Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Deuteragonist

2021-06-05T09:11:19Z

DocWatson42: Performed cleanup.

{{Short description|The second most important character in a narrative work}}
In [[literature]], the '''deuteragonist''' or '''secondary main character''' (from {{lang-grc|δευτεραγωνιστής}}, ''deuteragōnistḗs'', second actor) is the second most important character, after the [[protagonist]] and before the [[tritagonist]].<ref name="deut1">Bartleby.com (2006). [http://www.bartleby.com/61/56/D0175600.html "Deuteragonist"].</ref> The deuteragonist often acts as a constant companion to the protagonist or someone who continues actively aiding a protagonist. The deuteragonist may switch between supporting and opposing the protagonist, depending on their own conflict or plot.

==History==
[[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[drama]] began with simply one actor, the protagonist, and a [[Greek chorus|chorus]] of dancers. The playwright [[Aeschylus]] introduced the deuteragonist; Aristotle says in his ''[[Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics]]'':

{{Quote
|1={{lang|grc|Καὶ τό τε τῶν ὑποκριτῶν πλῆθος ἐξ ἑνὸς εἰς δύο πρῶτος Αἰσχύλος ἤγαγε καὶ τὰ τοῦ χοροῦ ἠλάττωσε καὶ τὸν λόγον πρωταγωνιστεῖν παρεσκεύασεν}}

''{{lang|grc-Latn|Kai to te tōn hypokritōn plēthos ex enos eis duo prōtos Aiskhilos ēgage kai ta tou khorou ēlattōse kai ton logon prōtagōnistein pareskeuasen}}''

Thus, it was Aeschylus who first raised the number of the actors from one to two. He also curtailed the chorus and made the dialogue be the leading part.
|2=[[Aristotle]]
|3=''[[Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics]]'' (1449a15)<ref name="deut2">Perseus Digital Library (2006). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Aristot.+Poet.+1449a Aristotle, ''Poetics'']</ref>
}}

Aeschylus' efforts brought the dialogue and interaction between characters to the forefront and set the stage for other playwrights of the era, like [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]], to produce many iconic plays.<ref name="deut3">TheatreHistory.com (2006). [http://www.theatrehistory.com/ancient/aeschylus001.html "Aeschylus and his Tragedies"]</ref>

==Drama==
Because [[Ancient Greek drama]] involved only three actors (the protagonist, deuteragonist, and tritagonist) plus the chorus, each actor often played several parts. For instance, in Sophocles' ''[[Oedipus Rex]]'', the protagonist would be [[Oedipus]], who is on stage in most acts, the deuteragonist would be [[Jocasta]] (Oedipus' mother and wife), and the tritagonist would play the Shepherd and Messenger. This would be because Jocasta is certainly a major role—acting opposite Oedipus many times and occupying a central part of the story—and because the Shepherd and Messenger are onstage when Jocasta is offstage.<ref name="deut4">Wayne S. Turney (2006). [http://www.wayneturney.20m.com/oedipus.htm "Sophokles' ''Oedipus Rex''{{-"}}]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219233519/http://www.wayneturney.20m.com/oedipus.htm |date=2006-02-19 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |editor-last=Cuddon |editor-first=J. A. |year=1991 |title=The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory |edition=3rd |location=New York |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0140512276 }}

== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary inline}}

{{Fiction writing}}

[[Category:Ancient Greek theatre]]
[[Category:Drama]]
[[Category:Protagonists by role]]

Deuteragonist

2021-06-05T09:08:52Z

DocWatson42: Adding local short description: "The second most important character in a narrative work", overriding Wikidata description "the second most important character in a narrative work" (Shortdesc helper)

{{Short description|The second most important character in a narrative work}}
In [[literature]], the '''deuteragonist''' or '''secondary main character''' (from {{lang-grc|δευτεραγωνιστής}}, ''deuteragōnistḗs'', second actor) is the second most important character, after the [[protagonist]] and before the [[tritagonist]].<ref name="deut1">Bartleby.com (2006). [http://www.bartleby.com/61/56/D0175600.html Deuteragonist]</ref> The deuteragonist often acts as a constant companion to the protagonist or someone who continues actively aiding a protagonist. The deuteragonist may switch between supporting and opposing the protagonist, depending on their own conflict or plot.

==History==
[[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[drama]] began with simply one actor, the protagonist, and a [[Greek chorus|chorus]] of dancers. The playwright [[Aeschylus]] introduced the deuteragonist; Aristotle says in his ''[[Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics]]'':

{{Quote
|1={{lang|grc|Καὶ τό τε τῶν ὑποκριτῶν πλῆθος ἐξ ἑνὸς εἰς δύο πρῶτος Αἰσχύλος ἤγαγε καὶ τὰ τοῦ χοροῦ ἠλάττωσε καὶ τὸν λόγον πρωταγωνιστεῖν παρεσκεύασεν}}

''{{lang|grc-Latn|Kai to te tōn hypokritōn plēthos ex enos eis duo prōtos Aiskhilos ēgage kai ta tou khorou ēlattōse kai ton logon prōtagōnistein pareskeuasen}}''

Thus, it was Aeschylus who first raised the number of the actors from one to two. He also curtailed the chorus and made the dialogue be the leading part.
|2=[[Aristotle]]
|3=''[[Poetics (Aristotle)|Poetics]]'' (1449a15)<ref name="deut2">Perseus Digital Library (2006). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Aristot.+Poet.+1449a Aristotle, ''Poetics'']</ref>
}}

Aeschylus' efforts brought the dialogue and interaction between characters to the forefront and set the stage for other playwrights of the era, like [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]], to produce many iconic plays.<ref name="deut3">TheatreHistory.com (2006). [http://www.theatrehistory.com/ancient/aeschylus001.html "Aeschylus and his Tragedies"]</ref>

==Drama==
Because [[Ancient Greek drama]] involved only three actors (the protagonist, deuteragonist, and tritagonist) plus the chorus, each actor often played several parts. For instance, in Sophocles' ''[[Oedipus Rex]]'', the protagonist would be [[Oedipus]], who is on stage in most acts, the deuteragonist would be [[Jocasta]] (Oedipus' mother and wife), and the tritagonist would play the Shepherd and Messenger. This would be because Jocasta is certainly a major role—acting opposite Oedipus many times and occupying a central part of the story—and because the Shepherd and Messenger are onstage when Jocasta is offstage.<ref name="deut4">Wayne S. Turney (2006). [http://www.wayneturney.20m.com/oedipus.htm Sophokles' ''Oedipus Rex''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219233519/http://www.wayneturney.20m.com/oedipus.htm |date=2006-02-19 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |editor-last=Cuddon |editor-first=J. A. |title=The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory |edition=3rd |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |year=1991 |isbn=0140512276 }}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Fiction writing}}

[[Category:Ancient Greek theatre]]
[[Category:Drama]]
[[Category:Protagonists by role]]

Meri Avidzba

2020-09-27T08:17:46Z

DocWatson42: Adding local short description: "First Abkhaziyan woman pilot", overriding Wikidata description "first Abkhaziyan woman pilot" (Shortdesc helper)

{{short description|First Abkhaziyan woman pilot}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Meri Avidzba
| image = Meri_Avidzba.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1917|01|24|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1986|04|12|1917|01|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Abkhazia]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_place = [[Sukhumi]], [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| allegiance = {{USSR}}
| branch = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Soviet Air Force.svg}} [[Soviet Air Force]]
| serviceyears = 1941–45
| rank = Lieutenant
| unit = [[46th Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment]]
| battles = [[World War II]]
| awards = [[Order of the Patriotic War]]
| laterwork = Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of Abkhazia
}}

'''Meri Hafizovna Avidzba''' ({{Lang-ru|Мери Хафизовна Авидзба}}; 24 January 1917{{spnd}}12 April 1986) was a Soviet military pilot and navigator and was the first female aviator from [[Abkhazia]]. She was awarded two medals for her actions in the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Great Patriotic War]] (1941–1945), where she served as a navigator of the 46th Taman Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment, known by the Germans as the ''[[Night Witches]]''. Later in her life, she was elected a Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of Abkhazia.

== Biography ==
Avidzba and her twin sister [[Hadzhera Avidzba|Hadzhera]] were born on 24 January 1917.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Fearless navigator Meri Avidzba|url=https://abaza.org/en/fearless-navigator-meri-avidzba|access-date=27 July 2020|website=abaza.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meri Avidzba|url=https://www.abaza.org/en/tag/meri-avidzba|access-date=27 July 2020|website=www.abaza.org|language=en}}</ref> She attended [[Sukhumi]] School No. 10.<ref name=":0" /> When Victor Argun, the first male Abkhazian pilot,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Сухумский аэропорт|url=https://abkhazia.travel/what-to-see/detail/gulripshsky-district/sukhumi-airport.html|access-date=27 July 2020|website=abkhazia.travel|language=ru}}</ref> came to recruit aviators, Avidzba initially missed the opportunity.<ref name=":0" /> She later joined the Red Banner School of the Civil Air Fleet in [[Bataysk]].<ref name=":0" />

After graduating from Bataysk's Flight School, she joined Sukhum Flying Club as an instructor and worked there until it closed in 1939.<ref name=":0" /> On 18 August 1936 she flew a demonstration flight in front of spectators to prove her piloting abilities.<ref name=":0" /> On 30 December 1936 she circled her plane in a [[flypast]] over the funeral of Abkhazian communist leader [[Nestor Lakoba]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gregory, Paul R.,|first=|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/859581817|title=Women of the Gulag : portraits of five remarkable lives|publisher=|year=|isbn=0-8179-1576-1|location=Stanford, California|pages=59|oclc=859581817}}</ref>

== Military career ==
In 1939, Avidzba joined the Military Medical Academy in [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]; when she heard that war was due to be declared she volunteered to transfer to the fighter aircraft training school in [[Perm]].<ref name=":0" /> This transition required Avidzba to appeal to the military authorities in order to be transferred.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Adrienne|url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/4136/umi-ku-2564_1.pdf.txt|title=THE MYTH OF THE WOMAN WARRIOR AND WORLD WAR II IN SOVIET CULTURE|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> From Perm she moved to the military air school in [[Engels, Saratov Oblast|Engels]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1941, she was posted to the Finnish border, where she flew biplanes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Уроженцы Абхазии в Ленинградской битве 1941–1944|url=https://polk.press/news/stranicy-istorii/urozhency-abhazii-v-leningradskoj-bitve-1941-1944|access-date=27 July 2020|website=polk.press|language=ru}}</ref> In December 1942, Avidzba was posted to the Caucasus region, as a navigator in the 46th Guards Light Bomber Night Aviation Regiment of the 4th Air Army of the 2nd Belarusian Front – beginning her career in the ''[[Night Witches]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Here she was under the command of [[Polina Makogon]] and [[Lydia Svistunova]], where she benefited from their instruction and was quickly undertaking solo combat missions.<ref name=":0" />

In February 1943, she flew with Polina Makogon on a mission, where their three sorties repeatedly bombed the Germans in one night.<ref name=":0" /> In September 1943, on a mission to bomb the port of Taman, Avidzba noticed that the Germans were relocating their forces – she reported the reconnaissance findings from her flight to her commanders, who welcomed and acted on this previously unknown intelligence.<ref name=":0" />

In 1944, Avidzba's aircraft was hit by enemy fire, and her spine was severely injured.<ref name=":0" /> This injury led to some partial paralysis, which was successfully treated with an operation seven years later.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title="Ночная ведьма" из Абхазии|url=https://sputnik-abkhazia.ru/Abkhazia/20170124/1020284594/nochnaya-vedma-iz-abxazii.html|access-date=27 July 2020|website=Sputnik Абхазия|language=ru}}</ref>

During the war, Avidzba flew 477 combat sorties, totalling over 1000 hours of time in the air and dropped 63,000 kilograms of bombs onto the enemy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Адвидзба Мери|url=http://tamanskipolk46.narod.ru/p31aa1.html|access-date=27 July 2020|website=tamanskipolk46.narod.ru}}</ref> She fought in the North Caucasus, as well as on the [[4th Ukrainian Front|4th Ukrainian]] and [[2nd Belorussian Front|2nd Belorussian]] fronts.<ref name=":2" /> She participated in the liberation of Crimea, Ukraine and Poland.<ref name=":2" /> She crossed the front lines on 954 occasions.<ref name=":1" /> Sadly, her brother Koka was killed in the war, and she wrote to her parents about how her work as a pilot avenged his death.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Абхазия в ВОВ|url=http://page5767048.html/|access-date=27 July 2020|website=page5767048.html}}</ref>

== Later life ==
After the end of the war, Avidzba returned to Sukhumi, where she was active in the community, particularly in memorialising the Second World War, as well as being a governor of the school.<ref name=":0" /> She was also elected a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of Abkhazia.<ref name=":1" /> During her lifetime she was awarded the Orders of the Patriotic War (First and Second Degrees), the "For Defence of the Caucasus" Medal and the "For Victory over Germany" Medal.<ref name=":0" />

Avidzba died on 12 April 1986 in Sukhumi.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
Avidzba is remembered on stamps issued by the Republic of Abkhazia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Enveloping rage: Georgia starts a postal war with Abkhazia|url=https://www.rt.com/news/enveloping-rage-georgia-starts-a-postal-war-with-abkhazia/|access-date=27 July 2020|website=RT International|language=en}}</ref> Her military papers, flying scarf and other items from her career as pilot were donated by her to the [[Abkhaz State Museum]].<ref name=":1" /> There is also a bust of her on display there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=В небе "ночная ведьма" – Мери Авидзба|url=https://zen.yandex.ru/media/putevye_zametki/v-nebe-nochnaia-vedma-meri-avidzba-5cd15fff53522200b0d6a0d5|access-date=27 July 2020|website=Яндекс Дзен {{!}} Платформа для авторов, издателей и брендов|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*Film on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5U12lP85L4 Meri Avidzba's Life] (in Russian)

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Avidzba, Meri}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Abkhaz women in politics]]
[[Category:Female aviators]]
[[Category:Abkhaz military personnel]]
[[Category:People from Sukhumi]]
[[Category:Soviet Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Twin people]]

Darrell Schweitzer

2020-08-19T08:18:14Z

DocWatson42: /* Awards */ Made two minor corrections.

{{short description|Americanf speculative fiction writer, editor, and critic}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2019}}
{{More footnotes|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Darrell Schweitzer
|image = Darrell Schweitzer.jpg
|caption = Schweitzer in 2006
|pseudonym =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|8|27}}
|birth_place = [[Woodbury, New Jersey]], U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|occupation = Writer, editor, and essayist
|nationality = American
|period = 1968–present<ref name=isfdb/>
|genre = [[Speculative fiction]]
|subject =
|movement =
|notableworks= ''[[The Mask of the Sorcerer]]''
|website =
}}
'''Darrell Charles Schweitzer''' (born August 27, 1952) is an American writer, editor, and critic in the field of [[speculative fiction]].<ref name=SFE/> Much of his focus has been on [[dark fantasy]] and [[horror fiction|horror]], although he does also work in science fiction and fantasy. Schweitzer is also a prolific writer of literary criticism and editor of collections of essays on various writers within his preferred genres.

==Life and career==

Schweitzer was born in [[Woodbury, New Jersey]],<ref name=SFE/><ref name="StJames">{{Cite book |title=St. James Guide to Fantasy Writers |editor-first=David |editor-last=Pringle |location=New York |publisher=[[St. James Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-55862-205-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781558622050 }}</ref><ref name=CAO>''[[Contemporary Authors Online]]'', Detroit: Gale, 2007.</ref> son of Francis Edward and Mary Alice Schweitzer.<ref name=CAO/> He attended [[Villanova University]] from 1970 to 1976, from which he received a B.S. in geography (1974) and an M.A. in English (1976).<ref name="StJames"/><ref name=CAO/> He started his literary career as a reviewer and columnist.<ref name=CAO/> He worked as an editorial assistant for ''[[Asimov's Science Fiction|Isaac Asimov's SF Magazine]]'' from 1977 to 1982 and ''[[Amazing Stories]]'' from 1982 to 1986, was co-editor with [[George H. Scithers]] and [[John Gregory Betancourt]] of ''[[Weird Tales]]'' from 1987 to 1990 and sole editor of the same magazine from 1991 to 1994 and its successor, ''Worlds of Fantasy & Horror'', from 1994 to 1996. From 1998 to 2007 he was again co-editor of the revived ''Weird Tales'', first with Scithers and then with Scithers and Betancourt. He has also been a part-time literary agent for the Owlswick Agency in Philadelphia.<ref name="StJames"/> and a World Fantasy Award judge.<ref name=CAO/> He is a member of [[Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America|Science Fiction Writers of America]] and [[Horror Writers Association|Horror Writers of America]].<ref name=CAO/> He lives and works in the Philadelphia area.

==Fiction==
Most of Schweitzer's fiction is in the areas of dark fantasy and horror. He works most frequently in fiction of shorter lengths, though he has also written a number of novels. His first, ''[[The White Isle]]'', an epic, disillusioning quest to the underworld, was written in 1976 but remained unpublished until 1989. ''[[The Shattered Goddess]]'' (1982) takes place in a far future "[[Dying Earth (subgenre)|Dying Earth]]" setting, which he later revisited for a sequence of short stories collected as ''[[Echoes of the Goddess]]'' (2013).

The first work in his tales of the world of the Great River focusing on child-sorcerer Sekenre, "To Become a Sorcerer" (1991), was nominated for the 1992 [[World Fantasy Award—Long Fiction|World Fantasy Award for Best Novella]] and later expanded into the novel ''[[The Mask of the Sorcerer]]'' (1995). Additional stories in the series have been collected in ''[[Sekenre: The Book of the Sorcerer]]'' (2004).

His latest novel, ''[[The Dragon House]]'' (2018), melds his customary dark tone with elements of humor in a lighter work for young adults. Other works include his stories of the lapsed knight Julian, most collected in ''[[We Are All Legends]]'' (1981),<ref name="StJames"/> his tales of legendary madman [[Tom O'Bedlam]], numerous works using [[H. P. Lovecraft]]'s [[Cthulhu Mythos]], many collected in ''[[Awaiting Strange Gods: Weird and Lovecraftian Fictions]]'' (2015), and a large body of unconnected short stories.

==Nonfiction==
Schweitzer is an authority on the history of speculative fiction and has written numerous critical and bibliographical works on both the field in general and such writers as [[Lord Dunsany]], [[H. P. Lovecraft]], and [[Robert E. Howard]]. Many of his essays, reviews and author interviews have been collected into book form. He has also edited a number of anthologies and short story collections.

==Awards==
Together with his editorial colleagues Schweitzer won the 1992 [[World Fantasy Special Award: Professional|World Fantasy Award]] special award in the professional category for ''Weird Tales''.<ref name="StJames"/> His poem ''Remembering the Future'' won the 2006 ''Asimov's Science Fiction''{{'}}s Readers' Award for best poem.

==Bibliography==
{{Main|Darrell Schweitzer bibliography}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=isfdb>{{cite web |url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?1181 |title=Darrell Schweitzer – Summary Bibliography |work=[[Internet Speculative Fiction Database]] |accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=SFE>{{cite web |url=http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/schweitzer_darrell |title=Schweitzer, Darrell |work=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |date=May 9, 2014 |accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* Steve Behrends. "Holy Fire: Darrell Schweitzer's Imaginative Fiction". ''Studies in Weird Fiction'' 5 (Spring 1989): 3–11.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070726204856/http://www.cold-print.freeserve.co.uk/ds.htm "Dreamer on the wildside"] – 2004 interview by ''Cold Print'' magazine
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100819235502/http://www.portalpressbooks.com/8.html "Spotlight on Darrell Schweitzer"] – 2007 interview by Portal Press Books
* {{isfdb name|1181}}

{{Darrell Schweitzer}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schweitzer, Darrell}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American poets]]
[[Category:20th-century American short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American poets]]
[[Category:21st-century American short story writers]]
[[Category:American fantasy writers]]
[[Category:American horror writers]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American male poets]]
[[Category:American male short story writers]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American speculative fiction critics]]
[[Category:American speculative fiction editors]]
[[Category:H. P. Lovecraft scholars]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Science fiction critics]]
[[Category:Science fiction editors]]
[[Category:Weird fiction writers]]

Darrell Schweitzer

2020-08-19T08:17:43Z

DocWatson42: /* External links */ Deleted a link duplicated by the "Authority control" template and performed other, minor, cleanup.

{{short description|Americanf speculative fiction writer, editor, and critic}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2019}}
{{More footnotes|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Darrell Schweitzer
|image = Darrell Schweitzer.jpg
|caption = Schweitzer in 2006
|pseudonym =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|8|27}}
|birth_place = [[Woodbury, New Jersey]], U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|occupation = Writer, editor, and essayist
|nationality = American
|period = 1968–present<ref name=isfdb/>
|genre = [[Speculative fiction]]
|subject =
|movement =
|notableworks= ''[[The Mask of the Sorcerer]]''
|website =
}}
'''Darrell Charles Schweitzer''' (born August 27, 1952) is an American writer, editor, and critic in the field of [[speculative fiction]].<ref name=SFE/> Much of his focus has been on [[dark fantasy]] and [[horror fiction|horror]], although he does also work in science fiction and fantasy. Schweitzer is also a prolific writer of literary criticism and editor of collections of essays on various writers within his preferred genres.

==Life and career==

Schweitzer was born in [[Woodbury, New Jersey]],<ref name=SFE/><ref name="StJames">{{Cite book |title=St. James Guide to Fantasy Writers |editor-first=David |editor-last=Pringle |location=New York |publisher=[[St. James Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-55862-205-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781558622050 }}</ref><ref name=CAO>''[[Contemporary Authors Online]]'', Detroit: Gale, 2007.</ref> son of Francis Edward and Mary Alice Schweitzer.<ref name=CAO/> He attended [[Villanova University]] from 1970 to 1976, from which he received a B.S. in geography (1974) and an M.A. in English (1976).<ref name="StJames"/><ref name=CAO/> He started his literary career as a reviewer and columnist.<ref name=CAO/> He worked as an editorial assistant for ''[[Asimov's Science Fiction|Isaac Asimov's SF Magazine]]'' from 1977 to 1982 and ''[[Amazing Stories]]'' from 1982 to 1986, was co-editor with [[George H. Scithers]] and [[John Gregory Betancourt]] of ''[[Weird Tales]]'' from 1987 to 1990 and sole editor of the same magazine from 1991 to 1994 and its successor, ''Worlds of Fantasy & Horror'', from 1994 to 1996. From 1998 to 2007 he was again co-editor of the revived ''Weird Tales'', first with Scithers and then with Scithers and Betancourt. He has also been a part-time literary agent for the Owlswick Agency in Philadelphia.<ref name="StJames"/> and a World Fantasy Award judge.<ref name=CAO/> He is a member of [[Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America|Science Fiction Writers of America]] and [[Horror Writers Association|Horror Writers of America]].<ref name=CAO/> He lives and works in the Philadelphia area.

==Fiction==
Most of Schweitzer's fiction is in the areas of dark fantasy and horror. He works most frequently in fiction of shorter lengths, though he has also written a number of novels. His first, ''[[The White Isle]]'', an epic, disillusioning quest to the underworld, was written in 1976 but remained unpublished until 1989. ''[[The Shattered Goddess]]'' (1982) takes place in a far future "[[Dying Earth (subgenre)|Dying Earth]]" setting, which he later revisited for a sequence of short stories collected as ''[[Echoes of the Goddess]]'' (2013).

The first work in his tales of the world of the Great River focusing on child-sorcerer Sekenre, "To Become a Sorcerer" (1991), was nominated for the 1992 [[World Fantasy Award—Long Fiction|World Fantasy Award for Best Novella]] and later expanded into the novel ''[[The Mask of the Sorcerer]]'' (1995). Additional stories in the series have been collected in ''[[Sekenre: The Book of the Sorcerer]]'' (2004).

His latest novel, ''[[The Dragon House]]'' (2018), melds his customary dark tone with elements of humor in a lighter work for young adults. Other works include his stories of the lapsed knight Julian, most collected in ''[[We Are All Legends]]'' (1981),<ref name="StJames"/> his tales of legendary madman [[Tom O'Bedlam]], numerous works using [[H. P. Lovecraft]]'s [[Cthulhu Mythos]], many collected in ''[[Awaiting Strange Gods: Weird and Lovecraftian Fictions]]'' (2015), and a large body of unconnected short stories.

==Nonfiction==
Schweitzer is an authority on the history of speculative fiction and has written numerous critical and bibliographical works on both the field in general and such writers as [[Lord Dunsany]], [[H. P. Lovecraft]], and [[Robert E. Howard]]. Many of his essays, reviews and author interviews have been collected into book form. He has also edited a number of anthologies and short story collections.

==Awards==

Together with his editorial colleagues Schweitzer won the 1992 [[World Fantasy Special Award: Professional|World Fantasy Award]] special award in the professional category for ''Weird Tales''.<ref name="StJames"/> His poem ''Remembering the Future'' won the 2006 ''Asimov's Science Fiction'''s Readers' Award for best poem.

==Bibliography==
{{Main|Darrell Schweitzer bibliography}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=isfdb>{{cite web |url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?1181 |title=Darrell Schweitzer – Summary Bibliography |work=[[Internet Speculative Fiction Database]] |accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=SFE>{{cite web |url=http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/schweitzer_darrell |title=Schweitzer, Darrell |work=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |date=May 9, 2014 |accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* Steve Behrends. "Holy Fire: Darrell Schweitzer's Imaginative Fiction". ''Studies in Weird Fiction'' 5 (Spring 1989): 3–11.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070726204856/http://www.cold-print.freeserve.co.uk/ds.htm "Dreamer on the wildside"] – 2004 interview by ''Cold Print'' magazine
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100819235502/http://www.portalpressbooks.com/8.html "Spotlight on Darrell Schweitzer"] – 2007 interview by Portal Press Books
* {{isfdb name|1181}}

{{Darrell Schweitzer}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schweitzer, Darrell}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American poets]]
[[Category:20th-century American short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American poets]]
[[Category:21st-century American short story writers]]
[[Category:American fantasy writers]]
[[Category:American horror writers]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American male poets]]
[[Category:American male short story writers]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American speculative fiction critics]]
[[Category:American speculative fiction editors]]
[[Category:H. P. Lovecraft scholars]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Science fiction critics]]
[[Category:Science fiction editors]]
[[Category:Weird fiction writers]]

Darrell Schweitzer

2020-08-19T08:16:41Z

DocWatson42: Adding local short description: "Americanf speculative fiction writer, editor, and critic", overriding Wikidata description "American editor and writer" (Shortdesc helper)

{{short description|Americanf speculative fiction writer, editor, and critic}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2019}}
{{More footnotes|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Darrell Schweitzer
|image = Darrell Schweitzer.jpg
|caption = Schweitzer in 2006
|pseudonym =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|8|27}}
|birth_place = [[Woodbury, New Jersey]], U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|occupation = Writer, editor, and essayist
|nationality = American
|period = 1968–present<ref name=isfdb/>
|genre = [[Speculative fiction]]
|subject =
|movement =
|notableworks= ''[[The Mask of the Sorcerer]]''
|website =
}}
'''Darrell Charles Schweitzer''' (born August 27, 1952) is an American writer, editor, and critic in the field of [[speculative fiction]].<ref name=SFE/> Much of his focus has been on [[dark fantasy]] and [[horror fiction|horror]], although he does also work in science fiction and fantasy. Schweitzer is also a prolific writer of literary criticism and editor of collections of essays on various writers within his preferred genres.

==Life and career==

Schweitzer was born in [[Woodbury, New Jersey]],<ref name=SFE/><ref name="StJames">{{Cite book |title=St. James Guide to Fantasy Writers |editor-first=David |editor-last=Pringle |location=New York |publisher=[[St. James Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-55862-205-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781558622050 }}</ref><ref name=CAO>''[[Contemporary Authors Online]]'', Detroit: Gale, 2007.</ref> son of Francis Edward and Mary Alice Schweitzer.<ref name=CAO/> He attended [[Villanova University]] from 1970 to 1976, from which he received a B.S. in geography (1974) and an M.A. in English (1976).<ref name="StJames"/><ref name=CAO/> He started his literary career as a reviewer and columnist.<ref name=CAO/> He worked as an editorial assistant for ''[[Asimov's Science Fiction|Isaac Asimov's SF Magazine]]'' from 1977 to 1982 and ''[[Amazing Stories]]'' from 1982 to 1986, was co-editor with [[George H. Scithers]] and [[John Gregory Betancourt]] of ''[[Weird Tales]]'' from 1987 to 1990 and sole editor of the same magazine from 1991 to 1994 and its successor, ''Worlds of Fantasy & Horror'', from 1994 to 1996. From 1998 to 2007 he was again co-editor of the revived ''Weird Tales'', first with Scithers and then with Scithers and Betancourt. He has also been a part-time literary agent for the Owlswick Agency in Philadelphia.<ref name="StJames"/> and a World Fantasy Award judge.<ref name=CAO/> He is a member of [[Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America|Science Fiction Writers of America]] and [[Horror Writers Association|Horror Writers of America]].<ref name=CAO/> He lives and works in the Philadelphia area.

==Fiction==
Most of Schweitzer's fiction is in the areas of dark fantasy and horror. He works most frequently in fiction of shorter lengths, though he has also written a number of novels. His first, ''[[The White Isle]]'', an epic, disillusioning quest to the underworld, was written in 1976 but remained unpublished until 1989. ''[[The Shattered Goddess]]'' (1982) takes place in a far future "[[Dying Earth (subgenre)|Dying Earth]]" setting, which he later revisited for a sequence of short stories collected as ''[[Echoes of the Goddess]]'' (2013).

The first work in his tales of the world of the Great River focusing on child-sorcerer Sekenre, "To Become a Sorcerer" (1991), was nominated for the 1992 [[World Fantasy Award—Long Fiction|World Fantasy Award for Best Novella]] and later expanded into the novel ''[[The Mask of the Sorcerer]]'' (1995). Additional stories in the series have been collected in ''[[Sekenre: The Book of the Sorcerer]]'' (2004).

His latest novel, ''[[The Dragon House]]'' (2018), melds his customary dark tone with elements of humor in a lighter work for young adults. Other works include his stories of the lapsed knight Julian, most collected in ''[[We Are All Legends]]'' (1981),<ref name="StJames"/> his tales of legendary madman [[Tom O'Bedlam]], numerous works using [[H. P. Lovecraft]]'s [[Cthulhu Mythos]], many collected in ''[[Awaiting Strange Gods: Weird and Lovecraftian Fictions]]'' (2015), and a large body of unconnected short stories.

==Nonfiction==
Schweitzer is an authority on the history of speculative fiction and has written numerous critical and bibliographical works on both the field in general and such writers as [[Lord Dunsany]], [[H. P. Lovecraft]], and [[Robert E. Howard]]. Many of his essays, reviews and author interviews have been collected into book form. He has also edited a number of anthologies and short story collections.

==Awards==

Together with his editorial colleagues Schweitzer won the 1992 [[World Fantasy Special Award: Professional|World Fantasy Award]] special award in the professional category for ''Weird Tales''.<ref name="StJames"/> His poem ''Remembering the Future'' won the 2006 ''Asimov's Science Fiction'''s Readers' Award for best poem.

==Bibliography==
{{Main|Darrell Schweitzer bibliography}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=isfdb>{{cite web |url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?1181 |title=Darrell Schweitzer – Summary Bibliography |work=[[Internet Speculative Fiction Database]] |accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=SFE>{{cite web |url=http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/schweitzer_darrell |title=Schweitzer, Darrell |work=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |date=May 9, 2014 |accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* Steve Behrends. "Holy Fire: Darrell Schweitzer's Imaginative Fiction". ''Studies in Weird Fiction'' 5 (Spring 1989): 3–11.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070726204856/http://www.cold-print.freeserve.co.uk/ds.htm "Dreamer on the wildside"] – 2004 interview by ''Cold Print'' magazine
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100819235502/http://www.portalpressbooks.com/8.html "Spotlight on Darrell Schweitzer"] – 2007 interview by Portal Press Books
* {{isfdb name|1181}}
* {{LCAuth|n78000671|Darrell Schweitzer|32|}}

{{Darrell Schweitzer}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schweitzer, Darrell}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:American fantasy writers]]
[[Category:American horror writers]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American speculative fiction critics]]
[[Category:American speculative fiction editors]]
[[Category:Weird fiction writers]]
[[Category:Science fiction critics]]
[[Category:Science fiction editors]]
[[Category:20th-century American poets]]
[[Category:21st-century American poets]]
[[Category:American male poets]]
[[Category:American male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:H. P. Lovecraft scholars]]

Bubacarr Bah

2020-05-05T18:42:11Z

DocWatson42: Added a comment to deter "correction" of the misspelling (which is in the original) by typo hunters like myself and performed other cleanup.

{{short description|Gambian mathematician}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Bubacarr Bah
| alma_mater = [[University of the Gambia]] (BSc) [[University of Oxford]] (MSc) [[University of Edinburgh]] (PhD)
| workplaces = [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]] [[University of Texas at Austin]] [[Stellenbosch University]] [[African Institute for Mathematical Sciences]]
| birth_place = [[The Gambia]]
| fields = [[Applied mathematics]] [[Computational mathematics]] [[Data science]]<ref name=gs/>
| thesis1_title = Diffusion Maps: Analysis and Applications
| thesis1_url = https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e55c4a57-0a51-40d4-bbd7-37abd38afe66
| thesis1_year = 2008
| thesis2_title = Restricted isometry constants in compressed sensing
| thesis2_url = https://hdl.handle.net/1842%2F7642
| thesis2_year = 2012
| doctoral_advisor = [[d:Q62554528|Jared Tanner]]<ref name=mathgene>{{MathGenealogy}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://sites.google.com/aims.ac.za/bubacarr}}
}}

'''Bubacarr Bah''' is a Gambian mathematician and chair of [[Data Science]] at the [[African Institute for Mathematical Sciences]] (AIMS).<ref name=orcid>Bubacarr Bah's {{ORCID}}</ref><ref name=gs>{{Google scholar id}}</ref> He is an assistant professor at [[Stellenbosch University]] and a member of the [[Google]] advanced technology external advisory council.{{fact|date=March 2019}}

== Early life and education ==
Bah was born in [[The Gambia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://aims.ac.za/2016/10/01/the-aims-network-through-aims-south-africa-welcomes-another-research-chair-from-outside-the-continent-under-the-german-research-chair-programme-at-aims/|title=The AIMS network welcomes another Research Chair under the German Research Chair programme at AIMS |publisher= AIMS South Africa|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26|website=aims.ac.za}}</ref> He studied [[mathematics]] at the [[University of the Gambia]] and graduated [[summa cum laude]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deeplearningindaba.com/bubacarr-bah.html|title=Bubacarr Bah|website=deeplearningindaba.com|publisher=Deep Learning Indaba|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://lions.epfl.ch/people/alumni/alumni-postdocs/alumni-postdocs-bubacarr_bah/|title=Bubacarr Bah – LIONS|website=lions.epfl.ch|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> He was awarded a [[Master of Science]] (MSc) degree from the [[University of Oxford]],<ref name=bmsc>{{cite thesis|degree=MSc|publisher=University of Oxford|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e55c4a57-0a51-40d4-bbd7-37abd38afe66|title=Diffusion Maps: Analysis and Applications|first= Bubacarr|last=Bah|date=2008|website=ora.ox.ac.uk|oclc=430338759}} {{free access}}</ref> where he studied [[mathematical modelling]] as a postgraduate student of [[Wolfson College, Oxford]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://aims.ac.za/research/data-science-and-information-systems/dr-bubacarr-bah/|title=Dr Bubacarr Bah {{!}} AIMS South Africa|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref name=tanner>{{Cite web|url=https://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/tanner/people.shtml|publisher=University of Oxford |title= Mathematics Institute - Jared Tanner - Students & Postdocs|website=people.maths.ox.ac.uk|access-date=2019-03-26|first=Jared|last=Tanner|year=2018}}</ref> He joined the [[University of Edinburgh]], where his [[PhD]] investigated compressed sensing and was supervised by {{ill|Jared Tanner|wd=Q62554528|reasonator=1}}.<ref name=bphd>{{cite thesis|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Edinburgh|title=Restricted isometry constants in compressed sensing|first= Bubacarr|last=Bah|date=2012|id={{EThOS|uk.bl.ethos.578348}}|oclc=862754793|hdl=1842/7642}} {{free access}}</ref><ref name=mathgene/><ref name=tanner/> He was a member of the [[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics]] (SIAM) student chapter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siam.org/students/chapters/pdf/an11-12_pp.pdf|title=Student chapter breakfast|website=siam.org|publisher=Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> His work on [[Gaussian matrix ensemble|Gaussian matrices]] was awarded the SIAM best student paper.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bah|first=B.|last2=Tanner|first2=J.|date=2010|title=Improved Bounds on Restricted Isometry Constants for Gaussian Matrices|journal=SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications|volume=31|issue=5|pages=2882–2898|doi=10.1137/100788884|issn=0895-4798|arxiv=1003.3299}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ams.org/notices/201009/rtx100901138p.pdf|title=Mathematics People|website=ams.org|publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]]|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>

== Research and career ==
Between 2012 and 2014 Bah was a [[postdoctoral researcher]] at the [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]], where he continued his investigations into [[compressed sensing]].<ref name=":2" /> He was a member of the Laboratory for Information and Inference Systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-01-09|title=Dr Bubacarr Bah elected Humbolt [sic] Chair Faculty at AIMS South Africa|url=https://actu.epfl.ch/news/dr-bubacarr-bah-elected-humbolt-chair-faculty-at-a/|language=en|website=actu.epfl.ch}}</ref>

In 2014 Bah joined the [[University of Texas at Austin]], where he worked on [[signal processing]], [[machine learning]] and sampling strategies in [[High-dimensional statistics|high-dimensional data]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nexteinstein.org/blog/2016/08/31/bubacarr-bah-has-been-awarded-the-prestigious-german-chair-in-mathematics/?platform=hootsuite|title=Bubacarr Bah Has Been Awarded the Prestigious German Chair in Mathematics {{!}} AIMS|website=nexteinstein.org|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> He developed a [[Matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] for [[dimensionality reduction]] that uses bi-[[Lipschitz continuity|Lipschitz]] embeddings, which can exploit [[data redundancy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.colorado.edu/amath/events/Computational-Math-Seminar-Bubacarr-Bah|title=Computational Math Seminar: Bubacarr Bah|date=2015-10-06|website=colorado.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aims-cameroon.org/2016/06/17/visiting-delegation-from-the-alexander-von-humboldt-foundation/|website=aims-cameroon.org|title=Visiting delegation from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation {{!}} AIMS Cameroon - NextEinstein Initiative|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bah|first=Bubacarr|last2=Sadeghian|first2=Ali|last3=Cevher|first3=Volkan|date=2013|title=Energy-aware adaptive bi-Lipschitz embeddings|arxiv=1307.3457}}</ref>

In 2016 Bah was appointed the German Chair in Mathematics at the [[African Institute for Mathematical Sciences]] (AIMS), which is supported by the [[Humboldt Foundation]].<ref name=":3" /> The position was welcomed by the [[African Institute for Mathematical Sciences|AIMS]] community, who believe Africa needs better [[data science]] infrastructure.<ref name=":0" /> Bah organised the [[software engineering]] for Applied Mathematical Sciences workshop, which teaches basic programming and research programming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seams-workshop.gitlab.io/faculty/|title=SEAMS Workshop v5 ~ TBD 2019!|website=seams-workshop.gitlab.io|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nexteinstein.org/blog/2017/06/02/aims-south-africa-data-science-workshop-organised-by-dr-bubacarr-bah-the-german-research-chair-of-mathematics/|title=AIMS South Africa : Data Science Workshop organised by Dr Bubacarr Bah, the German Research Chair of Mathematics {{!}} AIMS|website=nexteinstein.org|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> He is responsible for connecting the [[African Institute for Mathematical Sciences|AIMS]] in South Africa with central Africa and German universities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/45078366.html|title=Humboldt Foundation strengthens university education and research in mathematics in Africa|website=humboldt-foundation.de|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> As of 2019, the [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation]] support five chairs at AIMS centres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/54057910.html|title=New research chair appointed in Africa|website=humboldt-foundation.de|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> He holds a joint position at [[Stellenbosch University]], where he works on [[information theory]] and [[deep learning]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sanum.github.io/|title=SANUM - South African Numerical and Applied Mathematics|website=sanum.github.io|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newton.cam.ac.uk/person/isaac-id-21837|title=Bubacarr Bah {{!}} Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences|website=newton.cam.ac.uk|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>

In March 2019 Bah was appointed to the [[Google]] advanced technology external advisory council, a collection of experts who will consider the [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) principles of Google.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blog.google/technology/ai/external-advisory-council-help-advance-responsible-development-ai/|title=An external advisory council to help advance the responsible development of AI|date=2019-03-26|website=blog.google|language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bah, Bubacarr}}
[[Category:African mathematicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Gambian academics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Stellenbosch University faculty]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Benutzer Diskussion:Blausonorisch

2020-01-17T05:50:50Z

DocWatson42: Neuer Abschnitt /* Please see your English Wikipedia talk page */

== Einladung zu einem offenen selbstbestimmten Wikitreffen in Moers ab 10.Mai 2017 ==
Hi, bitte schau mal oben auf meine Diskussionsseite. Dort findest du die Einladung für ein Wikitreffen im Mai in Moers. Lutz Hartmann, Eisbaer44 und ich würden uns über dein Kommen freuen. LG --[[Benutzer:Anima|Anima]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Anima|Diskussion]]) 00:28, 7. Mai 2017 (CEST)/Angelika

== Feine Signatur ==

Hi, du verwendest folgende Sequenz in deiner Signatur:
<syntaxhighlight lang="html">
[[Wikipedia:WikiProjekt_Philosophie|φ]]
</syntaxhighlight>
Das soll bewirken, dass die Verlinkung auf „φ“ grünlich dargestellt würde, und nicht als Verlinkung erkennbar sei.

