History ==
{{update|section|date=August 2013}}
Retailer Joe Field (of Flying Colors Comics and Other Cool Stuff) and his partner [[Mike Friedrich]] owned and operated the convention for fifteen years. In 2001, they brokered a deal with the management team that runs the [[San Diego Comic-Con International]] to make it part of the [[Comic-Con International]] convention family.<ref>Albert, Aaron. [http://comicbooks.about.com/od/wondercon/p/wondercon.htm "Wondercon Profile"], About.com.</ref> This gave the [[San Francisco]] show a wider audience and has made it a venue for previews and early screenings of major motion pictures, in particular ones based on comic books. These have included ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' in 2004, ''[[Batman Begins]]'' and ''[[Fantastic Four (film)|Fantastic Four]]'' in 2005, ''[[Superman Returns]]'' in 2006, ''[[300 (film)|300]]'' in 2007, ''[[Watchmen (film)|Watchmen]]'' in 2009, and ''[[Kick-Ass (film)|Kick-Ass]]'' in 2010. All of these events featured the stars of the films fielding questions from the audience.

WonderCon had 34,000 attendees in 2009,<ref>Boucher, Geoff. [http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/06/entertainment/la-et-comic-con6-2010apr06 "WonderCon shows the comic convention circuit's power is growing"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. April 6, 2010</ref> 39,000 in 2010, and 49,500 in 2011.<ref>[[MacDonald, Heidi]]. [http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/trade-shows-events/article/46728-wondercon-brings-fans-publishers-excitement-to-san-francisco.html "WonderCon Brings Fans, Publishers, Excitement to San Francisco"], ''[[Publishers Weekly]]''. April 4, 2011</ref>

The show moved to [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]] in 2012 because the [[Moscone Center]] was being remodeled and was rebranded WonderCon Anaheim.<ref>[http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2012/03/17/wondercon-moves-to-anaheim-with-costumed-avengers-in-tow/ "WonderCon Moves To Anaheim With Costumed Avengers In Tow,"] CBS 2 San Francisco (March 17, 2012).</ref>

== Features and events ==
[[File:Nickelodeon booth at WonderCon 2010.JPG|250px|right|thumb|The [[Nickelodeon]] booth at WonderCon.]]
While the main attraction of WonderCon has always been various retailers selling back issues of comic books and action figures, the exhibitor list has grown to include retailers of specialty DVDs. There is also an "Artists Alley" featuring mainly comic book artists selling artwork, signing books, and doing sketches; and mainstream celebrities signing autographed pictures.

WonderCon hosted the [[Harvey Award]] ceremonies from 1997–1999.<ref name=CBR>Press release. [http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=1745 "2003 Harvey Awards Banquet Cancelled, Awards Unaffected], Comic Book Resources (January 24, 2003).</ref> Since 2007, academicians and comic industry professionals have held the [[Comics Arts Conference]] in conjunction with WonderCon.

In addition, WonderCon features an event called "Trailer Park," where trailers for upcoming films are shown.

The WonderCon masquerade competition usually takes place on Saturday after the convention closes. Awards are given to those with the most creative performances, though anyone can participate.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.comic-con.org/wc/}}
*[http://sidewalkstv.com/specialfeatures/wondercon WonderCon Feature] on ''[[Sidewalks Entertainment]]''
*[http://www.flyingcolorscomics.com/ WonderCon Founder's Website]

[[Category:Multigenre conventions]]
[[Category:Conventions in California]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1987]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in California]]

WonderCon

2014-05-10T06:34:52Z

Doczilla: rv - It has not been held in San Francisco since 2011. In Anaheim, it is called a different name, WonderCon Anaheim.

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2013}}

{{Refimprove|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox Convention
| name = WonderCon
| image = [[Image:WonderCon.svg|center|150px]] [[File:WonderCon 2010 - Floor 013.jpg|250px]]
| caption = WonderCon 2010 main exhibit hall
| status = Active
| genre = Multi-genre
| venue = 1987-2002: Oakland Convention Center 2003-2011: [[Moscone Center]]
| location = [[California]]
| country = [[United States]]
| first = [[1987 in comics|1987]]
| last =
| organizer = [[Comic-Con International]]
| filing = Nonprofit
| attendance = 46,000 (2013)
| website = http://www.comic-con.org/wc/
}}
'''WonderCon''' is an annual [[comic book]], [[science fiction]], and [[motion picture]] [[fan convention|convention]], held in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] (1987-2011).

The convention was conceived by retailer John Barrett (a founder of the retail chain Comics and Comix) and originally held in the [[Oakland Convention Center]]. In 2003, it moved to San Francisco's [[Moscone Center]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comic-con.org/wc/ |title=WonderCon Anaheim 2013 :: What's New |publisher=Comic-con.org |date= |accessdate=November 19, 2012}}</ref> The show's original name was the '''Wonderful World of Comics Convention'''. The WonderCon logo was designed by Richard Bruning and Tim Zach. In 2012 the convention was moved to Anaheim and rebranded '''WonderCon Anaheim'''.

== History ==
{{update|section|date=August 2013}}
Retailer Joe Field (of Flying Colors Comics and Other Cool Stuff) and his partner [[Mike Friedrich]] owned and operated the convention for fifteen years. In 2001, they brokered a deal with the management team that runs the [[San Diego Comic-Con International]] to make it part of the [[Comic-Con International]] convention family.<ref>Albert, Aaron. [http://comicbooks.about.com/od/wondercon/p/wondercon.htm "Wondercon Profile"], About.com.</ref> This gave the [[San Francisco]] show a wider audience and has made it a venue for previews and early screenings of major motion pictures, in particular ones based on comic books. These have included ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' in 2004, ''[[Batman Begins]]'' and ''[[Fantastic Four (film)|Fantastic Four]]'' in 2005, ''[[Superman Returns]]'' in 2006, ''[[300 (film)|300]]'' in 2007, ''[[Watchmen (film)|Watchmen]]'' in 2009, and ''[[Kick-Ass (film)|Kick-Ass]]'' in 2010. All of these events featured the stars of the films fielding questions from the audience.

WonderCon had 34,000 attendees in 2009,<ref>Boucher, Geoff. [http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/06/entertainment/la-et-comic-con6-2010apr06 "WonderCon shows the comic convention circuit's power is growing"]. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. April 6, 2010</ref> 39,000 in 2010, and 49,500 in 2011.<ref>[[MacDonald, Heidi]]. [http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/trade-shows-events/article/46728-wondercon-brings-fans-publishers-excitement-to-san-francisco.html "WonderCon Brings Fans, Publishers, Excitement to San Francisco"], ''[[Publishers Weekly]]''. April 4, 2011</ref>

The show moved to [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]] in 2012 because the [[Moscone Center]] was being remodeled and was rebranded WonderCon Anaheim.<ref>[http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2012/03/17/wondercon-moves-to-anaheim-with-costumed-avengers-in-tow/ "WonderCon Moves To Anaheim With Costumed Avengers In Tow,"] CBS 2 San Francisco (March 17, 2012).</ref>

== Features and events ==
[[File:Nickelodeon booth at WonderCon 2010.JPG|250px|right|thumb|The [[Nickelodeon]] booth at WonderCon.]]
While the main attraction of WonderCon has always been various retailers selling back issues of comic books and action figures, the exhibitor list has grown to include retailers of specialty DVDs. There is also an "Artists Alley" featuring mainly comic book artists selling artwork, signing books, and doing sketches; and mainstream celebrities signing autographed pictures.

WonderCon hosted the [[Harvey Award]] ceremonies from 1997–1999.<ref name=CBR>Press release. [http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=1745 "2003 Harvey Awards Banquet Cancelled, Awards Unaffected], Comic Book Resources (January 24, 2003).</ref> Since 2007, academicians and comic industry professionals have held the [[Comics Arts Conference]] in conjunction with WonderCon.

In addition, WonderCon features an event called "Trailer Park," where trailers for upcoming films are shown.

The WonderCon masquerade competition usually takes place on Saturday after the convention closes. Awards are given to those with the most creative performances, though anyone can participate.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.comic-con.org/wc/}}
*[http://sidewalkstv.com/specialfeatures/wondercon WonderCon Feature] on ''[[Sidewalks Entertainment]]''
*[http://www.flyingcolorscomics.com/ WonderCon Founder's Website]

[[Category:Multigenre conventions]]
[[Category:Conventions in California]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 1987]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in California]]

Arbitration Committee

2012-11-14T06:44:56Z

Doczilla: /* History */

{{Infobox
| above = Arbitration Committee
| image = [[File:EnArbJune2009.png|250px]]
| caption = Screenshot of the Arbitration Committee description page
| label1 = Established in
| data1 = 2003<ref name='Wales1'/>
| label10 = Website
| data10 = [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee]]
}}
The '''Arbitration Committee''' (also known as '''ArbCom''') of the [[English Wikipedia]] website is a panel of editors that imposes binding rulings with regard to disputes between other editors of the online encyclopedia.<ref name='AU'>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/democracy-for-knowalls/2006/11/30/1164777721624.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2 |title=Know-alls |accessdate=2009-06-15 |last=Schiff |first=Stacy |date=2006-12-02 |work=The Age |publisher=Fairfax Digital Network }}</ref> The Committee was created by [[Jimmy Wales]] on December 4, 2003, as an extension of the decision-making power he had formerly held as owner of the site.<ref name='Wales1'>{{cite web|url=http://markmail.org/message/komcldyapats43xj#query:+page:1+mid:komcldyapats43xj+state:results |title= WikiEN-l Wikiquette committee appointments |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=2003-12-04 |work=Wikipedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] }}</ref><ref name='SSRN'>{{cite journal|title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |journal=Emory Law Journal|year=2010|first=David A.|last=Hoffman|coauthors=Salil Mehra |volume=59|issue=2010|pages=|ssrn=1354424}}</ref> Acting as the [[court of last resort]] for disputes among editors, the Committee has decided several hundred cases in its history.<ref name='NYT-2009'>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/08/technology/internet/08link.html?hpw |title=The Wars of Words on Wikipedia’s Outskirts |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=2009-06-07 |work=The New York Times | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090612085745/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/08/technology/internet/08link.html?hpw| archivedate= 12 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Because of its activities, the Committee has been examined by academics researching [[dispute resolution]], and also reported in public media in connection with various case decisions and Wikipedia-related controversies.<ref name='SSRN'/><ref name='NZ-2009'>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=10577178 |title=Wikipedia sentinel quits after 'sock-puppeting' scandal |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Welham |first=Jamie |coauthors=Nina Lakhan |date=2009-06-08 |work=The New Zealand Herald |publisher=APN Holdings NZ Limited }}</ref><ref name='T-2009'>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/technology/wikipedia/5408761/Church-of-Scientology-members-banned-from-editing-Wikipedia.html |title=Church of Scientology members banned from editing Wikipedia |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Moore |first=Matthew |date=2009-05-30 |work=The Daily Telegraph |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Ltd | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090602104528/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/technology/wikipedia/5408761/Church-of-Scientology-members-banned-from-editing-Wikipedia.html| archivedate= 2 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

== History ==
In October 2003, as part of an etiquette discussion on Wikipedia, Alex T. Roshuk, then legal adviser to the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], drafted a 1,300 word outline of mediation and arbitration. This outline evolved into the twin Mediation Committee and Arbitration Committee, formally announced by Jimmy Wales on December 4, 2003.<ref name='SSRN'/><ref name='AR'>{{cite web|url=http://www.roshuklaw.com/ |title=Law office of Alex T. Roshuk |accessdate=2009-06-14 |last=Roshuk |first=Alex T. |year=2008 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090629055224/http://www.roshuklaw.com/| archivedate= 29 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Over time the concept of an "Arbitration Committee" was adopted by other communities within the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]'s hosted projects.

When initially founded, the Committee consisted of 12 [[arbitrators]] divided into three groups of four members each.<ref name='Wales1'/><ref name='Fortune'>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2006/05/31/magazines/fortune/mysql_greatteams_fortune/index.htm |title=Secrets of Greatness: Great Teams |accessdate=2009-06-15 |last=Hyatt |first=Josh |date=2006-06-01 |work=Fortune |publisher=Time Warner }}</ref> {{As of|2008}}, it had decided around 371 conduct cases, with remedies varying from warnings to bans.<ref name='CSM'>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0105/p13s02-stct.html |title=Online Wikipedia is not Britannica - but it's close |accessdate=2009-06-15 |last=Lamb |first=Gregory M. |date=2006-01-05 |work=The Christian Science Monitor }}</ref><ref name='S-2004'>{{cite web|url=http://dir.salon.com/story/tech/feature/2004/04/27/wikipedia |title=Everyone is an editor |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Williams |first=Sam |date=2004-04-27 |work=Salon.com |publisher=Salon Media Group }}</ref>

==Attention and controversies==
{{See also|Essjay controversy}}
A statistical study published in the ''[[Emory Law Journal]]'' indicated that the Committee has generally adhered to the principles of ignoring the content of user disputes and focusing on user conduct.<ref name='SSRN'/> The same study also found that despite every case being assessed on its own merits, a correlation emerged between the types of conduct found to have occurred and the remedies and decisions imposed by the Committee.

[[Essjay controversy|In 2007, an arbitrator using the username Essjay resigned from the Committee after it was found that he had made false claims about his academic qualifications and professional experiences in a ''New York Times'' interview]].<ref name='NYT-E'>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/12/technology/12wiki.html?ex=1331352000&en=668e67bce73bf6c6&ei=5089&partner=rssyahoo&emc=rss |title=After False Claim, Wikipedia to Check Degrees |accessdate=2009-06-14 |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=2007-03-12 |work=The New York Times }}</ref><ref name='NYT-2006'>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html?scp=3&sq=Arbitration%20Committee%20Wikipedia&st=cse |title=Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Hafner |first=Katie |date=2006-06-17 |work=The New York Times }}</ref><ref name='NYT-2007'>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html?scp=1&sq=Essjay&st=cse |title=A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Cohen |first=Noam |date=2007-03-05 |work=The New York Times }}</ref> In June 2009, an arbitrator who edited under the username Sam Blacketer resigned from the Committee after it became known that he had concealed his past editing in obtaining the role.<ref name='NZ-2009'/>

In 2009, the Committee was brought to media attention as a result of its decision to ban "all IP addresses owned or operated by the [[Church of Scientology]] and its associates, broadly interpreted", as part of the fourth Scientology-related case.<ref name='NYT-2009'/><ref name='TG'/> Such an action had "little precedent"<ref name='NYT-2009'/> in the eight-year history of Wikipedia and was reported on several major news services such as ''The New York Times'', ''[[ABC News]]'', and ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name='NYT-2009'/><ref name='TG'>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/may/29/wikipedia-scientology |title=Wikipedia bans Church of Scientology from editing |accessdate=2009-06-14 |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Caitlin |date=2009-05-29 |work=The Guardian | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090611225227/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/may/29/wikipedia-scientology| archivedate= 11 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name='ABC'>{{cite web|url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/story?id=7708616&page=1 |title=Wikipedia Blocks Church of Scientology From Editing Entries |accessdate=2009-06-14 |last=Heussner |first=Ki Mae |coauthors=Ned Potter |date=2009-05-29 |publisher=ABC News | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090602204246/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/AheadoftheCurve/Story?id=7708616&page=1| archivedate= 2 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Satirical news-show host [[Stephen Colbert]] ran a segment on ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' parodying the ban.<ref name='SC'>{{cite web|url=http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/229645/june-04-2009/wikipedia-bans-scientologists |title=Wikipedia Bans Scientologists |accessdate=2009-06-14 |last=Colbert |first=Stephen |date=2009-06-04 |format=Flash Player |work=Comedy Central |publisher=MTV Networks | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090608053304/http://www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/229645/june-04-2009/wikipedia-bans-scientologists| archivedate= 8 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

In July 2012, ArbCom banned [[Wikimedia UK]] chairman Ashley van Haeften due to "numerous violations of Wikipedia's norms and policies." ArbCom found that van Haeften launched personal attacks against his critics. ArbCom also found that van Haeften had been the victim of harassment but stated that van Haeften "failed to differentiate between those who are harassing him, and those with good-faith concerns." In addition, van Haeften had also used multiple accounts and inserted inappropriate links to pornographic material into Wikipedia articles. Despite the ban, Wikimedia UK's board was "united in the view that this [ArbCom's] decision does not affect his [van Haeften's] role as a trustee of the charity."<ref>{{cite web|author=Wikipedia |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9439046/Chairman-of-Wikipedia-charity-banned-after-pornography-row.html |title=Chairman of Wikipedia charity banned after pornography row |publisher=Telegraph |date= |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2012/08/01/50-shades-wikipedia-uk-head-banned-after-bondage-porn-ties/ |title=50 shades of Wikipedia? UK head banned after bondage porn ties |publisher=Fox News |date= |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilsociety.co.uk/governance/news/content/13090/wikimedia_chairman_banned_from_editing_wikipedia |title=Wikimedia UK board supports chairman banned from editing Wikipedia |publisher=Civilsociety.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref> On August 2, 2012, van Haeften resigned from his position of chairman of Wikimedia UK. Van Haeften did not want there to be any "division in the WMUK community over his role as Chair." The resignation occurred after a call for a [[Extraordinary General Meeting]] to discuss recent affairs concerning the ban.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2012/08/a-message-from-jon-davies-chief-executive-of-wikimedia-uk/ |title=A message from Jon Davies, Chief Executive of Wikimedia UK | Wikimedia UK Blog |publisher=Blog.wikimedia.org.uk |date=2012-08-02 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Wikipedia |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9447161/Wikipedia-charity-chairman-resigns-after-pornography-row.html |title=Wikipedia charity chairman resigns after pornography row |publisher=Telegraph |date= |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref> Chris Keating replaced van Haeften as Wikimedia UK's chairman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2012/08/wikimedia-uk-elects-a-new-chair/ |title=Wikimedia UK elects a new Chair | Wikimedia UK Blog |publisher=Blog.wikimedia.org.uk |date=2012-08-02 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2012/08/wikipedia-uk-boss-quits-over-porn-storm/ |title=Wikipedia UK Boss Quits Over Porn Storm | Gizmodo UK |publisher=Gizmodo.co.uk |date=2012-08-03 |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.civilsociety.co.uk/governance/news/content/13114/wikimedia_uk_chair_resigns_following_ban_from_wikipedia |title=Wikimedia UK chair resigns following ban from Wikipedia |publisher=Civilsociety.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-09-25}}</ref>

== Arbitration Committees on sister projects ==
In 2007, Arbitration Committees were founded on the [[German Wikipedia|German]],<ref name='dewiki-2007'>{{cite web|url=http://www.heise.de/newsticker/Wikipedia-sucht-Schiedsrichter--/meldung/89083 |title=Wikipedia sucht Schiedsrichter |accessdate=2009-06-09 |last=Kleinz |first=Torsten |date=2007-04-30 |publisher=Heise Online |language=German | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090501114321/http://www.heise.de/newsticker/Wikipedia-sucht-Schiedsrichter--/meldung/89083| archivedate= 1 May 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> as well as [[Polish Wikipedia|Polish]] Wikipedias.<ref name='wikipedystyczny'>{{cite web|url=http://www.heise.de/newsticker/Wikipedia-sucht-Schiedsrichter--/meldung/89083 |title=Komitet arbitrażowy oraz mediatorzy w Wikipedii|accessdate=2012-02-01 ||date=2007-08-31 |publisher=Blog wikipedystyczny|language=Polish}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Wikipedia}}

[[Category:Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Arbitration organizations]]
[[Category:Quasi-judicial bodies]]

Störung der Sinnesverarbeitung

2012-11-11T19:59:20Z

Doczilla: /* Snoezelen Rooms */ Needs a more reliable source than what's essentially the hospital's ad.

'''Sensory processing disorder''' or '''SPD''' is a [[neurological disorder]] causing difficulties with taking in, [[sensory integration|processing]], and responding to sensory information about the environment and from within one's own body ([[Visual perception|visual]], [[Hearing (sense)|auditory]], [[touch|tactile]], [[olfaction]], [[taste|gustatory]], [[vestibular system|vestibular]], and [[proprioception]]).

For those identified as having SPD, sensory information may be [[wikt:sensation|sensed]] and [[perception|perceived]] in a way that is different from most other people. Unlike [[blindness]] or [[deafness]], sensory information can be received by people with SPD, the difference is that information is often registered, interpreted and processed differently by the brain. The result can be unusual ways of responding or behaving, finding things harder to do. Difficulties may typically present as difficulties planning and organizing, problems with doing the activities of everyday life (self care, work and leisure activities), and for some with extreme sensitivity, sensory input may result in extreme avoidance of activities, agitation, distress, fear or confusion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spdfoundation.net/about-sensory-processing-disorder.html |title=Sensory Processing Disorder Explained |publisher=SPD Foundation}}</ref>

The term SPD is now often used (though not without controversy) instead of the earlier term ''[[sensory integration dysfunction]]'' which was originally used by occupational therapist [[A. Jean Ayres]] as part of her theory that deficits in the processing and interpretation of sensation from the body and the environment could lead to [[sensorimotor]] and learning problems in children. The theory is widely acknowledged, but also has generated tremendous controversy.

Some state that sensory processing disorder is a distinct diagnosis, while others argue that differences in sensory responsiveness are features of other diagnoses.<ref name = "Flanagan">
{{cite web
|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4384/is_8_43/ai_n45484253/
|title=Sensory processing disorder
|author=Joanne Flanagan
|year=2009
|work=Pediatric News
|publisher=BNET
}}</ref>
SPD is not recognized in any standard medical manuals such as the [[ICD-10]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm |title=ICD 10 |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
or the [[DSM-IV-TR]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behavenet.com/apa-diagnostic-classification-dsm-iv-tr#301 |title=APA Diagnostic Classification DSM-IV-TR | BehaveNet |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
The committee that prepares the [[DSM-5]] has requested that additional studies be done before the disorder can be recognized.<ref name = "Flanagan" />
On the other hand, SPD is in [[Stanley Greenspan]]’s ''Diagnostic Manual for Infancy and Early Childhood'' and as '''Regulation Disorders of Sensory Processing''' part of the ''The Zero to Three’s Diagnostic Classification''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mi-aimh.org/documents/crosswalkaccess_eligibilitywithdch_title__121807.pdf |title=Infants and Toddlers Who Require Specialty Services and Supports |format=pdf |work=Department of Community Health—Mental Health Services to Children and Families|accessdate=}}</ref>

SPD is often associated with a range of neurological, psychiatric, behavioral and language disorders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thespiralfoundation.org/pdfs/Fact%20Sheet%20for%20Educators.pdf |title=Educator Fact Sheet Signs and Symptoms of Sensory Processing Disorder |format= |work=Spiral Foundation |accessdate=}}</ref>

There is no known cure; however, there are many treatments available.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}


== Classifications==
{{Refimprove section|date=June 2010}}

Initially the term traditionally used for children and adults with sensory processing difficulties was Sensory Integration Dysfunction (SID).

A new [[nosology]] has been proposed by Lucy J. Miller, Ph.D., OTR and colleagues. The new terms are meant to increase understanding between Occupational Therapists and other professionals who frequently encounter SID and physicians and other health professionals who approach sensory integration dysfunction from a more neurobiological vantage.

This understanding is critical as physicians are responsible for diagnosing SPD, which is a necessary step in accessing reimbursement (eventually from insurance companies) for professional services to treat SPD.

Sensory Processing Dysfunction is now being used as a global umbrella term that includes all forms of this disorder, including three primary diagnostic groups:

* Type I - Sensory Modulation Disorder
* Type II - Sensory Based Motor Disorder
* Type III - Sensory Discrimination Disorder

Type I - Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD). Over, or under responding to sensory stimuli or seeking sensory stimulation. This group may include a fearful and/or anxious pattern, negative and/or stubborn behaviors, self-absorbed behaviors that are difficult to engage or creative or actively seeking sensation.

Type II - Sensory Based Motor Disorder (SBMD). Shows motor output that is disorganized as a result of incorrect processing of sensory information affecting postural control challenges and/or [[dyspraxia]].

Type III - Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD). Sensory discrimination or incorrect processing of sensory information. Incorrect processing of visual or auditory input, for example, may be seen in inattentiveness, disorganization, and poor school performance.

This information is adapted from research and publications by: Lucy, J. Miller, Ph.D., OTR, Marie Anzalone, Sc.D., OTR, Sharon A. Cermak, Ed.D., OTR/L, Shelly J., Lane, Ph.D, OTR, Beth Osten, M.S,m OTR/L, Serena Wieder, Ph.D., Stanley I. Greenspan, M.D..

=== Sensory modulation ===

Sensory modulation refers to a complex central nervous system process by which neural messages that convey information about the intensity, frequency, duration, complexity, and novelty of sensory stimuli are adjusted.

Behaviorally, this is manifested in the tendency to generate responses that are appropriately graded in relation to incoming sensations, neither underreacting nor overreacting to them.

==== Sensory modulation problems ====

* Sensory registration problems - This refers to the process by which the central nervous system attends to stimuli. This usually involves an orienting response. Sensory registration problems are characterized by failure to notice stimuli that ordinarily are salient to most people.
* Sensory defensiveness - A condition characterized by over-responsivity in one or more systems.
* Gravitational insecurity - A sensory modulation condition in which there is a tendency to react negatively and fearfully to movement experiences, particularly those involving a change in head position and movement backward or upward through space.
(Case-Smith, (2005)

== Hyposensitivities and hypersensitivities ==

Sensory integration disorders vary between individuals in their characteristics and intensity. Some people are so mildly afflicted, the disorder is barely noticeable, while others are so impaired they have trouble with daily functioning.

Children can be born hypersensitive or hyposensitive to varying degrees and may have trouble in one sensory modality, a few, or all of them. Hypersensitivity is also known as [[sensory defensiveness]]. Examples of hypersensitivity include feeling pain from clothing rubbing against skin, an inability to tolerate normal lighting in a room, a dislike of being touched (especially light touch) and discomfort when one looks directly into the eyes of another person.

Hyposensitivity is characterized by an unusually high tolerance for environmental stimuli. A child with hyposensitivity might appear restless and seek sensory stimulation.

In treating sensory dysfunctions, a "just right" challenge is used: giving the child just the right amount of challenge to motivate him and stimulate changes in the way the system processes sensory information but not so much as to make him shut down or go into sensory overload.

The "just right" challenge is absent if the activity and the child's perception of activity do not match. In addition, deep pressure is often calming for children who have sensory dysfunctions. It is recommended that therapists use a variety of tactile materials, a quiet, subdued voice, and slow, linear movements, tailoring the approach to the child's unique sensory needs.

While occupational therapy sessions focus on increasing a child's ability to tolerate a variety of sensory experiences, both the activities and environment should be assessed for a "just right" fit with the child. Overwhelming environmental stimuli such as flickering fluorescent lighting and bothersome clothing tags should be eliminated whenever possible to increase the child's comfort and ability to engage productively. Meanwhile, the occupational therapist and parents should jointly create a "sensory diet," a term coined by occupational therapist Patricia Wilbarger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ot-innovations.com/content/view/55/46/}}</ref>

The sensory diet is a schedule of daily activities that gives the child the sensory fuel their body needs to get into an organized state and stay there. According to SI theory, rather than just relying on individual treatment sessions, ensuring that a carefully designed program of sensory input throughout the day is implemented at home and at school can create profound, lasting changes in the child's nervous system.

Parents can help their child by realizing that play is an important part of their child's development. Therapy involves working with an occupational therapist and the child will engage in activities that provide vestibular, proprioceptive and tactile stimulation. Therapy is individualized to meet the child's specific needs for development. Emphasis is put on automatic sensory processes in the course of a goal-directed activity. The children are engaged in therapy as play which may include activities such as: finger painting, using Play-Doh type modeling clay, swinging, playing in bins of rice or water, climbing, etc.

== Relationship to other disorders ==

=== Autistic spectrum disorders and difficulties of sensory processing ===

Sensory processing disorder is a common comorbidity with [[autism spectrum disorder]]s.<ref>Natalie Russo et al. Multisensory processing in children with autism: high-density electrical mapping of auditory-somatosensory integration. Autism Research, August 17, 2010</ref> Although responses to [[Stimulus (physiology)|sensory stimuli]] are more common and prominent in autistic children and adults, there is no good evidence that sensory symptoms differentiate [[autism]] from other developmental disorders.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Child Psychol Psychiatry
|year=2005
|volume=46
|issue=12
|pages=1255–68
|title= Annotation: what do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence
|author= Rogers SJ, Ozonoff S
|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x
|pmid=16313426
}}</ref>
Differences are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into things) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud noises) or for seeking (for example, rhythmic movements).<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Autism Dev Disord
|year=2008
|title= A meta-analysis of sensory modulation symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorders
|author= Ben-Sasson A, Hen L, Fluss R, Cermak SA, Engel-Yeger B, Gal E
|doi=10.1007/s10803-008-0593-3
|pmid=18512135
|volume= 39
|issue= 1
|pages= 1–11
}}</ref>
The responses may be more common in children: a pair of studies found that autistic children had impaired [[Tactition|tactile perception]] while autistic adults did not.<ref>
{{cite journal
|author=Williams DL, Goldstein G, Minshew NJ
|title=Neuropsychologic functioning in children with autism: further evidence for disordered complex information-processing
|journal= Child Neuropsychol
|volume=12
|issue=4–5
|pages=279–98
|year=2006
|pmid=16911973
|doi=10.1080/09297040600681190
|pmc=1803025
}}</ref>

=== Other disorders ===

The neuroscientist [[David Eagleman]] has proposed that SPD may be a form of [[synesthesia]], a perceptual condition in which the senses are blended.<ref>Cytowic RE and Eagleman DM (2009). ''Wednesday is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia.'' Cambridge: MIT Press.</ref> Specifically, Eagleman suggests that instead of a sensory input "connecting to [a person's] color area [in the brain], it's connecting to an area involving pain or aversion or nausea".<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/health/la-he-synesthesia-brain-20120220,0,6760571.story The blended senses of synesthesia], ''Los Angeles Times'', Feb 20, 2012.</ref>

Some argue that sensory related disorders may be misdiagnosed as [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) but they can coexist, as well as emotional problems, aggressiveness and speech-related disorders such as [[aphasia]]. Sensory processing, they argue, is foundational, like the roots of a tree, and gives rise to a myriad of behaviors and symptoms such as hyperactivity and [[speech delay]].

For example, a child with an under-responsive vestibular system may need extra input to his "motion sensor" in order to achieve a state of quiet alertness; to get this input, the child might fidget or run around, appearing ostensibly to be hyperactive, when in fact, he suffers from a sensory related disorder

Researchers have described a treatable inherited [[Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation|sensory overstimulation disorder]] that meets diagnostic criteria for both attention deficit disorder and sensory integration dysfunction.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Segal MM, Rogers GF, Needleman HL, Chapman CA |title= Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation |journal= J Child Neurol |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1408–10 |year=2007 |doi=10.1177/0883073807307095 |pmid=18174562}}</ref>

== Sensory integration therapy ==
{{Main|Sensory integration therapy}}

Several therapies have been developed to treat SID.<ref>
{{cite web
|title= Sensory integrative therapy
|url=http://www.researchautism.net/interventionitem.ikml?print&ra=28&infolevel=4
|accessdate=2007-10-08
|publisher= Research Autism
}}</ref>
Some of these treatments (for example, sensorimotor handling) have a questionable rationale and no empirical evidence. Other treatments (for example, prism lenses, physical exercise, and [[auditory integration training]]) have had studies with small positive outcomes, but few conclusions can be made about them due to methodological problems with the studies.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Autism Dev Disord
|year=2002
|volume=32
|issue=5
|pages=397–422
|title= Efficacy of sensory and motor interventions for children with autism
|author= Baranek GT
|doi=10.1023/A:1020541906063
|pmid=12463517
}}</ref>
Although replicable treatments have been described and valid outcome measures are known, gaps exist in knowledge related to sensory integration dysfunction and therapy.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev
|year=2005
|volume=11
|issue=2
|pages=143–8
|title= Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with developmental disabilities
|author= Schaaf RC, Miller LJ
|doi=10.1002/mrdd.20067
|pmid=15977314
}}</ref>
Empirical support is limited, therefore systematic evaluation is needed if these interventions are used.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= Can J Occup Ther
|year=2007
|volume=74
|issue=5
|pages=393–400
|title= Somatosensory stimulation interventions for children with autism: literature review and clinical considerations
|author= Hodgetts S, Hodgetts W
|pmid=18183774
|doi=10.2182/cjot.07.013
}}</ref>

The main form of sensory integration therapy is a type of occupational therapy that places a child in a room specifically designed to stimulate and challenge all of the senses.

During the session, the therapist works closely with the child to provide a level of sensory stimulation that the child can cope with, and encourage movement within the room. Sensory integration therapy is driven by four main principles:

* Just Right Challenge (the child must be able to successfully meet the challenges that are presented through playful activities)
* Adaptive Response (the child adapts his behavior with new and useful strategies in response to the challenges presented)
* Active Engagement (the child will want to participate because the activities are fun)
* Child Directed (the child's preferences are used to initiate therapeutic experiences within the session).

Children with lower sensitivity (hyposensitivity) may be exposed to strong sensations such as stroking with a brush, vibrations or rubbing. Play may involve a range of materials to stimulate the senses such as play dough or finger painting.

Children with heightened sensitivity (hypersensitivity) may be exposed to peaceful activities including quiet music and gentle rocking in a softly lit room. Treats and rewards may be used to encourage children to tolerate activities they would normally avoid.

While occupational therapists using a sensory integration frame of reference work on increasing a child's ability to tolerate and integrate sensory input, other OTs may focus on environmental accommodations that parents and school staff can use to enhance the child's function at home, school, and in the community (Biel and Peske, 2005). These may include selecting soft, tag-free clothing, avoiding fluorescent lighting, and providing ear plugs for "emergency" use (such as for fire drills).

There is a growing evidence base that points to and supports the notion that adults also show signs of sensory processing difficulties. In the United Kingdom early research and improved clinical outcomes for clients assessed as having sensory processing difficulties is indicating that the therapy may be an appropriate treatment (Urwin and Ballinger 2005) <ref>URWIN Rosalind; BALLINGER Claire; Title: The effectiveness of sensory integration therapy to improve functional behaviour in adults with learning disabilities: five single-case experimental designs. Reference: British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(2), February 2005, pp.56-66.</ref> for a range of presentations seen in adult clients including for those with Autism and Asperger's Syndrome, as well as adults with dyspraxia and some mental health difficulties [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pnp.127/abstract (Brown, Shankar and Smith 2009)] <ref>Brown, S; Shankar, R; Smith, K "Borderline personality disorder and sensory processing impairment" Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry Volume 13, Issue 4, pages 10–16, July/August 2009</ref> that therapists suggest may arise from the difficulties adults with sensory processing difficulties encounter trying to negotiate the challenges and demands of engaging in everyday life(Brown, Shankar and Smith 2006).<ref>Brown S, Shankar R, Smith K, et al. Sensory Processing Disorder in mental health. Occupational Therapy News 2006;May:28-29.</ref>

== Alternative views ==

Not all professionals agree with the notion that hypersensitive or hyposensitve senses necessarily constitute a disorder. However, sensory integration dysfunction, sometimes called sensory processing disorder, is only diagnosed when the sensory behavior interferes significantly with learning, playing, and activities of daily living (ADL).

Sensory issues can be located on a spectrum. Being annoyed and distracted by the sound of a noisy ventilation system or the scratchiness of a sweater is considered to be a typical sensory response. When a child is so strongly affected by background noise or tactile sensations that he totally withdraws, becomes hyperactive and impulsive, or lashes out as part of a primitive fight-or-flight response, the child's sensory issues are severe enough to warrant intervention.

In addition to experiencing hypersensitivity, a person can experience hyposensitivity (undersensitivity to sensory stimuli). One example of this is insensitivity to pain. A child with sensory integration dysfunction may giggle when given an injection or not even blink when receiving a second-degree burn.

There is no empirical evidence that hypersensitivity results from sensory integration issues. There is anecdotal evidence that sensory integration therapy results in more typical sensory responses and sensory processing. For example, [[Temple Grandin]] has reported that the deep pressure, or proprioceptive input, created by a [[hug machine|cattle squeeze machine]] she used in her youth resulted in her being able to interact in her environment.

Additionally, over 130 articles on sensory integration have been published in peer-reviewed (mostly occupational therapy) journals. The difficulties of designing double-blind research studies of sensory integration dysfunction have been addressed by Temple Grandin and others. More research is needed.

It is speculated that SID may be a misdiagnosis for persons with attention problems. For example, a student who fails to repeat what has been said in class (due to boredom or distraction) might be referred for evaluation for sensory integration dysfunction. The student might then be evaluated by an occupational therapist to determine why he is having difficulty focusing and attending, and perhaps also evaluated by an audiologist or a speech-language pathologist for auditory processing issues or language processing issues.

As part of the auditory evaluation, the student may be asked to listen to signals coming from either side of a pair of headphones and identify where they are coming from. If the student is bored or distracted, or confused by the oral directions given, the test may be inconclusive and may not isolate what the problem is. The assessor must consider sensory and language factors in evaluating the student's performance on the test. Diagnoses based on single tests are unreliable, and integrated assessment utilizing multiple sources of information is the preferred means of diagnosis.

Similarly, a child may be mistakenly labeled "ADHD" or "ADD" because impulsivity has been observed, when actually this impulsivity is limited to sensory seeking or avoiding. A child might regularly jump out of his seat in class despite multiple warnings and threats because his poor proprioception (body awareness) causes him to fall out of his seat, and his anxiety over this potential problem causes him to avoid sitting whenever possible.

If the same child is able to remain seated after being given an inflatable bumpy cushion to sit on (which gives him more sensory input), or, is able to remain seated at home or in a particular classroom but not in his main classroom, it is a sign that more evaluation is needed to determine the cause of his impulsivity.

Children with FAS ([[Fetal Alcohol Syndrome]]) display many sensory integration problems.

While the diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction is accepted widely among occupational therapists and also educators, these professionals have been criticized for overextending a model that attempts to explain emotional and behavioral problems that could be caused by other conditions.

Children who receive the diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction may also have signs of anxiety problems, ADHD, food intolerances, and behavioral disorders, as well as for autism, and may have genetic problems such as Fragile X syndrome. Sensory integration dysfunction is not considered to be on the autism spectrum, and a child can receive a diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction without any comorbid conditions.

Because [[comorbid]] conditions are common with sensory integration issues, a child may have other conditions as well which make him or her reactive, "touchy", or unpredictable, and manifest in a manner similar to that characterized by occupational therapists as sensory integration dysfunction.

The theory of SI points out that children learn through their senses. A child who seems to have difficulty processing sensory information, may not be developmentally on track (in terms of social skills, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, language, etc.)

SI therapy is not "one size fits all." According to SI theory, children with sensory integration issues have their own unique set of sensory responses that need to be addressed. What is calming and focusing for one child may be overstimulating for another, and vice versa. Treatment often depends on the child's unique set of sensory responses.

Some adults identify themselves as having sensory integration dysfunction; that is, they report that their hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, and related sensory processing issues, such as poor self-regulation, continue to cause significant interference in their daily lives at home, at work, and at school.

Alternatively, there is evidence to suggest that some [[gifted]] children also have an increased tendency toward hypersensitivity (e.g., finding all shirt tags unbearable), which may be correlated with their greater intellectual proclivity toward perceiving the world in unconventional ways.<ref>Dabrowski, K. (1967). ''Personality Shaping Though Positive Disintegration''. Boston, Mass.: Little Brown.</ref><ref>Lysy, K. Z., and M. M. Piechowski. (1983). "Personal Growth: An Empirical Study Using Jungian and Dabrowskian Measures." ''Genetic Psychology Monographs'' 108: 267-320.</ref><ref>Piechowski, M. M. (1986). "The Concept of Developmental Potential." ''Roeper Review'' 8, no. 3: 190-97.</ref><ref>Piechowski, M. M., and N. B. Miller. (1995). "Assessing Developmental Potential in Gifted Children: A Comparison of Methods." ''Roeper Review'' 17: 176-80.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation]]

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

* Case-Smith, Jane. (2005) ''Occupational Therapy for Children''. 5th Edn. Elsevier Mosby: St. Louis, MO. ISBN 0-323-02873-X
* Biel, Lindsey and Peske, Nancy. (2005) ''Raising A Sensory Smart Child.'' Penguin: New York. ISBN 0-14-303488-X, website: http://www.sensorysmarts.com
*Heller, Sharon, Ph.D., 2003. "Too Loud, Too Bright, Too Fast, Too Tight: What to do if you are sensory defensive in an overstimulating world.", Quill: New York. ISBN 0-06-019520-7 or 0-06-093292-9 (pbk.) ((Focuses on Adults))
* Schaaf, R.C., and L.J. Miller. 2005. "Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with developmental disabilities", ''Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.'' 11(2):143-148.
* {{cite journal |journal= Skept Inq |year=2000 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=56–57 |title= On inventing your own disorder |author= Newman B |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_6_24/ai_66496173 |format= }} {{Dead link|date=March 2010}}
* {{cite journal |author= Herbert JD, Sharp IR, Gaudiano BA |title= Separating fact from fiction in the etiology and treatment of autism: a scientific review of the evidence |journal= Sci Rev Ment Health Pract |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=23–43 |year=2002 |url=http://www.srmhp.org/0101/autism.html}}
* {{cite web |url=http://quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/sid.html |title= Why "sensory integration disorder" is a dubious diagnosis |author= Heilbroner PL |work=QuackWatch |year=2005 |accessdate=2008-06-02}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.spdbloggernetwork.com/what-is-spd/ |title= What is SPD? |author= Hartley Steiner |work= SPD Blogger Network |year=2010 |accessdate=2011-05-20}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hartleysboys.com/2010/01/tips-for-newly-diagnosed-families-with.html |title= Tips for Newly Diagnosed Families with SPD |author=Hartley Steiner |work=Hartley's Life With 3 Boys |year=2010 |accessdate=2011-05-20}}

{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}
{{Autism resources}}
{{Autism films}}

[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Occupational therapy]]
[[Category:Alternative diagnoses]]

[[fr:Trouble sensoriel]]

Störung der Sinnesverarbeitung

2012-11-11T19:58:00Z

Doczilla:

'''Sensory processing disorder''' or '''SPD''' is a [[neurological disorder]] causing difficulties with taking in, [[sensory integration|processing]], and responding to sensory information about the environment and from within one's own body ([[Visual perception|visual]], [[Hearing (sense)|auditory]], [[touch|tactile]], [[olfaction]], [[taste|gustatory]], [[vestibular system|vestibular]], and [[proprioception]]).

For those identified as having SPD, sensory information may be [[wikt:sensation|sensed]] and [[perception|perceived]] in a way that is different from most other people. Unlike [[blindness]] or [[deafness]], sensory information can be received by people with SPD, the difference is that information is often registered, interpreted and processed differently by the brain. The result can be unusual ways of responding or behaving, finding things harder to do. Difficulties may typically present as difficulties planning and organizing, problems with doing the activities of everyday life (self care, work and leisure activities), and for some with extreme sensitivity, sensory input may result in extreme avoidance of activities, agitation, distress, fear or confusion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spdfoundation.net/about-sensory-processing-disorder.html |title=Sensory Processing Disorder Explained |publisher=SPD Foundation}}</ref>

The term SPD is now often used (though not without controversy) instead of the earlier term ''[[sensory integration dysfunction]]'' which was originally used by occupational therapist [[A. Jean Ayres]] as part of her theory that deficits in the processing and interpretation of sensation from the body and the environment could lead to [[sensorimotor]] and learning problems in children. The theory is widely acknowledged, but also has generated tremendous controversy.

Some state that sensory processing disorder is a distinct diagnosis, while others argue that differences in sensory responsiveness are features of other diagnoses.<ref name = "Flanagan">
{{cite web
|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4384/is_8_43/ai_n45484253/
|title=Sensory processing disorder
|author=Joanne Flanagan
|year=2009
|work=Pediatric News
|publisher=BNET
}}</ref>
SPD is not recognized in any standard medical manuals such as the [[ICD-10]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm |title=ICD 10 |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
or the [[DSM-IV-TR]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behavenet.com/apa-diagnostic-classification-dsm-iv-tr#301 |title=APA Diagnostic Classification DSM-IV-TR | BehaveNet |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
The committee that prepares the [[DSM-5]] has requested that additional studies be done before the disorder can be recognized.<ref name = "Flanagan" />
On the other hand, SPD is in [[Stanley Greenspan]]’s ''Diagnostic Manual for Infancy and Early Childhood'' and as '''Regulation Disorders of Sensory Processing''' part of the ''The Zero to Three’s Diagnostic Classification''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mi-aimh.org/documents/crosswalkaccess_eligibilitywithdch_title__121807.pdf |title=Infants and Toddlers Who Require Specialty Services and Supports |format=pdf |work=Department of Community Health—Mental Health Services to Children and Families|accessdate=}}</ref>

SPD is often associated with a range of neurological, psychiatric, behavioral and language disorders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thespiralfoundation.org/pdfs/Fact%20Sheet%20for%20Educators.pdf |title=Educator Fact Sheet Signs and Symptoms of Sensory Processing Disorder |format= |work=Spiral Foundation |accessdate=}}</ref>

There is no known cure; however, there are many treatments available.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}


== Classifications==
{{Refimprove section|date=June 2010}}

Initially the term traditionally used for children and adults with sensory processing difficulties was Sensory Integration Dysfunction (SID).

A new [[nosology]] has been proposed by Lucy J. Miller, Ph.D., OTR and colleagues. The new terms are meant to increase understanding between Occupational Therapists and other professionals who frequently encounter SID and physicians and other health professionals who approach sensory integration dysfunction from a more neurobiological vantage.

This understanding is critical as physicians are responsible for diagnosing SPD, which is a necessary step in accessing reimbursement (eventually from insurance companies) for professional services to treat SPD.

Sensory Processing Dysfunction is now being used as a global umbrella term that includes all forms of this disorder, including three primary diagnostic groups:

* Type I - Sensory Modulation Disorder
* Type II - Sensory Based Motor Disorder
* Type III - Sensory Discrimination Disorder

Type I - Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD). Over, or under responding to sensory stimuli or seeking sensory stimulation. This group may include a fearful and/or anxious pattern, negative and/or stubborn behaviors, self-absorbed behaviors that are difficult to engage or creative or actively seeking sensation.

Type II - Sensory Based Motor Disorder (SBMD). Shows motor output that is disorganized as a result of incorrect processing of sensory information affecting postural control challenges and/or [[dyspraxia]].

Type III - Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD). Sensory discrimination or incorrect processing of sensory information. Incorrect processing of visual or auditory input, for example, may be seen in inattentiveness, disorganization, and poor school performance.

This information is adapted from research and publications by: Lucy, J. Miller, Ph.D., OTR, Marie Anzalone, Sc.D., OTR, Sharon A. Cermak, Ed.D., OTR/L, Shelly J., Lane, Ph.D, OTR, Beth Osten, M.S,m OTR/L, Serena Wieder, Ph.D., Stanley I. Greenspan, M.D..

=== Sensory modulation ===

Sensory modulation refers to a complex central nervous system process by which neural messages that convey information about the intensity, frequency, duration, complexity, and novelty of sensory stimuli are adjusted.

Behaviorally, this is manifested in the tendency to generate responses that are appropriately graded in relation to incoming sensations, neither underreacting nor overreacting to them.

==== Sensory modulation problems ====

* Sensory registration problems - This refers to the process by which the central nervous system attends to stimuli. This usually involves an orienting response. Sensory registration problems are characterized by failure to notice stimuli that ordinarily are salient to most people.
* Sensory defensiveness - A condition characterized by over-responsivity in one or more systems.
* Gravitational insecurity - A sensory modulation condition in which there is a tendency to react negatively and fearfully to movement experiences, particularly those involving a change in head position and movement backward or upward through space.
(Case-Smith, (2005)

== Hyposensitivities and hypersensitivities ==

Sensory integration disorders vary between individuals in their characteristics and intensity. Some people are so mildly afflicted, the disorder is barely noticeable, while others are so impaired they have trouble with daily functioning.

Children can be born hypersensitive or hyposensitive to varying degrees and may have trouble in one sensory modality, a few, or all of them. Hypersensitivity is also known as [[sensory defensiveness]]. Examples of hypersensitivity include feeling pain from clothing rubbing against skin, an inability to tolerate normal lighting in a room, a dislike of being touched (especially light touch) and discomfort when one looks directly into the eyes of another person.

Hyposensitivity is characterized by an unusually high tolerance for environmental stimuli. A child with hyposensitivity might appear restless and seek sensory stimulation.

In treating sensory dysfunctions, a "just right" challenge is used: giving the child just the right amount of challenge to motivate him and stimulate changes in the way the system processes sensory information but not so much as to make him shut down or go into sensory overload.

The "just right" challenge is absent if the activity and the child's perception of activity do not match. In addition, deep pressure is often calming for children who have sensory dysfunctions. It is recommended that therapists use a variety of tactile materials, a quiet, subdued voice, and slow, linear movements, tailoring the approach to the child's unique sensory needs.

While occupational therapy sessions focus on increasing a child's ability to tolerate a variety of sensory experiences, both the activities and environment should be assessed for a "just right" fit with the child. Overwhelming environmental stimuli such as flickering fluorescent lighting and bothersome clothing tags should be eliminated whenever possible to increase the child's comfort and ability to engage productively. Meanwhile, the occupational therapist and parents should jointly create a "sensory diet," a term coined by occupational therapist Patricia Wilbarger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ot-innovations.com/content/view/55/46/}}</ref>

The sensory diet is a schedule of daily activities that gives the child the sensory fuel their body needs to get into an organized state and stay there. According to SI theory, rather than just relying on individual treatment sessions, ensuring that a carefully designed program of sensory input throughout the day is implemented at home and at school can create profound, lasting changes in the child's nervous system.

Parents can help their child by realizing that play is an important part of their child's development. Therapy involves working with an occupational therapist and the child will engage in activities that provide vestibular, proprioceptive and tactile stimulation. Therapy is individualized to meet the child's specific needs for development. Emphasis is put on automatic sensory processes in the course of a goal-directed activity. The children are engaged in therapy as play which may include activities such as: finger painting, using Play-Doh type modeling clay, swinging, playing in bins of rice or water, climbing, etc.

== Relationship to other disorders ==

=== Autistic spectrum disorders and difficulties of sensory processing ===

Sensory processing disorder is a common comorbidity with [[autism spectrum disorder]]s.<ref>Natalie Russo et al. Multisensory processing in children with autism: high-density electrical mapping of auditory-somatosensory integration. Autism Research, August 17, 2010</ref> Although responses to [[Stimulus (physiology)|sensory stimuli]] are more common and prominent in autistic children and adults, there is no good evidence that sensory symptoms differentiate [[autism]] from other developmental disorders.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Child Psychol Psychiatry
|year=2005
|volume=46
|issue=12
|pages=1255–68
|title= Annotation: what do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence
|author= Rogers SJ, Ozonoff S
|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x
|pmid=16313426
}}</ref>
Differences are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into things) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud noises) or for seeking (for example, rhythmic movements).<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Autism Dev Disord
|year=2008
|title= A meta-analysis of sensory modulation symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorders
|author= Ben-Sasson A, Hen L, Fluss R, Cermak SA, Engel-Yeger B, Gal E
|doi=10.1007/s10803-008-0593-3
|pmid=18512135
|volume= 39
|issue= 1
|pages= 1–11
}}</ref>
The responses may be more common in children: a pair of studies found that autistic children had impaired [[Tactition|tactile perception]] while autistic adults did not.<ref>
{{cite journal
|author=Williams DL, Goldstein G, Minshew NJ
|title=Neuropsychologic functioning in children with autism: further evidence for disordered complex information-processing
|journal= Child Neuropsychol
|volume=12
|issue=4–5
|pages=279–98
|year=2006
|pmid=16911973
|doi=10.1080/09297040600681190
|pmc=1803025
}}</ref>

=== Other disorders ===

The neuroscientist [[David Eagleman]] has proposed that SPD may be a form of [[synesthesia]], a perceptual condition in which the senses are blended.<ref>Cytowic RE and Eagleman DM (2009). ''Wednesday is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia.'' Cambridge: MIT Press.</ref> Specifically, Eagleman suggests that instead of a sensory input "connecting to [a person's] color area [in the brain], it's connecting to an area involving pain or aversion or nausea".<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/health/la-he-synesthesia-brain-20120220,0,6760571.story The blended senses of synesthesia], ''Los Angeles Times'', Feb 20, 2012.</ref>

Some argue that sensory related disorders may be misdiagnosed as [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) but they can coexist, as well as emotional problems, aggressiveness and speech-related disorders such as [[aphasia]]. Sensory processing, they argue, is foundational, like the roots of a tree, and gives rise to a myriad of behaviors and symptoms such as hyperactivity and [[speech delay]].

For example, a child with an under-responsive vestibular system may need extra input to his "motion sensor" in order to achieve a state of quiet alertness; to get this input, the child might fidget or run around, appearing ostensibly to be hyperactive, when in fact, he suffers from a sensory related disorder

Researchers have described a treatable inherited [[Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation|sensory overstimulation disorder]] that meets diagnostic criteria for both attention deficit disorder and sensory integration dysfunction.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Segal MM, Rogers GF, Needleman HL, Chapman CA |title= Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation |journal= J Child Neurol |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1408–10 |year=2007 |doi=10.1177/0883073807307095 |pmid=18174562}}</ref>

== Sensory integration therapy ==
{{Main|Sensory integration therapy}}

Several therapies have been developed to treat SID.<ref>
{{cite web
|title= Sensory integrative therapy
|url=http://www.researchautism.net/interventionitem.ikml?print&ra=28&infolevel=4
|accessdate=2007-10-08
|publisher= Research Autism
}}</ref>
Some of these treatments (for example, sensorimotor handling) have a questionable rationale and no empirical evidence. Other treatments (for example, prism lenses, physical exercise, and [[auditory integration training]]) have had studies with small positive outcomes, but few conclusions can be made about them due to methodological problems with the studies.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Autism Dev Disord
|year=2002
|volume=32
|issue=5
|pages=397–422
|title= Efficacy of sensory and motor interventions for children with autism
|author= Baranek GT
|doi=10.1023/A:1020541906063
|pmid=12463517
}}</ref>
Although replicable treatments have been described and valid outcome measures are known, gaps exist in knowledge related to sensory integration dysfunction and therapy.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev
|year=2005
|volume=11
|issue=2
|pages=143–8
|title= Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with developmental disabilities
|author= Schaaf RC, Miller LJ
|doi=10.1002/mrdd.20067
|pmid=15977314
}}</ref>
Empirical support is limited, therefore systematic evaluation is needed if these interventions are used.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= Can J Occup Ther
|year=2007
|volume=74
|issue=5
|pages=393–400
|title= Somatosensory stimulation interventions for children with autism: literature review and clinical considerations
|author= Hodgetts S, Hodgetts W
|pmid=18183774
|doi=10.2182/cjot.07.013
}}</ref>

The main form of sensory integration therapy is a type of occupational therapy that places a child in a room specifically designed to stimulate and challenge all of the senses.

During the session, the therapist works closely with the child to provide a level of sensory stimulation that the child can cope with, and encourage movement within the room. Sensory integration therapy is driven by four main principles:

* Just Right Challenge (the child must be able to successfully meet the challenges that are presented through playful activities)
* Adaptive Response (the child adapts his behavior with new and useful strategies in response to the challenges presented)
* Active Engagement (the child will want to participate because the activities are fun)
* Child Directed (the child's preferences are used to initiate therapeutic experiences within the session).

Children with lower sensitivity (hyposensitivity) may be exposed to strong sensations such as stroking with a brush, vibrations or rubbing. Play may involve a range of materials to stimulate the senses such as play dough or finger painting.

Children with heightened sensitivity (hypersensitivity) may be exposed to peaceful activities including quiet music and gentle rocking in a softly lit room. Treats and rewards may be used to encourage children to tolerate activities they would normally avoid.

While occupational therapists using a sensory integration frame of reference work on increasing a child's ability to tolerate and integrate sensory input, other OTs may focus on environmental accommodations that parents and school staff can use to enhance the child's function at home, school, and in the community (Biel and Peske, 2005). These may include selecting soft, tag-free clothing, avoiding fluorescent lighting, and providing ear plugs for "emergency" use (such as for fire drills).

There is a growing evidence base that points to and supports the notion that adults also show signs of sensory processing difficulties. In the United Kingdom early research and improved clinical outcomes for clients assessed as having sensory processing difficulties is indicating that the therapy may be an appropriate treatment (Urwin and Ballinger 2005) <ref>URWIN Rosalind; BALLINGER Claire; Title: The effectiveness of sensory integration therapy to improve functional behaviour in adults with learning disabilities: five single-case experimental designs. Reference: British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(2), February 2005, pp.56-66.</ref> for a range of presentations seen in adult clients including for those with Autism and Asperger's Syndrome, as well as adults with dyspraxia and some mental health difficulties [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pnp.127/abstract (Brown, Shankar and Smith 2009)] <ref>Brown, S; Shankar, R; Smith, K "Borderline personality disorder and sensory processing impairment" Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry Volume 13, Issue 4, pages 10–16, July/August 2009</ref> that therapists suggest may arise from the difficulties adults with sensory processing difficulties encounter trying to negotiate the challenges and demands of engaging in everyday life(Brown, Shankar and Smith 2006).<ref>Brown S, Shankar R, Smith K, et al. Sensory Processing Disorder in mental health. Occupational Therapy News 2006;May:28-29.</ref>

==Snoezelen Rooms==

Some individuals with sensory processing disorder may benefit from spending time in Snoezelen environments. Snoezelen rooms may consist of several elements that can both energize and relax users. These elements include anything from various lighting effects and areas of darkness, to tactile bins and vibrating surfaces, as well as scents and sounds. The individual enters the room with opportunity for free exploration. He or she is given time to seek out the sensory experiences that appeal to his or her unique sensory system. This process can help regulate the sensory system.<ref name="test">[http://www.hollandbloorview.ca/programsandservices/communityprograms/snoezelen.php "Snoezlen at the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital."], Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital. (2011). http://www.hollandbloorview.ca/programsandservices/communityprograms/snoezelen.php. Retrieved 12/1/11</ref>

== Alternative views ==

Not all professionals agree with the notion that hypersensitive or hyposensitve senses necessarily constitute a disorder. However, sensory integration dysfunction, sometimes called sensory processing disorder, is only diagnosed when the sensory behavior interferes significantly with learning, playing, and activities of daily living (ADL).

Sensory issues can be located on a spectrum. Being annoyed and distracted by the sound of a noisy ventilation system or the scratchiness of a sweater is considered to be a typical sensory response. When a child is so strongly affected by background noise or tactile sensations that he totally withdraws, becomes hyperactive and impulsive, or lashes out as part of a primitive fight-or-flight response, the child's sensory issues are severe enough to warrant intervention.