Seit gestern ist dies durch eine Software-Änderung funktionslos.
* <code></code> ist obendrein seit 1998 veraltet.

Die zeitgemäße Syntax lautet:
<syntaxhighlight lang="html">
[[Wikipedia:WikiProjekt Philosophie|'''φ''']]
</syntaxhighlight>
VG --[[Benutzer:PerfektesChaos|PerfektesChaos]] 17:36, 6. Dez. 2017 (CET)

== Toter Link ==

Hallo Tischbeinahe,

ich habe gerade gesehen, dass du mit [https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ausgangsschrift&diff=172138769&oldid=172042175 dieser Bearbeitung] und dem Kommentar ''Toter Link'' einen Eintrag aus dem Artikel [[Ausgangsschrift]] entfernt hast. Man sagt ja: „Das Internet vergisst nichts.“ und so war es auch hier. Natürlich habe ich sofort eine archivierte Version des gelöschten Links im Web finden können und den Eintrag wiederhergestellt.

Deshalb möchte dich dich bitten, demnächst keine Links mehr zu entfernen, bevor du nicht geprüft hast, ob deren Inhalt nicht doch noch irgendwo (z. B. bei ''The Internet Archive'', archive.is, ''WebCite'' oder Google) gespeichert und verfügbar ist; andernfalls geht nämlich für unsere Benutzer die ganze Information verloren, obwohl das gar nicht sein müsste. [[Wikipedia:Wikiliebe|Lieben]] Gruß —[[:commons:User:LiliCharlie|LiliCharlie]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:LiliCharlie|Disk.]]) 16:59, 20. Dez. 2017 (CET)

== Telegram ==

Warum hast du denn [https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telegram&type=revision&diff=176217623&oldid=176211669 deinen eigenen Beitrag] nicht gesichtet? Ich bin mir unsicher, ob ich mit meiner eigenen Sichtung etwas zu voreilig war? --[[Benutzer:H7|H7]] Ein fröhlicher Franke ([[Benutzer Diskussion:H7|reden]]) 11:21, 7. Apr. 2018 (CEST)

:Hoppla, keine Ahnung wie das passieren konnte. Bin manchmal am Mini-Smartphone per Desktop-Website unterwegs, da mobil noch nicht alles unterstützt wird :) --[[Benutzer:Tischbeinahe|Tischbeinahe]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Tischbeinahe|Diskussion]]) 18:29, 8. Apr. 2018 (CEST)

== Problem mit Deiner Datei (13.09.2019) ==

Hallo Tischbeinahe,

bei der folgenden von dir hochgeladenen Datei gibt es noch ein Problem:

# [[:Datei:GIZ Gruener-Knopf Logo rgb.jpg]] - '''Problem''': Lizenz

* '''Lizenz:''' Eine Lizenz ist die Erlaubnis, eine Datei unter bestimmten Bedingungen zu nutzen. In der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia werden nur solche Dateien akzeptiert, die unter einer freien Lizenz stehen, die '''[[Wikipedia:Lizenzvorlagen für Bilder|hier]]''' gelistet sind. Unser Online-Assistent unter https://wmts.dabpunkt.eu/freigabe3/ hilft Dir, eine passende Lizenz auszuwählen und den Text für Dich anzupassen. Wenn du der Urheber der Datei oder der Inhaber der Nutzungsrechte bist, kannst Du ihn benutzen, um den Text anschließend in die Dateibeschreibungsseite einzufügen.

Durch Klicken auf „Bearbeiten“ oben auf der Dateibeschreibungsseite kannst du die fehlenden Angaben nachtragen. Wenn das Problem nicht innerhalb von 14 Tagen behoben wird, muss die Datei leider gelöscht werden.

Fragen beantwortet dir möglicherweise die [[Hilfe:FAQ zu Bildern|Bilder-FAQ]]. '''Du kannst aber auch gern hier in diesem Abschnitt antworten, damit dir individuell geholfen wird.'''

Vielen Dank für deine Unterstützung, [[Benutzer:Xqbot|Xqbot]] ([[WD:DÜP|Diskussion]]) 00:51, 13. Sep. 2019 (CEST)

== Please see your English Wikipedia talk page ==

Greetings and felicitations. I left a message on your English Wikipedia talk page. —[[Benutzer:DocWatson42|DocWatson42]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:DocWatson42|Diskussion]]) 06:50, 17. Jan. 2020 (CET)

Super Scooper

2019-11-26T14:22:01Z

DocWatson42: Made two minor corrections.

{{refimprove|date=December 2009}}
[[Image:Mndnr-cl215-N266NR-071028-fox-tanker266-02-16.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Canadair CL-215]].]]

'''Super Scooper''' is a nickname given to certain [[amphibious aircraft|amphibious]] [[aerial firefighting|firefighting aircraft]] built by [[Canadair]], now [[Bombardier Aerospace|Bombardier]]. The family of three aircraft known as "Super Scoopers" are the [[Canadair CL-215]], the [[Canadair CL-215|CL-215T]] and the [[Bombardier 415]] [[turboprop]].

The aircraft flies at high speed (approximately 100 mph) just above the surface of a lake or reservoir, scooping up copious amounts of water into its belly. In just 12 seconds, the plane can accumulate 1,600 gallons of water, to be subsequently dropped onto nearby fires raging out of control. This scooping ability obviates the need to return to a water "refilling station" which could possibly be very far away. A pilot must be certified to operate a seaplane, to ensure water conditions are safe for scooping (i.e., not having choppy waves).<ref name="Super Scooper">{{cite web|url=http://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2015/07/29/super-scooper-helps-u-s-forest-service-get-handle-on-california-wildfires|title=Super Scooper Helps U.S. Forest Service Get Handle On California Wildfires|website=sacramento.cbslocal.com|publisher=CBS|date=29 July 2015|accessdate=24 July 2016}}</ref>

While mostly used to fight [[Canada|Canadian]] wildfires, this aircraft is also leased to firefighting agencies in the United States for their fire season.<ref name="Super Scooper"/> It's also flown by several operators of countries from around the world, both in [[Air force|air forces]] such as [[Croatian Air Force and Air Defence|Croatia]], [[Hellenic Air Force|Greece]] or [[Spanish Air Force|Spain]]; government agencies like in [[Sécurité Civile|France]], [[Protezione Civile|Italy]] or [[Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency|Malaysia]]; and private operators.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Fire fighting}}

[[Category:Amphibious aircraft]]
[[Category:Fire service vehicles]]

{{firefighting-stub}}
{{Aircraft-stub}}
{{Quebec-stub}}

Steven Barnes

2019-09-05T04:46:38Z

DocWatson42: Adding local short description: "American science fiction, fantasy, and mystery writer" (Shortdesc helper)

{{short description|American science fiction, fantasy, and mystery writer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Steven Barnes
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|3|1}}
| nationality = American
| occupation = Writer
| spouse = [[Tananarive Due]]
}}

'''Steven Barnes''' (born March 1, 1952) is an American [[science fiction]], [[fantasy]], and [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] writer. He has written novels, short fiction, screen plays for [[television]], scripts for comic books, animation, newspaper copy, and magazine articles.

== Career ==
Barnes has written several episodes of [[The Outer Limits (1995 TV series)|''The Outer Limits'']] and ''[[Baywatch]]''. His "A Stich In Time" episode of The Outer Limits won an [[Emmy Award]]. He has also written the episode [[Stargate SG-1 (season 1)|"Brief Candle"]] for ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' and the ''[[Andromeda (TV series)|Andromeda]]'' episode [[List of Andromeda episodes#Season 1|"The Sum of Its Parts"]]. Barnes's first published piece of fiction, the 1979 [[Novella|novelette]] "The Locusts", was written with [[Larry Niven]], and was a [[Hugo Award]] nominee.<ref name="Barnes' listing in ''Locus'' magazine's database of award nominees">[http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit7.html#286 Award nominees] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120020814/http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit7.html |date=2009-11-20 }}</ref><ref name="Excerpts of a March 2003 interview with Barnes in ''Locus'' magazine">[http://www.locusmag.com/2003/Issue03/Barnes.html interview]</ref> Barnes subsequently collaborated with Niven on several other books, including two books with both Niven and [[Jerry Pournelle]]. Barnes said he clashed politically with the two conservative writers but enjoyed working with them, calling it "a tremendous learning opportunity".<ref name=sh-interview/>

Barnes' alternate history novel ''Lion's Blood'' won the 2003 [[Endeavour Award]]. His 2004 [[Star Wars]] tie-in novel ''[[The Cestus Deception]]'' was a [[New York Times]] bestseller.

Together with his wife, [[Tananarive Due]], and actor [[Blair Underwood]], Barnes won the 2009 NAACP Image Award for outstanding Literary Work - Fiction for ''In the Night of the Heat: A Tennyson Hardwick Novel''. <ref>[https://variety.com/2009/film/awards/bees-big-at-naacp-image-awards-1118000120/ ‘Bees’ big at NAACP Image Awards], by N'neka Hite. ''Variety'', February 12, 2009. Accessed 7-25-2019</ref>

==Early life and education==
Barnes, was born on March 1, 1952 in [[Los Angeles, California]]. He has had a varied education, including a secondary education at [[Los Angeles High School]]. He continued at [[Pepperdine University]], majoring in Communication Arts.<ref name ="Black & White">''Steven Barnes: White & Black''. Locus Magazine; vol/issue 50/3[506] 2003. Pages 84-86. ([https://www.locusmag.com/2003/Issue03/Barnes.html excerpts])</ref>

==Personal life==
Barnes is married to [[Tananarive Due]], a writer.<ref name=sh-interview>[http://www.strangehorizons.com/2002/20020729/interview.shtml Interview: Steven Barnes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008050036/http://www.strangehorizons.com/2002/20020729/interview.shtml |date=2013-10-08 }}, by Greg Beatty. ''Strange Horizons'', July 29, 2002. Retrieved August 31, 2013</ref> The couple live in [[Los Angeles]] and host a video blog together. They also taught a course together at UCLA called ''[http://hipshot9.clickfunnels.com/sales-page25582446 The Sunken Place: Racism, Survival & Black Horror]'' that experienced a surprise visit from [[Get Out]] director [[Jordan Peele]]. The course is now available as a webinar.<ref>[https://consequenceofsound.net/2019/03/episode-112-tananarive-due-and-steven-barnes/ Tananarive Due and Steven Barnes on Jamming with Stephen King and the Enduring Power of Genre Writing], Consequence of Sound, March 29, 2019</ref> Barnes has a daughter from his first marriage and a son from his current marriage.

Barnes is also an avid practitioner of [[martial arts|martial and physical arts]]. He began studying in 1969.<ref name="Black & White"/> He is a [[Black belt (martial arts)|black belt]] in [[Kenpo|Kenpo Karate]] (BKF style), and [[Judo|Kodokan Judo]]. He holds an instructor certificate in [[Wu Ming Ta]], and has an instructor candidate ranking in Filipino [[Eskrima|Kali]] stick and knife fighting. He is an advanced student in [[Jun Fan]] [[kickboxing]] ([[Bruce Lee]] method under [[Dan Inosanto]]), and is an instructor in [[Wu-style t'ai chi ch'uan|Wu-style]] [[t'ai chi ch'uan]] under [[Hawkins Cheung]].

He is an intermediate student in self-defense pistol shooting (preferring the [[Weaver stance|Turnipseed modified Weaver method]]). He holds a [[Red belt (martial arts)|brown belt]] in [[The Jitsu Foundation|Shorenji Jiu Jitsu]], and intermediate rankings in [[Tae Kwon Do]] and [[Aikido]]. He completed the Yoga Works basic [[Hatha Yoga]] instructor program; is studying [[Pentjak Silat]] (an Indonesian fighting system) with Guru [[Stevan Plinck]], and [[Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga|Ashtanga Yoga]], an aerobic form of yoga.

==Bibliography==
* The [[Dream Park]] series:
** ''Dream Park'' (1981; with [[Larry Niven]])
** ''The Barsoom Project'' (1989; with Larry Niven)
** ''The California Voodoo Game'' (1992; with Larry Niven)
** ''The Moon Maze Game'' (2011; with Larry Niven)

* The Aubry Knight series:
** ''Street Lethal'' (1983)
** ''Gorgon Child'' (1989)
** ''Firedance'' (1993)

* The Heorot series:
** ''[[The Legacy of Heorot]]'' (1987; with Larry Niven and [[Jerry Pournelle]])
** ''[[Beowulf's Children]]'' (1995; with Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle)

* The Insh'Allah series:
** ''[[Lion's Blood]]'' (2002; winner of the 2003 [[Endeavour Award]])
** ''[[Zulu Heart]]'' (2003)

* The "Ibandi" series:
** ''Great Sky Woman'' (2006)
** ''Shadow Valley'' (2009)

* The Tennyson Hardwick Novels:
** ''[[Casanegra (novel)|Casanegra]]'' (2007; with [[Blair Underwood]] and [[Tananarive Due]])
** ''In the Night of the Heat'' (2008; with Blair Underwood and Tananarive Due)
** ''From Cape Town with Love'' (2010; with Blair Underwood and Tananarive Due)
** ''South by Southeast'' (September 2012; with Blair Underwood and Tananarive Due)

* Stand-alone novels, screenplays, and other works:
** ''[[The Descent of Anansi]]'' (1982; with Larry Niven)
** "[[To See the Invisible Man]]" (1986; a television script adapting a short story by [[Robert Silverberg]], for the 1980s revival of ''[[The New Twilight Zone|The Twilight Zone]]'')
** ''The Kundalini Equation'' (1986)
** ''[[Fusion (Eclipse Comics)|Fusion]]'' (1987) (issues #1–5 only)
** ''Achilles' Choice'' (1991) (with Larry Niven)
** ''Blood Brothers'' (1996)
** ''Iron Shadows'' (1997)
** ''[[Far Beyond the Stars]]'' (1998) (''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' novelization)
** ''[[The Lives of Dax]]'': "The Music Between the Notes" (1999)
** ''Saturn's Race'' (2000) (with [[Larry Niven]])
** ''Charisma'' (2002)
** ''[[The Cestus Deception]]'' (2004) (''[[Star Wars]]'' novel set in the [[Clone Wars (Star Wars)|Clone Wars]])
** ''Assassin and Other Stories'' (2010), a collection, [[ISFiC Press]]
** ''The Invisible Imam'', a novel included in ''Assassin and Other Stories'' (2010)
** ''Devil's Wake'' (2012; with Tananarive Due)
** ''Domino Falls'' (2013; with Tananarive Due)
** ''Star Wars Saved My Life: Be the HERO in the adventure of your lifetime!'' (2015), illustrated by Trey Jackson and Angelina Greenwood
** ''The Seascape Tattoo'' (2016; with [[Larry Niven]])
** ''Twelve Days'' (2017)

* Short stories
** "Danikil," ''Whose Future is It?'' (2018)<ref>"Steven Barnes" in ''Cellarius Stories, Volume 1'', ch. 10. Cellarius, Ed., New York: 2018, {{ISBN|978-1-949688-02-3}}.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*{{isfdb name|id=Steven_Barnes|name=Steven Barnes}}
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12742905 Black Science Fiction and Fantasy] with [[Tananarive Due]], Steven Barnes, and [[Sheree Thomas|Sheree R. Thomas]] on NPR, News & Notes, August 13, 2007 (Audio)
* [http://www.lexingtonfilm.com/stevenbarnesinterview.htm Audio Interview - Steven Barnes on the Horace J. Digby Report]
* [http://www.lightspeedmagazine.com/nonfiction/interview-steven-barnes/ ''Lightspeed'' magazine Interview with Steven Barnes], by Christian A. Coleman, in May 2017 (Issue 84)
* [https://www.apex-magazine.com/interview-with-author-steven-barnes/ ''Apex Magazine'': Interview with Author Steven Barnes], by Andrea Johnson on May 16, 2019

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barnes, Steven}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]
[[Category:African-American novelists]]
[[Category:American male screenwriters]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:Black speculative fiction authors]]
[[Category:Endeavour Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male television writers]]
[[Category:Pepperdine University alumni]]
[[Category:Afrofuturist writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:American comics writers]]

Benutzer:Thomas R. Schwarz/Baustelle/Basispunkt

2019-08-12T04:49:32Z

DocWatson42: /* top */ Added disambiguation hatnote per discussion (1) and (2) with User:Ira Leviton, User:DePiep, and User:Kvng.

{{short description|One hundredth of a percent}}
{{About-distinguish2|the financial term|the electronic term [[Bias point]]}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2010}}
{{punctuation marks|‱|caption=per ten thousand sign}}

A '''per ten thousand sign''' or '''basis point''' (often denoted as '''bp''', often pronounced as "bip" or "beep"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/beep.asp |title=Beep |work=[[Investopedia]]}}</ref>) is (a difference of) one hundredth of a percent or equivalently one ten thousandth.<ref name="inpe">{{cite web|url=http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/05/basispoint.asp|title=What is a basis point (BPS)?|first=Chad |last=Langager |work=[[Investopedia]]|accessdate=21 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/basis+point|title=Basis point |publisher=[[Reference.com]] |accessdate=4 Jul 2010}}</ref> The related concept of a [[#Permyriad|permyriad]] is literally one part per ten thousand. Figures are commonly quoted in basis points in [[finance]], especially in [[fixed income]] markets.

==Definition==
{{float right clear none|{{visualisation_parts_per.svg}} }}
:1 basis point = (a difference of) 1 [[#Permyriad|permyriad]] or one-hundredth of one percent.
:1 bp = (a difference of) 1‱ or 0.01% or 0.1‰ or 10−4 or {{sfrac|1|10,000}} or 0.0001.
:100 bp = (a difference of) 1% or 10‰ or 100‱.

Basis points are used as a convenient [[unit of measurement]] in contexts where percentage differences of less than 1% are discussed. The most common example is [[interest rate]]s, where differences in interest rates of less than 1% per year are usually meaningful to talk about. For example, a difference of 0.10 percentage points is equivalent to a change of 10 basis points (e.g., a 4.67% rate increases by 10 basis points to 4.77%). In other words, an increase of 100 basis points means a rise by 1 percentage point.

Like [[percentage point]]s, basis points avoid the ambiguity between relative and absolute discussions about interest rates by dealing only with the absolute change in numeric value of a rate. For example, {{anchor|relative_vs_absolute}} if a report says there has been a "1% increase" from a 10% interest rate, this could refer to an increase either from 10% to 10.1% (relative, 1% of 10%), or from 10% to 11% (absolute, 1% plus 10%). However, if the report says there has been a "100 basis point increase" from a 10% interest rate, then the interest rate of 10% has increased by 1.00% (the absolute change) to an 11% rate.

It is common practice in the financial industry to use basis points to denote a rate change in a [[financial instrument]], or the difference ([[Yield spread|spread]]) between two interest rates, including the [[yield (finance)|yield]]s of [[fixed income|fixed-income]] [[security (finance)|securities]].

Since certain [[loans]] and [[Bond (finance)|bonds]] may commonly be quoted in relation to some index or underlying security, they will often be quoted as a spread over (or under) the index. For example, a loan that bears [[interest]] of 0.50% per annum above the [[London Interbank Offered Rate]] (LIBOR) is said to be 50 basis points over LIBOR, which is commonly expressed as "L+50bps" or simply "L+50".

The term "basis point" has its origins in trading the "basis" or the spread between two interest rates. Since the basis is usually small, these are quoted multiplied up by 10,000, and hence a "full point" movement in the "basis" is a basis point. Contrast with [[Percentage in point|pips]] in FX forward markets. En lieu of referencing individual basis points for larger percentages, the below terms have been gaining traction and use in the financial industry.

1 "MegaBip" = 10 bps = 00.1%

1 "UltraBip" = 100 bps = 01.0%

1 "GigaBip" = 1000 bps = 10.0%

[[Expense ratio]]s of [[investment fund]]s are often quoted in basis points.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Constable|first1=Simon|title=What Is a Basis Point and Why Is It So Important?|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324823804579017141254359828|accessdate=2017-04-22|work=Wall Street Journal|publisher=Dow Jones|date=September 4, 2013 |ref=wsj|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009013236/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324823804579017141254359828|archivedate=2016-10-09|quote=Investors also refer to basis points when discussing the cost of mutual funds and exchange-traded funds. Typically, fund expenses are expressed as an annual percentage of assets. For instance, the "Investor" share class of Vanguard Total Stock Market Index, the largest stock mutual fund, has expenses of 0.17%, or 17 basis points. When people compare fund expenses, they measure the difference in basis points. A fund with expenses of 0.45% is said to be five basis points more expensive than one with a 0.40% ratio.}}</ref>

==Permyriad==
A related concept is one part per ten thousand, {{sfrac|10,000}}. The same unit is also (rarely) called a '''permyriad,''' literally meaning "for (every) [[myriad]] (ten thousand)".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/myriad|title=myriad|author=|date=|website=www.merriam-webster.com|accessdate=9 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/myriad|title=myriad|author=|date=|website=Dictionary.com|accessdate=9 April 2018}}</ref> If used interchangeably, the permyriad is potentially confusing because an increase of one basis point to a 10 basis point value is generally understood to mean an increase to 11 basis points; not an increase of one part in ten thousand, meaning an increase to 10.001 basis points. This is akin to the difference between [[percentage]] and [[percentage point]]. A permyriad is written with {{unichar|2031|PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN|html=}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2000.pdf|title=General Punctuation|publisher=[[The Unicode Consortium]]|accessdate=17 Sep 2011}}</ref> which looks like a [[percent sign]] (%) with three zeroes to the right of the slash. (It can be regarded as a stylized form of the four zeros in the [[denominator]] of "{{sfrac|10,000}}", although it originates as a natural extension of the [[percent]] (%) and [[permille]] (‰) signs.)

==See also==
*[[Percentage point]]
*[[Percent]] (%) 1 part in 100
*[[Permille]] (‰) 1 part in 1000
*[[Parts-per notation]]
*[[Percentage in point]] (pip)
*[[Tick size]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fixed income]]
[[Category:Typographical symbols]]

Benutzer:Thomas R. Schwarz/Baustelle/Basispunkt

2019-08-06T08:39:00Z

DocWatson42: /* Permyriad */ Moved a period.

{{short description|One hundredth of a percent}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2010}}
{{punctuation marks|‱|caption=per ten thousand sign}}
A '''per ten thousand sign''' or '''basis point''' (often denoted as '''bp''', often pronounced as "bip" or "beep"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/beep.asp#axzz1rHRomInp
|title=Beep |work=[[Investopedia]]}}</ref>) is (a difference of) one hundredth of a percent or equivalently one ten thousandth.<ref name="inpe">{{cite web|url=http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/05/basispoint.asp|title=What is a basis point (BPS)?|first=Chad |last=Langager |work=[[Investopedia]]|accessdate=21 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/basis+point|title=Basis point|publisher=[[reference.com]]|accessdate=4 Jul 2010}}</ref> The related concept of a [[#Permyriad|permyriad]] is literally one part per ten thousand. Figures are commonly quoted in basis points in [[finance]], especially in [[fixed income]] markets.

==Definition==
{{float right clear none|{{visualisation_parts_per.svg}} }}
:1 basis point = (a difference of) 1 [[#Permyriad|permyriad]] or one-hundredth of one percent.
:1 bp = (a difference of) 1‱ or 0.01% or 0.1‰ or 10−4 or {{sfrac|1|10,000}} or 0.0001.
:100 bp = (a difference of) 1% or 10‰ or 100‱.

Basis points are used as a convenient [[unit of measurement]] in contexts where percentage differences of less than 1% are discussed. The most common example is [[interest rate]]s, where differences in interest rates of less than 1% per year are usually meaningful to talk about. For example, a difference of 0.10 percentage points is equivalent to a change of 10 basis points (e.g., a 4.67% rate increases by 10 basis points to 4.77%). In other words, an increase of 100 basis points means a rise by 1 percentage point.

Like [[percentage point]]s, basis points avoid the ambiguity between relative and absolute discussions about interest rates by dealing only with the absolute change in numeric value of a rate. For example, {{anchor|relative_vs_absolute}} if a report says there has been a "1% increase" from a 10% interest rate, this could refer to an increase either from 10% to 10.1% (relative, 1% of 10%), or from 10% to 11% (absolute, 1% plus 10%). However, if the report says there has been a "100 basis point increase" from a 10% interest rate, then the interest rate of 10% has increased by 1.00% (the absolute change) to an 11% rate.

It is common practice in the financial industry to use basis points to denote a rate change in a [[financial instrument]], or the difference ([[Yield spread|spread]]) between two interest rates, including the [[yield (finance)|yield]]s of [[fixed income|fixed-income]] [[security (finance)|securities]].

Since certain [[loans]] and [[Bond (finance)|bonds]] may commonly be quoted in relation to some index or underlying security, they will often be quoted as a spread over (or under) the index. For example, a loan that bears [[interest]] of 0.50% per annum above the [[London Interbank Offered Rate]] (LIBOR) is said to be 50 basis points over LIBOR, which is commonly expressed as "L+50bps" or simply "L+50".

The term "basis point" has its origins in trading the "basis" or the spread between two interest rates. Since the basis is usually small, these are quoted multiplied up by 10,000, and hence a "full point" movement in the "basis" is a basis point. Contrast with [[Percentage in point|pips]] in FX forward markets. En lieu of referencing individual basis points for larger percentages, the below terms have been gaining traction and use in the financial industry.

1 "MegaBip" = 10 bps = 00.1%

1 "UltraBip" = 100 bps = 01.0%

1 "GigaBip" = 1000 bps = 10.0%

[[Expense ratio]]s of [[investment fund]]s are often quoted in basis points.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Constable|first1=Simon|title=What Is a Basis Point and Why Is It So Important?|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324823804579017141254359828|accessdate=2017-04-22|work=Wall Street Journal|publisher=Dow Jones|date=September 4, 2013 |ref=wsj|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009013236/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324823804579017141254359828|archivedate=2016-10-09|quote=Investors also refer to basis points when discussing the cost of mutual funds and exchange-traded funds. Typically, fund expenses are expressed as an annual percentage of assets. For instance, the "Investor" share class of Vanguard Total Stock Market Index, the largest stock mutual fund, has expenses of 0.17%, or 17 basis points. When people compare fund expenses, they measure the difference in basis points. A fund with expenses of 0.45% is said to be five basis points more expensive than one with a 0.40% ratio.}}</ref>

==Permyriad==
A related concept is one part per ten thousand, {{sfrac|10,000}}. The same unit is also (rarely) called a '''permyriad,''' literally meaning "for (every) [[myriad]] (ten thousand)".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/myriad|title=myriad|author=|date=|website=www.merriam-webster.com|accessdate=9 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/myriad|title=myriad|author=|date=|website=Dictionary.com|accessdate=9 April 2018}}</ref> If used interchangeably, the permyriad is potentially confusing because an increase of one basis point to a 10 basis point value is generally understood to mean an increase to 11 basis points; not an increase of one part in ten thousand, meaning an increase to 10.001 basis points. This is akin to the difference between [[percentage]] and [[percentage point]]. A permyriad is written with {{unichar|2031|PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN|html=}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2000.pdf|title=General Punctuation|publisher=[[The Unicode Consortium]]|accessdate=17 Sep 2011}}</ref> which looks like a [[percent sign]] (%) with three zeroes to the right of the slash. (It can be regarded as a stylized form of the four zeros in the [[denominator]] of "{{sfrac|10,000}}", although it originates as a natural extension of the [[percent]] (%) and [[permille]] (‰) signs.)

==See also==
*[[Percentage point]]
*[[Percent]] (%) 1 part in 100
*[[Permille]] (‰) 1 part in 1000
*[[Parts-per notation]]
*[[Percentage in point]] (pip)
*[[Tick size]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fixed income]]
[[Category:Typographical symbols]]

Benutzer:Thomas R. Schwarz/Baustelle/Basispunkt

2019-08-06T08:38:02Z

DocWatson42: Importing Wikidata short description: "One hundredth of a percent" (Shortdesc helper)

{{short description|One hundredth of a percent}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2010}}
{{punctuation marks|‱|caption=per ten thousand sign}}
A '''per ten thousand sign''' or '''basis point''' (often denoted as '''bp''', often pronounced as "bip" or "beep"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/beep.asp#axzz1rHRomInp
|title=Beep |work=[[Investopedia]]}}</ref>) is (a difference of) one hundredth of a percent or equivalently one ten thousandth.<ref name="inpe">{{cite web|url=http://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/05/basispoint.asp|title=What is a basis point (BPS)?|first=Chad |last=Langager |work=[[Investopedia]]|accessdate=21 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/basis+point|title=Basis point|publisher=[[reference.com]]|accessdate=4 Jul 2010}}</ref> The related concept of a [[#Permyriad|permyriad]] is literally one part per ten thousand. Figures are commonly quoted in basis points in [[finance]], especially in [[fixed income]] markets.

==Definition==
{{float right clear none|{{visualisation_parts_per.svg}} }}
:1 basis point = (a difference of) 1 [[#Permyriad|permyriad]] or one-hundredth of one percent.
:1 bp = (a difference of) 1‱ or 0.01% or 0.1‰ or 10−4 or {{sfrac|1|10,000}} or 0.0001.
:100 bp = (a difference of) 1% or 10‰ or 100‱.

Basis points are used as a convenient [[unit of measurement]] in contexts where percentage differences of less than 1% are discussed. The most common example is [[interest rate]]s, where differences in interest rates of less than 1% per year are usually meaningful to talk about. For example, a difference of 0.10 percentage points is equivalent to a change of 10 basis points (e.g., a 4.67% rate increases by 10 basis points to 4.77%). In other words, an increase of 100 basis points means a rise by 1 percentage point.

Like [[percentage point]]s, basis points avoid the ambiguity between relative and absolute discussions about interest rates by dealing only with the absolute change in numeric value of a rate. For example, {{anchor|relative_vs_absolute}} if a report says there has been a "1% increase" from a 10% interest rate, this could refer to an increase either from 10% to 10.1% (relative, 1% of 10%), or from 10% to 11% (absolute, 1% plus 10%). However, if the report says there has been a "100 basis point increase" from a 10% interest rate, then the interest rate of 10% has increased by 1.00% (the absolute change) to an 11% rate.

It is common practice in the financial industry to use basis points to denote a rate change in a [[financial instrument]], or the difference ([[Yield spread|spread]]) between two interest rates, including the [[yield (finance)|yield]]s of [[fixed income|fixed-income]] [[security (finance)|securities]].

Since certain [[loans]] and [[Bond (finance)|bonds]] may commonly be quoted in relation to some index or underlying security, they will often be quoted as a spread over (or under) the index. For example, a loan that bears [[interest]] of 0.50% per annum above the [[London Interbank Offered Rate]] (LIBOR) is said to be 50 basis points over LIBOR, which is commonly expressed as "L+50bps" or simply "L+50".

The term "basis point" has its origins in trading the "basis" or the spread between two interest rates. Since the basis is usually small, these are quoted multiplied up by 10,000, and hence a "full point" movement in the "basis" is a basis point. Contrast with [[Percentage in point|pips]] in FX forward markets. En lieu of referencing individual basis points for larger percentages, the below terms have been gaining traction and use in the financial industry.

1 "MegaBip" = 10 bps = 00.1%

1 "UltraBip" = 100 bps = 01.0%

1 "GigaBip" = 1000 bps = 10.0%

[[Expense ratio]]s of [[investment fund]]s are often quoted in basis points.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Constable|first1=Simon|title=What Is a Basis Point and Why Is It So Important?|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324823804579017141254359828|accessdate=2017-04-22|work=Wall Street Journal|publisher=Dow Jones|date=September 4, 2013 |ref=wsj|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009013236/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324823804579017141254359828|archivedate=2016-10-09|quote=Investors also refer to basis points when discussing the cost of mutual funds and exchange-traded funds. Typically, fund expenses are expressed as an annual percentage of assets. For instance, the "Investor" share class of Vanguard Total Stock Market Index, the largest stock mutual fund, has expenses of 0.17%, or 17 basis points. When people compare fund expenses, they measure the difference in basis points. A fund with expenses of 0.45% is said to be five basis points more expensive than one with a 0.40% ratio.}}</ref>

==Permyriad==
A related concept is one part per ten thousand, {{sfrac|10,000}}. The same unit is also (rarely) called a '''permyriad,''' literally meaning "for (every) [[myriad]] (ten thousand)".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/myriad|title=myriad|author=|date=|website=www.merriam-webster.com|accessdate=9 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/myriad|title=myriad|author=|date=|website=Dictionary.com|accessdate=9 April 2018}}</ref> If used interchangeably, the permyriad is potentially confusing because an increase of one basis point to a 10 basis point value is generally understood to mean an increase to 11 basis points; not an increase of one part in ten thousand, meaning an increase to 10.001 basis points. This is akin to the difference between [[percentage]] and [[percentage point]]. A permyriad is written with {{unichar|2031|PER TEN THOUSAND SIGN|html=}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2000.pdf|title=General Punctuation|publisher=[[The Unicode Consortium]]|accessdate=17 Sep 2011}}</ref> which looks like a [[percent sign]] (%) with three zeroes to the right of the slash. (It can be regarded as a stylized form of the four zeros in the [[denominator]] of "{{sfrac|10,000}}", although it originates as a natural extension of the [[percent]] (%) and [[permille]] (‰) signs).

==See also==
*[[Percentage point]]
*[[Percent]] (%) 1 part in 100
*[[Permille]] (‰) 1 part in 1000
*[[Parts-per notation]]
*[[Percentage in point]] (pip)
*[[Tick size]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fixed income]]
[[Category:Typographical symbols]]

Defense Technical Information Center

2019-08-03T06:16:14Z

DocWatson42: /* top */ Cleaned up references and other matters.

{{short description|US Department of Defense repository for research and engineering information}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Defense Technical Information Center
|type = Department
|nativename = DTIC
|nativename_a =
|nativename_r =
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal = US-DefenseTechnicalInformationCenter-Seal.svg
|seal_width = 160px
|seal_caption =
|formed = {{start date|df=yes|1945|06}}
|date1 =
|date1_name =
|date2 =
|date2_name =
|preceding1 = Air Documents Research Center (ADRC)
|preceding2 = Air Documents Division (ADD)
|preceding3 = Central Air Documents Office (CADO)
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction =
|headquarters = [[Fort Belvoir]], [[Virginia]]
|employees =
|budget =
|parent_agency = [[United States Department of Defense]]
|chief1_name = Christopher Thomas
|chief1_position = Administrator of the Defense Technical Information Center<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography View: Christopher E. Thomas |url=https://dod.defense.gov/About/Biographies/Biography-View/Article/602773/christopher-e-thomas/ |publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>
|chief2_name =
|chief2_position =
|website = {{url|https://discover.dtic.mil}}
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Defense Technical Information Center''' ('''DTIC''', pronounced "Dee-tick"<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Schwalb |first1=Sandy |date=July–August 2005 |title=The Information Business: A Profile of the Defense Technical Information Center |url=https://www.dau.mil/library/defense-atl/DATLFiles/2005_07_08/sch_ja05.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411002035/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a433957.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2019 |format=PDF |magazine=Defense AT&L |volume=XXVII |issue=4 |pages=44–46 |access-date=3 August 2019 |dead-url=no}} [https://www.dau.mil/library/defense-atl/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/library/defense-atl/DATLFiles/2005_07_08/july-august_05.pdf&action=default Full issue].</ref>) is the repository for research and engineering information for the [[United States Department of Defense]] (DoD). DTIC's services are available to DoD personnel, federal government personnel, federal contractors and selected academic institutions. The general public can access unclassified information through its public website.

==History==
Established in June 1945 as the Air Documents Research Center (ADRC), the agency's first mission was to collect German air documents. The documents collected were divided into three categories: documents that would assist the war in the Pacific theater, documents of immediate intelligence interest to the United States or British forces and documents of interest for future research.

In 1945, the ADRC moved operations from London, in the [[United Kingdom]], to Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio, under the name Air Documents Division (ADD); the ADD staff cataloged captured documents and translated a small number of reports deemed high-priority research. In 1948, the secretaries of the Navy and Air Force redesigned ADD into the Central Air Documents Office (CADO) giving it the collection of captured documents and also broadened its mission to include collecting, processing and disseminating information for use within military regulations. Since 1948, the organization has evolved—in name and mission—to become the "central resource for DoD- and government-funded scientific, technical, engineering and business related information" for the DoD community.

==Products and services==
===DTIC Public Website===

DTIC Public Website is the public gateway to DTIC's products and services. Access to the unclassified information on this site is available.

DTIC's Website also contains information about registering for R&E Gateway and how to submit documents to DTIC.