In addition to experiencing hypersensitivity, a person can experience hyposensitivity (undersensitivity to sensory stimuli). One example of this is insensitivity to pain. A child with sensory integration dysfunction may giggle when given an injection or not even blink when receiving a second-degree burn.

There is no empirical evidence that hypersensitivity results from sensory integration issues. There is anecdotal evidence that sensory integration therapy results in more typical sensory responses and sensory processing. For example, [[Temple Grandin]] has reported that the deep pressure, or proprioceptive input, created by a [[hug machine|cattle squeeze machine]] she used in her youth resulted in her being able to interact in her environment.

Additionally, over 130 articles on sensory integration have been published in peer-reviewed (mostly occupational therapy) journals. The difficulties of designing double-blind research studies of sensory integration dysfunction have been addressed by Temple Grandin and others. More research is needed.

It is speculated that SID may be a misdiagnosis for persons with attention problems. For example, a student who fails to repeat what has been said in class (due to boredom or distraction) might be referred for evaluation for sensory integration dysfunction. The student might then be evaluated by an occupational therapist to determine why he is having difficulty focusing and attending, and perhaps also evaluated by an audiologist or a speech-language pathologist for auditory processing issues or language processing issues.

As part of the auditory evaluation, the student may be asked to listen to signals coming from either side of a pair of headphones and identify where they are coming from. If the student is bored or distracted, or confused by the oral directions given, the test may be inconclusive and may not isolate what the problem is. The assessor must consider sensory and language factors in evaluating the student's performance on the test. Diagnoses based on single tests are unreliable, and integrated assessment utilizing multiple sources of information is the preferred means of diagnosis.

Similarly, a child may be mistakenly labeled "ADHD" or "ADD" because impulsivity has been observed, when actually this impulsivity is limited to sensory seeking or avoiding. A child might regularly jump out of his seat in class despite multiple warnings and threats because his poor proprioception (body awareness) causes him to fall out of his seat, and his anxiety over this potential problem causes him to avoid sitting whenever possible.

If the same child is able to remain seated after being given an inflatable bumpy cushion to sit on (which gives him more sensory input), or, is able to remain seated at home or in a particular classroom but not in his main classroom, it is a sign that more evaluation is needed to determine the cause of his impulsivity.

Children with FAS ([[Fetal Alcohol Syndrome]]) display many sensory integration problems.

While the diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction is accepted widely among occupational therapists and also educators, these professionals have been criticized for overextending a model that attempts to explain emotional and behavioral problems that could be caused by other conditions.

Children who receive the diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction may also have signs of anxiety problems, ADHD, food intolerances, and behavioral disorders, as well as for autism, and may have genetic problems such as Fragile X syndrome. Sensory integration dysfunction is not considered to be on the autism spectrum, and a child can receive a diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction without any comorbid conditions.

Because [[comorbid]] conditions are common with sensory integration issues, a child may have other conditions as well which make him or her reactive, "touchy", or unpredictable, and manifest in a manner similar to that characterized by occupational therapists as sensory integration dysfunction.

The theory of SI points out that children learn through their senses. A child who seems to have difficulty processing sensory information, may not be developmentally on track (in terms of social skills, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, language, etc.)

SI therapy is not "one size fits all." According to SI theory, children with sensory integration issues have their own unique set of sensory responses that need to be addressed. What is calming and focusing for one child may be overstimulating for another, and vice versa. Treatment often depends on the child's unique set of sensory responses.

Some adults identify themselves as having sensory integration dysfunction; that is, they report that their hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, and related sensory processing issues, such as poor self-regulation, continue to cause significant interference in their daily lives at home, at work, and at school.

Alternatively, there is evidence to suggest that some [[gifted]] children also have an increased tendency toward hypersensitivity (e.g., finding all shirt tags unbearable), which may be correlated with their greater intellectual proclivity toward perceiving the world in unconventional ways.<ref>Dabrowski, K. (1967). ''Personality Shaping Though Positive Disintegration''. Boston, Mass.: Little Brown.</ref><ref>Lysy, K. Z., and M. M. Piechowski. (1983). "Personal Growth: An Empirical Study Using Jungian and Dabrowskian Measures." ''Genetic Psychology Monographs'' 108: 267-320.</ref><ref>Piechowski, M. M. (1986). "The Concept of Developmental Potential." ''Roeper Review'' 8, no. 3: 190-97.</ref><ref>Piechowski, M. M., and N. B. Miller. (1995). "Assessing Developmental Potential in Gifted Children: A Comparison of Methods." ''Roeper Review'' 17: 176-80.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation]]

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

* Case-Smith, Jane. (2005) ''Occupational Therapy for Children''. 5th Edn. Elsevier Mosby: St. Louis, MO. ISBN 0-323-02873-X
* Biel, Lindsey and Peske, Nancy. (2005) ''Raising A Sensory Smart Child.'' Penguin: New York. ISBN 0-14-303488-X, website: http://www.sensorysmarts.com
*Heller, Sharon, Ph.D., 2003. "Too Loud, Too Bright, Too Fast, Too Tight: What to do if you are sensory defensive in an overstimulating world.", Quill: New York. ISBN 0-06-019520-7 or 0-06-093292-9 (pbk.) ((Focuses on Adults))
* Schaaf, R.C., and L.J. Miller. 2005. "Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with developmental disabilities", ''Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.'' 11(2):143-148.
* {{cite journal |journal= Skept Inq |year=2000 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=56–57 |title= On inventing your own disorder |author= Newman B |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_6_24/ai_66496173 |format= }} {{Dead link|date=March 2010}}
* {{cite journal |author= Herbert JD, Sharp IR, Gaudiano BA |title= Separating fact from fiction in the etiology and treatment of autism: a scientific review of the evidence |journal= Sci Rev Ment Health Pract |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=23–43 |year=2002 |url=http://www.srmhp.org/0101/autism.html}}
* {{cite web |url=http://quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/sid.html |title= Why "sensory integration disorder" is a dubious diagnosis |author= Heilbroner PL |work=QuackWatch |year=2005 |accessdate=2008-06-02}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.spdbloggernetwork.com/what-is-spd/ |title= What is SPD? |author= Hartley Steiner |work= SPD Blogger Network |year=2010 |accessdate=2011-05-20}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hartleysboys.com/2010/01/tips-for-newly-diagnosed-families-with.html |title= Tips for Newly Diagnosed Families with SPD |author=Hartley Steiner |work=Hartley's Life With 3 Boys |year=2010 |accessdate=2011-05-20}}

{{Pervasive developmental disorders}}
{{Autism resources}}
{{Autism films}}

[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Occupational therapy]]
[[Category:Alternative diagnoses]]

[[fr:Trouble sensoriel]]

Störung der Sinnesverarbeitung

2012-07-22T06:36:39Z

Doczilla: source

'''Sensory processing disorder''' or '''SPD''' is a [[neurological disorder]] causing difficulties with taking in, [[sensory integration|processing]], and responding to sensory information about the environment and from within the own body ([[Visual perception|visual]], [[Hearing (sense)|auditory]], [[touch|tactile]], [[olfaction]], [[taste|gustatory]], [[vestibular system|vestibular]], and [[proprioception]]).

For those identified as having SPD, sensory information may be [[wikt:sensation|sensed]] and [[perception|perceived]] in a way that is different from most other people. Unlike [[blindness]] or [[deafness]], sensory information can be received by people with SPD, the difference is that information is often registered, interpreted and processed differently by the brain. The result can be unusual ways of responding or behaving, finding things harder to do. Difficulties may typically present as difficulties planning and organizing, problems with doing the activities of everyday life (self care, work and leisure activities), and for some with extreme sensitivity, sensory input may result in extreme avoidance of activities, agitation, distress, fear or confusion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spdfoundation.net/about-sensory-processing-disorder.html |title=Sensory Processing Disorder Explained |publisher=SPD Foundation}}</ref>

The term SPD is now often used (though not without controversy) instead of the earlier term ''[[sensory integration dysfunction]]'' which was originally used by occupational therapist [[A. Jean Ayres]] as part of her theory that deficits in the processing and interpretation of sensation from the body and the environment could lead to [[sensorimotor]] and learning problems in children. The theory is widely acknowledged, but also has generated tremendous controversy.

Some state that sensory processing disorder is a distinct diagnosis, while others argue that differences in sensory responsiveness are features of other diagnoses.<ref name = "Flanagan">
{{cite web
|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4384/is_8_43/ai_n45484253/
|title=Sensory processing disorder
|author=Joanne Flanagan
|date=2009
|work=Pediatric News
|publisher=BNET
}}</ref>
SPD is not recognized in any standard medical manuals such as the [[ICD-10]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm |title=ICD 10 |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
or the [[DSM-IV-TR]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://behavenet.com/apa-diagnostic-classification-dsm-iv-tr#301 |title=APA Diagnostic Classification DSM-IV-TR | BehaveNet |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
The committee that prepares the [[DSM-5]] has requested that additional studies are done before the disorder can be recognized.<ref name = "Flanagan" />
On the other hand, SPD is in [[Stanley Greenspan]]’s ''Diagnostic Manual for Infancy and Early Childhood'' and as '''Regulation Disorders of Sensory Processing''' part of the ''The Zero to Three’s Diagnostic Classification''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mi-aimh.org/documents/crosswalkaccess_eligibilitywithdch_title__121807.pdf |title=Infants and Toddlers Who Require Specialty Services and Supports |format=pdf |work=Department of Community Health—Mental Health Services to Children and Families|accessdate=}}</ref>

SPD is often associated with a range of neurological, psychiatric, behavioral and language disorders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thespiralfoundation.org/pdfs/Fact%20Sheet%20for%20Educators.pdf |title=Educator Fact Sheet Signs and Symptoms of Sensory Processing Disorder |format= |work=Spiral Foundation |accessdate=}}</ref>

There is no known cure; however, there are many treatments available.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}


== Classifications==
{{Ref improve section|date=June 2010}}

Initially the term traditionally used for children and adults with sensory processing difficulties was Sensory Integration Dysfunction (SID).

A new nosology (way of naming and classifying) has been proposed by Lucy J. Miller, Ph.D., OTR and colleagues. The new terms are meant to increase understanding between Occupational Therapists and other professionals who frequently encounter SID and physicians and other health professionals who approach sensory integration dysfunction from a more neurobiological vantage.

This understanding is critical as physicians are responsible for diagnosing SPD, which is a necessary step in accessing reimbursement (eventually from insurance companies) for professional services to treat SPD.

Sensory Processing Dysfunction is now being used as a global umbrella term that includes all forms of this disorder, including three primary diagnostic groups:

* Type I - Sensory Modulation Disorder
* Type II - Sensory Based Motor Disorder
* Type III - Sensory Discrimination Disorder

Type I - Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD). Over, or under responding to sensory stimuli or seeking sensory stimulation. This group may include a fearful and/or anxious pattern, negative and/or stubborn behaviors, self-absorbed behaviors that are difficult to engage or creative or actively seeking sensation.

Type II - Sensory Based Motor Disorder (SBMD). Shows motor output that is disorganized as a result of incorrect processing of sensory information affecting postural control challenges and/or [[dyspraxia]].

Type III - Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD). Sensory discrimination or incorrect processing of sensory information. Incorrect processing of visual or auditory input, for example, may be seen in inattentiveness, disorganization, and poor school performance.

This information is adapted from research and publications by: Lucy, J. Miller, Ph.D., OTR, Marie Anzalone, Sc.D., OTR, Sharon A. Cermak, Ed.D., OTR/L, Shelly J., Lane, Ph.D, OTR, Beth Osten, M.S,m OTR/L, Serena Wieder, Ph.D., Stanley I. Greenspan, M.D..

=== Sensory modulation ===

Sensory modulation refers to a complex central nervous system process by which neural messages that convey information about the intensity, frequency, duration, complexity, and novelty of sensory stimuli are adjusted.

Behaviorally, this is manifested in the tendency to generate responses that are appropriately graded in relation to incoming sensations, neither underreacting nor overreacting to them.

==== Sensory modulation problems ====

* Sensory registration problems - This refers to the process by which the central nervous system attends to stimuli. This usually involves an orienting response. Sensory registration problems are characterized by failure to notice stimuli that ordinarily are salient to most people.
* Sensory defensiveness - A condition characterized by over-responsivity in one or more systems.
* Gravitational insecurity - A sensory modulation condition in which there is a tendency to react negatively and fearfully to movement experiences, particularly those involving a change in head position and movement backward or upward through space.
(Case-Smith, (2005)

== Hyposensitivities and hypersensitivities ==

Sensory integration disorders vary between individuals in their characteristics and intensity. Some people are so mildly afflicted, the disorder is barely noticeable, while others are so impaired they have trouble with daily functioning.

Children can be born hypersensitive or hyposensitive to varying degrees and may have trouble in one sensory modality, a few, or all of them. Hypersensitivity is also known as [[sensory defensiveness]]. Examples of hypersensitivity include feeling pain from clothing rubbing against skin, an inability to tolerate normal lighting in a room, a dislike of being touched (especially light touch) and discomfort when one looks directly into the eyes of another person.

Hyposensitivity is characterized by an unusually high tolerance for environmental stimuli. A child with hyposensitivity might appear restless and seek sensory stimulation.

In treating sensory dysfunctions, a "just right" challenge is used: giving the child just the right amount of challenge to motivate him and stimulate changes in the way the system processes sensory information but not so much as to make him shut down or go into sensory overload.

The "just right" challenge is absent if the activity and the child's perception of activity do not match. In addition, deep pressure is often calming for children who have sensory dysfunctions. It is recommended that therapists use a variety of tactile materials, a quiet, subdued voice, and slow, linear movements, tailoring the approach to the child's unique sensory needs.

While occupational therapy sessions focus on increasing a child's ability to tolerate a variety of sensory experiences, both the activities and environment should be assessed for a "just right" fit with the child. Overwhelming environmental stimuli such as flickering fluorescent lighting and bothersome clothing tags should be eliminated whenever possible to increase the child's comfort and ability to engage productively. Meanwhile, the occupational therapist and parents should jointly create a "sensory diet," a term coined by occupational therapist Patricia Wilbarger.[http://www.ot-innovations.com/content/view/55/46/]

The sensory diet is a schedule of daily activities that gives the child the sensory fuel his or her or hir body needs to get into an organized state and stay there. According to SI theory, rather than just relying on individual treatment sessions, ensuring that a carefully designed program of sensory input throughout the day is implemented at home and at school can create profound, lasting changes in the child's nervous system.

Parents can help their child by realizing that play is an important part of their child's development. Therapy involves working with an occupational therapist and the child will engage in activities that provide vestibular, proprioceptive and tactile stimulation. Therapy is individualized to meet the child's specific needs for development. Emphasis is put on automatic sensory processes in the course of a goal-directed activity. The children are engaged in therapy as play which may include activities such as: finger painting, using Play-Doh type modeling clay, swinging, playing in bins of rice or water, climbing, etc.

== Relationship to other disorders ==

=== Autistic spectrum disorders and difficulties of sensory processing ===

Sensory processing disorder is a common comorbidity with [[autism spectrum disorder]]s.<ref>Natalie Russo et al. Multisensory processing in children with autism: high-density electrical mapping of auditory-somatosensory integration. Autism Research, August 17, 2010</ref> Although responses to [[Stimulus (physiology)|sensory stimuli]] are more common and prominent in autistic children and adults, there is no good evidence that sensory symptoms differentiate [[autism]] from other developmental disorders.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Child Psychol Psychiatry
|date=2005
|volume=46
|issue=12
|pages=1255–68
|title= Annotation: what do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence
|author= Rogers SJ, Ozonoff S
|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x
|pmid=16313426
}}</ref>
Differences are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into things) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud noises) or for seeking (for example, rhythmic movements).<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Autism Dev Disord
|date=2008
|title= A meta-analysis of sensory modulation symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorders
|author= Ben-Sasson A, Hen L, Fluss R, Cermak SA, Engel-Yeger B, Gal E
|doi=10.1007/s10803-008-0593-3
|pmid=18512135
|volume= 39
|issue= 1
|pages= 1–11
}}</ref>
The responses may be more common in children: a pair of studies found that autistic children had impaired [[Tactition|tactile perception]] while autistic adults did not.<ref>
{{cite journal
|author=Williams DL, Goldstein G, Minshew NJ
|title=Neuropsychologic functioning in children with autism: further evidence for disordered complex information-processing
|journal= Child Neuropsychol
|volume=12
|issue=4–5
|pages=279–98
|year=2006
|pmid=16911973
|doi=10.1080/09297040600681190
|pmc=1803025
}}</ref>

=== Other disorders ===

The neuroscientist [[David Eagleman]] has proposed that SPD may be a form of [[synesthesia]], a perceptual condition in which the senses are blended.<ref>Cytowic RE and Eagleman DM (2009). ''Wednesday is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia.'' Cambridge: MIT Press.</ref>. Specifically, Eagleman suggests that instead of a sensory input "connecting to [a person's] color area [in the brain], it's connecting to an area involving pain or aversion or nausea".<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/health/la-he-synesthesia-brain-20120220,0,6760571.story The blended senses of synesthesia], ''Los Angeles Times'', Feb 20, 2012.</ref>

Some argue that sensory related disorders may be misdiagnosed as [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) but they can coexist, as well as emotional problems, aggressiveness and speech-related disorders such as [[aphasia]]. Sensory processing, they argue, is foundational, like the roots of a tree, and gives rise to a myriad of behaviors and symptoms such as hyperactivity and [[speech delay]].

For example, a child with an under-responsive vestibular system may need extra input to his "motion sensor" in order to achieve a state of quiet alertness; to get this input, the child might fidget or run around, appearing ostensibly to be hyperactive, when in fact, he suffers from a sensory related disorder

Researchers have described a treatable inherited [[Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation|sensory overstimulation disorder]] that meets diagnostic criteria for both attention deficit disorder and sensory integration dysfunction.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Segal MM, Rogers GF, Needleman HL, Chapman CA |title= Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation |journal= J Child Neurol |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1408–10 |year=2007 |doi=10.1177/0883073807307095 |pmid=18174562}}</ref>

== Sensory integration therapy ==
{{Main|Sensory integration therapy}}

Several therapies have been developed to treat SID.<ref>
{{cite web
|title= Sensory integrative therapy
|url=http://www.researchautism.net/interventionitem.ikml?print&ra=28&infolevel=4
|accessdate=2007-10-08
|publisher= Research Autism
}}</ref>
Some of these treatments (for example, sensorimotor handling) have a questionable rationale and no empirical evidence. Other treatments (for example, prism lenses, physical exercise, and [[auditory integration training]]) have had studies with small positive outcomes, but few conclusions can be made about them due to methodological problems with the studies.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Autism Dev Disord
|year=2002
|volume=32
|issue=5
|pages=397–422
|title= Efficacy of sensory and motor interventions for children with autism
|author= Baranek GT
|doi=10.1023/A:1020541906063
|pmid=12463517
}}</ref>
Although replicable treatments have been described and valid outcome measures are known, gaps exist in knowledge related to sensory integration dysfunction and therapy.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev
|year=2005
|volume=11
|issue=2
|pages=143–8
|title= Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with developmental disabilities
|author= Schaaf RC, Miller LJ
|doi=10.1002/mrdd.20067
|pmid=15977314
}}</ref>
Empirical support is limited, therefore systematic evaluation is needed if these interventions are used.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= Can J Occup Ther
|date=2007
|volume=74
|issue=5
|pages=393–400
|title= Somatosensory stimulation interventions for children with autism: literature review and clinical considerations
|author= Hodgetts S, Hodgetts W
|pmid=18183774
|doi=10.2182/cjot.07.013
}}</ref>

The main form of sensory integration therapy is a type of occupational therapy that places a child in a room specifically designed to stimulate and challenge all of the senses.

During the session, the therapist works closely with the child to provide a level of sensory stimulation that the child can cope with, and encourage movement within the room. Sensory integration therapy is driven by four main principles:

* Just Right Challenge (the child must be able to successfully meet the challenges that are presented through playful activities)
* Adaptive Response (the child adapts his behavior with new and useful strategies in response to the challenges presented)
* Active Engagement (the child will want to participate because the activities are fun)
* Child Directed (the child's preferences are used to initiate therapeutic experiences within the session).

Children with lower sensitivity (hyposensitivity) may be exposed to strong sensations such as stroking with a brush, vibrations or rubbing. Play may involve a range of materials to stimulate the senses such as play dough or finger painting.

Children with heightened sensitivity (hypersensitivity) may be exposed to peaceful activities including quiet music and gentle rocking in a softly lit room. Treats and rewards may be used to encourage children to tolerate activities they would normally avoid.

While occupational therapists using a sensory integration frame of reference work on increasing a child's ability to tolerate and integrate sensory input, other OTs may focus on environmental accommodations that parents and school staff can use to enhance the child's function at home, school, and in the community (Biel and Peske, 2005). These may include selecting soft, tag-free clothing, avoiding fluorescent lighting, and providing ear plugs for "emergency" use (such as for fire drills).

There is a growing evidence base that points to and supports the notion that adults also show signs of sensory processing difficulties. In the United Kingdom early research and improved clinical outcomes for clients assessed as having sensory processing difficulties is indicating that the therapy may be an appropriate treatment (Urwin and Ballinger 2005) <ref>URWIN Rosalind; BALLINGER Claire; Title: The effectiveness of sensory integration therapy to improve functional behaviour in adults with learning disabilities: five single-case experimental designs. Reference: British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(2), February 2005, pp.56-66.</ref> for a range of presentations seen in adult clients including for those with Autism and Asperger's Syndrome, as well as adults with dyspraxia and some mental health difficulties [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pnp.127/abstract (Brown, Shankar and Smith 2009)] <ref>Brown, S; Shankar, R; Smith, K "Borderline personality disorder and sensory processing impairment" Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry Volume 13, Issue 4, pages 10–16, July/August 2009</ref>that therapists suggest may arise from the difficulties adults with sensory processing difficulties encounter trying to negotiate the challenges and demands of engaging in everyday life(Brown, Shankar and Smith 2006).<ref>Brown S, Shankar R, Smith K, et al. Sensory Processing Disorder in mental health. Occupational Therapy News 2006;May:28-29. </ref>

==Snoezelen Rooms==

Some individuals with sensory processing disorder may benefit from spending time in Snoezelen environments. Snoezelen rooms may consist of several elements that can both energize and relax users. These elements include anything from various lighting effects and areas of darkness, to tactile bins and vibrating surfaces, as well as scents and sounds. The individual enters the room with opportunity for free exploration. He or she is given time to seek out the sensory experiences that appeal to his or her unique sensory system. This process can help regulate the sensory system.<ref name="test"> [http://www.hollandbloorview.ca/programsandservices/communityprograms/snoezelen.php "Snoezlen at the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital."], Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital. (2011). http://www.hollandbloorview.ca/programsandservices/communityprograms/snoezelen.php. Retrieved 12/1/11 </ref>

== Alternative views ==

Not all professionals agree with the notion that hypersensitive or hyposensitve senses necessarily constitute a disorder. However, sensory integration dysfunction, sometimes called sensory processing disorder, is only diagnosed when the sensory behavior interferes significantly with learning, playing, and activities of daily living (ADL).

Sensory issues can be located on a spectrum. Being annoyed and distracted by the sound of a noisy ventilation system or the scratchiness of a sweater is considered to be a typical sensory response. When a child is so strongly affected by background noise or tactile sensations that he totally withdraws, becomes hyperactive and impulsive, or lashes out as part of a primitive fight-or-flight response, the child's sensory issues are severe enough to warrant intervention.

In addition to experiencing hypersensitivity, a person can experience hyposensitivity (undersensitivity to sensory stimuli). One example of this is insensitivity to pain. A child with sensory integration dysfunction may giggle when given an injection or not even blink when receiving a second-degree burn.

There is no empirical evidence that hypersensitivity results from sensory integration issues. There is anecdotal evidence that sensory integration therapy results in more typical sensory responses and sensory processing. For example, [[Temple Grandin]] has reported that the deep pressure, or proprioceptive input, created by a [[hug machine|cattle squeeze machine]] she used in her youth resulted in her being able to interact in her environment.

Additionally, over 130 articles on sensory integration have been published in peer-reviewed (mostly occupational therapy) journals. The difficulties of designing double-blind research studies of sensory integration dysfunction have been addressed by Temple Grandin and others. More research is needed.

It is speculated that SID may be a misdiagnosis for persons with attention problems. For example, a student who fails to repeat what has been said in class (due to boredom or distraction) might be referred for evaluation for sensory integration dysfunction. The student might then be evaluated by an occupational therapist to determine why he is having difficulty focusing and attending, and perhaps also evaluated by an audiologist or a speech-language pathologist for auditory processing issues or language processing issues.

As part of the auditory evaluation, the student may be asked to listen to signals coming from either side of a pair of headphones and identify where they are coming from. If the student is bored or distracted, or confused by the oral directions given, the test may be inconclusive and may not isolate what the problem is. The assessor must consider sensory and language factors in evaluating the student's performance on the test. Diagnoses based on single tests are unreliable, and integrated assessment utilizing multiple sources of information is the preferred means of diagnosis.

Similarly, a child may be mistakenly labeled "ADHD" or "ADD" because impulsivity has been observed, when actually this impulsivity is limited to sensory seeking or avoiding. A child might regularly jump out of his seat in class despite multiple warnings and threats because his poor proprioception (body awareness) causes him to fall out of his seat, and his anxiety over this potential problem causes him to avoid sitting whenever possible.

If the same child is able to remain seated after being given an inflatable bumpy cushion to sit on (which gives him more sensory input), or, is able to remain seated at home or in a particular classroom but not in his main classroom, it is a sign that more evaluation is needed to determine the cause of his impulsivity.

Children with FAS ([[Fetal Alcohol Syndrome]]) display many sensory integration problems.

While the diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction is accepted widely among occupational therapists and also educators, these professionals have been criticized for overextending a model that attempts to explain emotional and behavioral problems that could be caused by other conditions.

Children who receive the diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction may also have signs of anxiety problems, ADHD, food intolerances, and behavioral disorders, as well as for autism, and may have genetic problems such as Fragile X syndrome. Sensory integration dysfunction is not considered to be on the autism spectrum, and a child can receive a diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction without any comorbid conditions.

Because [[comorbid]] conditions are common with sensory integration issues, a child may have other conditions as well which make him or her reactive, "touchy", or unpredictable, and manifest in a manner similar to that characterized by occupational therapists as sensory integration dysfunction.

The theory of SI points out that children learn through their senses. A child who seems to have difficulty processing sensory information, may not be developmentally on track (in terms of social skills, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, language, etc.)

SI therapy is not "one size fits all." According to SI theory, children with sensory integration issues have their own unique set of sensory responses that need to be addressed. What is calming and focusing for one child may be overstimulating for another, and vice versa. Treatment often depends on the child's unique set of sensory responses.

Some adults identify themselves as having sensory integration dysfunction; that is, they report that their hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, and related sensory processing issues, such as poor self-regulation, continue to cause significant interference in their daily lives at home, at work, and at school.

Alternatively, there is evidence to suggest that some [[gifted]] children also have an increased tendency toward hypersensitivity (e.g., finding all shirt tags unbearable), which may be correlated with their greater intellectual proclivity toward perceiving the world in unconventional ways.<ref>Dabrowski, K. (1967). ''Personality Shaping Though Positive Disintegration''. Boston, Mass.: Little Brown.</ref><ref>Lysy, K. Z., and M. M. Piechowski. (1983). "Personal Growth: An Empirical Study Using Jungian and Dabrowskian Measures." ''Genetic Psychology Monographs'' 108: 267-320.</ref><ref>Piechowski, M. M. (1986). "The Concept of Developmental Potential." ''Roeper Review'' 8, no. 3: 190-97.</ref><ref>Piechowski, M. M., and N. B. Miller. (1995). "Assessing Developmental Potential in Gifted Children: A Comparison of Methods." ''Roeper Review'' 17: 176-80.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sensory Processing Disorder Foundation]]

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

* Case-Smith, Jane. (2005) ''Occupational Therapy for Children''. 5th Edn. Elsevier Mosby: St. Louis, MO. ISBN 0-323-02873-X
* Biel, Lindsey and Peske, Nancy. (2005) ''Raising A Sensory Smart Child.'' Penguin: New York. ISBN 0-14-303488-X, website: http://www.sensorysmarts.com
*Heller, Sharon, Ph.D., 2003. "Too Loud, Too Bright, Too Fast, Too Tight: What to do if you are sensory defensive in an overstimulating world.", Quill: New York. ISBN 0-06-019520-7 or 0-06-093292-9 (pbk.) ((Focuses on Adults))
* Schaaf, R.C., and L.J. Miller. 2005. "Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with developmental disabilities", ''Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.'' 11(2):143-148.
* {{cite journal |journal= Skept Inq |date=2000 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=56–57 |title= On inventing your own disorder |author= Newman B |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_6_24/ai_66496173 |format= {{Dead link|date=March 2010}}}}
* {{cite journal |author= Herbert JD, Sharp IR, Gaudiano BA |title= Separating fact from fiction in the etiology and treatment of autism: a scientific review of the evidence |journal= Sci Rev Ment Health Pract |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=23–43 |year=2002 |url=http://www.srmhp.org/0101/autism.html}}
* {{cite web |url=http://quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/sid.html |title= Why "sensory integration disorder" is a dubious diagnosis |author= Heilbroner PL |work=QuackWatch |date=2005 |accessdate=2008-06-02}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.spdbloggernetwork.com/what-is-spd/ |title= What is SPD? |author= Hartley Steiner |work= SPD Blogger Network |date=2010 |accessdate=2011-05-20}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hartleysboys.com/2010/01/tips-for-newly-diagnosed-families-with.html |title= Tips for Newly Diagnosed Families with SPD |author=Hartley Steiner |work=Hartley's Life With 3 Boys |date=2010 |accessdate=2011-05-20}}

[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Occupational therapy]]
[[Category:Alternative diagnoses]]

[[fr:Trouble sensoriel]]

Störung der Sinnesverarbeitung

2012-05-16T03:09:25Z

Doczilla: American origin, American spelling

'''Sensory processing disorder''' or '''SPD''' is a [[neurological disorder]] causing difficulties with taking in, [[sensory integration|processing]], and responding to sensory information about the environment and from within the own body ([[seeing|visual]], [[hearing |auditory]], [[touch|tactile]], [[olfaction]], [[taste|gustatory]], [[vestibular system|vestibular]], and [[proprioception]]).

For those identified as having SPD, sensory information may be [[wikt:sensation|sensed]] and [[perception|perceived]] in a way that is different from most other people. Unlike [[blindness]] or [[deafness]], sensory information can be received by people with SPD, the difference is that information is often registered, interpreted and processed differently by the brain. The result can be unusual ways of responding or behaving, finding things harder to do. Difficulties may typically present as difficulties planning and organizing, problems with doing the activities of everyday life (self care, work and leisure activities), and for some with extreme sensitivity, sensory input may result in extreme avoidance of activities, agitation, distress, fear or confusion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spdfoundation.net/about-sensory-processing-disorder.html |title=Sensory Processing Disorder Explained |publisher=SPD Foundation}}</ref>

The term SPD is now often used (though not without controversy) instead of the earlier term ''[[sensory integration dysfunction]]'' which was originally used by occupational therapist [[A. Jean Ayres]] as part of her theory that deficits in the processing and interpretation of sensation from the body and the environment could lead to [[sensorimotor]] and learning problems in children. The theory is widely acknowledged, but also has generated tremendous controversy.

Some state that sensory processing disorder is a distinct diagnosis, while others argue that differences in sensory responsiveness are features of other diagnoses.<ref name = "Flanagan">
{{cite web
|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4384/is_8_43/ai_n45484253/
|title=Sensory processing disorder
|author=Joanne Flanagan
|date=2009
|work=Pediatric News
|publisher=BNET
}}</ref>
SPD is not recognized in any standard medical manuals such as the [[ICD-10]]<ref>
http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm
</ref>
or the [[DSM-IV-TR]].<ref>
http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/dsm4TRclassification.htm
</ref>
The committee that prepares the [[DSM-5]] has requested that additional studies are done before the disorder can be recognized.<ref name = "Flanagan" />
On the other hand, SPD is in [[Stanley Greenspan]]’s ''Diagnostic Manual for Infancy and Early Childhood'' and as '''Regulation Disorders of Sensory Processing''' part of the ''The Zero to Three’s Diagnostic Classification''.<ref>
http://www.mi-aimh.org/documents/crosswalkaccess_eligibilitywithdch_title__121807.pdf
</ref>

SPD is often associated with a range of neurological, psychiatric, behavioral and language disorders.<ref>
http://www.thespiralfoundation.org/pdfs/Fact%20Sheet%20for%20Educators.pdf
</ref>

There is no known cure; however, there are many treatments available.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}


== Classifications==
{{Ref improve section|date=June 2010}}

Initially the term traditionally used for children and adults with sensory processing difficulties was Sensory Integration Dysfunction (SID).

A new nosology (way of naming and classifying) has been proposed by Lucy J. Miller, Ph.D., OTR and colleagues. The new terms are meant to increase understanding between Occupational Therapists and other professionals who frequently encounter SID and physicians and other health professionals who approach sensory integration dysfunction from a more neurobiological vantage.

This understanding is critical as physicians are responsible for diagnosing SPD, which is a necessary step in accessing reimbursement (eventually from insurance companies) for professional services to treat SPD.

Sensory Processing Dysfunction is now being used as a global umbrella term that includes all forms of this disorder, including three primary diagnostic groups:

* Type I - Sensory Modulation Disorder
* Type II - Sensory Based Motor Disorder
* Type III - Sensory Discrimination Disorder

Type I - Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD). Over, or under responding to sensory stimuli or seeking sensory stimulation. This group may include a fearful and/or anxious pattern, negative and/or stubborn behaviors, self-absorbed behaviors that are difficult to engage or creative or actively seeking sensation.

Type II - Sensory Based Motor Disorder (SBMD). Shows motor output that is disorganized as a result of incorrect processing of sensory information affecting postural control challenges and/or [[dyspraxia]].

Type III - Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD). Sensory discrimination or incorrect processing of sensory information. Incorrect processing of visual or auditory input, for example, may be seen in inattentiveness, disorganization, and poor school performance.

This information is adapted from research and publications by: Lucy, J. Miller, Ph.D., OTR, Marie Anzalone, Sc.D., OTR, Sharon A. Cermak, Ed.D., OTR/L, Shelly J. ,Lane, Ph.D, OTR, Beth Osten, M.S,m OTR/L, Serena Wieder, Ph.D., Stanley I. Greenspan, M.D..

=== Sensory modulation ===

Sensory modulation refers to a complex central nervous system process by which neural messages that convey information about the intensity, frequency, duration, complexity, and novelty of sensory stimuli are adjusted.

Behaviorally, this is manifested in the tendency to generate responses that are appropriately graded in relation to incoming sensations, neither underreacting nor overreacting to them.

==== Sensory modulation problems ====

* Sensory registration problems - This refers to the process by which the central nervous system attends to stimuli. This usually involves an orienting response. Sensory registration problems are characterized by failure to notice stimuli that ordinarily are salient to most people.
* Sensory defensiveness - A condition characterized by over-responsivity in one or more systems.
* Gravitational insecurity - A sensory modulation condition in which there is a tendency to react negatively and fearfully to movement experiences, particularly those involving a change in head position and movement backward or upward through space.
(Case-Smith, (2005)

== Hyposensitivities and hypersensitivities ==

Sensory integration disorders vary between individuals in their characteristics and intensity. Some people are so mildly afflicted, the disorder is barely noticeable, while others are so impaired they have trouble with daily functioning.

Children can be born hypersensitive or hyposensitive to varying degrees and may have trouble in one sensory modality, a few, or all of them. Hypersensitivity is also known as [[sensory defensiveness]]. Examples of hypersensitivity include feeling pain from clothing rubbing against skin, an inability to tolerate normal lighting in a room, a dislike of being touched (especially light touch) and discomfort when one looks directly into the eyes of another person.

Hyposensitivity is characterized by an unusually high tolerance for environmental stimuli. A child with hyposensitivity might appear restless and seek sensory stimulation.

In treating sensory dysfunctions, a "just right" challenge is used: giving the child just the right amount of challenge to motivate him and stimulate changes in the way the system processes sensory information but not so much as to make him shut down or go into sensory overload.

The "just right" challenge is absent if the activity and the child's perception of activity do not match. In addition, deep pressure is often calming for children who have sensory dysfunctions. It is recommended that therapists use a variety of tactile materials, a quiet, subdued voice, and slow, linear movements, tailoring the approach to the child's unique sensory needs.

While occupational therapy sessions focus on increasing a child's ability to tolerate a variety of sensory experiences, both the activities and environment should be assessed for a "just right" fit with the child. Overwhelming environmental stimuli such as flickering fluorescent lighting and bothersome clothing tags should be eliminated whenever possible to increase the child's comfort and ability to engage productively. Meanwhile, the occupational therapist and parents should jointly create a "sensory diet," a term coined by occupational therapist [[Anna Jean Ayres]].

The sensory diet is a schedule of daily activities that gives the child the sensory fuel his or her or hir body needs to get into an organized state and stay there. According to SI theory, rather than just relying on individual treatment sessions, ensuring that a carefully designed program of sensory input throughout the day is implemented at home and at school can create profound, lasting changes in the child's nervous system.

Parents can help their child by realizing that play is an important part of their child's development. Therapy involves working with an occupational therapist and the child will engage in activities that provide vestibular, proprioceptive and tactile stimulation. Therapy is individualized to meet the child's specific needs for development. Emphasis is put on automatic sensory processes in the course of a goal-directed activity. The children are engaged in therapy as play which may include activities such as: finger painting, using Play-Doh type modeling clay, swinging, playing in bins of rice or water, climbing, etc.

== Relationship to other disorders ==

=== Autistic spectrum disorders and difficulties of sensory processing ===

Sensory processing disorder is a common comorbidity with [[autism spectrum disorder]]s.<ref>Natalie Russo et al. Multisensory processing in children with autism: high-density electrical mapping of auditory-somatosensory integration. Autism Research, August 17, 2010</ref> Although responses to [[Stimulus (physiology)|sensory stimuli]] are more common and prominent in autistic children and adults, there is no good evidence that sensory symptoms differentiate [[autism]] from other developmental disorders.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Child Psychol Psychiatry
|date=2005
|volume=46
|issue=12
|pages=1255–68
|title= Annotation: what do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence
|author= Rogers SJ, Ozonoff S
|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x
|pmid=16313426
}}</ref>
Differences are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into things) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud noises) or for seeking (for example, rhythmic movements).<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Autism Dev Disord
|date=2008
|title= A meta-analysis of sensory modulation symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorders
|author= Ben-Sasson A, Hen L, Fluss R, Cermak SA, Engel-Yeger B, Gal E
|doi=10.1007/s10803-008-0593-3
|pmid=18512135
|volume= 39
|issue= 1
|pages= 1–11
}}</ref>
The responses may be more common in children: a pair of studies found that autistic children had impaired [[Tactition|tactile perception]] while autistic adults did not.<ref>
{{cite journal
|author=Williams DL, Goldstein G, Minshew NJ
|title=Neuropsychologic functioning in children with autism: further evidence for disordered complex information-processing
|journal= Child Neuropsychol
|volume=12
|issue=4–5
|pages=279–98
|year=2006
|pmid=16911973
|doi=10.1080/09297040600681190
|pmc=1803025
}}</ref>

=== Other disorders ===

The neuroscientist [[David Eagleman]] has proposed that SPD may be a form of [[synesthesia]], a perceptual condition in which the senses are blended.<ref>Cytowic RE and Eagleman DM (2009). ''Wednesday is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia.'' Cambridge: MIT Press.</ref>. Specifically, Eagleman suggests that instead of a sensory input "connecting to [a person's] color area [in the brain], it's connecting to an area involving pain or aversion or nausea".<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/health/la-he-synesthesia-brain-20120220,0,6760571.story The blended senses of synesthesia], ''Los Angeles Times'', Feb 20, 2012.</ref>

Some argue that sensory related disorders may be misdiagnosed as [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) but they can coexist, as well as emotional problems, aggressiveness and speech-related disorders such as [[aphasia]]. Sensory processing, they argue, is foundational, like the roots of a tree, and gives rise to a myriad of behaviors and symptoms such as hyperactivity and [[speech delay]].

For example, a child with an under-responsive vestibular system may need extra input to his "motion sensor" in order to achieve a state of quiet alertness; to get this input, the child might fidget or run around, appearing ostensibly to be hyperactive, when in fact, he suffers from a sensory related disorder

Researchers have described a treatable inherited [[Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation|sensory overstimulation disorder]] that meets diagnostic criteria for both attention deficit disorder and sensory integration dysfunction.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Segal MM, Rogers GF, Needleman HL, Chapman CA |title= Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation |journal= J Child Neurol |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1408–10 |year=2007 |doi=10.1177/0883073807307095 |pmid=18174562}}</ref>

== Sensory integration therapy ==
{{Main|Sensory integration therapy}}

Several therapies have been developed to treat SID.<ref>
{{cite web
|title= Sensory integrative therapy
|url=http://www.researchautism.net/interventionitem.ikml?print&ra=28&infolevel=4
|accessdate=2007-10-08
|publisher= Research Autism
}}</ref>
Some of these treatments (for example, sensorimotor handling) have a questionable rationale and no empirical evidence. Other treatments (for example, prism lenses, physical exercise, and [[auditory integration training]]) have had studies with small positive outcomes, but few conclusions can be made about them due to methodological problems with the studies.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Autism Dev Disord
|year=2002
|volume=32
|issue=5
|pages=397–422
|title= Efficacy of sensory and motor interventions for children with autism
|author= Baranek GT
|doi=10.1023/A:1020541906063
|pmid=12463517
}}</ref>
Although replicable treatments have been described and valid outcome measures are known, gaps exist in knowledge related to sensory integration dysfunction and therapy.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev
|year=2005
|volume=11
|issue=2
|pages=143–8
|title= Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with developmental disabilities
|author= Schaaf RC, Miller LJ
|doi=10.1002/mrdd.20067
|pmid=15977314
}}</ref>
Empirical support is limited, therefore systematic evaluation is needed if these interventions are used.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= Can J Occup Ther
|date=2007
|volume=74
|issue=5
|pages=393–400
|title= Somatosensory stimulation interventions for children with autism: literature review and clinical considerations
|author= Hodgetts S, Hodgetts W
|pmid=18183774
|doi=10.2182/cjot.07.013
}}</ref>

The main form of sensory integration therapy is a type of occupational therapy that places a child in a room specifically designed to stimulate and challenge all of the senses.

During the session, the therapist works closely with the child to provide a level of sensory stimulation that the child can cope with, and encourage movement within the room. Sensory integration therapy is driven by four main principles:

* Just Right Challenge (the child must be able to successfully meet the challenges that are presented through playful activities)
* Adaptive Response (the child adapts his behavior with new and useful strategies in response to the challenges presented)
* Active Engagement (the child will want to participate because the activities are fun)
* Child Directed (the child's preferences are used to initiate therapeutic experiences within the session).

Children with lower sensitivity (hyposensitivity) may be exposed to strong sensations such as stroking with a brush, vibrations or rubbing. Play may involve a range of materials to stimulate the senses such as play dough or finger painting.

Children with heightened sensitivity (hypersensitivity) may be exposed to peaceful activities including quiet music and gentle rocking in a softly lit room. Treats and rewards may be used to encourage children to tolerate activities they would normally avoid.

While occupational therapists using a sensory integration frame of reference work on increasing a child's ability to tolerate and integrate sensory input, other OTs may focus on environmental accommodations that parents and school staff can use to enhance the child's function at home, school, and in the community (Biel and Peske, 2005). These may include selecting soft, tag-free clothing, avoiding fluorescent lighting, and providing ear plugs for "emergency" use (such as for fire drills).

There is a growing evidence base that points to and supports the notion that adults also show signs of sensory processing difficulties. In the United Kingdom early research and improved clinical outcomes for clients assessed as having sensory processing difficulties is indicating that the therapy may be an appropriate treatment (Urwin and Ballinger 2005) <ref>URWIN Rosalind; BALLINGER Claire; Title: The effectiveness of sensory integration therapy to improve functional behaviour in adults with learning disabilities: five single-case experimental designs. Reference: British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(2), February 2005, pp.56-66.</ref> for a range of presentations seen in adult clients including for those with Autism and Asperger's Syndrome, as well as adults with dyspraxia and some mental health difficulties [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pnp.127/abstract (Brown, Shankar and Smith 2009)] <ref>Brown, S; Shankar, R; Smith, K "Borderline personality disorder and sensory processing impairment" Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry Volume 13, Issue 4, pages 10–16, July/August 2009</ref>that therapists suggest may arise from the difficulties adults with sensory processing difficulties encounter trying to negotiate the challenges and demands of engaging in everyday life(Brown, Shankar and Smith 2006).<ref>Brown S, Shankar R, Smith K, et al. Sensory Processing Disorder in mental health. Occupational Therapy News 2006;May:28-29. </ref>

==Snoezelen Rooms==

Some individuals with sensory processing disorder may benefit from spending time in Snoezelen environments. Snoezelen rooms may consist of several elements that can both energize and relax users. These elements include anything from various lighting effects and areas of darkness, to tactile bins and vibrating surfaces, as well as scents and sounds. The individual enters the room with opportunity for free exploration. He or she is given time to seek out the sensory experiences that appeal to his or her unique sensory system. This process can help regulate the sensory system.<ref name="test"> [http://www.hollandbloorview.ca/programsandservices/communityprograms/snoezelen.php "Snoezlen at the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital."], Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital. (2011). http://www.hollandbloorview.ca/programsandservices/communityprograms/snoezelen.php. Retrieved 12/1/11 </ref>

== Alternative views ==

Not all professionals agree with the notion that hypersensitive or hyposensitve senses necessarily constitute a disorder. However, sensory integration dysfunction, sometimes called sensory processing disorder, is only diagnosed when the sensory behavior interferes significantly with learning, playing, and activities of daily living (ADL).

Sensory issues can be located on a spectrum. Being annoyed and distracted by the sound of a noisy ventilation system or the scratchiness of a sweater is considered to be a typical sensory response. When a child is so strongly affected by background noise or tactile sensations that he totally withdraws, becomes hyperactive and impulsive, or lashes out as part of a primitive fight-or-flight response, the child's sensory issues are severe enough to warrant intervention.

In addition to experiencing hypersensitivity, a person can experience hyposensitivity (undersensitivity to sensory stimuli). One example of this is insensitivity to pain. A child with sensory integration dysfunction may giggle when given an injection or not even blink when receiving a second-degree burn.

There is no empirical evidence that hypersensitivity results from sensory integration issues. There is anecdotal evidence that sensory integration therapy results in more typical sensory responses and sensory processing. For example, [[Temple Grandin]] has reported that the deep pressure, or proprioceptive input, created by a [[hug machine|cattle squeeze machine]] she used in her youth resulted in her being able to interact in her environment.

Additionally, over 130 articles on sensory integration have been published in peer-reviewed (mostly occupational therapy) journals. The difficulties of designing double-blind research studies of sensory integration dysfunction have been addressed by Temple Grandin and others. More research is needed.

It is speculated that SID may be a misdiagnosis for persons with attention problems. For example, a student who fails to repeat what has been said in class (due to boredom or distraction) might be referred for evaluation for sensory integration dysfunction. The student might then be evaluated by an occupational therapist to determine why he is having difficulty focusing and attending, and perhaps also evaluated by an audiologist or a speech-language pathologist for auditory processing issues or language processing issues.

As part of the auditory evaluation, the student may be asked to listen to signals coming from either side of a pair of headphones and identify where they are coming from. If the student is bored or distracted, or confused by the oral directions given, the test may be inconclusive and may not isolate what the problem is. The assessor must consider sensory and language factors in evaluating the student's performance on the test. Diagnoses based on single tests are unreliable, and integrated assessment utilizing multiple sources of information is the preferred means of diagnosis.

Similarly, a child may be mistakenly labeled "ADHD" or "ADD" because impulsivity has been observed, when actually this impulsivity is limited to sensory seeking or avoiding. A child might regularly jump out of his seat in class despite multiple warnings and threats because his poor proprioception (body awareness) causes him to fall out of his seat, and his anxiety over this potential problem causes him to avoid sitting whenever possible.

If the same child is able to remain seated after being given an inflatable bumpy cushion to sit on (which gives him more sensory input), or, is able to remain seated at home or in a particular classroom but not in his main classroom, it is a sign that more evaluation is needed to determine the cause of his impulsivity.

Children with FAS ([[Fetal Alcohol Syndrome]]) display many sensory integration problems.

While the diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction is accepted widely among occupational therapists and also educators, these professionals have been criticized for overextending a model that attempts to explain emotional and behavioral problems that could be caused by other conditions.

Children who receive the diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction may also have signs of anxiety problems, ADHD, food intolerances, and behavioral disorders, as well as for autism, and may have genetic problems such as Fragile X syndrome. Sensory integration dysfunction is not considered to be on the autism spectrum, and a child can receive a diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction without any comorbid conditions.

Because [[comorbid]] conditions are common with sensory integration issues, a child may have other conditions as well which make him or her reactive, "touchy", or unpredictable, and manifest in a manner similar to that characterized by occupational therapists as sensory integration dysfunction.

The theory of SI points out that children learn through their senses. A child who seems to have difficulty processing sensory information, may not be developmentally on track (in terms of social skills, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, language, etc.)

SI therapy is not "one size fits all." According to SI theory, children with sensory integration issues have their own unique set of sensory responses that need to be addressed. What is calming and focusing for one child may be overstimulating for another, and vice versa. Treatment often depends on the child's unique set of sensory responses.

Some adults identify themselves as having sensory integration dysfunction; that is, they report that their hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, and related sensory processing issues, such as poor self-regulation, continue to cause significant interference in their daily lives at home, at work, and at school.

Alternatively, there is evidence to suggest that some [[gifted]] children also have an increased tendency toward hypersensitivity (e.g., finding all shirt tags unbearable), which may be correlated with their greater intellectual proclivity toward perceiving the world in unconventional ways.<ref>Dabrowski, K. (1967). ''Personality Shaping Though Positive Disintegration''. Boston, Mass.: Little Brown.</ref><ref>Lysy, K. Z., and M. M. Piechowski. (1983). "Personal Growth: An Empirical Study Using Jungian and Dabrowskian Measures." ''Genetic Psychology Monographs'' 108: 267-320.</ref><ref>Piechowski, M. M. (1986). "The Concept of Developmental Potential." ''Roeper Review'' 8, no. 3: 190-97.</ref><ref>Piechowski, M. M., and N. B. Miller. (1995). "Assessing Developmental Potential in Gifted Children: A Comparison of Methods." ''Roeper Review'' 17: 176-80.</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

* Case-Smith, Jane. (2005) ''Occupational Therapy for Children''. 5th Edn. Elsevier Mosby: St. Louis, MO. ISBN 0-323-02873-X
* Biel, Lindsey and Peske, Nancy. (2005) ''Raising A Sensory Smart Child.'' Penguin: New York. ISBN 0-14-303488-X, website: http://www.sensorysmarts.com
*Heller, Sharon, Ph.D., 2003. "Too Loud, Too Bright, Too Fast, Too Tight: What to do if you are sensory defensive in an overstimulating world.", Quill: New York. ISBN 0-06-019520-7 or 0-06-093292-9 (pbk.) ((Focuses on Adults))
* Schaaf, R.C., and L.J. Miller. 2005. "Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with developmental disabilities", ''Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.'' 11(2):143-148.
* {{cite journal |journal= Skept Inq |date=2000 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=56–57 |title= On inventing your own disorder |author= Newman B |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_6_24/ai_66496173 |format= {{Dead link|date=March 2010}}}}
* {{cite journal |author= Herbert JD, Sharp IR, Gaudiano BA |title= Separating fact from fiction in the etiology and treatment of autism: a scientific review of the evidence |journal= Sci Rev Ment Health Pract |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=23–43 |year=2002 |url=http://www.srmhp.org/0101/autism.html}}
* {{cite web |url=http://quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/sid.html |title= Why "sensory integration disorder" is a dubious diagnosis |author= Heilbroner PL |work=QuackWatch |date=2005 |accessdate=2008-06-02}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.spdbloggernetwork.com/what-is-spd/ |title= What is SPD? |author= Hartley Steiner |work= SPD Blogger Network |date=2010 |accessdate=2011-05-20}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hartleysboys.com/2010/01/tips-for-newly-diagnosed-families-with.html |title= Tips for Newly Diagnosed Families with SPD |author=Hartley Steiner |work=Hartley's Life With 3 Boys |date=2010 |accessdate=2011-05-20}}

[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Occupational therapy]]
[[Category:Alternative diagnoses]]

[[fr:Trouble sensoriel]]

Störung der Sinnesverarbeitung

2012-05-16T03:08:52Z

Doczilla:

'''Sensory processing disorder''' or '''SPD''' is a [[neurological disorder]] causing difficulties with taking in, [[sensory integration|processing]], and responding to sensory information about the environment and from within the own body ([[seeing|visual]], [[hearing |auditory]], [[touch|tactile]], [[olfaction]], [[taste|gustatory]], [[vestibular system|vestibular]], and [[proprioception]]).

For those identified as having SPD, sensory information may be [[wikt:sensation|sensed]] and [[perception|perceived]] in a way that is different from most other people. Unlike [[blindness]] or [[deafness]], sensory information can be received by people with SPD, the difference is that information is often registered, interpreted and processed differently by the brain. The result can be unusual ways of responding or behaving, finding things harder to do. Difficulties may typically present as difficulties planning and organising, problems with doing the activities of everyday life (self care, work and leisure activities), and for some with extreme sensitivity, sensory input may result in extreme avoidance of activities, agitation, distress, fear or confusion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spdfoundation.net/about-sensory-processing-disorder.html |title=Sensory Processing Disorder Explained |publisher=SPD Foundation}}</ref>

The term SPD is now often used (though not without controversy) instead of the earlier term ''[[sensory integration dysfunction]]'' which was originally used by occupational therapist [[A. Jean Ayres]] as part of her theory that deficits in the processing and interpretation of sensation from the body and the environment could lead to [[sensorimotor]] and learning problems in children. The theory is widely acknowledged, but also has generated tremendous controversy.

Some state that sensory processing disorder is a distinct diagnosis, while others argue that differences in sensory responsiveness are features of other diagnoses.<ref name = "Flanagan">
{{cite web
|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4384/is_8_43/ai_n45484253/
|title=Sensory processing disorder
|author=Joanne Flanagan
|date=2009
|work=Pediatric News
|publisher=BNET
}}</ref>
SPD is not recognized in any standard medical manuals such as the [[ICD-10]]<ref>
http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm
</ref>
or the [[DSM-IV-TR]].<ref>
http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/dsm4TRclassification.htm
</ref>
The committee that prepares the [[DSM-5]] has requested that additional studies are done before the disorder can be recognized.<ref name = "Flanagan" />
On the other hand, SPD is in [[Stanley Greenspan]]’s ''Diagnostic Manual for Infancy and Early Childhood'' and as '''Regulation Disorders of Sensory Processing''' part of the ''The Zero to Three’s Diagnostic Classification''.<ref>
http://www.mi-aimh.org/documents/crosswalkaccess_eligibilitywithdch_title__121807.pdf
</ref>

SPD is often associated with a range of neurological, psychiatric, behavioral and language disorders.<ref>
http://www.thespiralfoundation.org/pdfs/Fact%20Sheet%20for%20Educators.pdf
</ref>

There is no known cure; however, there are many treatments available.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}


== Classifications==
{{Ref improve section|date=June 2010}}

Initially the term traditionally used for children and adults with sensory processing difficulties was Sensory Integration Dysfunction (SID).

A new nosology (way of naming and classifying) has been proposed by Lucy J. Miller, Ph.D., OTR and colleagues. The new terms are meant to increase understanding between Occupational Therapists and other professionals who frequently encounter SID and physicians and other health professionals who approach sensory integration dysfunction from a more neurobiological vantage.

This understanding is critical as physicians are responsible for diagnosing SPD, which is a necessary step in accessing reimbursement (eventually from insurance companies) for professional services to treat SPD.

Sensory Processing Dysfunction is now being used as a global umbrella term that includes all forms of this disorder, including three primary diagnostic groups:

* Type I - Sensory Modulation Disorder
* Type II - Sensory Based Motor Disorder
* Type III - Sensory Discrimination Disorder

Type I - Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD). Over, or under responding to sensory stimuli or seeking sensory stimulation. This group may include a fearful and/or anxious pattern, negative and/or stubborn behaviors, self-absorbed behaviors that are difficult to engage or creative or actively seeking sensation.

Type II - Sensory Based Motor Disorder (SBMD). Shows motor output that is disorganized as a result of incorrect processing of sensory information affecting postural control challenges and/or [[dyspraxia]].

Type III - Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD). Sensory discrimination or incorrect processing of sensory information. Incorrect processing of visual or auditory input, for example, may be seen in inattentiveness, disorganization, and poor school performance.

This information is adapted from research and publications by: Lucy, J. Miller, Ph.D., OTR, Marie Anzalone, Sc.D., OTR, Sharon A. Cermak, Ed.D., OTR/L, Shelly J. ,Lane, Ph.D, OTR, Beth Osten, M.S,m OTR/L, Serena Wieder, Ph.D., Stanley I. Greenspan, M.D..

=== Sensory modulation ===

Sensory modulation refers to a complex central nervous system process by which neural messages that convey information about the intensity, frequency, duration, complexity, and novelty of sensory stimuli are adjusted.

Behaviorally, this is manifested in the tendency to generate responses that are appropriately graded in relation to incoming sensations, neither underreacting nor overreacting to them.

==== Sensory modulation problems ====

* Sensory registration problems - This refers to the process by which the central nervous system attends to stimuli. This usually involves an orienting response. Sensory registration problems are characterized by failure to notice stimuli that ordinarily are salient to most people.
* Sensory defensiveness - A condition characterized by over-responsivity in one or more systems.
* Gravitational insecurity - A sensory modulation condition in which there is a tendency to react negatively and fearfully to movement experiences, particularly those involving a change in head position and movement backward or upward through space.
(Case-Smith, (2005)

== Hyposensitivities and hypersensitivities ==

Sensory integration disorders vary between individuals in their characteristics and intensity. Some people are so mildly afflicted, the disorder is barely noticeable, while others are so impaired they have trouble with daily functioning.

Children can be born hypersensitive or hyposensitive to varying degrees and may have trouble in one sensory modality, a few, or all of them. Hypersensitivity is also known as [[sensory defensiveness]]. Examples of hypersensitivity include feeling pain from clothing rubbing against skin, an inability to tolerate normal lighting in a room, a dislike of being touched (especially light touch) and discomfort when one looks directly into the eyes of another person.

Hyposensitivity is characterized by an unusually high tolerance for environmental stimuli. A child with hyposensitivity might appear restless and seek sensory stimulation.

In treating sensory dysfunctions, a "just right" challenge is used: giving the child just the right amount of challenge to motivate him and stimulate changes in the way the system processes sensory information but not so much as to make him shut down or go into sensory overload.

The "just right" challenge is absent if the activity and the child's perception of activity do not match. In addition, deep pressure is often calming for children who have sensory dysfunctions. It is recommended that therapists use a variety of tactile materials, a quiet, subdued voice, and slow, linear movements, tailoring the approach to the child's unique sensory needs.

While occupational therapy sessions focus on increasing a child's ability to tolerate a variety of sensory experiences, both the activities and environment should be assessed for a "just right" fit with the child. Overwhelming environmental stimuli such as flickering fluorescent lighting and bothersome clothing tags should be eliminated whenever possible to increase the child's comfort and ability to engage productively. Meanwhile, the occupational therapist and parents should jointly create a "sensory diet," a term coined by occupational therapist [[Anna Jean Ayres]].

The sensory diet is a schedule of daily activities that gives the child the sensory fuel his or her or hir body needs to get into an organized state and stay there. According to SI theory, rather than just relying on individual treatment sessions, ensuring that a carefully designed program of sensory input throughout the day is implemented at home and at school can create profound, lasting changes in the child's nervous system.

Parents can help their child by realizing that play is an important part of their child's development. Therapy involves working with an occupational therapist and the child will engage in activities that provide vestibular, proprioceptive and tactile stimulation. Therapy is individualized to meet the child's specific needs for development. Emphasis is put on automatic sensory processes in the course of a goal-directed activity. The children are engaged in therapy as play which may include activities such as: finger painting, using Play-Doh type modeling clay, swinging, playing in bins of rice or water, climbing, etc.

== Relationship to other disorders ==

=== Autistic spectrum disorders and difficulties of sensory processing ===

Sensory processing disorder is a common comorbidity with [[autism spectrum disorder]]s.<ref>Natalie Russo et al. Multisensory processing in children with autism: high-density electrical mapping of auditory-somatosensory integration. Autism Research, August 17, 2010</ref> Although responses to [[Stimulus (physiology)|sensory stimuli]] are more common and prominent in autistic children and adults, there is no good evidence that sensory symptoms differentiate [[autism]] from other developmental disorders.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Child Psychol Psychiatry
|date=2005
|volume=46
|issue=12
|pages=1255–68
|title= Annotation: what do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence
|author= Rogers SJ, Ozonoff S
|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x
|pmid=16313426
}}</ref>
Differences are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into things) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud noises) or for seeking (for example, rhythmic movements).<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Autism Dev Disord
|date=2008
|title= A meta-analysis of sensory modulation symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorders
|author= Ben-Sasson A, Hen L, Fluss R, Cermak SA, Engel-Yeger B, Gal E
|doi=10.1007/s10803-008-0593-3
|pmid=18512135
|volume= 39
|issue= 1
|pages= 1–11
}}</ref>
The responses may be more common in children: a pair of studies found that autistic children had impaired [[Tactition|tactile perception]] while autistic adults did not.<ref>
{{cite journal
|author=Williams DL, Goldstein G, Minshew NJ
|title=Neuropsychologic functioning in children with autism: further evidence for disordered complex information-processing
|journal= Child Neuropsychol
|volume=12
|issue=4–5
|pages=279–98
|year=2006
|pmid=16911973
|doi=10.1080/09297040600681190
|pmc=1803025
}}</ref>

=== Other disorders ===

The neuroscientist [[David Eagleman]] has proposed that SPD may be a form of [[synesthesia]], a perceptual condition in which the senses are blended.<ref>Cytowic RE and Eagleman DM (2009). ''Wednesday is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia.'' Cambridge: MIT Press.</ref>. Specifically, Eagleman suggests that instead of a sensory input "connecting to [a person's] color area [in the brain], it's connecting to an area involving pain or aversion or nausea".<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/health/la-he-synesthesia-brain-20120220,0,6760571.story The blended senses of synesthesia], ''Los Angeles Times'', Feb 20, 2012.</ref>

Some argue that sensory related disorders may be misdiagnosed as [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) but they can coexist, as well as emotional problems, aggressiveness and speech-related disorders such as [[aphasia]]. Sensory processing, they argue, is foundational, like the roots of a tree, and gives rise to a myriad of behaviors and symptoms such as hyperactivity and [[speech delay]].

For example, a child with an under-responsive vestibular system may need extra input to his "motion sensor" in order to achieve a state of quiet alertness; to get this input, the child might fidget or run around, appearing ostensibly to be hyperactive, when in fact, he suffers from a sensory related disorder

Researchers have described a treatable inherited [[Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation|sensory overstimulation disorder]] that meets diagnostic criteria for both attention deficit disorder and sensory integration dysfunction.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Segal MM, Rogers GF, Needleman HL, Chapman CA |title= Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation |journal= J Child Neurol |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1408–10 |year=2007 |doi=10.1177/0883073807307095 |pmid=18174562}}</ref>

== Sensory integration therapy ==
{{Main|Sensory integration therapy}}

Several therapies have been developed to treat SID.<ref>
{{cite web
|title= Sensory integrative therapy
|url=http://www.researchautism.net/interventionitem.ikml?print&ra=28&infolevel=4
|accessdate=2007-10-08
|publisher= Research Autism
}}</ref>
Some of these treatments (for example, sensorimotor handling) have a questionable rationale and no empirical evidence. Other treatments (for example, prism lenses, physical exercise, and [[auditory integration training]]) have had studies with small positive outcomes, but few conclusions can be made about them due to methodological problems with the studies.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Autism Dev Disord
|year=2002
|volume=32
|issue=5
|pages=397–422
|title= Efficacy of sensory and motor interventions for children with autism
|author= Baranek GT
|doi=10.1023/A:1020541906063
|pmid=12463517
}}</ref>
Although replicable treatments have been described and valid outcome measures are known, gaps exist in knowledge related to sensory integration dysfunction and therapy.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev
|year=2005
|volume=11
|issue=2
|pages=143–8
|title= Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with developmental disabilities
|author= Schaaf RC, Miller LJ
|doi=10.1002/mrdd.20067
|pmid=15977314
}}</ref>
Empirical support is limited, therefore systematic evaluation is needed if these interventions are used.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= Can J Occup Ther
|date=2007
|volume=74
|issue=5
|pages=393–400
|title= Somatosensory stimulation interventions for children with autism: literature review and clinical considerations
|author= Hodgetts S, Hodgetts W
|pmid=18183774
|doi=10.2182/cjot.07.013
}}</ref>

The main form of sensory integration therapy is a type of occupational therapy that places a child in a room specifically designed to stimulate and challenge all of the senses.

During the session, the therapist works closely with the child to provide a level of sensory stimulation that the child can cope with, and encourage movement within the room. Sensory integration therapy is driven by four main principles:

* Just Right Challenge (the child must be able to successfully meet the challenges that are presented through playful activities)
* Adaptive Response (the child adapts his behavior with new and useful strategies in response to the challenges presented)
* Active Engagement (the child will want to participate because the activities are fun)
* Child Directed (the child's preferences are used to initiate therapeutic experiences within the session).

Children with lower sensitivity (hyposensitivity) may be exposed to strong sensations such as stroking with a brush, vibrations or rubbing. Play may involve a range of materials to stimulate the senses such as play dough or finger painting.

Children with heightened sensitivity (hypersensitivity) may be exposed to peaceful activities including quiet music and gentle rocking in a softly lit room. Treats and rewards may be used to encourage children to tolerate activities they would normally avoid.

While occupational therapists using a sensory integration frame of reference work on increasing a child's ability to tolerate and integrate sensory input, other OTs may focus on environmental accommodations that parents and school staff can use to enhance the child's function at home, school, and in the community (Biel and Peske, 2005). These may include selecting soft, tag-free clothing, avoiding fluorescent lighting, and providing ear plugs for "emergency" use (such as for fire drills).

There is a growing evidence base that points to and supports the notion that adults also show signs of sensory processing difficulties. In the United Kingdom early research and improved clinical outcomes for clients assessed as having sensory processing difficulties is indicating that the therapy may be an appropriate treatment (Urwin and Ballinger 2005) <ref>URWIN Rosalind; BALLINGER Claire; Title: The effectiveness of sensory integration therapy to improve functional behaviour in adults with learning disabilities: five single-case experimental designs. Reference: British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(2), February 2005, pp.56-66.</ref> for a range of presentations seen in adult clients including for those with Autism and Asperger's Syndrome, as well as adults with dyspraxia and some mental health difficulties [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pnp.127/abstract (Brown, Shankar and Smith 2009)] <ref>Brown, S; Shankar, R; Smith, K "Borderline personality disorder and sensory processing impairment" Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry Volume 13, Issue 4, pages 10–16, July/August 2009</ref>that therapists suggest may arise from the difficulties adults with sensory processing difficulties encounter trying to negotiate the challenges and demands of engaging in everyday life(Brown, Shankar and Smith 2006).<ref>Brown S, Shankar R, Smith K, et al. Sensory Processing Disorder in mental health. Occupational Therapy News 2006;May:28-29. </ref>

==Snoezelen Rooms==

Some individuals with sensory processing disorder may benefit from spending time in Snoezelen environments. Snoezelen rooms may consist of several elements that can both energize and relax users. These elements include anything from various lighting effects and areas of darkness, to tactile bins and vibrating surfaces, as well as scents and sounds. The individual enters the room with opportunity for free exploration. He or she is given time to seek out the sensory experiences that appeal to his or her unique sensory system. This process can help regulate the sensory system.<ref name="test"> [http://www.hollandbloorview.ca/programsandservices/communityprograms/snoezelen.php "Snoezlen at the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital."], Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital. (2011). http://www.hollandbloorview.ca/programsandservices/communityprograms/snoezelen.php. Retrieved 12/1/11 </ref>

== Alternative views ==

Not all professionals agree with the notion that hypersensitive or hyposensitve senses necessarily constitute a disorder. However, sensory integration dysfunction, sometimes called sensory processing disorder, is only diagnosed when the sensory behavior interferes significantly with learning, playing, and activities of daily living (ADL).

Sensory issues can be located on a spectrum. Being annoyed and distracted by the sound of a noisy ventilation system or the scratchiness of a sweater is considered to be a typical sensory response. When a child is so strongly affected by background noise or tactile sensations that he totally withdraws, becomes hyperactive and impulsive, or lashes out as part of a primitive fight-or-flight response, the child's sensory issues are severe enough to warrant intervention.

In addition to experiencing hypersensitivity, a person can experience hyposensitivity (undersensitivity to sensory stimuli). One example of this is insensitivity to pain. A child with sensory integration dysfunction may giggle when given an injection or not even blink when receiving a second-degree burn.

There is no empirical evidence that hypersensitivity results from sensory integration issues. There is anecdotal evidence that sensory integration therapy results in more typical sensory responses and sensory processing. For example, [[Temple Grandin]] has reported that the deep pressure, or proprioceptive input, created by a [[hug machine|cattle squeeze machine]] she used in her youth resulted in her being able to interact in her environment.

Additionally, over 130 articles on sensory integration have been published in peer-reviewed (mostly occupational therapy) journals. The difficulties of designing double-blind research studies of sensory integration dysfunction have been addressed by Temple Grandin and others. More research is needed.

It is speculated that SID may be a misdiagnosis for persons with attention problems. For example, a student who fails to repeat what has been said in class (due to boredom or distraction) might be referred for evaluation for sensory integration dysfunction. The student might then be evaluated by an occupational therapist to determine why he is having difficulty focusing and attending, and perhaps also evaluated by an audiologist or a speech-language pathologist for auditory processing issues or language processing issues.

As part of the auditory evaluation, the student may be asked to listen to signals coming from either side of a pair of headphones and identify where they are coming from. If the student is bored or distracted, or confused by the oral directions given, the test may be inconclusive and may not isolate what the problem is. The assessor must consider sensory and language factors in evaluating the student's performance on the test. Diagnoses based on single tests are unreliable, and integrated assessment utilizing multiple sources of information is the preferred means of diagnosis.

Similarly, a child may be mistakenly labeled "ADHD" or "ADD" because impulsivity has been observed, when actually this impulsivity is limited to sensory seeking or avoiding. A child might regularly jump out of his seat in class despite multiple warnings and threats because his poor proprioception (body awareness) causes him to fall out of his seat, and his anxiety over this potential problem causes him to avoid sitting whenever possible.

If the same child is able to remain seated after being given an inflatable bumpy cushion to sit on (which gives him more sensory input), or, is able to remain seated at home or in a particular classroom but not in his main classroom, it is a sign that more evaluation is needed to determine the cause of his impulsivity.

Children with FAS ([[Fetal Alcohol Syndrome]]) display many sensory integration problems.

While the diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction is accepted widely among occupational therapists and also educators, these professionals have been criticized for overextending a model that attempts to explain emotional and behavioral problems that could be caused by other conditions.

Children who receive the diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction may also have signs of anxiety problems, ADHD, food intolerances, and behavioral disorders, as well as for autism, and may have genetic problems such as Fragile X syndrome. Sensory integration dysfunction is not considered to be on the autism spectrum, and a child can receive a diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction without any comorbid conditions.

Because [[comorbid]] conditions are common with sensory integration issues, a child may have other conditions as well which make him or her reactive, "touchy", or unpredictable, and manifest in a manner similar to that characterized by occupational therapists as sensory integration dysfunction.

The theory of SI points out that children learn through their senses. A child who seems to have difficulty processing sensory information, may not be developmentally on track (in terms of social skills, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, language, etc.)

SI therapy is not "one size fits all." According to SI theory, children with sensory integration issues have their own unique set of sensory responses that need to be addressed. What is calming and focusing for one child may be overstimulating for another, and vice versa. Treatment often depends on the child's unique set of sensory responses.

Some adults identify themselves as having sensory integration dysfunction; that is, they report that their hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, and related sensory processing issues, such as poor self-regulation, continue to cause significant interference in their daily lives at home, at work, and at school.

Alternatively, there is evidence to suggest that some [[gifted]] children also have an increased tendency toward hypersensitivity (e.g., finding all shirt tags unbearable), which may be correlated with their greater intellectual proclivity toward perceiving the world in unconventional ways.<ref>Dabrowski, K. (1967). ''Personality Shaping Though Positive Disintegration''. Boston, Mass.: Little Brown.</ref><ref>Lysy, K. Z., and M. M. Piechowski. (1983). "Personal Growth: An Empirical Study Using Jungian and Dabrowskian Measures." ''Genetic Psychology Monographs'' 108: 267-320.</ref><ref>Piechowski, M. M. (1986). "The Concept of Developmental Potential." ''Roeper Review'' 8, no. 3: 190-97.</ref><ref>Piechowski, M. M., and N. B. Miller. (1995). "Assessing Developmental Potential in Gifted Children: A Comparison of Methods." ''Roeper Review'' 17: 176-80.</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

* Case-Smith, Jane. (2005) ''Occupational Therapy for Children''. 5th Edn. Elsevier Mosby: St. Louis, MO. ISBN 0-323-02873-X
* Biel, Lindsey and Peske, Nancy. (2005) ''Raising A Sensory Smart Child.'' Penguin: New York. ISBN 0-14-303488-X, website: http://www.sensorysmarts.com
*Heller, Sharon, Ph.D., 2003. "Too Loud, Too Bright, Too Fast, Too Tight: What to do if you are sensory defensive in an overstimulating world.", Quill: New York. ISBN 0-06-019520-7 or 0-06-093292-9 (pbk.) ((Focuses on Adults))
* Schaaf, R.C., and L.J. Miller. 2005. "Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with developmental disabilities", ''Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.'' 11(2):143-148.
* {{cite journal |journal= Skept Inq |date=2000 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=56–57 |title= On inventing your own disorder |author= Newman B |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_6_24/ai_66496173 |format= {{Dead link|date=March 2010}}}}
* {{cite journal |author= Herbert JD, Sharp IR, Gaudiano BA |title= Separating fact from fiction in the etiology and treatment of autism: a scientific review of the evidence |journal= Sci Rev Ment Health Pract |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=23–43 |year=2002 |url=http://www.srmhp.org/0101/autism.html}}
* {{cite web |url=http://quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/sid.html |title= Why "sensory integration disorder" is a dubious diagnosis |author= Heilbroner PL |work=QuackWatch |date=2005 |accessdate=2008-06-02}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.spdbloggernetwork.com/what-is-spd/ |title= What is SPD? |author= Hartley Steiner |work= SPD Blogger Network |date=2010 |accessdate=2011-05-20}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hartleysboys.com/2010/01/tips-for-newly-diagnosed-families-with.html |title= Tips for Newly Diagnosed Families with SPD |author=Hartley Steiner |work=Hartley's Life With 3 Boys |date=2010 |accessdate=2011-05-20}}

[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Occupational therapy]]
[[Category:Alternative diagnoses]]

[[fr:Trouble sensoriel]]

Störung der Sinnesverarbeitung

2012-05-16T03:07:30Z

Doczilla: "accepted diagnosis" - accepted by what body?

'''Sensory processing disorder''' or '''SPD''' is a [[Neurological disorder]] causing difficulties with taking in, [[sensory integration|processing]] and responding to sensory information about the environment and from within the own body ([[seeing|visual]], [[hearing |auditory]], [[touch|tactile]], [[olfaction]], [[taste|gustatory]], [[vestibular system|vestibular]] and [[proprioception]]).

For those with SPD, sensory information may be [[wikt:sensation|sensed]] and [[perception|perceived]] in a way that is different from most other people. Unlike [[blindness]] or [[deafness]], sensory information can be received by people with SPD, the difference is that information is often registered, interpreted and processed differently by the brain. The result can be unusual ways of responding or behaving, finding things harder to do. Difficulties may typically present as difficulties planning and organising, problems with doing the activities of everyday life (self care, work and leisure activities), and for some with extreme sensitivity, sensory input may result in extreme avoidance of activities, agitation, distress, fear or confusion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spdfoundation.net/about-sensory-processing-disorder.html |title=Sensory Processing Disorder Explained |publisher=SPD Foundation}}</ref>

The term SPD is now often used (though not without controversy) instead of the earlier term ''[[sensory integration dysfunction]]'' which was originally used by occupational therapist [[A. Jean Ayres]] as part of her theory that deficits in the processing and interpretation of sensation from the body and the environment could lead to [[sensorimotor]] and learning problems in children. The theory is widely acknowledged, but also has generated tremendous controversy.

Some state that sensory processing disorder is a distinct diagnosis, while others argue that differences in sensory responsiveness are features of other diagnoses.<ref name = "Flanagan">
{{cite web
|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb4384/is_8_43/ai_n45484253/
|title=Sensory processing disorder
|author=Joanne Flanagan
|date=2009
|work=Pediatric News
|publisher=BNET
}}</ref>
SPD is not recognized in any standard medical manuals such as the [[ICD-10]]<ref>
http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm
</ref>
or the [[DSM-IV-TR]].<ref>
http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/dsm4TRclassification.htm
</ref>
The committee that prepares the [[DSM-5]] has requested that additional studies are done before the disorder can be recognized.<ref name = "Flanagan" />
On the other hand, SPD is in [[Stanley Greenspan]]’s ''Diagnostic Manual for Infancy and Early Childhood'' and as '''Regulation Disorders of Sensory Processing''' part of the ''The Zero to Three’s Diagnostic Classification''.<ref>
http://www.mi-aimh.org/documents/crosswalkaccess_eligibilitywithdch_title__121807.pdf
</ref>

SPD is often associated with a range of neurological, psychiatric, behavioral and language disorders.<ref>
http://www.thespiralfoundation.org/pdfs/Fact%20Sheet%20for%20Educators.pdf
</ref>

There is no known cure; however, there are many treatments available.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}


== Classifications==
{{Ref improve section|date=June 2010}}

Initially the term traditionally used for children and adults with sensory processing difficulties was Sensory Integration Dysfunction (SID).

A new nosology (way of naming and classifying) has been proposed by Lucy J. Miller, Ph.D., OTR and colleagues. The new terms are meant to increase understanding between Occupational Therapists and other professionals who frequently encounter SID and physicians and other health professionals who approach sensory integration dysfunction from a more neurobiological vantage.

This understanding is critical as physicians are responsible for diagnosing SPD, which is a necessary step in accessing reimbursement (eventually from insurance companies) for professional services to treat SPD.

Sensory Processing Dysfunction is now being used as a global umbrella term that includes all forms of this disorder, including three primary diagnostic groups:

* Type I - Sensory Modulation Disorder
* Type II - Sensory Based Motor Disorder
* Type III - Sensory Discrimination Disorder

Type I - Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD). Over, or under responding to sensory stimuli or seeking sensory stimulation. This group may include a fearful and/or anxious pattern, negative and/or stubborn behaviors, self-absorbed behaviors that are difficult to engage or creative or actively seeking sensation.

Type II - Sensory Based Motor Disorder (SBMD). Shows motor output that is disorganized as a result of incorrect processing of sensory information affecting postural control challenges and/or [[dyspraxia]].

Type III - Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD). Sensory discrimination or incorrect processing of sensory information. Incorrect processing of visual or auditory input, for example, may be seen in inattentiveness, disorganization, and poor school performance.

This information is adapted from research and publications by: Lucy, J. Miller, Ph.D., OTR, Marie Anzalone, Sc.D., OTR, Sharon A. Cermak, Ed.D., OTR/L, Shelly J. ,Lane, Ph.D, OTR, Beth Osten, M.S,m OTR/L, Serena Wieder, Ph.D., Stanley I. Greenspan, M.D..

=== Sensory modulation ===

Sensory modulation refers to a complex central nervous system process by which neural messages that convey information about the intensity, frequency, duration, complexity, and novelty of sensory stimuli are adjusted.

Behaviorally, this is manifested in the tendency to generate responses that are appropriately graded in relation to incoming sensations, neither underreacting nor overreacting to them.

==== Sensory modulation problems ====

* Sensory registration problems - This refers to the process by which the central nervous system attends to stimuli. This usually involves an orienting response. Sensory registration problems are characterized by failure to notice stimuli that ordinarily are salient to most people.
* Sensory defensiveness - A condition characterized by over-responsivity in one or more systems.
* Gravitational insecurity - A sensory modulation condition in which there is a tendency to react negatively and fearfully to movement experiences, particularly those involving a change in head position and movement backward or upward through space.
(Case-Smith, (2005)

== Hyposensitivities and hypersensitivities ==

Sensory integration disorders vary between individuals in their characteristics and intensity. Some people are so mildly afflicted, the disorder is barely noticeable, while others are so impaired they have trouble with daily functioning.

Children can be born hypersensitive or hyposensitive to varying degrees and may have trouble in one sensory modality, a few, or all of them. Hypersensitivity is also known as [[sensory defensiveness]]. Examples of hypersensitivity include feeling pain from clothing rubbing against skin, an inability to tolerate normal lighting in a room, a dislike of being touched (especially light touch) and discomfort when one looks directly into the eyes of another person.

Hyposensitivity is characterized by an unusually high tolerance for environmental stimuli. A child with hyposensitivity might appear restless and seek sensory stimulation.

In treating sensory dysfunctions, a "just right" challenge is used: giving the child just the right amount of challenge to motivate him and stimulate changes in the way the system processes sensory information but not so much as to make him shut down or go into sensory overload.

The "just right" challenge is absent if the activity and the child's perception of activity do not match. In addition, deep pressure is often calming for children who have sensory dysfunctions. It is recommended that therapists use a variety of tactile materials, a quiet, subdued voice, and slow, linear movements, tailoring the approach to the child's unique sensory needs.

While occupational therapy sessions focus on increasing a child's ability to tolerate a variety of sensory experiences, both the activities and environment should be assessed for a "just right" fit with the child. Overwhelming environmental stimuli such as flickering fluorescent lighting and bothersome clothing tags should be eliminated whenever possible to increase the child's comfort and ability to engage productively. Meanwhile, the occupational therapist and parents should jointly create a "sensory diet," a term coined by occupational therapist [[Anna Jean Ayres]].

The sensory diet is a schedule of daily activities that gives the child the sensory fuel his or her or hir body needs to get into an organized state and stay there. According to SI theory, rather than just relying on individual treatment sessions, ensuring that a carefully designed program of sensory input throughout the day is implemented at home and at school can create profound, lasting changes in the child's nervous system.

Parents can help their child by realizing that play is an important part of their child's development. Therapy involves working with an occupational therapist and the child will engage in activities that provide vestibular, proprioceptive and tactile stimulation. Therapy is individualized to meet the child's specific needs for development. Emphasis is put on automatic sensory processes in the course of a goal-directed activity. The children are engaged in therapy as play which may include activities such as: finger painting, using Play-Doh type modeling clay, swinging, playing in bins of rice or water, climbing, etc.

== Relationship to other disorders ==

=== Autistic spectrum disorders and difficulties of sensory processing ===

Sensory processing disorder is a common comorbidity with [[autism spectrum disorder]]s.<ref>Natalie Russo et al. Multisensory processing in children with autism: high-density electrical mapping of auditory-somatosensory integration. Autism Research, August 17, 2010</ref> Although responses to [[Stimulus (physiology)|sensory stimuli]] are more common and prominent in autistic children and adults, there is no good evidence that sensory symptoms differentiate [[autism]] from other developmental disorders.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Child Psychol Psychiatry
|date=2005
|volume=46
|issue=12
|pages=1255–68
|title= Annotation: what do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence
|author= Rogers SJ, Ozonoff S
|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x
|pmid=16313426
}}</ref>
Differences are greater for under-responsivity (for example, walking into things) than for over-responsivity (for example, distress from loud noises) or for seeking (for example, rhythmic movements).<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Autism Dev Disord
|date=2008
|title= A meta-analysis of sensory modulation symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorders
|author= Ben-Sasson A, Hen L, Fluss R, Cermak SA, Engel-Yeger B, Gal E
|doi=10.1007/s10803-008-0593-3
|pmid=18512135
|volume= 39
|issue= 1
|pages= 1–11
}}</ref>
The responses may be more common in children: a pair of studies found that autistic children had impaired [[Tactition|tactile perception]] while autistic adults did not.<ref>
{{cite journal
|author=Williams DL, Goldstein G, Minshew NJ
|title=Neuropsychologic functioning in children with autism: further evidence for disordered complex information-processing
|journal= Child Neuropsychol
|volume=12
|issue=4–5
|pages=279–98
|year=2006
|pmid=16911973
|doi=10.1080/09297040600681190
|pmc=1803025
}}</ref>

=== Other disorders ===

The neuroscientist [[David Eagleman]] has proposed that SPD may be a form of [[synesthesia]], a perceptual condition in which the senses are blended.<ref>Cytowic RE and Eagleman DM (2009). ''Wednesday is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia.'' Cambridge: MIT Press.</ref>. Specifically, Eagleman suggests that instead of a sensory input "connecting to [a person's] color area [in the brain], it's connecting to an area involving pain or aversion or nausea".<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/health/la-he-synesthesia-brain-20120220,0,6760571.story The blended senses of synesthesia], ''Los Angeles Times'', Feb 20, 2012.</ref>

Some argue that sensory related disorders may be misdiagnosed as [[attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) but they can coexist, as well as emotional problems, aggressiveness and speech-related disorders such as [[aphasia]]. Sensory processing, they argue, is foundational, like the roots of a tree, and gives rise to a myriad of behaviors and symptoms such as hyperactivity and [[speech delay]].

For example, a child with an under-responsive vestibular system may need extra input to his "motion sensor" in order to achieve a state of quiet alertness; to get this input, the child might fidget or run around, appearing ostensibly to be hyperactive, when in fact, he suffers from a sensory related disorder

Researchers have described a treatable inherited [[Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation|sensory overstimulation disorder]] that meets diagnostic criteria for both attention deficit disorder and sensory integration dysfunction.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Segal MM, Rogers GF, Needleman HL, Chapman CA |title= Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation |journal= J Child Neurol |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1408–10 |year=2007 |doi=10.1177/0883073807307095 |pmid=18174562}}</ref>

== Sensory integration therapy ==
{{Main|Sensory integration therapy}}

Several therapies have been developed to treat SID.<ref>
{{cite web
|title= Sensory integrative therapy
|url=http://www.researchautism.net/interventionitem.ikml?print&ra=28&infolevel=4
|accessdate=2007-10-08
|publisher= Research Autism
}}</ref>
Some of these treatments (for example, sensorimotor handling) have a questionable rationale and no empirical evidence. Other treatments (for example, prism lenses, physical exercise, and [[auditory integration training]]) have had studies with small positive outcomes, but few conclusions can be made about them due to methodological problems with the studies.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= J Autism Dev Disord
|year=2002
|volume=32
|issue=5
|pages=397–422
|title= Efficacy of sensory and motor interventions for children with autism
|author= Baranek GT
|doi=10.1023/A:1020541906063
|pmid=12463517
}}</ref>
Although replicable treatments have been described and valid outcome measures are known, gaps exist in knowledge related to sensory integration dysfunction and therapy.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev
|year=2005
|volume=11
|issue=2
|pages=143–8
|title= Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with developmental disabilities
|author= Schaaf RC, Miller LJ
|doi=10.1002/mrdd.20067
|pmid=15977314
}}</ref>
Empirical support is limited, therefore systematic evaluation is needed if these interventions are used.<ref>
{{cite journal
|journal= Can J Occup Ther
|date=2007
|volume=74
|issue=5
|pages=393–400
|title= Somatosensory stimulation interventions for children with autism: literature review and clinical considerations
|author= Hodgetts S, Hodgetts W
|pmid=18183774
|doi=10.2182/cjot.07.013
}}</ref>

The main form of sensory integration therapy is a type of occupational therapy that places a child in a room specifically designed to stimulate and challenge all of the senses.

During the session, the therapist works closely with the child to provide a level of sensory stimulation that the child can cope with, and encourage movement within the room. Sensory integration therapy is driven by four main principles:

* Just Right Challenge (the child must be able to successfully meet the challenges that are presented through playful activities)
* Adaptive Response (the child adapts his behavior with new and useful strategies in response to the challenges presented)
* Active Engagement (the child will want to participate because the activities are fun)
* Child Directed (the child's preferences are used to initiate therapeutic experiences within the session).

Children with lower sensitivity (hyposensitivity) may be exposed to strong sensations such as stroking with a brush, vibrations or rubbing. Play may involve a range of materials to stimulate the senses such as play dough or finger painting.

Children with heightened sensitivity (hypersensitivity) may be exposed to peaceful activities including quiet music and gentle rocking in a softly lit room. Treats and rewards may be used to encourage children to tolerate activities they would normally avoid.

While occupational therapists using a sensory integration frame of reference work on increasing a child's ability to tolerate and integrate sensory input, other OTs may focus on environmental accommodations that parents and school staff can use to enhance the child's function at home, school, and in the community (Biel and Peske, 2005). These may include selecting soft, tag-free clothing, avoiding fluorescent lighting, and providing ear plugs for "emergency" use (such as for fire drills).

There is a growing evidence base that points to and supports the notion that adults also show signs of sensory processing difficulties. In the United Kingdom early research and improved clinical outcomes for clients assessed as having sensory processing difficulties is indicating that the therapy may be an appropriate treatment (Urwin and Ballinger 2005) <ref>URWIN Rosalind; BALLINGER Claire; Title: The effectiveness of sensory integration therapy to improve functional behaviour in adults with learning disabilities: five single-case experimental designs. Reference: British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(2), February 2005, pp.56-66.</ref> for a range of presentations seen in adult clients including for those with Autism and Asperger's Syndrome, as well as adults with dyspraxia and some mental health difficulties [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pnp.127/abstract (Brown, Shankar and Smith 2009)] <ref>Brown, S; Shankar, R; Smith, K "Borderline personality disorder and sensory processing impairment" Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry Volume 13, Issue 4, pages 10–16, July/August 2009</ref>that therapists suggest may arise from the difficulties adults with sensory processing difficulties encounter trying to negotiate the challenges and demands of engaging in everyday life(Brown, Shankar and Smith 2006).<ref>Brown S, Shankar R, Smith K, et al. Sensory Processing Disorder in mental health. Occupational Therapy News 2006;May:28-29. </ref>

==Snoezelen Rooms==

Some individuals with sensory processing disorder may benefit from spending time in Snoezelen environments. Snoezelen rooms may consist of several elements that can both energize and relax users. These elements include anything from various lighting effects and areas of darkness, to tactile bins and vibrating surfaces, as well as scents and sounds. The individual enters the room with opportunity for free exploration. He or she is given time to seek out the sensory experiences that appeal to his or her unique sensory system. This process can help regulate the sensory system.<ref name="test"> [http://www.hollandbloorview.ca/programsandservices/communityprograms/snoezelen.php "Snoezlen at the Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital."], Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital. (2011). http://www.hollandbloorview.ca/programsandservices/communityprograms/snoezelen.php. Retrieved 12/1/11 </ref>

== Alternative views ==

Not all professionals agree with the notion that hypersensitive or hyposensitve senses necessarily constitute a disorder. However, sensory integration dysfunction, sometimes called sensory processing disorder, is only diagnosed when the sensory behavior interferes significantly with learning, playing, and activities of daily living (ADL).

Sensory issues can be located on a spectrum. Being annoyed and distracted by the sound of a noisy ventilation system or the scratchiness of a sweater is considered to be a typical sensory response. When a child is so strongly affected by background noise or tactile sensations that he totally withdraws, becomes hyperactive and impulsive, or lashes out as part of a primitive fight-or-flight response, the child's sensory issues are severe enough to warrant intervention.

In addition to experiencing hypersensitivity, a person can experience hyposensitivity (undersensitivity to sensory stimuli). One example of this is insensitivity to pain. A child with sensory integration dysfunction may giggle when given an injection or not even blink when receiving a second-degree burn.

There is no empirical evidence that hypersensitivity results from sensory integration issues. There is anecdotal evidence that sensory integration therapy results in more typical sensory responses and sensory processing. For example, [[Temple Grandin]] has reported that the deep pressure, or proprioceptive input, created by a [[hug machine|cattle squeeze machine]] she used in her youth resulted in her being able to interact in her environment.

Additionally, over 130 articles on sensory integration have been published in peer-reviewed (mostly occupational therapy) journals. The difficulties of designing double-blind research studies of sensory integration dysfunction have been addressed by Temple Grandin and others. More research is needed.

It is speculated that SID may be a misdiagnosis for persons with attention problems. For example, a student who fails to repeat what has been said in class (due to boredom or distraction) might be referred for evaluation for sensory integration dysfunction. The student might then be evaluated by an occupational therapist to determine why he is having difficulty focusing and attending, and perhaps also evaluated by an audiologist or a speech-language pathologist for auditory processing issues or language processing issues.

As part of the auditory evaluation, the student may be asked to listen to signals coming from either side of a pair of headphones and identify where they are coming from. If the student is bored or distracted, or confused by the oral directions given, the test may be inconclusive and may not isolate what the problem is. The assessor must consider sensory and language factors in evaluating the student's performance on the test. Diagnoses based on single tests are unreliable, and integrated assessment utilizing multiple sources of information is the preferred means of diagnosis.

Similarly, a child may be mistakenly labeled "ADHD" or "ADD" because impulsivity has been observed, when actually this impulsivity is limited to sensory seeking or avoiding. A child might regularly jump out of his seat in class despite multiple warnings and threats because his poor proprioception (body awareness) causes him to fall out of his seat, and his anxiety over this potential problem causes him to avoid sitting whenever possible.

If the same child is able to remain seated after being given an inflatable bumpy cushion to sit on (which gives him more sensory input), or, is able to remain seated at home or in a particular classroom but not in his main classroom, it is a sign that more evaluation is needed to determine the cause of his impulsivity.

Children with FAS ([[Fetal Alcohol Syndrome]]) display many sensory integration problems.

While the diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction is accepted widely among occupational therapists and also educators, these professionals have been criticized for overextending a model that attempts to explain emotional and behavioral problems that could be caused by other conditions.

Children who receive the diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction may also have signs of anxiety problems, ADHD, food intolerances, and behavioral disorders, as well as for autism, and may have genetic problems such as Fragile X syndrome. Sensory integration dysfunction is not considered to be on the autism spectrum, and a child can receive a diagnosis of sensory integration dysfunction without any comorbid conditions.

Because [[comorbid]] conditions are common with sensory integration issues, a child may have other conditions as well which make him or her reactive, "touchy", or unpredictable, and manifest in a manner similar to that characterized by occupational therapists as sensory integration dysfunction.

The theory of SI points out that children learn through their senses. A child who seems to have difficulty processing sensory information, may not be developmentally on track (in terms of social skills, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, language, etc.)

SI therapy is not "one size fits all." According to SI theory, children with sensory integration issues have their own unique set of sensory responses that need to be addressed. What is calming and focusing for one child may be overstimulating for another, and vice versa. Treatment often depends on the child's unique set of sensory responses.

Some adults identify themselves as having sensory integration dysfunction; that is, they report that their hypersensitivity, hyposensitivity, and related sensory processing issues, such as poor self-regulation, continue to cause significant interference in their daily lives at home, at work, and at school.

Alternatively, there is evidence to suggest that some [[gifted]] children also have an increased tendency toward hypersensitivity (e.g., finding all shirt tags unbearable), which may be correlated with their greater intellectual proclivity toward perceiving the world in unconventional ways.<ref>Dabrowski, K. (1967). ''Personality Shaping Though Positive Disintegration''. Boston, Mass.: Little Brown.</ref><ref>Lysy, K. Z., and M. M. Piechowski. (1983). "Personal Growth: An Empirical Study Using Jungian and Dabrowskian Measures." ''Genetic Psychology Monographs'' 108: 267-320.</ref><ref>Piechowski, M. M. (1986). "The Concept of Developmental Potential." ''Roeper Review'' 8, no. 3: 190-97.</ref><ref>Piechowski, M. M., and N. B. Miller. (1995). "Assessing Developmental Potential in Gifted Children: A Comparison of Methods." ''Roeper Review'' 17: 176-80.</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==

* Case-Smith, Jane. (2005) ''Occupational Therapy for Children''. 5th Edn. Elsevier Mosby: St. Louis, MO. ISBN 0-323-02873-X
* Biel, Lindsey and Peske, Nancy. (2005) ''Raising A Sensory Smart Child.'' Penguin: New York. ISBN 0-14-303488-X, website: http://www.sensorysmarts.com
*Heller, Sharon, Ph.D., 2003. "Too Loud, Too Bright, Too Fast, Too Tight: What to do if you are sensory defensive in an overstimulating world.", Quill: New York. ISBN 0-06-019520-7 or 0-06-093292-9 (pbk.) ((Focuses on Adults))
* Schaaf, R.C., and L.J. Miller. 2005. "Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with developmental disabilities", ''Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev.'' 11(2):143-148.
* {{cite journal |journal= Skept Inq |date=2000 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=56–57 |title= On inventing your own disorder |author= Newman B |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2843/is_6_24/ai_66496173 |format= {{Dead link|date=March 2010}}}}
* {{cite journal |author= Herbert JD, Sharp IR, Gaudiano BA |title= Separating fact from fiction in the etiology and treatment of autism: a scientific review of the evidence |journal= Sci Rev Ment Health Pract |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=23–43 |year=2002 |url=http://www.srmhp.org/0101/autism.html}}
* {{cite web |url=http://quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/sid.html |title= Why "sensory integration disorder" is a dubious diagnosis |author= Heilbroner PL |work=QuackWatch |date=2005 |accessdate=2008-06-02}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.spdbloggernetwork.com/what-is-spd/ |title= What is SPD? |author= Hartley Steiner |work= SPD Blogger Network |date=2010 |accessdate=2011-05-20}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.hartleysboys.com/2010/01/tips-for-newly-diagnosed-families-with.html |title= Tips for Newly Diagnosed Families with SPD |author=Hartley Steiner |work=Hartley's Life With 3 Boys |date=2010 |accessdate=2011-05-20}}

[[Category:Autism]]
[[Category:Neurological disorders]]
[[Category:Occupational therapy]]
[[Category:Alternative diagnoses]]

[[fr:Trouble sensoriel]]

Earl William Muntz

2008-05-26T07:59:21Z

Doczilla: clean up, remove category per CfD using AWB

{{Infobox Celebrity
| name = Earl William Muntz
| image = Earlmuntz.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = "Madman" Muntz in one of his many TV advertisement performances
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|1|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Elgin, Illinois]], [[United States|USA]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1987|6|21|1914|1|3|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Rancho Mirage, California]], [[United States|USA]]
| occupation = [[Electrical Engineer]] [[Businessman]] [[Entrepreneur]] Television Commercial Actor
| salary =
| networth =
| spouse =
| children = James Muntz Tee Vee "Teena" Muntz
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Earl William "Madman" Muntz''' (January 3, 1914 – June 21, 1987)<ref name="nyt900">{{cite news
| author = The Associated Press
| title = "Earl Muntz Is Dead; As Radio 'Madman,' He Sold Used Cars"
| url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2D91E39F932A15755C0A961948260
| publisher = ''The New York Times''
| date = 1987-06-21
| accessdate = 2008-04-11
}}</ref> was a merchandiser of cars and [[consumer electronics]] in the [[United States]] from the 1930s until his death in 1987. He was a pioneer in television (TV) commercials with his oddball "Madman" [[persona]], an [[alter ego]] who dressed in unusual costumes, engaged in stunts, and made outrageous claims to generate publicity. He also pioneered car stereos<ref name="nyt900" /> by creating the Muntz [[Stereo-Pak]], better known as the 4-track cartridge, a predecessor to the [[Stereo 8|8-track cartridge]] developed by [[Bill Lear|Lear Industries]]).<ref name="goldmine">{{cite news
| first = Dave
| last = Thompson
| title = Whatever happened to 8-track's 'four'runner?
| publisher = ''Goldmine''
| date = 2008-04-11
}}</ref>

He invented the practice of [[Muntzing]], produced and marketed the first black-and-white television receivers to sell for less than $100, and created one of the earliest functional [[widescreen]] [[projection TV]]s.<ref name="jhup">{{cite journal
| quotes =
| author = Robert C. Post
| year = 2005
| month = October
| title = Henry Kaiser, Troy Ruttman, and Madman Muntz: Three Originals
| journal = Technology and Culture
| volume = 46
| issue = 4
| publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press
| issn = 0040-165X
}}</ref> He also coined the term "TV".<ref name="dht999" /> Although he dropped out of high school,<ref name="dht999">{{cite news
| first = Mark
| last = Zaloudek
| title = Madcap millionaire Muntz
| url = http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050313/FEATURES/503130373/1022
| publisher = ''Sarasota Herald-Tribune''
| date = 2005-03-13
| accessdate = 2008-05-17
}}</ref> Muntz made fortunes by selling automobiles, TV receivers, and car stereos and tapes.<ref name="cn090">{{cite news
| first = Janelle
| last = Walker
| title = First 'Crazy' Car Dealer Focus of Movie
| work =
| publisher = Sun-Times News Group, (Illinois ''Courier News'')
| date = 2005-02-07
}}</ref> A 1968 ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' article noted that in one year he sold $72 million worth of cars, that five years later he sold $55 million worth of TV receivers, and that in 1967 he sold $30 million worth of car stereos and tapes.<ref name="nyt900" />

After his success as a used car salesman and with [[Kaiser-Frazer]] dealerships in [[Los Angeles]] and [[New York City]],<ref name="nyt900" /> Muntz founded the [[Muntz Car Company]], which made the "Muntz Jet", a [[sports car]] with jet-like contours. The car was manufactured between 1951 and 1953, although fewer than 400  were produced.

Muntz married seven times and divorced six.<ref name="dh001">{{cite news
| first = Jerry
| last = Turnquist
| title = A one-in-a-million 'Madman' Movie spotlights Elgin's Earl Muntz, quintessential entrepreneur
| publisher = ''Daily Herald''
| date = 2005-07-17
}}</ref> Among his wives were actress Joan Barton (who appeared in ''[[Angel and the Badman]]'' with [[John Wayne]]) and Patricia Stevens<ref name="lat876">{{cite news
| title = Mad Man Muntz Weds Model Agency Director
| publisher = ''Los Angeles Times''
| date = [[January 29]] [[1956]]
| accessdate = 2008-05-19
}}</ref> of the Patricia Stevens Finishing Schools. [[Phyllis Diller]] was among his many girlfriends. He was friends with singer [[Rudy Vallee]], comedian [[Jerry Colonna (entertainer)|Jerry Colonna]], actor [[Bert Lahr]],<ref name="cn090" /> television presenter [[Dick Clark]], and actor [[Gene Autry]].<ref name="dh001" />

== Early years ==
Muntz was fascinated by electronics from an early age. He built his first radio at age 8 and built another for his parents' car at age 14.<ref name="dht999" /> During the [[Great Depression]], he dropped out of [[Elgin High School (Illinois)|Elgin High School]] at age 15 to work in his parents' hardware store in Elgin, Illinois.<ref name="dht999" />

=== Car sales ===
Muntz opened his first used car lot in 1934 in Elgin at age 20 with a $500 line of credit.<ref name="cn090" /> His mother signed the car-sale papers because Muntz's young age prevented him from legally closing his own deals.<ref name="dht999" /> During a vacation in [[California]], Muntz discovered that used cars sold there for much more than in Elgin. He moved to California at age 26 to open a used car lot in [[Glendale, California|Glendale]].<ref name="cn090" /> On a hunch, he purchased 13 brand-new right-hand-drive vehicles to resell. These vehicles had been built for customers in Asia but could not be delivered due to [[World War II]]. One vehicle was a custom-made [[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]] built for [[Chiang Kai-shek]].<ref name="time01">{{cite news
| title = Dig That Crazy Man
| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,806735,00.htm
| publisher = ''Time''
| date = [[July 13]] [[1953]]
| accessdate = 2008-04-11
}}</ref> Local newspapers ran stories about the unusual cars, and as a result, Muntz sold all of them in their original shipping crates in two weeks.<ref name="time01" /> Muntz soon opened a second lot in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] and closed his lot in Elgin.<ref name="time01" />

Muntz completely rejected the common opinion at the time that used car salesmen should project a staid image.<ref name="nyt900" /> He realized the possibilities of generating publicity with odd stunts and developed his "Madman" persona as a result.<ref name="time01" /> His flamboyant billboards and oddball television and radio commercials soon made him famous. In his used auto commercials, he marketed one model as the "daily special"; Muntz claimed that if the car did not sell that day, he would smash it to pieces on camera with a [[sledgehammer]].<ref name="pease" /> Another infamous Muntz used-car TV pitch was "I buy 'em retail and sell 'em wholesale... it's more fun that way!"<ref name="lat001">{{cite news
| first = Chris
| last = Erskine
| title = And the pitch is ... wild
| url = http://www.latimes.com/classified/automotive/highway1/cars/la-hy-125sales21jun21,0,7373526.story
| publisher = ''Los Angeles Times''
| date = 2006-06-21
| accessdate = 2008-04-09
}}</ref> His commercials generated so much publicity that comedians such as [[Bob Hope]], [[Jack Benny]], and [[Steve Allen]] often tried to outdo each other during television appearances by telling "Madman" Muntz jokes.<ref name="nyt900" /> [[University of Southern California]] fans would often spell out Muntz' name during halftime as a prank.<ref name="time01" />

Muntz' car lots became tourist attractions due to the widespread publicity from his television commercial appearances. A 1946 survey by ''Panner Motor Tours'' revealed that Muntz ranked seventh among tourist attractions in Southern California.<ref name="nyt900" /> Muntz was willing to take large risks in his attempts to generate publicity. During the era of [[McCarthyism]], he asked one of his advisers, "Do you think I'd make the front pages if I joined the Communist Party?"<ref name="lat001" /><ref name="wp100">{{cite news
| first = Robert
| last = Rosenblatt
| title = 'Madman' Muntz, the Master of Hard Sell, Is Still At It
| publisher = ''Washington Post''
| date = 1976-01-04
| accessdate = 2008-05-19
}}</ref>

=== Muntz Jet ===
{{main|Muntz Car Company}}
[[Image:Muntzjetblack.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A mint-condition 1953 Muntz Jet at a Monterey, California, classic car auction]]
In 1948, race car designer and [[Kurtis-Kraft]] founder [[Frank Kurtis]] attempted to market the two-seater Kurtis Kraft Sport, a new [[sports car]] under his own [[marque]]. Only 36 units had been sold by 1950.<ref name="kkraft">{{cite book
| last = Hitze
| first = Ed
| format= Paperback
| title = The Kurtis-Kraft Story
| publisher = Interstate Printers
| year = 1993
| isbn = B0015MFQZG}}</ref> In 1951, for just $200,000<ref name="stone">{{cite book
| last = Stone
| first = Matt
| format= Paperback
| title = 365 Cars You Must Drive
| publisher = Motorbooks
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-0760324141}}</ref> Kurtis sold the license to manufacture the cars to Muntz, who quickly [[badge engineering|rebadged]] them as the "Muntz Jet".<ref name="bookz01">{{cite book
|editor = David Lillywhite
|title = The Encyclopedia of Classic Cars
|edition = Hardcover
|year = 2003
|publisher = Thunder Bay Press
|isbn = 978-1571459909
}}</ref> Initial production of the Jet took place in Glendale, where Muntz extended the two-seater Kurtis Kraft Sport's body by {{convert|13|in|cm}}, making it a four-seater, and exchanged the [[Ford Flathead engine|Ford V8]] engine for a larger [[Cadillac]] [[V8 engine|V8]].<ref name="stone" /> Later, after making just 28 Jets in California, Muntz moved production to a new factory in [[Evanston, Illinois]], extended the body further by{{convert|3|in|cm|0}}, and replaced the Cadillac V8 with a less expensive Lincoln [[Flathead engine|sidevalve]] V8.

The Jet was featured on the cover of the September 1951 issue of ''[[Popular Science]]'' along with a [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] and an [[MG Cars|MG]].<ref name="popsci001">{{cite news
| title = Cover
| publisher = ''Popular Science''
| date = September 1951
}}</ref> It featured its own design, with [[aluminum]] body panels and a removable [[fiberglass]] top.<ref name="bookz01" /> Paint schemes were extravagant, with names like "Mars Red", "Stratosphere Blue", and "Lime Mist", and interior options included alligator or Spanish [[leatherette]]. The backseat armrests contained a full cocktail bar.<ref name="flortimes001">{{cite news
| first = Dan
| last = Scanlan
| title = Purple Passion: '52 Muntz Jet a simply cool classic
| url = http://www.jacksonville.com/autos/stories/120205.shtml
| publisher = ''Florida Times-Union''
| date = 2005-12-02
| accessdate = 2008-05-21
}}</ref>

The Jet was capable of a top speed of {{convert|125|mph|km/h}} and acceleration of 0 to {{convert|50|mph|km/h}} in 6 seconds, a significant achievement for a road car at the time.<ref name="flortimes001" /> The fastest production car in 1953 was the [[Pegaso Z-102|Pegaso Z-102 Supercharged]] sports car at {{convert|155|mph|km/h}}.<ref name="candriv001">{{cite news
| first = Bill
| last = Vance
| title = Motoring Memories: Pegaso, 1951 - 1958
| url = http://www.canadiandriver.com/articles/bv/pegaso.htm
| publisher = ''Canadian Driver''
| date = 2006-06-30
| accessdate = 2008-05-18
}}</ref> Famous Jet owners included then-CEO of [[CBS]] [[Frank Stanton]]<ref name="Salant">{{cite book
|editor = Susan Buzenberg, Bill Buzenberg
|title = Salant, CBS, And The Battle For The Soul Of Broadcast Journalism: The Memoirs Of Richard S. Salant
|edition = Paperback
|year = 1999
|publisher = Basic Books
|isbn = 978-0813337036
}}</ref> and actor [[Lash La Rue]].<ref name="flortimes001" />

The labor and materials required to produce the Jet resulted in a higher price for the end product, and in 1954, after selling about 400 cars and losing about $1,000 on each, Muntz closed the company.<ref name="bookz01" /> Today, Muntz Jets are highly prized collector cars and are recognized as predecessors to the [[Chevrolet Corvette]] and [[Ford Thunderbird]].<ref name="flortimes001" />

=== Muntz TV ===
Muntz acted as a madman in his unorthodox television commercials, but he was a shrewd businessman and a self-taught [[electrical engineer]]. Through a trial-and-error process in which he took apart and studied [[Philco]], [[RCA]], and [[DuMont Laboratories|DuMont]] televisions, he reduced the devices' electrical components to the minimum functional number.<ref name="sickels">{{cite book
| last = Sickels
| first = Robert
| title = The 1940s (American Popular Culture Through History)
| publisher = Greenwood Press
| year = 2004
| isbn = 978-0313312991}}</ref> This practice became known as "[[Muntzing]]".<ref name="pease" />

Most brands of television receivers were complicated pieces of equipment in the 1950s. TVs commonly contained about 30 [[vacuum tube]]s, [[rheostat]]s, [[transformer]]s, and other heavy components. As a result, they were usually very expensive; for example, the cheapest U.S.-manufactured receiver made before World War II used a {{convert|3|in|cm|0|adj=on}} screen and cost $125, the equivalent of $1,863 in 2007. The cheapest model with a {{convert|12|in|cm|0|adj=on}} screen cost $445, equivalent to $6,633 in 2007.<ref name="abramson">{{cite book
| last = Abramson
| first = Albert
| title = The History of Television, 1880 to 1941
| publisher = McFarland & Co
| year = 1987
| isbn = 0-89950-284-9}}</ref> By 1954, although television had existed in various forms for more than 40 years, only 55 percent of U.S. households owned a receiver.<ref name="abramson2">{{cite book
| last = Abramson
| first = Albert
| title = The History of Television, 1942 to 2000
| publisher = McFarland & Co
| year = 2003
| isbn = 0-78641-220-8}}</ref> By contrast, 8 years later, 90 percent of U.S. households owned a receiver.<ref name="abramson2" />

Muntz developed a television chassis that produced an acceptable [[monochrome]] picture with 17 tubes. He often carried a pair of wire clippers, and when he thought that one of his employees was "over-engineering" a circuit, he would begin snipping components out until the picture or sound stopped working. At that point, he would tell the engineer "Well, I guess you have to put that last part back in" and walk away.<ref name="pease"/>

Marketed under the name "Muntz" by his company Muntz TV, Inc.,<ref name="time01" /> the simplified units were the first black and white TV receivers to retail in the U.S. for less than $100.<ref name="dht999" /> Muntz was also the first retailer to measure his screens from corner to corner rather than by width.<ref name="sickels" /> The receivers sold well and were reliable partly because the reduced number of tubes created less heat. They worked well in metropolitan areas that were close to television transmission towers where signals were strong. His receivers worked poorly with weaker signals because of the reduced and simplified components, as most of them were intended to boost performance in fringe areas. This was a calculated decision: Muntz preferred to leave the low-volume, high-performance television receiver market to firms such as RCA and [[Zenith Electronics]], as his intended customers were primarily urban dwellers with limited funds.<ref name="pease" /> Additionally, many urban apartment buildings had rules prohibiting external television aerials, and installation of an aerial, even if allowed, cost as much as $150. Muntz solved this problem by adding a built-in aerial to his receivers.<ref name="timeonthebeam">{{cite news
| title = On The Beam
| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794948,00.html
| publisher = ''Time''
| date = [[August 1]] [[1949]]
| accessdate = 2008-05-21
}}</ref> In 1952, Muntz TV Inc. grossed $49.9 million.<ref name="time01" />

Muntz continued using his "Madman" persona in his various advertisements. In one TV commercial that normally aired after the [[Ed Sullivan Show]],<ref name="pease">{{cite news
| first = Robert
| last = Pease
| title = What's All This Muntzing Stuff, Anyhow?
| publisher = ''Electronic Design''
| date = 1992-07-23
}}</ref> Muntz, dressed in red [[Long underwear|long johns]] and a [[Napoleon]] hat, promoting his new TV receivers with {{convert|14|in|cm|0|adj=on}} screens by saying, "I wanna give 'em away, but Mrs. Muntz won't let me. She's crazy!"<ref name="pease" /> His radio commercials, which Muntz ran up to 170 times a day, initially followed a classical music theme built around the spelling of Muntz' name.<ref name="nyt900" /> However, he soon convinced radio stations to run ads more in line with his persona. In one advert, Muntz screamed "Stop staring at your radio!"<ref name="lynn">{{cite news
| first = Lynn
| last = O'Shaughnessy
| title = Earl Muntz, `Madman' of Zany Ads, Dies
| publisher = ''Los Angeles Times''
| date = 1987-06-21
}}</ref> He followed up his radio ads with a direct mail campaign, collecting thousands of TV knobs and mailing them to prospective customers with a note saying, "Call us and we'll show up with the rest of the set!"<ref name="lynn" /> Muntz also used [[skywriting]] as a marketing tactic. However, after watching one of his ads being created, he noted that the letters often began to blur and dissipate before the pilot could finish spelling out "Muntz Televisions". As a result, Muntz came up with the abbreviation "TV".<ref name="dht999" /> He also named his daughter "Tee Vee", although she was normally referred to as "Teena".<ref name="dh001" />

== Audio and video ==
The advent of [[History of television#Color television in North America|color television]] by the mid-1950s caused the market for black-and-white receivers to shrink. Muntz' creditors refused prove further financing in 1954, resulting in the eventual bankruptcy of Muntz TV.<ref name="time1954xx">{{cite news
| title = Time Clock
| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,857428,00.html
| publisher = ''Time''
| date = [[March 15]] [[1954]]
| accessdate = 2008-05-21
}}</ref> Muntz admitted his business lost $1,457,000 from April to August 1953,<ref name="time1954xx" /> and although he tried to reorganize, Muntz TV went out of business in 1959.<ref name="sound001">{{cite book
|author = David Morton
|title = Sound Recording: The Life Story of a Technology
|year = 2004
|month = September
|publisher = Greenwood Press
|isbn = 978-0313330902
}}</ref> However, Muntz' success continued in the sale of cars and general consumer electronics.