===R&E Gateway===

The R&E Gateway—the Department of Defense's (DoD) authoritative and secure online resource for research, development, testing and evaluation (RDT&E) information. There are over 4 million Science and Technical (S&T) assets available on the R&E Gateway:( i.e., DoD scientific and technical reports, planned and completed research, projects, DoD-funded research and engineering journal articles, budget exhibits (R2 and P40), DoD grant awards, International Agreements, and etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=DOD IAC|url=https://www.csiac.org/about/dtics-re-gateway}}</ref>

===DTIC Online Classified===
The Secure Internet Protocol Routing Network (SIPRNet), DTIC Online Classified provides access to DTIC's complete collection (unclassified, unlimited; unclassified, limited; classified up to SECRET) of technical reports. In addition, registered users have access to other websites housed on the SIPRNet, including DoDTechipedia Classified.

===Information Analysis Centers===

The DoD IAC's Research & Analysis Services provide access to information, knowledge, and best practices from the Government, industry, and academia to fulfill the mission and objectives applicable to the DoD RDT&E and Acquisition communities' needs. These services are provided by the DoD IAC's three Basic Centers of Operation (BCOs); Cyber-Security and Information Systems, Defense Systems, and Homeland Defense and Security. The BCO's rely on their extensive Subject Matter Expert (SME) network; which includes experienced engineers and scientists, retired senior military leaders, leading academic researchers, and industry experts; to solve our customer's toughest scientific and technical problems.."<ref>{{cite web |title=ABOUT THE DOD IAC|url=https://dodiac.dtic.mil/about-us/#About_DoDIAC|website=DTIC.mil}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[National Technical Information Service]]
*[[Office of Scientific and Technical Information]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://discover.dtic.mil: Official DTIC−Defense Technical Information Center website]

{{United States Department of Defense}}

[[Category:Defense Technical Information Center| ]]
[[Category:United States Department of Defense agencies]]
[[Category:Archives in the United States]]
[[Category:Government databases in the United States]]
[[Category:United States Department of Defense information technology]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1945]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in the United States]]

Defense Technical Information Center

2019-08-03T05:52:19Z

DocWatson42: Adding local short description: "US Department of Defense repository for research and engineering information" (Shortdesc helper)

{{short description|US Department of Defense repository for research and engineering information}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name = Defense Technical Information Center
|type = Department
|nativename = DTIC
|nativename_a =
|nativename_r =
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal = US-DefenseTechnicalInformationCenter-Seal.svg
|seal_width = 160px
|seal_caption =
|formed = {{start date|df=yes|1945|06}}
|date1 =
|date1_name =
|date2 =
|date2_name =
|preceding1 = Air Documents Research Center (ADRC)
|preceding2 = Air Documents Division (ADD)
|preceding3 = Central Air Documents Office (CADO)
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction =
|headquarters = [[Fort Belvoir]], [[Virginia]]
|employees =
|budget =
|parent_agency = [[United States Department of Defense]]
|chief1_name = Christopher Thomas
|chief1_position = [https://dod.defense.gov/About/Biographies/Biography-View/Article/602773/christopher-e-thomas/ Administrator of the Defense Technical Information Center]
|chief2_name =
|chief2_position =
|website = {{url|https://discover.dtic.mil}}
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Defense Technical Information Center''' ('''DTIC''', pronounced "Dee-tick"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schwalb |first1=Sandy |title=The Information Business: A Profile of the Defense Technical Information Center |journal=Defense AT&L |date=July–August 2005|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a433957.pdf}}</ref>) is the repository for research and engineering information for the [[United States Department of Defense]] (DoD). DTIC's services are available to DoD personnel, federal government personnel, federal contractors and selected academic institutions. The general public can access unclassified information through its public website.

==History==
Established in June 1945 as the Air Documents Research Center (ADRC), the agency's first mission was to collect German air documents. The documents collected were divided into three categories: documents that would assist the war in the Pacific theater, documents of immediate intelligence interest to the United States or British forces and documents of interest for future research.

In 1945, the ADRC moved operations from London, in the [[United Kingdom]], to Wright Field in Dayton, Ohio, under the name Air Documents Division (ADD); the ADD staff cataloged captured documents and translated a small number of reports deemed high-priority research. In 1948, the secretaries of the Navy and Air Force redesigned ADD into the Central Air Documents Office (CADO) giving it the collection of captured documents and also broadened its mission to include collecting, processing and disseminating information for use within military regulations. Since 1948, the organization has evolved—in name and mission—to become the "central resource for DoD- and government-funded scientific, technical, engineering and business related information" for the DoD community.

==Products and services==
===DTIC Public Website===

DTIC Public Website is the public gateway to DTIC's products and services. Access to the unclassified information on this site is available.

DTIC's Website also contains information about registering for R&E Gateway and how to submit documents to DTIC.

===R&E Gateway===

The R&E Gateway—the Department of Defense's (DoD) authoritative and secure online resource for research, development, testing and evaluation (RDT&E) information. There are over 4 million Science and Technical (S&T) assets available on the R&E Gateway:( i.e., DoD scientific and technical reports, planned and completed research, projects, DoD-funded research and engineering journal articles, budget exhibits (R2 and P40), DoD grant awards, International Agreements, and etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=DOD IAC|url=https://www.csiac.org/about/dtics-re-gateway}}</ref>

===DTIC Online Classified===
The Secure Internet Protocol Routing Network (SIPRNet), DTIC Online Classified provides access to DTIC's complete collection (unclassified, unlimited; unclassified, limited; classified up to SECRET) of technical reports. In addition, registered users have access to other websites housed on the SIPRNet, including DoDTechipedia Classified.

===Information Analysis Centers===

The DoD IAC's Research & Analysis Services provide access to information, knowledge, and best practices from the Government, industry, and academia to fulfill the mission and objectives applicable to the DoD RDT&E and Acquisition communities' needs. These services are provided by the DoD IAC's three Basic Centers of Operation (BCOs); Cyber-Security and Information Systems, Defense Systems, and Homeland Defense and Security. The BCO's rely on their extensive Subject Matter Expert (SME) network; which includes experienced engineers and scientists, retired senior military leaders, leading academic researchers, and industry experts; to solve our customer's toughest scientific and technical problems.."<ref>{{cite web |title=ABOUT THE DOD IAC|url=https://dodiac.dtic.mil/about-us/#About_DoDIAC|website=DTIC.mil}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[National Technical Information Service]]
*[[Office of Scientific and Technical Information]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://discover.dtic.mil: Official DTIC−Defense Technical Information Center website]

{{United States Department of Defense}}

[[Category:Defense Technical Information Center| ]]
[[Category:United States Department of Defense agencies]]
[[Category:Archives in the United States]]
[[Category:Government databases in the United States]]
[[Category:United States Department of Defense information technology]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1945]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in the United States]]

John Pickering (Jurist)

2019-07-29T21:54:33Z

DocWatson42: /* External links */Performed minor cleanup.

{{Short description|American judge}}
{{Infobox judge
| honorific-prefix =
| name = John Pickering
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Judge of the [[United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire]]
| term_start = February 11, 1795
| term_end = March 12, 1804
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of federal judges appointed by George Washington|George Washington]]
| predecessor = [[John Sullivan (general)|John Sullivan]]
| successor = [[John Samuel Sherburne]]
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = John Pickering
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1737|09|22}}
| birth_place = [[Newington, New Hampshire|Newington]], [[Province of New Hampshire]], [[British America]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1805|04|11|1737|09|22}}
| death_place = [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]], [[New Hampshire]]
| death_cause =
| resting_place = [[Old North Cemetery (Portsmouth, New Hampshire)|Old North Cemetery]] [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]], [[New Hampshire]]
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| party =
| otherparty =
| height =
| spouse =
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
| residence =
| education = [[Harvard University]] [[read law]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| net_worth =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =

| footnotes =
}}
'''John Pickering''' (September 22, 1737 – April 11, 1805) was [[President of New Hampshire]], Chief Justice of the [[New Hampshire Superior Court of Judicature]] and a [[United States federal judge|United States District Judge]] of the [[United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire]]. He was the second federal official [[Impeachment in the United States|impeached]] by the [[United States House of Representatives]] and the first person convicted and removed from office by the [[United States Senate]].

==Education and career==

Born on September 22, 1737, in [[Newington, New Hampshire|Newington]], [[Province of New Hampshire]], [[British America]],<ref name=FJC>{{FJC Bio|1884|nid=1386326|name=John Pickering}}</ref> Pickering graduated from [[Harvard University]] in 1761 and [[read law]].<ref name=FJC/> He entered private practice in [[Greenland, New Hampshire|Greenland]], Province of New Hampshire and continued private practice in [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]], Province of New Hampshire (State of [[New Hampshire]], [[United States]] from July 4, 1776) until 1783, and later resumed private practice in Portsmouth from 1788 to 1790.<ref name=FJC/> He was a member of New Hampshire constitutional conventions from 1781 to 1783, and from 1791 to 1792.<ref name=FJC/> He was a member of the [[New Hampshire House of Representatives]] from 1783 to 1787.<ref name=FJC/> He was a member of the New Hampshire convention to ratify the [[United States Constitution]] in 1788.<ref name=FJC/> He was a member of the [[New Hampshire Senate]] and a member of the [[Executive Council of New Hampshire]] until 1790.<ref name=FJC/> He was [[President of New Hampshire]] (now [[Governor of New Hampshire]]) in 1790.<ref name=FJC/> He was Chief Justice of the [[New Hampshire Superior Court of Judicature]] from 1790 to 1795.<ref name=FJC/>

==Federal judicial service==

Pickering was nominated by President [[George Washington]] on February 10, 1795, to a seat on the [[United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire]] vacated by Judge [[John Sullivan (general)|John Sullivan]].<ref name=FJC/> He was confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] on February 11, 1795, and received his commission the same day.<ref name=FJC/> His service terminated on March 12, 1804, due to his impeachment and conviction.<ref name=FJC/>

===Circumstances of his impeachment===

By 1800, Pickering had begun to show definite signs of mental deterioration. This became severe enough of an impediment that on April 25, 1801 court staff wrote to the judges of the [[United States circuit court|United States Circuit Court for the First Circuit]]{{efn|This was a [[United States circuit court]] created along with the [[Judiciary Act of 1801]]—otherwise called the Midnight Judges Act—which had moved from the three-circuit grouping embodied in the [[Judiciary Act of 1789]] (Eastern, Middle, and Southern Circuits) to a six-circuit grouping (First through Sixth Circuits).}} requesting that they send a temporary replacement. The First Circuit appointed [[Jeremiah Smith (lawyer)|Jeremiah Smith]], circuit judge, pursuant to § 25 of the Judiciary Act of 1801 to take over Pickering's caseload.

With the passage of the [[Judiciary Act of 1802]], which explicitly repealed the 1801 Act,{{efn|The six-circuit system was retained, though because the 1802 Act expressly repealed the 1801 Act, its provisions formed "new" judicial circuits whose boundaries were—except for the classification of district courts in Maine, Kentucky and Tennessee—identical to those in the 1801 Act.}} there were no more circuit judgeships{{efn|The 1802 Act, § 4, specified that the circuit court would be held by the district judge for the district where court was to be held, and by an allotted Supreme Court justice who would be [[riding circuit]]. That is, when the First Circuit would hold its two annual sessions in New Hampshire, Judge Pickering and Justice [[William Cushing]] were to preside.}} and the circuit courts' powers were reverted to what they were prior to the 1802 Act.<ref name="turner1949">{{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=Lynn W.|title=The Impeachment of John Pickering|journal=American Historical Review|date=April 1949|volume=54|issue=3|pages=485–507|jstor=1843004}}</ref>{{rp|488}}<ref>Act of Apr. 29, 1802, ch. 31, {{USStat|2|156}}.</ref>

On February 3, 1803, President [[Thomas Jefferson]] sent evidence to the [[United States House of Representatives]] against Pickering, accusing him of having made unlawful rulings and being of bad moral character due to intoxication while on the bench. The charges arose in connection with a [[Libel (admiralty law)|libel]] for unpaid duties against the ''Eliza''. The House voted to impeach Pickering on March 2, 1803 on charges of drunkenness and unlawful rulings.<ref name="turner1949" />{{rp|491}} Political controversy raged, with [[Federalist]]s accusing [[Democratic-Republicans]] of trying to usurp the Constitution by attempting to remove the judge from office, although he had committed neither "high crimes nor misdemeanors", which are grounds for impeachment under the Constitution.<ref name="turner1949" />

The [[United States Senate]] tried Pickering ''in absentia'', beginning January 4, 1804. The Senate convicted Pickering of all charges by a vote of 19 to 7 on March 12, 1804, thereby immediately removing him from office.<ref name="turner1949" />{{rp|504}}

==Death==

Pickering died on April 11, 1805, in Portsmouth.<ref name=FJC/> He was interred in [[Old North Cemetery (Portsmouth, New Hampshire)|Old North Cemetery]] in Portsmouth.<ref>{{Findagrave|95521101}}</ref>

==Membership==

Pickering was elected a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1791.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter P|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterP.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=July 28, 2014}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite wikisource |plaintitle=History of the United States 1801-09 |wslink=History of the United States 1801-09/The First Administration of Thomas Jefferson |chapter=II:7 |first=Henry |last=Adams}} For an account of Pickering's impeachment.

==External links==
* {{FJC Bio|1884|nid=1386326|name=John Pickering}}
* {{Findagrave|95521101}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Sullivan (general)|John Sullivan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Judge of the [[United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire]]}}|years=1795–1804}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Samuel Sherburne]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pickering, John}}
[[Category:1737 births]]
[[Category:1805 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century American judges]]
[[Category:Chief Justices of the New Hampshire Supreme Court]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:Impeached United States federal judges]]
[[Category:Impeached United States officials removed from office]]
[[Category:Judges of the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire]]
[[Category:New Hampshire state court judges]]
[[Category:United States federal judges appointed by George Washington]]

Chesley Bonestell

2019-05-12T10:00:17Z

DocWatson42: Performed cleanup.

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Chesley Bonestell
| image = Chesleybonestell.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = Chesley Knight Bonestell, Jr.<ref name=isfdb/>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1888|1|1|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[San Francisco, California]] U.Ss
| death_date = {{death date and age|1986|6|11|1888|1|1|mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Carmel, California]] U.S.
| education =
| occupation = Artist
| period = 1944–1986
| subject = Science, science fiction, space
| spouse = Mary Hilton (1911–1918) (1940–1961) [[Ruby Helder]] (1922–1938) Hulda von Neumayer Ray (1962–1998)
| children = Jane Bonestell (1912–1989)
| awards = [[Klumpke-Roberts Award]] (1976)
}}

'''Chesley Knight Bonestell, Jr.''' (January 1, 1888 – June 11, 1986) was an American painter, designer and illustrator.<ref>[http://www.mira.org/bonestell/index.htm Chesley Bonestell (Photograph by Cedric Braun.)] Chesley Bonestell Memorial Lecture Series, ''Each year, the Monterey Institute for Research in Astronomy presents a lecture for the general public supported by funds from the Chesley Bonestell Memorial Lecture Endowment.'' – Monterey Institute for Research in Astronomy</ref> His paintings inspired the American [[space program]], and they have been (and remain) influential in science fiction art and illustration. A pioneering creator of astronomical art, along with the French astronomer-artist [[Lucien Rudaux]], Bonestell has been dubbed the "Father of Modern [[Space art]]".

==Life and career==

===Early years===
Bonestell was born in San Francisco, California. His first astronomical painting was done in 1905. After seeing Saturn through the {{convert|12|in|mm|adj=on}} telescope at [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]'s [[Lick Observatory]], he rushed home to paint what he had seen. The painting was destroyed in the fire that followed the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|1906 earthquake]]. Between 1915 and 1918 he exhibited lithographs in the 4th and 7th annual exhibitions of the California Society of Etchers (now the [[California Society of Printmakers]]) in San Francisco.

Bonestell studied architecture at [[Columbia University]] in New York City. Dropping out in his third year, he worked as a renderer and designer for several of the leading [[architecture|architectural]] firms of the time, including the firm of Willis Polk, "The Man Who Rebuilt San Francisco."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Art of Chesley Bonestell|last=Miller|first=Ron|last2=Durant III|first2=Frederick C.|publisher=Collins and Brown LImited|year=2001|isbn=1-85585-905-X|location=London House, Great Eastern Wharf, Parkgate Road, London SW11 4NQ|pages=15-20}}</ref>

Bonestell moved to England in 1920, where he rendered architectural subjects for the ''Illustrated London News''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Art of Chesley Bonestell|last=Miller|first=Ron|last2=Durant III|first2=Frederick C.|publisher=Collins and Brown Limited|year=2001|isbn=1 85585 905 X|location=London House, Great Eastern Wharf, Parkgate Road, London SW11 4NQ|pages=23}}</ref> He returned to New York in 1926. While with [[William van Alen]], he and Warren Straton designed the [[art deco]] façade of the [[Chrysler Building]] as well as its distinctive eagles. During this same period, he designed the [[Plymouth Rock|Plymouth Rock Memorial]], the [[U.S. Supreme Court Building]], the [[New York Central Building]], Manhattan office and apartment buildings and several state capitols.<ref name="ches">[http://www.bookpump.com/upb/pdf-b/1128290b.pdf Chesley Bonestell Chronology], By Melvin H. Schuetz, 1999, [[uPublish.com]] Parkland Florida, {{ISBN|1-58112-829-0}}</ref>

Returning to the West Coast, he prepared illustrations of the chief engineer's plans for the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] for the benefit of funders. In the late 1930s he moved to Hollywood, where he worked (without screen credit) as a special effects artist, creating [[matte paintings]] for films, including ''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'' (1939), ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' (1941) and ''[[The Magnificent Ambersons (film)|The Magnificent Ambersons]]'' (1942).

===Magazines===
[[File:Galaxy 195102.jpg|right|thumb|260px|Bonestell's first cover for ''[[Galaxy Science Fiction]]'' (Feb 1951), ''The Tying Down of a Spaceship on Mars in Desert Sandstorm'']]
[[Image:Beta Lyrae Reconstruction.jpg|thumb|right|160px|The [[Beta Lyrae]] binary in the sky of an airless planet, after the painting by Chesley Bonestell.]]Bonestell then realized that he could combine what he had learned about camera angles, miniature modeling, and painting techniques with his lifelong interest in [[astronomy]]. The result was a series of paintings of [[Saturn]] as seen from several of its [[natural satellite|moons]] that was published in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' in 1944. Nothing like these had ever been seen before: they looked as though photographers had been sent into space. His painting "Saturn as Seen from Titan"<ref>[http://www.novaspaceart.com/Prints/Limited%20Editions/Bonestell/Titan.html Saturn as Seen from Titan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527090123/http://www.novaspaceart.com/Prints/Limited%20Editions/Bonestell/Titan.html |date=May 27, 2010 }}, (1944)</ref> is perhaps the most famous astronomical landscape ever, and is nicknamed "the painting that launched a thousand careers."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Art of Chesley Bonestell|last=Miller|first=Ron|last2=Durant III|first2=Frederick C.|publisher=Collins and Brown Limited|year=2001|isbn=1 85585 905 X|location=London House, Great Eastern Wharf, Parkgate Road, London SW11 4NQ|pages=47}}</ref> It was constructed with a combination of clay models, photographic tricks and various painting techniques. (Titan has a thick haze; such a view is probably not possible in reality.)

Bonestell followed up the sensation these paintings created by publishing more paintings in many leading national magazines. These and others were eventually collected in the best-selling book ''[[The Conquest of Space]]'' (1949), produced in collaboration with author [[Willy Ley]]. Bonestell's last work in Hollywood was contributing special effects art and technical advice to the seminal science fiction films produced by [[George Pal]], including ''[[Destination Moon (film)|Destination Moon]]'', ''[[When Worlds Collide (1951 film)|When Worlds Collide]]'', ''[[The War of the Worlds (1953 film)|The War of the Worlds]]'' and ''[[Conquest of Space]]'', as well as ''[[Cat-Women of the Moon]]''. Beginning with the October 1947 issue of ''[[Astounding Science Fiction]]'', Bonestell painted more than 60 cover illustrations for science fiction magazines, primarily ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction]]'', in the 1950s through 1970s. He also illustrated many book covers.<ref name=isfdb/>

When [[Wernher von Braun]] organized a space flight symposium for ''[[Collier's Weekly|Collier's]]'', he invited Bonestell to illustrate his concepts for the future of spaceflight. For the first time, spaceflight was shown to be a matter of the near future. Von Braun and Bonestell showed that it could be accomplished with the technology then existing in the mid-1950s, and that the question was that of money and will. Coming as they did at the beginning of the [[Cold War]] and just before the sobering shock of the launch of [[Sputnik]], the 1952–54 ''Collier's'' series, "[[Man Will Conquer Space Soon!]]", was instrumental in kick-starting America's space program.

In 1986, Bonestell died in [[Carmel, California]], with an unfinished painting on his easel.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1986-06-26/news/mn-21324_1_chesley-bonestell OBITUARIES : Blended Astronomy and Art : Painter Chesley Bonestell, 98, Dies] – ''Los Angeles Times''</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Bonestell Crater.JPG|right|thumb|200px|[[Bonestell Crater]], as seen by [[HiRISE]]. Scale bar is 1000 meters long.]]
During his lifetime, Bonestell was honored internationally for the contributions he made to the birth of modern [[astronautics]], from a bronze medal awarded by the [[British Interplanetary Society]] to a place in the [[International Space Hall of Fame]]<ref>[http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=97 Inductee Profile: Chesley K. Bonestell USA, Inducted in 1989], International Space Hall of Fame</ref> to an asteroid named for him. ''The Conquest of Space'' won the 1951 [[International Fantasy Award]] for nonfiction, one of the first two fantasy or science fiction awards anywhere, at the [[Eastercon|British SF Convention]].<ref name=SFAwards/> The [[EMP Museum#Science Fiction Hall of Fame|Science Fiction Hall of Fame]] inducted Bonestell in 2005, the first year it considered non-literary contributors.<ref name=sfhof2005/>{{efn|After inducting 36 fantasy and science fiction writers and editors from 1996 to 2004, the hall of fame dropped "fantasy" and made non-literary contributors eligible. Alongside one writer, the first three were Bonestell in the "Art" category, [[Model animation|"dynamation" animator]] [[Ray Harryhausen]], and film-maker [[Steven Spielberg]].<ref name=sfhof2005/><ref name=sfhof-old/>}}

His paintings are prized by collectors and institutions such as the [[National Air and Space Museum]] and the National Collection of Fine Arts. One of his classic paintings, an ethereally beautiful image of Saturn seen from its giant moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], has been called "the painting that launched a thousand careers." Wernher von Braun wrote that he had "learned to respect, nay fear, this wonderful artist's obsession with perfection. My file cabinet is filled with sketches of rocket ships I had prepared to help in his artwork—only to have them returned to me with…blistering criticism."

A [[Impact crater|crater]] on [[Mars]] and the [[asteroid]] [[3129 Bonestell]] are named after him.

In 2016 the first ever album of [[Sun Ra]] vocal tracks was released, ''The Space Age Is Here To Stay,'' featuring sleeve art authorized by the Bonestell estate.<ref name="The Space Age Is Here To Stay">{{cite web | url=http://www.jazzwisemagazine.com/breaking-news/14328-sun-ra-vinyl-salvos-ready-for-blast-off | title=Sun Ra Vinyl Salvos Ready For Blast Off | publisher=Jazz Wise Magazine | date=August 6, 2016 | accessdate=11 October 2016 | author=Grady, Spencer}}</ref>

==Books illustrated by Bonestell==
*Ley, Willy (1949), ''[[The Conquest of Space]]'' (Chesley Bonestell, Illustrator)
*''Across the Space Frontier'' (1952)
*{{cite book |last=Braun|first=Wernher von|authorlink=Wernher von Braun |author2=[[Fred Lawrence Whipple]] |author3=[[Willy Ley]] |editor= [[Cornelius Ryan]] |others=Illustrated by Chesley Bonestell, Fred Freeman, Rolf Klep|title=Conquest of the Moon|origyear=1952 (Collier's ''Man on the Moon'') |year=1953|publisher=The Viking Press|location=New York}} Illustrations by Chesley Bonestell:
**Constructing the moonships in the space station's orbit (endpapers)
**The space station (p 11)
**Spaceships coming in for a landing on the moon (p 63)
**Landing on the moon (p 67)
**Unloading the cargo ship on the moon (pp 76–77)
**Exploration convoy crossing lunar plain (p 101)
**Take-off from the moon (p 115)
*Heuer, Kenneth (1953), ''The End of the World'' (Chesley Bonestell, Illustrator) (Reprinted and revised in 1957 as ''The Next Fifty Billion Years: An Astronomer's Glimpse into the Future'', Viking Press)
*''The World We Live In'' (1955)
*''The Exploration of Mars'' (1956)
*''Man and the Moon'' (1961)
*''Rocket to the Moon'' (1961)
*''The Solar System'' (1961)
*''Beyond the Solar System'' (1964)
*''Mars'' (1964)
*''Beyond Jupiter'' (1972)
*''The Golden Era of the Missions'' (1974)
*''The Art of Chesley Bonestell'', Ron Miller, Paper Tiger, (2001) {{ISBN|978-1855858848}}.

==Films with artwork by Bonestell (abbreviated list)==
*''[[The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'' (1939)
*''[[Only Angels Have Wings]]'' (1939)
*''[[Swiss Family Robinson (1940 film)|Swiss Family Robinson]]'' (1940)
*''[[Citizen Kane]]'' (1941)
*''[[The Magnificent Ambersons (film)|The Magnificent Ambersons]]'' (1942)
*''[[Destination Moon (film)|Destination Moon]]'' (1950)
*''[[The War of the Worlds (1953 film)|War of the Worlds]]'' (1953)
*''[[Cat-Women of the Moon]]'' (1953) Unauthorized use of Bonestell art from the book, "The Conquest of Space"
*''[[Conquest of Space]]'' (1955)
*''[[Men into Space]]'' (TV series, 1959–60)
*''[http://www.chesleybonestell.com Chesley Bonestell: A Brush with the Future (Feature Length Documentary)]'' (2018)

==Documentaries==
Bonestell appeared in the documentary [[The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal]] (1985) (Produced and directed by [[Arnold Leibovit]]).
A documentary about his life, "Chesley Bonestell: A Brush with the Future," was produced in 2018. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7343526/ http://www.chesleybonestell.com/

==Popular culture references==
* [[Arthur C. Clarke]], in the 1953 story ''Jupiter Five'', referred to Bonestell's astronomical illustrations appearing in Life Magazine in 1944.
* [[Robert A. Heinlein]] made Bonestell's name into a verb first in his 1958 Juvenile ''[[Have Space Suit—Will Travel]]'', then in his 1961 novel ''[[Stranger in a Strange Land]]'': "Opener: zoom in on Mars, using stock or bonestelled shots, unbroken sequence, then dissolving to miniature matched set of actual landing place of ''Envoy''".
* In the ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' episode "[[Tapestry (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|Tapestry]]", a young [[Jean-Luc Picard|Captain Picard]] is involved in a fight with aliens at the Bonestell Recreation Facility, a spaceport named after the artist.

==See also==
*[[Chesley Awards]]
*[[List of space artists]]
*[[Robert McCall (artist)|Robert McCall]]
{{Portal bar |Space |Science fiction |Visual arts}} 

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|25em |refs=
<ref name=isfdb>
{{isfdb name |494}} ('''ISFDB'''). Retrieved 8 April 2013. Select a title to see its linked publication history and general information. Select a particular edition (title) for more data at that level, such as a front cover image or linked contents.</ref>


<ref name=SFAwards>
[http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomArt3.html#529 "Bonestell, Chesley"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016201937/http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomArt3.html#529 |date=October 16, 2012 }}. ''The Locus Index to SF Awards: Index of Art Nominees''. [[Locus Publications]]. Retrieved 9 April 2013.</ref>
<ref name=sfhof2005>
{{cite web |url=http://www.sfhomeworld.org/make_contact/article.asp?articleID=206 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20050326222649/http://www.sfhomeworld.org/make_contact/article.asp?articleID=206 |archive-date=March 26, 2005 |title=It's Official! Inductees Named for 2005 Hall of Fame Class |dead-url=yes |accessdate=August 30, 2016}}. Press release March 24, 2005. Science Fiction Museum (''sfhomeworld.org''). Archived 26 March 2005. Retrieved 2013-03-22.</ref>
<ref name=sfhof-old>
[http://www.midamericon.org/halloffame/ "Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521070009/http://www.midamericon.org/halloffame/ |date=May 21, 2013 }}. Mid American Science Fiction and Fantasy Conventions, Inc. Retrieved 9 April 2013. This was the official website of the hall of fame to 2004.</ref>
}}

===Other sources===
*[[Ron Miller (artist and author)|Miller, Ron]] and Frederick C. Durant III (1983), ''Worlds Beyond: The Art of Chesley Bonestell'', Walsworth Pub Co {{ISBN|978-0-89865-195-9}}
*Miller, Ron and Frederick C. Durant III (2001), ''The Art of Chesley Bonestell'' (Foreword by Melvin H. Schuetz), Paper Tiger {{ISBN|978-1-85585-884-8}}
*Schuetz, Melvin H. (1999), ''Chesley Bonestell Space Art Chronology'', Universal Publishers {{ISBN|978-1-58112-829-1}}
*Schuetz, Melvin H. (2003), ''Supplement to A Chesley Bonestell Space Art Chronology'' {{ISBN|978-1581128291}}.
*Tuck, Donald H., ed. ''The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy'' Volumes 1 and 2. Chicago: Advent Publications, Inc., 1974.

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.bonestell.org Chesley Bonestell, Bonestell LLC.]
* {{isfdb name |494}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0094307|name=Chesley Bonestell}}
* {{sfhof |924 |Chesley Bonestell}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110326191700/http://ccp.uair.arizona.edu/item/12121 ''Chesley Bonestell'', a portrait by Ansel Adams]
* [http://www.chesleybonestell.com "Chesley Bonestell: A Brush with the Future," DMS Productions Services, Inc.]

{{Society of Illustrators' Hall of Fame}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bonestell, Chesley}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:People associated with astronomy]]
[[Category:Science fiction artists]]
[[Category:American speculative fiction artists]]
[[Category:Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Space artists]]
[[Category:Special effects people]]
[[Category:Artists from San Francisco]]

Elly Mayday

2019-03-28T04:07:28Z

DocWatson42: Performed minor cleanup on punctuation.

{{Short description|Canadian model and women's health advocate}}
{{Infobox model
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Elly Mayday
| honorific_suffix =
| image = A Tribute to Elly Mayday (A Perfect 14) - headshot.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Mayday in ''A Perfect 14''
| birth_name = Ashley Shandrel Luther
| birth_date = {{birth date|1988|04|15}}
| birth_place = [[Aylesbury, Saskatchewan]], Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|03|01|1988|04|15}}
| death_place = [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]], Canada
| residence =
| nationality = Canadian
| occupation = Model, advocate
| years_active = 2011–2018
| known_for = [[Plus-size model]]ing, ovarian cancer advocacy
| height = 5 ft 8 in<ref name="Dorothy Combs Model Page">{{cite web|title=Elly Mayday - Dorothy Combs|url=http://www.dorothycombsmodels.com/talent/elly-mayday |website=Dorothy Combs Models|accessdate=March 15, 2019|archiveurl=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:qycV2BunGKQJ:www.dorothycombsmodels.com/talent/elly-mayday+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|archivedate=March 6, 2019}}</ref>
| hair_color = Blonde<ref name="Dorothy Combs Model Page"/>
| eye_color = Blue<ref name="Dorothy Combs Model Page"/>
| agency = Dorothy Combs Models
| module =
| website = {{URL|https://www.facebook.com/EllyMaydayOfficialFanpage/}}
}}

'''Ashley Shandrel Luther''' (April 15, 1988 – March 1, 2019), better known as '''Elly Mayday''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Buhvxx9DrMx/|title=Elly Mayday on Instagram: 'Elly Mayday's given name was Ashley Shandrel Luther. She was born on April 15, 1988 in Saskatchewan, Canada. Ashley was deeply loved by her...|website=Instagram}}</ref> was a Canadian [[Model (person)|model]] and [[advocate]] for women's health. She was known for battling [[ovarian cancer]] throughout her modeling career, and was often photographed with surgical scars and a bald head from chemotherapy.

==Early life==
Mayday was born Ashley Shandrel Luther on April 15, 1988, and grew up on a farm near [[Aylesbury, Saskatchewan]] (population 50).<ref name="CBC2019">{{cite news|title=Saskatchewan-born model, advocate Elly Mayday dies at 30|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-model-elly-mayday-dies-1.5041631|accessdate=March 15, 2019|work=[[CBC News]]|date=March 4, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Chatelaine">{{cite news|last1=Boesveld|first1=Sarah|title=Plus-sized model Elly Mayday on loving her body and facing cancer|url=https://www.chatelaine.com/health/plus-sized-model-elly-mayday-cancer|accessdate=March 15, 2019|work=[[Chatelaine (magazine)|Chatelaine]]|date=June 2017}}</ref> She grew up with three brothers; her family grew crops, raised cattle, horses, pigs and chickens, and ran a local restaurant. Her mother was an artist. Mayday went to [[boarding school]] at age 13, then studied [[gender studies]] and [[psychology]] at university, and afterwards took a room with her brother in [[Vancouver]].<ref name="AWW2014">{{cite news|last1=Weaver|first1=Clair|title=Elly Mayday: My battle with Ovarian Cancer|url=https://www.nowtolove.com.au/news/real-life/elly-mayday-battle-10107|accessdate=March 5, 2019|work=[[Australian Women's Weekly]]}}</ref>

==Modeling career==
[[File:A Tribute to Elly Mayday (A Perfect 14) - side glance.jpg|left|thumb|Mayday in ''A Perfect 14'']]

When she was 23 years old, Mayday was working as a [[flight attendant]] for [[Sunwing Airlines]], which took her to routes including Cuba, Mexico, and Jamaica. She was also trying to work as a model. She adopted her stage name, Elly Mayday, for a combination of [[Elly May Clampett]], a character from ''[[The Beverly Hillbillies]]'', and her aviation career. She was told she was not tall or thin enough for traditional modeling, but that her [[Bust/waist/hip measurements|34-29-44]]<ref name="ABC2014"/> measurements were ideal for [[pin-up model]]ing; she won a contest for a local [[auto show]], and was the main subject of an award-winning documentary chronicling her cancer and modeling career called ''A Perfect 14'', referring to her [[clothing size]].<ref name="Chatelaine"/><ref name="AWW2014"/>

Mayday began feeling symptoms which she would describe as excruciating lower back and abdomen pain, accompanied by pressure in her lower stomach, recurring bladder infections, and a constant feeling of being unwell. She went to the [[emergency room]] four times.<ref name="People">{{cite news|last1=Cosgrove Baylis|first1=Sheila|title=Plus-Size Model: Doctors Blamed My Chronic Pain on My Weight – But It Was Cancer|url=https://people.com/bodies/plus-size-model-elly-mayday-says-doctors-dismissed-her-cancer-symptoms|accessdate=March 5, 2019|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=October 24, 2015}}</ref> Doctors did not consider cancer because of her age; instead, she said, they told her that her symptoms were a result of her weight, and advised her to exercise and strengthen her [[core (anatomy)|core]].<ref name="CBC2019"/><ref name="Cosmopolitan">{{cite news|last1=Rose|first1=Rebecca|title=Doctors Blamed This Model's Pain on Her Weight But She Actually Had Cancer|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/health-fitness/news/a48115/doctors-blamed-this-models-pain-on-her-weight-but-she-actually-had-cancer|accessdate=March 5, 2019|work=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|date=October 23, 2015}}</ref> She lost {{convert|30|lb|kg}}, but her pain did not go away.<ref name="Chatelaine"/>

Mayday's continued attempts at modeling succeeded, and by early 2013 she became a model for Forever Yours, a [[Vancouver]] all-sizes lingerie company. Her symptoms increased in the summer of 2013, and she returned to her doctors saying that she would refuse to work until she was diagnosed.<ref name="Chatelaine"/> She was eventually diagnosed with [[ovarian cancer]], specifically stage III low-grade serous carcinoma, a rare form of cancer normally seen in older women, when she was 25 years old.<ref name="CBC2019"/><ref name="ABC2014">{{cite news|last1=Donaldson James|first1=Susan|title=Plus Model Elly Mayday Continues to Pose Despite Bald Head, Scars|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/model-elly-mayday-fights-cancer-female-stereotypes/story?id=21597235|accessdate=March 15, 2019|work=[[ABC News]]|date=January 21, 2014}}</ref><ref name="CBC2015">{{cite news|title=Model Elly Mayday determined to battle cancer again|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/elly-mayday-sask-model-determined-to-battle-cancer-again-1.3101423|accessdate=March 15, 2019|work=[[CBC News]]|date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>

Mayday had four surgeries including a [[hysterectomy]] which left scars, and three months of [[chemotherapy]] which left her bald.<ref name=Cosmopolitan/> She continued to model, that she decided to embrace her baldness and scars, as an opportunity to talk about her cancer.<ref name="Chatelaine"/><ref name=Cosmopolitan/> Sonya Perkins, the owner of Forever Yours, was hesitant at first, but says the campaign was a success.<ref name=ABC2014/><ref name="CBC2015"/> Photos of Mayday with a bald head and surgery scars gained her tens of thousands of followers on [[Facebook]].<ref name="Weisgarber">{{cite news|last1=Weisgarber|first1=Maria|title=Bald and beautiful: B.C. model with cancer hopes to inspire|url=https://bc.ctvnews.ca/bald-and-beautiful-b-c-model-with-cancer-hopes-to-inspire-1.1643357|accessdate=March 15, 2019|work=[[CTV News]]|date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> She also landed an international modeling contract with Jaclyn Sarka, founder of [[JAG Models]] in New York City, who had seen her photos on [[Instagram]] before hearing about her cancer diagnosis.<ref name="AWW2014"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wray|first1=Meaghan|title=Elly Mayday: Canadian Plus-Size Model Opens Up About Ovarian Cancer|url=https://www.flare.com/health/elly-mayday-interview|accessdate=March 15, 2019|work=[[Flare (magazine)|Flare]]|date=June 4, 2017}}</ref>

She was originally called a [[plus-size model]] by industry standards, a label which she rejected, saying that she embraced her [[clothing size|size]] 14 body, and was normal size.<ref name="Chatelaine"/><ref name="Weisgarber"/> Over the year and a half course of her cancer treatment, Mayday lost {{convert|60|lb|kg}}, down to {{convert|120|lb|kg}} and size 10, which she says caused "skinny shaming" on [[social media]].<ref name="People"/><ref name=Grebinski>{{cite news|last1=Grebinski|first1=Leisha|title=Saskatchewan model takes part in #ImNoAngel campaign|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/elly-mayday-model-takes-part-in-lane-bryant-s-imnoangel-campaign-1.3032514|accessdate=March 4, 2019|work=[[CBC News]]|date=April 15, 2015}}</ref> Some of her former fans or friends accused her of using her cancer to make money and become famous.<ref name="AWW2014"/>

In July 2014, Mayday was told she was cancer free.<ref name="AWW0615">{{cite news|title=Elly Mayday announces cancer diagnosis|url=https://www.nowtolove.com.au/news/local-news/model-and-cancer-survivor-elly-mayday-announces-she-has-cancer-again-6764|accessdate=March 15, 2019|work=[[The Australian Women's Weekly]]|date=June 7, 2015}}</ref> She flew to Australia to front a campaign for the ''[[Australian Women's Weekly]]'',<ref name="AWW0615"/> and was one of six models featured in plus-size lingerie company [[Lane Bryant]]'s #ImNoAngel campaign in April 2015, displaying women with model-atypical body types. Her unretouched surgery scars were visible in the photographs.<ref name="CBC2015"/> In June 2015, Mayday's cancer returned,<ref name="CBC2015"/> and she had a fifth surgery to remove another tumor. She posted pictures from this surgery to Instagram as well, referring to her scars as "[[beauty marks]]"<ref name="Self2017">{{cite news|last1=Goldberg|first1=Haley|title=This Isn't Just a Scar From Ovarian Cancer—It's a Beauty Mark|url=https://www.self.com/story/ovarian-cancer-scar-beauty-mark|accessdate=March 5, 2019|work=[[Self (magazine)|Self]]|date=March 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Scott|first1=Ellen|title=Plus-size model shares how she's learned to love her ovarian cancer scar|url=https://metro.co.uk/2017/03/30/plus-size-model-shares-how-shes-learned-to-love-her-ovarian-cancer-scar-6542490|accessdate=March 5, 2019|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|date=March 30, 2017}}</ref> but she stopped referring to herself as cancer free.<ref name="People"/>

Mayday kept modeling in New York until 2017, when her disease reoccurred, and she returned to Canada.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Martin|first1=Ashley|title=An advocate for ovarian cancer awareness, Elly Mayday died Friday|url=https://leaderpost.com/news/local-news/ovarian-cancer-advocate-and-model-elly-mayday-dead-at-30|accessdate=March 6, 2019|work=[[Regina Leader-Post]]|date=March 4, 2019}}</ref> In 2017, Mayday was the face of Canadian plus-size clothing store [[Addition Elle]]'s campaign to raise money for Ovarian Cancer Canada.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Markovinovic|first1=Monika|title=Canadian Model Elly Mayday Fronts Addition Elle's BRAve Campaign To Fight Ovarian Cancer|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/06/15/elly-mayday-interview_n_17021610.html|accessdate=March 5, 2019|work=[[HuffPost Canada]]|date=June 15, 2017}}</ref> She posted about the difficult parts of her treatments on Instagram, including pictures of her exhausted, and videos of her talking about vomiting and undergoing chemotherapy.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bakkila|first1=Blake|title=This 30-Year-Old Model Documents Some of Her Most Difficult Moments in the Hospital After Learning Her Ovarian Cancer Returned|url=https://www.health.com/ovarian-cancer/model-documents-ovarian-cancer-treatments-on-instagram|accessdate=March 5, 2019|work=[[Health (magazine)|Health]]|date=July 12, 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, she wrote an article for ''[[Flare (magazine)|Flare]]'' magazine about her hysterectomy making her unable to have children. It was the first of her major operations. She had planned on eventually having five children,<ref name="AWW2014"/> and when she was diagnosed consulted a fertility specialist about [[oocyte retrieval|collecting her eggs]], but was told that the drugs used would increase the progression of her cancer, so she decided against it.<ref name="Flare2018">{{cite news|last1=Mayday|first1=Elly|title=Young Infertility: I Lost the Ability to Have Kids at 25|url=https://www.flare.com/health/young-infertility|accessdate=March 5, 2019|work=[[Flare (magazine)|Flare]]|date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> "I need to take care of the young girls that need me or need this voice. That's my way of parenting for now," she told the [[CBC News|CBC]].<ref name="CBC2016">{{cite news|last1=Coles|first1=Sheila|title=Elly Mayday talks ovarian cancer for #ladyballs event in Regina|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/elly-mayday-in-regina-1.3502566|accessdate=March 5, 2019|work=[[CBC News]]|date=March 22, 2016}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:A Tribute to Elly Mayday (A Perfect 14) - supine.jpg|left|thumb|Mayday in ''A Perfect 14'']]
Mayday died in Vancouver on March 1, 2019, aged 30. Her disease had progressed, especially during the last months, and the doctors were unable to help any more. A high school friend who flew in to see her said that Mayday had accepted death.<ref name="CBC2019"/> At the time of her death, Mayday's [[Facebook]] page had 500,000 followers.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cachero|first1=Paulina|title=Body positive model Elly Mayday dies at 30 from ovarian cancer|url=https://news.yahoo.com/body-positive-model-elly-mayday-dies-30-ovarian-cancer-211313568.html|accessdate=March 15, 2019|work=[[Yahoo News]]|date=March 5, 2019}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayday, Elly}}
[[Category:Canadian female models]]
[[Category:Plus-size models]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Saskatchewan]]
[[Category:Deaths from ovarian cancer]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in British Columbia]]

Palazzo Morosini Gatterburg

2019-03-07T14:02:57Z

DocWatson42: Performed cleanup.