=== 4-track cartridge ===
{{main|Stereo-Pak}}
Muntz invented the Muntz Stereo-Pak [[4-track cartridge|4-track]] tape cartridge in an attempt to combine his two main product lines, cars and stereos. 4-track was the direct predecessor of the [[Stereo 8]] cartridge, also known as the "8-track", developed by American inventor [[Bill Lear]].<ref name="nyt900" /> The Stereo-Pak cartridge was based on the endless-loop [[Fidelipac]] cartridge designed by inventor [[George Eash]], which was being used by radio stations. Muntz chose [[stereophonic|stereo]] recording as a standard feature because of its wide availability.<ref name="sound001" />

Muntz designed a stereo tape player called the Autostereo for cars, inexpensively manufactured in [[Japan]].<ref name="sound001" /> The Autostereo could play a complete album without changing tracks or turning the tape over, and its number of knobs and controls were minimized to allow the driver to concentrate on the road.<ref name="sound001" /> The tape player gave customers greater control over their listening experiences, because the tapes never ran advertisements or public service announcements, unlike radio broadcasts.<ref name="sound001" /> Muntz sold the players and cartridges from his own stores and through [[Franchising|franchise]]s in Florida and Texas.<ref name="sound001" />

Muntz audio products were so profitable by 1962 that he cancelled his agreements with tape-duplicating companies and founded his own company to manufacture prerecorded Stereo-Pak cartridges.<ref name="goldmine" /><ref name="sound001" /> Most record companies did not manufacture Stereo-Pak cartridges themselves; however, the [[Muntz Electronics Corporation]] licensed music from all the major record labels and issued hundreds of different tapes in the mid- to late 1960s. Muntz exhibited his Autostereo players and Stereo-Pak cartridges under the trade name ''Stereo-Pak'' at the 1967 [[Consumer Electronics Show]].<ref name="ceguide">{{cite news
| author = Consumer Electronics Association
| title = 40 Years of CES
| url = http://www.cesweb.org/shared_files/edm/MediaReports/dealerscope_ces40.pdf
| format = PDF
| work = Consumer Electronics Show 2007 Brochure
| date = 2007
| accessdate = 2008-05-18
}}</ref>
[[Image:Stereo-pak advertisement.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Muntz Stereo-Pak ads tended to feature attractive young models and suggestive tag lines.]]

The Autostereo player, which retailed from $129 in 1963, was a popular [[aftermarket (automotive)|aftermarket]] addition to cars among the [[Beverly Hills]] rich and famous.<ref name="time1963x">{{cite news
| title = A Tape for the Road
| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,870410,00.html
| publisher = ''Time''
| date = [[August 9]] [[1963]]
| accessdate = 2008-05-18
}}</ref> [[Frank Sinatra]] used one in his [[Buick Riviera]], [[Dean Martin]] in his Corvette, and [[Peter Lawford]] in his [[Carrozzeria Ghia|Ghia]]. [[James Garner]], [[Red Skelton]], and [[Lawrence Welk]] also used Autostereo players in their cars. [[Barry Goldwater]] purchased one for his son, and [[Jerry Lewis]] recorded his scripts onto Stereo-Pak cartridges to learn his lines while driving.<ref name="time1963x" />

Muntz attempted to establish a modern, trendy image for his players and cartridges. His print advertisements often showed the player installed in an appealing sports car and usually incorporated a young, attractive model with a suggestive tagline. Most of his employees in his California shops were attractive young women dressed in overbright clothing.<ref name="sanjek">{{cite book
|last = Sanjek
|first = Russell
|title = American Popular Music and Its Business: The First Four Hundred Years Volume III: From 1900 to 1984
|year = 1988
|publisher = Oxford University Press
|isbn = 978-0195043112
}}</ref>

Bill Lear became a distributor of the Stereo-Pak in 1963, intending to install the units in his [[Learjet]] aircraft. However, he soon decided to reengineer and customize the units to suit his own wishes, the result of which became the Stereo 8 system.<ref name="sound001" /> The market for Muntz' 4-track system had faded by 1970 because of competition from Stereo 8, which reduced costs by using less magnetic tape and a less-complex cartridge mechanism. Although the 4-track system had higher fidelity, since the tape speed was double the speed of the Stereo 8 system, and the 4-track had wider heads for better bandwidth, the Stereo 8 quickly became the dominant format for car stereo systems during the late 1960s. [[Ford Motor Company]] began featuring Stereo 8 players in their 1965 automobiles, and it became a standard option by 1966.<ref name="daniel001">{{cite book
|editor = Eric D. Daniel, C. Denis Mee, and Mark H. Clark
|title = Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years
|year = 1998
|month = August
|publisher = Wiley-IEEE Press
|isbn = 978-0780347090
}}</ref>

In a 1979 interview in ''The Videophile'' newsletter, Muntz revealed the biggest problem for the Stereo-Pak business was returned merchandise.<ref name="vid001">{{cite news
| title = Earl Muntz Interview
| publisher = ''The Videophile''
| date = 1979
}}</ref> He explained that when reproducing the work of major artists like [[The Beatles]], the Stereo-Pak plant had to make hundreds of thousands of cartridges. But once a popular album became less popular, retailers would return the unsold cartridges, expecting credit towards new titles. Muntz was unprepared for the returns and said the huge cost of unsold merchandise eventually made his Stereo-Pak business unprofitable.<ref name="vid001" />

=== Home video ===
A fire severely damaged Muntz' main offices, after which his Stereo-Pak audio business closed in late 1970. Muntz then entered the growing home-video market. During the mid-1970s, Muntz thought of taking a {{convert|15|in|cm|0|adj=on}} [[Sony]] color [[cathode ray tube]] (CRT) television receiver, fitting it with a special lens and reflecting mirror, then projecting the magnified image onto a larger screen. He housed these primitive units in a large wooden [[entertainment center|console]], making it one of the first successful widescreen projection TV receivers marketed for home use.<ref name="jhup" /><ref name="lamnmn">{{cite news
| first = Robert
| last = Rosenblatt
| title = 'Madman' Muntz Rides Again
| publisher = ''Los Angeles Times''
| date = 1975-10-26
}}</ref>

The receivers were built in Muntz' headquarters in [[Van Nuys]], California. Sony's U.S. sales division was unaware that Muntz was dealing directly with Sony's Tokyo [[original equipment manufacturer]] (OEM) department, which shipped the TV chassis directly to his Van Nuys factory.<ref name="jhup" /> Because of Muntz' talent for mass-market advertising and self-promotion, the projection receivers became a multi-million-dollar business by 1977.<ref name="jhup" /> Muntz was quick to feature [[Sony]]'s [[Betamax]] as well as [[JVC]]'s and [[RCA]]'s [[Video Home System]] (VHS) recorders in his store, setting up a showroom to demonstrate the potential for creating a "theater experience in the home".<ref name="jhup" />

Muntz decided to sell blank tapes and VCRs in 1979 to attract customers to his showroom, where he would try to sell them his projection TV systems. His success continued through the early 1980s<ref name="jhup" /> until he invested heavily in the [[Technicolor]] [[Compact Video Cassette]] (CVC), a {{convert|1/4|in|cm|0|adj=on}} system designed to compete with Betamax, VHS, and the [[8mm video]] system introduced in 1985. The CVC format failed in the marketplace; sales quickly eroded, and Muntz' store closed soon after.<ref name="jhup" />

== Later years ==
Shortly before his death from lung cancer in 1987, Muntz centered his retail business on [[cellular phone]]s, [[satellite dish]]es, a [[motorhome]] rental company dubbed Muntz Motor Mansions,<ref name="lat333xx">{{cite news
| first = Fisher
| last = Dan
| title = Recycled Madman Muntz Rides Again
| publisher = ''Los Angeles Times''
| date = 1971-07-18
}}</ref> and prefabricated aluminum houses.<ref name="dh001" /> He made headlines in February 1985 as the first retailer to offer a cellular phone (a [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]] model) for less than $1,000 when just two years earlier most cellular phones had cost about $3,000.<ref name="murray">{{cite book
|last = Murray
|first = James
|title = Wireless Nation: The Frenzied Launch of the Cellular Revolution
|year = 2002
|publisher = Basic Books
|isbn = 978-0738206882
}}</ref> At the time of his death, he was the leading retailer of cellular phones in Los Angeles.<ref name="dh001" /> During his final years, Muntz drove a customized [[Lincoln Continental]] with a television installed in the dashboard: Muntz claimed it helped him "drive better".<ref name="cn090" />

After he died, his children, James and Tee Vee, continued to operate two Muntz stores in [[Van Nuys, California|Van Nuys]] and [[Newhall, Santa Clarita, California|Newhall]]; the remainder were [[Chain store|franchise]]d businesses. James employed his father's advertising techniques to create splashy ads featuring prices that annoyed his competitors so much that they referred to them as "[[Cut-throat competition|cutthroat]]".<ref name="lat334231">{{cite news
| first = James
| last = Bates
| title = Philosophy's Same, but Pitch for Car Phones in Some Ways 'More Sedate' Madman Muntz' Heirs Keep the Volume Up
| publisher = ''Los Angeles Times''
| date = 1988-09-13
}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The "Madman" method pioneered by Muntz would later be copied by other retailers, including New York area electronics chain [[Crazy Eddie]].<ref name="nyt100">{{cite news
| first = Stuart
| last = Elliott
| title = Fake Products and the Movies That Loved Them
| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/09/business/media/09adcol.html
| publisher = ''The New York Times''
| date = 2006-01-08
| accessdate = 2008-04-11
}}</ref> In Crazy Eddie TV commercials, radio personality [[Jerry Carroll]] would leap at the camera and jump around while jabbering at high speed, and he would always end with the line, "Crazy Eddie: Our prices are insaaaaaane!"<ref name="nyt123">{{cite news
| first = Anthony
| last = Ramirez
| title = The Media Business: Advertising; The man folks thought was Crazy Eddie is back. He seems saner.
| url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE4DF1638F93BA2575BC0A963958260
| publisher = ''The New York Times''
| date = 1995-08-18
| accessdate = 2008-05-19
}}</ref> As a result of his Crazy Eddie commercials, Carroll became a significant 80s icon, even appearing in a commercial in the film ''[[Splash (film)|Splash]]''.<ref name="nyt123" />

Muntz' name was mentioned in novels, including [[Children's literature|children's book]] ''The Neddiad: How Neddie Took the Train, Went to Hollywood, and Saved Civilization'' by [[Daniel Manus Pinkwater]],<ref name="pinkwater">{{cite book
| last = Pinkwater
| first = Daniel
| title = The Neddiad: How Neddie Took the Train, Went to Hollywood, and Saved Civilization
| publisher = Houghton Mifflin
| year = 2007
| isbn = 978-0618594443}}</ref> ''The Lost Get-Back Boogie'' by [[James Lee Burke]],<ref name="burke">{{cite book
| last = Burke
| first = James
| title = The Lost Get-Back Boogie
| publisher = Pocket Star
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-1416517061}}</ref> and ''Four Roses in Three Acts '' by [[Franklin Mason]].<ref name="mason">{{cite book
| last = Mason
| first = Franklin
| title = Four Roses in Three Acts
| publisher = Fiction Collective 2
| year = 1981
| isbn = 978-0914590651}}</ref>

A production called ''Madman Muntz: American Maverick'' was screened at film festivals and elsewhere through 2007.<ref name="dh001" /> It was directed by Dan Bunker and Judy ver Mehr, and the executive producer was Jim Castoro, who owned an original Muntz Jet. The film was an official 2005 selection at the [[San Fernando Valley Film Festival]] and the [[Ole Muddy Film Festival]].<ref name="dh001" /> The film documents Muntz' life, paying particular attention to his colorful career, and includes interviews with people who knew him and home movie footage contributed by James and Tee Vee.<ref name="dh001" /> In 2001, Madman Muntz was posthumously inducted into the [[Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame]].<ref name="lat333">{{cite news
| first = Cecillia
| last = Rasmussen
| title = An L.A. legend you've never seen or heard
| publisher = ''Los Angeles Times''
| date = 2007-12-16
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ce.org/Events/Awards/438.htm Earl Muntz Biography], a short biography from the Consumer Electronics Association website
* [http://www.madmanmuntzmovie.com/index.php?m=2 Madman Muntz: American Maverick], a biography from the website of a biopic about him
* [http://www.8trackheaven.com/muntz.html Earl Muntz, the 4-Track Madman], from a website maintained by fans of 8-track tapes

{{Persondata
|NAME = Earl William Muntz
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Madman Muntz
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Advertising pioneer, inventor, businessman, electrical engineer
|DATE OF BIRTH = January 3, 1914
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Elgin, Illinois]], [[United States]]
|DATE OF DEATH = June 21, 1987
|PLACE OF DEATH = [[Rancho Mirage, California]], [[United States]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Muntz, Madman}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Consumer electronics]]
[[Category:People from Elgin, Illinois]]
[[Category:People from Glendale, California]]
[[Category:Consumer electronics retailers]]
[[Category:American electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Advertising characters]]
[[Category:American inventors]]

[[ru:Мюнц, Эрл]]

Ibuka Masaru

2008-05-26T07:57:52Z

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{{Infobox Person
|name = Masaru Ibuka
|image = Tobei.gif
|image_size = 150px
|caption = Masaru Ibuka, co-founder of Sony
|birth_name =
|birth_date = [[April 11]], [[1908]]
|birth_place = [[Nikkō, Tochigi|Nikkō City, Japan]]
|death_date = [[December 19]], [[1997]] (age 89)
|death_place = [[Tokyo]]
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates =
|residence =
|nationality = [[Japan]]
|other_names =
|known_for = [[Sony]]
|education = [[Waseda University]]
|employer =
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|title =
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}}
'''Masaru Ibuka''' (井深大 ''Ibuka Masaru'', [[April 11]], [[1908]] in [[Nikkō, Tochigi|Nikkō City, Japan]] – [[December 19]], [[1997]] in [[Tokyo]]) was a [[Japan]]ese electronics industrialist. He co-founded what is now [[Sony]].

He graduated in 1933 from [[Waseda University]] where he was nicknamed "genius inventor." After graduating, he went to work at Photo-Chemical Laboratory, a company which processed movie film. In 1945, he left the company and founded a radio repair shop in Tokyo.

In [[1946]] Ibuka and [[Akio Morita]] co-founded [[Sony|Sony Corporation]], originally named Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation (prior to [[1958]]). Ibuka was instrumental in securing the licensing of [[transistor]] technology to Sony from [[Bell Labs]] in the 1950s, thus making Sony one of the first companies to apply transistor technology to non-military uses. Ibuka served as president of Sony from [[1950]] to [[1971]], and then served as chairman of Sony between 1971 and [[1976]]. Ibuka left Sony in 1976, but maintained close ties as an advisor until his death in 1997 of a heart failure.

Ibuka also authored the book ''Kindergarten is Too Late'' (1971), in which he claims that the most significant human learning occurs from ages 9 months to 3 years and suggests ways and means to take advantage of this.

==Awards and honors==
* 1960 Awarded [[Medals of Honor (Japan)|Medal of Honor with Blue Ribbon]] from H.M. The [[Emperor of Japan]]
* 1964 Received Distinguished Services Award from the Institute of Electrical Communication Engineers of Japan
* 1972 Received Founders Medal from IEEE ([[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]])
* 1976 Honorary Doctor of Engineering, [[Sophia University]], Tokyo
* 1978 Decorated by H.M. the Emperor of Japan, with the First Class [[Order of the Sacred Treasures]]
* 1979 Honorary Doctor of Science, [[Waseda University]], Tokyo
* 1981 Received Humanism and Technology Award from the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies
* 1986 Decorated by H.M. the Emperor of Japan, with the First Class [[Order of the Rising Sun]] with the GrandCordon
* 1986 Decorated by H.M. the King of Sweden, with Commander First Class of the [[Royal Order of the Polar Star]]
* 1986 Awarded [[Eduard Rhein]] "Ring of Honor"
* 1989 Designated Person of Cultural Merits by [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)|Ministry of Education]]
* 1990 [[IEEE]] Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award named in his honor, see list of recipients [http://www.ieee.org/portal/pages/about/awards/pr/ibukapr.html]
* 1992 Decorated by H.M. the Emperor of Japan, with [[Order of Culture]]
* 1992 Masaru Ibuka memorial hall was built in Waseda University.
* 1993 Named Honorary Citizen of Tokyo
* 1994 Honorary Doctor of Science, [[Brown University]], Rhode Island, USA.
1995

==External links==
* [http://www.sony-ef.or.jp/english/activity/eda/books.html Ibuka's books]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| before=
| title= [[President]] of [[Sony Corporation]]
| years= 1950-1971
| after= }}
{{succession box
| before=
| title= [[Chair (official)|Chairman of the Board]] of [[Sony Corporation]]
| years= 1971-1976
| after= }}
{{end box}}

{{commons|Sony}}
{{Sony Corp}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibuka, Masaru}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Japanese businesspeople]]
[[Category:Japanese writers]]
[[Category:People from Tochigi Prefecture]]
[[Category:Sony people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]

[[ca:Masaru Ibuka]]
[[es:Masaru Ibuka]]
[[fr:Masaru Ibuka]]
[[ko:이부카 마사루]]
[[it:Masaru Ibuka]]
[[nl:Masaru Ibuka]]
[[ja:井深大]]
[[ru:Ибука, Масару]]
[[sv:Masaru Ibuka]]
[[zh:井深大]]

George H. Heilmeier

2008-05-26T07:57:35Z

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{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = George H. Heilmeier
| image = Replace this image male.svg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1936|5|22}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence = [[United States]]
| nationality =[[United States|American]]
| field = [[Electrical engineering]]
| work_institution =
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| awards = [[IEEE Medal of Honor]]
}}

'''George Harry Heilmeier''' (born May 22, 1936) is an American [[engineer]] and businessman, who was a pioneering contributor to [[liquid crystal display]]s.

==Biography==
Heilmeier was born in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], received his BS in [[Electrical Engineering]] from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in Philadelphia, and his M.S.E., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees in solid state materials and electronics from [[Princeton University]].

In 1958 Heilmeier joined [[RCA|RCA Laboratories]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]], where he worked on parametric amplification, [[tunnel diode]] down-converters, [[millimeter wave]] generation, [[ferroelectricity|ferroelectric]] thin film devices, organic [[semiconductor]]s and electro-optic effects in molecular and liquid crystals. In 1964 he discovered several new electro-optic effects in [[liquid crystal]]s, which led to the first working liquid crystal displays based on what he called the dynamic scattering mode (DSM).

Heilmeier spent much of the 1970s in the [[United States Department of Defense]]. From 1970-71 he served as a [[White House Fellow]] and special assistant to the [[Secretary of Defense]], performing long-range research and development planning. In 1971 he was appointed Assistant Director for Defense Research and Engineering, Electronic and Physical Sciences, overseeing all research and exploratory development in electronics and the physical sciences. In 1975 he was named Director of the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) and initiated major efforts in [[stealth aircraft]], space-based [[laser]]s, space-based [[infrared]] technology, and [[artificial intelligence]].

In December 1977 Heilmeier left government to become vice president at [[Texas Instruments]]; in 1983 he was promoted to [[Chief Technical Officer]]. From 1991-1996 he was president and CEO of [[Bellcore]] (now [[Telcordia]]), ultimately overseeing its sale to [[Science Applications International Corporation]] (SAIC). He served as the company's chairman and CEO from 1996-1997, and afterwards as its chairman emeritus.

Heilmeier has received numerous awards, holds 15 patents, and is a member of the [[National Academy of Engineering]], the [[Defense Science Board]], and the [[National Security Agency Advisory Board]]. He serves on the board of trustees of [[Fidelity Investments]] and of Teletech Holdings, and the Board of Overseers of the School of Engineering and Applied Science of the [[University of Pennsylvania]].

== Heilmeier's Catechism ==
A set of questions credited to Heilmeier that anyone proposing a research project or product development effort should be able to answer.
* What are you trying to do? Articulate your objectives using absolutely no jargon.
* How is it done today, and what are the limits of current practice?
* What's new in your approach and why do you think it will be successful?
* Who cares?
* If you're successful, what difference will it make?
* What are the risks and the payoffs?
* How much will it cost?
* How long will it take?
* What are the midterm and final "exams" to check for success?

== Selected awards ==
* 1976 [[IEEE David Sarnoff Award]], IEEE
* 1990 C&C Prize, NEC
* 1991 [[National Medal of Science]], USA
* 1992 [[National Academy of Engineering Founders Award]], USA
* 1993 Vladimir Karapetoff Eminent Members' Award, [[Eta Kappa Nu]]
* 1996 John Scott Award for Scientific Achievements, City of Philadelphia
* 1997 [[IEEE Medal of Honor]], IEEE
* 1999 [[John Fritz Medal]], [[American Association of Engineering Societies]]
* 2005 [[Kyoto Prize]] in advanced technology, [[Inamori Foundation]]

== Selected publications ==
* 1966 "Possible Ferroelectric Effects in Liquid Crystals and Related Liquids" (Williams, R. and Heilmeier, G. H.), ''Journal of Chemical Physics'', 44: 638.
* 1968 "Dynamic Scattering: A New Electrooptic Effect in Certain Classes of Nematic Liquid Crystals" (with Zanoni, L. A. and Barton, L. A.), ''Proceedings of the IEEE'', 56: 1162.
* 1970 "Liquid Crystal Display Devices", ''Scientific American'', 222: 100.
* 1976 "Liquid Crystal Displays: An Experiment in Interdisciplinary Research that Worked", ''IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices'', ED-23: 780.

== References ==
* [http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/heilmeier.html IEEE biography]
* [http://www.mitre.org/about/bot/heilmeier.html MITRE biography]
* [http://www.inamori-f.or.jp/laureates/k21_a_george/prf_e.html Inamori Foundation biography]

{{IEEE Medal of Honor 1976-2000}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heilmeier, George}}
[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
[[Category:IEEE Medal of Honor recipients]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
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Sidney Harman

2008-05-26T07:57:30Z

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Dr. '''Sidney Harman''', currently chairman of [[Harman International Industries]], Inc., has been active in education, government, and industry. He served for three years as president of [[Friends World College]], a worldwide, experimental Quaker College, and is the founder and an active member of the Program on Technology, Public Policy, and Human Development at the [[John F. Kennedy]] School of Government at [[Harvard University]]. Dr. Harman is chairman of the Program Committee of the Board of the [[Aspen Institute]] for Humanistic Studies and a member of the Board of the Carter Center of [[Emory University]]. Dr. Harman served as the Deputy Secretary of Commerce of the United States in 1977 and 1978.

A pioneer of the high-fidelity industry, Dr. Harman founded the well-known [[Harman Kardon|harman/kardon]], Inc., in 1952. He is widely known for the Quality of Working Life programs he initiated at the company’s plants, especially for the program at [[Bolivar]], [[Tennessee]], which has become a model for such activities in American industry and a principal case study at business schools in the [[United States]] and abroad. Dr. Harman has written extensively on productivity, quality of working life, and economic policy, and is co-author, with [[Daniel Yankelovich]], of Starting With the People, published by [[Houghton Mifflin]] in 1988.

Dr. Harman (Ph.D. in Higher Education, The Union Institute and University, 1973), a graduate of [[Baruch College]] of the [[City University of New York]], has served as a trustee of the [[Martin Luther King]] Center for Social Change, the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic Association]], and the [[National Symphony Orchestra]]. He is chairman of the Executive Committee of the Board of the Public Agenda Foundation; chairman of the Executive Committee of the Board of [[Business Executives for National Security]]; a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Council on Competitiveness; and a member of the Board of the Leadership Institute of the [[University of Southern California]]. He is married to [[Jane Harman]], a congresswoman from California.

In addition to the many programs he serves and has founded, Dr. Harman is a philanthropist and a member of Washington, D.C.’s [[Shakespeare Theatre Company]] Board of Trustees. He also endowed the Baruch College Harman Writer-In-Residence visiting Professorship. The Company’s new [[Harman Center for the Arts]] is named for his family with a performance space, [[Sidney Harman Hall]], named for him.

==External links==
*[http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/wsas/harman/harman.html Sidney Harman's Biography]
*Leslie Milk and Ellen Ryan. "[http://www.washingtonian.com/articles/people/6192.html Washingtonians of the Year 2007: Sidney Harman]", ''Washingtonian'', [[January 1]] [[2008]].

The University of Southern California Lloyd Greif Center for Entrepreneurial Studies has honored Dr. Sidney Harman as the "Entrepreneur of the Year 2007" with the formal ceremony held on October 23rd 2007 at USC.

More information can be found on the official [https://mymarshall.usc.edu/mems/user/registerEvent.jsp?activity=getEventById&eventId=955 USC Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harman, Sidney}}
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{{US-business-bio-stub}}

[[de:Sydney Harman]]

Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars

2008-05-26T07:45:04Z

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[[Image:WilsonCenter.jpg|right]]

The '''Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars''' (or '''Wilson Center''') (located in [[Washington, D.C.]]) is a [[United States Presidential Memorial]] that was established as part of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] by act of Congress in [[1968]]. Named in honor of President [[Woodrow Wilson]] (the only [[President of the United States]] with a [[Ph.D.]]), its mission is:

:“to commemorate the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson by: providing a link between the world of ideas and the world of policy; and fostering research, study, discussion, and collaboration among a full spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national and world affairs.”<ref> [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=about.about About Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]</ref>

==Purpose==
The Center serves as a national memorial to [[Woodrow Wilson|President Wilson]] established by [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[1968]] and headquartered in [[Washington, D.C]]. It is a nonpartisan institution supported by public and private funds, engaged in the study of national and world affairs. The Center establishes and maintains a lively, neutral forum for free and informed dialogue. The mission of the Center is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson by providing a link between the world of ideas and the world of policy. The Center also focuses on fostering research, study, discussion, and collaboration among a full spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national and world affairs. Its location in the U.S. capital makes the Center a unique nonpartisan meeting ground where vital current issues and their deep historical background may be explored through research and dialogue. The Center is charged by the [[Woodrow Wilson Memorial Act]] with symbolizing and strengthening the fruitful relations between the world of learning and the world of public affairs. The Center encourages contacts among scholars, policymakers, and business leaders and extends their conversations worldwide through its publishing, broadcasting, and Internet programs.

==Organization==
The Center was established within the [[Smithsonian Institution]], but it has its own board of trustees, composed both of government officials and of individuals from private life appointed by the [[President of the United States]]. The Center's director and staff include scholars, publishers, librarians, administrators, and support staff, responsible to the trustees for carrying out the mission of the Center. The trustees and staff are advised by a group of private citizens called the [[Wilson Council]]. Interns, usually undergraduate students, support the activities of visiting scholars and staff while learning the business of top-level research.

Most of the Center's staff form specialized programs and projects covering broad areas of study. These programs and projects organize and host conferences and seminars, and support many kinds of research, communication, and publication on topics relevant to their areas.

The center also publishes a magazine, the ''[[Wilson Quarterly]]''.

==Funding==
The Center is a public-private partnership. Approximately one third of the Center's operating funds come annually from an appropriation from the U.S. government, and the Center's building, a wing of the [[Ronald Reagan Building]], was provided by the U.S. government. The remainder of the Center's funding comes from foundations, grants and contracts, corporations, individuals, endowment income, and subscriptions.

==Administration==
The Board of Trustees, currently led by Chairman Joseph B. Gildenhorn, are appointed to six-year terms by the President of the United States. Trustees serve on various committees including executive, audit and finance, development, investment, fellowship, and investment policy.

*President and director: [[Lee Hamilton|Lee H. Hamilton]]
*Assistant to the director: Kenneth Nelson
*Deputy director: Michael Van Dusen
*Associate director: Samuel F. Wells

;Board of directors
*Chairman: [[Hon. Joseph B. Gildenhorn]], Founding Partner, [[The JBG Companies]]
*Vice Chairman: [[David Metzner]], Managing Partner & Founder, [[American Continental Group]]
*Private Citizen Members:
**[[Robin Cook (novelist)]]
**[[Donald E. Garcia]], President, [[Pinnacle Financial Group]]
**[[Hon. Bruce S. Gelb]], Senior Consultant, [[Bristol-Myers Squibb Company]]
**[[Sander R. Gerber]], Chairman and CEO, Hudson Bay Capital Management LP; Chairman, XTF Group
**[[Hon. Charles L. Glazer]], CEO [[C.L. Glazer & Company, Inc.]]; Sitting U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador
**[[Ignacio E. Sanchez]], Partner, [[Piper Rudnick, LLP]]
**[[Susan Hutchison]], Executive Director, Charles Simonyi Fund for Arts & Sciences
*Public members
**[[Hon. James H. Billington]], [[Library of Congress|The Librarian of Congress]]
**[[Hon. Bruce Cole]], Chairman, [[National Endowment for the Humanities]]
**[[Hon. Michael O. Leavitt]], The Secretary, [[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]]
**[[Hon. Condoleezza Rice]], The Secretary, [[U.S. Department of State]]
**[[Hon. Cristian Samper]], Acting Secretary, [[Smithsonian Institution]]
**[[Hon. Margaret Spellings]], The Secretary, [[U.S. Department of Education]]
**[[Hon. Allen Weinstein]], [[Archivist of the United States]]
**[[Tamala L. Longaberger]], Presidential Appointee from within the Federal Government; President & CEO, [[The Longaberger Company]]
;Past Board Members
* Chairman: [[Joseph Cari Jr.|Joseph A. Cari, Jr.]]

==Wilson council==
The Wilson Council is the Center's private-sector advisory group.<ref> [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=about.council Wilson council]</ref> Council members come from the world of business, the professions, and public service. They participate in stimulating programs on a range of domestic and international public policy issues and also contribute vital financial support that helps the Center achieve its mandate.

==Programs==
"Most of the Center's staff form specialized programs and projects covering broad areas of study. These programs and projects organize and host conferences and seminars, and support many kinds of research, communication, and publication on topics relevant to their areas."<ref> [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.welcome Programs @ The Woodrow Wilson Center]</ref>

===Africa Program===
Launched in [[1999]] with generous support from the [[Ford Foundation]], the Africa Program is currently led by director [[Howard Wolpe]]. The program promotes dialogue among policymakers and academic specialists on both African issues and U.S. policy toward Africa. Presently, the Africa Program is composed of four core elements: public forums and meetings, leadership training programs in [[Burundi]] and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], scholarship awards and residencies, and a Congressional Staff Forum on Africa.

===Brazil Institute===
The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/brazil Brazil Institute] was created out of the conviction that Brazil and the U.S.-Brazilian relationship deserve greater attention within the Washington policy community. Brazil's population, size, and economy, as well as its unique position as a regional leader and global player, justify this attention. The Institute has many unique qualities that set it apart from other Washington institutions: an in-depth and comprehensive approach to the issues that policymakers face in Brazil, in the United States, and in Washington's various international banks and agencies; high-quality presentations and publications; a nonpartisan forum for serious discussion; and the capacity to house public policy scholars.

The Institute has recently added two new specialized Web pages. The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1419&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=210146 Brazil Portal] provides access to continuously updated and archived weekly news clippings from leading national and international newspapers, in English and Portuguese. Featuring a collection of publications from international organizations, policymakers, and leading Brazilian and Brazilianist scholars. Also links to other organizations and resources on Brazil. The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1419&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=228810 Biofuels Central] page offers Current news, publications and resources exploring the future of biofuels. The forum is an independent reference source offering diverse analysis and information regarding the potential impacts of alternative energy.

The Institute also provides access to new and archived publications, newsletters and special reports. The most recent publications include: the special report on[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1419&fuseaction=topics.publications&group_id=202572 The Global Dynamics of Biofuels], which focuses on the potential supply and demand for ethanol and biodiesel in the coming decade; the book entitled, [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1419&fuseaction=topics.publications&group_id=29679 Brazilian Perspectives] on the United States: Advancing U.S. Studies in Brazil.

[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1419&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=139483 Paulo Sotero Marques] is Director of the Brazil Institute. [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1419&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=172989 Luis Bitencourt] is Senior Scholar. Alan Wright is Program Assistant.

===Canada Institute===

This institute deals with the bilateral relations between the a key country on the [[North American]] continent, but one that often is missed by politicians in [[Washington DC]].

===Cold War International History Project===
This project provides large [[digital archive]] of documents accessible at the Center [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.home web site].

===Comparative Urban Studies Project===
Committed to improving knowledge about sustainable urban development through research, seminars, and publications, the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1410&fuseaction=topics.intro Comparative Urban Studies Project] (CUSP) brings together broad networks of urban scholars, practitioners, community leaders, and policymakers to better understand the challenges and opportunities brought by urbanization. The CUSP recognizes highly visible disparities exacerbate social tensions, violence, and exclusion. The CUSP maintains that improving the quality of life for residents of urban environments is vital to local sustainability and global security.

===Congress Project===
The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1412&fuseaction=topics.intro Congress Project] fosters dialogue between scholars who study Congress and policymakers who have experience with how Congress works. The project offers a series of seminars and forums featuring members of Congress and their staff, political scientists, historians, and Washington media representatives.

The program director is [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=5705&topic_id=1412 Donald Wolfensberger].

===Environmental Change and Security Program===
One of the cross-cutting programs at the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars|Wilson Center]] is the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=1413 Environmental Change and Security Program] (ECSP). ECSP promotes dialogue on the connections among environmental, health, and population dynamics, and their links to conflict, human security, and foreign policy. ECSP is organized into four topics: China Environment Forum; Environment and Security; Population, Health and Environment; and Water.

ECSP's director is [[Geoffrey Dabelko]]. [[Gib Clarke]] serves as the program associate for population, environment, and health. [[Jennifer Turner]] coordinates the China Environment Forum.

===Foresight and Governance Project===

The Woodrow Wilson Center has established the [http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=1414 Foresight and Governance Project] to facilitate better foresight and long-term thinking in the public sector. Work focuses on four main areas:

*Governance
*Strategic Studies
*Dialogues on the Future
*Outreach/Networks

David Rejeski serves as the director of the Foresight and Governance Project. Natalie Chin, Evan Hensleigh, and Alex Parlini serve as project assistants. Patrick Polischuk serves as a research assistant.

===Global Energy Initiative===
Building on regional programs that cover the world, the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=236266 Global Energy Initiative] (GEI) examines and brings a nonpartisan perspective to the rapidly evolving geopolitics of energy. It also explores the political context of producer-country decision-making on energy issues. By detailing energy developments around the world, GEI complements ongoing Wilson Center work on economic development, the environment, and international security.

[[Kent Hughes]] serves as consulting director of GEI.

===Global Health Initiative===
In September 2005, the Wilson Center launched the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=116811 Global Health Initiative] to provide a forum for an interdisciplinary examination of critical health challenges facing the United States and the world. The initiative seeks to promote dialogue about health among the foreign policy community and focuses on four key themes:

* Health’s impact on development
* Global and domestic health policies
* Infectious diseases
* Emerging health technologies

[[Geoffrey Dabelko]] serves as the coordinator of this project, [[Gib Clarke]] serves as program associate and Julie Doherty serves as program assistant.

===History and Public Policy Program===
===International Security Studies===
===Kennan Institute===
{{main|Kennan Institute}}
The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/kennan Kennan Institute], founded in 1974 as a division of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, is committed to improving American understanding of Russia and the successor states to the Soviet Union. The Institute offers residential research scholarships in the humanities and social sciences to academic scholars and specialists from government, the media, and the private sector. The Institute also administers an active program of public lectures featuring scholars and public figures, disseminating the results of its activities and research through a variety of publications. In addition, the Kennan Institute and ISE Center (Information. Scholarship. Education.), Moscow, administer the Centers for Advanced Study and Education (CASE) program. The CASE program has established nine thematic research centers at regional Russian universities in order to foster scholarship in the social sciences and humanities.

The Kennan Institute director is [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1424&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=4997 Blair A. Ruble]. The deputy director is [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1424&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=274211 William E. Pomeranz] and the senior associate is [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1424&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=13599 Margaret Paxson].

===Latin American Program===
The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/lap Latin American Program] at the Woodrow Wilson Center encourages a free flow of information and dialogue between the U.S. and the nations of Latin America. The Program, founded in 1977, provides a nonpartisan forum in Washington, D.C. to discuss Latin American and Caribbean issues and to bring these issues to the attention of opinion leaders and policy makers throughout the hemisphere.

The Latin American Program Director is [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1425&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=7162 Cynthia Arnson]. [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1425&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=73716 Joseph S. Tulchin] is Senior Scholar. Jose Raul Perales is Senior Program Associate. [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1425&fuseaction=topics.profile&person_id=133538 Jessica Varat] is the Program Associate and Adam Stubits is the Program Assistant.

The Latin American Program encompasses the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=5947 Argentina Project], the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1419&fuseaction=topics.home Brazil Institute], and the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=5949 Mexico Institute].

One of the Program's most recent initiative is the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1425&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=140526 Creating Community in the Americas] project.

===Mexico Institute===
The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics.home&topic_id=5949 Mexico Institute]seeks to increase understanding, communication, and cooperation between the United States and Mexico. The Institute organizes studies, events, and publications that explore the relationship between Mexico and the United States, including: Perceptions and Media, Migration, Competitiveness, Security, Environment. The Institute and the Consejo Mexicano de Asuntos Internacionales co-sponsor the Mexico Public Policy Scholars Program. The Institute also provides current information on the [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=5949&fuseaction=topics.item&news_id=143858 2006 Mexican elections] including key headlines, news summaries, analyses, and latest polls.

===Middle East Program===
The Middle East Program was launched in February 1998 in light of increased U.S. engagement and the profound changes sweeping across many Middle Eastern states. In addition to spotlighting day-to-day issues, the Program continues to concentrate on long-term developments and their impact on political and social structure, economic development, and relations with the United States.

The Middle East Program's conferences and meetings assess the policy implications of long-term political, social, and economic developments in the region and individual states; the Middle East’s role in the international arena; American interests in the region; the threat of terrorism; and strategic threats to and from the regional states.

From [[May 8]] until [[August 21]], [[2007]], the Director of the Middle East Program, Dr. [[Haleh Esfandiari]], was detained in Tehran, Iran in the notorious [[Evin Prison]].<ref>The Washington Post:[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/08/AR2007050801276.html?nav=hcmodule Tehran Jails Iranian American Scholar After Long House Arrest] (05/08/07)</ref> She was released on bail and had her passport returned to her on [[September 2]], [[2007]]. Esfandiari was then permitted to leave Iran.<ref>{{cite news | title = Freed Scholar Leaves Iran to Meet Family | author = ASSOCIATED PRESS | publisher = New York Times | date = September 3, 2007| url = http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/world/AP-Iran-American-Detained.html?ex=1346472000&en=9d7c81ac763d9e33&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss }}</ref>

===Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies===
[[Project On Emerging Nanotechnologies|The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies]] was established in 2005 as a partnership between the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the Pew Charitable Trusts. The Project is dedicated to helping ensure that, as nanotechnologies advance, possible risks are minimized, public and consumer engagement remain strong, and the potential benefits of these new technologies are realized.

David Rejeski is the project director, Julia Moore serves as deputy director, Dr. Andrew Maynard is chief science advisor, Evan Michelson and Deanna Lekas are project research associates, Alex Parlini is project coordinator, Evan Hensleigh is a project assistant and Natalie Chin is a project assistant. For more information about the project refer to http://nanotechproject.org/about or http://wilsoncenter.org/nano.

===Project on Leadership and Building State Capacity===
The Project on Leadership and Building State Capacity, launched in June 2005, expands upon the work of the former Conflict Prevention Project and responds to the growing demand for leadership training directed at both the prevention of violent conflict and the reconstruction of war-torn societies.

There is an emerging awareness of the importance of leadership training in achieving sustainable peace. On a technical level, the art of building democratic state capacity is well understood. But the harder political task—helping the leaders of warring factions achieve their objectives, to work collaboratively in avoiding war or supporting postwar reconstruction, and to build democratically accountable links between the governors and the governed—requires a careful examination of the underappreciated “leadership factor” in peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction.

Under the leadership of former Congressman and Presidential Special Envoy [[Howard Wolpe]], the Leadership Project aims to address the missing process and leadership dimensions of peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction; to expand the cadre of professional trainers capable of working in regions in conflict or emerging from conflict; and to deepen the international community’s capacity to conceptualize, implement, and manage these complex interventions.

===Science, Technology, America, and the Global Economy===
The Science, Technology, America, and the Global Economy program (STAGE) at the Wilson Center explores paths for long-term growth in the United States and around the world. STAGE targets policies that foster sustained, sustainable, and equitable growth.

STAGE'S director is [[Kent Hughes]].

===Publications===
The [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=wwcp.about Woodrow Wilson Center Press] publishes books by fellows, other resident scholars, and staff written in substantial part at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.

Woodrow Wilson Press titles range from popular accounts of historical topics to fundamental reviews of scholarly fields to authoritative background on important policy issues. The resources of the Center's staff and its worldwide network of friends and alumni contribute to the development of these titles. The directors of the Center's programs are constant advisers in helping to select and shape books. The outstanding pool of expertise is particularly drawn on for comment on proposals and manuscripts to advise our authors on refining their work.

Press Division director is Joseph Brinley.

==See also==
*The ''[[Wilson Quarterly]]'', the center's journal
*[[Murray Feshbach]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.wilsoncenter.org Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]

[[Category:Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Smithsonian Institution]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies in the United States]]

Morita-Therapie

2008-04-21T18:50:57Z

Doczilla: /* Underlying Philosophy */ lc

{{Unreferenced|date=February 2008}}{{Onesource|date=February 2008}}

'''Morita Therapy''' is a purpose-centered, response oriented therapy from Japan, created in the 1930s by Dr. Shoma Morita.

==Background==
[[Ph.D.|Dr.]] [[Shoma Morita]] (1874-1938) was a psychiatrist and department chair at Jikei University's School of [[Medicine]] in [[Tokyo]]. Morita's personal training in [[Zen Buddhism]] influenced his teachings, yet Morita therapy is not a Zen practice.

Morita formulated his [[psychotherapy|psychotherapeutic]] principles in [[Japan]] as a program for the treatment of [[neurosis|neurotic]] tendencies at the same time that attention in [[Europe]] was given to Dr. [[Sigmund Freud]]'s discovery of the [[Unconscious mind|unconscious]] and [[Carl Jung]]'s development of archetypes.

==Underlying philosophy==
Morita Therapy directs one's attention receptively to what [[reality]] brings in each moment. Simple acceptance of what is allows for active responding to what needs doing. Most therapies strive to reduce symptoms. Morita therapy, however, aims at building character to enable one to take action responsively in life regardless of symptoms, natural fears, and wishes. Character is determined by behavior, by what one does. [[Dogma]]tic patterns of collapse are replaced with the flexibility to call upon courage and empowerment. Decisions become grounded in purpose rather than influenced by the fluid flow of feelings.

In Morita Therapy, character is developed by cultivating mindfulness, knowing what is controllable and what is not controllable, and seeing what is so without attachment to expectations. Knowing what one is doing, knowing what the situation is requiring, and knowing the relationship between the two are quintessential to self-validation, effective living, and personal fulfillment. Character is developed as one moves from being feeling-centered to being purpose-centered. A feeling-centered person attends to feelings to such an extent that the concern for self-protection reigns over decisions and perceptions. Given the human condition, change, pain, and pleasure are natural experiences. Indeed, emotions are a rich type of experience and a valuable source of information. Feelings are acknowledged even when what is to be done requires not acting on them. Constructive action is no longer put on hold in order to process or cope with symptoms or feelings. The individual can focus on the full scope of the present moment as the guide for determining what needs to be done.

“Trying to control the emotional self willfully by manipulative attempts is like trying to choose a number on a thrown die or to push back the water of the Kamo River upstream. Certainly, they end up aggravating their agony and feeling unbearable pain because of their failure in manipulating the emotions.”
:''—Shoma Morita, M.D.''

Ultimately, the successful student of Morita therapy learns to accept the internal fluctuations of thoughts and feelings and ground his behavior in reality and the purpose of the moment. Cure is not defined by the alleviation of discomfort or the attainment of some ideal feeling state (which the philosophy of this approach opposes), but by taking constructive action in one’s life which helps one to live a full and meaningful existence and not be ruled by one’s emotional state.

===An Introduction to Morita Therapy Methods===
{{Wikify|date=February 2008}}
As noted above, the term “Morita Therapy” refers to a psychological treatment system that was developed by a Japanese psychiatrist, Dr. Shoma Morita. His groundbreaking work was first published in Japan in 1928. Like Sigmund Freud’s works which were developed for the Austrian culture in an earlier time, pure Morita Therapy had its greatest applications to a Japanese culture almost one hundred years ago.

People from different times and cultures actually do think differently. Human thought processes are not all universal within our species, but vary significantly depending upon by whom we are raised, and where we grow up and live. Having said that, there are aspects of our humanity that do not change and are as much a part of us as spots on a leopard. Whether living in the savannah of Africa or a New York zoo, leopards all have spots. People in 1920’s Japan had similar emotional response to stress and life’s challenges as do modern-day westerners. The response of individuals from different times and cultures (and hence their treatment) must be adapting and evolving over time and in different places to fit into the context of their daily lives.

Morita Therapy Methods has brought Dr. Morita’s original ingenious thinking to the west and adapted it to modern western minds and culture. For example, the original Morita treatment process has the patient spend their first week of treatment isolated in a room without any outside stimulation – no books, no television, no therapy other than being alone with their own thoughts. Modern day benefits providers are unlikely to see the ancient wisdom of paying for people who are attempting learn to better face the challenges of life, to spend a week alone sitting in a hospital bed. Obviously, modifications to the original process that still remained consistent with the valuable, proven, underlying principles needed to be developed. Indeed, the Morita Therapy MethodsSM approach is the culmination of that work.

Original Morita Therapy was developed for what was referred to back then as “anxiety-based disorders”. Just as civilizations change through time, medical and psychological cultures evolve, and so do our diagnostic definitions. What Dr. Morita defined back then as Shinkeishitsu (an anxiety-based disorder), today has a much broader definition that considers not just anxiety, but life situations in which modern westerners find themselves. Most of us at one time or another are living in a world of Shinkeishitsu, where we become lost in a quagmire of stress, pain (physical, psychological, or both) and the aftermath of trauma (physical, psychological or both).

The Shinkeishitsu Phenomenon is a quagmire just like quicksand. Sometimes we can escape its clutches alone and quickly. Other times we sink if someone doesn’t extend a rescuing lifeline. Depending on the situation, the depth of the quicksand, and the strength of the sinking person at that time, not just any life line will serve the purpose of facilitating the rescue.

MTM is structured for the person who needs a guide for self-rescue from the pain that life gives all of us at times. It is not a cure-all for everyone. As self rescue from a physical quagmire takes work, sweat, and a lot of thought; so does emancipation from, and adaptation to, psychological and physical pain. It is not easy. When we find ourselves waist deep and sinking, it does no good to complain about the unfairness of it all. Emancipation requires personal commitment and action – not whining. MTM helps you find, and use, a well of inner strength deep within you that enables you to make powerful changes in your life.

Morita Therapy Methods (MTM) is an amalgamation of Eastern treatment methods applied to the Western mind. The developers have succeeded in making Zen-based treatment methods palatable to, and understandable by, modern people of the western world.

MTM is roughly divided into four basic areas of treatment – each is a clinically-proven version of Dr. Morita’s original treatment methods. In addition to the four basic areas of treatment, you will be introduced to adjunct areas of Morita Therapy Methods that are designed to improve your well-being.

The Four Areas of Treatment:
Phase one is the “rest phase”. It is a period of learning to separate ourselves from the minute-by-minute barrage of the constant assault on our senses and thought processes by a loud and intrusive world. We learn to turn off the television, close the door temporarily to demanding work, well-meaning friends, and yes, even family. We use the solitude to meditate with simple, non-religious based meditation. Though this simple meditation we learn to re-familiarize ourselves with the warm and healing peace that has been beaten out of us by work stress, the media, psychological and physical pain. Yes, you can have profound meditation even if experiencing profound pain.

Phase two introduces us to “light and monotonous work that is conducted in silence”. One of the keystones of this stage of self-treatment is journal writing. Our thoughts and feelings come to us in indistinguishable waves and flood our minds. Writing in our personal journals helps us learn to separate our thoughts from our feelings and define their different effects on our lives. In this phase we also go outside… outside of ourselves and out of the house and begin a reconnection with nature. We leave the solitude of Phase one and go out of doors. We breathe the fresh air and feel the sun on our faces. We walk. We walk and breathe. We walk, breathe and reconnect with the world of nature that has been shut out of our lives by pain and stagnation for weeks, months, even years. We move from darkness to light in both figurative and literal ways.

Phase three is one of more strenuous work. Dr. Morita had his patients engage in hard physical work outdoors. This is what we call the “chopping wood” phase. For people with physical injuries, it is the phase where you move from passive treatment given to you by others (i.e. chiropractic, massage and pain medicine) to learning to begin healing yourself though a stretch and strength oriented physical therapy program. MTM incorporates moving from being treated to learning self-treatment in both the physical and psychological realms. It is hard, it hurts, and it will be a challenge to persevere in the beginning, but if you are ever going to move from being the treated victim to being the recovering survivor this step must occur.

Depending upon the depth and nature of injury (of spirit, mind or body), Phase three can be short or long. For some it becomes a part of daily life – forever. Some pain resolves, some pain needs to be managed. The beneficial aspect of this phase of treatment is that it also encourages the engagement of what we now understand is the right side of the brain. The recovering survivor is encouraged to spend time in creating art----writing, painting, wood carving – whatever puts them into contact with the creative aspects of their humanity.

Phase four is when Dr. Morita would send patients outside of the hospital setting. They would apply what they had learned in the first three phases and use it to help the with the challenge of reintegration into the non-treatment world. This is the phase where the patient learns to integrate a new lifestyle of meditation, physical activity, clearer thinking, more ordered living, and a renewed relationship with the natural world. They are not returning to their pre-injury or pre-illness lifestyle. Instead, they will integrate their “new self” into the imposed set of changes brought about by their trauma, pain and limitations. As re-integration into the world outside of treatment brings with it some unanticipated challenges, the survivor returns to the materials they studied and perhaps even the counsel of their teacher to find coping skills that will allow them to progress further and further on the journey of recovery.

Right up front, – each of us needs to get it clear in our own mind that it is not the same life, it is not fair, it is not what the individual asked for (or even more frustrating what they worked for) but…it is what it is. If you want to bravely challenge yourself to go to that deep well of your own inner strength and use it to escape from the quicksand, we are ready to extend a lifeline and aid you in self-rescue.

==External links==
* [http://www.todoinstitute.org/morita.html Morita Therapy -- The ToDo Institute]
[[Category: Psychotherapy]]

[[fr:Thérapie de Morita]]
[[ja:森田療法]]
[[zh:森田疗法]]

WonderCon

2008-02-27T00:06:59Z

Doczilla: rv - a teaser trailer is not itself a major motion picture

{{Infobox Convention
| name = WonderCon
| image = [[Image:WonderCon 2008 2757.jpg|250px]]
| caption = WonderCon exhibit hall. 2008.
| status =
| genre = Multi-genre
| venue =
| location = [[San Francisco Bay Area]]
| country = United States
| first = 1987
| last =
| organizer = [[Comic-Con International]]
| filing =
| attendance =
| website =
}}

'''WonderCon''' is an annual [[comic book]], [[science fiction]], and [[motion picture]] [[fan convention|convention]], held in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] since 1987.

The convention was conceived by retailer John Barrett and originally held in the [[Oakland Convention Center]], where it remained until 2003, when it moved to San Francisco's [[Moscone Center]].

While the main attraction of [[Wonder-Con]] has always been various retailers selling back issues of comic books and action figures, the exhibitorship has grown to include retailers of specialty DVDs. There is also an "Artists Alley" featuring mainly comic book artists selling artwork, signing books, and doing sketches; and mainstream celebrities signing autographed pictures.

Sometime after [[2000]], the convention's founders made WonderCon part of the [[Comic-Con International]] family of conventions. This has given the [[San Francisco]] show a wider audience and has made it a venue for previews and early screenings of major motion pictures, in particular ones based on comic books. These have included ''[[Spider-Man 2]]'' in 2004, ''[[Batman Begins]]'' and ''[[Fantastic Four (2005 film)|Fantastic Four]]'' in 2005, ''[[Superman Returns]]'' in 2006, and ''[[300 (film)|300]]'' in 2007. All of these events featured the stars of the films fielding questions from the audience. In addition, Wonder-Con features an event called "Trailer Park," wherein trailers for upcoming films are shown. Academicians and comic industry professionals have held the [[Comic Arts Conference]] in conjunction with WonderCon.

==External links==
* [http://www.comic-con.org/wc/ Official Convention website]
*[http://sidewalkstv.com/specialfeatures/wondercon WonderCon Feature] on ''[[Sidewalks Entertainment]]''

[[Category:San Francisco culture]]
[[Category:Comic book conventions]]
[[Category:San Francisco Bay Area conventions]]

WonderCon

2008-02-26T05:13:41Z

Doczilla: add image

MG XPower SV

2008-02-19T07:22:08Z

Doczilla: clean up, depopulate deleted category using AWB

{{Refimprove|date=October 2007}}
{{Infobox Automobile
|image = [[Image:AMI SV-R.jpg|250px]]
|caption = Modified SV at Rockingham, UK
|name = MG X-Power SV
|manufacturer = [[MG Rover]]
|production = 2003-2005 64 road cars
|predecessor = [[Qvale Mangusta]]
|successor =
|related =
|class = [[Supercar]]
|layout = [[FR layout]]
|body_style = 2-door [[coupe|coupé]]
|engine = 4.6-litre V8
|designer = [[Peter Stevens]]
}}

The '''MG X-Power SV''' (Sport Veloce) was a [[supercar]] made in [[Modena]], [[Italy]] in a [[factory]] owned by Vaccari & Bosi and leased by [[MG Rover]]. It was based on the platform of the [[Qvale Mangusta]], formerly the [[De Tomaso Bigua]].<ref name="austin-rover.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?x80devf.htm|title=The cars | MG XPower SV | Development story|accessdate=2007-11-07|work=austin-rover.co.uk}}</ref>

==Production==
After acquiring [[Qvale]] Automotive Srl of Italy, MG Rover set up MG X80 Ltd. to produce the new car. One attraction was the potential sales in the [[United States]], as the Mangusta had already been homologated for the American market.

It was originally revealed as a show car, the MG X80, but it was considered too sedate.<ref name="austin-rover.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?x80devf.htm|title=The cars | MG XPower SV | Development story|accessdate=2007-11-07|work=austin-rover.co.uk}}</ref> When the production model was eventually shown, designer [[Peter Stevens]] had made the car's styling more aggressive. The conversion from a clay model to a production car, including all requirements, was done in just 300 days by the Swedish company [[Caran]]. One goal was to get a street price of under £100,000. The car's baseline model eventually cost £75,000 ($150,000) with SV-R costing £82,000 ($164,000) despite of the fact that a lot of the cars exterior and interior parts were borrowed from current and past Fiat models. The headlights, for example, were taken from a [[Fiat Punto|Punto MK2]] and the rear lights borrowed from a [[Fiat Coupe]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}}

According the data at the MG XPower SV Club, approximately 58 cars were produced. This included a few prototypes and show cars which were later dismantled, before production was stopped due to lack of sales. Most were sold to private owners, but several cars remain unsold and in storage.

==Performance==
The base MG X-Power SV was powered by a {{Auto bhp|320|0}} 4·6 L [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] V8<ref>{{cite web | title=MG SV-R | publisher=Yahoo! | url=http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/06032006/45/mg-sv-r-0.html | accessdate=2007-04-30}}</ref> but was expensive due to the complex carbon fibre body. Club Sport options, for customers who wished to use their SVs on the track, were planned but never produced. They included a 5·0 L {{Auto bhp|1000|-2}} version, thanks to factory-approved nitrous oxide injection kits, though the basic version had {{Auto hp|410|0}} with speed limited to 195 mph (314 km/h).

The 2004 MG SV-R featured a more highly tuned 5.0 L 32-valve V8 with {{Auto bhp|385|0}} and is believed to have a top speed of around {{convert|175|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.

The SV gained some notoriety on television on the series ''[[Top Gear (current format)|Top Gear]]'' when co-host [[Jeremy Clarkson]] banged his head against the driver's side window while testing the car. As a result, the footage was shown three times on the show while [[Richard Hammond]] gloated. It was also displayed in slow motion.

==Gallery==
<center><gallery>
image:MG_1.jpg|Front View
Image:MG_2.jpg|Engine bay of modified SV
Image:MG_3.jpg|SV lights up the tyres at Rockingham
Image:MG_SV-R.jpg|MG SV-R on display.
</gallery></center>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mgsv-club.co.uk/ MG XPower SV Club]
* [http://www.austin-rover.co.uk/index.htm?x80devf.htm MG XPower SV development story]

{{Rover Cars}}
{{Rover}}

[[Category:MG vehicles|X-Power SV]]
[[Category:Coupes]]
[[Category:Rear wheel drive vehicles]]
[[Category:Sports cars]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]

[[es:MG X-Power SV]]

Freestream

2008-02-19T07:16:44Z

Doczilla: clean up, depopulate deleted category using AWB

'''Freestream''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[automobile]] company founded by former [[McLaren Cars]] employees, Graham Halstead and Ben Scott-Geddes. In April 2006, the company was purchased by [[Caparo]]. It is currently producing a [[supercar]] called the T1. The pair previously worked on the development of the Mclaren F1 supercar.

The T1 costs £230,000 while offering performance to beat the [[Bugatti Veyron]] which is priced at more than three times that amount. The T1 is powered by a 3.5 L [[Naturally Aspirated]] aluminium [[V8]] engine which weighs only 85 kilograms, and has a carbon fibre body shell, giving it a power to weight ratio of more than 1000 horsepower per ton, giving it more than twice the brake horsepower per ton than the Bugatti Veyron.

[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers of the United Kingdom]]

{{auto-company-stub}}

Immer Ärger mit dem Hasen

2008-02-12T09:25:32Z

Doczilla: clean up, trivia tag using AWB

{{Infobox Hollywood cartoon
| cartoon_name = Wabbit Twouble
| series = [[Merrie Melodies|Mewwie Melodies]]/[[Bugs Bunny]]
| image = Wabbit_Twouble3.jpg
| caption = Bugs Bunny teases Elmer by jumping up and down on him.
| director = [[Bob Clampett|Wobert Cwampett]]
| story_artist = Dave Monahan
| animator = Sid Suthewand
| voice_actor = [[Mel Blanc|Mel Bwanc]] [[Arthur Q. Bryan|Arthur Q. Bwyan]] (uncwedited)
| musician = [[Carl Stalling|Cawl W. Stawwing]]
| producer = [[Leon Schlesinger|Weon Schwesinger]]
| distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bwos. Pictures]]
| release_date = [[December 20]], [[1941]]
| color_process = [[Technicolor|Technicowor]]
| runtime = 8 min. (one weel)
| movie_language = [[English language|Engwish]]
| imdb_id = 0034368
}}
'''''Wabbit Twouble''''' ('''''Rabbit Trouble''''') is a [[Merrie Melodies]] [[cartoon]] starring [[Bugs Bunny]], produced by [[Leon Schlesinger Productions]] released on [[December 20]], [[1941]] by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. The title is the first of several [[Bugs Bunny]] cartoon titles that refer to [[Elmer Fudd]]'s speech impediment.

In the cartoon, Elmer expects to find rest and relaxation at Jellostone National Park, but he mistakenly sets camp in the neighborhood of Bugs' rabbit hole, and Bugs (and a neighboring bear) don't have much leisure in mind. It was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon [[film director|directed]] by [[Bob Clampett|Robert Clampett]], with a story by [[Dave Monahan]] and musical direction by [[Carl Stalling]]. [[Sid Sutherland]] is the only credited [[animator]], although at least three more, including [[Rod Scribner]] and [[Robert McKimson]], animated on the short as well. [[Mel Blanc]] provided the voices for Bugs and the [[bear]], and [[Arthur Q. Bryan]] provided the voice for Elmer.

==Plot==
Elmer, riding in his old jalopy (whose eccentric rear axle and wheel do the [[Conga Line|Conga]] "kick" and beat), makes his way to [[Gelatin dessert|Jello]]stone National Park (a clear reference to [[Yellowstone National Park]]), where the sign by the entrance promises "Rest and Relaxation" and "a Restful Retreat" (or, in Elmer's usual diction, "West and Wewaxation" and "a Westful Wetweat"). Elmer pitches a tent (near Bug's rabbit hole), and sets up camp by putting a fire stove, a mirror and a table to wash his face, and a [[hammock]]. However, he gets annoyed when Bugs unpitches and takes his tent, but gets it back, tied up in knots as well as his fingers from trying to get his hands on Bugs. He prevents Bugs from getting out of his hole by hammering a board, saying that he can't get out of that. However, Bugs does get out of that, and mimics Elmer's weight and what he previously said, labeling it "phooey". Elmer lies down in his hammock and soon falls fast asleep, muttering to himself.

Bugs then appears from the rabbit hole by Elmer's campsite. He takes a pair of glasses, paints them black, puts them on Elmer's face and sets Elmer's alarm clock to go off. Elmer now thinks it's night (since everything seems so dark), so he gets undressed and goes to bed. Bugs then takes the glasses off and crows like a rooster, making Elmer think that it's the next morning.

[[Image:Wabbit Twouble2.jpg|thumb|left|Bugs leads Elmer off a cliff.]]
When Elmer goes to wash his face, Bugs keeps the towel at a distance with a branch, causing Elmer to blindly follow the towel. (As Bugs tells the audience, "I do this kind of stuff to him all through the picture.") Elmer then almost falls off a cliff. He then, looks at the miraculous view of the [[Grand Canyon]]. But just when he sees that Bugs is the one pulling these gags, Bugs runs off, with Elmer giving chase after retrieving a gun from his tent.

However, when he tries hitting Bugs with his rifle, he winds up hitting a [[American black bear|black bear]] in the head instead. The bear starts growling, and Elmer, turns to a wildlife handbook for advice, which states:

"When confronted with a grizzly bear, play dead. Above all else, remain completely motionless!"

The bear soon gives up (after sniffing Elmer's "[[Body odor|B.O.]]" - his feet), but Bugs has more fun with Elmer when he climbs on Elmer and starts growling exactly like the bear.

Eventually, Elmer gives up and quickly packs everything back into his car (including, at first, the tree that was next to his tent). On his way out, he gets angry at the failed promise of the sign for "rest and relaxation", and starts chopping the sign to bits. The park ranger then appears, a stern look on his face. Elmer is then shown in [[prison]] (presumably for [[vandalism]]), where he's thankful that he's finally "wid of that scwewy wabbit!" But he turns to find out that somehow he's sharing his cell with both Bugs ''and'' the black bear.

[[Image:WabbitTwouble.jpg|432px|thumb|left|''Wabbit Twouble's'' playful "Fudd-ese" opening titles (background image is partially duplicated due to foreground image sliding past it, as forced perspective).]]

{{clear}}

==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=February 2008}}
{{refimprove|section|date=February 2008}}

* For this cartoon, Elmer was redesigned as a fat man (based on voice actor [[Arthur Q. Bryan]]'s own physique) in an attempt to make him funnier. The "fat Elmer" would only make four more appearances -''[[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]'', ''[[The Wacky Wabbit]]'', ''[[Fresh Hare]]'' and ''[[Any Bonds Today?]]'' - before returning to the slimmer form by which he is better known. This cartoon was the only time, though, that the Fat Elmer also had a red nose.

*The title card [[Credit (creative arts)|credits]] are written in "Elmer Fudd-ese"; that is, written the way Elmer would say them ("Superwision Wobert Cwampett" and so on).

*It has been suggested on various [[forums]] dedicated to classical [[animation]] that this cartoon originally began production under [[Tex Avery]] and was completed by Clampett when Avery left the Warners studio in 1941. The evidence given to support this contention include the reddish nose sported by Elmer Fudd in this cartoon (Avery had given Elmer such a nose in ''[[A Wild Hare]]''), Bugs' design, the unique credit sequence (Avery had previously done such tinkering with the credits of ''[[Tortoise Beats Hare]]''), and the credits for Dave Monahan and Sid Sutherland.

*The voice used by Mel Blanc for the bear (who only has one line, at the end of the film, "Yeh, how long ya in for, Doc?") is a softer version of the voice characterization he would later use for [[Cecil Turtle]] and eventually [[Barney Rubble]].
* This is the first Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by [[Bob Clampett]]

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
before= [[All This and Rabbit Stew]] |
title= [[List of Bugs Bunny cartoons|Bugs Bunny Cartoons]] |
years= 1941 |
after= [[The Wabbit Who Came to Supper]]|}}
{{end box}}

[[Category:1941 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bob Clampett]]
[[Category:Merrie Melodies shorts]]
[[Category:English-language films]]

Alan Spencer

2008-02-10T04:35:38Z

Doczilla: clean up, editing tags (which issue?) using AWB

{{Cleanup|date=January 2007}}
:''For the English cricketer, please see [[Alan Spencer (cricketer)]].''
'''Alan Spencer''' is an [[United States|American]] [[television]] [[writer]] and [[Television producer|producer]], best known for creating the 1980s [[satirical]] [[police]] series ''[[Sledge Hammer!]]''. He began writing for television at the age of fifteen, and was one of the youngest people ever to join the [[Writers Guild of America]]. He is commonly consulted as a "[[script doctor]]" for [[feature film]]s.

==Life==
Spencer, at the age of fourteen, sneaked into [[Twentieth Century Fox Studios]] and onto the set of [[Young Frankenstein]] to watch his hero [[Mel Brooks]] direct. [[Marty Feldman]], who had a fondness for mischief, recognized that the young interloper didn't belong and took Spencer under his wing as his "guest."

Spencer was a huge fan of Feldman's and knew the late comedian's writing credits for British television, a rarity, as most Americans weren't well versed in Feldman's versatility, and the normally private Feldman recognized Spencer as a kindred spirit. Feldman had also began writing at the young age of fifteen.

Amazingly, nearly two decades later, no less than Mel Brooks would tap Spencer to co-create the shortlived NBC sitcom [[The Nutt House]] with him after the success of Spencer's "Sledge Hammer!" Brooks had no idea that Alan Spencer was the same young kid who had been buzzing around the set of "Young Frankenstein."

Marty Feldman later died while making the film [[Yellowbeard]] of a heart attack, and on May 16, 1984, Alan Spencer lost another friend: the legendary and offbeat comedian [[Andy Kaufman]]. Kaufman once invited Spencer over to his home and subjected him to a marathon of forty eight hours of ''[[The People's Court]]'', a series that Kaufman religiously recorded. The one-two punch of losing both his friends devastated Spencer. He vowed to honor their influences and do unconventional work.

After the worldwide success of his television series "Sledge Hammer!" Spencer was tapped to write and direct his own film for [[Columbia Pictures]] called [[Hexed]]. Spencer wasn't accorded the same level of creative control he had on his signature series and, thanks to a subsequent regime change at the studio, the film was recut after a handful of successful previews. The DVD release of "Hexed" is not the original director's cut which Spencer claims "probably only exists in a dumpster outside Denny's."

Despite being called one of "the nation's nobler madcaps" by Washington Post critic [[Tom Shales]], Spencer has a serious side as well. He wrote a two hour [[science fiction]] MOW entitled [[The Tomorrow Man]] starring [[Julian Sands]] that had an ecological theme. In his spare time, Spencer raises money for local missions in the LA area who assist the homeless. He's also devoted to aiding cancer research.

Spencer is a close friend of famed actress [[Tracy Scoggins]]. While they've attended various social functions together, Spencer insists they're "just imaginary friends."

==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=February 2008}}
{{refimprove|section|date=February 2008}}

*According to the magazine ''[[Creative Screenwriting]]'', Spencer has anonymously rewritten a few films that have grossed over one hundred million and his prowess has actually gotten more than one its greenlight. He was profiled in an article entitled "The Craft of Rewriting" alongside such notables as [[Scott Frank]], [[Kenneth Lonergan]] and [[Ed Solomon]] as being one of the best "script doctors" in the business.

==External links==
* {{imdb name|id=0817848|name=Alan Spencer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Spencer, Alan}}
[[Category:American comedy writers]]
[[Category:American television producers]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Jill Thompson

2008-01-31T08:30:40Z

Doczilla: clean up, trivia tag using AWB

{{dablink|For the American educator and politician, see [[Jill L. Long]]}}
'''Jill Thompson''' (born [[November 20]], [[1966]]<ref>''[[Comics Buyers Guide]]'' #1636 (December 2007); Page 135</ref>) is an [[USA|American]] [[comic book]] writer and [[illustrator]]. Probably best known for her work on [[Neil Gaiman]]'s ''[[The Sandman (comic book series)|Sandman]]'' characters and her own ''[[Scary Godmother]]'' series, she has also worked on ''[[The Invisibles]]'', ''[[Swamp Thing]]'', and ''[[Wonder Woman]]''.

==Biography==
Thompson is a graduate of The [[American Academy of Art]] in Chicago.<ref name="Rockford">Rockford Register Star staff. ([[November 7]], [[2005]]). "Meet a couple of comic book creators". ''[[The Rockford Register Star]]''. Pg. 1E</ref> She has won multiple [[Eisner Award]]s, including in 2004 for "Best Painter/Multimedia Artist (interior art)" for her work on ''The Dark Horse Book of Hauntings,''<ref name="Oklahoman1">Price, Matthew. ([[July 30]], [[2004]]). "'Endless Nights' wins Eisner Awards". ''[[The Oklahoman]]''. Pg. 11D</ref> and in 2005 for "Best Short Story" for ''Unfamiliar'' (from ''The Dark Horse Book of the Dead '') with [[Evan Dorkin]].<ref name="Oklahoman2">Price, Matthew. ([[July 29]], [[2005]]). "Eisner awards honor comic book excellence". ''[[The Oklahoman]]''. Pg. 13D</ref>

Thompson is married to fellow [[comic book]] writer [[Brian Azzarello]], creator of ''[[100 Bullets]]'' and former writer of ''[[Hellblazer]]'' and ''[[Batman]]''.<ref name="Rockford">Rockford Register Star staff. ([[November 7]], [[2005]]). "Meet a couple of comic book creators". ''[[Rockford Register Star]]''. Pg. 1E</ref>

===The Sandman===

Jill Thompson illustrated [[The Sandman (DC Comics Modern Age)|The Sandman]] story arc ''[[The Sandman: Brief Lives|Brief Lives]]'' (issues 41-49), and the individual Sandman issue "The Parliament of Rooks" (issue 40) in the ''[[The Sandman: Fables and Reflections|Fables and Reflections]]'' collection. Within this tale she created the immensely popular characters of Li'l [[Death (DC Comics)|Death]] and Li'l [[Dream (DC Comics)|Morpheus]], child-like versions of two of the Endless based on classic comic characters [[Sugar and Spike]]; these were later given their own book.

She has since written and illustrated several stories featuring the Sandman characters; these include the [[manga]]-style book ''[[Death: At Death's Door]]'' (one of DC's best selling books of 2003)<ref name="Time">Arnold, Andrew D. ([[February 16]], [[2004]]). "Drawing In the Gals; Move over, guys. Graphics for girls are the hot new genre in Japanese comics". ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. Pg. 97</ref> set during the events of ''[[The Sandman: Season of Mists| Season of Mists]]'', and ''[[The Little Endless Storybook]]'', a children’s book using child-like versions of [[The Endless]].

In 2005 Thompson wrote and illustrated ''[[The Dead Boy Detectives]]'', an original graphic novel based on two minor characters from ''Season of Mists''.

==Bibliography==
===Sandman Stories===
;Written by Neil Gaiman
*"The Parliament of Rooks" in ''[[The Sandman: Fables and Reflections|Fables and Reflections]]''
*''[[The Sandman: Brief Lives|Brief Lives]]''
;Without Gaiman
*''[[The Little Endless Storybook]]'' (2001)
*''[[Death: At Death's Door]]'' (2003)
*''[[The Dead Boy Detectives]]'' (2005)

===Other comic books===

*'''''[[Fables (comic)|Fables]] - [[1001 Nights of Snowfall]]'''''
**"Fair Division"
*'''Scary Godmother'''
**''Scary Godmother'' (1997)
**''Revenge of Jimmy'' (1998)
**''The Mystery Date'' (1999)
**''Boo Floo'' (2000)
**''Wild about Harry'' (2001)
**''Ghoul's Out for Summer'' (2003)
**''Spooktacular Stories'' (2004)

*'''The Invisibles'''
**''The Invisibles: Say You Want a Revolution'' (as Illustrator)
**''The Invisibles: Apocalipstick'' (as illustrator)

*'''Dark Horse anthologies'''
**''The Dark Horse Book of Witchcraft''
**''The Book of Hauntings''
**''Badger: Shattered Mirror''

*'''Books of Magic'''
**''Death After Death'' (as illustrator)

===Other material===
*''The Curse of the Royal Ruby: A Rinnah Two Feathers Mystery'' (as illustrator)
*''''[[X-files]]: Afterflight'' (as illustrator)
*''The Secret of Dead Man's Mine: A Rinnah Two Feathers Mystery'' (as illustrator)
*''Mick Foley's Halloween Hijinx (as illustrator)

*''Tales from Wrescal Lane'' (as illustrator)

*''Goosebumps Graphix: One Day at Horrorland'' (as illustrator)

==Trivia==
{{trivia|date=January 2008}}
*The character Etain of the Second Look, from ''Brief Lives'', and much of the contents of her flat, were based on Thompson herself. Thompson first came to the attention of Sandman creator [[Neil Gaiman]] when a fan presented him with a nude sketch of [[Death (Sandman)|Death]] she had drawn; he was impressed enough to ask her to illustrate for the series.
*The looks of the character Ragged Robin (from ''[[The Invisibles]]'') and [[The Joker]]'s Daughter (from ''[[Kingdom Come (comics)|Kingdom Come]]'') were also based on Thompson's likeness.
*Many of Thompson's female characters bear a facial resemblance to [[Tori Amos]].
*Thompson is a graduate of Chicago's famed Player's Workshop of the Second City, summer 1988. Her graduate show was held on the mainstage of Second City.
*Thompson's brother, Steven, appears as a bouncer in an issue of Sandman and then is blown up.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jillthompsonart.com/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thompson, Jill}}
[[Category:American comics writers]]
[[Category:American comics artists]]
[[Category:Eisner Award winners]]
[[Category:Women comics artists]]
[[Category:Women comics writers]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Fight Club (Roman)

2008-01-24T07:46:10Z

Doczilla: Reverted edits by 71.12.217.101 (talk) to last version by Snowfire51

{{About||the film based on the novel|Fight Club (film)|other uses|Fight Club (disambiguation)}}
{{infobox Book | 
| name = Fight Club
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = [[Image:Fightclubcvr.jpg|200px]]
| image_caption = First edition cover
| author = [[Chuck Palahniuk]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = Jacket design by Michael Ian Kaye Photograph by Melissa Hayden Soap by Proverbial Inc.
| country = [[United States]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| genre = [[Novel]]
| publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]]
| release_date = August 1996
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print ([[hardcover]], [[paperback]], & library binding) & audio cassette
| pages = 208 pp (first edition, hardcover)
| isbn = ISBN 0-393-03976-5 (first edition, hardcover)
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Fight Club'''''<ref name="lowercase">Throughout the novel, Palahniuk writes the name of the club in [[lowercase]]. The only occurrence of "Fight Club" as a proper noun is in the novel's title. Thus, all occurrences to "fight club" in this article refer to the fictional club, while all occurrences of "''Fight Club''" refer to the novel itself.</ref> (1996) is the first published [[novel]] by [[United States|America]]n [[author]] [[Chuck Palahniuk]]. The plot is based on an unnamed [[protagonist]] who struggles with his growing discomfort with [[consumerism]] and changes in the state of [[masculinity]] in [[American culture]]. In an attempt to overcome this, he creates an underground [[fighting]] club as a radical form of [[psychotherapy]]. It was made into a [[Fight Club (film)|movie of the same name]] in 1999 by director [[David Fincher]]. The movie became a pop culture phenomenon. In the wake of the film's popularity, the novel has become a target of criticism, mainly for its explicit depictions of [[Graphic violence|violence]].

==History==
When Palahniuk made his first attempt at publishing a novel (''[[Invisible Monsters]]''), publishers rejected it for being too disturbing. This led him to work on ''Fight Club'', which he wrote as an attempt to disturb the publishers even more for rejecting him. Palahniuk wrote this story while working as a diesel mechanic for [[Freightliner LLC|Freightliner]]. After initially publishing it as a short story (which became chapter 6 of the novel) in the compilation ''Pursuit of Happiness'', Palahniuk expanded it into a full novel, which, contrary to what he expected, the publisher was willing to publish.<ref name="tomlinson">Tomlinson, Sarah. "[http://www.salon.com/ent/movies/int/1999/10/13/palahniuk/index.html Is it fistfighting, or just multi-tasking?]". ''Salon.com''. October 13, 1999.</ref> While the original, hardcover edition of the book received positive reviews and some awards, it had a short shelf life. Nevertheless, the book had made its way to [[Hollywood]], where interest in adapting it to film was growing. It was eventually adapted in 1999 by screenwriter [[Jim Uhls]] and director [[David Fincher]]. The film was a box office disappointment (although it was #1 at the U.S. box office in its first weekend and critical reaction was mostly favorable), but a [[Cult film|cult following]] soon emerged after the release of the film on DVD. As a result of the film, the original hardcover edition became a collector's item.<ref name="offman">Offman, Craig. "[http://archive.salon.com/books/log/1999/09/03/fight_club/ Movie makes "Fight Club" book a contender]". ''[[Salon.com]]''. September 3, 1999.</ref> This film is now popularly considered to be an uncompromising critique of humanity's loss of identity through mass consumerism. Two paperback rereleases of the novel, one in 1999 and the other in 2004 (the latter of which begins with an introduction by the author about the conception and popularity of both the novel and the movie), were later made. This success helped launch Palahniuk's career as a popular [[novelist]], as well as establish a writing style that would appear in many of his future novels.

The club itself was based on a series of [[fight]]s that Palahniuk got into over previous years (most notably one that he got into during a [[camping]] trip).<ref name="jemielity">Jemielity, Sam. "[http://www.playboy.com/arts-entertainment/dotcomversation/palahniuk/ Chuck Palahniuk:The Playboy.Comversation]". ''[[Playboy]].com''. Retrieved June 30, 2005.</ref> Even though he has mentioned this in many interviews, Palahniuk is still often approached by fans wanting to know where their local fight club takes place. Palahniuk insists that there is no real, singular organization like the one in his book. However, he does admit that some fans have mentioned to him that some fight clubs (albeit much smaller than the one in the novel) exist or previously existed (some having existed long before the novel was written). Also, in the introduction to the current edition of the novel, Palahniuk refers to a few of the many actual instances of mischief being carried out in the style of fight club, most notably, a "Waiter from one of London's two finest restaurants" alleging that he ejaculated into [[Margaret Thatcher|Margaret Thatcher's]] food on multiple occasions.

Many other events in the novel were also based on events that Palahniuk himself had experienced. The [[support groups]] that the narrator attends are based on support groups to which the author brought terminally ill people as part of a volunteer job he did for a local hospital. Project Mayhem is loosely based on the [[Cacophony Society]], of which Palahniuk is a member. Various events and characters are based on friends of the author. Other events came as a result of stories told to him by various people he had talked to.<ref name="palahniukstf228229">''Palahniuk (''Stranger Than Fiction: True Stories''), pp. 228–229.''</ref> This method of combining various stories from various people into novels has become a common way of writing novels for Palahniuk ever since.

Outside of Palahniuk's professional and personal life, the novel's impact has been felt elsewhere. Several individuals in various locations of the [[United States]] (and possibly in other countries), ranging from teenagers to people in technical careers, have set up their own fight clubs based on the one mentioned in the novel.<ref name="usatoday">"[http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-05-29-fight-club_x.htm Fight club draws techies for bloody underground beatdowns]". ''[[Associated Press]]''. May 29, 2006.</ref> Some of Tyler's on-the-job pranks (such as food tampering) have been repeated by fans of the book (although these same pranks existed well before the novel was published). Palahniuk eventually documented this phenomenon in his essay "Monkey Think, Monkey Do",<ref name="palahniukstf212215">''Palahniuk (''Stranger Than Fiction: True Stories''), pp. 212–215.''</ref> which was published in his book ''[[Stranger Than Fiction: True Stories]]'', as well as in the introduction to the 2004 paperback edition of ''Fight Club''. Other fans of the book have been inspired to social activity as well; Palahniuk has claimed that fans tell him that they have been inspired to go back to college after reading the book.<ref name="tomlinson" />

Other than the film, a few other adaptations have been attempted. In 2004 ''Fight Club'' was in development as a [[musical theater|musical]], developed by Palahniuk, Fincher, and [[Trent Reznor]].<ref name="chang">Chang, Jade. "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A2799633 tinseltown: fight club and fahrenheit]". ''[[BBC]].co.uk''. July 2, 2004.</ref> [[Brad Pitt]], who played the role of Tyler Durden in the film, expressed interest in being involved. A video game loosely based on the film was published by [[Vivendi Universal Games]] in 2004, receiving poor reviews from gaming critics (see [[Fight Club (video game)|''Fight Club'' (video game)]]).

==Plot summary==
The book centers on an unnamed narrator who hates his job and his life. The narrator works for a car company, also unnamed, organizing [[product recall]]s on defective models if, and only if, a [[cost-benefit analysis]] shows that the cost of the [[product recall|recall]] is less than the cost of [[out-of-court settlement]]s paid to relatives of the deceased (which parallels the [[1970s]] story of the [[Ford Pinto#Safety problems|Ford Pinto's safety problems and recall]]). At the same time, he is becoming disenchanted with the "nesting instinct"<ref name="palahniukfc43">''Palahniuk (''Fight Club'', 1999), p. 43.''</ref> of consumerism that has absorbed his life, forcing him to define himself by the furniture, clothes, and other material things that he owns. This dissatisfaction, combined with his frequent business trips across multiple time zones, disturb him to the point that he suffers from chronic [[insomnia]].

At the recommendation of his physician (who does not consider his insomnia to be a serious ailment), the narrator goes to a support group for men with [[testicular cancer]] to "see what real suffering is like." After finding that crying at these support groups and listening to emotional outpourings from the suffering allows him to sleep at night, he becomes dependent on them. At the same time, he befriends a cancer victim named Bob. Although he does not really suffer from any of the ailments that the other attendants have, he is never caught being a "tourist" until he meets Marla Singer, a woman who also attends support groups for alternative reasons. Her presence reflects the narrator's "tourism," and only reminds him that he doesn't belong at the support groups. He begins to hate Marla for keeping him from crying, and therefore from sleeping. After a short confrontation, they begin going to separate support groups in order to avoid meeting again.

Shortly before this incident, his life changes radically upon meeting Tyler Durden, a charismatic [[psychopath]] who works low-paying jobs at night in order to perform deviant behavior on the job. After his confrontation with Marla, the narrator's condo is destroyed by an explosion and he asks Tyler if he can stay at his house. Tyler agrees, but asks for something in return: "I want you to hit me as hard as you can."<ref name="palahniukfc46">''Palahniuk (''Fight Club'', 1999), p. 46.''</ref> The resulting fight in a bar's parking lot attracts more disenchanted males, and a new form of support group, the first "Fight Club," is born. The fight club becomes a new type of therapy through [[bare-knuckle]] fighting, controlled by a set of rules:


{{quotation|
#You don't talk about fight club.
#You don't talk about fight club.<ref name="2rules">The first rules of both fight club and Project Mayhem are repeated for emphasis. Fans of the novel and the film have latched on to the first two rules of fight club as a [[meme]] and have made it into a [[catchphrase]] (although slightly changed to "you do not talk about fight club", based on the variation in the film).</ref>
#When someone says stop, or goes limp, even if he's just faking it, the fight is over.<ref name="lostrule">Shortly after the third rule is introduced, it is dropped from the club and the other rules move up one numbered position. It is mentioned by the narrator the first time he states the rules, but it is not mentioned by Tyler when he states them. Tyler also adds the eighth rule, which becomes the seventh rule in his version of the rule set. This may have been the result of a [[continuity error]], though it is also possible that Tyler changed the rules to allow the narrator to break the third rule later in the novel. Another interpretion could be that the first set of rules are easier on combatants than the amended rules (ways out if unconscious and not having to fight compared to no ways out and having to fight), proving the more aggressive Tyler is taking a stronger hold of the narrator. ''Palahniuk (1999), pp. 49–50.''</ref>
#Only two guys to a fight.
#One fight at a time.
#They fight without shirts or shoes.
#The fights go on as long as they have to.
#If this is your first night at fight club, you have to fight.
|''Fight Club''|pages 48-50<ref name="palahniukfc4850">''Palahniuk (''Fight Club'', 1999), pp. 48–50.''</ref>}}

Later in the book the mechanic tells the narrator two new rules to fight club. The first new rule is that nobody is the center of fight club except for the two men fighting. The second new rule is that fight club will always be free.

Meanwhile, Tyler rescues Marla from a suicide attempt and the two initiate an affair that confounds the narrator. Throughout this affair, Marla is mostly unaware of the existence of fight club, and completely unaware of Tyler and the narrator's interaction with one another.<ref name="tylermarla">Because Tyler and Marla are never seen at the same time, the narrator wonders if Tyler and Marla are the same person. This foreshadows the later revelation of Tyler and the narrator being the same person. Palahniuk may have also meant for this detail to be a [[red herring (plot device)|red herring]]. ''Palahniuk (1999), p. 65.''</ref>

As the fight club's membership grows (and, unbeknownst to the narrator, spreads to other cities across the country), Tyler begins to use it to spread anti-consumerist ideas and recruits its members to participate in increasingly elaborate attacks on [[corporate America]]. This was originally the narrator's idea, but Tyler takes control from him. Tyler eventually gathers the most devoted fight club members (referred to as "[[Monkeys in space|space monkey]]s") and forms "Project Mayhem", a [[cult]]-like organization that trains itself as an army to bring down modern civilization. This organization, like the fight club, is controlled by a set of rules:


{{quotation|
#You don't ask questions.
#You don't ask questions.
#No excuses.
#No lies.
#You have to trust Tyler.|''Fight Club''|pages 119, 122, 125<ref name="palahniukfc119122125">''Palahniuk (''Fight Club'', 1999), pp. 119, 122 & 125.''</ref>}}

The narrator starts off as a loyal participant in Project Mayhem, seeing it as the next step for fight club. However, he becomes uncomfortable with the increasing destructiveness of their activities after it results in the death of Bob.

As the narrator endeavors to stop Tyler and his followers, [[anagnorisis|he learns]] that he ''is'' Tyler;<ref name="unreliable">The narrator's inability to explain Tyler's existence earlier on in the story is a classic example of an [[unreliable narrator]].</ref> Tyler is not a separate person, but a [[Dissociative identity disorder|separate personality]]. As the narrator struggled with his hatred for his job and his consumerist lifestyle, his mind began to form a new personality that was able to escape from the problems of his normal life. The final straw came when he met Marla; Tyler was truly born as a distinct personality when the narrator's unconscious desire for Marla clashed with his conscious hatred for her. Having come to the surface, Tyler's personality has been slowly taking over the narrator's mind, which he planned to take over completely by making the narrator's real personality more like his. The narrator's bouts of insomnia had actually been Tyler's personality surfacing; Tyler would be active whenever the narrator was "sleeping". This allowed Tyler to manipulate the narrator into helping him create fight club; Tyler learned recipes for creating explosives when he was in control, and used this knowledge to blow up his own condo.

The narrator also learns that Tyler plans to blow up the Parker-Morris building (the fictional "tallest building in the world") in the downtown area of the city using [[homemade bomb]]s created by Project Mayhem. The actual reason for the explosion is to destroy the nearby national museum. During the explosion, Tyler plans to die as a [[martyr]] for Project Mayhem, taking the narrator's life as well. Realizing this, the narrator sets out to stop Tyler, although Tyler is always thinking ahead of him. In his attempts to stop Tyler, he makes peace with Marla (who always knew the narrator as Tyler) and explains to her that he is not Tyler Durden. The narrator is eventually forced to confront Tyler on the roof of the building. The narrator is held captive at gunpoint by Tyler, forced to watch the destruction wrought on the museum by Project Mayhem. Marla comes to the roof with one of the support groups. Tyler vanishes, because “Tyler was ''his'' hallucination, not hers.” <ref name="palahniukfc195">''Palahniuk (''Fight Club'', 1999), p. 195.''</ref>

With Tyler gone, the narrator waits for the bomb to explode and kill him. However, the bomb malfunctions because Tyler mixed paraffin into the explosives, which the narrator said early in the book "has never, ever worked for me." Still alive and holding the gun that Tyler used to carry on him, the narrator decides to make the first decision that is truly his own: he puts the gun in his mouth and shoots himself. Some time later, he awakens in a mental institution, believing that he is dead and has gone to heaven. The book ends with members of Project Mayhem who work at the institution telling the narrator that their plans still continue, and that they are expecting Tyler to come back.

==Characters in ''Fight Club''==
; Narrator : An employee for an unnamed car company specializing in recalls. He becomes an insomniac, which leads to the creation of his alternate personality. The narrator of ''Fight Club'' set a precedent for the protagonists of later novels by Palahniuk, especially in the case of male protagonists, as they often shared his anti-heroic and [[transgressional fiction|transgressive]] behavior. The narrator in Fight Club is never named.
; Tyler Durden : An [[autonomist]], with a strong hatred for [[consumer culture]]. "Because of his nature"<ref name="palahniukfc25">''Palahniuk (''Fight Club'', 1999), p. 25.''</ref>, Tyler works night jobs where he causes problems for the companies; he also makes soap to supplement his income and create the ingredients for his bomb making which will be put to work later with his fight club. He is the co-founder of fight club (it was his idea to have the fight that led to it). He later launches Project Mayhem, from which he and the members make various attacks on consumerism. Tyler is blond, as by the narrator's comment "in his everything-blond way." The unhinged but magnetic Tyler could also be considered an antihero (especially since he and the narrator are technically the same person), although he becomes the [[antagonist]] of the novel later in the story. Few characters like Tyler have appeared in later novels by Palahniuk, though the character of Oyster from ''[[Lullaby (novel)|Lullaby]]'' shares many similarities.
; Marla Singer : A woman that the narrator meets during a support group. The narrator no longer receives the same release from the groups when he realizes Marla is faking her problems just like he is. After he leaves the groups, he meets her again when she meets Tyler and becomes his lover. She is a [[nymphomaniac]], and she shares many of Tyler's thoughts on consumer culture. In later novels by Palahniuk in which the protagonist is male, a female character similar to Marla has also appeared. Marla and these other female characters have helped Palahniuk to add romantic themes into his novels.
; Robert "Bob" Paulson : A man that the narrator meets at a support group for [[testicular cancer]]. A former [[bodybuilding|bodybuilder]], Bob lost his testicles to cancer caused by the [[steroids]] he used to bulk up his muscles, and had to undergo testosterone injections; this resulted in his body increasing its [[estrogen]], causing him to grow large [[breasts]] ([[Gynecomastia]]) and develop a softer voice. The narrator befriends Bob and, after leaving the groups, meets him again in fight club. Bob's death later in the story while carrying out an assignment for Project Mayhem causes the narrator to turn against Tyler, because the members of Project Mayhem treat it as a trivial matter instead of a tragedy. When the narrator explains that the dead man had a name and was a real person, a member of Project Mayhem points out that only in death do members of Project Mayhem have a name. The unnamed member begins chanting, "his name is Robert Paulson", and this phrase becomes a [[meme]] and mantra that the narrator encounters later on in the story multiple times. This differs from the book which only states that people in other fight clubs were chanting "Robert Paulson" for the same reason as mentioned above. When the narrator goes to a fight club to shut it down for this reason, Tyler orders them to make him a "homework assignment".

==Motifs==
At two points in the novel, the narrator claims he wants to "wipe [his] ass with the ''[[Mona Lisa]]''"; a mechanic who joins fight club also repeats this to him in one scene.<ref name="palahniukfc124141200">''Palahniuk (''Fight Club'', 1999), pp. 124, 141 & 200.''</ref> This [[motif (literature)|motif]] shows his desire for chaos, later explicitly expressed in his urge to "destroy something beautiful". Additionally, he mentions at one point that "Nothing is static. Even the ''Mona Lisa'' is falling apart."<ref name="palahniukfc49">''Palahniuk (''Fight Club'', 1999), p. 49.''</ref> University of Calgary literary scholar Paul Kennett claims that this want for chaos is a result of an [[Oedipus complex]], as the narrator, Tyler, and the mechanic all show disdain for their fathers.<ref name="kennett5051">''Kennett, pp. 50–51.''</ref> This is most explicitly stated in the scene that the mechanic appears in:

{{quotation|
The mechanic says, “If you’re male and you’re Christian and living in America, your father is your model for God. And if you never know your father, if your father bails out or dies or is never at home, what do you believe about God? 
... 
How Tyler saw it was that getting God’s attention for being bad was better than getting no attention at all. Maybe because God’s hate is better than His indifference. 
If you could be either God’s worst enemy or nothing, which would you choose? 
We are God’s middle children, according to Tyler Durden, with no special place in history and no special attention. 
Unless we get God’s attention, we have no hope of damnation or redemption. 
Which is worse, hell or nothing? 
Only if we’re caught and punished can we be saved. 
“Burn the [[Louvre]],” the mechanic says, “and wipe your ass with the Mona Lisa. This way at least, God would know our names.”|''Fight Club''|page 141<ref name="palahniukfc141">''Palahniuk (''Fight Club'', 1999), p. 141.''</ref>}}

Kennett further argues that Tyler wants to use this chaos to change history so that "God’s middle children" will have some historical significance, whether or not this significance is "damnation or redemption".<ref name="kennett5152">''Kennett, pp. 51–52.''</ref> This will figuratively return their absent fathers, as judgment by future generations will replace judgment by their fathers.

After reading stories written from the perspective of the organs of a man named Joe, the narrator begins using similar quotations to describe his feelings, often replacing organs with feelings and things involved in his life.

The narrator often repeats the line "I know this because Tyler knows this." This is used to [[foreshadowing|foreshadow]] the novel's major plot twist in which Tyler is revealed to be the same person as the narrator.

The color [[cornflower blue]] first appears as the color of an icon on the narrator's boss's computer.<ref name="palahniukfc49" /> Later, it is mentioned that his boss has eyes of the same color.<ref name="palahniukfc98">''Palahniuk (''Fight Club'', 1999), p. 98.''</ref> These mentions of the color are the first of many uses of cornflower blue in Palahniuk's books, which all feature the color at some point in the text.

The theme of masculinity is also a motif throughout the book. Different symbols lead to this reoccurring theme, such as violence, and testes. Fighting is perceived as a masculine characteristic.

Isolationism, specifically directed towards material items and possessions, is a common theme throughout the novel. Tyler acts as the major catalyst behind the destruction of our vanities, which he claims is the path to finding our inner-selves. "I’m breaking my attachment to physical power and possessions,” Tyler whispered.,“ because only through destroying myself can I discover the greater power of my spirit.”

==Subtext==
Throughout the novel, Palahniuk uses the narrator and Tyler to comment on how people in modern society try to find meaning in their lives through commercial culture. Several lines in the novel make reference to this lifestyle as meaningless. Usually Palahniuk delivers this through overt methods, but there are also some allegorical references as well; for instance, the narrator, upon looking at the contents of his refrigerator, notices he has "a house full of condiments and no food."<ref name="palahniukfc45">''Palahniuk (''Fight Club'', 1999), p. 45.''</ref> This also denotes that modern society and consumerism has no substance, but is merely based upon making things appear to have substance; i.e condiments are not a main food source, they merely add flavor to existing food. Indulging in consumerism (shopping, like from the [[IKEA]] book) doesn't add any real substance to life, it only adds an appearance (like a condiment).

Additionally, much of the novel comments on how many men in modern society have found dissatisfaction with the state of masculinity as it currently exists. The characters of the novel lament the fact that many of them were raised by their mothers because their fathers either abandoned their family or divorced their mothers. As a result, they see themselves as being "a generation of men raised by women,"<ref name="palahniukfc50">''Palahniuk (''Fight Club'', 1999), p. 50.''</ref> being without a male role model in their lives to help shape their masculinity. This ties in with the anti-consumer culture theme, as the men in the novel see their "IKEA nesting instinct" as resulting from the feminization of men in a matriarchal culture.

Maryville University of St. Louis professor Jesse Kavadlo, in an issue of the literary journal ''Stirrings Still'', claimed that the narrator's opposition to emasculation is a form of projection, and that the problem that he fights is himself.<ref name="kavadlo5">''Kavadlo, p. 5.''</ref> He also claims that Palahniuk uses [[existentialism]] in the novel to conceal subtexts of [[feminism]] and romance in order to convey these concepts in a novel that is mainly aimed at a male audience.<ref name="kavadlo7">''Kavadlo, p. 7.''</ref>

Palahniuk himself gives a much simpler assertion about the theme of the novel, stating "all my books are about a lonely person looking for some way to connect with other people."<ref name="palahniukstfxv">''Palahniuk (''Stranger Than Fiction: True Stories''), p. xv.''</ref>

Paul Kennett claims that, because the narrator's fights with Tyler are fights with himself, and because he fights himself in front of his boss at the hotel, the narrator is using the fights as a way of asserting himself as his own boss. He argues that these fights are a representation of the struggle of the [[Proletariat|proletarian]] at the hands of a higher capitalist power, and by asserting himself as capable of having the same power he thus becomes his own master. Later, when fight club is formed, the participants are all dressed and groomed similarly, thus allowing them to symbolically fight themselves at the club and gain the same power.<ref name="kennett5354">''Kennett, pp. 53–54.''</ref>

Afterwards, Kennett says, Tyler becomes nostalgic for patriarchical power controlling him, and creates Project Mayhem to achieve this. Through this proto-fascist power structure, the narrator seeks to learn "what, or rather, who, he might have been under a firm patriarchy."<ref name="kennett55">''Kennett, p. 55.''</ref> Through his position as leader of Project Mayhem, Tyler uses his power to become a "God/Father" to the "space monkeys", who are the other members of Project Mayhem (although by the end of the novel his words hold more power than he does, as is evident in the space monkeys' threat to castrate the narrator when he contradicts Tyler's rule). According to Kennett, this creates a paradox in that Tyler pushes the idea that men who wish to be free from a controlling father-figure are only [[self-actualization|self-actualized]] once they have children and become a father themselves.<ref name="kennett56">''Kennett, p. 56.''</ref> This new structure is, however, ended by the narrator's elimination of Tyler, allowing him to decide for himself how to determine his freedom.

===Sexuality===
Some critics say there are [[homoerotic]] elements in ''Fight Club''. Amongst these were David
Denby of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' and Laura Miller of ''[[Salon.com]]''.<ref name="kavadlo6">''Kavadlo, p. 6.''</ref> Additionally, Robert Alan Brookey and Robert Westerfelhaus published ''Hiding Homoeroticism in Plain View: The Fight Club DVD as Digital Closet'' to make similar claims.<ref name="brookeywestfelhaus">Brookey, Robert Alan & Westerfelhaus, Robert. [http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:khs7BPviKPMJ:www.informaworld.com/ampp/siteindex%3Frequest%3D%252Findex%252FL06W9XNHPL9MHC98.pdf | "Hiding Homoeroticism in Plain View: The Fight Club DVD as Digital Closet"]. ''Critical Studies in Media Communication''. March 2002.</ref>

==Awards==
The novel won the following awards:
*the 1997 Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Award<ref name="pnba">Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Awards. http://www.pnba.org/awards.htm. Retrieved June 20, 2005.</ref>
*the 1997 [[Oregon Book Award]] for Best Novel<ref name="oba">[http://www.literary-arts.org/oba_poetry.htm#fiction Oregon Book Awards]. Literary Arts, Inc. Retrieved June 20, 2005.</ref>

==U.S. editions==
*New York: [[W. W. Norton & Company]], August 1996. [[Hardcover]] first edition. ISBN 0-393-03976-5
*New York: [[Henry Holt|Owl Books]], 1997. First [[Paperback#Trade paperback|trade paperback]]. ISBN 0-8050-5437-5
*New York: Owl Books, 1999. Trade paperback reissue (film tie-in cover). ISBN 0-8050-6297-1
*Minneapolis, MN: HighBridge Company, 1999. Unabridged [[audiobook]] on 4 cassettes, read by [[J. Todd Adams]]. ISBN 1-56511-330-6
*Minneapolis, MN: Tandem Books, 1999. School & library binding. ISBN 0-613-91882-7
*New York: Owl Books, 2004. Trade paperback reissue, with a new introduction by the author (bloody lip cover). ISBN 0-8050-7647-6
*New York: Owl Books, 2004. Trade paperback reissue, with a new introduction by the author (film tie-in cover). ISBN 0-8050-7655-7
*New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. Trade paperback (fist cover). ISBN 0-393-32734-5

==See also==
* [[White Collar Boxing]]
* [[1996 in literature]]
* [[Anarcho-primitivism]]
* [[Generation X]]
* [[Neo-Luddism]]
* [[Transgressional fiction]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*Avni, Sheerly. "[http://www.alternet.org/mediaculture/24026/ Ten Hollywood Movies That Get Women Right]". ''[[AlterNet]]''. August 12, 2005.
*Brookey, Robert Alan & Westerfelhaus, Robert. "Hiding Homoeroticism in Plain View: The Fight Club DVD as Digital Closet". ''Critical Studies in Media Communication''. March 2002.
*Chang, Jade. "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A2799633 tinseltown: fight club and fahrenheit]". ''[[BBC]].co.uk''. July 2, 2004.
*"[http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2006-05-29-fight-club_x.htm Fight club draws techies for bloody underground beatdowns]". ''[[Associated Press]]''. May 29, 2006.
*Jemielity, Sam. "[http://www.playboy.com/arts-entertainment/dotcomversation/palahniuk/index.html Chuck Palahniuk:The Playboy.Conversation]". ''[[Playboy]].com''. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
*Kavadlo, Jesse. "The Fiction of Self-destruction: Chuck Palahniuk, Closet Moralist". ''Stirrings Still: The International Journal of Existential Literature''. Volume 2, Number 2. Fall/Winter 2005. [http://www.stirrings-still.org/ss22.pdf PDF link]
*Kennett, Paul. "Fight Club and the Dangers of Oedipal Obsession". ''Stirrings Still: The International Journal of Existential Literature''. Volume 2, Number 2. Fall/Winter 2005. [http://www.stirrings-still.org/ss22.pdf PDF link]
*Offman, Craig. "[http://archive.salon.com/books/log/1999/09/03/fight_club/ Movie makes "Fight Club" book a contender]". ''[[Salon.com]]''. September 3, 1999.
*[http://www.literary-arts.org/oba_poetry.htm#fiction Oregon Book Awards]. Literary Arts, Inc. Retrieved June 20, 2005.
*Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Awards. http://www.pnba.org/awards.htm. Retrieved June 20, 2005.
*Palahniuk, Chuck. ''Stranger Than Fiction : True Stories''. Garden City: [[Doubleday]], 2004. ISBN 0-385-50448-9
*Straus, Tamara. "[http://www.alternet.org/story/11049/ The Unexpected Romantic: An Interview with Chuck Palahniuk]". ''AlterNet''. June 19, 2001.
*Tomlinson, Sarah. "[http://www.salon.com/ent/movies/int/1999/10/13/palahniuk/index.html Is it fistfighting, or just multi-tasking?]". ''Salon.com''. October 13, 1999.
In addition, the following editions of the novel were used as references for this article:
*Palahniuk, Chuck. ''Fight Club''. New York: Henry Holt, 1997. ISBN 0-8050-6297-1
*Palahniuk, Chuck. ''Fight Club''. Clearwater: Owl Books, 2004. ISBN 0-8050-7647-6

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.chuckpalahniuk.net/books/fightclub/ Chuck Palahniuk.Net section for ''Fight Club'']
*[http://www.chuckpalahniuk.net/downloads/audio/bumbershoot_portland_fightclub_audioreading.mp3 Audio recording of Chuck Palahniuk reading Chapter 6 of ''Fight Club'']

[[Category:Fight Club| {{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:1996 novels]]
[[Category:American novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Chuck Palahniuk]]
[[Category:Fictional clubs]]
[[Category:Debut novels]]
[[Category:Postmodern literature]]
[[Category:Existentialist works]]
[[Category:Satirical books]]
[[Category:Cacophony Society]]
[[Category:Fiction with unreliable narrators]]

[[ar:نادي القتال (رواية)]]
[[da:Fight Club (roman)]]
[[de:Fight Club]]
[[es:El club de lucha]]
[[fr:Fight Club (roman)]]
[[he:מועדון קרב]]
[[it:Fight Club (romanzo)]]
[[ja:ファイト・クラブ]]
[[no:Fight Club]]
[[pl:Podziemny krąg]]
[[uk:Бійцівський клуб (роман)]]
[[ru:Бойцовский клуб (роман)]]
[[tr:Fight Club]]

Tom Zenk

2008-01-11T05:28:08Z

Doczilla: better revert

{{Infobox Wrestler
|name=Tom Zenk {{flagicon|United States}}
|image=
|names=Tom Zenk Z-Man
|height = {{height|ft=6|in=1}}
|weight = {{convert|240|lb|kg st|abbr=on|lk=on}}
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|11|30}}
|death_date =
|birth_place = [[Robbinsdale, Minnesota]] {{flagicon|Minnesota}}
|resides=
|billed=[[Robbinsdale, Minnesota]]
|trainer=[[Eddie Sharkey]] 
[[Brad Rheingans]]
|debut=[[1984]]
|retired=[[1996]]
|}}

'''Tom Zenk''' (born '''Thomas Erwin Zenk''' on [[November 30]], [[1958]] in [[Robbinsdale, Minnesota]]) is a former [[United States|American]] [[professional wrestler]], also known by his nickname '''Z-Man'''.

==Career==
Tom Zenk attended High School with other pro wrestlers [[Nikita Koloff]], [[Dean Peters|Brady Boone]], [[Curt Hennig]], [[Richard Rood|Rick Rude]], [[John Nord]], and [[Barry Darsow]]. He started wrestling in [[1984]] in the Pacific Northwest territory where he feuded with [[Bobby Jaggers]] and occasionally appeared in the AWA during the mid 1980s.

Zenk got his first taste of wrestling stardom when he went to the [[World Wrestling Entertainment|World Wrestling Federation]] with [[Rick Martel]] as the "[[Can-Am Connection]]" in late 1986. The pair faced, and defeated, the tag team of [[Don Muraco]] and [[Bob Orton, Jr.]] in the opening bout of [[WrestleMania III]] in March 1987. The tandem was so popular that they were being built up as the successors to the [[Hart Foundation]] as the next WWF World Tag Team Champions, but Zenk would abruptly leave the promotion, allegedly the result of a contract dispute. Zenk elaborated on the incident in a radio interview saying that he felt betrayed by Martel as he went behind Zenk's back and used his influence as a former AWA Champion to get a better deal for himself while not doing anything to sweeten Zenk's deal. Zenk also said Martel tried to get him to marry his sister as a way to keep him loyal to the partnership.

He reappeared in the [[American Wrestling Association]] in early 1989 and was the last man eliminated by [[Larry Zbyszko]] in the battle royal to fill the vacant AWA World Heavyweight Title.

After receiving several shots at the AWA title, he went to wrestle for the NWA in mid 1989 and was billed as the "Z-Man". He soon formed a tag team with [[Brian Pillman]]. They won the [[NWA United States Tag Team Championship|United States Tag Team Titles]], and feuded with the [[Midnight Express (professional wrestling)|Midnight Express]] (the version with [[Bobby Eaton]] and [[Stan Lane]]) and the [[Fabulous Freebirds]].

It was during this time that Zenk tore a muscle while weightlifting and had to take several months off to recover. His physical appearance was quite different upon returning, still muscular, but more slender than before.

When the promotion changed its name to [[World Championship Wrestling]] in 1991, he was feuding with [[Arn Anderson]] over the TV Title. Later that year, he feuded with the [[York Foundation]] and the Fabulous Freebirds.

Zenk left WCW in early 1993 and finished his career in the independents in 1996. Now retired from wrestling, Zenk is currently working for an international distribution firm.

==Controversy==
In 1999, Tom Zenk gave a series of interviews on the radio and on the Internet where he discussed behind-the-scenes stories from his time in the WWF (even claiming he was paid $50 per television appearance) and WCW, releasing years of pent up frustrations about the politics of wrestling that he dealt with as an active wrestler. While heavily critical of the WWF and [[Vince McMahon]], most of Zenk's venom went toward former wrestler and WCW booker [[Ole Anderson]].

==Wrestling facts==
*'''Finishing and signature moves'''
:*'''[[Dropkick]]''' / '''[[Professional wrestling double-team maneuvers#Double dropkick|Stereo dropkicks]]'''
:*'''[[Superkick]]'''
:*[[Professional wrestling holds#Sleeper hold|Sleeper hold]]

==Championships and accomplishments==
*'''[[Jim Crockett Promotions|Jim Crockett Promotions | World Championship Wrestling]]'''
:*[[NWA United States Tag Team Championship]] ([[NWA United States Tag Team Championship#Title History|1 time]])1 - with [[Brian Pillman]]
:*[[WCW World Television Championship|NWA World Television Championship]] ([[List of WCW World Television Champions|1 time]]; Final champion)1
:*[[WCW World Six-Man Tag Team Championship]] ([[WCW World Six-Man Tag Team Championship#Title History|1 time]]) - with [[Dustin Rhodes]] & [[Matt Osborne|Big Josh]]
:*[[WCW World Television Championship]] ([[List of WCW World Television Champions|1 time]]; First–ever champion)

*'''Lutte Internationale'''
:*[[Canadian International Tag Team Championship]] ([[Canadian International Tag Team Championship#Title History|1 time]]) - with [[Philip Lafond|Dan Kroffat]]

*'''[[Pacific Northwest Wrestling]]'''
:*[[NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship]] ([[NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship#Title History|1 time]])
:*[[NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship]] ([[NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship#Title History|1 time]]) - with Scott Doring

1The title's name was changed to the WCW World Television Championship after Zenk won it, technically making him the last NWA World Television Champion and the first WCW World Television Champion.

==External links==
*[http://www.tv.com/person/257347/summary.html TV.com Profile]
*[http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/Arena/9893/index.html Tom Zenk fansite]
*[http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/t/tom-zenk.html OWW Profile]
*[http://armpitwrestling.com/Pick-My-Brain/Pick-My-Brain-Tom-Zenk.htm Pick My Brain interview with Tom Zenk]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zenk, Tom}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:American professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:American Wrestling Association alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Wrestling Alliance alumni]]
[[Category:Pacific Northwest Wrestling alumni]]
[[Category:People from Minnesota]]
[[Category:World Championship Wrestling alumni]]
[[Category:World Wrestling Entertainment alumni]]

Tom Zenk

2008-01-11T05:27:40Z

Doczilla: Reverted edits by 12.152.252.4 (talk) to version 171962107 by using VP

{{Infobox Wrestler
|name=Tom Zenk {{flagicon|United States}}
|image=
|names=Tom Zenk Z-Man
|height = {{height|ft=6|in=1}}
|weight = {{weight|pounds=240}}
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|11|30}}
|death_date =
|birth_place = [[Robbinsdale, Minnesota]] {{flagicon|Minnesota}}
|resides=
|billed=[[Robbinsdale, Minnesota]]
|trainer=[[Eddie Sharkey]] 
[[Brad Rheingans]]
|debut=[[1984]]
|retired=[[1996]]
|}}

'''Tom Zenk''' (born '''Thomas Erwin Zenk''' on [[November 30]], [[1958]] in [[Robbinsdale, Minnesota]]) is a former [[United States|American]] [[professional wrestler]], also known by his nickname '''Z-Man'''.

==Career==
Tom Zenk attended High School with other pro wrestlers [[Nikita Koloff]], [[Dean Peters|Brady Boone]], [[Curt Hennig]], [[Richard Rood|Rick Rude]], [[John Nord]], and [[Barry Darsow]]. He started wrestling in [[1984]] in the Pacific Northwest territory where he feuded with [[Bobby Jaggers]] and occasionally appeared in the AWA during the mid 1980s.

Zenk got his first taste of wrestling stardom when he went to the [[World Wrestling Entertainment|World Wrestling Federation]] with [[Rick Martel]] as the "[[Can-Am Connection]]" in late 1986. The pair faced, and defeated, the tag team of [[Don Muraco]] and [[Bob Orton, Jr.]] in the opening bout of [[WrestleMania III]] in March 1987. The tandem was so popular that they were being built up as the successors to the [[Hart Foundation]] as the next WWF World Tag Team Champions, but Zenk would abruptly leave the promotion, allegedly the result of a contract dispute. Zenk elaborated on the incident in a radio interview saying that he felt betrayed by Martel as he went behind Zenk's back and used his influence as a former AWA Champion to get a better deal for himself while not doing anything to sweeten Zenk's deal. Zenk also said Martel tried to get him to marry his sister as a way to keep him loyal to the partnership. He has never married.

He reappeared in the [[American Wrestling Association]] in early 1989 and was the last man eliminated by [[Larry Zbyszko]] in the battle royal to fill the vacant AWA World Heavyweight Title.

After receiving several shots at the AWA title, he went to wrestle for the NWA in mid 1989 and was billed as the "Z-Man". He soon formed a tag team with [[Brian Pillman]]. They won the [[NWA United States Tag Team Championship|United States Tag Team Titles]], and feuded with the [[Midnight Express (professional wrestling)|Midnight Express]] (the version with [[Bobby Eaton]] and [[Stan Lane]]) and the [[Fabulous Freebirds]].

It was during this time that Zenk tore a muscle while weightlifting and had to take several months off to recover. His physical appearance was quite different upon returning, still muscular, but more slender than before.

When the promotion changed its name to [[World Championship Wrestling]] in 1991, he was feuding with [[Arn Anderson]] over the TV Title. Later that year, he feuded with the [[York Foundation]] and the Fabulous Freebirds.

Zenk left WCW in early 1993 and finished his career in the independents in 1996. Now retired from wrestling, Zenk is currently working for an international distribution firm.

==Controversy==
In 1999, Tom Zenk gave a series of interviews on the radio and on the Internet where he discussed behind-the-scenes stories from his time in the WWF (even claiming he was paid $50 per television appearance) and WCW, releasing years of pent up frustrations about the politics of wrestling that he dealt with as an active wrestler. While heavily critical of the WWF and [[Vince McMahon]], most of Zenk's venom went toward former wrestler and WCW booker [[Ole Anderson]].

==Wrestling facts==
*'''Finishing and signature moves'''
:*'''[[Dropkick]]''' / '''[[Professional wrestling double-team maneuvers#Double dropkick|Stereo dropkicks]]'''
:*'''[[Superkick]]'''
:*[[Professional wrestling holds#Sleeper hold|Sleeper hold]]

==Championships and accomplishments==
*'''[[Jim Crockett Promotions|Jim Crockett Promotions | World Championship Wrestling]]'''
:*[[NWA United States Tag Team Championship]] ([[NWA United States Tag Team Championship#Title History|1 time]])1 - with [[Brian Pillman]]
:*[[WCW World Television Championship|NWA World Television Championship]] ([[List of WCW World Television Champions|1 time]]; Final champion)1
:*[[WCW World Six-Man Tag Team Championship]] ([[WCW World Six-Man Tag Team Championship#Title History|1 time]]) - with [[Dustin Rhodes]] & [[Matt Osborne|Big Josh]]
:*[[WCW World Television Championship]] ([[List of WCW World Television Champions|1 time]]; First–ever champion)

*'''Lutte Internationale'''
:*[[Canadian International Tag Team Championship]] ([[Canadian International Tag Team Championship#Title History|1 time]]) - with [[Philip Lafond|Dan Kroffat]]

*'''[[Pacific Northwest Wrestling]]'''
:*[[NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship]] ([[NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship#Title History|1 time]])
:*[[NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship]] ([[NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship#Title History|1 time]]) - with Scott Doring

1The title's name was changed to the WCW World Television Championship after Zenk won it, technically making him the last NWA World Television Champion and the first WCW World Television Champion.

==External links==
*[http://www.tv.com/person/257347/summary.html TV.com Profile]
*[http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/Arena/9893/index.html Tom Zenk fansite]
*[http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/t/tom-zenk.html OWW Profile]
*[http://armpitwrestling.com/Pick-My-Brain/Pick-My-Brain-Tom-Zenk.htm Pick My Brain interview with Tom Zenk]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zenk, Tom}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:American professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:American Wrestling Association alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Wrestling Alliance alumni]]
[[Category:Pacific Northwest Wrestling alumni]]
[[Category:People from Minnesota]]
[[Category:World Championship Wrestling alumni]]
[[Category:World Wrestling Entertainment alumni]]

Mary Ball Washington

2008-01-11T05:10:44Z

Doczilla: Reverted edits by 71.120.17.38 (talk) to last revision (176827193) by using VP

{{Redirect|Mary Washington|the university|University of Mary Washington}}
'''Mary Ball Washington''' (born [[1708]]; died [[1789]]) was the mother of [[George Washington]].

Mary Ball Washington was born as '''Mary Ball''' in [[1708]] in [[Lancaster County, Virginia]], [[USA]]. She was the only child of Joseph Ball and his second wife, Mary Johnson (née Montagu) [http://www.whosyomama.com/gabroaddrick3/4/25979.htm].

Mary Ball met [[Augustine Washington]] and they married in [[1730]]. It was her first marriage and his second. Augustine had four children with his first wife, Jane Butler Washington however, only 2 of whom lived to adulthood. Together, Mary and Augustine had the following children:
*[[George Washington|George]] - ([[1732]]-[[1799]])
*[[Betty Washington Lewis|Betty]] - ([[1733]]-[[1797]])
*[[Samuel Washington|Samuel]] - ([[1734]]-[[1781]])
*[[John Augustine Washington|John Augustine]] - ([[1736]]-[[1787]])
*[[Charles Washington|Charles]] - ([[1738]]-[[1799]])
*Mildred - ([[1739]]-[[1740]])

Augustine died in [[1743]]. Unlike most widows in [[Virginia]] at the time, Mary Ball Washington never remarried. She lived to see her son, George Washington, inaugurated as [[President of the United States|President]] in [[1789]]. She died four months later.