{{coord missing|Italy}}
[[File:7989 - Venezia - Campo Santo Stefano - Palazzo Morosini - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 12-Aug-2007.jpg|thumb|Portal to Palazzo Morosini a Santo Stefano]]

The '''Palazzo Morosini Gatterburg''', also referred to as the '''Palazzo Morosini at Santo Stefano''', is a 17th-century palace facing the [[Campo Santo Stefano]] in the sestiere of San Marco, [[Venice]], Italy.

The palace, bought by the [[Morosini family]] in 1628, was originally refurbished by [[Francesco Morosini]], known as the Peloponnesian for his victories against the Ottomans in Morea (as parts of Greece were referred to by Venetians), and doge from 1688-1694. The Palace was still held in the 19th century by a descendant, Lauredana Morosini Gatterburg, but in 1884, many of the possessions were sold, and others came into the possession of the Museo Correr. The paneling and furniture of one of the rooms is now on display in the [[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|Gardner Museum]] of Boston.

The palace still contains some of the original stucco decoration and frescoes of a mythologic theme in what was once a hall displaying some of the loot from Morea.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BSgZAAAAYAAJ ''The Chautauquan''], Volume 34 (1902); p. 207.</ref> Also there are frescoes completed for the 1688 wedding of Francesco Morosini and Paulina Mocenigo.<ref>[https://www.fondoambiente.it/luoghi/palazzo-morosini-gatterburg Fondo Ambiente Italia] website.</ref> The palace is now owned by Assicurazioni Generali, a bank, and serves for display of their collections.

Bull-fights took place in the campo in front of the palace as late as 1802<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HlWTcqVwX6UC A Literary Companion To Venice: Including Seven Walking Tours], by Ian Littlewood (1991); page 86.</ref> At one time, the palace also had portraits of eight Doges of the Morosini family, as well as of [[Tomasina Morosini]], queen of Hungary, and Costanza Morosini, queen of Croatia.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EbRGAQAAMAAJ ''Italia: Alta Italia''], by Luigi Filippo Augusta Bolaffio, page 387.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Palaces in Venice|Morosini]]

{{Italy-palace-stub}}

Magnitsky Act

2019-02-12T05:42:17Z

DocWatson42: /* Law */ Cleaned up references and other matters.

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| name = Magnitsky Act
| fullname = Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012
| acronym =
| nickname = Magnitsky Act
| enacted by = 112th
| effective date =
| public law url =
| cite public law = {{USPL|112|208}}
| cite statutes at large = {{USStat|126|1496}}
| acts amended =
| acts repealed =
| title amended = 
| sections created = 
| sections amended =
| leghisturl =
| introducedin = House
| introducedbill = "Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal Act of 2012" ({{USBill|112|HR|6156}})
| introducedby = [[Dave Camp]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Michigan|MI]])
| introduceddate = July 19, 2012
| committees = [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|House Ways and Means]]
| passedbody1 = House
| passeddate1 = November 16, 2012
| passedvote1 = [http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2012/roll608.xml 365–43]
| passedbody2 = Senate
| passedas2 = 
| passeddate2 = December 6, 2012
| passedvote2 = [https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=112&session=2&vote=00223 92–4]
| signedpresident = [[Barack Obama]]
| signeddate = December 14, 2012
| amendments =
| SCOTUS cases =
}}

The '''Magnitsky Act''', formally known as the '''Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012''', is a [[Bipartisanship|bipartisan]] bill passed by the [[U.S. Congress]] and signed into law by President [[Barack Obama]] in December 2012, intending to punish Russian officials responsible for the death of Russian [[tax accountant]] [[Sergei Magnitsky]] in a [[Moscow]] prison in 2009.

Since 2016 the bill, which applies globally, authorizes the US government to sanction those who it sees as human rights offenders, freezing their assets, and ban them from entering the U.S.<ref name="broad">{{cite web
| title = Putin hinted he wanted Trump to give him access to one man — and it reveals his greatest weakness
| publisher = Business Insider
| author = Alexandra Ma
| date = July 17, 2018
| url = http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-putin-bill-browder-magnitsky-act-press-conference-2018-7}}</ref>

==Background==

In 2009, Russian tax accountant [[Sergei Magnitsky]] died in a Moscow prison after investigating a $230 million fraud involving Russian tax officials.<ref name="Eckel 2017"/> Magnitsky was accused of committing the fraud himself and detained.<ref name="Eckel 2017">{{cite news | last=Eckel | first=Mike | title=U.S. Settles Magnitsky-Linked Money Laundering Case On Eve Of Trial | work=[[RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty]] | date=May 13, 2017 | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/magnitsky-prevezon-u-s-settlement-6-million/28483793.html | access-date=March 10, 2018}}</ref> While in prison, Magnitsky developed [[gall stones]], [[pancreatitis]] and [[Cholecystitis|calculous cholecystitis]] and was refused medical treatment for months. After almost a year of imprisonment, he [[Sergei Magnitsky#Custody and death|was beaten to death]] while in custody.<ref name=Bbc2012-12-07>
{{cite news| url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20626960| title= Q&A: The Magnitsky affair| work= [[BBC News]]
| date = July 11, 2013| accessdate = March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref name=PerthNow2012-12-27>
{{cite news|url= http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/russia-puts-dead-lawyer-magnitsky-on-trial/story-fnd14032-1226544326077|title = Russia puts dead lawyer Sergei Magnitsky on trial|work=[[Perth Now]]
| agency= [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]| date= December 27, 2012|archivedate = January 1, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101123649/http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/russia-puts-dead-lawyer-magnitsky-on-trial/story-fnd14032-1226544326077}}</ref><ref name=TheAtlantic2017-07-05>
{{cite news| url= https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/07/bill-browders-testimony-to-the-senate-judiciary-committee/534864/| title= Bill Browder's Testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee|work=[[The Atlantic]]| first= Rosie|last= Gray| date= July 25, 2017| accessdate =July 31, 2017|quote = "... they put him in an isolation cell, chained him to a bed, and eight riot guards came in and beat him with rubber batons. That night he was found dead on the cell floor."}}</ref> [[Bill Browder]], a prominent American-born businessman and friend of Magnitsky, publicized the case and lobbied American officials to pass legislation sanctioning Russian individuals involved in corruption. Browder brought the case to Senators [[Benjamin Cardin]] and [[John McCain]], who proceeded to propose legislation.<ref name="Trindle 2014">{{cite news|last=Trindle|first=Jamila|title=The Magnitsky Flip-Flop|work=[[Foreign Policy]] | date=May 15, 2014|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/05/15/the-magnitsky-flip-flop/|access-date=March 10, 2018}}</ref>

==Law==
In June 2012, the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]] reported to the House a bill called the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (H.R. 4405).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.republicans.foreignaffairs.house.gov/news/story/?2401|title=Russia Human Rights Legislation Passes Foreign Affairs Committee|publisher=[[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]]|date= June 7, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110194137/http://archives.republicans.foreignaffairs.house.gov/news/story/?2401|archivedate=January 10, 2013}}</ref> The main intention of the law was to punish Russian officials who were thought to be responsible for the death of Sergei Magnitsky by prohibiting their entrance to the United States and their use of its banking system.<ref name=WP2012/> The legislation was taken up by a [[United States Senate|Senate]] panel the next week, sponsored by Senator [[Ben Cardin]], and cited in a broader review of the mounting tensions in the international relationship.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Baker, Peter|authorlink1=Peter Baker (author)|title=Syria Crisis and Putin’s Return Chill U.S. Ties With Russia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/world/europe/putins-return-brings-rapid-chill-to-us-russia-ties.html|accessdate=March 10, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Belton |first1=Catherine |last2=Dyer|first2=Geoff|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e2bcc8b6-bfac-11e1-8bf2-00144feabdc0 |title='Magnitsky law' makes progress in Senate |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=June 26, 2012 |accessdate=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

In November 2012, provisions of the Magnitsky bill were attached to a House bill (H.R. 6156) normalizing trade with Russia (i.e., repealing the [[Jackson–Vanik amendment]]) and [[Moldova]].<ref name=NYT111612>{{cite news|title=House Passes Russia Trade Bill With Eye on Rights Abuses|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/world/americas/house-votes-to-increase-trade-with-russia.html|accessdate=November 17, 2012|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 16, 2012|author=Peters, Jeremy W.}}</ref> On December 6, 2012, the U.S. Senate passed the House version of the law, 92–4.<ref name=WP2012>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/us-passes-magnitsky-bill-aimed-at-russia/2012/12/06/262a5bba-3fd5-11e2-bca3-aadc9b7e29c5_story.html|title=Russia fumes as U.S. Senate passes Magnitsky law aimed at human rights|date=December 6, 2012|accessdate=December 11, 2012|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first1=Kathy|last1=Lally|first2=Will|last2=Englund}}</ref> The law was signed by President [[Barack Obama]] on December 14, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/12/14/statement-press-secretary-hr-6156 |title=Statement by the Press Secretary on H.R. 6156 |department=ObamaWhiteHouse.archives.gov|publisher=[[The White House]] |date=December 14, 2012 |accessdate=March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_12_15/Russia-US-Normalization-fraught-with-conflict/|title=Russia-US: Normalization fraught with conflict|work=[[Voice of Russia]]|author=Fedyashin, Andrey|date=December 15, 2012 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028180733/http://voiceofrussia.com//2012_12_15/Russia-US-Normalization-fraught-with-conflict/|archivedate=October 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama signs Magnitsky Act linked with Jackson–Vanik Amendment termination|url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=383015|agency=[[Interfax]]|date=December 14, 2012|accessdate=December 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama Signs Magnitsky Bill|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/obama-signs-magnitsky-bill-20207|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|accessdate=March 10, 2018|date=December 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifTJR_NiuSC0kkGDgBkKJjDDYSqQ?docId=CNG.1a7e217111e4906ef1b6b3e54e79e1b0.141 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218222752/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifTJR_NiuSC0kkGDgBkKJjDDYSqQ?docId=CNG.1a7e217111e4906ef1b6b3e54e79e1b0.141|title=Obama signs Russia rights law despite Putin fury |first=Stephen |last=Collinson|agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=December 14, 2012 |archivedate=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

In 2016, Congress enacted the Global Magnitsky Act, which allows the US government to sanction foreign government officials implicated in human rights abuses anywhere in the world.<ref name=HRW>{{cite web|title=The US Global Magnitsky Act: Questions and Answers|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/13/us-global-magnitsky-act|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|accessdate=November 27, 2017|date=September 13, 2017}}</ref>

==Individuals affected==
The Obama administration made public a list of 18 individuals affected by the Act in April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Magnitsky Sanctions Listings|url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20130412.aspx|website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|date=April 12, 2013|accessdate=March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Factbox: Who's who on the U.S. Magnitsky list|url=https://news.yahoo.com/factbox-whos-u-magnitsky-list-220046497.html|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130416061627/https://news.yahoo.com/factbox-whos-u-magnitsky-list-220046497.html|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=April 12, 2013|archivedate=April 16, 2013|agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Magnitsky List release: severe blow on Moscow-US ties|date=April 12, 2013|work=[[Voice of Russia]]|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_04_12/Magnitsky-List-release-severe-blow-on-Moscow-US-ties/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617090515/http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_04_12/Magnitsky-List-release-severe-blow-on-Moscow-US-ties/|archivedate=June 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chechnya moves to silence Oyub Titiev, a courageous critic|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21734932-after-chechen-human-rights-defender-predicted-state-would-plant-drugs-him-police-claim|work=[[The Economist]]|date=January 17, 2018|accessdate=January 18, 2018}}</ref> The people included on the list are:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Artem (aka Artyom) Kuznetsov, a tax investigator for the Moscow division of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]
*Pavel Karpov, a senior investigator for the Moscow division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
*Oleg F. Silchenko, a senior investigator for the Ministry of Internal Affairs
*Olga Stepanova, head of Moscow Tax Office No. 28
*{{ill|Yelena Stashina|ru|Сташина, Елена Владимировна}}, [[Tverskoy District|Tverskoy]] [[Judiciary of Russia#District courts|District Court]] judge who prolonged Magnitsky's detention
*Andrey Pechegin, deputy head of the investigation supervision division of the general prosecutor's office
*Aleksey Droganov
*Yelena Khimina, Moscow tax official
*Dmitriy Komnov, head of Butyrka Detention Center
*Aleksey Krivoruchko, Tverskoy District Court judge
*{{ill|Oleg Logunov|ru|Логунов, Олег Владимирович}}
*Sergei G. Podoprigorov, Tverskoy District Court judge
*Ivan Pavlovitch Prokopenko
*Dmitri M. Tolchinskiy
*Svetlana Ukhnalyova
*Natalya V. Vinogradova
*Kazbek Dukuzov, [[Chechens|Chechen]] acquitted of the murder of [[Paul Klebnikov]]
*Lecha Bogatyrov, implicated by [[Austria]]n authorities as the murderer of [[Umar Israilov]]
{{div col end}}
Other foreign individuals who have been sanctioned include:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Félix Bautista]], senator for the province of [[San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)|San Juan]], [[Dominican Republic]].
*Angel Rondon, former Commercial Representative of Odebrecht, [[Dominican Republic]]
*[[Ramzan Kadyrov]], head of the [[Chechnya|Chechen Republic]]
*Roberto J. Rivas, head of the [[Supreme Electoral Council (Nicaragua)|Supreme Electoral Council]] of [[Nicaragua]], accused of electoral fraud in at least six elections. Rivas is considered one of the wealthiest people in the second-poorest country in the [[Western Hemisphere]]
* Francisco "Chico" Lopez, treasurer of the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Nicaraguan Sandinistas Party]] and head of Albanisa, a holding of companies made out of [[Venezuela]]n aid
* Fidel Moreno, de facto mayor of [[Managua]], Nicaragua
* Francisco Diaz, head of the [[National Police of Nicaragua|Nicaraguan police]]
* [[Yahya Jammeh]], Former head of [[The Gambia]]
* Aung Kyaw Zaw, Burmese Commander, involved in [[Rohingya conflict]]
* Khin Maung Soe, Burmese General, involved In [[Maung Nu massacre]]
* Thura San Lwin, Head of Myanmar [[Border Guard Police]], involved in [[Rohingya conflict]]
* Khin Hlaing, Head of Burmese 99th LID, involved in [[Rohingya conflict]]
* Maung Maung Soe, Head of armed forces in western [[Myanmar]], involved in [[Rohingya conflict]]
* [[Gulnara Karimova]], Daughter of former Uzbek leader [[Islam Karimov]]
* [[Abdulhamit Gül]], Turkish Minister of Justice
* [[Suleyman Soylu]], Turkish Minister of Interior
* [[Salah Mohammed Tubaigy]], Head of Saudi Arabian Forensics Council, involved with the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]]
* [[Saud al-Qahtani]], Advisor to [[Mohammed bin Salman]], involved with the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]]
* Mustafa al-Madani, Body double of [[Jamal Khashoggi]]
* Maher Mutrab, Saudi Arabian diplomat, involved with the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]]
* Thaer al-Harbi, Member of [[Saudi Royal Guard Regiment|Saudi Royal Guard]], involved with the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]]
* Mohammed al-Zahrani, Member of [[Saudi Royal Guard Regiment|Saudi Royal Guard]], involved with the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]]
* Abdulaziz al-Hasawi, Bodyguard of [[Mohammed bin Salman]], involved with the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]]
{{div col end}}

==Russian government reaction==

In response to the adoption of the Magnitsky Act, the Russian government [[Dima Yakovlev Law|denied Americans adoption of Russian children]], issued a list of US officials prohibited from entering Russia, and posthumously convicted Magnitsky as guilty.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dead Russian lawyer Magnitsky found guilty|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/dead-russian-lawyer-magnitsky-found-guilty|agency=[[Associated Press]]|first=Jim|last=Heintz|date=July 11, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714160622/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/dead-russian-lawyer-magnitsky-found-guilty|archivedate=July 14, 2013}}</ref> In addition, the Russian government reportedly lobbied against the legislation acting through a public relations company led by [[Kenneth Duberstein]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Kredo, Adam |url=http://freebeacon.com/politics/bank-of-putin/ |title=Bank of Putin: Goldman Sachs lobbying against human rights legislation |work=[[The Washington Free Beacon]] |date=July 19, 2012 |accessdate=December 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Абаринов|first1=Владимир|title=Противозаконное задержание|url=https://graniru.org/opinion/abarinov/m.199413.html|website=Graniru.org|accessdate=March 11, 2018|language=Russian|date=August 3, 2012}}</ref>

===Ban on U.S. adoption of Russian children===
{{main|Dima Yakovlev Law}}
On December 19, 2012, the [[State Duma]] voted 400 to 4 to ban the [[international adoption]] of Russian children into the United States. The bill was unofficially named after Dmitri Yakovlev (Chase Harrison), a Russian toddler who died of [[heat stroke]] in 2008 when his adoptive American father forgot he was in the back seat of his [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/world/europe/russia-votes-to-ban-all-adoptions-by-americans.html|title=Russia Vote Favors Ban on Adoptions by Americans|first=David M.|last=Herszenhorn|date=December 19, 2012|accessdate=December 20, 2012|work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Jackman, Tom|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-state-of-nova/post/toddlers-tragic-death-in-herndon-in-overheated-car-continues-as-political-issue-in-russia-four-years-later/2012/12/12/c6a6c9c6-43e4-11e2-9648-a2c323a991d6_blog.html|title=Toddler’s tragic death in Herndon, in overheated car, continues as political issue in Russia four years later|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=December 12, 2012|accessdate=December 20, 2012}}</ref> The next year, 2013, two additional laws were proposed: one was to prevent US citizens from working with political [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] in Russia, and a second law, eventually abandoned, prevented any foreigner from speaking on state television if they discredited the state.<ref>{{cite news|author=J.Y. |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2013/01/russian-politics?fsrc=scn/tw/te/bl/thekremlinsnewantiamericanism |title=Russian politics: The Kremlin's new Anti-Americanism |work=[[The Economist]] |date=January 30, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref>

===Banning some U.S. officials from Russia===
{{main|Guantanamo List}}
On April 13, 2013, Russia released a list naming 18 Americans banned from entering the Russian Federation over their alleged human rights violations, as a direct response to the Magnitsky list.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|work=[[RT (TV network)|RT]] |url=https://www.rt.com/news/anti-magnitsky-list-russia-799/ |title=Russia strikes back with Magnitsky list response|date=April 13, 2013|accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref> The people banned from Russia are listed below.

US officials involved in legalizing [[enhanced interrogation techniques|torture]] and indefinite detention of prisoners:
*[[David Addington]], Chief of Staff to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] (2005–2009)
*[[John Yoo]], Assistant US Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (2001–2003)
*[[Geoffrey D. Miller]], retired US Army Major General, commandant of [[Joint Task Force Guantanamo]] (JTF-GTMO), the organization that runs the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]s (2002–2003)
*[[Jeffrey Harbeson]], US Navy officer, commandant of JTF-GTMO (2010–2012)

The Russian lawmakers also banned several U.S. officials involved in the prosecution and trial of Russian arms smuggler [[Viktor Bout]] and drug smuggler Konstantin Yaroshenko, both serving prison time in the United States:<ref>{{cite news|author=Englund, Will |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russia-bans-american-officials-in-retaliatory-move/2013/04/13/9de797ae-a429-11e2-9c03-6952ff305f35_story.html |title=Russia retaliates against U.S., bans American officials |work=[[Washington Post]] |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Loiko |first=Sergei L. |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/apr/13/world/la-fg-wn-18-americans-barred-from-russia-in-titfortat-sanctions-20130413 |title=18 Americans barred from Russia in tit-for-tat sanctions |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Jed S. Rakoff]], Senior [[United States district court|US District]] Judge for the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]]
*[[Preet Bharara]], former [[United States Attorney|US Attorney]] for the Southern District of New York
*[[Michael J. Garcia]], former US Attorney for the Southern District of New York
*Brendan R. McGuire, [[Assistant United States Attorney|Assistant US Attorney]]
*Anjan S. Sahni, Assistant US Attorney
*Christian R. Everdell, Assistant US Attorney
*Jenna Minicucci Dabbs, Assistant US Attorney
*Christopher L. Lavigne, Assistant US Attorney
*Michael Max Rosensaft, Assistant US Attorney
*Louis J. Milione, Special Agent, US [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA)
*Sam Gaye, Senior Special Agent, US DEA
*Robert F. Zachariasiewicz, Special Agent, US DEA
*Derek S. Odney, Special Agent, US DEA
*Gregory A. Coleman, Special Agent, US [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

== Trump Tower meeting ==
{{main|Trump Tower meeting}}
In June 2016, a [[Russia]]n lawyer, [[Natalia Veselnitskaya]], who was hired to lobby against the Magnitsky Act in the US, set up a [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|Trump campaign]]–Russia meeting with [[Donald Trump Jr.]], purportedly to discuss altering the [[State Duma|Russian Duma]]'s sanctions against American adoption of Russian children along with other alleged illegal activities. On July 11, 2017, Reuters US reported that at the meeting Russia "offered to provide the Trump campaign with some official documents and information that would incriminate [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary [Clinton]]] and her dealings with Russia and would be very useful to [Trump Jr.'s] father".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sullivan|first1=Andy|last2=Mohammed|first2=Arshad|title=Trump Jr. emails suggest he welcomed Russian help against Clinton|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-emails/trump-jr-emails-suggest-he-welcomed-russian-help-against-clinton-idUSKBN19W1VW|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> Donald Trump Jr. insisted that Veselnitskaya did not reveal any damaging information about Secretary Clinton, contrary to what his correspondence had suggested. Trump Jr. subsequently released to the public, via Twitter, his personal records and correspondence between the Trump campaign team and [[Rob Goldstone]], a longtime business partner and friend of Trump Sr. who actively represents several Russian interests and who had first pitched the meeting to Trump Jr.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Watkins|first1=Ali|title=U.S. officials probing Russian lobbyist who met Trump team|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/14/russia-lobbyist-rinat-akhmetshin-us-investigation-240562|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Politico]]|date=July 14, 2017}}</ref>

==Reception==
Australian expatriate jurist [[Geoffrey Robertson]], who is representing some of the Magnitsky campaigners, has described the Act as "one of the most important new developments in human rights". He says it provides "a way of getting at the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] train drivers, the [[apparatchik]]s, the people who make a little bit of money from human rights abuses and generally keep under the radar".<ref>{{cite web|title=International human rights lawyer Geoffrey Robertson speaks on fate of Assange|url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/stories/international-human-rights-lawyer-geoffrey-robertson-speaks-fate-assange|website=[[Australian Human Rights Commission]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

[[State Duma]] deputy Yevgeny Fedorov argued that the real purpose of the Magnitsky bill was to manipulate key figures in big business and government, with the aim of pro-American policy in the [[Russia|Russian Federation]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Фёдоров|first1=Евгений|title=Список Магнитского – манипуляция|url=http://tv.russia.ru/video/diskurs_13815/|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=Russia.ru|date=November 29, 2012|language=Russian}}</ref>

The Ministry of Internal Affairs Directorate for Special Affairs in the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] stated that it is aware of those on the list. The U.K. bans travel of those on the list under existing legislation which prohibits entry for those implicated in cases of human rights violations.<ref name=PRU7913>{{cite news|first=Anton|last= Kulikov|title=Will Britain sing America's anti-Russian tunes?|url=http://www.pravdareport.com/russia/politics/09-07-2013/125073-britain_russia-0/|work=[[Pravda.ru]]|accessdate=March 11, 2013|date=July 9, 2013}}</ref>

The ''[[World Socialist Web Site]]'' condemned the United States for only invoking human rights as a cover for [[realpolitik]], stating that Washington had supported "far greater crimes, [such] as when Boris Yeltsin in 1993 ordered [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|bombardment]] of the [[White House (Moscow)|Russian White House]], the seat of the country’s parliament, killing 62 people".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Van Auken|first1=Bill|title=Moscow calls Obama’s human rights bluff|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/04/16/pers-a16.html|website=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=April 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1993/oct/05/russia.davidhearst|title=Yeltsin crushes revolt|last1=Hearst|first1=David|last2=Steele|first2=Jonathan|date=October 5, 1993|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=February 14, 2018}}</ref>

In March 2015, the parliament of Canada passed an initial motion towards passing such a law.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Campbell|title=All parties signal support for Magnitsky law to sanction Russian officials|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/all-parties-signal-support-for-magnitsky-law-to-sanction-russian-officials/article23617841/|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=March 25, 2015}}</ref>

In July 2017 on ''[[Fareed Zakaria GPS]]'' by CNN, [[Fareed Zakaria]] interviewed [[Bill Browder]], who discussed the Magnitsky Act, and topics such as why Putin is directly threatened by it, the money given by Russia government to more than 10,000 Russian human-rights abusers, the June 2016 Trump campaign–Russian meeting, and the power and influence of Russian money in Washington, D.C. at present.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zakaria|first1=Fareed|last2=Browder|first2=Bill|title=The Magnitsky Act and the Russia investigation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEStb5DedNA|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 16, 2017|format=video}}</ref>

Liberal Russian dissidents [[Vladimir V. Kara-Murza]] and [[Boris Nemtsov]] both approved of the act, calling it "pro-Russian".<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/democracy-post/wp/2018/05/18/the-kremlin-revives-a-soviet-style-law-against-dissent/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/04/russian-patriot-and-his-country-part-i-vladimir-kara-murza/|title=A Russian Patriot and His Country, Part I|date=April 9, 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

==January 2017 blacklisting==
On January 9, 2017, under the Magnitsky Act, the [[United States Department of the Treasury|United States Treasury]]'s [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] updated its Specially Designated Nationals List and blacklisted [[Alexander Bastrykin|Aleksandr I. Bastrykin]], [[Andrey Lugovoy|Andrei K. Lugovoi]], [[Dmitry Kovtun|Dmitri V. Kovtun]], Stanislav Gordievsky, and Gennady Plaksin, which froze any of their assets held by American financial institutions or transactions with those institutions and banned their travelling to the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Landler|first = Mark|author-link=Mark Landler|title =U.S. to Blacklist 5 Russians, a Close Putin Aide Among Them|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/us/politics/russian-sanctions-obama-administration.html|work=[[New York Times]]|date=January 9, 2017|accessdate=January 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Magnitsky-related Designations; Counter Terrorism Designations; Office of Foreign Assets Control: Specially Designated Nationals List Update|url = https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20170109.aspx|website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|date=January 9, 2017|accessdate=January 9, 2017}}</ref>

==Implementation oversight in 2017==
[[United States President|President]] [[Donald Trump]] gave a memorandum to Congress on the implementation of the act on April 21, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-crackdown-on-rights-abusers-in-russia/|title=Trump pledges crackdown on rights abusers in Russia and beyond|first=David M.|last=Herszenhorn|work=[[Politico]]|date=April 21, 2017|accessdate=April 22, 2017}}</ref>

In May 2017 US authorities settled a case against [[Fusion GPS#Prevezon Holding|Prevezon Holding]], one of the companies used for laundering the money exfiltrated from Russia as result of the fraud discovered by Sergey Magnitsky. The settlement dismissed the case, and the real-estate company agreed to pay a $5.8 million fine.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Scannell|first1=Kara|title=US strikes $5.8m deal on Russia money-laundering case|url=https://www.ft.com/content/31fd3496-3669-11e7-99bd-13beb0903fa3|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=May 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawandorderinrussia.org/2017/son-of-senior-russian-government-official-to-pay-us-5-9-million-to-the-us-treasury-in-the-first-money-laundering-action-linked-to-magnitsky-case/|title=Son of Senior Russian Government Official to Pay US$5.9 Million to the US Treasury in the First Money Laundering Action Linked to Magnitsky Case|website=LawAndOrderInRussia.org|date=May 13, 2017|accessdate=May 13, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

Also in May 2017 an investigation was started on £6.6m that was allegedly transferred from the fraud scheme into a banking firm in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39964545|title=Police probe UK links to Magnitsky money|last=Vardy|first=Emma|date=May 20, 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=May 20, 2017}}</ref>

On September 8, 2017 President Trump, in a memorandum, delegated authority to alter the financial sanctions in this act to the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]], and the issue of visas to the [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Memorandum for the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-secretary-state-secretary-treasury/|website=[[The White House]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=September 8, 2017}}</ref>

==Internationalization of the Magnitsky Act==

In December 2016, Congress passed a new law, a global version of the Magnitsky Act, to address human rights abuses on a global scale. The current Global Magnitsky Act (GMA) allows the US Government to sanction corrupt government officials implicated in abuses anywhere in the world.<ref name=HRW/>

In September 2017, a group of NGOs and anti-corruption organizations identified fifteen international cases where alleged crimes were committed. Individuals from countries, including Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, Mexico, Panama, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam, were nominated for sanctions.<ref>{{cite web|title=NGOs Identify Human Rights Abusers, Corrupt Actors for Sanctions Under U.S. Bill|url=
https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/press-release/ngos-identify-human-rights-abusers-corrupt-actors-sanctions-under-us-bill|website=[[Human Rights First]]|accessdate=November 27, 2017|date=September 13, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

On December 21, 2017, thirteen additional names were added to the list of sanctioned individuals. This included [[Yahya Jammeh]], former president of The Gambia and [[Roberto Jose Rivas Reyes]], the president of Nicaragua's Supreme Electoral Council.<ref>{{cite web|title=United States Sanctions Human Rights Abusers and Corrupt Actors Across the Globe|url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0243 |website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|accessdate=January 12, 2018 | date=December 21, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

On December 22, 2017, ''Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain'' stated that "the Trump Administration has failed to take up cases presented regarding serious [[Human rights in Bahrain|human rights abuses]] committed by [[Bahrain]]i government officials. Ultimately, there were no individuals or entities from any [[Arab League]] member state designated in the Global Magnitsky Act’s first list of designees, despite the submission of eligible cases."<ref>"[https://www.adhrb.org/2017/12/trump-administration-selectively-implements-global-magnitsky-human-rights-and-accountability-act/ Trump Administration Selectively Implements Global Magnitsky Human Rights and Accountability Act]". ''Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain'' (ADHRB). December 22, 2017.</ref>

On June 12, 2018, [[Félix Bautista]], a member of the [[Senate of the Dominican Republic]] and five companies owned or controlled by him were sanctioned by the [[U.S. Department of Treasury]] under the Global Magnitsky Act due to his involvement in significant corruption.<ref>{{cite web| title=Treasury Sanctions Two Individuals and Five Entities Under Global Magnitsky Act |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0411 |website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]] |accessdate=June 13, 2018 | date=June 13, 2019 |format=press release}} Bautista has been publicly accused of money laundering and embezzlement.</ref> Bautista has reportedly engaged in bribery in relation to his position as a Senator, and is alleged to have engaged in corruption in [[Haiti]], where he used his connections to win public works contracts to help rebuild [[Haiti]] following several natural disasters, including one case where his company was paid over $10 million for work not completed.

On July 5, 2018, three additional names were added to the list. These belonging to the same country, [[Nicaragua]]. The U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioned Nicaraguan National Police Commissioner Francisco Javier Diaz Madriz (Diaz) and Secretary of the Mayor's Office of Managua Fidel Antonio Moreno Briones (Moreno) for being responsible for, or the leaders of entities involved in, serious human rights abuse in Nicaragua.

Additionally, OFAC designated Jose Francisco Lopez Centeno (Lopez), the Vice President of [[ALBA de Nicaragua]] ([[ALBANISA]]) and President of [[Petronic]], for engaging in corrupt activities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ni.usembassy.gov/treasury-sanctions-three-nicaraguan-individuals-for-serious-human-rights-abuse-and-corrupt-acts/|title=Treasury Sanctions Three Nicaraguan Individuals for Serious Human Rights Abuse and Corrupt Acts {{!}} U.S. Embassy in Nicaragua|date=July 5, 2018|work=U.S. Embassy in Nicaragua|access-date=July 6, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

On August 1, 2018, the U.S. Department of Treasury sanctioned top [[Cabinet Erdoğan IV|Turkish government officials]], Turkish Justice Minister [[Abdulhamit Gül]] and Interior Minister [[Suleyman Soylu]], who were involved in the detention of American pastor [[Andrew Brunson]].<ref>{{cite news |title=US sanctions Turkey over Pastor Brunson detention |url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/us-sanctions-turkey-over-pastor-brunson-detention-1.756238 |work=The National |date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> [[Daniel Glaser]], the former [[Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing]] under President Barack Obama, said: "It’s certainly the first time I can think of" the U.S. sanctioning a [[NATO]] ally. "I certainly regard it as a human rights violation to unlawfully detain somebody, so I think it falls within the scope of the Global Magnitsky Act."<ref>{{cite news |title=US sanctions Turkish officials over detained pastor |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-administration-to-sanction-turkish-officials-over-imprisonment-of-american-pastor-andrew-brunson/ |work=Politico |date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>

On 28 August 2018, U.S. senator [[Marco Rubio]] and 16 other members of Congress urged the United States to impose sanctions under the Global Magnitsky Act against [[China|Chinese]] officials who are responsible for [[Xinjiang re-education camps|human rights abuses]] against the [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] [[Islam in China|Muslim]] minority in [[Xinjiang]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-rights/group-of-us-lawmakers-urges-china-sanctions-over-xinjiang-abuses-idUSKCN1LE2MK|title=Group of U.S. lawmakers urges China sanctions over Xinjiang abuses| agency= Reuters | date=29 August 2018}}</ref>

On 15 November 2018, The U.S .treasury department declared that it has imposed Magnitsky Act sanctions on 17 [[Saudi Arabia]]'s officials who it said had "targeted and brutally killed" Saudi dissident journalist [[Jamal Khashoggi]], who lived and worked in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Treasury Sanctions 17 Individuals for Their Roles in the Killing of Jamal Khashoggi |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm547 |website=US Government Treasury |publisher=PRESS RELEASES |date=15 November 2018}}</ref>

==Magnitsky Acts in other countries==

Legislation similar to, and inspired by, the December 2016 US Global Magnitsky Act has subsequently been enacted in other countries.