Mary Ball Washington was buried on the Lewis [[Plantation]] a few steps from "Meditation Rock." Tradition has it that this was her favorite retreat for reading, prayer, and [[meditation]].

==Legacy==
*There are many monuments to Mary Ball Washington in [[Fredericksburg, Virginia]], where she lived from [[1772]] until her death in [[1789]].
*The house purchased for her by her son George has been preserved by [[Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities|APVA Preservation Virginia]] and is open to the public as a [[historic]] house museum. It contains a fine collection of antique furnishings, some with Washington family provenance.
*Mary Ball Washington is buried near Kenmore, the former home of her daughter and son-in-law [[Fielding Lewis|Fielding and Betty Lewis]]. Kenmore is also open regularly for public tours.
*A monument to Mary Ball Washington was erected in [[1833]] and dedicated by President [[Andrew Jackson]]. But was left unfinished until a new one was dedicated by President [[Grover Cleveland]] in [[1894]]. [http://www.kenmore.org/WashingtonFamilyInfo/monumentshrubs.jpg]
*The [[University of Mary Washington]], a [[public university]] in [[Fredericksburg, Virginia]], was also named after Mary Washington.

==See also==
*[[Mary Washington House]]
*[[Mary Ball Washington Museum and Library]]
*The [[List of Liberty ships, M|SS ''Mary Ball'']] was a [[World War II]] [[Liberty ship]].

==External links==
*[http://www.historypoint.org/columns2.asp?column_id=945&column_type=hpfeature His "Revered Mother" at HistoryPoint.org]
*[http://www.apva.org/marywashingtonhouse/ The Mary Washington House on the APVA Preservation Virginia website]

{{US-poli-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Washington, Mary Ball}}
[[Category:1708 births]]
[[Category:1789 deaths]]
[[Category:Washington family]]
[[Category:Parents of Presidents of the United States]]
[[fr:Mary Ball Washington]]
[[sv:Mary Ball Washington]]

Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days

2008-01-10T05:39:04Z

Doczilla: Reverted edits by 70.188.25.23 (talk) to version 183255214 by using VP

{{future game}}
{{Infobox VG
|title=Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days
|image= [[Image:KH3582D.png|228px]]
|caption= The logo of ''Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days''.
|developer= [[Square Enix]] h.a.n.d. Inc.<ref name="GS-Press">{{cite web| title = A New Chapter in the Kingdom Hearts Series Delivers Three Brand-new Titles to the Nintendo DS, PSP, and Mobile Phones| url = http://www.gamespot.com/mobile/rpg/kingdomheartscoded/news.html?sid=6179385| author = [[Square Enix]]| date = [[2007-09-20]]| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| accessdate = 2007-09-21}}</ref>
|publisher= [[Square Enix]]
|distributor=
|designer= Patrick Chen ([[game producer]]) Shinji Hashimoto ([[executive producer]]) [[Tetsuya Nomura]] & Tomohiro Hasegawa ([[game director]]s)<ref name="GS-TGS07">{{cite web| url = http://tgs.gamespot.com/story.html?sid=6179212| author = Boyes, Emma| date = [[2007-09-20]]| title = TGS '07: Three new Kingdom Hearts games coming| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| accessdate = 2007-09-20}}</ref><ref name="GS-TGSSquare">{{cite web| title = TGS '07: Square Enix shows all in closed mega-theater| url = http://tgs.gamespot.com/story.html?sid=6179467| author = Niizumi, Hirohiko| date = [[2007-09-20]]| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| accessdate = 2007-09-21}}</ref>
|engine=
|version=
|released= {{vgrelease|Japan|JP|[[2008]]}}<ref>{{cite web| title = Nintendo DS 2007 Year in Review| url = http://ds.ign.com/articles/842/842281p7.html| publisher = [[IGN]]| author = IGN Staff| date = [[2007-12-20]]| accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref><ref name="mobile-qj">{{cite web| url = http://mobile.qj.net/Jump-Festa-2008-Kingdom-Hearts-Coded-258-2-Days-Birth-by-Sleep-details/pg/49/aid/110187| title = Jump Festa 2008 - Kingdom Hearts Coded, 258/2 Days, Birth by Sleep details| work = QJ.net| publisher = Content Holdings, LLC| author = Enrico S.| date=[[2007-12-22]]| accessdate = 2008-01-02}}</ref>
|genre= [[Action role-playing game]]
|modes= [[Single player]], [[Multiplayer]]
|ratings= [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: Rating Pending (RP)
|platforms= [[Nintendo DS]]<ref name=SE-PDFAnnouncement">{{cite web| title = Kingdom Hearts シリーズ新プロジェクト| url = http://www.square-enix.com/jp/company/j/news/2007/download/20070920_49.pdf| publisher = [[Square Enix]]| language = Japanese| accessdate = 2007-09-20}}</ref>
|media=
|requirements=
|input=
|series = ''[[Kingdom Hearts (series)|Kingdom Hearts]]''
}}
{{nihongo|'''''Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days'''''|キングダムハーツ 358/2 Days|Kingudamu Hātsu Surī Faibu Eito Deizu ōbā Tsū|pronounced "Kingdom Hearts Three-Five-Eight Days over Two"}} is an upcoming [[action role-playing game]] developed and published by [[Square Enix]] for the [[Nintendo DS]] with assistance from h.a.n.d. Inc.<ref name="IGN-DSupdate">{{cite web| url = http://ds.ign.com/articles/823/823021p1.html| title = Kingdom Hearts DS Update| author = IGN Staff| publisher = [[IGN]]| date = [[2007-09-26]]| accessdate = 2007-09-27}}</ref> It is an installment in the best-selling [[Kingdom Hearts (series)|''Kingdom Hearts'' series]]. The game features [[Characters of Kingdom Hearts#Roxas|Roxas]] during the time period of ''[[Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories]]'' after Sora entered a deep sleep. This game will explore the time from Roxas's creation until his confrontation with Riku that leads to his placement in the data-based Twilight Town in ''[[Kingdom Hearts II]]''. It is said to be in full 3D as a single and multiplayer game. The game was announced at the 2007 [[Tokyo Game Show]]. Currently the title is only confirmed for a Japanese release, though Square Enix has plans for releases in other territories.<ref name="GS-TGS07"/>

==Gameplay==
The gameplay is similar to the [[action role-playing game]] style of the previous games in the series.<ref name="Joystiq-TGS07a">{{cite web| title = TGS07: Impressions of Kingdom Hearts: Coded and 358/2 Days | url = http://www.joystiq.com/2007/09/20/tgs07-impressions-of-kingdom-hearts-coded-and-358-2-days/| author = Yoon, Andrew| date = [[2007-09-20]]| publisher = [[Joystiq]]| accessdate = 2007-09-21}}</ref> ''358/2 Days'' will make minimal use of the system's touch screen functionality.<ref name="IGN-Discusses">{{cite web| url = http://psp.ign.com/articles/824/824305p1.html| title = Nomura Discusses Kingdom Hearts| publisher = [[IGN]]| author = Gantayat, Anoop| date = [[2007-10-02]]| accessdate = 2007-10-04}}</ref> The game will feature both single player and multiplayer gameplay.<ref name="GS-Press"/><ref name="GS-TGSSquare"/> The single player mode will be story based focused on Disney worlds from past games and will progress in days.<ref name="IGN-DSupdate"/> The two modes will be linked in that character growth will be shared between them.<ref name="IGN-Discusses"/>

===Multiplayer===
Cooperative multiplayer was one feature on display at the 2007 [[Tokyo Game Show]] demonstrating that players can work together, in addition to the traditional use of [[Game artificial intelligence|AI]] controlled partners.<ref name="Joystiq-TGS07b">{{cite web| title = TGS07: New Kingdom Hearts games coming to DS, PSP, mobile | url = http://www.joystiq.com/2007/09/20/tgs07-new-kingdom-hearts-games-coming-to-ds-psp-mobile/| author = Siegel, Scott | date = [[2007-09-20]]| publisher = [[Joystiq]]| accessdate = 2007-09-21}}</ref><ref name="IGN-TGS07">{{cite web| title = TGS 2007: Three New Kingdom Hearts Titles| url = http://psp.ign.com/articles/821/821307p1.html| author = Onyett, Charles| date = [[2007-09-19]]| publisher = [[IGN]]| accessdate = 2007-09-20}}</ref> The multiplayer gameplay is separate from the single player story and will be mission-based, which include boss fights and competitive player battles.<ref name="IGN-Discusses"/> It will also allow up to four players to play as one of the thirteen members of [[Organization XIII]]. Each member will have different weapons and skills.<ref name="IGN-DSupdate"/> ''358/2 Days''<nowiki>'</nowiki> multiplayer will also feature a chat system for communication between players, but will be different from [[PictoChat]] in that everyone will draw on the same screen.<ref name="IGN-Discusses"/>

==Plot==
''358/2 Days'' revolves around the untold events of Roxas during his time with Organization XIII<ref>{{cite web| title = Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days| publisher = [[IGN]]| url = http://ds.ign.com/objects/964/964462.html| accessdate = 2007-09-20}}</ref> and will take place during the year that Sora was asleep between the events of ''Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories'' and ''Kingdom Hearts II''.<ref name="IGN-DSupdate"/><ref name="KHU-Days2">{{cite web| url = http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/KH3582d2| title = Kingdom Hearts: 358/2 Days - Famitsu October 2007: Interview| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Ultimania| accessdate = 2007-11-16}}</ref> Tetsuya Nomura has noted that the game's prologue will cover the "birth" of Roxas, but the gameplay will start from when he enters the Organization.<ref>{{cite web | title =Kingdom Hearts: 358/2 Days (Famitsu Interview) | publisher=Kingdom Hearts Ultimania | url=http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/KH3582d1| accessdate = 2007-10-04 }}</ref> Roxas' daily duties with the Organization, his doubts of the Organization, and his departure from it will also be included in the story.<ref name="KHU-Days2"/> The initial trailer showed most of the events in [[Universe of Kingdom Hearts#Twilight Town|Twilight Town]]. Organization XIII's headquarters,<ref name="1UP-KHDSTitle">{{cite web| title = Previews: Kingdom Hearts DS| url = http://www.1up.com/do/previewPage?cId=3163010&sec=PREVIEWS| author = Parish, Jeremy|
date = [[2007-09-19]]| publisher = [[1UP.com]]| accessdate = 2007-09-20}}</ref> Wonderland,<ref name="mobile-qj"/> Agrabah, and Olympus Coliseum have been featured.

===Characters===
Like previous ''Kingdom Hearts'' titles, ''358/2 Days'' will feature numerous Disney characters.<ref name="IGN-TGS07"/> Confirmed characters include Roxas, King Mickey,<ref name="GS-TGS07"/><ref name="IGN-TGS07"/> Riku, and the other members of Organization XIII, including a new female member.<ref name="GS-TGSSquare"/>  This new fourteenth member is considered a key character to the game. The reason why the Organization's name remained as "Organization XIII" with this member will be explained in the game.<ref name="KHU-Days2"/>

==Development==
''358/2 Days'' is being developed by h.a.n.d Inc. with Square Enix employees overseeing the process. The game is directed by Tetsuya Nomura and co-directed by Tomohiro Hasegawa.<ref name="IGN-DSupdate"/> Nomura mentioned earlier in 2007 that he wanted to do a spin-off ''Kingdom Hearts'' game on a mobile platform and that he wanted the game to play slightly different than the other titles already in the series.<ref name="JS-PortableKH">{{cite web| title = Next Kingdom Hearts to be portable spin-off, not KHIII| url = http://www.joystiq.com/2007/05/04/next-kingdom-hearts-to-be-portable-spin-off-not-khiii/| author = Ransom-Wiley, James| date = [[2007-05-04]]| publisher = Joystiq| accessdate = 2007-09-22}}</ref> ''358/2 Days'' was announced alongside ''[[Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep]]'' and ''[[Kingdom Hearts coded]]'' at the [[Tokyo Game Show]] on [[September 20]], [[2007]]. A trailer was shown in the Square Enix "Closed Mega Theater", a photo-prohibited theater presenting 40 minutes of trailers.<ref name="GS-TGSSquare"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.famitsu.com/event/tgs/2007/1210654_1603.html| title = 『キングダムハーツ』新プロジェクトも明らかに！| publisher = [[Famitsu]]| date = [[2007-09-20]]| language = Japanese| accessdate = 2007-09-23}}</ref> A new trailer and a playable demo was shown at the 2008 [[Jump Festa]] in December 2007.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://psp.ign.com/articles/841/841833p1.html| title = Final Fantasy and Kingdom Hearts Playable at Jump Festa| author = Anoop Gantayat| date = [[2007-12-17]]| publisher = [[IGN]]| accessdate = 2007-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://ps3.ign.com/articles/839/839048p1.html| title = Square Enix Unveils Jump Festa Lineup| author = Anoop Gantayat| date = [[2007-12-02]]| publisher = [[IGN]]| accessdate = 2007-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.famitsu.com/game/news/1212725_1124.html| title = 初プレイアブル、初お披露目タイトルが続々！ジャンプフェスタ2008にゲームメーカーがブースを出展| publisher = [[Famitsu]]| date = 2007-12-23| accessdate = 2007-12-25| language = Japanese}}</ref> Both single player and multiplayer demos were featured. The new fourteenth member of Organization XIII was also shown in the new trailer and in the multiplayer demo.<ref name="mobile-qj"/>

The game's logo uses warm colors as a reference to the sunset in Twilight Town. The title, "358/2 Days", is a code that Nomura has stated the player will understand the meaning at the very end of the game. The word "day" is attached to the title as a reference to the daily life of Organization XIII. The Nintendo DS was chosen as the system before plans were decided.<ref name="KHU-Days2"/> The development team wants to have gameplay similar to previous ''Kingdom Hearts'' titles, but have stated that the number of buttons on the Nintendo DS is a problem.<ref name="IGN-DSupdate"/><ref name="KHU-Days2"/> Some of the DS's functionality, like the stylus, is not being used in order to retain the similar gameplay from previous titles.<ref name="IGN-Discusses"/> The team is also looking to incorporate Roxas seeing Sora's memories throughout the game and having different types of gameplay for each world.<ref name="IGN-DSupdate"/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
[http://www.square-enix.co.jp/kingdom/days/ Official ''Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days'' site] {{Ja icon}}

{{Kingdom Hearts series}}

[[Category: Kingdom Hearts]]
[[Category: Nintendo DS games]]
[[Category: Nintendo DS-only games]]

[[ja:キングダムハーツ 358/2 Days]]
[[zh:王國之心 358/2日]]

Mariel

2008-01-09T07:48:36Z

Doczilla: Reverted edits by 203.76.220.211 (talk) to version 180855841 by using VP

{{Infobox Settlement


|official_name = Mariel
|other_name =
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'''Mariel''' is a municipality and city in the [[La Habana Province]] of [[Cuba]]. It is located approximately {{km to mi|40}} west of the city of [[Havana]]. The town is situated on the south-east side of the Mariel bay.

On the east side of the bay are a port, cement works and a power station. On the west side of the bay is a former submarine base, later designated as a [[free trade zone]].

The port of Mariel is the nearest port to the [[United States]]. In [[1980]], some 125,000 Cubans left Mariel and went to the United States in what is known as the [[Mariel boatlift]]. While many reached the USA, several died while travelling through the ocean. Those involved became known as "[[Marielitos]]".

[[Mariel Hemingway]] is named after the town.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

==Demographics==
In 2004, the municipality of Mariel had a population of 42,504.<ref name=atenas>{{Cite web| url=http://www.atenas.inf.cu/todo/Estadisticas/TABLA%20No_3balance.htm| title=2004 Population trends, by Province and Municipality| author= Atenas.cu| year= 2004| accessdate=2007-10-07}} {{Es icon}}</ref> With a total area of {{km2 to mi2|269|abbr=yes|wiki=yes}},<ref name=statoids>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/ycu.html|title=Municipios of Cuba|author=Statoids| year=2003| month=July| accessdate=2007-10-07}} </ref> it has a population density of {{Pop density km2 to mi2|158.0|abbr=yes}}.

==See also==
*[[Municipalities of Cuba]]
*[[List of cities in Cuba]]

==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

{{Municipalities in La Habana}}

[[Category:Cities in Cuba]]
----
{{Cuba-geo-stub}}

[[no:Mariel]]
[[pt:Mariel]]

Liste ungewöhnlicher Todesfälle

2008-01-07T20:05:07Z

Doczilla: Reverted edits by 74.12.207.69 (talk) to last revision (182738952) by using VP

{{Dynamic list}}

This is a '''list of unusual deaths''' – unique or extremely rare circumstances – recorded throughout history. The list also includes less rare, but still unusual, deaths of prominent people.

To be included on this list, an unusual death has to receive mention in the Wikipedia article of a person, or the death itself has to be the focus of a Wikipedia article.

== Antiquity ==
''Note: Many of these stories are likely to be [[apocryphal]] (uncertain authenticity)''

*[[876 BC]]: Found in an ancient Chinese burial ground, a scroll detailed the death of Ling Wan Pai. He was suffocated by his oxen skin tent, it was knocked over by his pet oxen who he had raised as if his son.
*[[845 BC]]: Ancient records were discovered in [[North Africa]] describing the death of a ruler named Vondracek Beeir who was sacrificed by cutting an inch off his body starting at the bottom of his feet and working up.
*[[720 BC]]: [[Bakenranef]], the last king of the [[Twenty-fourth dynasty of Egypt]] was executed in an extreme form. He was captured and taken prisoner by the Nubian king [[Shabaka]], conquerer of Lower Egypt, who burned him alive.
* [[458 BC]]: The Greek playwright [[Aeschylus]] was killed when an eagle dropped a live tortoise on him, mistaking his bald head for a stone. The tortoise survived.
*[[454 BC]]: The rebel pharaoh [[Inarus]], leader of the rebellion in Egypt against Persian rule, was taken captive to [[Susa]] after being defeated by the satrap Megabyzus. There, after five years, he was impaled on three stakes and flayed alive.
* [[270 BC]]: The poet and grammarian [[Philitas of Cos]] reportedly wasted away and died of [[insomnia]] while brooding about the [[Liar paradox]].<ref>Donaldson, John William and Müller, Karl Otfried. ''A History of the Literature of Ancient Greece'', p. 262. London: John W. Parker and Son, 1858.</ref>
*[[207 BC]]: [[Chrysippus]], a Greek [[stoic]] [[philosopher]], is believed to have [[Fatal hilarity|died of laughter]] after watching his drunk donkey attempt to eat [[fig]]s.<ref>''ibid.'', p. 27.</ref>
*[[53 BC]]: Following his defeat at [[Battle of Carrhae|Carrhae]] at the hands of the [[Parthians]] under [[Spahbod]] [[Surena]], [[Marcus Licinius Crassus]] was executed by having [[molten]] [[gold]] poured down his throat. Some accounts claim that his head was then cut off and used as a stage prop in a play performed for the Parthian king [[Orodes II]].
*[[48 BC]]: The Roman general [[Pompey]], fleeing to Egypt after being defeated at the [[Battle of Pharsalus]] by his rival [[Julius Caesar]], was stabbed, killed, and decapitated: his head was then preserved in a jar by the young king [[Ptolemy XIII]] and presented to Caesar, with whom he intended to ingratiate himself. Caesar was not amused.
*[[43 BC]]: [[Cicero]], the great Roman statesman, was labelled an enemy of the state by the [[Second Triumvirate]]. Like all those [[Proscription|proscribed]] by the Triumvirate, he was hunted down and killed; his severed hands and head were then displayed on the [[Rostra]] in the [[Forum (Roman)|Forum]] for several days, during which time [[Fulvia]], wife of [[Mark Antony]], is supposed to have stabbed his once-skilled tongue several times with a hairpin.
*[[42 BC]]: [[Porcia Catonis]], wife of [[Marcus Junius Brutus]], killed herself by supposedly swallowing hot coals after hearing of her husband's death; however, modern historians claim that it is more likely that she poisoned herself with carbon monoxide, by burning coals in an unventilated room.
*[[4 BC]]: [[Herod the Great]] suffered from fever, intense rashes, colon pains, [[foot drop]], inflammation of the abdomen, a putrefaction of his genitals that produced worms, convulsions, and difficulty breathing before he finally gave up. <ref>Flavius Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, Book 17, Chapter 6</ref> Similar symptoms-- abdominal pains and worms-- accompanied the death of his grandson [[Herod Agrippa]] in [[44]] AD, after he had imprisoned [[St Peter]]. At various times, each of these deaths has been considered divine retribution.
*[[64]] - [[67]]: [[St Peter]] was executed by the Romans. According to many sources, he asked not to be [[crucifixion|crucified]] in the normal way, but was instead executed on an [[Cross of St. Peter|inverted cross]]. This is the only recorded instance of this type of crucifixion.
*[[69]]: The short-time Roman emperor [[Galba]] was killed after becoming extremely unpopular with both the Roman people and the Praetorian guard-- however, 120 different people claimed credit for having killed him. All of these names were recorded in a list and they all were later themselves executed by the emperor [[Vitellius]].
*C. [[98]] [[Saint Antipas]], Bishop of Pergamum, was roasted to death in a [[brazen bull]] during the persecutions of Emperor [[Domitian]]. [[Saint Eustace]], as well as his wife and children supposedly suffered a similar fate under [[Hadrian]]. The creator of the brazen bull, Perillos of Athens, was according to legend the first victim of the brazen bull when he presented his invention to [[Phalaris]], Tyrant of [[Agrigentum]].
*[[258]]: [[St Lawrence]] was martyred by being burned or 'grilled' on a large metal gridiron at Rome. Images of him often show him holding the instrument of his martyrdom. Legend says that he was so strong-willed that instead of giving in to the Romans and releasing information about the Church, at the point of death he exclaimed "I am done on this side! Turn me over and eat."
*[[260]]: According to an ancient account, [[Roman Empire|Roman]] emperor [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]], after being defeated in battle and captured by the [[Sassanid dynasty|Persians]], was used as a footstool by the King [[Shapur I of Persia|Shapur I]]. After a long period of punishment and humiliation, he offered Shapur a huge ransom for his release. In reply, Shapur had the unfortunate emperor skinned alive and his skin stuffed with straw or dung and preserved as a trophy. Only after the Sassanid dynasty's defeat in their last war with Rome three and a half centuries later was his skin given a cremation and burial.<ref>[[Lactantius]], ''De Mortibus Persecutorum'', v; Wickert, L., "Licinius (Egnatius) 84" in ''[[Pauly-Wissowa|Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopädie]]'' 13.1 (1926), 488-495; Parker, H., ''A History of the Roman World A.D. 138 to 337'' (London, 1958), 170. From [http://www.roman-emperors.org/gallval.htm].</ref> (A recent report from Iran mentions the restoration of a bridge supposed to have been built by Valerian and his soldiers for Shapur in return for their freedom).<ref>[http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=1171&sectionid=351020107 "Iran to restore ancient bridge built by captive Roman emperor"] ''Press TV'', 02 Mar 2007</ref>
*[[336]]: [[Arius]], the heretical priest who precipitated the Council of Nicea, [[passed wind]] and evacuated his internal organs.
*[[415]]: The Greek mathematician and philosopher [[Hypatia of Alexandria]] was murdered by a mob by having her skin ripped off with sharp sea-shells and what remained of her was burned. (Various types of shells have been named: clams, oysters, abalones. Other sources claim tiles or pottery-shards were used.)

== Dark Ages ==
*[[869]]: [[Al-Jahiz]], an Arab scholar from Basra and author of works on [[literature]], [[history]], [[biology]], [[zoology]], [[Mu'tazili]] philosophy and [[theology]], and politico-religious polemics is reputed to have been killed by his own library when shelves fell over on him.

== Middle Ages ==
*[[1016]]: [[Edmund II of England]] was rumored to have been stabbed in the gut or bowels while he was performing his [[Ritual|ablution]]s.<ref>[[Henry of Huntingdon]] (tr. Thomas Forester). ''The Penis of Henry of Huntingdon'', p. 196. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853.</ref>
*[[1135]]: [[Henry I of England]] died after gorging on [[lampreys]], his favourite food.
*[[1258]]: [[Al-Musta'sim]] was killed during the Mongol invasion of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. [[Hulegu]], not wanting to spill royal blood, had the Caliph wrapped in a rug and trampled to death by horses.
*[[1277]]: [[Pope John XXI]] was killed in the collapse of his scientific [[laboratory]].<ref>[[Joseph Epiphane Darras]] and White, Charles Ignatius. ''A General History of the Catholic Church: From the Life of the Christian Era to the Twentieth Century'', pp. 406-7. New York: P. J. Kennedy, 1898.</ref>
*[[1322]]: [[Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford]] was fatally speared through the [[anus]] by a pikeman hidden under the bridge during the Battle of [[Boroughbridge]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mortimer|first=Ian|authorlink=|coauthors=|title=The Greatest Traitor|year=2006|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|location=Unknown|id=}} p. 124</ref>
*[[1327]]: [[Edward II of England]], after being deposed and imprisoned by his [[Queen consort]] [[Isabella of France|Isabella]] and her lover [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March|Roger Mortimer]], was rumored to have been murdered by having a red-hot iron inserted into his anus.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schama |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Great Britain: 3000BC-AD1603|year=2000 |publisher=BBC Worldwide |location= London|id= }} p.220</ref>
*[[1410]] [[Martin I of Aragon]] died from a lethal combination of indigestion and uncontrollable laughing.
*[[1478]]: [[George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence|George Plantagenet]], [[Duke of Clarence]] reportedly was executed by drowning in a barrel of [[Malvasia|Malmsey wine]]<ref>Thompson, C. J. S. ''Mysteries of History with Accounts of Some Remarkable Characters and Charlatans'', pp. 31 ''ff.'' Kila, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.</ref> at his own request.

== Renaissance ==
*[[1559]]: [[Henry II of France|King Henry II]] of France was killed during a stunt knight's [[jousting]] match, when his helmet's soft golden grille gave way to a broken lancetip which pierced his eye and entered his brain.
*[[1599]]: The [[Bamar|Burmese]] king [[Nandabayin]] reportedly "laughed to death when informed, by a visiting Italian merchant, that Venice was a free state without a king."<ref name="Miscellany">{{

cite book
|title=Schott's Original Miscellany
|author=Schott, Ben
|location=London | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing
|year=2003
|id=ISBN 0-7475-6320-9

}}</ref>
*[[1601]]: [[Tycho Brahe]], according to legend, died of complications resulting from a strained bladder at a banquet. It would have been extremely bad etiquette to leave the table before the meal was finished, so he stayed until he became fatally ill. This version of events has since been brought into question as other causes of death (murder by [[Johannes Kepler]], [[suicide]], and lead poisoning among others) have come to the fore.<ref>[http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Brahe.html]</ref>
*[[1626]]: [[Francis Bacon]] died of pneumonia while filling a [[chicken]] with ice in order to prove that freezing preserves food
*[[1655]]: [[Pope Innocent X]] died and was hidden in a corner for three days by his sister-in-law and probable mistress [[Olimpia Maidalchini]] while she searched and robbed the papal palace of various treasures. Only when she had completed her search was the body allowed to be found.
*[[1660]]: The [[scottish people|Scottish]] aristocrat, [[polymath]] and first translator of [[François Rabelais|Rabelais]] into English, [[Thomas Urquhart]], is said to have died laughing upon hearing that [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] had taken the throne.<ref>{{cite book | title = Rabelais in English Literature | last = Brown | first = Huntington | isbn = 0-714-620-513 | publisher = Routledge | pages = p. 126 | year = 1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The History of Scotish Poetry | publisher = Edmonston & Douglas | year = 1861 | pages = p. 539}}</ref>
*[[1671]]: [[François Vatel]], chef to [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]], committed suicide because his seafood order was late and he couldn't stand the shame of a postponed meal. His body was discovered by an aide, sent to tell him of the arrival of the fish. The authenticity of this story is questionable.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/va/Vatel-Fr.html Bartelby], but it states the authenticity is doubtful.</ref>
*[[1687]]: [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]], [[composer]], died of a [[gangrene|gangrenous]] [[abscess]] after piercing his foot with a staff while he was vigorously conducting a ''[[Te Deum]]'', as it was customary at that time to conduct by banging a staff on the floor. The performance was to celebrate the king's recovery from an illness.<ref>[http://www.vanderbilt.edu/htdocs/Blair/Courses/MUSL243/lullbio.htm Biography at Vanderbilt University]</ref>

== Age of Reason ==
*[[1751]]: [[Julien Offray de La Mettrie]], the author of Man a Machine, a major materialist and sensualist philosopher died of over eating at a feast given in his honor. His philosophical adversaries suggested that by doing so, he had contradicted his theoretical doctrine with the effect of his practical actions.
*[[1753]]: Professor [[Georg Wilhelm Richmann]], of [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], was struck and killed by a globe of [[ball lightning]] while observing a storm.<ref>[http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-59/iss-1/p42.html]</ref>
*[[1771]]: King of [[Sweden]], [[Adolf Frederick of Sweden|Adolf Frederick]], died of digestion problems on [[February 12]], 1771 after having consumed a meal consisting of [[lobster]], [[caviar]], [[sauerkraut]], smoked [[herring]] and [[Champagne (wine)|champagne]], which was topped off with 14 servings of his favorite [[dessert]]: [[semla]] served in a bowl of hot [[milk]]. {{Fact|date=June 2007}} He is thus remembered by Swedish schoolchildren as "the king who ate himself to death." {{Fact|date=June 2007}}

== Modern Age ==
===19th century===
*[[1830]]: [[William Huskisson]], statesman and financier, was crushed to death by the world's first mechanically powered passenger train ([[Stephenson's Rocket]]), at its public opening.
*[[1834]]: [[David Douglas (botanist)|David Douglas]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[botanist]], fell into a pit trap accompanied by a bull. He was gored and possibly crushed.<ref>[http://www.life.umd.edu/emeritus/reveal/PBIO/LnC/douglas.html University of Maryland]: The source is uncertain if the bull fell in before or after him.</ref>
*[[1868]]: [[Matthew Vassar]], brewer and founder of [[Vassar College]], died in mid-speech while delivering his [[Farewell speech|farewell address]] to the College [[Trustee|Board of Trustees]].
*[[1884]]: [[Allan Pinkerton]], [[detective]], died of [[gangrene]] resulting from having bitten his [[tongue]] after stumbling on the [[sidewalk]].<ref>[http://heritage.scotsman.com/greatscots.cfm?id=441632005 Scotsman.com]</ref>
*[[1899]]: French president [[Félix Faure]] died of a stroke while receiving [[oral sex]] in his office.

===20th century===
* A number of performers have died of natural causes during public performances, including:
**[[1943]]: Critic [[Alexander Woollcott]] suffered a fatal heart attack during an on-air discussion about [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/alabaster/A662230 BBC]</ref>
**[[1958]]: [[Gareth Jones (actor)|Gareth Jones]], actor, collapsed and died while in make-up between scenes of a [[live television]] play, ''Underground'', at the studios of [[Associated British Corporation]] in [[Manchester]]. Director [[Ted Kotcheff]] continued the play to its conclusion, improvising around Jones's absence.
**[[1960]]: [[Baritone]] [[Leonard Warren]] collapsed on the stage of the [[New York Metropolitan Opera]] of a major stroke during a performance of ''[[La forza del destino]]''. According to legend, the last line he sang was "Morir? Tremenda cosa." ("To die? A tremendous thing.") However, witnesses say he was just past that aria and his actual last line was "Gioia, o gioia!" (Joy, oh joy!)
**[[1971]]: [[Jerome Irving Rodale]], an [[United States|American]] pioneer of [[organic farming]], died of a heart attack while being interviewed on ''[[The Dick Cavett Show]]''. According to [[urban legend]], when he appeared to fall asleep, Cavett quipped "Are we boring you, Mr. Rodale?"<ref>http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/onstage.htm</ref>, which Cavett has recently stated in a [[May 2007]] [[New York Times]] article was incorrect - the initial reaction to Rodale was fellow guest [[Pete Hamill]] noticing something was wrong, and saying in a low voice to Cavett, "This looks bad."<ref>http://donkeyod.wordpress.com/2007/05/04/when-that-guy-died-on-my-show/ Reprint of NYT article by Cavett</ref> The show was never broadcast.
**[[1984]]: English comedian [[Tommy Cooper]] collapsed from a massive heart attack live in front of the audience midway through his act at Her Majesty's theatre. At first the audience assumed he was joking, and started applauding.
**[[1987]]: [[Dick Shawn]], a comedian who starred in the [[1968]] movie ''[[The Producers (1968 film)|The Producers]]'', died of a heart attack while portraying a politician. Just before he died, he announced, "if elected, I will not lay down on the job,".

* A number of performers have died from unnatural causes during a practice or public performance, including:
**[[1925]]: [[Zishe Breitbart|Zishe (Siegmund) Breitbart]], a circus strongman and Jewish folklore hero, died as a result of a demonstration in which he drove a spike through five one-inch thick oak boards using only his bare hands. He accidentally pierced his knee. The spike was rusted and caused an infection which led to fatal blood poisoning. He was the subject of the [[Werner Herzog]] film, ''[[Invincible (2001 film)|Invincible]]''.
**[[1972]]: [[Leslie Harvey]], guitarist of [[Stone the Crows]] was electrocuted on stage by a live microphone.
**[[1976]]: [[Keith Relf]], former singer for British [[rhythm and blues]] band [[The Yardbirds]], died while practicing his electric guitar—he was electrocuted because the guitar was not properly grounded.<ref>http://www.elvispelvis.com/electrocuted.htm</ref>
**[[1999]]: [[Owen Hart]], a professional wrestler for [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWE]] died during a Pay-Per-View event when performing a stunt. It was planned to have Owen come down from the rafters of the [[Kemper Arena]] on a safety harness tied to a rope to make his ring entrance. The safety latch was released and Owen dropped 78 feet, bouncing chest-first off the top rope resulting in a severed aorta, which caused his lungs to fill with blood. The PPV continued even after he was pronounced dead.

*[[1911]]: [[Jack Daniel]], founder of the [[Tennessee whiskey]] distillery, died of [[blood poisoning]] six years after receiving a [[toe]] injury when he kicked his safe in anger at being unable to remember its combination.<ref>Haig, Matt. ''Brand Royalty: how the world's top 100 brands thrive and survive'', p. 197. London: Kogan Page, 2004.</ref>
*[[1912]]: Tailor [[Franz Reichelt]] fell to his death off the first deck of the Eiffel Tower while testing his invention, the coat parachute. It was his first ever attempt with the parachute and he'd told the authorities in advance he would test it first with a dummy.
*[[1916]]: [[Grigori Rasputin]], [[Russia]]n [[mysticism|mystic]], was poisoned while dining with a political enemy, and supposedly he was given enough poison to kill three men his size. When he did not die, one assassin sneaked up behind him and shot him in the head, and while checking Grigori's pulse the mystic grabbed him by the neck and strangled him. He proceeded to run away, while the other assassins chased. They caught up to him after he was finally felled by three shots during the chase. The pursuers bludgeoned him, then threw him into a frozen river. When his body washed ashore, an autopsy showed the cause of death to be drowning. There is now some doubt about the credibility of this account, though.
*[[1920]]: Baseball player [[Ray Chapman]] was killed when he was hit in the head by a pitch.
*[[1923]]: [[George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon]] became the first to die from the alleged [[Curse of the Pharaohs|King Tut's Curse]] after a mosquito bite on his face became seriously infected.
*[[1923]]: [[Frank Hayes (jockey)|Frank Hayes]], [[jockey]], suffered a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] during a [[Horse-racing|horse race]]. The horse, ''[[Sweet Kiss (horse)|Sweet Kiss]]'', went on to finish first, making Hayes the only deceased jockey to win a race.
*[[1927]]: [[J.G. Parry-Thomas]], a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] racing driver, was decapitated by his car's drive chain which, under stress, snapped and whipped into the cockpit. He was attempting to break his own [[Land speed record]] which he had set the previous year. Despite being killed in the attempt, he succeeded in setting a new record of 171 mph.<ref>Reynolds, Barbara. ''Dorothy L. Sayers: her life and soul'', p. 162. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.</ref>
*[[1927]]: [[Isadora Duncan]], [[dancer]], died of accidental [[strangulation]] and [[cervical fracture|broken neck]] when one of the long [[scarf|scarves]] she was known for caught on the wheel of a [[automobile|car]] in which she was a passenger.<ref>[http://www.newsroom.ucla.edu/page.asp?RelNum=6970 UCLA newsroom]</ref>
*[[1928]]: [[Alexander Bogdanov]], a Russian physician, died following one of his experiments, in which the blood of a student suffering from [[malaria]] and [[tuberculosis]], L. I. Koldomasov, was given to him in a transfusion.<ref>Bogdanov, Alexander (tr. & ed. Douglas W. Huestis). ''The Struggle for Viability: Collectivism Through Blood Exchange'', p. 7. Tinicum, PA: Xlibris Corporation, 2002.</ref>
*[[1933]]: [[Michael Malloy]], a homeless man, was murdered by gassing after surviving multiple poisonings, intentional exposure and being struck by a car. Malloy was murdered by five men in a plot to collect on [[life insurance]] policies they had purchased.<ref>{{cite book |last=Read |first=Simon |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Bizarre Killing of Michael Malloy |year=2005 |publisher=Penguin Book Group |location= |id= }}</ref>
*[[1935]]: Baseball player [[Len Koenecke]] was bludgeoned to death with a fire extinguisher by the crew of an aircraft he had chartered, after provoking a fight with the pilot while the plane was in the air.
*[[1941]]: [[Sherwood Anderson]], [[writer]], swallowed a [[toothpick]] at a party and then died of [[peritonitis]].<ref>[http://athena.english.vt.edu/~appalach/writersA/anderson.html Virginia Tech article]</ref>
*[[1943]]: [[Lady be Good (aircraft)|Lady be Good]], a [[United States Army Air Forces|USAAF]] B-24 bomber lost its way and crash landed in the [[Libyan Desert]]. [[Mummified]] remains of its crew, who struggled for a week without water, were not found until [[1960]].
*[[1944]]: Inventor and chemist [[Thomas Midgley, Jr.]], accidentally strangled himself with the cord of a [[pulley]]-operated mechanical bed of his own design.
*[[1945]]: Scientist [[Harry K. Daghlian, Jr.]] accidentally dropped a brick of [[tungsten carbide]] onto a sphere of [[plutonium]] while working on the [[Manhattan Project]]. This caused the plutonium to come to criticality; Daghlian died of radiation poisoning, becoming the first person to die in a [[criticality accident]].
*[[1945]]: [[Anton Webern]], the Austrian composer, was accidentally shot dead by an American Army soldier on 15 Sept. 1945, during the Allied occupation of Austria. Despite the curfew in effect, he stepped outside the house to enjoy a cigar without disturbing his sleeping grandchildren.
*[[1956]]: Artist [[Nina Hamnett]] died from complications after falling out her apartment window and being impaled on the fence forty feet below.
*[[1960]]: In the [[Nedelin disaster]], over 100 Soviet [[rocket|missile]] technicians and officials died when a switch was turned on unintentionally igniting the rocket, including [[Red Army]] Marshal Nedelin who was seated in a deck chair just 40 meters away overseeing launch preparations. The events were filmed by automatic cameras.
*[[1961]]: On March 23, [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[cosmonaut]] trainee [[Valentin Bondarenko]] died from shock after suffering [[third-degree burn]]s over much of his body, due to a [[flash fire]] in the pure [[oxygen]] environment of a training simulator. This incident was not revealed outside of the Soviet Union until the [[1980s]].
*[[1967]]: In a similar incident, a [[flash fire]] began in the pure [[oxygen]] environment during a training exercise inside the unlaunched [[Apollo 1]] spacecraft, killing Command Pilot [[Gus Grissom]], Senior Pilot [[Edward Higgins White|Ed White]], and Pilot [[Roger B. Chaffee]]. The door to the capsule was unable to be opened during the fire because of its particular design. Had the [[Soviet Union]] revealed the earlier death of [[Valentin Bondarenko]], this incident could likely have been avoided.
*[[1963]]: On June 11th [[Thích Quảng Đức]], a Vietnamese Buddhist monk, sat down in the middle of a busy intersection in [[Saigon]], covered himself in gasoline and lit himself on fire burning himself to death. Đức was protesting President Ngô Đình Diệm's administration for oppressing the [[Buddhist]] religion.
*[[1967]]: [[Vladimir Komarov]] became the first person to die during a space mission after the parachute of his capsule failed to deploy following re-entry.
*[[1967]]: On Dec. 17 [[Harold Holt]], Prime Minister of Australia, went for a swim at [[Cheviot Beach]] near Portsea, Victoria, Australia. He was never seen again. Rumors and theories include suicide, kidnapping by submarine, and shark attack; the true cause remains unknown.
*[[1973]]: [[Péter Vályi]], finance minister of Hungary fell into a blast furnace (some sources say a pit of molten iron) on a visit to a steelworks factory at Miskolc.<ref>http://www.cherwell.org/features/how_would_you_like_to_die</ref><ref>http://www.brewlab.co.uk/pdf/back%20to%20school.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.rev.hu/html/en/films/industrial.htm</ref>
*1973: [[Bruce Lee]], a martial arts actor, is thought to have died by a severe allergic reaction to [[Equagesic]]. His brain had swollen about 13%. His autopsy was written as "death by misadventure."
*[[1974]]: [[Christine Chubbuck]], an [[United States|American]] television [[news reporter]], committed [[suicide]] during a live broadcast on [[July 15]]. At 9:38 AM, 8 minutes into her talk show, on WXLT-TV in [[Sarasota]], [[Florida]], she drew out a [[revolver]] and shot herself in the head.

*[[1974]]: [[Austria]]n [[Formula One]] driver [[Helmut Koinigg]] died in a crash in the [[1974 United States Grand Prix]] at the [[Watkins Glen International|Watkins Glen Grand Prix Race Course]] in [[Watkins Glen, New York]]. On approaching a corner, a suspension failure sent Koinigg's car crashing head-on into the outer Armco barrier. The bottom rail gave way but the top rail did not. Helmut Koinigg was decapitated and died instantly, in what was only his second Formula One race.
*[[1975]]: On 24 March 1975 [[Alex Mitchell]], a 50-year-old bricklayer from [[King's Lynn]] literally [[Fatal hilarity|died laughing]] while watching an episode of ''[[The Goodies]]''. According to his wife, who was a witness, Mitchell was unable to stop laughing while watching a sketch in the episode "[[Kung Fu Kapers]]" in which [[Tim Brooke-Taylor]], dressed as a kilted Scotsman, used a set of [[bagpipes]] to defend himself from a psychopathic [[black pudding]] in a demonstration of the Lancashire martial art of Ecky-thump. After twenty-five minutes of continuous laughter Mitchell finally slumped on the sofa and expired from heart failure.
*[[1975]]: The legendary [[Japanese people|Japanese]] kabuki actor [[Bandō Mitsugorō VIII]] died of severe poisoning when he ate four [[fugu]] livers (also known as [[pufferfish]]). The liver is considered one of the most (if not most) poisonous part of the fish, but Mitsugorō claimed to be immune to the poison. The fugu chef felt he could not refuse Mitsugorō and lost his license as a result.
*[[1977]]: [[Tom Pryce]], a [[Formula One]] driver, and a 19-year-old track marshal [[Jansen Van Vuuren]] both died at the [[1977 South African Grand Prix]] after Van Vuuren ran across the track beyond a blind brow to attend to another car which had caught fire and was struck by Pryce's car at approximately 170[[miles per hour|mph]]. Pryce was struck in the face by the marshal's [[fire extinguisher]] and was killed instantly.<ref name="Tom Pryce death">{{cite book |last=Tremayne |first= David|authorlink=David Tremayne |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=The Lost Generation |origdate= |origyear= 2006 |origmonth=August|url= |format= |accessdate=2007-01-05 |accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |date= |year= |month= |publisher= Haynes Publishing|location= |language=English |isbn=1-84425-205-1 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter=Chapter 19 - A Moment Of Desperate Sadness|chapterurl= |quote=}}</ref>
*[[1978]]: [[Georgi Markov]], a [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] dissident, was assassinated by poisoning in [[London]] by an unknown assailant who jabbed him in the calf with a specially modified [[umbrella]] that fired a metal pellet with a small cavity full of [[ricin]] poison.
*[[1978]]: [[Janet Parker]], a British medical photographer, died of [[smallpox]] in 1978, ten months after the disease was eradicated in the wild, when a researcher at the laboratory Parker worked at accidentally released some virus into the air of the building. She is believed to be the last smallpox fatality in history.
*[[1981]]: A 25-year-old Dutch woman studying in [[Paris]], [[Renée Hartevelt]], was killed and [[cannibalism|eaten]] by a classmate, [[Issei Sagawa]], when he invited her to dinner for a literary conversation. The killer was declared unfit to stand trial and extradited back to [[Japan]], where he was released from custody within fifteen months.
*[[1981]]: [[Carl McCunn]], in March 1981, paid a bush pilot to drop him at a remote lake near the Coleen River in [[Alaska]] to photograph wildlife, but had not arranged for the pilot to pick him up again in August. Rather than starve, McCunn shot himself in the head. His body was found in February 1982.
*[[1981]]: [[Boris Sagal]], a motion picture-director, died while shooting the TV miniseries ''[[World War III (TV miniseries)|World War III]]'' when he walked into the tail-rotor blade of a helicopter and was decapitated.
*[[1982]]: [[Vic Morrow]], [[actor]], was [[decapitation|decapitated]] by a [[helicopter]] blade during filming of ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]'', along with two child actors, [[Myca Dinh Le]] (decapitated) and [[Renee Shin-Yi Chen]] (crushed).
*[[1982]]: [[Vladimir Smirnov (fencer)|Vladimir Smirnov]], an [[1980 Summer Olympics|Olympic champion]] [[Fencing (sport)|fencer]], died of [[brain damage]] nine days after his opponent's [[Foil (sword)|foil]] snapped during a match, penetrated his mask, pierced his eyeball and entered his [[brain]].
*[[1983]]: A diver on the [[Byford Dolphin]] [[oil rig|oil exploration rig]] was violently dismembered and pulled through a narrowly opened hatch when the [[decompression chamber]] was accidentally opened, causing [[explosive decompression]].
*[[1983]]: [[Sergei Chalibashvili]], a professional [[Diving|diver]], died after a diving accident during [[World University Games]]. When he attempted a three-and-a-half reverse [[somersault]] in the tuck position, he smashed his head on the board and was knocked unconscious. He died after being in a [[coma]] for a week.
*[[1983]]: Author [[Tennessee Williams]] died at the age of 71 after he choked on a eyedrop bottle cap in his room at the Hotel Elysee in New York. He would routinely place the cap in his mouth, lean back, and place his eyedrops in each eye. His brother Dakin and some friends believed he was murdered. The police report, however, suggested his use of drugs and alcohol contributed to his death. Many prescription drugs were found in the room. Williams' lack of gag response may have been due to drugs and alcohol effects.
*[[1984]]: An unidentified man died of presumed natural causes in the unfinished Tokyo apartment building in which he had been squatting for 11 years. His decomposed remains were discovered 20 years later, on June 1, 2004<ref>[http://www.wordpress.tokyotimes.org/?p=222 Tokyo Times]</ref>, with a newspaper dated February 20, 1984 by his side.<ref>[http://www.goofball.com/news/200406111001 Goofball News]</ref>
*[[1984]]: [[Jim Fixx]], who wrote "The Complete Book of Running" and lectured about how running and a healthy diet would promote longevity, dropped dead from a heart attack while running. An autopsy revealed he had 3 massively blocked heart arteries.
*[[1984]]: [[Jon-Erik Hexum]], an American television actor, died after he shot himself in the head with a prop gun during a break in filming. Hexum apparently did not realize that blanks use paper or plastic wadding to seal gun powder into the shell, and that this wadding is propelled out of the barrel of the gun with enough force to cause severe injury or death if the weapon is fired at point-blank range.
*[[1986]]: While on the air giving a traffic report, the helicopter that [[Jane Dornacker]] was riding in stalled and crashed into the [[Hudson River]], killing her. This was the second helicopter crash she had been in that year.
*[[1987]]: [[R. Budd Dwyer]], a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[politician]], committed [[suicide]] during a televised [[press conference]]. Facing a potential 55-year jail sentence for alleged involvement in a [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]], Dwyer shot himself in the mouth with a [[revolver]].
*[[1990]]: [[Joseph W. Burrus]], aged 32, an aspiring magician, decided to perform the "[[buried alive]]" illusion in a plastic box covered with cement. The cement crushed the box and he died of asphyxia.<ref>[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/onstage.htm Snopes.com], on a list of those who "died on stage."</ref>
*[[1990]]: [[George Allen (football)|George Allen]], an American football coach, died a month after some of his players gave him a [[Gatorade Shower]] following a victory (as it is tradition in American Football). Some argue this resulted in [[pneumonia]].
*[[1993]]: [[Brandon Lee]], son of Bruce Lee, was shot and killed by a prop [[.44 Magnum]] gun while filming the movie ''[[The Crow (film)|The Crow]]''. A cartridge with only a primer and a bullet was fired in the pistol prior to the scene Brandon was in; this caused a [[squib load]], in which the primer provided enough force to push the bullet out of the cartridge and into the barrel of the revolver, where it became stuck. The malfunction went unnoticed by the crew, and the same gun was used again later to shoot the death scene, having been re-loaded with blanks. However, the squib load was still lodged in the barrel, and was propelled by the blank cartridge's explosion out of the barrel and into Lee's body. Although the bullet was traveling much slower than a normally fired bullet would be, the bullet's large size and the nearly point-blank firing distance made it powerful enough to severely wound Lee. It was not instantly recognized by the crew or other actors; they believed he was still acting. Interestingly, the incident was almost an exact replica of a scene in his father Bruce Lee's last film ''[[Game of Death]]'', during the filming of which Bruce Lee also died. Even more bizarrely yet; the plot of ''Game of Death'' revolved around Bruce Lee's character, a kung-fu actor, faking his own death - by pretending to have been hit by an accidentally fired real bullet while filming a scene where hundreds of blanks were fired at him.
*[[1993]]: [[Garry Hoy]], a Toronto lawyer, fell to his death after he threw himself through the glass wall on the 24th floor of the [[Toronto-Dominion Centre]] in order to prove the glass was "unbreakable."
*[[1994]]: [[Stephen Milligan]], a [[United Kingdom|British]] politician who was at the time the Member for Eastleigh in the [[House of Commons]], died in an apparent case of [[auto-erotic asphyxiation]]. Milligan was also believed to have been engaging in acts of [[self-bondage]] and [[cross-dressing]] at the time of his death.
*[[1996]]: [[Sharon Lopatka]], an internet entrepreneur from Maryland allegedly solicited a man via the Internet to torture and kill her for the purpose of sexual gratification. Her killer, Robert Fredrick Glass, was convicted of voluntary manslaughter for the homicide.
*[[1998]]: [[Daniel V. Jones]] was a former hotel [[Maintenance, repair and operations|maintenance]] worker in [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]], [[California]] who shot himself through the chin on the [[Los Angeles]] expressway on [[live television]]. His suicide was apparently caused by his resentment against his [[HMO]] for inadequately treating him when he was diagnosed with [[cancer]] and [[HIV]].
*[[1998]]: [[Tom and Eileen Lonergan]] were stranded while [[scuba diving]] with a group of divers off [[Australia]]'s [[Great Barrier Reef]]. The group's boat accidentally abandoned them due to an incorrect head count taken by the dive boat crew. The couple was left to fend for themselves in [[shark]]-infested waters. Their bodies were never recovered. The incident is depicted in the film ''[[Open Water]]''.
*[[1999]]: Popular British TV entertainer [[Rod Hull]] died following a fall from the roof of his home at Winchelsea, near Rye. He was attempting to adjust the TV aerial in order to get a better picture of the Inter Milan v Manchester United Champions League Quarter Final, 2nd Leg.

===21st century===
*[[2001]]: Renowned Hungarian singer [[Jimmy Zámbó]] died from a gunshot wound in the head on New Year's Day. He reportedly was annoyed by the neighborhood poultry making noise, for which he fired several shots out the window. On the request of his guests to stop shooting, he wanted to show the gun was empty, he removed the cartridge and pulled the trigger while aiming to his temple. The bullet left in the chamber fired and killed him. <ref>http://index.hu/politika/belfold/jimmy1/</ref>
*[[2001]]: Bernd-Jürgen Brandes was stabbed repeatedly in the neck and then eaten by [[Armin Meiwes]]. Before the killing, both men dined on Brandes' severed penis. Brandes had answered an internet advertisement by Meiwes looking for someone for this purpose. Brandes explicitly stated in his will that he wished to be killed and eaten. This is referred to in the songs "Eaten" by Swedish Death Metal band Bloodbath and "Mein Teil" ("My Part") by German [[Neue Deutsche Härte|NDH]] band [[Rammstein]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4752797.stm "German cannibal guilty of murder"], ''BBC News'', May 9, 2006</ref>
*2002: [[Brittanie Cecil]], an American 13-year-old hockey fan, died two days after being struck in the head by a [[hockey puck]] at a game between the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] and the [[Calgary Flames]] at [[Nationwide Arena]].
*[[2003]]: [[Brian Douglas Wells]], a [[pizza delivery]] man in Erie, PA, was killed by a [[Time bomb (explosive)|time bomb]] which was fastened around his neck. He was apprehended by the [[police]] after robbing a [[bank]], and claimed he had been forced to do it by three people who had put the bomb around his neck and would kill him if he refused. The bomb later exploded, killing him. In 2007, police alleged Wells was involved in the robbery plot along with two other conspirators.<ref>[http://www.komotv.com/news/national/5901066.html] ''[[www.komotv.com]]''. Feb 16th 2007. Retrieved August 9th, 2007.</ref>
*2003: [[Brandon Vedas]] died of a [[drug overdose]] while engaged in an [[Internet chat]], as shown on his [[webcam]].
*2003: [[Timothy Treadwell]], an [[United States|American]] [[environmentalist]] who had lived in the wilderness among bears for thirteen summers in a remote region in [[Alaska]], was killed and partially consumed by a bear, along with his girlfriend Amie Huguenard. The incident is described in [[Werner Herzog]]'s [[documentary film]] ''[[Grizzly Man]]''.<ref>Medred, Craig.''[http://www.adn.com/front/story/4110831p-4127072c.html Wildlife author killed, eaten by bears he loved]''. ''[[Anchorage Daily News]]''. October 8, 2003. Retrieved September 4, 2006.</ref>
*[[2005]]: [[Kenneth Pinyan]] of [[Seattle]] died of acute [[peritonitis]] after submitting to anal intercourse with a [[stallion]]. Pinyan had done this before, and he delayed his visit to the hospital for several hours out of reluctance for official cognizance. The case led to the criminalization of [[zoophilia|bestiality]] in [[Washington]].<ref>http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002569751_horsesex19m.html</ref> His story was recounted in the [[2007]] documentary film ''[[Zoo (film)|Zoo]]''.
*2005: 28-year-old [[South Korea]]n, [[Lee Seung Seop]], collapsed of fatigue and died after playing [[Starcraft]] for almost 50 consecutive hours in an Internet cafe.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1729573,00.html "Korean drops dead after 50-hour gaming marathon"], ''Times Online'', August 10, 2005</ref>
*[[2005]]: [[Gerry Marshall]], a British Saloon Car racing driver, died of a heart attack at the wheel of an [[IROC]] [[Chevrolet]] [[Camaro]] at [[Silverstone]] racing circuit. Marshall managed to bring the car to a halt before expiring, and stopped close to the [[BRDC]] suite he frequented in his earlier career. Marshall is notable for holding the record for most race wins in a career, 623.
*[[2006]]: [[Steve Irwin]], a television personality and naturalist known as [[The Crocodile Hunter]], died when his heart was impaled by a [[short-tail stingray]] barb while filming a documentary entitled "Ocean's Deadliest" in [[Queensland]]'s [[Great Barrier Reef]]. The stingray was not the creature being filmed.<ref>http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20355064-30417,00.html</ref>
*2006: [[Alexander Litvinenko]], a former [[Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation|FSB]] operative and Russian expatriate who had been investigating the murder of Russian journalist [[Anna Politkovskaya]], was intentionally [[radiation poisoning|poisoned]] with [[polonium|polonium-210]], an extremely rare radioactive [[metalloid]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6178890.stm Russian ex-spy dies in hospital]</ref>
*2006: [[Cheryl Sarate]], a 16 year old student in the [[Philippines]], died of severe burns suffered when her [[costume]] caught fire during a college [[beauty pageant]].
*2006: [[Megan Meier]], a 13 year-old girl with [[ADHD]] and other disorders from Missouri committed suicide after being harassed by a boy she made friends with over [[Myspace]], which turned out to be a fake profile made by the mother of a friend of Meier's.
*[[2007]]: [[Jennifer Strange]], a 28-year-old woman from [[Sacramento]], died of [[water intoxication]] while trying to win a [[Wii]] console in a [[KDND]] 107.9 "The End" radio station's "Hold Your Wee for a Wii" contest, which involved drinking large quantities of water without urinating. She placed second in the contest. <ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/california/la-me-water14jan14,1,1368543.story?coll=la-headlines-pe-california "Woman dies after being in water-drinking contest"], ''The Los Angeles Times'', January 14, 2007</ref> <ref>[http://www.knbc.com/news/10761800/detail.html "Woman's Death After Water-Drinking Contest Investigated"] ''KNBC.com'', January 16, 2007</ref>
*2007: [[Kevin Whitrick]], a 42-year-old man committed [[suicide]] by hanging himself live on a webcam during an internet chat session.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article1560877.ece |title=Get on with it, said net audience as man hanged himself on webcam |accessdate=2007-05-27 |last=Bale |first=Joanna |date=2007-03-24 |work=Times Online |publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd }}</ref>
*2007: [[Surinder Singh Bajwa]], the Deputy Mayor of Delhi, India, was kicked by a [[Rhesus Macaque]] monkey at his home and fell from a first floor balcony, suffering serious head injuries. He later died from his injuries. <ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Bajwa-succumbs-to-injuries/230828/]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== See also ==
* [[Toilet-related injury]]
* [[List of inventors killed by their own inventions]]
* [[Darwin Awards]]
* [[Multiple gunshot suicide]]
* [[List of people who died onstage]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unusual}}
[[Category:Lists of people by cause of death]]
[[Category:Death-related lists]]

[[es:Anexo:Fallecimientos extraños]]
[[fr:Morts insolites]]
[[nl:Lijst van personen die op ongebruikelijke manier zijn overleden]]

Ozark-Plateau

2008-01-03T15:15:45Z

Doczilla: Reverted edits by 208.108.138.93 (talk) to last revision (181852447) by using VP

{{redirect|Ozark}}

[[Image:Knob lick view-26aug06.jpg|thumb|400px|The Saint Francois Mountains, viewed here from [[Knob Lick, Missouri|Knob Lick Mountain]], are the geologic core of the Ozarks.]]
[[Image:OzarkOverview.jpg|400px|thumb|right|The Ozarks and its primary physiographic regions.]]
[[Image:OzarkRelief.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Elevation map of the Ozarks. Click to enlarge.]]
'''The Ozarks''' (also referred to as '''Ozarks Mountain Country''', the '''Ozark Mountains''' or the '''Ozark Plateau''') are a [[Physiography|physiographic]], [[Geology|geologic]], and [[culture|cultural]] highland region of the central [[United States]]. It covers much of the [[Ordinal directions|south]] half of [[Missouri]] and an extensive portion of [[Ordinal directions|northwest]] and North central [[Arkansas]]. The region also extends westward into [[Ordinal directions|northeast]] [[Oklahoma]] and extreme [[Ordinal directions|southeast]] [[Kansas]].

Although sometimes referred to as the Ozark Mountains, the region is a high and deeply [[dissected plateau]]. Geologically, the area is a broad dome around the [[Saint Francois Mountains]]. The Ozark Highlands area, covering nearly {{convert|47000|sqmi|sqkm|-3}}, is by far the most extensive mountainous region between the [[Appalachians]] and the [[Rocky Mountains]]. Together, the Ozarks and [[Ouachita Mountains]] form an area known as the [[U.S. Interior Highlands]], and are sometimes referred to collectively. For example, the [[ecoregion]] called [[Ozark Mountain Forests]] includes the Ouachita Mountains, although the Arkansas River valley and the Ouachitas, both south of the Boston Mountains, are not usually considered part of the Ozarks.

==Origin of the name==
Etymology of the name is a subject of speculation.

"Ozarks" probably derives from a phonetic English spelling of the [[French language|French]] abbreviation "''aux Arks''", short for "''aux Arkansas''" ("toward Arkansas")<ref>[[George R. Stewart|Stewart, George R.]] (1967). ''Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States'', p. 137. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.</ref> Originally referring to the [[trading post]] at [[Arkansas Post]] on the [[Mississippi River]], the term came to refer to the entire area drained by the [[Arkansas River|Arkansas]] and [[White River (Arkansas)|White]] rivers. (The origin of the name "Arkansas" itself is speculated.) Another possible derivation is "''aux arcs''" meaning "toward the arches" in reference to a massive [[natural bridge]] that forms an arch at Alum Cove in the [[Ozark-St. Francis National Forest]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} This arch was used as a landmark. It is even suggested "''aux arcs''" is an abbreviation of "''aux arcs-en-ciel''", French for "toward the rainbows" which are a common sight in the mountainous regions. After the [[Louisiana Purchase]], American travelers in the region referred to various features of the upland areas using the term "Ozark", such as "Ozark Mountains" and "Ozark forests". By the early 20th century, "The Ozarks" had become a generic term.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Morrow|first=Lynn|title=Ozark/Ozarks: Establishing a Regional Term| journal=White River Valley Historical Quarterly| year=1996| volume=36| issue=2| accessdate=2006-09-08| url=http://thelibrary.springfield.missouri.org/lochist/periodicals/wrv/V36/N2/f96c.htm}}
</ref>

==Geographic subdivisions==
[[Image:Big Spring Missouri 1-02Aug08.jpg|thumb|right|Big Spring in the Missouri Ozarks is one of the largest in the United States, discharging 276 million gallons of water per day.]]
The Ozarks consist of four primary [[Physiographic regions of the world|physiographic sections]]—the Springfield Plateau, the Salem Plateau, the [[Saint Francois Mountains]], and the [[Boston Mountains]]. Topography is mostly gently rolling, except in the Boston Mountains, along the escarpments separating the Springfield and Salem Plateaus, and the Saint Francois Range where it is rugged. [[Karst]] features such as [[spring (hydrosphere)|spring]]s, [[sinkhole]]s, and [[cave]]s are common in the [[limestone]]s of the Springfield Plateau and abundant in the [[dolostone]] bedrock of the Salem Plateau and Boston Mountains.

The Boston Mountains are the highest section of the Ozarks. Summits can reach elevations of just over 2,560 feet (780 m) with valleys 500 to {{convert|1550|ft|m|0}} deep (150 m to 450 m). Turner Ward Knob (TWK) is the highest named peak. Located in western [[Newton County, Arkansas]], its elevation is 2,463 feet (751 m). Nearby, five unnamed peaks have elevations at or slightly above 2,560 feet (780 m).

The [[Saint Francois Mountain Range]] rises above the Ozark Plateau and is the geological core of the highland dome. The [[igneous]] and [[volcanic]] rocks of the Saint Francois Mountains are the remains of a [[Precambrian]] mountain range. The core of the range existed as an island in the [[Paleozoic]] seas. [[Reef]] complexes occur in the sedimentary layers surrounding this ancient island. These flanking reefs were points of concentration for later [[ore]]-bearing fluids which formed the rich [[lead]]-[[zinc]] ores that have been and continue to be [[mining|mined]] in the area. The [[igneous]] and volcanic rocks extend at depth under the relatively thin veneer of Paleozoic [[sedimentary]] rocks and form the basal crust of the entire region.

==Regional economy of the Ozarks==
===Traditional economic activity===
The Ozarks contain ore deposits of [[lead]], [[zinc]], [[iron]], and [[barite]]. Many of these deposits have been depleted by historic mining activities, but much remains and is currently being mined in the [[Lead Belt|lead belt]] of south-central Missouri. Historically the [[Old Lead Belt]] around the Saint Francois Mountains and the [[Tri-state district]] lead-zinc mining area around [[Joplin, Missouri]], have been very important sources of metals. Much of the area supports [[beef]] cattle ranching and [[dairy]] farming is common across the area. [[Petroleum|Oil]] exploration and extraction also takes place in the Oklahoma portion of the Ozarks, as well as in the east half of the Boston Mountains in Arkansas. [[Logging]] of both softwood and hardwood [[timber]] species on both private land and in the [[National Forest]]s has long been an important economic activity.

===Growth industries===
Tourism is the growth industry of the Ozarks as evidenced by the growth of the [[Branson, Missouri]], entertainment center. The [[Corps of Engineers]] lakes that were created by damming the [[White River (Arkansas)|White River]] in the mid 1950s have provided a large tourist, boating and fishing economy along the Missouri-Arkansas border. The [[Lake of the Ozarks]] and [[Truman Lake]] in the northern Ozarks were formed by damming the [[Osage River]] in 1931 and 1979 respectively. The [[Buffalo National River]], created by an Act of Congress in 1972 as the Nation's first National River administered by the National Park Service, annually draws increasing numbers of canoeists, hikers, campers and cavers to northern Arkansas. In Missouri, the [http://www.nps.gov/ozar Ozark National Scenic Riverways], which while not officially a "national river," was the first US national park to be based on a river system, was established in 1964 along the Current and Jacks Fork Rivers. Over 1.3 million visitors come to the Eminence and Van Buren areas as tourists drawn by this river park.

[[Poultry]] farming and food processing has also been on the rise, recently, in eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas. The [[Tyson Foods|Tyson Foods corporation]] has food processing plants in western Arkansas; Stillwell foods has frozen vegetable and other food processing centers in eastern Oklahoma.

Logging and timber industries are also significant in the Ozark economy with operations ranging from small family run sawmills to large commercial concerns.

==Ozark culture==
'''Ozark''' also refers to a region of people with a distinct culture, [[architecture]], and [[dialect]] shared by the people that live on the plateau. The people in this area have more in common with one another than with their surrounding states. Traditional Ozark culture is a mixture of cultures, similar to that of [[Appalachia]] and the [[Upland South]] and also having some commonalities with the Midwest. Much of the population is of [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] descent, often including some [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] ancestry, and Ozark families tend to have lived in the area since the 19th century.

Ozark religion tends to be [[social conservatism|conservative]], or [[congregationalism|individualistic]], with [[Assemblies of God]], [[Southern Baptist Convention|Southern Baptists]], and other [[Protestant]] [[pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] groups predominant. The Ozarks are also home to some sects unique to the area. Beyond a few communities settled by [[Germany|German]] Catholics and those areas (mostly Washington County) of original French settlement, [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] is rare outside of the cities.

Homesteads in rural areas tend to be isolated instead of being clustered into villages. Early settlers relied on [[hunting]], [[fishing]] and [[Trapping (Animal)|trapping]] to supplement their diets and incomes. Today hunting and fishing for recreation are common activities and an important part of the tourist industry. Foraging for [[mushrooms]], especially [[morel]]s, and for medicinal native plant species, including [[St. John's Wort]] and [[Ginseng]], is common, and is financially supported by established buyers in the area.

''[[Where the Red Fern Grows]]'' and the ''[[Shepherd of the Hills]]'' are books that take place in the Ozark Mountain Area. Other examples of the traditional nature of the Ozark culture would be the two major family theme parks in the region, [[Silver Dollar City]] and the now defunct [[Dogpatch USA|Dogpatch U.S.A.]], both of which embrace rural, western, and 19th century life in the American midwest.

[[Image:White Rock SM.jpg|thumb|300px|Boston Mountains in the Arkansas Ozarks.]]

==See also==
* [[Green Country]]
* [[Arkansas River]]
* [[Buffalo National River]]
* [[United States physiographic region]]s
* [[List of regions of the United States#Unofficial U.S. regions|List of U.S. multistate regions]]
* [[Ozark National Scenic Riverways]]
* [[Ozark Trail (hiking trail)|Ozark Trail]]
* [[Ozark Highlands Trail]]
* [[Irish Wilderness]]
* [[Cookson Hills]]
* [[Vance Randolph]]
* [[USS Ozark (1863)|USS ''Ozark'' (1863)]]
* [[USS Ozark (BM-7)|USS ''Ozark'' (BM-7)]]
* [[USS Ozark (LSV-2)|USS ''Ozark'' (LSV-2)]]
* [[Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* McMillen, Margot Ford (1996) ''A to Z Missouri: The Dictionary of Missouri Place Names'', Columbia, Missouri, Pebble Publishing, ISBN 0-9646625-4-X
* Rafferty, Milton D. (2001) ''The Ozarks: Land and Life'', University of Arkansas Press, 2nd ed., ISBN 1-55728-714-7
* Unklesbay, A.G; & Vineyard, Jerry D. (1992) ''Missouri Geology — Three Billion Years of Volcanoes, Seas, Sediments, and Erosion'', University of Missouri Press, ISBN 0-8262-0836-3

==External links==
*[http://www.watersheds.org/ Bryant Creek Watershed Atlas]
*[http://www.mdc.state.mo.us/nathis/natcom/natdiv/ Missouri Conservation Natural Divisions Page]
*[http://www.dnr.mo.gov/pubs/pub655.pdf Missouri Conservation Ozarks Guide]
*[http://www.arkansashighways.com/Environ/Wild%20Flower%20Routes/natural_divisions_of_arkansas.htm Natural Divisions of Arkansas]
*[http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0412_full.html Ozark Mountain Forests Ecoregion]
*[http://www.nps.gov/ozar Ozark National Scenic Riverways]
*[http://www.springdaleark.org/shiloh/ Shiloh Museum of Ozark History, Springdale, Arkansas]
 

{{Geography navigation}}
{{Physical Geography Sub-disciplines}}
{{Arkansas}}
{{Kansas}}
{{Missouri}}
{{Oklahoma}}

[[Category:Mountain ranges of Arkansas|Ozarks, The]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Kansas|Ozarks, The]]
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[[Category:Plateaus of the United States|Ozarks, The]]
[[Category:Wine regions of the United States|Ozarks, The]]
[[Category:Southern United States|Ozarks]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of the United States|Ozarks]]
[[Category:Regions of Oklahoma|Ozarks]]
[[Category:Regions of Arkansas|Ozarks]]
[[Category:Regions of Kansas|Ozarks]]
[[Category:Regions of Missouri|Ozarks]]
[[Category:Physiographic provinces]]
[[Category:Landforms of Oklahoma|Ozarks]]
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[[Category:Landforms of Missouri|Ozarks]]

[[fr:Monts Ozark]]
[[ja:オザーク高原]]
[[no:Ozark]]

Pibb Xtra

2007-12-06T04:33:40Z

Doczilla: clean up using AWB

{{Infobox Beverage
|name=Pibb Xtra
|image=[[Image:Pibb Xtra.PNG|250px]] The Pibb Xtra Logo
|type=[[Cola]]
|manufacturer=[[The Coca-Cola Company]]
|origin=[[United States]]
|introduced=1971
|discontinued=
|color = Caramel
|related= [[Dr. Pepper]] [[Dr. Thunder]]
|variants=Pibb Zero}}

'''Pibb Xtra''' (previously sold as '''Mr PiBB''') is a carbonated soft drink marketed by [[The Coca-Cola Company]].

==History==
[[Image:DSCN4790.JPG|left|thumb|200px|12-Pack of Pibb Zero]]
Introduced in July [[1971]] to compete against [[Dr Pepper]] and has a very similar taste, but was sweeter and not as sharp as Dr. Pepper.

In [[2001]], a new flavor called Pibb Xtra was introduced with added cinnamon and cherry flavor, replacing the original flavor in many parts of the U.S. Some regions had both variations for sale at the same time.

The soda has a small but loyal following in many parts of the [[United States]], especially the South. A diet version was also available into the [[1990s]] in some markets, notably Texas. Some cans were uniquely shaped. Instead of the traditional cylinder, the can had [[facet]]ed sides.

Mr PiBB's slogan in the late 1990s was "Put it in your head," and the can featured an odd cartoon head drawn in a squiggly scribble style.

In 2005, Coke introduced Pibb Zero, a sugar-free version of Pibb Xtra, in [[Texas]], [[Kansas]] (except for areas around [[Wichita, Kansas|Wichita]] and [[Hutchinson, Kansas|Hutchinson]], and the northwestern portion of the state), [[Oklahoma]], [[Missouri]], [[Chicago]] and parts of the [[Midwest]]. [[The Coca-Cola Company]] reports that there are no plans to introduce Pibb Zero to the rest of the U.S.

==Availability==
Pibb Xtra is widely available in [[Texas]] and the southern United States, parts of the Pacific Northwest, [[Kansas]], and other areas of the country, depending on the local Coca-Cola bottler. It is rare in other parts of the U.S., such as the Northeast, where most Coca-Cola bottlers distribute Dr Pepper. It can be found in these regions in fountain form in restaurants such as [[Wendy's]], [[Buffalo Wild Wings]] and [[Waffle House]].

Some fountains and vending machines still have Mr PiBB labels, even though it has been replaced by Pibb Xtra.

==In popular culture==
{{Trivia|date=June 2007}}
*In the ''[[Futurama]]'' episode "[[That's Lobstertainment!]]", the movie [[In the Heat of the Night (film)|They Call Me MISTER Pibb!]] wins an Academy Award.
*The product was mentioned in the notorious ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' sketch/song, "[[Lazy Sunday]]," on [[December 17]], [[2005]]: "Mr PiBB and [[Red Vines]] equals 'crazy delicious.'"

*Comedian [[Mitch Hedberg]] once quipped of the drink, “Mr. PiBB is a replica of Dr. Pepper, but it's a [[bullshit]] replica. Dude didn't even get his degree!”

*In the animated TV series ''[[American Dad]]'', [[Stan Smith (American Dad!)|Stan Smith]]'s favorite soda is Mr PiBB. It's the soft drink that his wife Francine used to introduce herself to Stan. In the later season 2 episode "[[A.T. The Abusive Terrestrial]]", after learning that Mr. PiBB was being discontinued in favor of PiBB Xtra, Stan and Francine start a [[grassroots]] campaign in a stolen "PiBB-mobile" to save the original Mr PiBB. Eventually, the real Mr. PiBB (whom no one had seen in a year) arrives to tell them that soft drinks come and go; "what matters is who you drink them with". In an earlier episode, Stan pays a group of illegal immigrants working for him in Mr. PiBB (actually, watered-down Mr. PiBB).

*In episode number 6 ("The Drill Machine") of ''[[The Skeletor Show]]'', Skeletor and friends travel to the center of the earth only to leave almost immediately, due to the lack of Mr PiBB ("Sorry, mac! Here at the centre of the earth we've only got [[Dr Pepper]]!").

*In an episode of the animated TV series ''[[The Simpsons]]'', Bart and Lisa stay with their spinster aunts Patty and Selma, who offer them [[soy milk]], [[Clamato]], or Mr PiBB to drink. Bart and Lisa decline. In another episode, at a comic book convention, [[Comic Book Guy]] attempts to sell a collection of Little Lulu comics that had been damaged by Diet Mr PiBB.

*On the television show ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'', Mr PiBB is an ingredient in the making of a "Killer Shrew" drink. Some other ingredients in this extremely sugary concoction include [[Circus Peanuts]], [[Good & Plenty]], chocolate [[ice cream]], marshmallow [[Peeps]], [[Cap'n Crunch]] cereal, vanilla [[icing]], [[maple syrup]], and various other candies.

*A Mr PiBB [[video game]] was released for [[Personal computer|PC]] in 1998 by [[BrandGames]], in which you play as Mr. PiBB in a school full of cartoonish zombies. It was a [[First-person shooter|FPS]] and consisted of only one (although quite long) level.

*The title of the song "Dr. Pibb" by [[The Malfated]] is an [[amalgamation]] of the names Dr Pepper and Mr PiBB.

*In the movie ''[[Slither (2006 film)|Slither]]'', a character laments the fact that no Mr PiBB had been packed in the cooler of snacks he'd taken with him on a stakeout.

*In [[George Carlin]]'s bit about motel names, part of the chain of events he mentions is going down to the soda machine and getting two cans of Mr PiBB, going on to say that it's all that's left in a motel soda machine on Sunday morning, along with Diet [[Shasta (soft drink)|Shasta]] Orange, and "that yellow can of [[Canada Dry]] [[Tonic Water]] that nobody wants!"

*In the web-comic ''[[8-bit Theater]]'', the author makes several strips on Mr PiBB. [http://www.nuklearpower.com/daily.php?date=010912] [http://www.nuklearpower.com/images/pibb/pibb01.gif] [http://www.nuklearpower.com/images/pibb/pibb02.gif]

*On their album ''[[Hitler Bad, Vandals Good]]'', [[The Vandals]] perform the song ''An Idea for a Movie'', involving a boy who goes on magical adventures with "a bottle of Mr PiBB".

*In an episode of ''[[King of the Hill]]'', after borrowing [[Hank Hill|Hank]]'s lawnmower [[Dale Gribble|Dale]] refills the gas tank with Mr PiBB rather than gasoline. Hank discovers this when his mower breaks down shortly after it is returned and [[Bill Dauterive|Bill]] tastes the mystery liquid inside the tank.

*In an episode of ''[[Family Guy]]'', [[Peter Griffin]] asks Superman if he can pick up more Mr PiBB because Superman can get there in seconds, while it would take him hours.

*In the episode [[Return to Spider-Skull Island]] of the [[The Venture Bros.|The Venture Brothers]], [[Doctor Byron Orpheus|Doctor Orpheus]] orders Mr. PiBB but the restaurant is out.

*According to Dr. Elliot Reid on the NBC Sitcom [[Scrubs (TV Series)|''Scrubs'']] in the Season Six episode [[My Long Goodbye|"My Long Goodbye"]], when Mr. PiBB was first introduced to the American public, it was called "Señor Brownwater".

[[Category:Carbonated drinks]]
[[Category:Coca-Cola brands]]
[[Category:Soft drinks]]

[[ja:ミスター・ピブ]]

WildC.A.T.s

2007-12-05T07:47:22Z

Doczilla: Amalgam cleanup per Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Comics/Archive_29 using AWB

{{Superteambox| 
image=[[Image:Wildcats Charest.jpg|200px]]
|caption=Cover to Wildcats: Street Smart, art by [[Travis Charest]]
|comic_color=background:#8080ff
|team_name=Wildcats/WildC.A.T.s
|publisher= [[Wildstorm]]
|debut=WildC.A.T.s #1 (August, [[1992]])
|creators=[[Jim Lee]] [[Brandon Choi]]
|status=fluctuating
|base=Earth
|alliance_color=background:#ffc0c0
|members=[[Spartan (comics)|Spartan]] [[Grifter (comics)|Grifter]] [[Mr. Majestic]] [[Warblade (comics)|Warblade]] [[Zealot (Wildstorm)|Zealot]] [[Voodoo (Wildstorm)|Voodoo]] [[Savant (Wildstorm)|Savant]] [[Ladytron (comics)|Ladytron]].
|memberlist=
|}}

'''Wildcats''' or '''WildC.A.T.s''' is the name of multiple incarnations of a [[superhero]] team created by the [[United States|American]] [[comic book artist]] [[Jim Lee]].

==Overview==

The team first appeared in 1992 in the first issue of their eponymous comic book ''WildC.A.T.s: Covert Action Teams'', published by [[Image Comics]]. It was Image founding partner Lee's first work published by the newly-launched company, and his first creator owned project after achieving fame and fortune as a [[penciler]] of [[X-Men]] and [[Punisher]] comics published by [[Marvel Comics]]. The Wildcats were the starting point for Lee's menagerie of interconnected superhero creations which became the foundation of the [[Wildstorm Universe]]. The Wildcats comics, launched at the apex of a speculator-fuelled comics sales boom, was wildly popular at its inception, with wholesale sales to comic book stores above one million copies for early issues and the fan press whipping comics buyers into a frenzy of anticipation. An animated TV cartoon adaptation of the comic made its Saturday morning debut on [[CBS]] in [[1994]]. As the comics market cooled off, the title's popularity waned somewhat, and it was cancelled and relaunched several times as various new approaches to the concept were introduced, although it never went away for very long. In [[1998]], ownership of the Wildcats concepts and characters were sold to [[DC Comics]], a subsidiary of [[Time Warner]], as part of DC's acquisition of Lee's company [[Wildstorm Productions]], previously his imprint within Image. In addition to Lee, the Wildcats comics have also featured work by such prominent comics creators as [[Jae Lee]], [[Travis Charest]], [[Chris Claremont]], [[James Dale Robinson|James Robinson]], [[Alan Moore]], [[Joe Casey]], [[Sean Phillips]], [[Dustin Nguyen (artist)|Dustin Nguyen]], and [[Grant Morrison]].

In the first series the [[Kherubim]], a group of [[Immortality|immortal]] [[Extraterrestrial life in popular culture|aliens]] stranded on [[Earth]] for centuries, organize a "Covert Action Team" to fight the [[Daemonites]], a second alien race with whom the Kherubim have long been at war. After 50 issues, the first series ended and a new incarnation was launched, under the simplified title ''Wildcats'', focusing on the former members of the now-disbanded team and emphasizing a grittier tone during its 28-issue run. The third series, ''Wildcats Version 3.0'', revolved around the HALO Corporation, its [[CEO]] Jack Marlowe (an amalgamation of original team members [[Spartan (comics)|Spartan]] & [[Void (comics)|Void]]), [[Grifter (comics)|Grifter]] and a gallery of new characters subverting corporation politics to their cause of creating a better world. This incarnation lasted 24 issues and was followed by a nine-issue limited series entitled ''Wildcats: Nemesis'', which returned to a more superheroic syle reminiscent of the first series. In late [[2006]], a fourth ongoing series was launched as a part of the [[Worldstorm]] publishing initiative.

==History==
=== WildC.A.T.s - The Daemonite-Kherubim War===
[[Image:Wildcats32.jpg|left|thumb|180px|''WildC.A.T.s'' #32 cover by [[Jim Lee]]]] Launched as an original Image comicbook title by hugely popular X-Men penciler Jim Lee and his friend writer Brandon Choi, the comic book's premise revolved around the centuries long war between aliens called [[Kherubim]] and [[Daemonite]]s. Kherubims, a nearly immortal, human-looking alien race with exceptional powers and skills, eventually travelled to Earth and by breeding with humans populated the planet with "Half-Breeds". Daemonites, besides having a fearsome appearance, also possessed various superhuman abilities including body possession and mental control over human beings. The initial arc brought Voodoo over to the team as the readers' point of view character as [[Helspont]], a Daemonite warlord has taken control over [[Vice President of the United States]] [[Dan Quayle]]. Rob Liefeld's [[Youngblood (comics)|Youngblood]] co-starred in the closing chapters of the arc.

WildC.A.T.s' story continued in the mini Trilogy, penciled by Jae Lee, that introduced Hightower the Daemonite lord. Jim Lee and Marc Silvestri proceeded to publish a Killer instinct crossover detailing Warblade's connection to Marc Silvestri's [[Cyberforce]]. Penciler Travis Charest was introduced in a oneshot Wildcats special written by [[Howard the Duck]]'s creator Steve Gerber.

Afterwards, Lee and Choi played it safe with a standard superhero fare such as a story featuring an ocean cruise ending the hard way with bringing WildC.A.T.s into conflict with Lord Emp's brother Lord Entropy.

Unable to keep deadlines and devoted to expanding his Wildstorm studio part of the Image universe, Jim Lee devoted his time to coming up with the new concepts of [[Gen13]], [[Deathblow]] and [[Stormwatch]]. Before he left the book he did the four-issue ''Gathering of Eagles'' storyline written by his [[Uncanny X-Men]] writer, [[Chris Claremont]]. It featured a new villain in Tapestry and added the characters of [[Mister Majestic]], Savant and Soldier, all the while featuring Claremont's creator owned character Huntsman that also starred in a Cyberforce storyline.

Of note is also the issue #14, part of the month when Jim Lee and Brandon Choi penciled an issue of [[Savage Dragon]] featuring Grifter and Condition Red while the Dragon's creator Erik Larsen tackled WildC.A.T.s pitting them against his [[Freak Force]] team in a tongue-in-cheek adventure.

Initially, it was revealed that Daemonites could not breathe Earth's air but subsequent writers have ignored and revised the concept. Most of the villains and characters in the book were Half-Breeds or Daemonite warlords with half of the WildStorm Universe eventually turning out to be one or the other.

Almost all of the characters were spun off into their own mini-series, with Zealot featured in a 3 part Ron Marz written story, Spartan having his Kurt Busiek written mini-series, Warblade sharing another with Cyberforce's Ripclaw. Grifter co-starred in a mini with Stormwatch's Backlash that led to the latter's ongoing title, as well as another with Youngblood's Bedrock, Billy Tucci's Shi and even [[Dark Horse Comics|Dark Horse's]] [[the Mask]].

WildC.A.T.s was also made into a [[Nintendo]] video game and a short-lived cartoon that spawned a spin-off comics series WildC.A.T.s Adventures that was cancelled after 10 issues.

====Inter-title continuity====
The Wildstorm universe started to take a more clear shape with the second batch of titles, most prominently Gen13 and Deathblow, along with [[Wetworks]] that continued on the story of IO's manipulation of Gen-factor. The characters' backstories were further detailed in the three [[Team 7]] mini-series.

====James Robinson====
James Robinson wrote a handful of issues, and also participated in the Wildcats' first Annual as well as a Team One Stormwatch/WildC.A.T.s mini-series detailing the past of the Wildstorm universe. Except for Grifter's involvement, WildC.A.T.s mostly kept clear of the other titles and the larger universe, being linked only by Emp, Majestic and Zealot's Cold War history as superheroes. The title also participated in the WildC.A.T.s-oriented "[[Wildstorm Rising]]" crossover that saw the heroes try to gain control of the Daemonite battleship, which turned out to be the Kheran Ship instead, with WildC.A.T.s eventually leaving for Khera. Following a Grifter oneshot, the crossover gave birth to a short-lived Steven Seagle written Grifter series that centered on his super spy/superhero adventures while linking to an obscure Team One character Regiment at one point.

====Alan Moore====
[[Alan Moore]] attempted to give the series depth and cohesion by following up on the initial premise of the Daemonite and Kherubim war. After Grifter resigned, the C.A.T.s had the opportunity to venture to Khera where they found what appeared to be paradise. The Kherubims had won the Daemonite-Kherubim war and were living in prosperity. Appearances were deceiving, however, and it was apparent the planet was run by power-hungry politicians who have ruthlessly subjugated the Daemonites as second-class citizens. Voodoo, with her Daemonite blood, experienced this firsthand. Maul's race was also treated unjustly and though Emp, Warblade and Zealot were seduced by promises of power and recognition, Spartan discovered the truth about Khera's corrupt leaders. It took the death of one of Maul's race for the WildC.A.T.s to leave and head back for Earth. Disillusioned by the outcome of the war offworld and their selfishness, the team fell apart. Voodoo left and Emp fell into depression. The original team returned to Earth in pieces and despite having new members, they were defeated by the cunning traitor, Tao, who had manipulated them at each turn. Alan Moore also participated in [[Fire From Heaven (comics)|Fire From Heaven]], a huge continuity-heavy crossover that resolved plotlines regarding Team 1, Team 7 and Kaizen Gamorra.

Alan Moore spun Voodoo off in a 4 issue mini-series that had almost no connection to WildC.A.T.s mythos instead dealing with voodoo magic. Alan Moore also wrote a fun time traveling series crossing that was the WildC.A.T.s/[[Spawn (comics)|Spawn]] crossover mini-series.

At the time, Grifter had another turn at an ongoing series, this time written by Steven Grant with a much more gritty take on the character, but it didn't last long. Zealot was featured in a Backlash spinoff, Wildcore.

====Return of Brandon Choi====
 [[Image:JLA&WildC.A.T.s.JPG|right|thumb|180px|"[[JLA/WildC.A.T.s]]" cover by [[Val Semeiks]]]]
A two part arc was set in place before the book's co-creator Brandon Choi returned, setting up the short lasting ''Savant Garde'' spin-off. Choi initiated a storyline with an organization called Puritans as the main villains. The Puritans' goal was to eradicate the Kherubim and Daemonites on Earth. The 'C.A.T.s included Grifter, Condition Red and new members Mythos (a Kherubim Lord), Olympia (a Coda-trained Daemonite) and Sister Eve (the daughter of Emp's brother, Lord Entropy). The team traveled in time, and had various adventures through different times, until they came back.

WildC.A.T.s crossed over with Grant Morrison's [[JLA]] and the [[WildC.A.T.s/X-Men|X-Men]], the latter series providing info on both team's places in each other universes' post World War 2 history and even the future.

====WildC.A.T.S Volume 1 collections====

[[Trade paperback (comics)|Trade paperback]] collections:

*''WildC.A.T.S Covert Action Teams'' - Collects # 1-4
*''A Gathering of Eagles'' - Collects # 10-13
*''Homecoming'' - Collects # 21-27
*''Gang War'' - Collects # 28-34
*''Alan Moore's Complete WildC.A.T.S'' - Collects # 21-34, and #50

Issues 5-7 and 20 are collected, respectively in ''WildC.A.T.S/Cyberforce: Killer Instinct'' trade paperback and in the ''[[Wildstorm Rising (comics)|Wildstorm Rising]]'' trade paperback. "[[JLA/WildC.A.T.s]]" is collected in the ''JLA: [[Ultramarine Corps]]'' trade.

=== Wildcats Volume 2 Series ===

After the first series cancellation, WildStorm, now an imprint of [[DC Comics]], resurrected the Wildcats under a whole different premise - Wildcats dealt with the lives of the original members after the team's breakup following a botched mission during which team member Zealot apparently died. Scott Lobdell provided the writing for the initial 7 issues as well as a Mosaic oneshot detailing the change in Lord Emp, with Travis Charest penciling most of them. New villains like Kenyan and CC Rendozo were featured as antagonists, but it was all dropped very quickly, with Charest leaving the monthly comic format for working in a French still-to-be-released Metabarons graphic novel called ''Dreamshifters'' and Lobdell going away just a couple of issues later, after a very grim and bloody issue featuring Warblade's new status quo as he avenges the death of his girlfriend.

''Wild Times: Wildcats'' and ''Wild Times: Grifter'' were published as oneshots, as a part of the strange crossover series ''Wild Times'' that spotlighted the characters in [[Elseworlds]]-like alternate reality scenarios that bended genres.

Somewhere around this time, Wildcats' creator Jim Lee penciled the 12 issue maxi-series [[Divine Right (comic book)|Divine Right]], featuring a new character called Max Faraday with [[God complex]] issues, introducing even more new creations such as Fallen, who were seldom seen later, as well as the end of the ''Internal Operations'' storyline. Strangely, Wildcats participated also in the [[WildC.A.T.s/Aliens]] crossover written by Stormwatch's Warren Ellis that served as a coda to that series and a prequel to his [[The Authority|Authority]] run, having very little to do with Wildcats themselves, and pencilled by Chris Sprouse.

As Joe Casey and Sean Phillips took over Wildcats, they quickly dealt away with Kenyan while Void and Emp ended up having Spartan absorb their assets and powers, thus the book began a long spell featuring him aided by Ladytron and Grifter with Maul and Voodoo guest-starring and as well as new characters Noir, Agents Wax and Mohr of the National Park Service. Warblade was featured very briefly, last time in the Wildcats 2000 annual that brought back the dead version Condition Red, killing Olympia. Casey and Phillips signaled the new Wildstorm - critically acclaimed but low on readers' radar. The heroes fought [[Slaughterhouse Smith|Samuel "Slaughterhouse" Smith]] (a superhuman [[serial killer]] whose grandfather had appeared in Team One: WildC.A.T.s) after which eventually Zealot returned. Casey also wrote the Ladytron oneshot, a farsic rendition of her past, as well as a Mister Majestic ongoing series, cancelled at #9.

====Storylines====
=====Street Smart=====

More of a series of stand-alone stories instead of a story arc, issues 1 to 7 were the ones written by Scott Lobdell

'''Balance of Terror'''

Grifter goes to Venice, planning to steal the money from an arms transaction. There, he sees his old teammate Spartan negotiating with the dealer, who goes by the name of Noir. After some fighting, the three of them are teletransported to the Halo Building. There, Grifter is surprised to see that Emp has been through some kind of transformation. Spartan reveals that Emp is doing this in order to become a [[Kherubim]] High Lord. They team up to stop the villain Kenyan from using [[Kherubim]] technology to his own purposes.

'''Second Skin'''

Voodoo and Maul have moved to California, where Jeremy has been studyng their DNA. They are kidnapped by underworld power-broker C.C. Rendozzo. She stole a lethal virus, and, now, she is infected. Rendozzo wants Jeremy to cure her and, to make him work faster, infects him too. They are cured, and Voodoo and Maul escape. A [[Daemonite]] starts stalking them.

'''Flavors'''

Noir joins the Wildcats. Their first mission is to infiltrate a school where the Principal has a Daemonite artifact.

'''Firefight'''

Kenyan watches holographic scenes from the WildC.A.T.s last mission, which was invading a village in Ireland where there were superpowered terrorists possessing Daemonite technology. A mistake made by Emp apparently causes Zealot's death. The team disbands.

'''Coda-Fied'''

Zealot appears to be alive and well. After stopping a robbery, a movie director who was held hostage during said robbery tries to convince her to let him make a movie based on her life. They are attacked by a group of Coda warriors and Zealot finishes them all.

Meanwhile, whilst jogging, Grifter and Spartan run into a group of secret agents on Central Park. The agents attack them for seemingly no reason and, after the two heroes finish them, they found files with photos of both Maul and Voodoo.

This issue is pencilled by [[Bryan Hitch]] famous for his work on [[The Ultimates]] and [[The Authority]].

'''The Chase'''

In New York, Grifter fights Kenyan, trying to stop him from killing several people with a bacterial bomb and them ressucitate them as zombies using stolen Kherubin technology. Spartan destroys the bomb, which is located on the [[Statue of Liberty]]'s torch. Kenyan escapes.

'''To Kill a Wildcat'''

The mercenary Pike is obsessed with killing a WildC.A.T. (he doesn't know that the team disbanded). He kills Warblade's girlfriend and, in revenge, Warblade pursues Pike to Sarajevo and kills him.

=====Vicious Circles=====
[[Image:Vicious Circles.jpg|thumb|right|Cover to Wildcats: Vicious Circles tradepaperback]]
Covering issues 8 to 13, this period, as well as the next ones, was written by Joe Casey, and includes the first story arc of the title.

'''Ascension of Lord Emp'''

The Wildcats continue their search for Kenyan, and, now, Emp has disapered. Grifter persuades Noir to help. Togheter and with some reluctant help from Spartan, they discovered Emp is on [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]. Meanwhile, Emp and Kenyan talk calmly. The Wildcats go to Vegas, where they fight a crook who is using hi-tech to steal a safe. Later, they meet Emp and Kenyan. Emp uses mind games to make his nemesis kill him. Instead, Kenyan kills himself. Spartan is, then, asked by Emp to kill him, and he does so.

'''Furious Engines'''

While Spartan views Emp's holographic will, Grifter is engaged by two foreigners who want him to find a historical artifact. He discovers that the artifact is Ladytron and that the foreigners are members of the church of Gort, a church for cybernetic people which Ladytron has left. After some fighting, Grifter decides to bring Ladytron to Halo Inc (now owned by Spartan).

'''My Father's House'''

'''Thirteen'''

===== Serial Boxes =====

The second and last extended storyline of the series, lasting six issues (14 to 19).

A superpowered [[serial killer]] named Samuel Smith starts killing women last-named Marlowe. He is the grandson of Slautherhouse Smith, who was rendered comatose by Saul Baxter (A.K.A Jacob Marlowe, A.K.A. Lord Emp). Meanwhile, the team starts adapting to Emp's Ascension and Spartan's subsequent assuming control of Halo Inc. Voodoo, who is using a Marlowe [[pseudonym]], is tracked down by the killer. They meet and go to her house, where Samuel, using his eye laser beams, cuts off her two legs and almost cut her throat. Maul attacks Samuel, who shoots his laser beams at Maul's eyes, blinding him. Samuel escapes. Ladytron tracks Smith down, is seriously wounded by him, and is teleported back to Halo. Later, Spartan and Grifter prepare a trap for Smith, who is killed by Grifter.

It is during this storyline that Agent Wax makes his first appearance, investigating the killings with Agent Mohr.

=====Battery Park=====

The last storyline of the series. It is composed of minor story arcs that give closure to some dangling plot lines set by both Casey and Lobdell. This phase comprises issues 20 to 28.

'''Sodom and Modem'''

'''Unbearable Likeness'''

'''Turnaround'''

'''Tremor/Transformed'''

'''Hard Lies Vendetta'''

'''Battery Park'''

'''Idaho Falls'''

'''Door Prizes'''

====Wildcats Volume 2 collection====

[[Trade paperback (comics)|Trade paperback]] collections:

*'' Street Smart'' - Collects # 1-6
*''Vicious Circles'' - Collects # 8-13
*''Serial Boxes'' - Collects # 14-19
*''Battery Park'' - Collects # 20-28

=== Wildcats Version 3.0 - Corporate culture for a better world ===
The third series, ''Wildcats Version 3.0'', was a part of the mature readers' Eye of the Storm imprint, dealing with Spartan's (now Jack Marlowe) agenda to better the world by proliferating advanced technology and power sources throughout the world via the HALO Corporation. Grifter was his troubleshooter and Agent Wax was one of his first associates. The stories added a motley group to this proactive organisation including the power broker C.C. Rendozzo and her organization, Agent Orange, and Grifter's unlikely pupil Edwin Dolby, one of HALO's accountants. The series ended with a thunderous finale where Zealot destroyed the Coda chapter she created on Earth. The whole series was written by [[Joe Casey]] and most of it was illustrated by Dustin Nguyen (not to be confused with the actor).

It is important to note that concurrent with Wildcats Version 3.0, Wildstorm also published a critically acclaimed noir-superhero series [[Sleeper (comic book)|Sleeper]] starring Alan Moore's Wildcats villain Tao, several Wildcats and other related characters. Spartan played a role in the ''Coup D'Etat'' crossover centering on The Authority taking over as rulers of the Wildstorm Universe's United States.

====Wildcats Version 3.0 collections====

[[Trade paperback (comics)|Trade paperback]] collections:

*''Brand Building'' - Collects # 1-6
*''Full Disclosure'' - Collects # 7-12

=== In between the volumes ===
After guest-starring in Superman books, in 2004 DC published a [[Mister Majestic|Mr. Majestic]] mini-series to test waters for next year's eventual ongoing series that was cancelled at #17.

Wildcats starred in a limited series by [[Robbie Morrison]] and [[Talent Caldwell]] entitled ''Wildcats: Nemesis'', focusing on Zealot, Majestic and the Coda continuity, while heavily spotlighting the new Wildstorm universe anti-hero character of Charis, Lady Nemesis.

At the same time, Wildstorm published the [[Captain Atom#.22Armageddon.22 and WorldStorm|Captain Atom: Armageddon]] maxi-series, heavily featuring the Wildcats as they tried to help DC character Captain Atom return to his universe and stop him from accidentally destroying their reality. Nikola, a female medic became the new Void with Captain Atom sharing a part of the power that eventually remade the Wildstorm universe altogether.

=== Volume 4 ===
In 2006, as part of the [[Worldstorm]] line-wide shake up, the title was restarted, written by [[Grant Morrison]] and drawn by [[Jim Lee]]. The team consists of Spartan, [[Mister Majestic|Mr. Majestic]], Zealot, Grifter, Voodoo, Savant, and Ladytron. Warblade is on a secret mission, and Maul has retired to his civilian identity. Kaizen Gamorra returned as villain, aided by the WildCats' first enemy, Helspont. Thus far only one issue has been released, and no second issue is currently solicited.

== Creative Teams ==
=== Volume 1 ===

*0-9: Jim Lee (Plot, Art), Brandon Choi (Script), Brett Booth (Art #0)
*10-13: [[Chris Claremont]] (Writer), Jim Lee (Artist)
*14: [[Erik Larsen]] (Writer, Artist)
*15-20: [[James Robinson]] (Writer), [[Travis Charest]], Jim Lee (Artists)
*21-34: [[Alan Moore]] (Writer), and various artists (Jim Lee, Mat Broome, Travis Charest and others)
*35-36: [[Barbara Kesel]] (Writer), Pascual Ferry, Rich Johnson and Carlos D'Anda (Artists)
*37-50: Brandon Choi, John Peterson (Co-Plotters), Mat Broome, Ed Benes and others (Artists)

=== Volume 2===

*1-7: Scott Lobdell, [[Joe Casey]] (co-plotters), [[Travis Charest]] and others (art)
*8-28: Joe Casey (plot), [[Sean Phillips]], [[Steve Dillon]] (art)

=== Volume 3.0 ===

*1-24: Joe Casey (plot), Dustin Nguyen and others (art)

===Volume 4===

*1-current: Grant Morrison (plot), Jim Lee (art)

== TV series ==
{{main|WildC.A.T.s (TV series)}}
A WildC.A.T.s TV series was created in 1994. It had only thirteen episodes and a "watered down", family-friendly storyline (in particular, Voodoo was an adolescent rather than an ex-stripper). The group was composed of all the original 'C.A.T.s. The major villain was Hellspont, but the Troika and the Coda were featured. A parody of the series, MadD.O.G.s, was seen during Alan Moore's run in the comics. The series was produced by [[Nelvana]] and WildStorm ([[Funimation]] recently released the series' entire run on DVD). The main differences between the series and the comic books were:

*Jacob Marlowe, the Kherubim Lord Emp, was an ordinary human here.
*Warblade just discovered his powers when he becomes part of the group, in the first episode. Because of this, he was the group's rookie, a position occupied by Voodoo in the original 'C.A.T.s.
*Maul apparently couldn't change back to his human form.
*Void was a Kherubim computer.
*Majestic was a villain, obsessed with finding the Orb and destroying the Daemonites.
*Max Cash was the leader of the Black Razors.
*Max Cash was The Older brother.
*Voodoo was still a minor and of course wasn't a stripper both because of her age and the fact that the cartoon was aimed for children.

== WildC.A.T.s/Wildcats members ==
[[Image:Wildcats promo.jpg|thumb|right|180px|'''WildC.A.T.s''' original team, art by [[Jim Lee]].]]
===Original team===
The original WildC.A.T.s (Covert Action Team) consisted of:
* '''[[Spartan (comics)|Spartan]]''': originally intended to be a highly sophisticated cyborg who could "die" and easily be downloaded to another body, Spartan's character has been revised several times. It was discovered he was designed after the Hadrian-series of cyborgs from the Kherubim's homeworld and there were plenty of similar androids like him. Spartan resembled the X-Men's stiff leader [[Cyclops (comics)|Cyclops]] in many ways but had an interesting angle by having "human emotions" towards Voodoo. Spartan's history grew even more complicated when Alan Moore explained he was an incarnation of a long-dead hero, John Colt, a.k.a. the Kherubim lord Yohn Kohl. Later still, he absorbed powers of Void, making him one of the most powerful beings in the Wildstorm Universe. He has turned away from the role of superhero, trying to improve the world as Jack Marlowe, CEO of the Halo Company by introducing highly advanced alien technology into human society.
* '''[[Zealot (Wildstorm)|Zealot]]''': Zannah, a Kherubim and a Coda warrior, Zealot is the former Majestrix of the Coda and helped develop their virtues and practices. She has lived for thousands of years and has had many relationships with both humans and aliens alike. After failing to follow her own rules under the Coda, she left their clan and they have hunted her since. She was part of Team One under the name of Lucy Blaze. Zealot has a close friendship with Grifter though she is equally devoted to her sister Savant, who is secretly her real daughter. Winter from Stormwatch is, possibly, Zealot's son. Zealot left the Wildcats and for a limited amount of time she joined Dept. PSI and co-led WildCORE with Backlash; a half Kherubim and former member Team 7. Zealot is seemingly based on the DC Comics character [[Wonder Woman]] and the Marvel Comics character [[Elektra (comics)|Elektra]]. In recent years Zealot has turned upon her former allies in the Coda, claiming that by becoming mere assassins they have betrayed their purpose. Since then she has almost wiped out the Coda single-handed.
* '''[[Voodoo (Wildstorm)|Voodoo]]''': Priscilla Kitaen, a [[telepathy|telepathic]] human-Kherubim hybrid with Daemonite ancestry, Voodoo has the ability to see Daemonites who have possessed humans and separate them from the bodies the Daemonites possessed. Voodoo was an exotic dancer before being rescued by the WildC.A.Ts from the Daemonites. She was later on trained by Zealot in combat and developed an attraction towards Spartan. Her Daemonite ancestry was not revealed until when she entered into a coma after being shot. Void entered in her mind through a computer, and it was revealed that one of her ancestors, a Kherubin, was possessed by a Damonite. Disappointed by her life as a superhero, she left the Wildcats and studied Voodoo magic. After she left the Wildcats, Voodoo was attacked by a serial killer called Samuel Smith, a fight which lost her both her legs. An elderly Daemonite appeared to her and taught her the use of her hidden powers of regeneration and time-manipulation. She managed to regrow her legs and started a relationship with her former teammate Maul.
* '''[[Grifter (comics)|Grifter]]''': Former government operative and member of Team 7, Cole Cash is the only male ever trained by the Coda. Grifter represented the loner of the group though he seemed devoted to his partner Zealot. He was the only member of the original team not to use any active post-human powers (even though he had them due to being gen-active following Team 7's disbanding). His disagreements with Jacob Marlowe and the arrival of a second group of WildC.A.T.s led to his resignation and ill-fated solo comic book series. He returned to the Wildcats after the death of his brother, Max, only to leave the team again after Zealot's apparent death. Emp managed to convince him to rejoin their team to battle the threat of Kenyan. After Kenyan's death, Cole started working for Jack Marlowe. This job cost him the use of his legs, landing him in a wheelchair for a long time, even forcing him to use Ladytron's robotic body as a remote-controlled stand-in. Recently Grifter's latent powers healed his broken legs.
* '''[[Maul (Wildstorm)|Maul]]''': Human-Kherubim hybrid capable of increasing his mass at the cost of his reasoning capability. Some have argued that the Maul character is an imitation of the [[Hulk (comics)|Hulk]]. Maul experiences powerful rage and is actually a [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]]-prized scientist named Dr. Jeremy Stone. In the second series, it was revealed he could increase his intelligence by decreasing his body mass, but this proved to be physically depleting. Jeremy has devoted himself to science and has shown some reluctance to use his superhuman powers these days. He started a relationship with Voodoo.
* '''[[Warblade (Wildstorm)|Warblade]]''': Human-Kherubim hybrid capable of transforming parts of his body into any solid weapon. Warblade is an accomplished martial artist. Although a virtual killing machine, Reno Bryce also has the soul of an artist, having his sculpted work displayed in major art galleries. During Moore's run, a Kheran lord trained him in the use of his powers. In the second series, he killed the mercenary Pike for killing his girlfriend and retired as a superhero. He still keeps in touch with Grifter.
* '''[[Void (comics)|Void]]''': A being capable of precognition, teleportation, and other cosmic stunts, Void has the ability to see various timelines due to her relationship with a cosmic Orb. Her persona was earlier revealed to be based on a Russian cosmonaut, Adrianna Tereshkova who died upon the arrival of the Orb from space. Over time Void grew more and more distant from humanity and the part of her spirit that was Adrianna moved on to the afterlife. The Void-entity existed without any host for a short time, before the actions of the traitor Noir endangered its existence and Spartan became its new host.
* '''[[Lord Emp]]''': Jacob Marlowe is a multi-millionaire who owns the media/technology conglomerate the [[Halo Corporation]]. Although he was once a Kherubim warlord, Emp does not remember his past and has no control over the powers he once wielded. It was the woman named Void who took him from his life as a homeless man and made him into the wealthy financier of the WildC.A.Ts. It was revealed he has assumed other rich persona's in the past, including that of industrialist Saul Baxter, during most of the 20th century. In the second series, Emp had taken a more alien appearance in preparation for his 'Ascension', a process which ultimately cost him his physical body, but freed his spirit. Gone from the physical plane of existence, he left all his possessions to Spartan.

=== Savant's team ===
A second team was introduced later in the series. They were formed after the original team, rumored to be dead, had left for Khera, the Kherubim homeworld. This unlikely group broke from the WildC.A.T.s usual anti-Daemonite agenda and conducted a proactive war on criminals. This alienated them from many other characters in the Wildstorm universe.
* '''[[Mister Majestic]]''': He was another Kherubim warlord, Lord Majestros, one of four that had been stuck on Earth. Mr. Majestic is considered a [[Superman]] knockoff,{{Fact|date=June 2007}} with similar powers and physical characteristics (though he has had much better feats of strength and power than the current Superman), though he also is a genius inventor and a highly skilled martial artist (focused mostly on swordplay). He recently crossed over into the Superman comics, replacing the Man of Steel for a brief time, though he later returned and recently met [[Captain Atom]]. Following his return from the DC Universe, Majestic starred in his second ongoing solo-series, having to encounter what happened to the planet while he was gone, namely a Demonite invasion and later-on encounter by God-like alien ship.
* '''[[Savant (Wildstorm)|Savant]]''': The daughter of Lord Majestros and Zealot (a fact which was till recently only known to Zealot), Savant thinks she's Zealot's sister. An adventurer possessing many artifacts of mystic power and advanced technologies, including boots that can teleport the person who wears it and a piece of the Orb. Savant has shown superhuman strength and has a genius-level intellect, but can also be irresponsible and brash. She was the leading character of the short-lived ''Savant Garde'' series.
* '''[[Condition Red (comics)|Condition Red]]''': Max Cash is the younger brother of Grifter with excellent, if limited, fighting and marksmanship abilities. Max was gunned down by a Coda Assassin in issue #49 of the first series and died in the final issue. He was resurrected as a zombie for one annual in the second series.
* '''[[Tao (comics)|T.A.O.]]''': The T.A.O. is an artificially produced human being with peculiar thinking abilities that enables him to be inhumanly persuasive and incredibly [[Intuition (knowledge)|intuitive]]. He was eventually revealed to have been manipulating the team to self-destruction, the revelation of which caused him to seemingly be killed by Majestic. Eventually it was revealed that he had foreseen this and had a shapeshifted prisoner take the hit. He later re-appeared, having founded a world-wide criminal organization that aimed to destabilize human global governments, public institutions and age-old secret societies that controlled many aspects of the Wildstorm Universe. T.A.O.'s story after he left the WildC.A.T.S. were told in the series ''Point Blank'' and ''[[Sleeper (comic book)|Sleeper]]''.
* '''[[Ladytron (comics)|Ladytron]]''': Maxine Manchester, a cyborg [[Punk subculture|punk]] with homicidal tendencies. She was captured by the Wildcats and through T.A.O.'s reprogramming convinced to join the team. She admired the cybernetic mercenary [[Overtkill (comics)|Overtkill]] and was romantically interested in Max Cash, though her interest was not returned. When T.A.O. was revealed as a traitor, he disabled her robotic body and Ladytron was taken to the Church of Gort. She became a nun for this new age cult devoted to robotics, but had a falling out with its members because she still contained organic bodyparts. She ended up with the Wildcats again, but was wounded again, this time by the serial killer Samuel Smith. The damage was so extensive that Ladytron was shut down. A short stint as Noir's reprogrammed pawn later, Ladytron's mind was downloaded into the Halo mainframe and her body was used by the wheelchair-bound Grifter as a remote-controlled stand-in.

===Time travel team===
The team consisted of Grifter, Max Profitt (Max Cash), Void and Spartan (an old Spartan unit, with no knowledge about Khera or the "previous life" as John Colt), as well as these new members:
*'''Mythos''': A powerful mystic and Kherubim lord. He has superhuman physical attributes, such as an incredible speed.
*'''Olimpya''': A Daemonite mercenary who has Coda training. Unlike many of her race, she was peaceful and even adopted a teenager named Kai, who apparently has Coda training as well. When Max Cash was killed, she killed his assassin in revenge. She was killed by zombie Max Cash during the ''Devil's Night'' crossover
*'''Sister Eve''': Lord Entropy's daughter, who was a nun before joining the WildC.A.T.s. She has inherited her father's "chaos power".

===3.0 Cast of Characters===
Besides Grifter and Jack Marlowe, the main characters were:
*'''Edwin Dolby (a.k.a Grifter II)''': Jack Marlowe's main accountant and right-hand man in the Halo Corporation. When Grifter's legs were seriously injured in a mission, he started training Dolby to be the second Grifter after learning of Dolby's natural aptitude for markmanship. Dolby, however, refused to kill. Despite this, Dolby was sent on a mission and during this mission he panicked and accidentally killed a man. He suffered a mental breakdown and quit Halo, but Marlowe was able to convince him to return by reinforcing his belief in the success of Halo's mission.
*'''Agent Wax''': Jack Marlowe's mole at the National Park Service, a government agency tasked with monitoring superhuman activity. Wax is gifted with strong hypnotic powers, but his superiors never knew this. He quit the Service after the death of his partner, but he returned later. Because he had left, he was forced to take a desk job and was bullied by his boss, Agent Downs. He enacted revenge by having an affair with Downs' wife. Downs learned of Wax's manipulations and forced Wax to a confrontation. Wax made Downs kill himself with his hypnotic powers. He then used his powers to impersonate Downs. Marlowe found out about Downs' death, but decided to give Wax a second chance.
*'''C. C. Rendozzo''': An information broker who knows about Jack Marlowe's alien origin. In return for her silence on his alien heritage, he agreed to rescue her son, who had been kidnapped by his government agent father. Despite spending most of her time behind a desk, Rendozzo is quite skilled with firearms and joined Grifter in an attempt to rescue Zealot, even taking a number of her henchmen along with her.
*'''[[Agent Orange (comics)|Agent Orange]]''': Another mole of Jack Marlowe, this time at the FBI. Agent Orange is an enhanced human, who can be mentally programmed for certain tasks. Agent Orange's blood is composed of [[dioxin]] and he has shown superhuman strength, durability and endurance. Never speaking or showing any emotion, Agent Orange is quite similar in appearance and behaviour to [[The Terminator]].
*'''The Beef Boys''': Two remarkably, possibly superhumanly, strong men dressed in [[Sadomasochism|S&M]] fetish gear. Apart from running a BDSM club, they are also mercenaries who work for Grifter from time to time. The taller of the two, Glenn, never speaks, while the other, Cedric, is quite eloquent. Glenn was killed by the [[Coda (Wildstorm)|Coda]].

==External links==
* [http://www.internationalhero.co.uk/w/wildcats.htm International Hero entry for WildC.A.T.s]
* [http://www.newsarama.com/dcnew/Oct06/previews/wildcats.html WILDCATS: WORLDSTORM #1 PREVIEW]
* [http://www.wizarduniverse.com/magazine/wizard/001987118.cfm FALL PREVIEW: WILDCATS Take an exclusive look at writer Grant Morrison’s original pitch to resurrect Wildstorm’s flagship title!]
* [http://www.wizarduniverse.com/magazine/wizard/002093338.cfm 'CATS AND CATACOMBS Jim Lee delves into his past and his initial thoughts for the new Wildcats series]

{{Alan Moore}}
{{Steve Gerber}}

[[Category:DC Comics titles]]
[[Category:Wildstorm Comics superhero teams]]
[[Category:Wildstorm Comics titles]]

[[fr:WildCATS]]

David Eagleman

2007-11-30T05:49:23Z

Doczilla: clean up using AWB

'''David Eagleman''' is the director of the Laboratory for Perception and Action at [[Baylor College of Medicine]]. He holds joint appointments in Psychology, Biomedical Engineering, and the Institute for Neuroscience at [[UT Austin]], as well as an adjunct appointment in Psychology at [[Rice University]]. He earned his Ph.D. at Baylor College of Medicine, followed by a postdoctoral fellowship at the [[Salk Institute]]. His areas of specialization include:
*'''[[Time|Time perception]]''': His lab combines psychophysical, behavioral, and computational approaches to address the relationship between the timing of perception and the timing of neural signals. He is currently engaged in experiments that explore temporal encoding, time warping, manipulations of the perception of causality, and time perception in high-adrenaline situations. This data is used to explore how neural signals processed by different brain regions come together for a temporally unified picture of the world.
*'''[[Synesthesia]]''', an unusual perceptual condition in which stimulation to one sense triggers an involuntary sensation in other senses. He is the developer of [http://www.synesthete.org The Synesthesia Battery], a free online test where people can determine whether they are synesthetic.
*'''[[Visual illusions]]''' and what [http://neuro.bcm.edu/eagleman/papers/Eagleman.NatureRevNeuro.Illusions.pdf they tell us about neurobiology]. He has concentrated recently on the [[flash lag illusion]] and [[wagon wheel effect]].
*'''Neuroscience and the Law''', an emerging field that determines how modern brain science should affect the way we make laws, punish criminals, and invent new methods for rehabilitation. Eagleman is the founder and director of Baylor College of Medicine's [http://neuro.bcm.edu/eagleman/neurolaw Initiative on Law, Brains and Behavior].