===Estonia===

On December 8, 2016, [[Estonia]] introduced a new law, inspired by the Sergei Magnitsky case, to ban foreigners deemed guilty of human rights abuses from entering the country. The law, which was passed unanimously in the [[Riigikogu|Estonian Parliament]], states that it entitles Estonia to forbid entry to people if, among other things, "there is information or good reason to believe" that they took part in activities which resulted in the "death or serious damage to health of a person".<ref>{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Rettman|url=https://euobserver.com/foreign/136217|title=Estonia joins US in passing Magnitsky law|work=[[EUobserver]]|date=December 9, 2016|accessdate=October 30, 2017}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===

On February 21, 2017 the UK House of Commons unanimously passed an amendment to the country's [[Criminal Finances Act 2017|Criminal Finances Bill]] inspired by the Magnitsky Act that would allow the government to freeze the assets of international human rights violators in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/6104-uk-house-of-commons-passes-the-magnitsky-asset-freezing-sanctions|title=UK House of Commons Passes the Magnitsky Asset Freezing Sanctions|date=February 21, 2017|accessdate=November 16, 2017|website=[[Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]]}}</ref> On May 1, 2018, the UK House of Commons, without opposition, added the "Magnitsky amendment" to the [[Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018|Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Bill]] that would allow the British government to impose sanctions on people who commit gross human rights violations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-russia-magnitsky-idUSKBN1I24BI|title=UK lawmakers back 'Magnitsky amendment' on sanctions for human...|date=May 1, 2018|publisher=|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>

===Canada===

In May 2017, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] warned [[Canada]] that its anticipated new law, known as ''The Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Bill (Sergei Magnitsky Law)'', was a "blatantly unfriendly step", and that "If the [[Parliament of Canada|Canadian Parliament]] approves this sanctions legislation, the relations between our countries, which are already experiencing difficult times, will suffer significant damage". [[CBC News]] in Canada also reported that Russia has placed Canada's Foreign Minister, [[Chrystia Freeland]], and twelve other Canadian politicians and activists on a [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] 'blacklist' and has barred them from entering Russia because of their criticism of Russian actions in [[Ukraine]] and its annexation of [[Crimea]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Levon|last=Sevunts|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-warns-canada-magnitsky-1.4122758|title=Russia warns Canada over 'blatantly unfriendly' Magnitsky Act|work=[[CBC News]]|date=May 18, 2017|accessdate=October 29, 2017}}</ref>

On October 19, 2017, the Canadian Parliament passed the Bill into law,<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada Passes Version Of Magnitsky Act, Raising Moscow’s Ire|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/canada-passes-magnistky-act-russia-sanctions/28804814.html|accessdate=October 23, 2017|work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=October 19, 2017}}</ref> after a unanimous vote in Canada's [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], with 277 for, and none against.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-russia-magnitsky-bill-1.4321562|title=As Canada's Magnitsky bill nears final vote, Russia threatens retaliation|work=[[CBC News]]|agency=[[Thomson Reuters]]|date=October 4, 2017|accessdate=October 30, 2017}}</ref> Russia's President, [[Vladimir Putin]], accused Canada of "political games" over its new Magnitsky law.<ref>{{cite news|first= Mike |last=Blanchfield|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3816237/vladimir-putin-canada-magnitsky-law/|title=Vladimir Putin accuses Canada of ‘political games’ over Magnitsky law|work=[[Global News]]|agency=[[The Canadian Press]]|date=October 20, 2017|accessdate=October 31, 2017}}</ref>

Canada's Magnitsky Act also targeted 19 Venezuelan and 3 South Sudanese officials, along with the original 30 Russian individuals under sanctions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia, South Sudan and Venezuela are Canada's 1st targets using sanctions under Magnitsky Act|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-south-sudan-venezuela-magnitsky-sanctions-1.4386477|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[CBC News]]|date=November 3, 2017}}</ref>

===Lithuania===

On November 9, 2017 the [[Seimas|Parliament of Lithuania]] approved for discussion relevant amendments to the law, with 78 votes in support, one against and five abstentions. Finally, on November 16, 2017 (the 8th anniversary of Sergei Magnitsky's death) the [[Seimas|Parliament of Lithuania]] passed the law unanimously.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/7265-lithuania-parliament-adopts-version-of-magnitsky-act |title=Lithuania: Parliament Adopts Version of Magnitsky Act |work=[[OCCRP]] |date=November 16, 2017 |accessdate=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

===Latvia===
On February 8, 2018, [[Parliament of Latvia]] (Saeima) accepted attachment of law of sanctions, inspired by the Sergei Magnitsky case, to ban foreigners deemed guilty of human rights abuses from entering the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/7621-latvia-becomes-final-baltic-state-to-pass-magnitsky-law |title=Latvia Becomes Final Baltic State to Pass Magnitsky Law |work=[[OCCRP]] |date=February 9, 2018 |accessdate=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dima Yakovlev Law]]
*[[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis]]
*[[Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act]]
*''[[The Magnitsky Act – Behind the Scenes]]'' (2016 documentary film)
*[[Interdict]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first=Bill |last=Browder |year=2015 |title=Red Notice: A True Story of High Finance, Murder, and One Man’s Fight for Justice |location= |publisher=Simon & Schuster |edition=Reprint |isbn=978-1-4767-5574-8 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Emma |last=Gilligan |title=Smart Sanctions against Russia: Human Rights, Magnitsky and the Ukrainian Crisis |journal=[[Demokratizatsiya (journal)|Demokratizatsiya]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=257–277 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/619863/summary }}
* {{cite journal |first=Anton |last=Moiseienko |year=2015 |title=‘No Safe Haven’: Denying Entry to the Corrupt as a New Anti-Corruption Policy |journal=Journal of Money Laundering Control |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=400–410 |doi=10.1108/JMLC-01-2014-0004 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Jordan |last=Tama |year=2015 |title=Bipartisanship in a Polarized Age: The U.S. Congress and Foreign Policy Sanctions |work=School of International Service Research Paper |volume=No. 2015-2 |ssrn=2553401 }}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr6156 H.R. 6156: Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140916114524/http://www.the-american-interest.com/articles/2012/12/18/what-the-magnitsky-act-means/ What the Magnitsky Act Means] opinion piece. (If over 3 article free limit, use this instead.)

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Magnitsky Act| ]]

Magnitsky Act

2019-02-12T05:37:55Z

DocWatson42: Made a minor correction.

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| name = Magnitsky Act
| fullname = Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012
| acronym =
| nickname = Magnitsky Act
| enacted by = 112th
| effective date =
| public law url =
| cite public law = {{USPL|112|208}}
| cite statutes at large = {{USStat|126|1496}}
| acts amended =
| acts repealed =
| title amended = 
| sections created = 
| sections amended =
| leghisturl =
| introducedin = House
| introducedbill = "Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal Act of 2012" ({{USBill|112|HR|6156}})
| introducedby = [[Dave Camp]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Michigan|MI]])
| introduceddate = July 19, 2012
| committees = [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|House Ways and Means]]
| passedbody1 = House
| passeddate1 = November 16, 2012
| passedvote1 = [http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2012/roll608.xml 365–43]
| passedbody2 = Senate
| passedas2 = 
| passeddate2 = December 6, 2012
| passedvote2 = [https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=112&session=2&vote=00223 92–4]
| signedpresident = [[Barack Obama]]
| signeddate = December 14, 2012
| amendments =
| SCOTUS cases =
}}

The '''Magnitsky Act''', formally known as the '''Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012''', is a [[Bipartisanship|bipartisan]] bill passed by the [[U.S. Congress]] and signed into law by President [[Barack Obama]] in December 2012, intending to punish Russian officials responsible for the death of Russian [[tax accountant]] [[Sergei Magnitsky]] in a [[Moscow]] prison in 2009.

Since 2016 the bill, which applies globally, authorizes the US government to sanction those who it sees as human rights offenders, freezing their assets, and ban them from entering the U.S.<ref name="broad">{{cite web
| title = Putin hinted he wanted Trump to give him access to one man — and it reveals his greatest weakness
| publisher = Business Insider
| author = Alexandra Ma
| date = July 17, 2018
| url = http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-putin-bill-browder-magnitsky-act-press-conference-2018-7}}</ref>

==Background==

In 2009, Russian tax accountant [[Sergei Magnitsky]] died in a Moscow prison after investigating a $230 million fraud involving Russian tax officials.<ref name="Eckel 2017"/> Magnitsky was accused of committing the fraud himself and detained.<ref name="Eckel 2017">{{cite news | last=Eckel | first=Mike | title=U.S. Settles Magnitsky-Linked Money Laundering Case On Eve Of Trial | work=[[RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty]] | date=May 13, 2017 | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/magnitsky-prevezon-u-s-settlement-6-million/28483793.html | access-date=March 10, 2018}}</ref> While in prison, Magnitsky developed [[gall stones]], [[pancreatitis]] and [[Cholecystitis|calculous cholecystitis]] and was refused medical treatment for months. After almost a year of imprisonment, he [[Sergei Magnitsky#Custody and death|was beaten to death]] while in custody.<ref name=Bbc2012-12-07>
{{cite news| url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20626960| title= Q&A: The Magnitsky affair| work= [[BBC News]]
| date = July 11, 2013| accessdate = March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref name=PerthNow2012-12-27>
{{cite news|url= http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/russia-puts-dead-lawyer-magnitsky-on-trial/story-fnd14032-1226544326077|title = Russia puts dead lawyer Sergei Magnitsky on trial|work=[[Perth Now]]
| agency= [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]| date= December 27, 2012|archivedate = January 1, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101123649/http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/russia-puts-dead-lawyer-magnitsky-on-trial/story-fnd14032-1226544326077}}</ref><ref name=TheAtlantic2017-07-05>
{{cite news| url= https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/07/bill-browders-testimony-to-the-senate-judiciary-committee/534864/| title= Bill Browder's Testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee|work=[[The Atlantic]]| first= Rosie|last= Gray| date= July 25, 2017| accessdate =July 31, 2017|quote = "... they put him in an isolation cell, chained him to a bed, and eight riot guards came in and beat him with rubber batons. That night he was found dead on the cell floor."}}</ref> [[Bill Browder]], a prominent American-born businessman and friend of Magnitsky, publicized the case and lobbied American officials to pass legislation sanctioning Russian individuals involved in corruption. Browder brought the case to Senators [[Benjamin Cardin]] and [[John McCain]], who proceeded to propose legislation.<ref name="Trindle 2014">{{cite news|last=Trindle|first=Jamila|title=The Magnitsky Flip-Flop|work=[[Foreign Policy]] | date=May 15, 2014|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/05/15/the-magnitsky-flip-flop/|access-date=March 10, 2018}}</ref>

==Law==
In June 2012, the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]] reported to the House a bill called the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (H.R. 4405).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.republicans.foreignaffairs.house.gov/news/story/?2401|title=Russia Human Rights Legislation Passes Foreign Affairs Committee|work=[[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]]|date= June 7, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110194137/http://archives.republicans.foreignaffairs.house.gov/news/story/?2401|archivedate=January 10, 2013}}</ref> The main intention of the law was to punish Russian officials who were thought to be responsible for the death of Sergei Magnitsky by prohibiting their entrance to the United States and their use of its banking system.<ref name=WP2012/> The legislation was taken up by a [[United States Senate|Senate]] panel the next week, sponsored by Senator [[Ben Cardin]], and cited in a broader review of the mounting tensions in the international relationship.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Baker, Peter|authorlink1=Peter Baker (author)|title=Syria Crisis and Putin’s Return Chill U.S. Ties With Russia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/world/europe/putins-return-brings-rapid-chill-to-us-russia-ties.html|accessdate=March 10, 2018|work=[[New York Times]]|date=June 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Belton |first1=Catherine |last2=Dyer|first2=Geoff|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e2bcc8b6-bfac-11e1-8bf2-00144feabdc0 |title=‘Magnitsky law’ makes progress in Senate |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=June 26, 2012 |accessdate=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

In November 2012, provisions of the Magnitsky bill were attached to a House bill (H.R. 6156) normalizing trade with Russia (i.e., repealing the [[Jackson–Vanik amendment]]) and [[Moldova]].<ref name=NYT111612>{{cite news|title=House Passes Russia Trade Bill With Eye on Rights Abuses|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/world/americas/house-votes-to-increase-trade-with-russia.html|accessdate=November 17, 2012|work=[[New York Times]]|date=November 16, 2012|author=Peters, Jeremy W.}}</ref> On December 6, 2012, the U.S. Senate passed the House version of the law, 92-4.<ref name=WP2012>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/us-passes-magnitsky-bill-aimed-at-russia/2012/12/06/262a5bba-3fd5-11e2-bca3-aadc9b7e29c5_story.html|title=Russia fumes as U.S. Senate passes Magnitsky law aimed at human rights|date=December 6, 2012|accessdate=December 11, 2012|work=[[Washington Post]]|first1=Kathy|last1=Lally|first2=Will|last2=Englund}}</ref> The law was signed by President [[Barack Obama]] on December 14, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/12/14/statement-press-secretary-hr-6156 |title=Statement by the Press Secretary on H.R. 6156 |website=ObamaWhiteHouse.archives.gov|publisher=[[The White House]] |date=December 14, 2012 |accessdate=March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_12_15/Russia-US-Normalization-fraught-with-conflict/|title=Russia-US: Normalization fraught with conflict|work=[[Voice of Russia]]|author=Fedyashin, Andrey|date=December 15, 2012 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028180733/http://voiceofrussia.com//2012_12_15/Russia-US-Normalization-fraught-with-conflict/|archivedate=October 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama signs Magnitsky Act linked with Jackson–Vanik Amendment termination|url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=383015|work=[[Interfax]]|date=December 14, 2012|accessdate=December 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama Signs Magnitsky Bill|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/obama-signs-magnitsky-bill-20207|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|accessdate=March 10, 2018|date=December 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifTJR_NiuSC0kkGDgBkKJjDDYSqQ?docId=CNG.1a7e217111e4906ef1b6b3e54e79e1b0.141 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218222752/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifTJR_NiuSC0kkGDgBkKJjDDYSqQ?docId=CNG.1a7e217111e4906ef1b6b3e54e79e1b0.141|title=Obama signs Russia rights law despite Putin fury |first=Stephen |last=Collinson|work=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=December 14, 2012 |archivedate=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

In 2016, Congress enacted the Global Magnitsky Act, which allows the US Government to sanction foreign government officials implicated in human rights abuses anywhere in the world.<ref name=HRW>{{cite web|title=The US Global Magnitsky Act: Questions and Answers|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/13/us-global-magnitsky-act|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|accessdate=November 27, 2017|date=September 13, 2017}}</ref>

==Individuals affected==
The Obama administration made public a list of 18 individuals affected by the Act in April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Magnitsky Sanctions Listings|url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20130412.aspx|website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|date=April 12, 2013|accessdate=March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Factbox: Who's who on the U.S. Magnitsky list|url=https://news.yahoo.com/factbox-whos-u-magnitsky-list-220046497.html|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130416061627/https://news.yahoo.com/factbox-whos-u-magnitsky-list-220046497.html|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=April 12, 2013|archivedate=April 16, 2013|agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Magnitsky List release: severe blow on Moscow-US ties|date=April 12, 2013|work=[[Voice of Russia]]|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_04_12/Magnitsky-List-release-severe-blow-on-Moscow-US-ties/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617090515/http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_04_12/Magnitsky-List-release-severe-blow-on-Moscow-US-ties/|archivedate=June 17, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chechnya moves to silence Oyub Titiev, a courageous critic|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21734932-after-chechen-human-rights-defender-predicted-state-would-plant-drugs-him-police-claim|work=[[The Economist]]|date=January 17, 2018|accessdate=January 18, 2018}}</ref> The people included on the list are:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Artem (aka Artyom) Kuznetsov, a tax investigator for the Moscow division of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]
*Pavel Karpov, a senior investigator for the Moscow division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
*Oleg F. Silchenko, a senior investigator for the Ministry of Internal Affairs
*Olga Stepanova, head of Moscow Tax Office No. 28
*{{ill|Yelena Stashina|ru|Сташина, Елена Владимировна}}, [[Tverskoy District|Tverskoy]] [[Judiciary of Russia#District courts|District Court]] judge who prolonged Magnitsky's detention
*Andrey Pechegin, deputy head of the investigation supervision division of the general prosecutor's office
*Aleksey Droganov
*Yelena Khimina, Moscow tax official
*Dmitriy Komnov, head of Butyrka Detention Center
*Aleksey Krivoruchko, Tverskoy District Court judge
*{{ill|Oleg Logunov|ru|Логунов, Олег Владимирович}}
*Sergei G. Podoprigorov, Tverskoy District Court judge
*Ivan Pavlovitch Prokopenko
*Dmitri M. Tolchinskiy
*Svetlana Ukhnalyova
*Natalya V. Vinogradova
*Kazbek Dukuzov, [[Chechens|Chechen]] acquitted of the murder of [[Paul Klebnikov]]
*Lecha Bogatyrov, implicated by [[Austria]]n authorities as the murderer of [[Umar Israilov]]
{{div col end}}
Other foreign individuals who have been sanctioned include:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Félix Bautista]], senator for the province of [[San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)|San Juan]], [[Dominican Republic]].
*Angel Rondon, former Commercial Representative of Odebrecht, [[Dominican Republic]]
*[[Ramzan Kadyrov]], head of the [[Chechnya|Chechen Republic]]
*Roberto J. Rivas, head of the [[Supreme Electoral Council (Nicaragua)|Supreme Electoral Council]] of [[Nicaragua]], accused of electoral fraud in at least six elections. Rivas is considered one of the wealthiest people in the second-poorest country in the [[Western Hemisphere]]
* Francisco "Chico" Lopez, treasurer of the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Nicaraguan Sandinistas Party]] and head of Albanisa, a holding of companies made out of [[Venezuela]]n aid
* Fidel Moreno, de facto mayor of [[Managua]], Nicaragua
* Francisco Diaz, head of the [[National Police of Nicaragua|Nicaraguan police]]
* [[Yahya Jammeh]], Former head of [[The Gambia]]
* Aung Kyaw Zaw, Burmese Commander, involved in [[Rohingya conflict]]
* Khin Maung Soe, Burmese General, involved In [[Maung Nu massacre]]
* Thura San Lwin, Head of Myanmar [[Border Guard Police]], involved in [[Rohingya conflict]]
* Khin Hlaing, Head of Burmese 99th LID, involved in [[Rohingya conflict]]
* Maung Maung Soe, Head of armed forces in western [[Myanmar]], involved in [[Rohingya conflict]]
* [[Gulnara Karimova]], Daughter of former Uzbek leader [[Islam Karimov]]
* [[Abdulhamit Gül]], Turkish Minister of Justice
* [[Suleyman Soylu]], Turkish Minister of Interior
* [[Salah Mohammed Tubaigy]], Head of Saudi Arabian Forensics Council, involved with the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]]
* [[Saud al-Qahtani]], Advisor to [[Mohammed bin Salman]], involved with the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]]
* Mustafa al-Madani, Body double of [[Jamal Khashoggi]]
* Maher Mutrab, Saudi Arabian diplomat, involved with the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]]
* Thaer al-Harbi, Member of [[Saudi Royal Guard Regiment|Saudi Royal Guard]], involved with the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]]
* Mohammed al-Zahrani, Member of [[Saudi Royal Guard Regiment|Saudi Royal Guard]], involved with the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]]
* Abdulaziz al-Hasawi, Bodyguard of [[Mohammed bin Salman]], involved with the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi]]
{{div col end}}

==Russian government reaction==

In response to the adoption of the Magnitsky Act, the Russian government [[Dima Yakovlev Law|denied Americans adoption of Russian children]], issued a list of US officials prohibited from entering Russia, and posthumously convicted Magnitsky as guilty.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dead Russian lawyer Magnitsky found guilty|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/dead-russian-lawyer-magnitsky-found-guilty|agency=[[Associated Press]]|first=Jim|last=Heintz|date=July 11, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714160622/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/dead-russian-lawyer-magnitsky-found-guilty|archivedate=July 14, 2013}}</ref> In addition, the Russian government reportedly lobbied against the legislation acting through a public relations company led by [[Kenneth Duberstein]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Kredo, Adam |url=http://freebeacon.com/politics/bank-of-putin/ |title=Bank of Putin: Goldman Sachs lobbying against human rights legislation |work=[[The Washington Free Beacon]] |date=July 19, 2012 |accessdate=December 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Абаринов|first1=Владимир|title=Противозаконное задержание|url=https://graniru.org/opinion/abarinov/m.199413.html|website=Graniru.org|accessdate=March 11, 2018|language=Russian|date=August 3, 2012}}</ref>

===Ban on U.S. adoption of Russian children===
{{main|Dima Yakovlev Law}}
On December 19, 2012, the [[State Duma]] voted 400 to 4 to ban the [[international adoption]] of Russian children into the United States. The bill was unofficially named after Dmitri Yakovlev (Chase Harrison), a Russian toddler who died of [[heat stroke]] in 2008 when his adoptive American father forgot he was in the back seat of his [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/world/europe/russia-votes-to-ban-all-adoptions-by-americans.html|title=Russia Vote Favors Ban on Adoptions by Americans|first=David M.|last=Herszenhorn|date=December 19, 2012|accessdate=December 20, 2012|work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Jackman, Tom|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-state-of-nova/post/toddlers-tragic-death-in-herndon-in-overheated-car-continues-as-political-issue-in-russia-four-years-later/2012/12/12/c6a6c9c6-43e4-11e2-9648-a2c323a991d6_blog.html|title=Toddler’s tragic death in Herndon, in overheated car, continues as political issue in Russia four years later|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=December 12, 2012|accessdate=December 20, 2012}}</ref> The next year, 2013, two additional laws were proposed: one was to prevent US citizens from working with political [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] in Russia, and a second law, eventually abandoned, prevented any foreigner from speaking on state television if they discredited the state.<ref>{{cite news|author=J.Y. |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2013/01/russian-politics?fsrc=scn/tw/te/bl/thekremlinsnewantiamericanism |title=Russian politics: The Kremlin's new Anti-Americanism |work=[[The Economist]] |date=January 30, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref>

===Banning some U.S. officials from Russia===
{{main|Guantanamo List}}
On April 13, 2013, Russia released a list naming 18 Americans banned from entering the Russian Federation over their alleged human rights violations, as a direct response to the Magnitsky list.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|work=[[RT (TV network)|RT]] |url=https://www.rt.com/news/anti-magnitsky-list-russia-799/ |title=Russia strikes back with Magnitsky list response|date=April 13, 2013|accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref> The people banned from Russia are listed below.

US officials involved in legalizing [[enhanced interrogation techniques|torture]] and indefinite detention of prisoners:
*[[David Addington]], Chief of Staff to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] (2005–2009)
*[[John Yoo]], Assistant US Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (2001–2003)
*[[Geoffrey D. Miller]], retired US Army Major General, commandant of [[Joint Task Force Guantanamo]] (JTF-GTMO), the organization that runs the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]s (2002–2003)
*[[Jeffrey Harbeson]], US Navy officer, commandant of JTF-GTMO (2010–2012)

The Russian lawmakers also banned several U.S. officials involved in the prosecution and trial of Russian arms smuggler [[Viktor Bout]] and drug smuggler Konstantin Yaroshenko, both serving prison time in the United States:<ref>{{cite news|author=Englund, Will |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russia-bans-american-officials-in-retaliatory-move/2013/04/13/9de797ae-a429-11e2-9c03-6952ff305f35_story.html |title=Russia retaliates against U.S., bans American officials |work=[[Washington Post]] |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Loiko |first=Sergei L. |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/apr/13/world/la-fg-wn-18-americans-barred-from-russia-in-titfortat-sanctions-20130413 |title=18 Americans barred from Russia in tit-for-tat sanctions |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Jed S. Rakoff]], Senior [[United States district court|US District]] Judge for the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]]
*[[Preet Bharara]], former [[United States Attorney|US Attorney]] for the Southern District of New York
*[[Michael J. Garcia]], former US Attorney for the Southern District of New York
*Brendan R. McGuire, [[Assistant United States Attorney|Assistant US Attorney]]
*Anjan S. Sahni, Assistant US Attorney
*Christian R. Everdell, Assistant US Attorney
*Jenna Minicucci Dabbs, Assistant US Attorney
*Christopher L. Lavigne, Assistant US Attorney
*Michael Max Rosensaft, Assistant US Attorney
*Louis J. Milione, Special Agent, US [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA)
*Sam Gaye, Senior Special Agent, US DEA
*Robert F. Zachariasiewicz, Special Agent, US DEA
*Derek S. Odney, Special Agent, US DEA
*Gregory A. Coleman, Special Agent, US [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

== Trump Tower meeting ==
{{main|Trump Tower meeting}}
In June 2016, a [[Russia]]n lawyer, [[Natalia Veselnitskaya]], who was hired to lobby against the Magnitsky Act in the US, set up a [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|Trump campaign]]–Russia meeting with [[Donald Trump Jr.]], purportedly to discuss altering the [[State Duma|Russian Duma]]'s sanctions against American adoption of Russian children along with other alleged illegal activities. On July 11, 2017, Reuters US reported that at the meeting Russia "offered to provide the Trump campaign with some official documents and information that would incriminate [[Hillary Clinton|Hillary [Clinton]]] and her dealings with Russia and would be very useful to [Trump Jr.'s] father".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sullivan|first1=Andy|last2=Mohammed|first2=Arshad|title=Trump Jr. emails suggest he welcomed Russian help against Clinton|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-emails/trump-jr-emails-suggest-he-welcomed-russian-help-against-clinton-idUSKBN19W1VW|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> Donald Trump Jr. insisted that Veselnitskaya did not reveal any damaging information about Secretary Clinton, contrary to what his correspondence had suggested. Trump Jr. subsequently released to the public, via Twitter, his personal records and correspondence between the Trump campaign team and [[Rob Goldstone]], a longtime business partner and friend of Trump Sr. who actively represents several Russian interests and who had first pitched the meeting to Trump Jr.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Watkins|first1=Ali|title=U.S. officials probing Russian lobbyist who met Trump team|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/14/russia-lobbyist-rinat-akhmetshin-us-investigation-240562|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Politico]]|date=July 14, 2017}}</ref>

==Reception==
Australian expatriate jurist [[Geoffrey Robertson]], who is representing some of the Magnitsky campaigners, has described the Act as "one of the most important new developments in human rights". He says it provides "a way of getting at the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] train drivers, the [[apparatchik]]s, the people who make a little bit of money from human rights abuses and generally keep under the radar".<ref>{{cite web|title=International human rights lawyer Geoffrey Robertson speaks on fate of Assange|url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/stories/international-human-rights-lawyer-geoffrey-robertson-speaks-fate-assange|website=[[Australian Human Rights Commission]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

[[State Duma]] deputy Yevgeny Fedorov argued that the real purpose of the Magnitsky bill was to manipulate key figures in big business and government, with the aim of pro-American policy in the [[Russia|Russian Federation]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Фёдоров|first1=Евгений|title=Список Магнитского – манипуляция|url=http://tv.russia.ru/video/diskurs_13815/|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=Russia.ru|date=November 29, 2012|language=Russian}}</ref>

The Ministry of Internal Affairs Directorate for Special Affairs in the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] stated that it is aware of those on the list. The U.K. bans travel of those on the list under existing legislation which prohibits entry for those implicated in cases of human rights violations.<ref name=PRU7913>{{cite news|first=Anton|last= Kulikov|title=Will Britain sing America's anti-Russian tunes?|url=http://www.pravdareport.com/russia/politics/09-07-2013/125073-britain_russia-0/|work=[[Pravda.ru]]|accessdate=March 11, 2013|date=July 9, 2013}}</ref>

The ''[[World Socialist Web Site]]'' condemned the United States for only invoking human rights as a cover for [[realpolitik]], stating that Washington had supported "far greater crimes, [such] as when Boris Yeltsin in 1993 ordered [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|bombardment]] of the [[White House (Moscow)|Russian White House]], the seat of the country’s parliament, killing 62 people".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Van Auken|first1=Bill|title=Moscow calls Obama’s human rights bluff|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/04/16/pers-a16.html|website=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=April 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1993/oct/05/russia.davidhearst|title=Yeltsin crushes revolt|last1=Hearst|first1=David|last2=Steele|first2=Jonathan|date=October 5, 1993|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=February 14, 2018}}</ref>

In March 2015, the parliament of Canada passed an initial motion towards passing such a law.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Campbell|title=All parties signal support for Magnitsky law to sanction Russian officials|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/all-parties-signal-support-for-magnitsky-law-to-sanction-russian-officials/article23617841/|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=March 25, 2015}}</ref>

In July 2017 on ''[[Fareed Zakaria GPS]]'' by CNN, [[Fareed Zakaria]] interviewed [[Bill Browder]], who discussed the Magnitsky Act, and topics such as why Putin is directly threatened by it, the money given by Russia government to more than 10,000 Russian human-rights abusers, the June 2016 Trump campaign–Russian meeting, and the power and influence of Russian money in Washington, D.C. at present.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zakaria|first1=Fareed|last2=Browder|first2=Bill|title=The Magnitsky Act and the Russia investigation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEStb5DedNA|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 16, 2017|format=video}}</ref>

Liberal Russian dissidents [[Vladimir V. Kara-Murza]] and [[Boris Nemtsov]] both approved of the act, calling it "pro-Russian".<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/democracy-post/wp/2018/05/18/the-kremlin-revives-a-soviet-style-law-against-dissent/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2017/04/russian-patriot-and-his-country-part-i-vladimir-kara-murza/|title=A Russian Patriot and His Country, Part I|date=April 9, 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

==January 2017 blacklisting==
On January 9, 2017, under the Magnitsky Act, the [[United States Department of the Treasury|United States Treasury]]'s [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] updated its Specially Designated Nationals List and blacklisted [[Alexander Bastrykin|Aleksandr I. Bastrykin]], [[Andrey Lugovoy|Andrei K. Lugovoi]], [[Dmitry Kovtun|Dmitri V. Kovtun]], Stanislav Gordievsky, and Gennady Plaksin, which froze any of their assets held by American financial institutions or transactions with those institutions and banned their travelling to the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Landler|first = Mark|author-link=Mark Landler|title =U.S. to Blacklist 5 Russians, a Close Putin Aide Among Them|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/us/politics/russian-sanctions-obama-administration.html|work=[[New York Times]]|date=January 9, 2017|accessdate=January 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Magnitsky-related Designations; Counter Terrorism Designations; Office of Foreign Assets Control: Specially Designated Nationals List Update|url = https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20170109.aspx|website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|date=January 9, 2017|accessdate=January 9, 2017}}</ref>

==Implementation oversight in 2017==
[[United States President|President]] [[Donald Trump]] gave a memorandum to Congress on the implementation of the act on April 21, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-crackdown-on-rights-abusers-in-russia/|title=Trump pledges crackdown on rights abusers in Russia and beyond|first=David M.|last=Herszenhorn|work=[[Politico]]|date=April 21, 2017|accessdate=April 22, 2017}}</ref>

In May 2017 US authorities settled a case against [[Fusion GPS#Prevezon Holding|Prevezon Holding]], one of the companies used for laundering the money exfiltrated from Russia as result of the fraud discovered by Sergey Magnitsky. The settlement dismissed the case, and the real-estate company agreed to pay a $5.8 million fine.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Scannell|first1=Kara|title=US strikes $5.8m deal on Russia money-laundering case|url=https://www.ft.com/content/31fd3496-3669-11e7-99bd-13beb0903fa3|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=May 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawandorderinrussia.org/2017/son-of-senior-russian-government-official-to-pay-us-5-9-million-to-the-us-treasury-in-the-first-money-laundering-action-linked-to-magnitsky-case/|title=Son of Senior Russian Government Official to Pay US$5.9 Million to the US Treasury in the First Money Laundering Action Linked to Magnitsky Case|website=LawAndOrderInRussia.org|date=May 13, 2017|accessdate=May 13, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

Also in May 2017 an investigation was started on £6.6m that was allegedly transferred from the fraud scheme into a banking firm in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39964545|title=Police probe UK links to Magnitsky money|last=Vardy|first=Emma|date=May 20, 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=May 20, 2017}}</ref>

On September 8, 2017 President Trump, in a memorandum, delegated authority to alter the financial sanctions in this act to the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]], and the issue of visas to the [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Memorandum for the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-secretary-state-secretary-treasury/|website=[[The White House]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=September 8, 2017}}</ref>

==Internationalization of the Magnitsky Act==

In December 2016, Congress passed a new law, a global version of the Magnitsky Act, to address human rights abuses on a global scale. The current Global Magnitsky Act (GMA) allows the US Government to sanction corrupt government officials implicated in abuses anywhere in the world.<ref name=HRW/>

In September 2017, a group of NGOs and anti-corruption organizations identified fifteen international cases where alleged crimes were committed. Individuals from countries, including Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, Mexico, Panama, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam, were nominated for sanctions.<ref>{{cite web|title=NGOs Identify Human Rights Abusers, Corrupt Actors for Sanctions Under U.S. Bill|url=
https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/press-release/ngos-identify-human-rights-abusers-corrupt-actors-sanctions-under-us-bill|website=[[Human Rights First]]|accessdate=November 27, 2017|date=September 13, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

On December 21, 2017, thirteen additional names were added to the list of sanctioned individuals. This included [[Yahya Jammeh]], former president of The Gambia and [[Roberto Jose Rivas Reyes]], the president of Nicaragua's Supreme Electoral Council.<ref>{{cite web|title=United States Sanctions Human Rights Abusers and Corrupt Actors Across the Globe|url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0243 |website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|accessdate=January 12, 2018 | date=December 21, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

On December 22, 2017, ''Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain'' stated that "the Trump Administration has failed to take up cases presented regarding serious [[Human rights in Bahrain|human rights abuses]] committed by [[Bahrain]]i government officials. Ultimately, there were no individuals or entities from any [[Arab League]] member state designated in the Global Magnitsky Act’s first list of designees, despite the submission of eligible cases."<ref>"[https://www.adhrb.org/2017/12/trump-administration-selectively-implements-global-magnitsky-human-rights-and-accountability-act/ Trump Administration Selectively Implements Global Magnitsky Human Rights and Accountability Act]". ''Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain'' (ADHRB). December 22, 2017.</ref>

On June 12, 2018, [[Félix Bautista]], a member of the [[Senate of the Dominican Republic]] and five companies owned or controlled by him were sanctioned by the [[U.S. Department of Treasury]] under the Global Magnitsky Act due to his involvement in significant corruption.<ref>{{cite web| title=Treasury Sanctions Two Individuals and Five Entities Under Global Magnitsky Act |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0411 |website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]] |accessdate=June 13, 2018 | date=June 13, 2019 |format=press release}} Bautista has been publicly accused of money laundering and embezzlement.</ref> Bautista has reportedly engaged in bribery in relation to his position as a Senator, and is alleged to have engaged in corruption in [[Haiti]], where he used his connections to win public works contracts to help rebuild [[Haiti]] following several natural disasters, including one case where his company was paid over $10 million for work not completed.

On July 5, 2018, three additional names were added to the list. These belonging to the same country, [[Nicaragua]]. The U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioned Nicaraguan National Police Commissioner Francisco Javier Diaz Madriz (Diaz) and Secretary of the Mayor's Office of Managua Fidel Antonio Moreno Briones (Moreno) for being responsible for, or the leaders of entities involved in, serious human rights abuse in Nicaragua.

Additionally, OFAC designated Jose Francisco Lopez Centeno (Lopez), the Vice President of [[ALBA de Nicaragua]] ([[ALBANISA]]) and President of [[Petronic]], for engaging in corrupt activities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ni.usembassy.gov/treasury-sanctions-three-nicaraguan-individuals-for-serious-human-rights-abuse-and-corrupt-acts/|title=Treasury Sanctions Three Nicaraguan Individuals for Serious Human Rights Abuse and Corrupt Acts {{!}} U.S. Embassy in Nicaragua|date=July 5, 2018|work=U.S. Embassy in Nicaragua|access-date=July 6, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

On August 1, 2018, the U.S. Department of Treasury sanctioned top [[Cabinet Erdoğan IV|Turkish government officials]], Turkish Justice Minister [[Abdulhamit Gül]] and Interior Minister [[Suleyman Soylu]], who were involved in the detention of American pastor [[Andrew Brunson]].<ref>{{cite news |title=US sanctions Turkey over Pastor Brunson detention |url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/us-sanctions-turkey-over-pastor-brunson-detention-1.756238 |work=The National |date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> [[Daniel Glaser]], the former [[Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing]] under President Barack Obama, said: "It’s certainly the first time I can think of" the U.S. sanctioning a [[NATO]] ally. "I certainly regard it as a human rights violation to unlawfully detain somebody, so I think it falls within the scope of the Global Magnitsky Act."<ref>{{cite news |title=US sanctions Turkish officials over detained pastor |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-administration-to-sanction-turkish-officials-over-imprisonment-of-american-pastor-andrew-brunson/ |work=Politico |date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>

On 28 August 2018, U.S. senator [[Marco Rubio]] and 16 other members of Congress urged the United States to impose sanctions under the Global Magnitsky Act against [[China|Chinese]] officials who are responsible for [[Xinjiang re-education camps|human rights abuses]] against the [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] [[Islam in China|Muslim]] minority in [[Xinjiang]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-rights/group-of-us-lawmakers-urges-china-sanctions-over-xinjiang-abuses-idUSKCN1LE2MK|title=Group of U.S. lawmakers urges China sanctions over Xinjiang abuses| agency= Reuters | date=29 August 2018}}</ref>

On 15 November 2018, The U.S .treasury department declared that it has imposed Magnitsky Act sanctions on 17 [[Saudi Arabia]]'s officials who it said had "targeted and brutally killed" Saudi dissident journalist [[Jamal Khashoggi]], who lived and worked in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Treasury Sanctions 17 Individuals for Their Roles in the Killing of Jamal Khashoggi |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm547 |website=US Government Treasury |publisher=PRESS RELEASES |date=15 November 2018}}</ref>

==Magnitsky Acts in other countries==

Legislation similar to, and inspired by, the December 2016 US Global Magnitsky Act has subsequently been enacted in other countries.