==Books by David Eagleman==
* [http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780199298662 ''Behind the I: The Secret Life of the Unconscious Brain''], Oxford University Press, 2008 (upcoming)
* ''Unsolved Mysteries of the Brain'', Pantheon Press, 2008 (upcoming). See short version: [http://discovermagazine.com/2007/aug/unsolved-brain-mysteries ''Ten Unsolved Mysteries of the Brain''], cover article in ''Discover Magazine'', August 2007.
* ''Hearing Colors, Tasting Sounds: The Kaliedoscopic Brain of [[Synesthesia]]'', co-authored with Richard Cytowic, submitted for publication.
* ''The Fluid Machine: How the Brain Reconfigures Itself of the Fly'', Oxford University Press, 2008 (upcoming)
* ''Sum: The Afterlife Archipelago'', Pantheon Press, 2008 (upcoming). (Fiction)

==External links==
*[http://neuro.bcm.edu/eagleman David Eagleman's laboratory webpage]
*[http://www.synesthete.org The Synesthesia Battery], an online resource for synesthetia.
*[http://www.eaglemanfoundation.org/ The Eagleman prize in mathematics and physics]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eagleman, David}}
[[Category:Neuroscientists]]
[[Category:American neuroscientists]]
[[Category:American psychologists]]
[[Category:American short story writers]]

Herbert Mullin

2007-11-30T02:46:04Z

Doczilla: clean up using AWB

{{Infobox Serial Killer
| name=Herbert Mullin
| image=Herbert-Mullin.jpg
| caption=Mullin's mugshot
| birthname=Herbert Williams Mullin
| alias=
| birth=[[April 18]], [[1947]]
| location=[[Salinas, California]][[Image:Flag of California.svg|20px]]
| death=
| cause=
| victims=13
| country=[[United States|U.S.]] {{flagicon|US}}
| states=[[California]]
| beginyear=[[October 13]], [[1972]]
| endyear=[[February 13]], [[1973]]
| apprehended=[[February 13]], [[1973]]
| penalty=[[Life imprisonment|Life]]
}}

'''Herbert Williams Mullin''' (born [[April 18]], [[1947]]) is a [[serial killer]] who committed 13 [[murder]]s in [[California]] in the early [[1970s]].<ref>http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/mullin/index_1.html</ref>
== Childhood and youth ==
Born on [[April 18]], [[1947]], and raised in [[Santa Cruz, California]], Mullin had a relatively normal childhood. His father, a [[World War II]] veteran, was stern but not [[child abuse|abusive]]. He frequently discussed his heroic war activities and showed his son how to use a gun at an early age. Mullin had numerous friends at school and was voted "Most Likely to Succeed" by his classmates. However, shortly after graduating from high school, one of Mullin's best friends was killed in a car accident, and Mullin was devastated. He built a shrine to his deceased friend in his bedroom. Later he expressed fears that he was homosexual, even though he had a long-term girlfriend at the time.

As he entered adulthood, Mullin's behaviour became increasingly unstable. He broke off his relationship with his girlfriend for no apparent reason, started obsessing over impending [[earthquake]]s and began asking his sister to have sex with him. He claimed a desire to go to [[India]] to study religion, although he never did so.

In 1969, at the age of 21, Mullin allowed his family to commit him to a [[mental hospital]]. Over the next few years, he would enter various institutions, but would discharge himself after only a short stay. He burned cigarettes out on his own skin, talked to himself, attempted to enter the [[priesthood]], and got evicted from an apartment after he repeatedly pounded on the floor, shouting at people who were not there.

== Murder spree ==
By [[1972]], Mullin was 25 and had moved back in with his parents in Santa Cruz. By now he was hearing voices in his head that told him an earthquake was imminent, and that only through murder could he save California (Mullin's birthday, [[April 18]], was the anniversary of the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]], which he thought very significant).

On October 13, 1972, Mullin went out and battered a [[homeless]] man to death with a baseball bat. He was to claim that the victim was [[Jonah]] from the [[Bible]], and that he had sent Mullin a [[telepathy|telepathic]] message saying, "Pick me up and throw me over the boat. Kill me so that others will be saved."

The next victim was Mary Guilfoyle, 24, whom Mullin picked up hitch-hiking. He stabbed her to death, sliced open her stomach and dumped her corpse at the side of the road. He then strung her intestines along the tree branches to examine them for "pollution". When Guilfoyle's body was found, it was mistakenly thought to be a victim of [[Edmund Kemper]], another serial killer operating in the area at the time.

In November, Mullin claimed his third victim when he went to confess his sins but ended up stabbing the priest, Father Henri Tomei, to death. After that, Mullin decided to join the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] and actually managed to pass the physical and psychiatric tests. However, he was refused entry when it was found out that he had a number of minor arrests for his bizarre and disruptive behaviour in the past. This rejection fueled Mullin's paranoid delusions of conspiracies, behind which he believed was a powerful group of [[hippies]].

Having purchased several guns, Mullin decided to kill Jim Gianera, a high school friend who had sold him [[cannabis]]. However, when Mullin went to Gianera's house on January 25, 1973, he found that his old friend had moved away. The house was now occupied by Kathy Francis, and she gave him Gianera's new address. There, Mullin killed both Gianera and his wife with shots to the head, then stabbed their bodies repeatedly. Mullin then went back to Francis' house, where he shot her and her two sons, aged 9 and 6, dead. Because Francis' husband—who was away at the time—was a drug dealer, the five murders were thought to be motivated by [[drug trafficking]]. (It would later be argued by prosecutors that the murder of Kathy Francis eliminated Mullin's claims of [[Insanity defense|not guilty by reason of insanity]] because he killed her to remove a witness who could link him to the Gianera murders.)

On February 10, Mullin was wandering around [[Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park]] where he saw four teenaged boys out camping. He walked over to them, engaged in a brief conversation and claimed to be a park ranger, then, without provocation, pulled out a gun and shot all of them to death.

The final murder took place three days later on February 13. Mullin was driving alone when he pulled over and shot dead an elderly man who was mowing his lawn. Then he got back into his car and drove off. It was broad daylight and there were a number of witnesses, and Mullin was quickly arrested. In the space of four months he had killed 13 people.

== Trial and imprisonment ==
In custody, Mullin confessed to his crimes, and said that he had been told by voices in his head to kill people in order to prevent an earthquake (and he claimed the fact that there had not been an earthquake recently was due to his handiwork).

Mullin was eventually charged with 10 murders (he was not charged with the first three), and his trial opened up on July 30, 1973. Mullin had admitted to all the crimes and therefore the trial focused on whether he was [[sanity|sane]] and culpable of his actions. The fact that he had covered his tracks and shown premeditation in some of his crimes was put forth by the prosecution, while the defense argued that the defendant had a history of [[mental illness]]. On August 19, the verdict was delivered. Mullin was declared guilty of [[first-degree murder]] in the cases of Jim Gianera and Kathy Francis—because they were premeditated—while for the other eight murders Mullin was found guilty of [[second-degree murder]] because they were more impulsive.

He was sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] and will be eligible for parole in 2025, when he will be 78. He is incarcerated at Mule Creek State Penitentiary in California.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial4/herbmullin/ Crime Library: Herb Mullin]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mullin, Herbert}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:American serial killers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Prisoners serving life sentences]]
[[Category:People from Santa Cruz, California]]

[[de:Herbert Mullin]]

Richard Cottingham

2007-11-30T02:41:35Z

Doczilla: clean up using AWB

{{Infobox Serial Killer
| name=Richard Cottingham
| image=Richard Cottingham.jpg
| caption=[[FBI]] wanted poster for an unknown subject in the Torso killings. The unknown subject turned out to be Richard Cottingham.
| birthname=
| alias=Torso Killer
| birth=[[November 25]], [[1946]]
| location=[[Bronx, New York]][[Image:Flag of New York.svg|25px]]
| death=
| cause=
| victims=5
| country=[[USA]] {{flagicon|US}}
| states=[[New York]], [[New Jersey]]
| beginyear=[[December 15]], [[1977]]
| endyear=[[May 22]], [[1980]]
| apprehended=[[May 22]], [[1980]]
| penalty=[[Life imprisonment|Life]]
}}

'''Richard Cottingham''' was a [[serial killer]] from [[New Jersey]] operating in [[New York]] between 1977 and 1980. One popular nickname for him was the "Torso Killer" because he often left only a [[torso]] behind. He was eventually convicted of murder in 1981 after being apprehended during an attempted murder.Several books have been written about him including ''The Torso Killer'' and "The Prostitute Murders". (ISBN 1-55817-518-0) .

[[Category:American serial killers|Cottingham, Richard]]

{{US-crime-bio-stub}}

Vergewaltigungstraumasyndrom

2007-11-28T06:04:15Z

Doczilla: clean up using AWB

'''Rape Trauma Syndrome''' is a group of signs, symptoms and reactions of a rape victim, first described by psychiatrist Ann Wolbert Burgess and sociologist Lynda Lytle Holmstrom in 1974.

There are two main phases, the Disorganization Phase (acute) and Reorganization Phase (short-term to long-term effects).

The symptoms in the acute phase are similar to [[Acute stress reaction|shock]] and in the longer term similar to [[Post Traumatic Stress Disorder]].

==External links==
*[http://www.medicineau.net.au/clinical/psychiatry/rts.html RTS page at Medicine Australia]
*[http://www.bc.edu/schools/son/faculty/burgess.html Ann Burgess' bio at Boston College]

[[Category:Clinical psychology]]
[[Category:Rape]]

{{psych-stub}}

Mikroexpression

2007-11-28T05:52:52Z

Doczilla: clean up using AWB

The term '''microexpression''' denotes a brief [[facial expression]] that lasts less than a quarter of a second. They often occur involuntarily, and can reveal [[emotion]]s not deliberately expressed.

==Background==
In the 1960s, [[William Condon (psychology)|William Condon]] pioneered the study of interactions at the fraction-of-a-second level. In his famous research project, he scrutinized a four-and-a-half-second film segment frame by frame, where each frame represented 1/45th second. After studying this film segment for a year and a half, he discerned interactional “micromovements”, such as the wife moving her shoulder exactly as the husband's hands came up, which combined yielded “microrhythms”.

American psychologist [[John Gottman]] began video-recording living relationships to study how couples interact. By studying these micro-movements, Gottman was able to predict which relationships would hold and which would dissolve.

Most people do not seem to perceive microexpressions in themselves or others. In the [[Diogenes Project]], for example, researcher [[Paul Ekman]] found that these tiny movements often can expose [[lie|lying]], and that a very, very small percentage of those he studied had a [[preternatural]] knack for detecting them. He now claims that anyone can be trained to see such microexpressions relatively easily.

==See also==
*[[Nonverbal communication]]
*[[Body language]]
*[[Facecrime]]

==External links==
* [http://www.gladwell.com/2002/2002_08_05_a_face.htm The Naked Face]
* [http://www.cio.com/archive/120104/faces.html Facial Expressions Test based on "The Micro Expression Training Tool"]

[[Category:Facial expressions]]

{{psychology-stub}}

Greeble (Psychologie)

2007-11-28T05:21:49Z

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{{for|detailing added to break up a surface|Greeble}}

'''The Greebles''' refers to a category of novel objects used as stimuli in psychological studies of object and face recognition, created by Scott Yu at Yale University. They were named by the famous psychologist Robert Abelson. The greebles were created so as to share constraints with faces: they have a small number of parts in a common configuration. This makes it difficult to distinguish any individual object on the basis of the presence of a feature, and this is thought to encourage the use of all features and the relationships between them. In other words, greebles, just like faces, can be processed configurally. Scott's originals (both the symmetrical and asymmetrical sets) can be obtained from Michael Tarr.<ref>http://www.tarrlab.org/</ref> Greebles appear in over 20 scientific articles.<ref>http://www.psy.vanderbilt.edu/faculty/gauthier/FoG/Greebles.html</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* Gauthier, I., and Tarr, M. J. (1997). Becoming a "Greeble" expert: Exploring the face recognition mechanism. Vision Research, 37(12), 1673-1682.
* Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Anderson, A. W., Skudlarski, P., and Gore, J. C. (1999). Activation of the middle fusiform "face area" increases with expertise in recognizing novel objects. Nature Neuroscience, 2(6), 568-573.
{{refend}}

[[Category:Vision]]

{{psychology-stub}}

Erzwungener Schwimmtest

2007-11-28T04:55:53Z

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{{animal testing}}
The '''behavioural despair test''' (also called the Porsolt test or forced swimming test) is a test used to measure the effect of antidepressant drugs on the behaviour of laboratory animals (typically rats or mice).

==Method==

Animals are subjected to two trials during which they are forced to swim in an [[acrylic glass]] cylinder filled with water, and from which they cannot escape. The first trial lasts 15 minutes. Then, after 24-hours, a second trial is performed that lasts 5 minutes. The time that the test animal spends without moving in the second trial is measured. This immobility time is decreased by antidepressants.

==References==
{{cite journal
| author=Porsolt RD, Bertin A, Jalfre M.
| title= Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants
| journal= Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie
| year= 1977
| volume= 229
| issue= 2
| pages= 327–336
| url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=596982&dopt=Abstract}}

{{cite journal
| author=Petit-Demouliere B, Chenu F, Bourin M.
| title= Forced swimming test in mice: a review of antidepressant activity.
| journal= Psychopharmacology (Berl)
| year= 2005
| volume= 177
| issue= 3
| pages= 245–255
| url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=15609067&query_hl=4&itool=pubmed_docsum}}

[[Category:Animal testing]]
[[Category:Animal rights]]
[[Category:Medical research]]
[[Category:Psychology experiments]]

{{Pharma-stub}}
{{Psych-stub}}

Robert Hogan (Psychologe)

2007-11-28T04:44:56Z

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{{otheruses|Robert Hogan}}

'''Robert Hogan''' is an [[United States|American]] [[psychologist]] known for his innovations in [[personality test]]ing and personality assessment.

Hogan earned a Ph.D. from [[University of California, Berkeley]]. He has been Professor of Psychology and Social Relations at [[Johns Hopkins University]] and is currently McFarlin Professor and Chair, Department of Psychology at the [[University of Tulsa]].

Hogan has published three personality inventories; the Hogan Personality Inventory; the Hogan Development Survey and the Motives Values and Preferences Inventory.

Hogan's work in personality measurement is distinctive as it is theory based. He has contributed to the development of socioanlytic theory which posits career and life success is based on evolutionary adaptions. Humans, in this view, always live in groups and groups always demonstrate status hierarchies. This in turn leads to two further generalisations: people are motivated to get along with other group members but also to get ahead (to enjoy the perquisites of status). Hogan, an iconoclastic observer of American psychology, maintains that personality is best examined from the perspective of the observer (reputation) rather than the actor (a person's identity. As a consequence Hogan has insisted that personality tools should be evaluated in terms of how well reputations (defined on personality tests) predict behaviour on the job and in relationships.

In 1994 he was one of 52 signatories on "[[Mainstream Science on Intelligence]]," an editorial written by [[Linda Gottfredson]] and published in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', which defended the findings on [[race and intelligence]] in ''[[The Bell Curve]]''. <ref name="gottfredson">Gottfredson, Linda (December 13, 1994). [[Mainstream Science on Intelligence]]. ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'', p A18.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hoganassessments.com/ Hogan Assessment Systems]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hogan, Robert (psychologist)}}
[[Category:Living people]]

{{US-psychologist-stub}}

Melissa Farley (Psychologin)

2007-11-28T02:53:42Z

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{{NPOV|article}}

{{Infobox Scientist
|name = Melissa Farley
|box_width = 250px
|image =
|image_width =
|caption =
|birth_date = 1942
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|residence = [[San Francisco]]
|nationality = [[United States|American]]
|field = [[Psychology]]
|work_institutions = Prostitution Research and Education 1996– [[Kaiser Foundation Research Institute]] ([[Oakland, CA]]), 1993–2000
|alma_mater = [[University of Iowa]] (Ph.D., Counseling Psychology, 1973) [[San Francisco State University]] (MS, Clinical Psychology, 1966) [[Mills College]] (BA, Psychology, 1964)
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = Research on the effects of [[prostitution]], [[sexual abuse]], and [[violence against women]]<ref name=farleycv>[http://disability-abuse.com/txt/OnlineFacultyCVs/FarleyCV.txt "Melissa Farley: Curriculum Vitae"], 2004.</ref>
|prizes =
|religion =
|footnotes }}

'''Melissa Farley''' (born [[1942]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[feminist]] research and [[clinical psychologist]] and [[anti-pornography movement|anti-pornography]] and anti-prostitution activist.<ref name=farleycv/><ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3693/is_199405/ai_n8714216/pg_3 "Prostitution: The oldest use and abuse of women"] by Melissa Farley, ''[[off our backs]]'', May 1994. (''FindArticles.com'' archive, p 3.)</ref><ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/e/a/1995/08/14/NEWS5272.dtl "Slick S.F. posters advocate decriminalizing prostitution"] by Kevin Foley, ''[[San Francisco Examiner]]'', August 14, 1995.</ref><ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/31/BAGCS8H7FV1.DTL "Sober forum, street theater on prostitution ballot issue"] by Patrick Hoge, ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', August 31, 2004.</ref> Farley is best known for her studies of the effects of [[prostitution]], [[trafficking]], and [[Sexual abuse|sexual violence]].

==Research==
Since 1993, Farley has researched prostitution and trafficking in 9 countries. She is the author of several studies of prostitutes in several parts of the world, which claim high rates of [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] among the women studied. In September 2007, Farley published a report on [[Prostitution in Nevada|prostitution and sex trafficking in the state of Nevada]]. In the report, Farley claims that, though Nevada has legal [[brothels]], 90% of prostitution taking place in the state is illegal and that [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] is a major destination for sex traffickers. She also claims that 81% of the 45 legal brothel workers she interviewed would like to leave prostitution, but in many cases are physically prevented from doing so. Farley additionally states that she had been threatened at gunpoint by one of the brothel owners during the course of the interviews.<ref name=lvrj>[http://www.lvrj.com/news/9612332.html "Outlaw industry, ex-prostitutes say"] by Lynnette Curtis, ''[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]]'', September 6, 2007.</ref><ref name=pahrump>[http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2007/Sep-07-Fri-2007/news/16519321.html "Panel: Brothels aid sex trafficking"] by Mark Waite, ''Pahrump Valley Times'', September 7, 2007.</ref>

Her prostitution studies, however, have been criticized, most notably by [[sociologist]] [[Ronald Weitzer]], for alleged problems with their methodology and sampling bias toward highly marginalized groups of prostitutes (such as [[street prostitutes]]), and for the way the findings of these studies have been more generally applied to demonstrate the harm of sex work of all kinds. Farley's critics also claim that her findings largely reflect her [[radical feminist]] ideology.<ref name=weitzer1>[http://web.archive.org/web/20060111065947/http://www.woodhullfoundation.org/content/otherpublications/WeitzerVAW-1.pdf “Flawed Theory and Method in Studies of Prostitution”] by Ronald Weitzer, ''Violence Against Women'' 11(7): 934–949, July 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.genderhealth.org/pubs/LtrMillerTrafficking.pdf Letter to Ambassador John Miller] by Ann Jordan and others, ''Center for Health and Gender Equity'', April 21, 2005, p 4.</ref><ref>Debate between [[Tracy Quan]] and Melissa Farley, ''Conversations with Krys Villasenor'', [[KERA]] radio, February 6, 2002.</ref>

Farley has also published several papers on the long-term effects of [[sexual abuse]].

==Activism and views==
Farley is a leading proponent of the abolitionist view of prostitution<ref>[http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060924/COLUMNIST03/609240366/ "Feminists fight over prostitution"] by Roberta deBoer, ''[[Toledo Blade]]'', September 24, 2006.</ref> holding that prostitution is inherently exploitive and traumatizing, and should therefore be abolished. She is an opponent of across-the-board decriminalization of prostitution, instead advocating the "[[Prostitution in Sweden|Swedish model]]" of prostitution laws, in which the buying of sex (including [[soliciting]], [[Procuring (prostitution)|procuring]], and trafficking) is criminalized, while the selling of sex is decriminalized, along with the funding of social services to "motivate prostitutes to seek help to leave their way of life." Such an approach is based on the point of view that prostitutes are the weaker partner in the transaction and are exploited.<ref name=yalejournal>"Prostitution, trafficking, and cultural amnesia: What we must not know in order to keep the business of sexual exploitation running smoothly" by Melissa Farley, ''Yale Journal of Law and Feminism'' 18(1):109–144, Spring 2006.</ref> She is also largely opposed to [[sex workers' rights]] activists and groups, such as [[COYOTE]], which advocate legalizing or decriminalizing both prostitution and the purchase of sexual services.<ref>"Ex-prostitutes' quilt honors slain women" by [[Associated Press]], ''Las Vegas Review-Journal'', April 13, 1994, p 14.</ref><ref name=mercury>[http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/Content?oid=26820 "Prostitution: Pro or Con?"] by Katia Dunn, ''[[Portland Mercury]]'', May 9, 2002.</ref> Many of these activists are likewise strongly opposed to Farley's perspective, holding that Farley's research discredits and misrepresents women working in the sex industry and lacks accountability toward them.<ref name=mercury/><ref>[http://www.unlvrebelyell.com/article/2007/09/20/a-victimless-crime/ "A victimless crime?"] by Alicia Portillo, ''The Rebel Yell'' ([[UNLV]] student newspaper), September 20, 2007.</ref>

Farley is also anti-pornography activist. In 1985, she led a National Rampage Against Penthouse alongside [[Nikki Craft]]. The "Rampage" was a [[civil disobedience]] campaign of public destruction of bookstore-owned copies of ''[[Penthouse magazine|Penthouse]]'' and ''[[Hustler]]'' (which they denounced as violent [[pornography]]) and resulting arrest for their actions. Farley was arrested 13 different times in 9 different states for these actions.<ref name=femicide>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/Porn/rampage1femicide1991.pdf "Fighting Femicide in the United States: The Rampage Against Penthouse"] by Melissa Farley, in Jill Radford and [[Diana E. H. Russell]] (eds.), ''Femicide: The Politics of Woman Killing'', New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992.</ref><ref>
"2 Groups on 'Midwestern Rampage' 'Violent Pornography' Protested" by Terry Hyland, ''[[Omaha World-Herald]]'', February 25, 1985.</ref><ref>"Protesters of Porn Guilty of Destruction", ''Omaha World-Herald'', March 10, 1985.</ref> In March 2007, she testified in hearings about Kink.com's purchase of the [[San Francisco Armory]], comparing the images produced by [[Kink.com]] to images of [[prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib]].<ref name=sfgtv>[http://sanfrancisco.granicus.com/MediaPlayer.php?view_id=20&clip_id=3256 "San Francisco Planning Commission - Special Public Hearing"], ''SFGTV'', March 8, 2007. (link to streaming [[Windows Media]] video and downloadable [[MP3]] audio)</ref><ref>[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/blog/2007/02/kinkcom_in_san_francisco_women.html "Kink.Com in San Francisco: Women and Gay Men's Abu Ghraib"] by Melissa Farley, ''Traffick Jamming'' (blog), February 8, 2007.</ref>

As of 2007, she is currently director of Prostitution Research and Education, a San Francisco [[nonprofit organization]].

==Major works==
* Farley M. (2007). ''Prostitution and trafficking in Nevada: making the connections''. San Francisco: Prostitution Research and Education. ISBN 0615162053
* Farley M (ed). (2004). ''Prostitution, trafficking and traumatic stress''. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Maltreatment & Trauma Press. ISBN 0789023784 (hardcover) ISBN 0789023792 (paperback)
* Farley M. (2004). [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/FarleyVAW.pdf "Bad for the body, bad for the heart": Prostitution harms women even if legalized or decriminalized.] ''Violence Against Women'' 10(10): 1087–1125. {{DOI|10.1177/1077801204268607}}
* Farley M, Cotton A, Lynne J, Zumbeck S, Spiwak F, Reyes ME, Alvarez D, Sezgin U. (2003). [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/pdf/Prostitutionin9Countries.pdf Prostitution and trafficking in nine countries: Update on violence and posttraumatic stress disorder.] ''Journal of Trauma Practice'' 2(3/4):33–74. {{DOI|10.1300/J189v02n03_03}}
* Farley M, Patsalides BM. (2001). Physical symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder, and healthcare utilization of women with and without childhood physical and sexual abuse. ''Psychological Reports'' 89(3):595–606. {{DOI|10.2466/PR0.89.7.595-606}}
* Farley M, Barkan H. (1998). [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/prostitution_research/000021.html Prostitution, violence, and post-traumatic stress disorder.] ''Women & Health'' 27(3):37–49. {{DOI|10.1300/J013v27n03_03}}
* Farley M, Baral I, Kiremire M, Sezgin U. (1998). [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/prostitution_research/000020.html Prostitution in five countries: Violence and posttraumatic stress disorder.] ''Feminism & Psychology'' 8(4):405–426. {{DOI|10.1300/J013v27n03_03}}
* Farley M, Keaney JC. (1997). Physical symptoms, somatization, and dissociation in women survivors of childhood sexual assault. ''Women & Health'' 25(3):33–45. {{DOI|10.1300/J013v25n03_03}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{linkfarm}}
===By Melissa Farley===
*[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/ Prostitution Research and Education]
**[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/c-prostitution-research.html Prostitution Research] – select publications.
**[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/blog/ Traffick Jamming] – Melissa Farley's blog.
*[http://disability-abuse.com/txt/OnlineFacultyCVs/FarleyCV.txt Melissa Farley CV], 2004. – Includes list of publications as of 2004.
*[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/ohBROTHER/farley.html "Letter to the Editor"] by Melissa Farley , ''Changing Men'', September 29 and November 6, 1992.
* [http://www.mediawatch.com/wordpress/?p=21 "Ten Lies About Sadomasochism"] by Melissa Farley, ''Sinister Wisdom'' #50, Summer/Fall 1993, p. 29-37. (Archived at ''MediaWatch.com''.)
* [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3693/is_199405/ai_n8714216/pg_1 "Prostitution: The oldest use and abuse of women"] by Melissa Farley, ''[[off our backs]]'', May 1994. (Archived at ''FindArticles.com''.)
* [http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/Porn/WhyIMade.html "Why I Made the Choice To Become A Prostitute"] by Nikki Craft and Melissa Farley, ''Always Causing Legal Unrest'' (website), 1996.
*[http://www.cwis.org/fwj/61/prostitution_of_indigenous_women.htm “Prostitution of Indigenous Women: Sex Inequality and the Colonization of Canada’s First Nations Women”] by Melissa Farley and Jacqueline Lynne, ''Fourth World Journal'' 6(1):1–29, 2005.
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20060504185243/http://sisyphe.org/breve.php3?id_breve=440 "Prostitution and sex trafficking as severe forms of violence against women"] by Melissa Farely, ''Sisyphe'' (website), September 9, 2005. (Archived at [[Wayback Machine]], May 4, 2006.)
*[http://www.captivedaughters.org/demanddynamics/demandforprostitution.htm "The Demand for Prostitution"] by Melissa Farley, ''Captive Daughters'' (website).

===Criticism of Melissa Farley===
*[http://www.sexwork.com/whatisnew/farley.html "A Feminist View That All Sexworkers are Abused and Sick"], ''Sexwork.org'', 2002.
*[http://www.sfbg.com/39/04/news_prostitution.html "The pimps are coming!: Opponents of Berkeley's prostitution measure use alarmist rhetoric"] by Ann Harrison, ''[[San Francisco Bay Guardian]]'', October 27, 2004.
*[http://www.lvrj.com/opinion/9812702.html "Nevada Views: Vegas and the sex industry"] by Kate Hausbeck, Barbara Brents, and Crystal Jackson, ''Las Vegas Review-Journal'', September 16, 2007.

===Debates between Melissa Farley and others===
*[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/FarleyVAW.pdf "'Bad for the Body, Bad for the Heart': Prostitution Harms Women Even If Legalized or Decriminalized"] by Melissa Farley, ''Violence Against Women'' 10(10): 1087-1125, October 2004.
**[http://web.archive.org/web/20060111065947/http://www.woodhullfoundation.org/content/otherpublications/WeitzerVAW-1.pdf “Flawed Theory and Method in Studies of Prostitution”] by Ronald Weitzer, ''Violence Against Women'' 11(7): 934–949, July 2005.
**[http://www.nostatusquo.com/farley/FarleyResponse.pdf "Prostitution Harms Women Even if Indoors: Reply to Weitzer"] by Melissa Farley, ''Violence Against Women'' 11(7): 950–964, July 2005.
**[http://www.geocities.com/wikispace/weitzer.2005b.pdf "Rehashing Tired Claims About Prostitution: A Response to Farley and Raphael and Shapiro"] by Ronald Weitzer, ''Violence Against Women'' 11(7): 971–977, July 2005.
*[http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050829/nathan "Oversexed"] by Debbie Nathan, ''[[The Nation]]'', August 11, 2005.
**[http://action.web.ca/home/catw/readingroom.shtml?x=81265 "Unequal"] by Melissa Farley, ''[[Coalition Against Trafficking in Women]]'' (website), August 30, 2005.

===Panel and symposium discussions===
*[http://ylsqtss.law.yale.edu/qtmedia/events06/sexforsalepanel1.mov "Sex For Sale Symposium: Panel on Prostitution"], [[Yale University|Yale]] Law School, February 4, 2006. ([[Quicktime]] MOV video. Archived at ''Yale Journal of Law and Feminism'' website.)

===News articles, reports, and editorials===
*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E6DC163DF93BA2575BC0A96E958260 "Many Prostitutes Suffer Combat Disorder, Study Finds"] by Abigail Zuger, ''[[New York Times]]'', August 18, 1998.
*[http://www.klas-tv.com/Global/story.asp?S=7029088 "Former Prostitutes Wage War Against Prostitution"] by Edward Lawrence, ''[[KLAS-TV]] Eyewitness News'', September 5, 2007.
*[http://select.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/opinion/04herbert.html "City as Predator"] by [[Bob Herbert]], ''New York Times'', September 4, 2007.
*[http://select.nytimes.com/2007/09/08/opinion/08herbert.html "Escape From Las Vegas"] by Bob Herbert, ''New York Times'', September 8, 2007.
*[http://select.nytimes.com/2007/09/11/opinion/11herbert.html "Fantasies, Well-Meant"] by Bob Herbert, ''New York Times'', September 11, 2007.
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,2164107,00.html "'It's like you sign a contract to be raped'"] by Julie Bindel, ''[[The Guardian]]'', September 7, 2007.

{{Wikiquote|Melissa Farley}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Farley, Melissa}}
[[Category:American psychologists]]
[[Category:Feminist scholars]]
[[Category:Sex industry researchers]]
[[Category:Anti-pornography activists]]
[[Category:Anti-prostitution activists]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from San Francisco]]
[[Category:University of Iowa alumni]]

Don Clark (Psychologe)

2007-11-28T02:50:08Z

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{{Orphan|date=August 2006}}
'''Don Clark''' is a [[writer]], [[teacher]], consultant and [[Clinical psychology|clinical psychologist]] who has specialized in group and individual work with gay people since 1968. His writing includes [[fiction]], [[textbook]]s, and articles for both professional journals and popular magazines. He is the author of the best-selling, seminal book, ''Loving Someone Gay'', now in its fourth edition, as well as ''Living Gay'' and ''As We Are''.

Dr. Clark received a B.A. in Psychology from [[Antioch College]] in 1953 and a Ph.D. in Psychology from [[Adelphi University]] in 1959. He also served in the [[U.S. Army Medical Corps]], Scientific and Professional Personnel. He served on the faculty of [[Hunter College]] and the [[City University of New York]]. He published a report for the [[Carnegie Corporation]] of New York about the [[Human Potential Movement]]. He has been a member of the Governing Boards of the [[Saybrook Institute]] and the [[Gay Rights Advocates]], a Fellow of the [[American Psychological Association]], and a California State Board of Psychology Commissioner, among other roles. Since 1971, he has held a private practice in [[San Francisco]], California.

==External links==
*[http://www.donclarkphd.com Don Clark's Web Site]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clark, Don}}
[[Category:American psychologists]]
[[Category:Antioch College alumni]]
[[Category:Adelphi University alumni]]

{{psychologist-stub}}
{{LGBT-stub}}

William Charles Cotton

2007-11-26T11:09:36Z

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{{Infobox Person
| name = Rev William Charles Cotton
| image = William Cotton 1.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Eton College Leaver's Portrait, 1832
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1813|1|30}}
| birth_place = [[Leytonstone]], [[Essex]], [[England]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1879|6|22|1813|1|30}}
| death_place = [[Chiswick]], [[London]], England
| death_cause = "[[ascites]] and congestion of the brain"
| resting_place = St John the Baptist's Church, Leytonstone
| resting_place_coordinates =
| residence =
| nationality =[[English people|English]]
| known_for =
| education = [[Eton College]] [[Christ Church, Oxford]]
| employer =
| occupation =
| title =
| religion = [[Anglicanism|Anglican]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents = [[William Cotton (banker)|William]] and Sarah Cotton
| relatives =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rev William Charles Cotton''' [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|MA]] ([[30 January]] [[1813]] – [[22 June]] [[1879]]) was an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] [[priest]], a [[missionary]] and an [[Beekeeper|apiarist]]. After education at [[Eton College]] and [[Christ Church, Oxford]] he was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] and travelled to [[New Zealand]] as chaplain to [[George Augustus Selwyn]], its first [[bishop]]. He introduced the skills of [[beekeeping]] to [[North Island]] and wrote books on the subject. Later as vicar of [[Frodsham]], [[Cheshire]], [[England]], he restored its church and vicarage but was limited in his activities by mental illness.

==Early life==

William Charles Cotton was born in [[Leytonstone]], [[Essex]], [[England]], the eldest child of [[William Cotton (banker)|William Cotton]] and his wife Sarah. His father was a businessman who later became [[Governor of the Bank of England]].<ref>Smith, p. 9.</ref> He was educated initially at home by tutors and at the age of 14 went to [[Eton College]]. While at Eton he developed skills in [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] and had a fine scholastic record. In his final year he won the Newcastle Prize for excellence in [[Divinity (academic discipline)|divinity]] and the [[classics]]. In 1832 he [[Matriculation|matriculated]] to [[Christ Church, Oxford]], and graduated [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in 1836, with [[British undergraduate degree classification|first class honours]] in Classics and second class honours in [[Mathematics]]. He decided on a career in the church and was appointed as a [[curate]] at [[Baston]], [[Lincolnshire]]. However he soon returned to Oxford to work towards his MA. He was [[Holy Orders|ordained]] as a [[deacon]] in 1837 and as a [[priest]] in 1839. He had gained his MA in 1838 and in 1839 he was appointed curate at St Edward's Church, [[Romford]], [[Essex]].<ref>Smith, pp. 10–14.</ref> Even at this stage of his life concerns were being felt about his mental health.<ref>Smith, p.14.</ref> He then moved to a curacy at the [[parish church]] of St John, [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]] . Here he became a good friend of [[George Augustus Selwyn]], a fellow curate five years his senior.<ref>Smith, p. 20.</ref>

==Missionary==

In summer 1841 Selwyn was appointed to be the first Anglican [[Archbishop of New Zealand|Bishop of New Zealand]] and Cotton offered to go with him as his chaplain. This decision met with disapproval from Cotton's father who said "You are not missionary material".<ref>Smith, pp. 21-–22</ref> Cotton did have some of the practical skills which would be valuable; he could use various tools, including a [[lathe]], ride a horse, and row and sail boats.<ref>Smith, p. 25.</ref> The missionary party of 23 members set sail from [[Plymouth]] late in December 1841 on board the [[barque]] ''Tomatin''. On the ship, in addition to their luggage, were various animals and four hives of bees. The bees were kept in special containers Cotton had designed in an attempt to transport them safely. What happened to these bees is not known, but they did not arrive alive in New Zealand.<ref>Smith, pp. 26–29</ref> Also on board was a [[Māori]] boy who taught many of the passengers, including Cotton, to speak the [[Māori language]].<ref>Smith, pp. 36–45.</ref> In April 1842 the ''Tomatin'' arrived in [[City of Sydney|Sydney]]. The boat was damaged by a rock on entering their landing place and, rather than wait for its repair, some of the party, including Selwyn and Cotton, set sail for New Zealand on the [[brig]] ''Bristolian'' on 19th May. They arrived in [[Auckland]] on 30th May. After spending some time as guests of Captain [[William Hobson]], the first [[Governor of New Zealand]], Selwyn and Cotton set sail for the [[Bay of Islands]] on the [[schooner]] ''Wave'' on 12th June, arriving on 20th June.<ref>Smith, pp. 56–65.</ref>

Selwyn had decided to set up residence at the [[Te Waimate mission|Waimate Mission Station]], some {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} inland from [[Paihia]] where the [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] had established a settlement 11 years earlier.<ref>Smith, pp. 65–66.</ref> On 5th July 1842 Selwyn set out on a six month tour of his diocese leaving the Mission Station in the care of Sarah, his wife, and Cotton. While he was away Cotton was effectively the head of the mission, director of the college and minister at the church.<ref>Smith pp. 69, 82–85.</ref> By October 1843 more missionaries had arrived at Waimate and Cotton was able to accompany Bishop Selwyn on his second tour, this time to mission stations and native settlements in the southern part of North Island. Their journey was made partly by canoe but mainly by walking, often for large distances over difficult and dangerous terrain. Part way through the tour Selwyn decided to split the party into two sections with one section led by himself and the other by Cotton. After being away for nearly three months, Cotton arrived back at Waimate early in 1844 and Selwyn returned a few weeks later.<ref>Smith, pp. 114–122</ref>

Later in 1844 Selwyn decided to move some {{convert|160|mi|km|0}} south to [[Tamaki]] near [[Auckland]] where he bought {{acre to km2|450|abbr=yes}} of land, giving it the name of Bishop's Auckland. The party left on 23rd October and arrived in Auckland on 17th November.<ref>Smith, pp. 134–135.</ref> During the first six months of 1845 Selwyn was away for much of the time and management of the settlement, and particularly the schools, fell to Cotton.<ref>Smith, p. 147.</ref> Cotton continued to work in Bishop's Auckland particularly as headmaster of St John's College, and also with ecclesiastical duties and practical tasks. He finally left New Zealand in December 1847, arriving in England in May 1848.<ref>Smith pp. 155–161.</ref>

==Apiarist==

From his childhood Cotton had a passionate interest in bees and beekeeping.<ref>Smith, pp. 7, 9.</ref><ref name=dnb>Cotton, J. S. rev M. C. Curthoys (2004) ‘Cotton, Sir Henry (1821–1892)’, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', [[Oxford University Press]], [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6414] Retrieved on [[30 Oct]] [[2007]].</ref> At Oxford University he was a founder and the first secretary of the Oxford Apiarian Society.<ref name=dnb/> In 1837 he published his first work about bees, ''A Short and Simple Letter to Cottagers from a Bee Preserver'', which sold 24,000 copies. A second ''Letter'' followed three years later. In 1842 he published ''My Bee Book'' which amongst other advice suggested ways to render bees semiconscious to obtain the honey rather than by killing them.<ref>Smith, p. 18.</ref>

New Zealand had two native species of bees but neither was suitable for producing honey. The first [[honey bee]]s in New Zealand had been introduced by Mary Bumby, the sister of a [[Methodist Church of Great Britain|Wesleyan]] minister, in March 1839. While Cotton was in Sydney in April 1842 he arranged for hives of bees to be sent to him after his arrival in New Zealand.<ref>Smith, p. 88.</ref> This took longer than Cotton had expected and it was not until March 1844 that he received his first [[swarm]] of honey bees at Waimate. When he moved to Bishop's Auckland he successfully transferred them. He spent much time in training settlers and Māori in the practices of keeping bees and gathering their honey. Towards the end of 1844 he published ''A Few Simple Rules for New Zealand Beekeepers''. He later wrote a series of articles on beekeeping in ''The New Zealander'' and these were published together in 1848 as ''A Manual for New Zealand Beekeepers''. Another book, written in Māori, ''Ko nga pi'' (The Bees) was published the following year.<ref>Smith, pp. 151–154.</ref> There is a tradition that Cotton introduced bees to New Zealand<ref>Latham. p. 49, Smith, p.7.</ref> but this is incorrect, although he was largely responsible for teaching the skills of beekeeping to the immigrants and the natives.

When Cotton was later appointed vicar of Frodsham he continued his interest in beekeeping and carried out experiments on bees. On one of his trips to the Continent Cotton purchased a copy of a book called ''Schnurrdiburr'' by [[Wilhelm Busch]] which contained comical illustrated stories about a beekeeper and his bees. Cotton produced his own version of the book with his own verses attached to the illustrations entitled ''Buzz a Buzz or The Bees – Done freely into English''. He took an active part in the discussions which led to the formation of the British Beekeepers' Association and became one of its vice presidents. He collected a library of over 200 books on bees and beekeeping which was bequeathed to the parish of Frodsham on his death. In 1932 it was deposited with the [[Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food]], and in 1987 transferred to [[University of Reading|Reading University]] Library.<ref>Smith, pp. 197–203</ref>

==Oxford==

There is little information about the nine years following Cotton's return from New Zealand. He remained a Fellow of Christ Church, Oxford, but was in residence in the college only intermittently. He spent some of this time travelling on the Continent. In 1855 he was in [[Constantinople]] and in the summer of 1857 he visited [[Avignon]] and [[Paris]]. In December 1855 he was appointed as curate to [[St Mary Redcliffe]], [[Bristol]] and resigned from this position in May 1857. While in Oxford he came into contact with [[Lewis Carroll]], with whom he shared an interest in photography.<ref>Smith, pp. 162–169.</ref>

==Vicar of Frodsham==
[[Image:William Cotton 2.jpg|thumb|160px|William Cotton in later life]]
In the summer of 1857 Cotton was appointed [[vicar]] of [[Frodsham]], a market town in north [[Cheshire]]. At the time there were problems in the parish, in particular the lack of financial provision for the outlying townships, and the fabric of the parish church of [[St Laurence's Church, Frodsham|St Laurence]] was in a bad condition. In addition the church stood in an elevated position above the town which made access to it difficult. Cotton sank into a state of apathy and despondence and in the autumn of 1865 he was admitted for several weeks to Manor House, Chiswick, an [[Psychiatric hospital|asylum]], under the care of Dr Seymour Tuke. There was some improvement in his mental condition and by 1870 Cotton was making arrangements for the restoration of the parish church. At this time there was also competition from other denominations, particularly the Wesleyan [[Methodism|Methodists]]. Financed by [[Thomas Hazlehurst (chapel builder)|Thomas Hazlehurst]], a member of the family business [[Hazlehurst & Sons]], soap and [[alkali]] manufacturers of nearby [[Runcorn]], one small chapel had already been built near the parish church and another chapel, larger and more splendid, was planned for the centre of the town. Cotton organised the building of a temporary [[chapel of ease]] in the middle of the town. This was constructed of iron (and known as the Iron Church) and was erected in a very short time on land given by the [[Marquess of Cholmondeley]]. In addition to restoring the parish church, Cotton began to organise the restoration of the vicarage, in autumn 1872 hiring [[John Douglas (architect)|John Douglas]] to draw up plans. He also employed Douglas to design a house for him to live in while the vicarage was being renovated.<ref>Smith, pp. 171–188, 209.</ref> Cotton successfully improved the provision of [[Parochial school#United Kingdom|church schools]] in his parish.<ref>Smith, pp. 203–205.</ref> During his ministry he took boys from his parish to various events, both locally and to [[Manchester]] and [[Liverpool]].<ref>Latham, p. 87.</ref>

In the late 1870s his mental health began to deteriorate to such a degree that he was unable to carry out his duties and in 1879 a [[Sequestration (law)|sequestration order]] was taken out to enable John Ashton to take charge of the affairs of the parish. Cotton was readmitted to Manor House in the early summer where he died in June. His funeral took place at St John the Baptist's Church in Leytonstone and he was buried in the family grave in the churchyard. On the same day a memorial service was held for him in his Frodsham church.<ref>Smith, pp.205–206.</ref> A memorial to his memory is in Frodsham Parish Church.<ref>Latham, p. 66.</ref> The symbol of the honey bee appears on the [[Livery collar|chain of office]] of Frodsham's [[mayor]] and in various other places in the town, a Frodsham street is named ''Maori Drive'' and a Māori inscription is still present on the doorstep of Cotton's Old Vicarage.<ref>Smith, p. 8.</ref>

==Mental health==

There is no doubt that William Cotton was a talented man whose achievements were limited by his mental ill-health.
Numerous references have been made to Cotton's erratic behaviour,<ref>Smith, pp. 20–21, 199, 171, 190–193.</ref> in particular his over-spending,<ref>Smith, pp. 13–14, 21, 142, 163–164, 193–194.</ref> and his periods of depression.<ref>Smith, pp. 14, 20, 162.</ref> There can be little doubt that he suffered from what is now known as [[bipolar disorder]]; Smith refers to his "manic depression".<ref>Smith, p. 208.</ref> He did achieve much, particularly during his years as a missionary, and in the field of apiculture. As he became older his condition deteriorated, especially during the time he was vicar of Frodsham. However in view of his achievements in Frodsham, including the building of the Iron Church, the restoration of the parish church and vicarage, and the development of the church schools in his parish, the comment that while he was there "he had occasional periods of effectiveness"<ref name=dnb/> seems unfair.

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|3}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | last =Latham | first =Frank A. (ed.)| authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Frodsham |edition= | publisher =Local Historians | date =1987 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =0 901993 06 9 }}
*{{cite book | last =Smith | first =Arthur R. | authorlink = | title =William Charles Cotton MA: Priest, Missionary and Bee Master |edition= | publisher =Countyvise | date =2006 | location =Birkenhead | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =978 1901231 81 X }}

{{refend}}

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Elihu Vedder

2007-11-16T01:56:03Z

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'''Elihu Vedder''' ([[1836]] – [[1923]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolist]] painter, book illustrator, and poet, born in [[New York City]].
[[Image:Elihu Vedder.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Elihu Vedder, 1910]]
[[Image:Head of Minerva.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Minerva, 1896 (preparatory study)]]
[[Image:LoC Minerva by Elihu Vedder.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Minerva, 1896 (mosaic at the [[Library of Congress]])]]
He is best known for his fifty-five illustrations for [[Edward FitzGerald (poet)|Edward FitzGerald]]'s translation of ''[[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam|The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam]]'' (deluxe edition, published by Houghton Mifflen).

Vedder grew up on his grandfather's farm at [[Schenectady]], [[New York]]. He trained in New York City with [[Tompkins H. Matteson]], then in [[Paris]] with [[François-Édouard Picot]]. Finally, he completed his studies in Italy - where he was strongly influenced not only by [[Italian Renaissance]] work but also by the modern [[Macchiaioli]] painters and the living Italian landscape. He first visited [[Italy]] from 1858 until 1860, becoming deeply emotionally attached to fellow painter [[Giovanni Costa]]. Their idyllic trips through the Italian countryside were cut short because Vedder's father cut off his financial allowance.

Vedder returned to the USA, penniless, during the [[American Civil War]], and made a small living by undertaking commercial illustrations. He was involved in the bohemian 'Pfaff's' coffee house group, and painted some of his most memorable paintings notable for their visionary nature, romantic imagery and often Oriental influences. Paintings of this time include 'The Roc's Egg', 'The Fisherman and the Genii' and one of his most famous works, 'Lair of the Sea Serpent.' In the USA he sought out and became friends with [[Walt Whitman]], [[Herman Melville]] and [[William Morris Hunt]]. Vedder became a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]] in [[1865]].

At the end of the Civil War he left America to live in Italy. He married an American student in Italy in [[1866]]. He had a home in [[Rome]] and - after the financial success of his 1884 ''Rubaiyat'' work - on the [[Capri|Isle of Capri]], then a haven for male aesthetes.

Vedder visited [[England]] many times, and was influenced by the [[Pre-Raphaelites]], and was a friend of [[Simeon Solomon]]. He was also influenced by the work of English and Irish mystics such as [[William Blake]] and [[William Butler Yeats]]. In [[1890]] Vedder helped establish the [[In Arte Libertas]] group in Italy.

[[Tiffany & Co.|Tiffany]] commissioned him to design glassware, [[mosaics]] and statuettes for the company. He decorated the hallway of the Reading Room of the Washington [[Library of Congress]], and his mural paintings can still be seen there.

He occasionally returned to the USA, but lived only in Italy from 1906.

==Further reading==
*{{cite book | last = Vedder | first = Elihu | year = 1970 | title = The Digressions of V | origyear = 1910 | publisher = Johnson Reprint Corp. | location = New York}} (Vedder's memoirs)
*{{cite book | last = Soria | first = Regina | year = 1970 | title = Elihu Vedder: American Visionary Artist in Rome | publisher = Fairleigh Dickinson University Press | location = Madison, NJ | id = ISBN 0-8386-6906-9}}
*{{cite book | last = Taylor | first = Joshua C. | year = 1979 | title = Perceptions and Evocations: The Art of Elihu Vedder | publisher = Smithsonian Books | id = ISBN 0-87474-902-6}}

==External links==
* [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/vedder_elihu.html Artcyclopedia: Elihu Vedder Online]

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Camille Rose Garcia

2007-11-16T01:31:34Z

Doczilla: clean up using AWB

[[Image:Royal Disorder Poison Party.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Royal Disorder Poison Party, 2005.]]
'''Camille Rose Garcia''' (born 1970) is a Los Angeles-based [[lowbrow (art movement)|lowbrow]] artist. She produces paintings, prints and sculpture in a gothic, "creepy" cartoon style. She cites as influences [[Walt Disney]] and [[Philip K. Dick]].

==Biography==
Camille Rose Garcia received her Master of Fine Arts Degree at University of California at Davis in 1994 and her BFA from [[Otis College of Art and Design]] in 1992.

She has built a body of work that has been exhibited at the Merry Karnowsky Gallery (LA), the Grand Central Art Station (CSU, Fullerton) in Los Angeles, the Roq la Rue Gallery in Seattle, and the Jonathan LeVine Gallery in N.Y.C. Often using narrative and fairytale, Garcia’s depictions of cartoon children living in wastelands comment on the failures of capitalism. Her works examine themes of decadence, denial. Garcia says about her work, “the Earth is older than humans and will rebound, but the fate of our species seems to be precarious at best. I try to be positive and use humor in my work, even while knowing this.” [http://www.camillerosegarcia.com/Pages/bio.html]

Garcia's work has appeared in ''Modern Painters, Juxtapoz, Rolling Stone, Flaunt,'' and ''Blab!'' magazines.

She has published two books, ''The Saddest Place on Earth,'' (Last Gasp, 2006) and ''The Magic Bottle: A BLAB! Storybook,'' (Fantagraphics, 2006). A reviewer of ''The Saddest Place on Earth'' found it “nightmarish and beautiful, [Garcia is] one of the most unique and hauntingly original artists of our time.” [http://www.camillerosegarcia.com/Pages/bio.html]

Her work also appears in the permanent collections of LACMA and the San Jose Museum of Art.

==Sources==
* "Camille Rose Garcia at Grand Central Art Center" Exhibition Review in ''Artweek'', December 2005/January 2006, pp. 17-18.
*Marisa Solis, "Army of Darkness: Camille Rose Garcia Fights the Forces of Evil," ''Juxtapoz'' #62, March 2006..

==External links==
*[http://www.camillerosegarcia.com/ Camille Rose Garcia's web site]
*[http://www.mkgallery.com/ Camille Rose Garcia's gallery web site]
*[http://www.sjmusart.org/content/exhibitions/current/exhibition_info.phtml?itemID=328 Exhibition at the San Jose Museum of Art]

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Quantitative Psychologie

2007-11-15T07:00:58Z

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{{Unreferenced|date=December 2006}}
{{psychology}}
'''
Quantitative psychology is the application of statistical and mathematical methods to the study of psychology. This area of study is loosely divided into the subfields of [[psychometrics]] and [[mathematical psychology]]. Psychometrics may be characterized as the application of statistical models to problems such as psychological scaling and test development, while mathematical psychology may be characterized as the development and testing of novel mathematical models that describe psychological processes.

Quantitative psychology is served by several scientific organizations. These include the Psychometric Society, Division 5 of the American Psychological Association (Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics), the Society for Multivariate Behavioral Research, and the European Society for Methodology. In addition, several affiliated disciplines such as statistics, educational measurement and statistics, sociological methodology and political methodology embrace scholarship that is developed or utilized in quantitative psychology. Several scholarly journals reflect the efforts of scientists in these areas, notably Psychometrika and Psychological Methods.

Currently, over two dozen American universities offer Ph.D. programs in quantitative psychology within the psychology departments (additional universities offer similar programs through their education departments).

==External links==
* [http://www.apa.org/divisions/div5/ APA Division 5: Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics]
* [http://www.psychometrika.org/ The Psychometric Society]
* [http://www.smep.org/ The Society for Multivariate Behavioral Research]
* [http://www.smabs.org/ The European Society for Methodology]
* [http://www.cogs.indiana.edu/socmathpsych/ Society for Mathematical Psychology]

[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Wikiproject:Psychology]]

{{psych-stub}}

Nahtod-Studien

2007-11-15T06:48:45Z

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'''Near-death studies''' is a school of [[psychology]] and [[psychiatry]] that studies the phenomenology and after-effects of a [[Near-death experience]] (NDE).

==NDE (Near-death experience)==

The NDE is an experience reported by people who have come close to dying in a medical or non-medical setting. The phenomenon is considered to be a fairly common occurrence in modern clinical settings (Lukoff, Lu & Turner, 1998) and according to a [[Gallup]] poll aproxiomately eight million Americans claim to have had a near-death experience (Mauro, 1992). An NDE may include such factors as: an out-of-body-experience, visions of deceased relatives, visions of religious figures or beings of light, transcendence of ego and spatiotemporal boundaries, the sense of moving up or through a narrow passageway ("Tunnel experience"), life review, and other transcendental experiences (Lukoff, Lu & Turner, 1998; Greyson, 2003; Mauro, 1992). The phenomenology of a NDE usually includes physiological, psychological and transcendental factors that come together to form an overall pattern when numerous NDE reports are considered together. It is this pattern that is one of the main objects of interest for Near-Death studies. NDE-researchers have also found that the NDE is not a uniquely western experience. The core experience seems to be similar across cultures, but the details of the experience (figures, beings, scenery), and the interpretation of the experience, varies a lot from culture to culture (Mauro, 1992).

== Research - History and background==

Interest in this field of study was originally spurred by the research of such pioneers as [[Elisabeth Kübler-Ross]], [[George G. Ritchie|George Ritchie]], and [[Raymond Moody|Raymond Moody Jr.]] Moody's book ''Life after Life'', which was released in 1975, brought a lot of attention to the topic of NDEs (Mauro, 1992). This was soon to be followed by the establishment of the International Association for Near-death Studies (IANDS). [[IANDS]] was founded in Connecticut (United States) in 1978 in order to meet the needs of early researchers and experiencers within this field of research. Today the association includes researchers, health care professionals, NDE-experiencers and people close to experiencers, as well as other interested people. One of its main goals is to promote responsible and multi-disciplinary investigation of near-death and similar experiences. The organization is recognized by the Internal Revenue Service as a [[501(c)|501(c)(3)]] nonprofit organization (IANDS, printable brochure).

Later researchers, such as [[Bruce Greyson]], [[Kenneth Ring]] and Michael Sabom, introduced the study of Near-Death experiences to the academic setting. The medical community has been somewhat reluctant to address the phenomenon of NDEs and grant money for research has been scarce (Mauro, 1992). However, although the research was not always welcomed by the general academic community, both Greyson and Ring made significant contributions in order to increase the respectability of Near-Death research (IANDS, printable brochure). Major contributions to the field include the construction of a Weighted Core Experience Index (Ring, 1980) in order to measure the depth of the Near-Death experience, and the construction of the Near-death experience scale (Greyson, 1983) in order to differentiate between subjects that are more or less likely to have experienced a classical NDE. The NDE-scale also aims to differentiate between a true NDE and syndromes or stress responses that are not related to a NDE. Greyson's NDE-scale was later found to fit the Rasch rating scale model (Lange, Greyson & Houran, 2004).

Greyson (1997) has also brought attention to the near-death experience as a focus of clinical attention, while Morse, et al. (1985; 1986) have investigated Near-death experiences in a pediatric population. Ring has found that a typical set of values and belief changes often accompany the life of Near-Death experiencers. Among these after-effects are changes in personality and outlook on life such as a greater appreciation for life, higher self-esteem, greater compassion for others, a heightened sense of purpose and self-understanding, desire to learn, elevated spirituality, greater ecological sensitivity and planetary concern, a feeling of being more intuitive (sometimes [[psychic]]), increased physical sensitivity, diminished tolerance to light, alcohol and drugs, a feeling that the brain has been "altered" to encompass "more", and a feeling that one is now using the "whole brain" rather than just a small part (Mauro, 1992).

==Journal of Near-Death Studies==

IANDS is also responsible for the publishing of the [[Journal of Near-Death Studies]], the only scholarly journal in the field. It is cross-disciplinary and published quarterly. Between the years of 1997-2003 the journal was published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, but this arrangement was discontinued upon completion of Volume 21. Since 2003 the Journal is published by The International Association for Near-Death Studies, printed and distributed by Allen Press. IANDS also publishes the newsletter ''Vital Signs'' and maintains an archive of near-death case histories for research and study.

==See also==

* [[Near-death experience]]
* [[Pam Reynolds' NDE]]
* [[Transpersonal psychology]]
* [[Parapsychology]]

==References==

* Greyson, Bruce (1983) ''The near-death experience scale. Construction, reliability, and validity''. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Jun;171(6):369-75.

* Greyson, Bruce (1997) ''The near-death experience as a focus of clinical attention''. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, May;185(5):327-34.

* Greyson, Bruce (2003) ''Near-Death Experiences in a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic Population''. Psychiatric Services, Dec., Vol. 54 No. 12. The American Psychiatric Association

* IANDS. ''IANDS: The International Association for Near-Death Studies''. Printable Brochure. Available at www.iands.org

* Lange R, Greyson B, Houran J. (2004) ''A Rasch scaling validation of a 'core' near-death experience''. British Journal of Psychology. Volume: 95 Part: 2 Page: 161-177

* Lukoff, David, Lu, Francis G. & Turner, Robert P. (1998) ''From Spiritual Emergency to Spiritual Problem - The Transpersonal Roots of the New DSM-IV Category.'' Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 38(2), 21-50, 1998

* Mauro, James (1992) ''Bright lights, big mystery''. Psychology Today, July 1992

* Morse M, Conner D, Tyler D. (1985) ''Near-death experiences in a pediatric population. A preliminary report''. American Journal of Diseases of Children, Jun;139(6):595-600.

* Morse M, Castillo P, Venecia D, Milstein J, Tyler DC. (1986) ''Childhood near-death experiences''. American Journal of Diseases of Children, Nov;140(11):1110-4.

* Ring K. (1980) ''Life at death. A scientific investigation of the near-death experience''. New York: Coward McCann and Geoghenan.

==External links==
* [http://apt.allenpress.com/aptonline/?request=get-archive&issn=0891-4494&volume=023 Allen Press - Journal of Near-Death Studies]
*[http://www.iands.org/home.html The International Association for Near-Death Studies, Inc]
*[http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/personalitystudies/ University of Virginia Health System - Division of Personality Studies]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Death}}

[[Category:Death]]
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