===Estonia===

On December 8, 2016, [[Estonia]] introduced a new law, inspired by the Sergei Magnitsky case, to ban foreigners deemed guilty of human rights abuses from entering the country. The law, which was passed unanimously in the [[Riigikogu|Estonian Parliament]], states that it entitles Estonia to forbid entry to people if, among other things, "there is information or good reason to believe" that they took part in activities which resulted in the "death or serious damage to health of a person".<ref>{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Rettman|url=https://euobserver.com/foreign/136217|title=Estonia joins US in passing Magnitsky law|work=[[EUobserver]]|date=December 9, 2016|accessdate=October 30, 2017}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===

On February 21, 2017 the UK House of Commons unanimously passed an amendment to the country's [[Criminal Finances Act 2017|Criminal Finances Bill]] inspired by the Magnitsky Act that would allow the government to freeze the assets of international human rights violators in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/6104-uk-house-of-commons-passes-the-magnitsky-asset-freezing-sanctions|title=UK House of Commons Passes the Magnitsky Asset Freezing Sanctions|date=February 21, 2017|accessdate=November 16, 2017|website=[[Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]]}}</ref> On May 1, 2018, the UK House of Commons, without opposition, added the "Magnitsky amendment" to the [[Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018|Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Bill]] that would allow the British government to impose sanctions on people who commit gross human rights violations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-russia-magnitsky-idUSKBN1I24BI|title=UK lawmakers back 'Magnitsky amendment' on sanctions for human...|date=May 1, 2018|publisher=|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>

===Canada===

In May 2017, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] warned [[Canada]] that its anticipated new law, known as ''The Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Bill (Sergei Magnitsky Law)'', was a "blatantly unfriendly step", and that "If the [[Parliament of Canada|Canadian Parliament]] approves this sanctions legislation, the relations between our countries, which are already experiencing difficult times, will suffer significant damage". [[CBC News]] in Canada also reported that Russia has placed Canada's Foreign Minister, [[Chrystia Freeland]], and twelve other Canadian politicians and activists on a [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] 'blacklist' and has barred them from entering Russia because of their criticism of Russian actions in [[Ukraine]] and its annexation of [[Crimea]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Levon|last=Sevunts|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-warns-canada-magnitsky-1.4122758|title=Russia warns Canada over 'blatantly unfriendly' Magnitsky Act|work=[[CBC News]]|date=May 18, 2017|accessdate=October 29, 2017}}</ref>

On October 19, 2017, the Canadian Parliament passed the Bill into law,<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada Passes Version Of Magnitsky Act, Raising Moscow’s Ire|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/canada-passes-magnistky-act-russia-sanctions/28804814.html|accessdate=October 23, 2017|work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=October 19, 2017}}</ref> after a unanimous vote in Canada's [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], with 277 for, and none against.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-russia-magnitsky-bill-1.4321562|title=As Canada's Magnitsky bill nears final vote, Russia threatens retaliation|work=[[CBC News]]|agency=[[Thomson Reuters]]|date=October 4, 2017|accessdate=October 30, 2017}}</ref> Russia's President, [[Vladimir Putin]], accused Canada of "political games" over its new Magnitsky law.<ref>{{cite news|first= Mike |last=Blanchfield|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3816237/vladimir-putin-canada-magnitsky-law/|title=Vladimir Putin accuses Canada of ‘political games’ over Magnitsky law|work=[[Global News]]|agency=[[The Canadian Press]]|date=October 20, 2017|accessdate=October 31, 2017}}</ref>

Canada's Magnitsky Act also targeted 19 Venezuelan and 3 South Sudanese officials, along with the original 30 Russian individuals under sanctions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia, South Sudan and Venezuela are Canada's 1st targets using sanctions under Magnitsky Act|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-south-sudan-venezuela-magnitsky-sanctions-1.4386477|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[CBC News]]|date=November 3, 2017}}</ref>

===Lithuania===

On November 9, 2017 the [[Seimas|Parliament of Lithuania]] approved for discussion relevant amendments to the law, with 78 votes in support, one against and five abstentions. Finally, on November 16, 2017 (the 8th anniversary of Sergei Magnitsky's death) the [[Seimas|Parliament of Lithuania]] passed the law unanimously.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/7265-lithuania-parliament-adopts-version-of-magnitsky-act |title=Lithuania: Parliament Adopts Version of Magnitsky Act |work=[[OCCRP]] |date=November 16, 2017 |accessdate=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

===Latvia===
On February 8, 2018, [[Parliament of Latvia]] (Saeima) accepted attachment of law of sanctions, inspired by the Sergei Magnitsky case, to ban foreigners deemed guilty of human rights abuses from entering the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/7621-latvia-becomes-final-baltic-state-to-pass-magnitsky-law |title=Latvia Becomes Final Baltic State to Pass Magnitsky Law |work=[[OCCRP]] |date=February 9, 2018 |accessdate=July 18, 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dima Yakovlev Law]]
*[[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis]]
*[[Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act]]
*''[[The Magnitsky Act – Behind the Scenes]]'' (2016 documentary film)
*[[Interdict]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first=Bill |last=Browder |year=2015 |title=Red Notice: A True Story of High Finance, Murder, and One Man’s Fight for Justice |location= |publisher=Simon & Schuster |edition=Reprint |isbn=978-1-4767-5574-8 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Emma |last=Gilligan |title=Smart Sanctions against Russia: Human Rights, Magnitsky and the Ukrainian Crisis |journal=[[Demokratizatsiya (journal)|Demokratizatsiya]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=257–277 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/619863/summary }}
* {{cite journal |first=Anton |last=Moiseienko |year=2015 |title=‘No Safe Haven’: Denying Entry to the Corrupt as a New Anti-Corruption Policy |journal=Journal of Money Laundering Control |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=400–410 |doi=10.1108/JMLC-01-2014-0004 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Jordan |last=Tama |year=2015 |title=Bipartisanship in a Polarized Age: The U.S. Congress and Foreign Policy Sanctions |work=School of International Service Research Paper |volume=No. 2015-2 |ssrn=2553401 }}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr6156 H.R. 6156: Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140916114524/http://www.the-american-interest.com/articles/2012/12/18/what-the-magnitsky-act-means/ What the Magnitsky Act Means] opinion piece. (If over 3 article free limit, use this instead.)

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Magnitsky Act| ]]

Janet Kagan

2019-01-20T03:40:26Z

DocWatson42: /* Other short stories */Performed minor cleanup.

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Janet Kagan
|image =
|caption =
|birth_name = Janet Megson
|birth_date = {{Birth date |1946|4|18 |mf=yes}}{{r|Clute-Langford-2015}}
|birth_place = [[New Jersey]]
|spouse = Ricky Kagan{{r|Pickard-2011}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age |2008|2|29 |1946|4|18 |mf=yes}}{{r|Dozois-2008}}
|death_place =
|nationality = American
|occupation = Writer
|period = 1982–98
|genre = [[Science fiction]]
|education =
|notableworks = {{plain list |
* ''[[Uhura's Song]]'' (1985)
* ''Hellspark'' (1988)
}}
|awards = [[Hugo Award for Best Novelette]] (1993)
|website = {{url|http://www.janetkagan.com}}
}}
'''Janet Kagan''' (born '''Janet Megson''', April 18, 1946 – February 29, 2008) was an American author. Her works include two [[science fiction]] novels and two science fiction collections, plus numerous science fiction and [[fantasy]] short stories that appeared in publications such as ''[[Analog Science Fiction and Fact]]'' and ''[[Asimov's Science Fiction]]''. Her story "[[The Nutcracker Coup]]" was nominated for both the [[Hugo Award for Best Novelette]] and the [[Nebula Award for Best Novelette]], winning the Hugo.{{r|locus-jk}}

==Awards==
Kagan won the Asimov's Reader Poll award for best Novelette in 1990 for "The Loch Moose Monster", in 1991 for "Getting the Bugs Out" and in 1993 for "The Nutcracker Coup", which also won the 1993 Hugo award.{{r|locus-jk}}

==Works==

===Novels===
*''[[Uhura's Song]]'' (1985)
*''Hellspark'' (1988)

===Collections===
*''[[Mirabile (novel)|Mirabile]]'' (1991)
*''The Collected Kagan'' (2016)

===Short stories===

====Mirabile series====
*"The Loch Moose Monster" (1989)
*"The Return of the Kangaroo Rex" (1989) [SF]
*"The Flowering Inferno" (1990) [SF]
*"Getting the Bugs Out" (1990) [SF]
*"Raising Cane" (1991) [SF]
*"Frankenswine" (1991) [SF]

====Other short stories====
*"Faith-of-the-Month Club" (1982) [only as by uncredited]
*"Junkmail" (1988)
*"The Nolacon Visitation" (1988) (with [[Patrick H. Adkins]] and others)
*"Naked Wish-Fulfillment" (1989)
*"What a Wizard Does" (1990)
*"From the Dead Letter File" (1990)
*"Winging It" (1991)
*"Fighting Words" (1992)
*"Love Our Lockwood" (1992)
*"Out on Front Street" (1992)
*"The Last of a Vintage Year" (1992)
*"The Nutcracker Coup" (1992)
*"Christmas Wingding" (1993)
*"No Known Cure" (1993)
*"She Was Blonde, She Was Dead—and Only Jimmilich Opstromommo Could Find Out Why!!!" (1993)
*"Face Time" (1994)
*"Space Cadet" (1994)
*"Fermat's Best Theorem" (1995)
*"Standing in the Spirit" (1997)
*"The Stubbornest Broad on Earth" (1998)
*"How First Woman Stole Language from Tuli-Tuli the Beast" (2005)

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Clute-Langford-2015">{{cite web |last1=Clute |first1=John |last2=Langford |first2=David |date=October 20, 2015 |title=Kagan, Janet |work=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |edition=3rd |url=http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/kagan_janet |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302203537/http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/kagan_janet |archivedate=March 2, 2016 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="Dozois-2008">{{cite web |first=Gardner |last=Dozois |authorlink=Gardner Dozois |title=Janet Kagan (1946–2008) |date=March 1, 2008 |work=Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, Inc |url=http://www.sfwa.org/2008/03/janet-kagan-1946-2008/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809115344/http://www.sfwa.org/2008/03/janet-kagan-1946-2008/ |archivedate=August 9, 2009 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="Pickard-2011">{{cite web|last=Pickard |first=John |date=March 6, 2011 |title=Janet Kagan |work=Tombs of Kobol |url=http://www.tombsofkobol.com/books/kagan-01.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210070122/http://www.tombsofkobol.com/books/kagan-01.html |archivedate=December 10, 2015 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>

<ref name="locus-jk">{{cite web |title=Kagan, Janet |work=The Locus Index to SF Awards |url=http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit68.html#2732 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912111955/http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit68.html |archivedate=September 12, 2015}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.janetkagan.com/}}
* {{isfdb name|id=1485|name=Janet Kagan}}
* [http://www.metafilter.com/user/11075 User profile] at [[MetaFilter]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kagan, Janet}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American fantasy writers]]
[[Category:American women novelists]]
[[Category:American women short story writers]]
[[Category:Hugo Award-winning writers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:Women science fiction and fantasy writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:Deaths from emphysema]]
[[Category:20th-century American short story writers]]

{{US-sf-writer-stub}}

Janet Kagan

2019-01-20T03:38:16Z

DocWatson42: /* Works */Made a correction for clarity.

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Janet Kagan
|image =
|caption =
|birth_name = Janet Megson
|birth_date = {{Birth date |1946|4|18 |mf=yes}}{{r|Clute-Langford-2015}}
|birth_place = [[New Jersey]]
|spouse = Ricky Kagan{{r|Pickard-2011}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age |2008|2|29 |1946|4|18 |mf=yes}}{{r|Dozois-2008}}
|death_place =
|nationality = American
|occupation = Writer
|period = 1982–98
|genre = [[Science fiction]]
|education =
|notableworks = {{plain list |
* ''[[Uhura's Song]]'' (1985)
* ''Hellspark'' (1988)
}}
|awards = [[Hugo Award for Best Novelette]] (1993)
|website = {{url|http://www.janetkagan.com}}
}}
'''Janet Kagan''' (born '''Janet Megson''', April 18, 1946 – February 29, 2008) was an American author. Her works include two [[science fiction]] novels and two science fiction collections, plus numerous science fiction and [[fantasy]] short stories that appeared in publications such as ''[[Analog Science Fiction and Fact]]'' and ''[[Asimov's Science Fiction]]''. Her story "[[The Nutcracker Coup]]" was nominated for both the [[Hugo Award for Best Novelette]] and the [[Nebula Award for Best Novelette]], winning the Hugo.{{r|locus-jk}}

==Awards==
Kagan won the Asimov's Reader Poll award for best Novelette in 1990 for "The Loch Moose Monster", in 1991 for "Getting the Bugs Out" and in 1993 for "The Nutcracker Coup", which also won the 1993 Hugo award.{{r|locus-jk}}

==Works==

===Novels===
*''[[Uhura's Song]]'' (1985)
*''Hellspark'' (1988)

===Collections===
*''[[Mirabile (novel)|Mirabile]]'' (1991)
*''The Collected Kagan'' (2016)

===Short stories===

====Mirabile series====
*"The Loch Moose Monster" (1989)
*"The Return of the Kangaroo Rex" (1989) [SF]
*"The Flowering Inferno" (1990) [SF]
*"Getting the Bugs Out" (1990) [SF]
*"Raising Cane" (1991) [SF]
*"Frankenswine" (1991) [SF]

====Other short stories====
*"Faith-of-the-Month Club" (1982) [only as by uncredited ]
*"Junkmail" (1988)
*"The Nolacon Visitation" (1988) (with [[Patrick H. Adkins]] and others)
*"Naked Wish-Fulfillment" (1989)
*"What a Wizard Does" (1990)
*"From the Dead Letter File" (1990)
*"Winging It" (1991)
*"Fighting Words" (1992)
*"Love Our Lockwood" (1992)
*"Out on Front Street" (1992)
*"The Last of a Vintage Year" (1992)
*"The Nutcracker Coup" (1992)
*"Christmas Wingding" (1993)
*"No Known Cure" (1993)
*"She Was Blonde, She Was Dead--And Only Jimmilich Opstromommo Could Find Out Why!!!" (1993)
*"Face Time" (1994)
*"Space Cadet" (1994)
*"Fermat's Best Theorem" (1995)
*"Standing in the Spirit" (1997)
*"The Stubbornest Broad on Earth" (1998)
*"How First Woman Stole Language From Tuli-Tuli The Beast" (2005)

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Clute-Langford-2015">{{cite web |last1=Clute |first1=John |last2=Langford |first2=David |date=October 20, 2015 |title=Kagan, Janet |work=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |edition=3rd |url=http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/kagan_janet |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302203537/http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/kagan_janet |archivedate=March 2, 2016 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="Dozois-2008">{{cite web |first=Gardner |last=Dozois |authorlink=Gardner Dozois |title=Janet Kagan (1946–2008) |date=March 1, 2008 |work=Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, Inc |url=http://www.sfwa.org/2008/03/janet-kagan-1946-2008/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809115344/http://www.sfwa.org/2008/03/janet-kagan-1946-2008/ |archivedate=August 9, 2009 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="Pickard-2011">{{cite web|last=Pickard |first=John |date=March 6, 2011 |title=Janet Kagan |work=Tombs of Kobol |url=http://www.tombsofkobol.com/books/kagan-01.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210070122/http://www.tombsofkobol.com/books/kagan-01.html |archivedate=December 10, 2015 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>

<ref name="locus-jk">{{cite web |title=Kagan, Janet |work=The Locus Index to SF Awards |url=http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit68.html#2732 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912111955/http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit68.html |archivedate=September 12, 2015}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.janetkagan.com/}}
* {{isfdb name|id=1485|name=Janet Kagan}}
* [http://www.metafilter.com/user/11075 User profile] at [[MetaFilter]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kagan, Janet}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American fantasy writers]]
[[Category:American women novelists]]
[[Category:American women short story writers]]
[[Category:Hugo Award-winning writers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:Women science fiction and fantasy writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:Deaths from emphysema]]
[[Category:20th-century American short story writers]]

{{US-sf-writer-stub}}

Mitski

2018-10-09T08:05:23Z

DocWatson42: /* Further reading */Performed minor cleanup.

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Mitski
| background = solo_singer
| image = Mitski at Paradise Rock Club (Boston, MA) (cropped).jpg
| alt = Mitski performing at the Paradise Rock Club in Boston, Massachusetts
| caption = Mitski performing in Boston, 2016
| birth_name = Mitski Miyawaki
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1990|09|27}}
| birth_place = [[Japan]]
| origin = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| genre = [[Indie rock]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer-songwriter|musician}}
| years_active = 2012–present
| label = {{hlist|[[Dead Oceans]]|[[Don Giovanni Records|Don Giovanni]]|Double Double Whammy}}
| website = {{URL|http://mitski.com}}
| instruments = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|bass|piano}}
}}

'''Mitski Miyawaki''' (born September 27, 1990), known [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Mitski''', is a Japanese-American singer-songwriter and musician. She embarked on her musical career while studying at [[Purchase College]]'s Conservatory of Music, during which she self-released her first two albums: ''Lush'' (2012), and ''Retired from Sad, New Career in Business'' (2013). After graduating, Mitski released in 2014 her critically acclaimed third studio album, ''[[Bury Me at Makeout Creek]]'' through Double Double Whammy. It was followed by ''[[Puberty 2]]'' (2016) and ''[[Be the Cowboy]]'' (2018), released on [[Dead Oceans]] to further acclaim.

==Life and career==
Mitski Miyawaki was born on September 27, 1990 in [[Japan]] to an American father and Japanese mother. She grew up surrounded by her father's Smithsonian folk recordings and mother's 1970s [[Japanese pop]] CDs. Because of her father's job, which she prefers to not disclose, she and her family moved frequently, living in thirteen countries, including [[Turkey]], [[China]], [[Malaysia]] and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], before eventually settling in [[New York City]].<ref name="DO">{{cite web |url=https://deadoceans.com/records/puberty-2 |title=Puberty 2 |work=[[Dead Oceans]] |date=June 17, 2018 |accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref> After enrolling at [[Hunter College]] to study film, she decided to pursue music instead and transferred to [[Purchase College]]'s Conservatory of Music, where she studied studio compositions. During her time at Purchase College, she recorded and [[self-released]] her piano-based first and second albums, ''Lush'' (2012) and ''[[Retired from Sad, New Career in Business]]'' (2013), as student projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imposemagazine.com/features/mitski-interview |title=Taking All of Mitski |work=Impose Magazine |accessdate=March 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/podcast/in-sight-out-mitski |title=In Sight Out: Mitski |work=Pitchfork |date=September 19, 2017 |accessdate=June 28, 2018}}</ref><ref name="AllMusic">{{cite web |last=Donelson |first=Marcy |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mitski-mn0003327534/biography |title=Mitski {{!}} Biography & History |work=[[AllMusic]] |accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref> After graduating, she served as the vocalist for the short-lived [[progressive metal|prog-metal]] band Voice Coils,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/voice-coils-pro |title=Voice Coils = prog metal from mems of Mitski, Roomrunner, Extra Life, Porches & more, playing 7" release show at DbA |work=[[BrooklynVegan]] |date=September 12, 2014 |accessdate=August 11, 2018}}</ref> and began work on her third studio album, ''[[Bury Me at Makeout Creek]]'', which was released on November 11, 2014 through Double Double Whammy. The album represented a sonic departure from Mitski's orchestral and classical piano background found in her first two albums, exchanging it for raw, impulsive guitar.<ref name="AllMusic"/> It garnered critical acclaim from numerous publications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/19990-mitski-bury-me-at-makeout-creek/|title=Mitski:Bury Me At Makeout Creek Album Review |publisher=Pitchfork |date=November 14, 2014|accessdate=February 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-radar/premiere-brooklyn-newcomer-mitskis-spellbinding-i-will |title=Premiere - Brooklyn Newcomer Mitski's Spellbinding 'I Will' |publisher=NME |date= 2014-10-21 |accessdate=January 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/mitski-bury-me-at-makeout-creek-20141218|title=Bury Me At Makeout Creek Album Review|publisher=Rolling Stone |date=December 18, 2014 |accessdate=February 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/20/arts/music/mitski-leaves-her-mark-at-the-knitting-factory.html?_r=1|title=Holding the Audience Hostage, With a Wail;Mitski Leaves Her Mark at the Knitting Factory|publisher=The New York Times|date=December 19, 2014|accessdate=February 9, 2016}}</ref>

On December 22, 2015, Mitski signed with [[Dead Oceans]] before releasing new music the following year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadoceans.com/blog/2015/12/new-artist-dead-oceans-signs-mitski |title=New Artist // Dead Oceans Signs Mitski |work=Dead Oceans |date=December 22, 2015 |accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref> She announced her fourth studio album, ''[[Puberty 2]]'', on March 1, 2016, and shared the lead single, "Your Best American Girl".<ref name="YBAM">{{cite news |url=http://consequenceofsound.net/2016/03/mitski-announces-new-album-puberty-2-shares-lead-single-your-best-american-girl-listen |title=Mitski announces new album, Puberty 2, shares lead single "Your Best American Girl" |date=March 2, 2016 |work=Consequence of Sound |accessdate=March 11, 2017}}</ref> She released another single, "Happy", before the release of the album on June 17.<ref name="Happy">{{cite news |url=http://consequenceofsound.net/2016/05/mitski-was-happy-once-on-new-single-listen/|title=Mitski was "Happy" once on new single — listen|date=May 3, 2016 |work=Consequence of Sound |accessdate=March 11, 2017}}</ref> The album was recorded over a two-week period at Acme Studios in [[Westchester County, New York]], and was produced by longtime collaborator Patrick Hyland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stereogum.com/1874145/qa-mitski-goes-back-to-her-roots-on-puberty-2/franchises/interview/|title=Q&A: Mitski Goes Back To Her Roots On Puberty 2|date=8 June 2016|publisher=}}</ref> The album received widespread acclaim from music critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/puberty-2/mitski |title=Reviews for Puberty 2 by Mitski |work=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=December 23, 2016}}</ref>

On February 21, 2017, the [[Pixies]] announced US tour dates with Mitski as a supporting act.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/71781-pixies-add-us-tour-dates |title=Pixies Add U.S. Tour Dates With Mitski |work=Pitchfork |date=February 21, 2017 |accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref> On May 1, a [[compilation album]] consisting of 100 songs by different artists titled ''Our First 100 Days'' was released. It includes Mitski's cover of [[One Direction]]'s song "[[Four (One Direction album)|Fireproof]]". The compilation aims to raise funds for organizations that support causes threatened by [[Donald Trump]]'s proposed policies.<ref name="Fireproof"/> Mitski played a cover of the song back in 2015, but that version has since been taken down.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/72721-mitski-covers-one-directions-fireproof-listen/ |title=Mitski Covers One Direction's "Fireproof": Listen |work=Pitchfork |date=April 7, 2017 |accessdate=May 15, 2018}}</ref> Mitski also covered [[Frank Sinatra]]'s 1951 classic "[[I'm a Fool to Want You]]" for the ''7-Inches For Planned Parenthood'' compilation album, which also includes songs by [[Björk]], [[Bon Iver]], [[Feist (singer)|Feist]] and more.<ref name="Fool"/> On October 4, [[Lorde]] announced Mitski will be an opening act for selected dates as part of her [[Melodrama World Tour]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Strauss |first=Matthew |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/run-the-jewels-and-mitski-touring-with-lorde |title=Run the Jewels and Mitski Touring With Lorde |work=Pitchfork |date=October 4, 2017 |accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref> On November 1, a short film starring Mitski called ''Sitting'' was released.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sodomsky |first=Sam |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/mitski-stars-in-new-short-film-sitting-watch |title=Mitski Stars in New Short Film SITTING |work=Pitchfork |date=November 1, 2017 |accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref>

On April 20, 2018, Mitski teamed up with the [[experimental music|experimental]] band [[Xiu Xiu]] on the song "Between the Breaths" for the soundtrack of the sci-fi comedy film ''[[How to Talk to Girls at Parties (film)|How to Talk to Girls at Parties]]'', based on the short story [[How to Talk to Girls at Parties|of the same name]].<ref name="BTB"/> On May 14, 2018, Mitski's upcoming fifth studio album, ''[[Be the Cowboy]]'', was made available for pre-order without prior announcement. The lead single, "Geyser", was released on the same day alongside its accompanying music video.<ref name="Geyser">{{cite web |last=Boilen |first=Bob |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/allsongs/2018/05/14/610868651/mitski-shares-and-talks-about-new-song-and-album |title=Mitski Shares And Talks About New Song And Album |website=[[NPR]] |date=May 14, 2018 |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}</ref> The second single, "Nobody", was released on June 26 accompanied by a music video,<ref name="Nobody">{{cite web |url=https://deadoceans.com/news/mitski-nobody-single-video/ |title=Mitski Presents New Single, "Nobody", and Accompanying Video |work=[[Dead Oceans]] |date=June 26, 2018 |accessdate=June 26, 2018}}</ref> and the third and final single to precede the album, "Two Slow Dancers", was released on August 9 alongside a lyric video.<ref name="TSD"/> ''Be the Cowboy'' was released on August 17, through Dead Oceans.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/be-the-cowboy/1373892692 |title=Be the Cowboy by Mitski on Apple Music |work=[[Apple Music]] |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mitski reflects her cross-cultural identity as "half Japanese, half American but not fully either", a feeling that is often reflected in her music, which occasionally discusses issues of belonging.<ref name="DO"/> Mitski expressed the tension of being a private person and her discomfort with the attention that comes with being in the public eye, therefore preferring to keep her personal life private.<ref>{{cite web |last=Caramanica |first=Jon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/05/arts/music/mitski-puberty-2-interview.html |title=Mitski's 'Puberty 2' Mines Her Scars for Raw Meaning |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 2, 2016 |accessdate=October 16, 2016}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of studio albums, with selected details and chart positions.
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:17em;"| Album details
! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL (FL)]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/album/57e63/Mitski-Be-The-Cowboy|title=Mitski - Be The Cowboy|website=ultratop.be|access-date=2018-08-25}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/mitski/chart-history/canadian-albums|title=Mitski Chart History: Canadian Albums|work=Billboard|accessdate=August 28, 2018}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRE]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irma.ie/#chartTab2|title=IRMA – Irish Recorded Music Association|website=www.irma.ie|access-date=2018-08-25}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Scottish Singles and Albums Charts|SCO]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/|title=Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|access-date=2018-08-25}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/49790/mitski/|title=MITSKI {{!}} full Official Chart History|publisher=Official Charts Company|access-date=2018-08-25}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/mitski/chart-history/billboard-200|title=Mitski Chart History: Billboard 200|work=Billboard|accessdate=August 28, 2018}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top Alternative Albums|US Alt.]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/music/mitski/chart-history/alternative-albums |title=Mitski – Chart history: Alternative Albums |work=Billboard |accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top Heatseekers|US Heat.]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/music/mitski/chart-history/heatseekers-albums |title=Mitski – Chart history: Heatseekers Albums |work=Billboard |accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Independent Albums|US Indie]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/music/mitski/chart-history/independent-albums |title=Mitski – Chart history: Independent Albums |work=Billboard |accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Top Rock Albums|US Rock]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/music/mitski/chart-history/rock-albums |title=Mitski – Chart history: Top Rock Albums |work=Billboard |accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''Lush''
|
* Released: January 31, 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mitski.bandcamp.com/album/lush |title=Lush |website=Bandcamp |accessdate=May 15, 2018}}</ref>
* Label: self-released
* Format: [[Music download|Digital download]]
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| ''Retired from Sad, New Career in Business''
|
* Released: August 1, 2013
* Label: self-released
* Format: Digital download
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Bury Me at Makeout Creek]]''
|
* Released: November 11, 2014
* Label: Double Double Whammy
* Format: [[Phonograph record|LP]], [[Compact disc|CD]], digital download
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Puberty 2]]''
|
* Released: June 17, 2016
* Label: [[Dead Oceans]]
* Format: LP, CD, [[Compact Cassette|cassette]], digital download
| — || — || — || — || — || — || 19 || 5 || 18 || 32
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Be the Cowboy]]''
|
* Released: August 17, 2018
* Label: Dead Oceans
* Format: LP, CD, digital download
| 187 || 99 || 56 || 40 || 64 || 52 || 6 || — || 3 || 7
|}

===Extended plays===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of extended plays, with selected details.
! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:17em;"| Album details
|-
! scope="row"| ''Audiotree Live''
|
* Released: July 5, 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mitski.bandcamp.com/album/mitski-audiotree-live|title=Mitski - Audiotree Live|website=Bandcamp|accessdate=May 15, 2018}}</ref>
* Label: [[Audiotree]]
* Format: Digital download
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of singles as lead artist, showing year released and album name
|-
! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Album
|-
! scope="row"| "First Love / Late Spring"<ref>{{cite web |last=Rettig |first=James |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1681429/mitski-first-lovelate-spring-stereogum-premiere/news |title=Mitski – "First Love/Late Spring" (Stereogum Premiere) |work=[[Stereogum]] |date=May 14, 2014 |accessdate=June 27, 2018}}</ref>
| rowspan="4"| 2014
| rowspan="4"| ''Bury Me at Makeout Creek''
|-
! scope="row"| "Townie"<ref>{{cite web |last=Geffen |first=Sasha |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/music/exclusive-song-premiere-and-interview-townie-mitski |title=Exclusive Song Premiere And Interview: 'townie,' Mitski |work=[[Interview Magazine]] |date=September 16, 2014 |accessdate=July 4, 2018 |quote=We're also excited to premiere "Townie," the rollicking second single from Bury Me at Makeout Creek.}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "I Don't Smoke"<ref>{{cite web |last=Saunders |first=Jack |url=http://www.imposemagazine.com/bytes/new-music/mitski-i-dont-smoke |title=Mitski, "I Don't Smoke" |work=[[Impose (magazine)|Impose]] |accessdate=July 4, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "I Will"<ref>{{cite web |last=Capri |first=Katie |url=http://www.imposemagazine.com/bytes/new-music/i-will-by-mitski |title=Stream "I Will" by Mitski |work=[[Impose (magazine)|Impose]] |accessdate=July 4, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Your Best American Girl"<ref name="YBAM"/>
| rowspan="2"| 2016
| rowspan="2"| ''Puberty 2''
|-
! scope="row"| "Happy"<ref name="Happy"/>
|-
! scope="row"| "Between the Breaths"<ref name="BTB">{{cite web |last=Yoo |first=Noah |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/mitski-links-with-xiu-xiu-for-new-song-between-the-breaths |title=Mitski Links With Xiu Xiu for New Song "Between the Breaths" |work=Pitchfork |date=April 20, 2018 |accessdate=June 26, 2018}}</ref> {{small|(with [[Xiu Xiu]])}}
| rowspan="4"| 2018
| ''[[How to Talk to Girls at Parties (film)|How to Talk to Girls at Parties (Soundtrack)]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "Geyser"<ref name="Geyser"/>
| rowspan="3"| ''Be the Cowboy''
|-
! scope="row"| "Nobody"<ref name="Nobody"/>
|-
! scope="row"| "Two Slow Dancers"<ref name="TSD">{{cite web|last=Daramola|first=Israel|url=https://www.spin.com/2018/08/mitski-two-slow-dancers-listen/|title=Mitski – "Two Slow Dancers"|work=Spin|date=August 9, 2018|accessdate=August 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Colburn|first=Randall|url=https://consequenceofsound.net/2018/08/mitski-two-slow-dancers/|title=Mitski shares the wistful, starry-eyed "Two Slow Dancers": Stream|work=Consequence of Sound|date=August 9, 2018|accessdate=August 9, 2018}}</ref>
|}

===Guest appearances===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ List of non-single guest appearances, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" style="width:17em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:17em;"| Album
|-
! scope="row"| "Fireproof"<ref name="Fireproof">{{cite web|url=https://ourfirst100days.bandcamp.com/album/our-first-100-days|title=Our First 100 Days|website=Bandcamp|accessdate=May 15, 2018}}</ref> {{small|([[One Direction]] cover)}}
| 2017
| ''Our First 100 Days''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[I'm a Fool to Want You]]"<ref name="Fool">{{cite web |last=Gray |first=Julia |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1968040/mitski-im-a-fool-to-want-you-frank-sinatra-cover/music |title=Mitski – "I'm A Fool To Want You" (Frank Sinatra Cover) |work=[[Stereogum]] |date=October 19, 2017 |accessdate=June 26, 2018}}</ref> {{small|([[Frank Sinatra]] cover)}}
| 2017
| ''7-Inches for Planned Parenthood''
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of music videos, showing year released and directors
! scope="col" style="width:7em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width:0.5em;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:7em;"| Director(s)
! scope="col" style="width:0.5em;"| {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row"| "Goodbye, My Danish Sweetheart"
| rowspan="7"| 2013
| Ryan Galloway
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Mitski - Goodbye, My Danish Sweetheart |date=June 24, 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohxu-pA7o64 |website=YouTube |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Shame"
| Alan Wertz
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Mitski - Shame |date=July 2, 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4ocDcD9Z8w |website=YouTube |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Humpty"
| rowspan="3"| Jovon Outlaw
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Mitski - Humpty |date=July 17, 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJ9O_2l5ln0 |website=YouTube |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Class of 2013"
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Mitski - Class of 2013 |date=July 24, 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4y0O7gAQEFU |website=YouTube |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "I Want You"
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Mitski - I Want You |date=August 8, 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-kO12tP3SE |website=YouTube |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Because Dreaming Costs Money, My Dear"
| Heather Barcelo
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Mitski - Because Dreaming Costs Money, My Dear |date=August 22, 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpAQJYh3ljI |website=YouTube |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Circle"
| Alan Wertz
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Mitski - Circle |date=August 29, 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gHWLbgSUbI |website=YouTube |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| "Townie"
| 2014
| Allyssa Yohana
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rookiemag.com/2014/11/sunday-video-mitski-townie |title=Sunday Video: Townie |work=[[Rookie (magazine)|Rookie]] |date=November 9, 2014 |accessdate=July 4, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| Faye Orlove
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Fitzmaurice |first=Larry |url=http://www.thefader.com/2015/03/09/mitski-get-animated-in-the-video-for-townie |title=Mitski Gets Animated In The Video For "Townie" |work=[[The Fader]] |date=March 9, 2015 |accessdate=July 4, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Your Best American Girl"
| rowspan="3"| 2016
| Zia Anger
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Mitski - Your Best American Girl (Official Video) |date=April 13, 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_hDHm9MD0I |website=YouTube |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Happy"
| Maegan Houang
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Mitski - Happy (Official Video) |date=May 23, 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJ0O2vDT0VE |website=YouTube |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "A Burning Hill"
| Bradley Rust Gray
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Mitski - A Burning Hill (Official Video) |date=October 11, 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ffnue9zMEY |website=YouTube |accessdate=May 14, 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "Geyser"
| rowspan="2"| 2018
| Zia Anger
| <ref name="Geyser"/>
|-
! scope="row"| "Nobody"
| Christopher Good
| <ref name="Nobody"/>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite magazine |last=Battan |first=Carrie |date=June 20, 2016 |title=Reclaiming rock: Mitski uses the tropes of indie rock to make something novel |department=The Critics. Pop Music |work=The New Yorker |volume=92 |issue=18 |pages=70–72 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/06/20/mitski-miyawaki-and-chicago-rappers}}

==External links==
*[http://mitski.com/ Official website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American indie rock musicians]]
[[Category:American musicians of Japanese descent]]
[[Category:American women of Japanese descent]]
[[Category:Musicians from New York City]]
[[Category:State University of New York at Purchase alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century women singers]]

Brand im brasilianischen Nationalmuseum

2018-09-04T03:25:42Z

DocWatson42: Performed cleanup.

{{Short description|2018 museum fire at Rio de Janeiro}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Current||current disaster|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox event
| title = National Museum of Brazil fire
| image = Fire at Museu Nacional 05.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_alt =
| caption = The National Museum of Brazil burning behind the statue of [[Pedro II of Brazil|Emperor Pedro II]]
| time = 19:00 [[Time in Brazil|local]]; 23:00 [[UTC]]
| duration =
| date = {{start date|2018|9|2}}
| venue = [[National Museum of Brazil]]
| location =
| coordinates = {{Coord|22|54|21|S|43|13|34|W|region:BRA_type=fire|display=inline,title}}
| also_known_as =
| type = Fire incident
| cause = Undetermined
| motive =
| target =
| notes =
| reported deaths = 0
| reported injuries = 0
}}

A large fire broke out at the [[Paço de São Cristóvão]], which houses the 200-year-old [[National Museum of Brazil]], in [[Rio de Janeiro]], on September 2, 2018, at around 19:30 [[Time in Brazil|local time]] (22:30 UTC September 2).

Reaction to the [[list of destroyed heritage|cultural loss]] was swift, as the museum held over 20 million items; Brazil's president [[Michel Temer]] called the loss of the historical and cultural heritage "incalculable".

The cause of the fire has yet to be determined. No injuries or deaths were reported.<ref name="200Years" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/02/world/americas/national-museum-brazil-fire.html|title=Fire Engulfs a Brazilian Museum, Threatening Hundreds of Years of History|last=Londoño|first=Ernesto|last2=Darlington|first2=Shasta|date=2 September 2018|website=[[The New York Times]]|dead-url=no|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Background ==
{{Main|National Museum of Brazil}}
[[File:Museu Nacional do Brasil.JPG|thumb|The National Museum building in 2004.]]

The museum building, located at the [[Quinta da Boa Vista]] park, as the São Cristóvāo palace dates back to the early 19th century, when it was donated to the [[House of Braganza|Portuguese Royal family]] who renovated it into this grand building. After this, it was the residence of emperors [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]] and [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], until the country became a republic. The Museum then took over the location in 1892.<ref name="1bbckey">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45395774|title=Brazil museum fire: Treasures at risk|date=2018-09-03|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-09-03|language=en-GB}}</ref>

With continuing budget cuts {{as of|2014|alt=since 2014}}, the museum did not receive the [[Brazilian real|R]]$520,000 per year necessary for its maintenance. In 2015, the museum closed temporarily when cleaning and security staff could not be paid. Repairs to a popular exhibit hall had to be crowdfunded, and by 2018 the maintenance budget had been cut by 90%.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/09/news-museu-nacional-fire-rio-de-janeiro-natural-history/|title=Fire Devastates Brazil's Oldest Science Museum|date=2018-09-03|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref>

Preceding the fire, there were visible signs of decay, such as peeled walls and exposed wires.<ref name="Incêndio - Folha">{{Cite news|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2018/09/incendio-atinge-o-museu-nacional-na-quinta-da-boa-vista-no-rio.shtml|title=Incêndio atinge o Museu Nacional na Quinta da Boa Vista, no Rio. Mais antigo do país, museu tem 20 milhões de itens e apresentava problemas de manutenção|date=September 2, 2018|work=Folha de São Paulo|access-date=September 2, 2018|language=pt|trans-title=Fire hit the National Museum, at the Quinta da Boa Vista, in Rio. The oldest in the country, the museum has 20 million items and had maintenance issues}}</ref> The museum celebrated its 200th anniversary in June 2018 in a situation of partial abandonment, with no state ministers attending.<ref name="200Years" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://brasil.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,incendio-atinge-museu-nacional-no-rio,70002484984|title=Incêndio atinge Museu Nacional, no Rio{{snd}}Brasil|date=September 2, 2018|work=Estado de S.Paulo|access-date=September 2, 2018|language=pt|trans-title=Fire hit the National Museum, in Rio{{snd}}Brazil}}</ref>

The museum's vice-director, Luiz Fernando Dias Daniel, pointed to neglect by successive governments,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/fire-at-brazil-national-museum-engulfs-200-year-old-building/a-45329013|title=Fire at Brazil National Museum engulfs 200-year-old building|date=2 September 2018|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|dead-url=no|access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/09/02/vice-diretor-do-museu-nacional-cita-descaso-de-varios-governos.ghtml|title=Vice-diretor do Museu Nacional cita 'descaso' de vários governos e que incêndio destruiu tudo|date=September 2, 2018|work=G1|access-date=September 2, 2018|language=pt|trans-title=Vice-director of the National Museum cites 'neglect' of multiple governments and that the fire destroyed everything}}</ref> saying that "For many years [the curators] fought with different governments to get adequate resources to preserve what is now completely destroyed.” He expressed that he is feeling "total dismay and immense anger."<ref name="200Years" />

At the time of the fire the collection held by the museum was counted to be over 20 million pieces that spanned over 11,000 years of international history.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/02/americas/brazil-national-museum-fire-intl/index.html|title=Inferno at Brazil's National Museum causes 'irreparable' damage and grief|last=CNN|first=Claudia Dominguez, Flora Charner and Holly Yan,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref> It contained important artifacts from the entirety of Brazilian history, including those "that helped define the national identity".<ref name="1sbs"/>

== Fire ==
[[File:Fire at Museu Nacional 04.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the museum fire lighting the night sky at the end of a long, dark street lined with vehicles at either side|The museum could be seen burning from far away.]]
Shortly after closing on September 2, 2018, a large fire broke out, reaching all three floors of the National Museum building.<ref name="bbc_first">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-45392668|title=Fire engulfs 200-year-old Brazil museum|last=|first=|date=September 2, 2018|website=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903005443/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-45392668|archive-date=September 2, 2018|dead-url=no|access-date=September 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name="reuters_first">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-fire-museum/rios-200-year-old-national-museum-hit-by-massive-fire-idUSKCN1LJ00L|title=Rio's 200-year old National Museum hit by massive fire|last=|first=|date=September 2, 2018|website=[[Reuters]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903003435/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-fire-museum/rios-200-year-old-national-museum-hit-by-massive-fire-idUSKCN1LJ00L|archive-date=September 2, 2018|dead-url=no|access-date=September 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Incêndio - G1">{{Cite news|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/09/02/incendio-atinge-a-quinta-da-boa-vista-rio.ghtml|title=Incêndio de grandes proporções atinge o Museu Nacional, na Quinta da Boa Vista. Ainda não há informações sobre feridos ou sobre as causas do fogo, que começou após o fechamento do museu a visitantes. Instituição criada por Dom João VI tem 200 anos de história.|date=September 2, 2018|work=G1|access-date=September 2, 2018|language=pt|trans-title=Fire of great proportions hit the National Museum, at Quinta da Boa Vista. There are still no information on injured or the causes of the fire, that began soon after the closing of the museum to visitors. Institution created by Dom João VI has 200 years of history.}}</ref> Firefighters were called at 19:30 local time,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/brasil/incendio-destroi-predio-do-museu-nacional-no-rio-de-janeiro/|title=Incêndio destrói prédio do Museu Nacional no Rio de Janeiro|date=September 2, 2018|work=VEJA.com|access-date=September 2, 2018|language=pt|trans-title=Fire destroys building of the National Museum in Rio de Janeiro}}</ref> arriving quickly at the scene.<ref name=":2" /> However, the fire chief reported that the two [[Fire hydrant|fire hydrants]] closest to the museum had no water and trucks had to be sent to a nearby lake.<ref name=":7" />

A spokesman for the fire department told media that the fire crews went inside the burning building, despite there being no people inside, in order to rescue artifacts. Being aided by museum staff, they "were able to remove a lot of things from inside".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/03/brazil-fire-firefighters-try-to-save-relics-at-rio-museum.html|title=Firefighters try to save relics as fire engulfs Rio museum|website=CNBC|accessdate=September 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-45392966|title=In pictures: Brazil national museum in flames|website=BBC|accessdate=September 3, 2018}}</ref>

The fire was out of control by 21:00 (00:00 UTC September 3), with great flames and occasional explosions,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/brasil/cidades/incendio-atinge-museu-nacional-no-rio,67b952818be2a47677b2bb6dab5559bfa63ih1tb.html|title=Incêndio atinge Museu Nacional, no Rio|date=September 2, 2018|work=Terra Online|access-date=September 2, 2018|language=pt|trans-title=Fire hit the National Museum, in Rio}}</ref> being fought by firefighters from four sectors.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2018-09/incendio-no-museu-nacional-destroi-colecoes-e-exposicoes|title=Incêndio no Museu Nacional destrói coleções e exposições|date=September 2, 2018|work=Agência Brasil|access-date=September 2, 2018|language=pt|trans-title=Fire in the National Museum destroys collections and expositions}}</ref> Dozens of people went to [[Quinta da Boa Vista]] to see the fire.<ref name=":2" /> A specialized team of firefighters entered the building at 21:15 to try to block areas still not hit by the flames, and to evaluate the extent of the damage.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://istoe.com.br/parte-do-teto-do-museu-nacional-ja-desabou-com-incendio/|title=Parte do teto do Museu Nacional já desabou com incêndio|date=September 2, 2018|work=ISTOÉ Independente|access-date=September 2, 2018|language=pt|trans-title=Part of the ceiling of the National Museum has already fallen due to the fire}}</ref> However, by 21:30, the whole building had been engulfed by the fire, including exhibitions of Imperial rooms that were in the two areas at the front of the main building. The four security guards who were on duty at the museum managed to escape; there have been no reports of casualties.<ref name=":3" />

Firefighters of three sectors were fighting the fire by 21:45. Two [[fire engine]]s with [[turntable ladder]]s were being used, with two water trucks taking turns to supply water.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/03/fire-engulfs-brazil-national-museum-rio|title=Brazil museum fire: ‘incalculable’ loss as 200-year-old Rio institution gutted|last=Phillips|first=Dom|date=2018-09-03|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref>

At 22:00 (01:00 UTC September 3), dozens of museum employees joined in the fight against the flames. Two floors of the building were already destroyed by this time, and the roof had collapsed. According to Edson Vargas da Silva, a librarian and an employee for 43 years at the museum, "[t]here is too much paper, the wood floor, too many things that burn quickly."<ref name=":1" />

Before an investigation into the cause began, the Brazilian [[Ministry of Culture (Brazil)|Culture Minister]] Sergio Leitao suggested that it was probably caused by either an electric fault or a [[sky lantern]], common in Brazil, accidentally landing on the building.<ref name=":1reuters"/>

== Status of collection ==
[[File:FileBendegó meteorite, front, National Museum, Rio de Janeiro2.jpg|thumb|left|The Bendegó meteorite, which has sat in the museum for 130 years, survived the fire]]
An assessment of what has been destroyed is yet to be completed, as the fire was too intense, and there was the risk of explosions.<ref name=":3" /> Pictures on social media showed artifacts being rescued from the burning building.<ref name="Guidoti">{{cite web |last1=Guidoti |first1=Marcus |title=Some people, probably scientists and students, trying to save what they can before the fire take over their part of the building. |url=https://twitter.com/marcusguidoti/status/1036452162946117632 |website=Twitter |accessdate=3 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref> A spokesman for the fire department reported that pieces had been recovered from the blaze, due to efforts from firefighters and workers from the museum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fire-national-museum-brazil-rio-de-janeiro-today-2018-09-02/|title="Cultural tragedy": Massive inferno engulfs 200-year-old museum in Brazil|access-date=2018-09-03|language=en}}</ref> [[Preservation (library and archival science)|Preservation]] director of the museum João Carlos Nara told reporters that "[v]ery little will be left" and that they would "have to wait until the firefighters have completed their work here in order to really assess the [scale] of it all."<ref name=":6" /> The next day, firefighters began more salvage work inside the museum, trying to rescue what they could from beneath the charred remains of the collapsed roof.<ref name="1sbs"/>

A portion of the museum's collection is housed elsewhere and has not been affected. The [[Rio de Janeiro Zoological Garden]], located very close to the National Museum, was not damaged. The fire consumed all that was being exhibited and remained in the museum, though.<ref name=":1" /> Despite this, the [[Bendegó meteorite]], the biggest [[iron meteorite]] ever found in Brazil, sustained no major damage. The [[National Geographic Society]] explained that being such a "large, metallic rock" is what saved it from damage, as these qualities make it fire-resistant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bendegó: el meteorito que resistió las llamas del incendio del Museo Nacional de Brasil |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/ciencia-y-tecnologia/ciencia/2018/09/03/bendego-el-meteorito-que-se-resistio-las-llamas-del-incendio-del-museo-nacional-de-brasil.shtml |website=BioBioChile - La Red de Prensa Más Grande de Chile |accessdate=3 September 2018 |language=es-LA |date=3 September 2018}}</ref>

Information about condition of pieces that had been displayed started being reported as early as late September 2, when a member of the [[Parliament of Catalonia|Catalan Parliament]] began to share images of items. One of these was a Roman [[fresco]] from [[Pompeii]] that had survived the [[eruption of Vesuvius]], but was lost in the fire.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-03/brazil-museum-fire-destroys-collection/10195034|title=Priceless Roman fresco, artefacts destroyed in Rio de Janeiro museum fire|date=2018-09-03|work=ABC News|access-date=2018-09-03|language=en-AU}}</ref>

The [[BBC]] quickly compiled a list of some of the most prized treasures housed at the museum, including the remains of [[Luzia Woman]], the [[Bendegó meteorite]], the mounted fossil of ''[[Maxakalisaurus]]'', and the museum's collection of Pompeii frescos; the building itself was listed as number 6, noting the neoclassical elements, its colonial history and the Portuguese royal family's personal extension, and then imperial history after independence.<ref name="1bbckey"/>

There was a large scientific library within the museum, containing thousands of rare works. ''[[The Guardian]]'' reports that people on social media were describing having found burnt pages from the library in the nearby streets.<ref name="1guardart"/>

<gallery>
File:Esqueleto de Luzia 01.jpg| [[Luzia Woman]]
File:MaxakalisaurusTopai Rec.jpg| ''[[Maxakalisaurus]]''
File:Afresco de Pompéia 02.jpg|Pompeii fresco
File:Afresco de Pompéia 03.jpg|Pompeii fresco
File:Museu Nacional - UFRJ - Detalhe Teto.jpg|Historic artwork of the interior
</gallery>

== Reactions ==
[[File:Ato em frente ao museu nacional 22.jpg|thumb|A protester outside the museum the day after the fire; the English translation is "200 years of history, 20 million items, reduced to ashes".]]
Brazil's president, [[Michel Temer]], said that "[t]he loss of the National Museum is incalculable for Brazil. Today is a tragic day for our country's museology. Two hundred years of work, research and knowledge were lost. The value of our history cannot be measured now, due to the damage to the building that housed the Royal Family during the Empire. It is a sad day for all Brazilians."<ref name="200Years">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/03/fire-engulfs-brazil-national-museum-rio|title='200 years of knowledge lost': fire engulfs Brazil's national museum|last=Phillips|first=Dom|date=September 3, 2018|website=The Guardian|dead-url=no|access-date=September 3, 2018}}</ref><ref name="reperc_g1">{{Cite news|url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2018/09/02/incendio-no-museu-nacional-veja-a-repercussao.ghtml|title=Incêndio no Museu Nacional: veja a repercussão|date=September 2, 2018|work=G1|access-date=September 2, 2018|language=pt|trans-title=Fire in the National Museum: see the repercussion}}</ref> His statement was echoed by [[Rio de Janeiro|Rio]] Mayor [[Marcelo Crivella]], who called for rebuilding stating: "It's a national obligation to reconstruct it from the ashes, recompose every detail of the paintings and photos. Even if they are not original, they will continue to be a reminder of the royal family that gave us independence, the [[Empire of Brazil|empire]] and the first [[Constitution of Brazil|constitution]] and national unity".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-rio-museum-fire-20180903-story.html|title=Firefighters try to rescue relics and finger-pointing begins after massive fire engulfs famed Rio museum|last=Press|first=Associated|website=latimes.com|access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref>

Brazilian environmentalist and politician [[Marina Silva]] called the fire "a lobotomy of the Brazilian memory".<ref name="200Years" />

News of the fire was quickly spread through the city of [[Rio de Janeiro]], and protesters turned up at the gates in the early hours of Monday morning. Initial reports suggested that there were 500 people, forming a chain around the still-smoking building.<ref name="1sbs">{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/brazil-museum-fire-outrage-grows-as-government-blamed-for-tragic-blaze|title=Brazil museum fire: Outrage grows as government blamed for 'tragic' blaze|website=SBS News|accessdate=September 3, 2018}}</ref> Some of the protesters tried to climb over fencing into the museum grounds; the police who were called to attend, in full riot gear, threw tear gas bombs into the crowds. The public were later allowed to enter the grounds.<ref name=":1reuters">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-fire-museum/update-1-tensions-flare-after-fire-destroys-brazil-museum-in-tragedy-foretold-idUSL2N1VP0GM|title=Tensions flare after fire destroys Brazil museum in 'tragedy foretold'|website=Reuters|accessdate=September 3, 2018}}</ref>

=== Museums ===
The president of the [[National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage]], Kátia Bogéa, said that "[i]t's a national and worldwide tragedy. Everybody can see that this is not a loss for the Brazilian people, but for the whole humanity" and commented that it was "a predictable tragedy, because we've known for a long time that Brazilian cultural heritage has no budget".<ref name="reperc_g1"/>

Museums around the world sent their condolences. In the UK, the [[British Library]] said "[o]ur hearts go out to the staff and users of [the National Museum] of Brazil" and called the fire "[a] reminder of the fragility and preciousness of our shared global heritage";<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/britishlibrary/status/1036551949578129408|title=Our hearts go out to the staff and users of @MuseuNacional of Brazil. A reminder of the fragility and preciousness of our shared global heritage #MuseuNacional|publisher=British Library|website=Twitter |accessdate=3 September 2018 |language=en}}</ref> London's [[Natural History Museum]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/NHM_London/status/1036532209090539521|title=NaturalHistoryMuseum on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2018-09-03|language=en}}</ref> the [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/morethanadodo/status/1036608947468283910|title=MuseumNaturalHistory on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2018-09-03|language=en}}</ref> and the [[Smithsonian Institution]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsdesk.si.edu/releases/smithsonian-statement-fire-national-museum-brazil|title=Smithsonian Statement on the Fire at the National Museum of Brazil |website=newsdesk.si.edu|accessdate=September 3, 2018}}</ref> were among other institutions expressing their sorrow. The head of the [[Australian Museum]] said that she was "shocked", "devastated", and "distraught".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/brazil-fire-australian-museum-head-distraught-over-loss-of-priceless-treasures|title=Brazil fire: Australian Museum head 'distraught' over loss of priceless treasures|website=SBS News|accessdate=September 3, 2018}}</ref>

===Indigenous peoples===
The museum held a "priceless collection" of indigenous artifacts from the country's pre-Columbian era, which comprised about 1,800 items from Indo-American culture. The items include many indigenous peoples' remains as well as relics amassed in the personal collection of Pedro II.<ref name="1bbckey"/><ref name="1guardart">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/03/brazils-national-museum-what-could-be-lost-in-the-fire|title=Brazil's national museum: What could be lost in the fire?|website=The Guardian|accessdate=September 3, 2018}}</ref>

This collection also featured items from present native tribes, including "striking feather art by the [[Karajá]]s ''([[sic]])'' people". There are only about 3,000 Karajá people left.<ref name="1guardart"/>

After the fire, indigenous peoples immediately began protesting outside the museum, criticising that "the museum containing their most precious artefacts has burned down", angry that there was no money given to a museum with indigenous history but "the city had recently managed to find a huge budget to build a brand new [[Museum of Tomorrow|museum of tomorrow]]".<ref name="200Years" />

==See also==
{{Portal|2010s|Brazil|Disasters|Fire}}
* [[List of destroyed heritage]]
* [[List of destroyed libraries]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|2018 fire at the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro}}

[[Category:2018 disasters in Brazil]]
[[Category:2018 fires]]
[[Category:21st century in Rio de Janeiro]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires]]
[[Category:Destroyed landmarks]]
[[Category:Fires in Brazil]]
[[Category:Museums in Brazil]]
[[Category:National Museum of Brazil]]
[[Category:September 2018 events in South America]]

8kun

2018-08-19T10:31:12Z

DocWatson42: Performed minor cleanup on punctuation.

{{other uses|8chan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox website
| name = 8chan
| logo = InfiniteChan∞chanLogo.svg
| logo alt = A green infinity symbol left of the word chan.
| logo caption =
| logo size = 200px
| screenshot =
| alt =
| caption =
| url = {{URL|https://8ch.net}}
| slogan =
| commercial = Yes
| type = [[Imageboard]]
| language = English (users can create language specific boards)
| registration = Optional
| author = [[Fredrick Brennan]]
| owner = [[:ja:ジム・ワトキンス|Jim Watkins]] N.T. Technology ([[2channel]])<ref>[https://8ch.net/who.html 8chan] – Who owns 8chan?</ref>
| launch date = {{start date and age|2013|10|22|df=no}}
| alexa = {{DecreasePositive}} 3,857 (Global, April 2018) 1,436 (United States, April 2018)<ref name="alexa">{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/8ch.net |title= 8ch.net Site Info | publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= April 11, 2018 }}</ref>
| current status = Online
}}

'''8chan,''' also called '''Infinitechan''' or '''Infinitychan''' (sometimes stylized as '''∞chan'''), is an American [[imageboard]] website composed of user-created [[Internet forum|boards]]. Each board is moderated by its owner, with minimal interaction from other site administration.<ref name="faq">{{cite web|last=Brennan|first=Fredrick|url=https://8ch.net/faq.html|title=FAQ|publisher=Infinitechan|website=8chan.co|accessdate=November 23, 2014}}</ref> To own a board one must either create it or claim it if the board has had inactivity for over a week.

Several of the site's boards have played an active role in the [[Gamergate controversy]], encouraging Gamergate affiliates to frequent 8chan after the topic was banned on the unaffiliated imageboard [[4chan]]. The site has been linked to Internet [[subculture]]s and activism.

As of April 2018, the site is the 3,857th most visited site in the world,<ref name="alexa" /> and in November 2014, it was receiving an average of 35,000 unique visitors per day and 400,000 posts per week.<ref name=Howell2014 />

==History==
8chan was created in October 2013 by computer programmer [[Fredrick Brennan]],<ref name=Howell2014 /><ref>{{cite interview|last=Brennan |first=Fredrick |interviewer=Sam Machkovech |title=Full transcript: Ars interviews 8chan founder Fredrick Brennan |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2015/03/full-transcript-ars-interviews-8chan-founder-fredrick-brennan/ |work=Ars Technica |accessdate=June 15, 2015 |date=March 17, 2015 |deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125135937/http://arstechnica.com/business/2015/03/full-transcript-ars-interviews-8chan-founder-fredrick-brennan/ |archivedate=November 25, 2015 }}</ref> also known by the nickname "Hotwheels".<ref name="KYM"/> Brennan created the website after he observed what he perceived to be rapidly escalating [[surveillance]] and a loss of [[free speech]] on the Internet.<ref name=Howell2014 /> Brennan, who considers the imageboard [[4chan]] to have grown into authoritarianism, describes 8chan as a "free-speech-friendly" alternative,<ref name="Howell2014">{{cite web|last=Howell O'Neill|first=Patrick|date=November 17, 2014|url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/8chan-pedophiles-child-porn-gamergate/|title=8chan, the central hive of Gamergate, is also an active pedophile network|work=The Daily Dot}}</ref> and originally conceptualized the site while experiencing a [[psychedelic experience|psychedelic mushrooms trip]].<ref name="KYM"/><ref name=WashPost />

No experience or programming knowledge is necessary for users to create their own boards.<ref name="faq" /> Since as early as March 2014, its [[FAQ]] has stated only one rule that is to be globally enforced: "Do not post, request, or link to any content illegal in the United States of America. Do not create boards with the sole purpose of posting or spreading such content."<ref name="faq" /> Brennan has claimed that, while he finds some of the content posted by users to be "reprehensible," he feels personally obligated to uphold the site's integrity by tolerating discussion he does not necessarily support regardless of his moral stance.<ref name=Howell2014 />

Brennan agreed to partner 8chan with the Japanese message board [[2channel]],<ref name="KYM">{{cite interview|url=http://knowyourmeme.com/blog/interviews/qa-with-fredrick-brennan-of-8chan|title=Q&A with Fredrick Brennan of 8chan|last=Brennan |first=Fredrick |interviewer=Don Caldwell |date=October 9, 2014|work=[[Know Your Meme]]|accessdate=December 18, 2014}}</ref> and subsequently relocated to the [[Philippines]] in October 2014.<ref name=Chen />

In January 2015, the site changed its [[Domain name|domain]] 8chan.co to 8ch.net after multiple people filed reports complaining to 8chan’s [[Domain name registrar|registrar]] that the message board hosted [[child pornography]]. Despite subsequently regaining the domain, the site remained at 8ch.net, with the old domain redirecting to it.<ref name=WashPost />

Numerous bugs in the Infinity software led to the funding and development of a successor platform dubbed "Infinity Next". After a several-month-long testing period, a migration to the new software was attempted in December 2015, but failed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ghostbin.com/paste/qt2ww |format=Plaintext |title=qt2ww |last=Moon |first=Joshua |date=December 19, 2015 |accessdate=December 20, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20151219125144/https://ghostbin.com/paste/qt2ww |archivedate=December 19, 2015 }}</ref>{{clarify|date=December 2015}} In January 2016, development was halted, and the main developer, Joshua Moon, was fired by Brennan.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brennan|first1=Fredrick|title=Infinity Never|url=https://medium.com/@infinitechan/infinity-never-3d5f733af739#.dfm7b7te5|website=Medium|accessdate=February 2, 2016|language=English|date=January 26, 2016}}</ref> Brennan himself would officially resign in July 2016, turning the site over to its owner, Jim Watkins and his son, Ron.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@infinitechan/hotwheels-a-postmortem-9ea800d9227b|title='Hotwheels'—a postmortem|last=8chan.co|date=July 4, 2016|website=Medium|access-date=December 1, 2016}}</ref> He cited the failure of the "Infinity Next" project and disillusionment with what 8chan had become as reasons.<ref name=":0" />

==Controversies==

===Child pornography===
''[[The Washington Post]]'' described it as "the more-lawless, more-libertarian, more 'free' follow-up to 4chan."<ref name="WashPost">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/01/13/this-is-what-happens-when-you-create-an-online-community-without-any-rules/|title=This is what happens when you create an online community without any rules|work=[[The Washington Post]]|last=Caitlin|first=Dewey|date=January 13, 2015}}</ref> Boards have been created to discuss topics such as [[child rape]]. While the sharing of illegal content is against site rules, ''[[The Daily Dot]]'' wrote that boards do exist to share sexualized images of minors in provocative poses, and that some users of those boards do post links to explicit child pornography hosted elsewhere.<ref name="Howell2014"/> When asked whether such boards were an inevitable result of free speech, Brennan responded, "Unfortunately, yes. I don’t support the content on the boards you mentioned, but it is simply the cost of free speech and being the only active site to not impose more 'laws' than those that were passed in [[Washington, D.C.]]"<ref name="Howell2014"/>

In August 2015, 8chan was blacklisted from [[Google Search]] for containing content constituting "suspected child abuse content."<ref name=ars-8chancensor>{{cite web|title=8chan-hosted content disappears from Google searches|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/08/8chan-hosted-content-disappears-from-google-searches/|last=Machkovech|first=Sam|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=August 14, 2015|accessdate=August 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Gamergate===
{{main article|Gamergate controversy}}
On September 18, 2014, the website gained prominence in the [[Gamergate controversy]] after 4chan banned discussion of Gamergate,<ref name=Howell2014 /><ref name="Chen"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Audureau|first=William|title=4chan, wizardchan, 8chan... s'y retrouver dans la jungle des forums anonymes les plus populaires du Web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2014/10/15/4chan-wizardchan-8chan-le-guide-des-forums-anonymes-les-plus-populaires-du-web_4505380_4408996.html|work=[[Le Monde]]|location=France|language=French|date=October 15, 2014}}</ref> whereupon 8chan became one of several hubs of Gamergate activity.<ref name=Howell2014 /><ref name="Chen">{{cite web|last=Chen|first=Adrian|date=October 27, 2014|url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/10/gamergate-supporters-party-at-strip-club.html|title=Gamergate Supporters Partied at a Strip Club This Weekend|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref><ref name="Buzz"/><ref name="Guardian 2015-01-13" /> "/gg/", 8chan's initial Gamergate-oriented board, also gained attention after being compromised by members of the internet troll group [[Gay Nigger Association of America]], forcing Gamergate activists to migrate to "/gamergate/". This replacement quickly became the site's second most populous board.<ref name="Buzz">{{cite web|last1=Bernstein|first1=Joseph|title=GamerGate's Headquarters Has Been Destroyed By Trolls|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/gamergates-headquarters-has-been-destroyed-by-trolls|work=[[Buzzfeed]]|date=December 4, 2014}}</ref>

===Swatting incidents===
In January 2015 the site was used as a base for [[swatting]] exploits in [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Seattle]], and [[Burnaby|Burnaby, British Columbia]], most of them tied to the victims' criticism of Gamergate and 8chan's association with it;<ref name="Mattise">{{cite web|last=Mattise|first=Nathan|date=January 4, 2015|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/01/8chan-tries-swatting-gamergate-critic-sends-cops-to-an-old-address/|title=8chan tries "swatting" GamerGate critic, sends cops to an old address|work=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> the attacks were coordinated on a [[Internet forum|board]] on the website called "/baphomet/".<ref name="Guardian 2015-01-13">{{cite news |last=Hern |first=Alex |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/13/gamergate-hits-new-low-with-attempts-to-send-swat-teams-to-critics |title=Gamergate hits new low with attempts to send Swat teams to critics |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 13, 2015 |accessdate=January 15, 2015 }}</ref> One of the victims of a swatting attack said that she was singled out because she had followed someone on [[Twitter]].<ref name="GlobalNews 2015-01-15">{{cite news |last=McElroy |first=Justin |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1773840/police-called-to-burnaby-womens-home-by-online-harassers/ |title=Police falsely called to Burnaby women’s home by online harassers |work=[[Global News]] |date=January 15, 2015 |accessdate=January 15, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameranx.com/updates/id/26081/article/canadian-victim-of-gamergate-swatting-attempt-comes-forward/|title=Canadian Victim of Gamergate SWATing Attempt Comes Forward|work=Gameranx|last=Cheong|first=Ian Miles|date=January 13, 2015|accessdate=January 16, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116035109/http://www.gameranx.com/updates/id/26081/article/canadian-victim-of-gamergate-swatting-attempt-comes-forward/|archivedate=January 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://bc.ctvnews.ca/reckless-swatting-prank-sends-police-to-b-c-woman-s-home-1.2189547|title=Reckless ‘swatting’ prank sends police to B.C. woman’s home|work=[[CTV News]]|date=January 14, 2015|accessdate=September 30, 2015|author=}}</ref> On February 9, 2015, contents on the "/baphomet/" subboard were wiped after [[doxxing|personal information]] of [[Katherine B. Forrest|Katherine Forrest]], the presiding judge in the [[Silk Road (marketplace)|Silk Road]] case, had been posted there.<ref name="silkroad">{{Cite web| title = Notorious 8chan "subboard" has history wiped after federal judge’s doxing| first = Sam |last = Machkovech|work = Ars Technica| date = February 12, 2015| accessdate = February 13, 2015| url = https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/02/notorious-8chan-subboard-has-history-wiped-after-federal-judges-doxing/}}</ref>

=== Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016===
In July 2016, US presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] tweeted an image of [[Hillary Clinton]] with a background of money and a six pointed star, seen by some as resembling the [[Star of David]], containing the message "Most corrupt candidate ever". The image had been posted to 8chan's /pol/ board as early as June 22, over a week before Trump's team tweeted it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mic.com/articles/147711/donald-trump-s-star-of-david-hillary-clinton-meme-was-created-by-white-supremacist|title=Mic Discovered Who Created Trump's Anti-Semitic Hillary Meme – And It's Disturbing|first=Anthony|last=Smith|work=[[Mic (media company)|Mic]]|date=July 3, 2016|accessdate=August 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wendling |first=Mike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37021991|title=Trump's shock troops: Who are the 'alt-right'? |work=BBC News |date=August 26, 2016 |accessdate=September 9, 2016}}</ref> [[CBC News]] called 8chan an [[alt-right]] forum.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kwong |first=Matt |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/hillary-clinton-alt-right-donald-trump-white-nationalist-hate-groups-1.3736506|title='Alt-right' rising: Clinton takes on Trump's embrace by white nationalists |work=CBC News |date=August 26, 2016 |accessdate=September 9, 2016}}</ref>

=== QAnon ===
{{main article|QAnon}}
During 2018, a user that refers to himself as "Q" gained attention and promoteds theories about a [[Deep state in the United States|"deep state"]]. [[Sean Hannity]] has notably retweeted QAnon hashtags on his Twitter feed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2018/02/20/anti-abortion-group-operation-rescue-has-become-fully-red-pilled-by-an-8chan-conspiracy-theory_partner/|title=Anti-abortion group Operation Rescue has become fully "red-pilled" by an 8chan conspiracy theory|date=February 20, 2018|work=Salon|access-date=March 14, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mediamatters.org/blog/2018/01/08/infowars-fully-embraces-storm-conspiracy-theory-called-new-pizzagate/219005|title=Infowars fully embraces 'The Storm', a conspiracy theory called "the new Pizzagate"|date=January 8, 2018|work=Media Matters for America|access-date=March 14, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@willsommer/meet-the-storm-the-conspiracy-theory-taking-over-the-pro-trump-internet-3ec94bf7d8a3|title=Meet "The Storm," the conspiracy theory taking over the pro-Trump internet|last=Sommer|first=Will|date=January 12, 2018|website=Medium|access-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref> A group on Reddit was banned on March 14, 2018, over promoting the conspiracy theory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/willsommer/status/974040645781291009|title=Reddit has banned the main subreddit devoted to the right-wing "#QAnon" conspiracy theory popular on Infowars, and is apparently purging a bunch of users' accounts as wellpic.twitter.com/3EZvxbuVJH|last=Sommer|first=Will|date=March 14, 2018|website=@willsommer|language=en|access-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref> The conspiracy has been linked with the [[Pizzagate conspiracy theory|"Pizzagate"]] conspiracy theory. The conspiracy has also been linked to the hashtag, "#FollowTheWhiteRabbit".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/follow-the-white-rabbit-conspiracy-theory/|title='Follow the White Rabbit' is the most bonkers conspiracy theory you will ever read|date=November 21, 2017|access-date=March 14, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Gamergate controversy}}
{{Tor hidden services}}
{{Alt-right footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:8chan}}
[[Category:2channel]]
[[Category:American websites]]
[[Category:Internet trolling]]
[[Category:Community websites]]
[[Category:Free web software]]
[[Category:Internet forums]]
[[Category:Imageboards]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2013]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies]]
[[Category:Tor hidden services]]

8kun

2018-08-19T10:30:04Z

DocWatson42: /* Gamergate */ Performed minor cleanup.

{{other uses|8chan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox website
| name = 8chan
| logo = InfiniteChan∞chanLogo.svg
| logo alt = A green infinity symbol left of the word chan.
| logo caption =
| logo size = 200px
| screenshot =
| alt =
| caption =
| url = {{URL|https://8ch.net}}
| slogan =
| commercial = Yes
| type = [[Imageboard]]
| language = English (users can create language specific boards)
| registration = Optional
| author = [[Fredrick Brennan]]
| owner = [[:ja:ジム・ワトキンス|Jim Watkins]] N.T. Technology ([[2channel]])<ref>[https://8ch.net/who.html 8chan] – Who owns 8chan?</ref>
| launch date = {{start date and age|2013|10|22|df=no}}
| alexa = {{DecreasePositive}} 3,857 (Global, April 2018) 1,436 (United States, April 2018)<ref name="alexa">{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/8ch.net |title= 8ch.net Site Info | publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= April 11, 2018 }}</ref>
| current status = Online
}}

'''8chan,''' also called '''Infinitechan''' or '''Infinitychan''' (sometimes stylized as '''∞chan'''), is an American [[imageboard]] website composed of user-created [[Internet forum|boards]]. Each board is moderated by its owner, with minimal interaction from other site administration.<ref name="faq">{{cite web|last=Brennan|first=Fredrick|url=https://8ch.net/faq.html|title=FAQ|publisher=Infinitechan|website=8chan.co|accessdate=November 23, 2014}}</ref> To own a board one must either create it or claim it if the board has had inactivity for over a week.

Several of the site's boards have played an active role in the [[Gamergate controversy]], encouraging Gamergate affiliates to frequent 8chan after the topic was banned on the unaffiliated imageboard [[4chan]]. The site has been linked to Internet [[subculture]]s and activism.

As of April 2018, the site is the 3,857th most visited site in the world,<ref name="alexa" /> and in November 2014, it was receiving an average of 35,000 unique visitors per day and 400,000 posts per week.<ref name=Howell2014 />

==History==
8chan was created in October 2013 by computer programmer [[Fredrick Brennan]],<ref name=Howell2014 /><ref>{{cite interview|last=Brennan |first=Fredrick |interviewer=Sam Machkovech |title=Full transcript: Ars interviews 8chan founder Fredrick Brennan |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2015/03/full-transcript-ars-interviews-8chan-founder-fredrick-brennan/ |work=Ars Technica |accessdate=June 15, 2015 |date=March 17, 2015 |deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125135937/http://arstechnica.com/business/2015/03/full-transcript-ars-interviews-8chan-founder-fredrick-brennan/ |archivedate=November 25, 2015 }}</ref> also known by the nickname "Hotwheels."<ref name="KYM"/> Brennan created the website after he observed what he perceived to be rapidly escalating [[surveillance]] and a loss of [[free speech]] on the Internet.<ref name=Howell2014 /> Brennan, who considers the imageboard [[4chan]] to have grown into authoritarianism, describes 8chan as a "free-speech-friendly" alternative,<ref name="Howell2014">{{cite web|last=Howell O'Neill|first=Patrick|date=November 17, 2014|url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/8chan-pedophiles-child-porn-gamergate/|title=8chan, the central hive of Gamergate, is also an active pedophile network|work=The Daily Dot}}</ref> and originally conceptualized the site while experiencing a [[psychedelic experience|psychedelic mushrooms trip]].<ref name="KYM"/><ref name=WashPost />

No experience or programming knowledge is necessary for users to create their own boards.<ref name="faq" /> Since as early as March 2014, its [[FAQ]] has stated only one rule that is to be globally enforced: "Do not post, request, or link to any content illegal in the United States of America. Do not create boards with the sole purpose of posting or spreading such content."<ref name="faq" /> Brennan has claimed that, while he finds some of the content posted by users to be "reprehensible," he feels personally obligated to uphold the site's integrity by tolerating discussion he does not necessarily support regardless of his moral stance.<ref name=Howell2014 />

Brennan agreed to partner 8chan with the Japanese message board [[2channel]],<ref name="KYM">{{cite interview|url=http://knowyourmeme.com/blog/interviews/qa-with-fredrick-brennan-of-8chan|title=Q&A with Fredrick Brennan of 8chan|last=Brennan |first=Fredrick |interviewer=Don Caldwell |date=October 9, 2014|work=[[Know Your Meme]]|accessdate=December 18, 2014}}</ref> and subsequently relocated to the [[Philippines]] in October 2014.<ref name=Chen />

In January 2015, the site changed its [[Domain name|domain]] 8chan.co to 8ch.net after multiple people filed reports complaining to 8chan’s [[Domain name registrar|registrar]] that the message board hosted [[child pornography]]. Despite subsequently regaining the domain, the site remained at 8ch.net, with the old domain redirecting to it.<ref name=WashPost />

Numerous bugs in the Infinity software led to the funding and development of a successor platform dubbed "Infinity Next". After a several-month-long testing period, a migration to the new software was attempted in December 2015, but failed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ghostbin.com/paste/qt2ww |format=Plaintext |title=qt2ww |last=Moon |first=Joshua |date=December 19, 2015 |accessdate=December 20, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20151219125144/https://ghostbin.com/paste/qt2ww |archivedate=December 19, 2015 }}</ref>{{clarify|date=December 2015}} In January 2016, development was halted, and the main developer, Joshua Moon, was fired by Brennan.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brennan|first1=Fredrick|title=Infinity Never|url=https://medium.com/@infinitechan/infinity-never-3d5f733af739#.dfm7b7te5|website=Medium|accessdate=February 2, 2016|language=English|date=January 26, 2016}}</ref> Brennan himself would officially resign in July 2016, turning the site over to its owner, Jim Watkins and his son, Ron.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@infinitechan/hotwheels-a-postmortem-9ea800d9227b|title="Hotwheels" — a postmortem|last=8chan.co|date=July 4, 2016|website=Medium|access-date=December 1, 2016}}</ref> He cited the failure of the "Infinity Next" project and disillusionment with what 8chan had become as reasons.<ref name=":0" />

==Controversies==

===Child pornography===
''[[The Washington Post]]'' described it as "the more-lawless, more-libertarian, more 'free' follow-up to 4chan."<ref name="WashPost">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/01/13/this-is-what-happens-when-you-create-an-online-community-without-any-rules/|title=This is what happens when you create an online community without any rules|work=[[The Washington Post]]|last=Caitlin|first=Dewey|date=January 13, 2015}}</ref> Boards have been created to discuss topics such as [[child rape]]. While the sharing of illegal content is against site rules, ''[[The Daily Dot]]'' wrote that boards do exist to share sexualized images of minors in provocative poses, and that some users of those boards do post links to explicit child pornography hosted elsewhere.<ref name="Howell2014"/> When asked whether such boards were an inevitable result of free speech, Brennan responded, "Unfortunately, yes. I don’t support the content on the boards you mentioned, but it is simply the cost of free speech and being the only active site to not impose more 'laws' than those that were passed in [[Washington, D.C.]]"<ref name="Howell2014"/>

In August 2015, 8chan was blacklisted from [[Google Search]] for containing content constituting "suspected child abuse content."<ref name=ars-8chancensor>{{cite web|title=8chan-hosted content disappears from Google searches|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/08/8chan-hosted-content-disappears-from-google-searches/|last=Machkovech|first=Sam|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=August 14, 2015|accessdate=August 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Gamergate===
{{main article|Gamergate controversy}}
On September 18, 2014, the website gained prominence in the [[Gamergate controversy]] after 4chan banned discussion of Gamergate,<ref name=Howell2014 /><ref name="Chen"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Audureau|first=William|title=4chan, wizardchan, 8chan... s'y retrouver dans la jungle des forums anonymes les plus populaires du Web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2014/10/15/4chan-wizardchan-8chan-le-guide-des-forums-anonymes-les-plus-populaires-du-web_4505380_4408996.html|work=[[Le Monde]]|location=France|language=French|date=October 15, 2014}}</ref> whereupon 8chan became one of several hubs of Gamergate activity.<ref name=Howell2014 /><ref name="Chen">{{cite web|last=Chen|first=Adrian|date=October 27, 2014|url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/10/gamergate-supporters-party-at-strip-club.html|title=Gamergate Supporters Partied at a Strip Club This Weekend|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref><ref name="Buzz"/><ref name="Guardian 2015-01-13" /> "/gg/", 8chan's initial Gamergate-oriented board, also gained attention after being compromised by members of the internet troll group [[Gay Nigger Association of America]], forcing Gamergate activists to migrate to "/gamergate/". This replacement quickly became the site's second most populous board.<ref name="Buzz">{{cite web|last1=Bernstein|first1=Joseph|title=GamerGate's Headquarters Has Been Destroyed By Trolls|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/gamergates-headquarters-has-been-destroyed-by-trolls|work=[[Buzzfeed]]|date=December 4, 2014}}</ref>

===Swatting incidents===
In January 2015 the site was used as a base for [[swatting]] exploits in [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Seattle]], and [[Burnaby|Burnaby, British Columbia]], most of them tied to the victims' criticism of Gamergate and 8chan's association with it;<ref name="Mattise">{{cite web|last=Mattise|first=Nathan|date=January 4, 2015|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/01/8chan-tries-swatting-gamergate-critic-sends-cops-to-an-old-address/|title=8chan tries "swatting" GamerGate critic, sends cops to an old address|work=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> the attacks were coordinated on a [[Internet forum|board]] on the website called "/baphomet/".<ref name="Guardian 2015-01-13">{{cite news |last=Hern |first=Alex |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/13/gamergate-hits-new-low-with-attempts-to-send-swat-teams-to-critics |title=Gamergate hits new low with attempts to send Swat teams to critics |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 13, 2015 |accessdate=January 15, 2015 }}</ref> One of the victims of a swatting attack said that she was singled out because she had followed someone on [[Twitter]].<ref name="GlobalNews 2015-01-15">{{cite news |last=McElroy |first=Justin |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1773840/police-called-to-burnaby-womens-home-by-online-harassers/ |title=Police falsely called to Burnaby women’s home by online harassers |work=[[Global News]] |date=January 15, 2015 |accessdate=January 15, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameranx.com/updates/id/26081/article/canadian-victim-of-gamergate-swatting-attempt-comes-forward/|title=Canadian Victim of Gamergate SWATing Attempt Comes Forward|work=Gameranx|last=Cheong|first=Ian Miles|date=January 13, 2015|accessdate=January 16, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116035109/http://www.gameranx.com/updates/id/26081/article/canadian-victim-of-gamergate-swatting-attempt-comes-forward/|archivedate=January 16, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://bc.ctvnews.ca/reckless-swatting-prank-sends-police-to-b-c-woman-s-home-1.2189547|title=Reckless ‘swatting’ prank sends police to B.C. woman’s home|work=[[CTV News]]|date=January 14, 2015|accessdate=September 30, 2015|author=}}</ref> On February 9, 2015, contents on the "/baphomet/" subboard were wiped after [[doxxing|personal information]] of [[Katherine B. Forrest|Katherine Forrest]], the presiding judge in the [[Silk Road (marketplace)|Silk Road]] case, had been posted there.<ref name="silkroad">{{Cite web| title = Notorious 8chan "subboard" has history wiped after federal judge’s doxing| first = Sam |last = Machkovech|work = Ars Technica| date = February 12, 2015| accessdate = February 13, 2015| url = https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/02/notorious-8chan-subboard-has-history-wiped-after-federal-judges-doxing/}}</ref>

=== Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016===
In July 2016, US presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] tweeted an image of [[Hillary Clinton]] with a background of money and a six pointed star, seen by some as resembling the [[Star of David]], containing the message "Most corrupt candidate ever". The image had been posted to 8chan's /pol/ board as early as June 22, over a week before Trump's team tweeted it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mic.com/articles/147711/donald-trump-s-star-of-david-hillary-clinton-meme-was-created-by-white-supremacist|title=Mic Discovered Who Created Trump's Anti-Semitic Hillary Meme – And It's Disturbing|first=Anthony|last=Smith|work=[[Mic (media company)|Mic]]|date=July 3, 2016|accessdate=August 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wendling |first=Mike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37021991|title=Trump's shock troops: Who are the 'alt-right'? |work=BBC News |date=August 26, 2016 |accessdate=September 9, 2016}}</ref> [[CBC News]] called 8chan an [[alt-right]] forum.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kwong |first=Matt |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/hillary-clinton-alt-right-donald-trump-white-nationalist-hate-groups-1.3736506|title='Alt-right' rising: Clinton takes on Trump's embrace by white nationalists |work=CBC News |date=August 26, 2016 |accessdate=September 9, 2016}}</ref>

=== QAnon ===
{{main article|QAnon}}
During 2018, a user that refers to himself as "Q" gained attention and promoteds theories about a [[Deep state in the United States|"deep state"]]. [[Sean Hannity]] has notably retweeted QAnon hashtags on his Twitter feed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2018/02/20/anti-abortion-group-operation-rescue-has-become-fully-red-pilled-by-an-8chan-conspiracy-theory_partner/|title=Anti-abortion group Operation Rescue has become fully "red-pilled" by an 8chan conspiracy theory|date=February 20, 2018|work=Salon|access-date=March 14, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mediamatters.org/blog/2018/01/08/infowars-fully-embraces-storm-conspiracy-theory-called-new-pizzagate/219005|title=Infowars fully embraces 'The Storm', a conspiracy theory called "the new Pizzagate"|date=January 8, 2018|work=Media Matters for America|access-date=March 14, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@willsommer/meet-the-storm-the-conspiracy-theory-taking-over-the-pro-trump-internet-3ec94bf7d8a3|title=Meet "The Storm," the conspiracy theory taking over the pro-Trump internet|last=Sommer|first=Will|date=January 12, 2018|website=Medium|access-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref> A group on Reddit was banned on March 14, 2018, over promoting the conspiracy theory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/willsommer/status/974040645781291009|title=Reddit has banned the main subreddit devoted to the right-wing "#QAnon" conspiracy theory popular on Infowars, and is apparently purging a bunch of users' accounts as wellpic.twitter.com/3EZvxbuVJH|last=Sommer|first=Will|date=March 14, 2018|website=@willsommer|language=en|access-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref> The conspiracy has been linked with the [[Pizzagate conspiracy theory|"Pizzagate"]] conspiracy theory. The conspiracy has also been linked to the hashtag, "#FollowTheWhiteRabbit".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/follow-the-white-rabbit-conspiracy-theory/|title='Follow the White Rabbit' is the most bonkers conspiracy theory you will ever read|date=November 21, 2017|access-date=March 14, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Gamergate controversy}}
{{Tor hidden services}}
{{Alt-right footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:8chan}}
[[Category:2channel]]
[[Category:American websites]]
[[Category:Internet trolling]]
[[Category:Community websites]]
[[Category:Free web software]]
[[Category:Internet forums]]
[[Category:Imageboards]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2013]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies]]
[[Category:Tor hidden services]]

QAnon

2018-08-02T11:22:26Z

DocWatson42: /* Further reading */ Cleaned up references.

{{pp-protected|expiry=00:54, 22 September 2018|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2018}}

'''QAnon''' ({{IPAc-en|k|j|uː|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|n}}) refers to a [[conspiracy theory]] centered on '''Q''', an [[online handle]] used on several [[image board]]s by a presumably [[Americans|American]]<ref name="nymag" /> pseudonymous individual or group of individuals<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theepochtimes.com/the-q-phenomenon_2581642.html|title=The 'Q' Phenomenon|last=Philipp|first=Joshua|date=July 2, 2018|work=The Epoch Times|access-date=July 14, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name="lvrj">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/crime/courts/suspect-in-hoover-dam-standoff-writes-trump-cites-conspiracy-in-letters/|title=Suspect in Hoover Dam standoff writes Trump, cites conspiracy in letters|last=Brean|first=Henry|date=July 13, 2018|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|access-date=July 14, 2018|language=en-US|issn=1097-1645}}</ref> claiming to have access to classified information involving the [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] and its opponents in the [[United States]], and detailing a supposed secret counter-coup against the alleged "[[Deep state in the United States|deep state]]".

The [[conspiracy theory]], mainly popularized by supporters of U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] under the names ''The Storm'' and ''The Great Awakening'', has been widely characterized as a "baseless",<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/01/us/politics/what-is-qanon.html|title=What Is QAnon: Explaining the Internet Conspiracy Theory That Showed Up at a Trump Rally|last=Bank|first=Justin|last2=Stack|first2=Liam|last3=Victor|first3=Daniel|date=August 1, 2018|access-date=August 1, 2018|website=The New York Times|language=en|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/fringe-conspiracy-theory-qanon-there-s-plenty-merch-sale-amazon-n892561|title=Like the fringe conspiracy theory Qanon? There’s plenty of merch for sale on Amazon|last=Zadrozny|first=Brandy|last2= Collins|first2=Ben|date=July 18, 2018|work=NBC News|access-date=July 30, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thinkprogress.org/roseanne-barr-terrible-tweets-racist-abc-stays-silent-0bfe7cdc7996/|title=ABC cancels Roseanne Barr’s show after she posts racist, conspiratorial tweets|last=Rupar|first=Aaron|date=May 29, 2018|work=ThinkProgress|access-date=July 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> "unhinged",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2018/05/29/roseanne-ruined-roseanne/|title=Roseanne Ruined 'Roseanne'|last=Di Placido|first=Dani|date=May 29, 2018|work=Forbes|access-date=July 5, 2018|language=en|issn=0015-6914}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thinkprogress.org/rosanne-barr-promotes-pro-trump-conspiracy-theory-d52a65887183/|title=Roseanne Barr promotes an unhinged pro-Trump conspiracy theory on Twitter|last=Culp-Ressler|first=Tara|date=March 31, 2018|work=ThinkProgress|access-date=July 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> and "deranged conspiracy cult".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/08/01/we-are-q-a-deranged-conspiracy-cult-leaps-from-the-internet-to-the-crowd-at-trumps-maga-tour/|title=‘We are Q’: A deranged conspiracy cult leaps from the Internet to the crowd at Trump’s ‘MAGA’ tour|last=Stanley-Becker|first=Isaac|date=August 1, 2018|website=Washington Post|language=en|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>

Prominent adherents to the conspiracy theory include [[Roseanne Barr]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Curt Schilling]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/curt-schilling-backs-pro-trump-qanon-conspiracy-theory|title=Curt Schilling Backs Pro-Trump ‘QAnon’ Conspiracy Theory|last=Sommer|first=Will|date=June 26, 2018|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=July 5, 2018|language=en}}</ref> [[Ben Garrison]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/a-new-wave-of-qanon-activists-emerge-from-the-cult-of-maga/|title=A New Wave Of ‘QAnon’ Activists Emerge From The Cult Of MAGA|last=Holt|first=Jared|date=July 9, 2018|work=Right Wing Watch|access-date=July 13, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Laura Loomer]],<ref name=":4" /> [[Cheryl Sullenger]]<ref name=":2" /> and [[Lionel (radio personality)|Michael "Lionel" Lebron]].<ref group="tweet">{{cite tweet|number=995277257466896385|user=LionelNation|title=I'm a Proud Dedicated #QAnon Believer|author=The Lionel Nation|author-link=Lionel (radio personality)|date=May 12, 2018}}</ref> Personalities such as [[James Woods]]<ref group="tweet">{{cite tweet|number=990653477218017280|user=RealJamesWoods|title=I’m holding back my thoughts on #Q. Let’s see where the wind blows.|author=James Woods|author-link=James Woods|date=April 29, 2018}}</ref> and [[Jenna Jameson]]<ref group="tweet">{{cite tweet|number=947331329288368128|user=jennajameson|title=This hashtag though ——> #QAnon|author=Jenna Jameson|author-link=Jenna Jameson|date=December 31, 2017}}</ref> have publicly acknowledged the topic.

==Posting campaign==
===Origin===
A person identifying as "Q Clearance Patriot" first appeared on the [[/pol/]] board of [[4chan]] on October 28, 2017, posting messages in a thread entitled "Calm Before the Storm",<ref name="nymag">{{cite news|url=http://nymag.com/selectall/2017/12/qanon-4chan-the-storm-conspiracy-explained.html|title=The Storm Is the New Pizzagate — Only Worse|last=Martineau|first=Paris|date=December 19, 2017|work=New York Magazine|access-date=March 26, 2018|issn=0028-7369}}</ref> which was a reference to Trump's cryptic description of a gathering of military leaders as "the calm before the storm".<ref name="nymag" /><ref name="newsweek" /> The poster later moved to [[8chan]], citing alleged security concerns.<ref name=":5" />

The handle implied that the anonymous poster held [[Q clearance]],<ref name="avclub">{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/theres-a-new-insane-conspiracy-theory-tearing-up-4chan-1821432397|title=There's a new, insane conspiracy theory tearing up 4chan|last=Colburn|first=Randall|date=December 19, 2017|work=AV Club}}</ref><ref name="ibt" /> a [[United States Department of Energy]] [[security clearance]] with access to classified information.

===False claims===
{{Expand section|date=July 2018}}
QAnon's posting campaign has a history of false, baseless and unsubstantiated claims. For example, QAnon has claimed on multiple occasions that [[North Korea]]n [[List of leaders of North Korea|Supreme Leader]] [[Kim Jong-un]] is a [[puppet ruler]] installed by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ywex8v/what-is-qanon-conspiracy-theory|title=A Guide to QAnon, the New King of Right-Wing Conspiracy Theories|last=Caffier|first=Justin|date=June 12, 2018|work=Vice|access-date=July 15, 2018|language=en-us|issn=1077-6788}}</ref>

On February 16, 2018, QAnon falsely accused [[U.S. Representative]] and former [[Democratic National Committee]] chairwoman [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]] of hiring [[El Salvador]]ian gang [[MS-13]] to murder DNC staffer [[Seth Rich]].<ref name="newsweek" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/qanon-the-storm/|title=The QAnon Conspiracy Is the Oldest Scam Out There|last=Rothschild|first=Mike|date=March 19, 2018|work=The Daily Dot|access-date=July 14, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Identity==
There has been much speculation regarding the motive and the identity of the poster, with theories ranging from the poster being a military intelligence officer to the posting campaign being an [[alternate reality game]] by [[Cicada 3301]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/who-is-q-anon/|title=Who is Q Anon, the internet's most mysterious poster?|last=Rothschild|first=Mike|date=May 29, 2018|work=The Daily Dot|access-date=July 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reactions==
[[Fox News]] commentator [[Sean Hannity]] has tweeted about QAnon, and the Russian government-funded network [[RT News]] has discussed the topic.<ref name=ibt>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/what-storm-conspiracy-theory-that-mysterious-white-house-official-qanon-leaking-secrets-1655194|title=What is The Storm? Conspiracy theory that mysterious White House official leaks secrets|first=Kashmira|last=Gander|date=January 15, 2018|work=International Business Times}}</ref>

The conspiracy theory was initially promoted by [[Alex Jones]] and [[Jerome Corsi]],<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/how-storm-biggest-fake-news-story-796725|title=How 'the Storm' Became the Biggest Fake News Story of 2018|last=Hayden|first=Michael Edison|date=February 1, 2018|work=Newsweek|issn=0028-9604|access-date=April 5, 2018}}</ref> but in May 2018 [[Right Wing Watch]] reported that Jones and Corsi had ceased to support QAnon, declaring the source to now be "completely compromised".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/stick-a-fork-in-qanon-alex-jones-and-jerome-corsi-claim-that-qanon-has-been-completely-compromised/|title=Stick A Fork In QAnon: Alex Jones And Jerome Corsi Claim That QAnon Has Been ‘Completely Compromised’|last=Mantyla|first=Kyle|date=May 11, 2018|work=Right Wing Watch|access-date=July 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2018, [[Reddit]] banned one of its communities discussing QAnon, /r/CBTS_Stream, for "encouraging or inciting violence and posting personal and confidential information". Following this, some followers moved to [[Discord (software)|Discord]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/3/15/17123964/reddit-discord-server-bans-cbts-uncensored-news|title=How closely do Discord and Reddit work together?|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=March 15, 2018|website=Polygon|access-date=April 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/reddit-bans-r-cbts_stream/|title=Reddit bans popular deep state conspiracy forum for 'inciting violence'|first=Andrew|last=Wyrich|date=March 15, 2018|access-date=April 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

On March 13, 2018, [[Operation Rescue (Kansas)|Operation Rescue]] vice president and pro-life activist [[Cheryl Sullenger]] referred to QAnon as a "small group of insiders close to President Donald J. Trump" and called his internet postings the "highest level of intelligence to ever be dropped publicly in our known history".<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/operation-rescue-hypes-qanon-blockbuster-intel-drop-about-planned-parenthood/|title=Operation Rescue Hypes QAnon ‘Blockbuster Intel Drop’ About Planned Parenthood|last=Blue|first=Miranda|date=March 15, 2018|work=Right Wing Watch|access-date=April 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.operationrescue.org/archives/blockbuster-intel-drop-reveals-trump-is-trying-to-end-planned-parenthood-twitter-attempts-censorship/|title=Blockbuster Intel Drop Reveals Trump is Trying to “End” Planned Parenthood – Twitter Attempts Censorship|date=March 13, 2018|first=Cheryl|last=Sullenger|author-link=Cheryl Sullenger|work=Operation Rescue|access-date=April 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

On March 15, 2018, [[Kiev]]-based ''[[:uk:Рабочая газета|Rabochaya Gazeta]]'', the official newspaper of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]], published an article calling QAnon a "military intelligence group".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://rg.kiev.ua/page5/article41143|title=Доживают ли Гавайи свои последние дни?|last=Gamma|first=Viktor|date=May 25, 2018|work=Rabochaya Gazeta|access-date=July 5, 2018|trans-title=Are we witnessing the final days of Hawaii?|lang=ru}}</ref>

On March 31, 2018, U.S. actress [[Roseanne Barr]] appeared to promote the conspiracy theory, which was subsequently covered by [[CNN]], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/31/politics/roseanne-barr-conspiracy-tweets/index.html|title=Roseanne tweets support of Trump conspiracy theory, confuses Twitter|last=Cole|first=Devan|work=CNN|access-date=April 1, 2018|date=December 19, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/03/31/the-conspiracy-theory-behind-a-curious-roseanne-barr-tweet-explained/|title=Analysis {{!}} The conspiracy theory behind a curious Roseanne Barr tweet, explained|last=Weigel|first=David|author-link=David Weigel|date=March 31, 2018|work=Washington Post|access-date=April 1, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/media/381123-roseanne-barr-faces-social-media-backlash-over-trump-conspiracy-theory-tweet |title= Roseanne Barr faces backlash over Trump conspiracy theory tweet |last=Bowden |first= Tohn |work=The Hill |access-date=March 31, 2018|date=March 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/06/opinion/qanon-trump-conspiracy-theory.html|title=Opinion {{!}} The Conspiracy Theory That Says Trump Is a Genius|date=April 6, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 6, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|first=Michelle|last=Goldberg|author-link=Michelle Goldberg}}</ref>

On June 15, 2018, a man armed with an [[Colt AR-15|AR-15]] was arrested after driving an armored vehicle to the [[Hoover Dam]] and blocking traffic on what he said was a mission from QAnon: to demand that the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] "release the [[United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General|OIG]] report" on the conduct of FBI agents during the investigation into [[Hillary Clinton email controversy|Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server]].<ref name="lvrj" /><ref name="nyt" /><ref name="tampabay">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tampabay.com/florida-politics/buzz/2018/07/16/conspiracy-theorist-qanon-promoted-then-deleted-by-hillsborough-county-gop/|title=Conspiracy theorist QAnon promoted, then deleted, by Hillsborough County GOP|last=March|first=William|date=July 16, 2018|work=Tampa Bay Times|access-date=July 16, 2018|issn=2327-9052}}</ref> The report had actually been released the day before, but followers of the conspiracy theory believe a secret, more damning report exists.<ref name="nyt" />

On June 26, 2018, [[WikiLeaks]] publicly accused QAnon of "leading anti-establishment Trump voters to embrace regime change and neo-conservatism".<ref group="tweet">{{cite tweet|number=1011441579565953025|user=wikileaks|title=Why is "Qanon" leading anti-establishment Trump voters to embrace regime change and neo-conservatism?|author=WikiLeaks|author-link=WikiLeaks|date=June 26, 2016}}</ref> QAnon had previously pushed for regime change in Iran.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/pro-trump-conspiracy-monger-qanon-calls-for-regime-change-in-iran/244686/|title=Pro-Trump Conspiracy-Monger “QAnon” Calls for Regime Change in Iran|last=Webb|first=Whitney|date=June 25, 2018|work=MintPress News|access-date=July 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Two days later, the whistleblower organization shared an analysis by [[Internet Party (New Zealand)|Internet Party]] president Suzie Dawson, claiming that QAnon's posting campaign is an "intelligence agency-backed [[Psychological warfare|psyop]]" aiming to "round up people that are otherwise dangerous to the Deep State (because they are genuinely opposed to it) usurp time & attention, & trick them into serving its aims".<ref group="tweet">{{cite tweet|number=1000795757983780865|user=wikileaks|title=
This analysis, unfortunately, increasingly appears that it may be correct|author=WikiLeaks|author-link=WikiLeaks|date=June 28, 2016}}</ref>

On June 28, 2018, a [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] article listed the anonymous "Q" among the 25 Most Influential People on the Internet in 2018. Counting more than 130,000 related discussion videos on YouTube, ''Time'' cited the wide range of this conspiracy theory and its more prominent followers and spreading news coverage.<ref name="timemag">{{cite news |url=http://time.com/5324130/most-influential-internet/ |title=25 Most Influential People on the Internet|issn=0040-781X |last=Chan |first=Melissa |date=June 28, 2018 |work=Time |access-date=June 28, 2018}}</ref>

On July 4, 2018, the [[Hillsborough County, Florida|Hillsborough County]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] shared on its official Facebook and Twitter accounts a YouTube video on QAnon, calling QAnon a "mysterious anonymous inside leaker of deep state activities and counter activities by President Trump". The posts were then deleted.<ref name="tampabay" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Thomsen |first=Jacqueline |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/397615-florida-county-gop-promoted-conspiracy-theory-on-twitter |title=Florida county GOP promoted, then deleted, conspiracy theory on Twitter |date=July 18, 2018 |work=The Hill |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>

An app called "QDrops" which promoted the conspiracy theory was published on the [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] and [[Google Play]]. It became the most popular paid app in the "entertainment" section of Apple's online store in April 2018, and the tenth most popular paid app overall. Apple pulled the app after an inquiry from [[NBC News]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/exclusive-apple-google-cashed-pizzagate-offshoot-conspiracy-app-n891726 |title=Apple, Google cashed in on Pizzagate-offshoot conspiracy app |last=Collins |first=Ben|date=July 16, 2018 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=July 19, 2018 |last2=Zadrozny |first2=Brandy |language=en-US}}</ref>

On August 1, 2018, following the ''en masse'' presence of QAnon supporters at the July 31, 2018 [[List of post-election Donald Trump rallies|Trump rally]] in [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]], [[Florida]],<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-qanon-conspiracy-theorists-showed-support-trump-tampa-rally-1051708|title=QAnon: Conspiracy theorists determined to expose a “deep state” child abuse ring show up to support Trump in Tampa|last=Porter|first=Tom|date=August 1, 2018|work=Newsweek|access-date=August 1, 2018|language=en}}</ref> [[MSNBC]] news anchors [[Hallie Jackson]], [[Brian Williams]], and [[Chris Hayes]] dedicated a portion of their respective television programs to the conspiracy theory.<ref>{{Cite episode|url=https://www.msnbc.com/hallie-jackson/watch/-we-are-q-conspiracy-cult-leaps-from-the-internet-to-trump-rally-1289927747781|title=Who is 'QAnon'? Bizarre conspiracy cult leaps from web to Trump rally|last=Jackson|first=Hallie|author-link=Hallie Jackson|series=MSNBC Live|series-link=MSNBC Live|date=August 1, 2018|publisher=MSNBC|access-date=August 1, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode|url=https://www.msnbc.com/brian-williams/watch/what-does-the-conspiracy-group-qanon-have-to-do-with-trump-1290472515536|title=What does the conspiracy group QAnon have to do with Trump?|last=Williams|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Williams|series=The 11th Hour with Brian Williams|series-link=The 11th Hour (news program)|date=August 2, 2018|publisher=MSNBC|access-date=August 2, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode|url=https://www.msnbc.com/all-in/watch/what-is-qanon-1290356291810|title=What is QAnon?|last=Hayes|first=Chris|author-link=Chris Hayes|series=All In with Chris Hayes|series-link=All In with Chris Hayes|date=August 1, 2018|publisher=MSNBC|access-date=August 2, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Responding to a question by [[David Martosko]] of ''[[Daily Mail|The Daily Mail]]'' asking if the White House encouraged the support of "QAnon fringe groups"—in light of their apparent hostile behavior toward [[CNN]] chief [[White House correspondent]] Jim Acosta<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/trump-florida-rally-supporters-cnn-jim-acosta-tampa-maga-a8472436.html|title=Trump supporters filmed hurling sustained abuse at journalists following 'Make America Great Again' rally|last=Embury-Dennis|first=Tom|date=August 1, 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=August 1, 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0951-9467}}</ref>—[[White House Press Secretary]] [[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]] denounced "any group that would incite violence against another individual", without specifically responding to the QAnon mention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2018/08/01/sanders-denounces-media-hecklers-at-trump-rally-then-slams-the-media/|title=Sanders denounces media hecklers at Trump rally – then slams the media|last=Fredericks|first=Bob|date=July 1, 2018|work=New York Post|access-date=July 1, 2018|language=en|issn=1090-3321}}</ref> She added that President Trump "certainly doesn't support groups that would support that type of behavior".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/01/politics/qanon-trump/|title=QAnon is the one conspiracy theory to rule them all|last=Cillizza|first=Chris|date=August 1, 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Murder of Seth Rich]]
* [[Operation Mockingbird]]
* [[Pizzagate conspiracy theory]]

==References==
===Sources===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Tweets===
{{reflist|group=tweet|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/01/us/politics/what-is-qanon.html|title=What Is QAnon: Explaining the Internet Conspiracy Theory That Showed Up at a Trump Rally|last=Bank|first=Justin|last2=Stack|first2=Liam|last3=Victor|first3=Daniel|date=August 1, 2018|website=The New York Times|language=en|issn=0362-4331}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/08/01/why-the-qanon-conspiracy-is-the-natural-culmination-of-the-trump-era/|title=Why the QAnon conspiracy is the natural culmination of the Trump era|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=August 1, 2018|website=The Washington Post|language=en|issn=0190-8286}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/264627/the-story-of-q|title=The Story of Q|last=Mann|first=Ted|author-link=Ted Mann (writer)|date=June 19, 2018|website=Tablet|language=en|issn=2381-5663}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/as-the-bizarre-qanon-group-emerges-trump-rallies-go-from-nasty-to-dangerous/2018/08/01/063ed6f8-9585-11e8-a679-b09212fb69c2_story.html|title=As the bizarre QAnon group emerges, Trump rallies go from nasty to dangerous|last=Sullivan|first=Margaret|author-link=Margaret Sullivan (journalist)|date=August 1, 2018|website=The Washington Post|language=en|issn=0190-8286}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline}}

{{Conspiracy theories}}
{{Alt-right}}

[[Category:2010s controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:4chan phenomena]]
[[Category:Anonymous bloggers]]
[[Category:Classified information in the United States]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories in the United States]]
[[Category:Fringe theories]]
[[Category:Internet manipulation and propaganda]]
[[Category:Propaganda in the United States]]
[[Category:Psychological warfare]]
[[Category:Satanic ritual abuse hysteria in the United States]]
[[Category:Unidentified people]]

8kun

2018-08-02T11:14:54Z

DocWatson42: /* Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016 */ Added a comma.

{{other uses|8chan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox website
| name = 8chan
| logo = InfiniteChan∞chanLogo.svg
| logo alt = A green infinity symbol left of the word chan.
| logo caption =
| logo size = 200px
| screenshot =
| alt =
| caption =
| url = {{URL|https://8ch.net}}
| slogan =
| commercial = Yes
| type = [[Imageboard]]
| language = English (users can create language specific boards)
| registration = Optional
| author = [[Fredrick Brennan]]
| owner = [[:ja:ジム・ワトキンス|Jim Watkins]] N.T. Technology ([[2channel]])<ref>[https://8ch.net/who.html 8chan] – Who owns 8chan?</ref>
| launch date = {{start date and age|2013|10|22|df=no}}
| alexa = {{DecreasePositive}} 3,857 (Global, April 2018) 1,436 (United States, April 2018)<ref name="alexa">{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/8ch.net |title= 8ch.net Site Info | publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= April 11, 2018 }}</ref>
| current status = Online
}}

'''8chan,''' also called '''Infinitechan''' or '''Infinitychan''' (sometimes stylized as '''∞chan'''), is an American [[imageboard]] website composed of user-created [[Internet forum|boards]]. Each board is moderated by its owner, with minimal interaction from other site administration.<ref name="faq">{{cite web|last=Brennan|first=Fredrick|url=https://8ch.net/faq.html|title=FAQ|publisher=Infinitechan|website=8chan.co|accessdate=November 23, 2014}}</ref> To own a board one must either create it or claim it if the board has had inactivity for over a week.

Several of the site's boards have played an active role in the [[Gamergate controversy]], encouraging Gamergate affiliates to frequent 8chan after the topic was banned on the unaffiliated imageboard [[4chan]]. The site has been linked to Internet [[subculture]]s and activism.

As of April 2018, the site is the 3,857th most visited site in the world,<ref name="alexa" /> and in November 2014, it was receiving an average of 35,000 unique visitors per day and 400,000 posts per week.<ref name=Howell2014 />

==History==
8chan was created in October 2013 by computer programmer [[Fredrick Brennan]],<ref name=Howell2014 /><ref>{{cite interview|last=Brennan |first=Fredrick |interviewer=Sam Machkovech |title=Full transcript: Ars interviews 8chan founder Fredrick Brennan |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2015/03/full-transcript-ars-interviews-8chan-founder-fredrick-brennan/ |work=Ars Technica |accessdate=June 15, 2015 |date=March 17, 2015 |deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125135937/http://arstechnica.com/business/2015/03/full-transcript-ars-interviews-8chan-founder-fredrick-brennan/ |archivedate=November 25, 2015 |df=mdy }}</ref> also known by the nickname "Hotwheels."<ref name="KYM"/> Brennan created the website after he observed what he perceived to be rapidly escalating [[surveillance]] and a loss of [[free speech]] on the Internet.<ref name=Howell2014 /> Brennan, who considers the imageboard [[4chan]] to have grown into authoritarianism, describes 8chan as a "free-speech-friendly" alternative,<ref name="Howell2014">{{cite web|last=Howell O'Neill|first=Patrick|date=November 17, 2014|url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/8chan-pedophiles-child-porn-gamergate/|title=8chan, the central hive of Gamergate, is also an active pedophile network|work=The Daily Dot}}</ref> and originally conceptualized the site while experiencing a [[psychedelic experience|psychedelic mushrooms trip]].<ref name="KYM"/><ref name=WashPost />

No experience or programming knowledge is necessary for users to create their own boards.<ref name="faq" /> Since as early as March 2014, its [[FAQ]] has stated only one rule that is to be globally enforced: "Do not post, request, or link to any content illegal in the United States of America. Do not create boards with the sole purpose of posting or spreading such content."<ref name="faq" /> Brennan has claimed that, while he finds some of the content posted by users to be "reprehensible," he feels personally obligated to uphold the site's integrity by tolerating discussion he does not necessarily support regardless of his moral stance.<ref name=Howell2014 />

Brennan agreed to partner 8chan with the Japanese message board [[2channel]],<ref name="KYM">{{cite interview|url=http://knowyourmeme.com/blog/interviews/qa-with-fredrick-brennan-of-8chan|title=Q&A with Fredrick Brennan of 8chan|last=Brennan |first=Fredrick |interviewer=Don Caldwell |date=October 9, 2014|work=[[Know Your Meme]]|accessdate=December 18, 2014}}</ref> and subsequently relocated to the [[Philippines]] in October 2014.<ref name=Chen />

In January 2015, the site changed its [[Domain name|domain]] 8chan.co to 8ch.net after multiple people filed reports complaining to 8chan’s [[Domain name registrar|registrar]] that the message board hosted [[child pornography]]. Despite subsequently regaining the domain, the site remained at 8ch.net, with the old domain redirecting to it.<ref name=WashPost />

Numerous bugs in the Infinity software led to the funding and development of a successor platform dubbed "Infinity Next". After a several-month-long testing period, a migration to the new software was attempted in December 2015, but failed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ghostbin.com/paste/qt2ww |format=Plaintext |title=qt2ww |last=Moon |first=Joshua |date=2015-12-19 |accessdate=2015-12-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20151219125144/https://ghostbin.com/paste/qt2ww |archivedate=December 19, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>{{clarify|date=December 2015}} In January 2016, development was halted, and the main developer, Joshua Moon, was fired by Brennan.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brennan|first1=Fredrick|title=Infinity Never|url=https://medium.com/@infinitechan/infinity-never-3d5f733af739#.dfm7b7te5|website=Medium|accessdate=2 February 2016|language=English|date=26 January 2016}}</ref> Brennan himself would officially resign in July 2016, turning the site over to its owner, Jim Watkins and his son, Ron.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@infinitechan/hotwheels-a-postmortem-9ea800d9227b|title="Hotwheels" — a postmortem|last=8chan.co|date=2016-07-04|website=Medium|access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> He cited the failure of the "Infinity Next" project and disillusionment with what 8chan had become as reasons.<ref name=":0" />

==Controversies==

===Child pornography===
''[[The Washington Post]]'' described it as "the more-lawless, more-libertarian, more 'free' follow-up to 4chan."<ref name="WashPost">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/01/13/this-is-what-happens-when-you-create-an-online-community-without-any-rules/|title=This is what happens when you create an online community without any rules|work=[[The Washington Post]]|last=Caitlin|first=Dewey|date=January 13, 2015}}</ref> Boards have been created to discuss topics such as [[child rape]]. While the sharing of illegal content is against site rules, ''[[The Daily Dot]]'' wrote that boards do exist to share sexualized images of minors in provocative poses, and that some users of those boards do post links to explicit child pornography hosted elsewhere.<ref name="Howell2014"/> When asked whether such boards were an inevitable result of free speech, Brennan responded, "Unfortunately, yes. I don’t support the content on the boards you mentioned, but it is simply the cost of free speech and being the only active site to not impose more 'laws' than those that were passed in [[Washington, D.C.]]"<ref name="Howell2014"/>

In August 2015, 8chan was blacklisted from [[Google Search]] for containing content constituting "suspected child abuse content."<ref name=ars-8chancensor>{{cite web|title=8chan-hosted content disappears from Google searches|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/08/8chan-hosted-content-disappears-from-google-searches/|last=Machkovech|first=Sam|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=August 14, 2015|accessdate=August 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Gamergate===
{{main article|Gamergate controversy}}
On September 18, 2014, the website gained prominence in the [[Gamergate controversy]] after 4chan banned discussion of Gamergate,<ref name=Howell2014 /><ref name="Chen"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Audureau|first=William|title=4chan, wizardchan, 8chan... s'y retrouver dans la jungle des forums anonymes les plus populaires du Web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2014/10/15/4chan-wizardchan-8chan-le-guide-des-forums-anonymes-les-plus-populaires-du-web_4505380_4408996.html|work=[[Le Monde]]|location=France|language=French|date=October 15, 2014}}</ref> whereupon 8chan became one of several hubs of Gamergate activity.<ref name=Howell2014 /><ref name="Chen">{{cite web|last=Chen|first=Adrian|date=October 27, 2014|url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/10/gamergate-supporters-party-at-strip-club.html|title=Gamergate Supporters Partied at a Strip Club This Weekend|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref><ref name="Buzz"/><ref name="Guardian 2015-01-13" /> "/gg/," 8chan's initial Gamergate-oriented board, also gained attention after being compromised by members of the internet troll group [[Gay Nigger Association of America]], forcing Gamergate activists to migrate to "/gamergate/." This replacement quickly became the site's second most populous board.<ref name="Buzz">{{cite web|last1=Bernstein|first1=Joseph|title=GamerGate’s Headquarters Has Been Destroyed By Trolls|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/gamergates-headquarters-has-been-destroyed-by-trolls|publisher=''[[Buzzfeed]]''|date=December 4, 2014}}</ref>

===Swatting incidents===
In January 2015 the site was used as a base for [[swatting]] exploits in [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Seattle]], and [[Burnaby|Burnaby, British Columbia]], most of them tied to the victims' criticism of Gamergate and 8chan's association with it;<ref name="Mattise">{{cite web|last=Mattise|first=Nathan|date=January 4, 2015|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/01/8chan-tries-swatting-gamergate-critic-sends-cops-to-an-old-address/|title=8chan tries "swatting" GamerGate critic, sends cops to an old address|work=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> the attacks were coordinated on a [[Internet forum|board]] on the website called "/baphomet/".<ref name="Guardian 2015-01-13">{{cite news |last=Hern |first=Alex |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/13/gamergate-hits-new-low-with-attempts-to-send-swat-teams-to-critics |title=Gamergate hits new low with attempts to send Swat teams to critics |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 13, 2015 |accessdate=January 15, 2015 }}</ref> One of the victims of a swatting attack said that she was singled out because she had followed someone on [[Twitter]].<ref name="GlobalNews 2015-01-15">{{cite news |last=McElroy |first=Justin |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1773840/police-called-to-burnaby-womens-home-by-online-harassers/ |title=Police falsely called to Burnaby women’s home by online harassers |work=[[Global News]] |date=January 15, 2015 |accessdate=January 15, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameranx.com/updates/id/26081/article/canadian-victim-of-gamergate-swatting-attempt-comes-forward/|title=Canadian Victim of Gamergate SWATing Attempt Comes Forward|work=Gameranx|last=Cheong|first=Ian Miles|date=January 13, 2015|accessdate=January 16, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116035109/http://www.gameranx.com/updates/id/26081/article/canadian-victim-of-gamergate-swatting-attempt-comes-forward/|archivedate=January 16, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://bc.ctvnews.ca/reckless-swatting-prank-sends-police-to-b-c-woman-s-home-1.2189547|title=Reckless ‘swatting’ prank sends police to B.C. woman’s home|work=[[CTV News]]|date=January 14, 2015|accessdate=September 30, 2015|author=}}</ref> On February 9, 2015, contents on the "/baphomet/" subboard were wiped after [[doxxing|personal information]] of [[Katherine B. Forrest|Katherine Forrest]], the presiding judge in the [[Silk Road (marketplace)|Silk Road]] case, had been posted there.<ref name="silkroad">{{Cite web| title = Notorious 8chan "subboard" has history wiped after federal judge’s doxing| first = Sam |last = Machkovech|work = Ars Technica| date = February 12, 2015| accessdate = February 13, 2015| url = https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/02/notorious-8chan-subboard-has-history-wiped-after-federal-judges-doxing/}}</ref>

=== Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016===
In July 2016, US presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] tweeted an image of [[Hillary Clinton]] with a background of money and a six pointed star, seen by some as resembling the [[Star of David]], containing the message "Most corrupt candidate ever". The image had been posted to 8chan's /pol/ board as early as June 22, over a week before Trump's team tweeted it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mic.com/articles/147711/donald-trump-s-star-of-david-hillary-clinton-meme-was-created-by-white-supremacist|title=Mic Discovered Who Created Trump's Anti-Semitic Hillary Meme – And It's Disturbing|first=Anthony|last=Smith|work=[[Mic (media company)|Mic]]|date=July 3, 2016|accessdate=August 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wendling |first=Mike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37021991|title=Trump's shock troops: Who are the 'alt-right'? |work=BBC News |date=August 26, 2016 |accessdate=September 9, 2016}}</ref> [[CBC News]] called 8chan an [[alt-right]] forum.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kwong |first=Matt |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/hillary-clinton-alt-right-donald-trump-white-nationalist-hate-groups-1.3736506|title='Alt-right' rising: Clinton takes on Trump's embrace by white nationalists |work=CBC News |date=August 26, 2016 |accessdate=September 9, 2016}}</ref>

=== QAnon ===
{{main article|QAnon}}
During 2018, a group called "Operation Rescue" promoted a conspiracy theory called "The Storm", which gathered support across Twitter and other parts of the Internet. The controversy centers on a user that refers to himself as "Q" and promotes theories about a [[Deep state in the United States|"deep state"]]. [[Sean Hannity]] has notably retweeted QAnon hashtags on his Twitter feed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2018/02/20/anti-abortion-group-operation-rescue-has-become-fully-red-pilled-by-an-8chan-conspiracy-theory_partner/|title=Anti-abortion group Operation Rescue has become fully "red-pilled" by an 8chan conspiracy theory|date=2018-02-20|work=Salon|access-date=2018-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mediamatters.org/blog/2018/01/08/infowars-fully-embraces-storm-conspiracy-theory-called-new-pizzagate/219005|title=Infowars fully embraces 'The Storm', a conspiracy theory called "the new Pizzagate"|date=2018-01-08|work=Media Matters for America|access-date=2018-03-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@willsommer/meet-the-storm-the-conspiracy-theory-taking-over-the-pro-trump-internet-3ec94bf7d8a3|title=Meet "The Storm," the conspiracy theory taking over the pro-Trump internet|last=Sommer|first=Will|date=2018-01-12|website=Medium|access-date=2018-03-14}}</ref> A group on Reddit was banned on March 14, 2018, over promoting the conspiracy theory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/willsommer/status/974040645781291009|title=Reddit has banned the main subreddit devoted to the right-wing "#QAnon" conspiracy theory popular on Infowars, and is apparently purging a bunch of users' accounts as wellpic.twitter.com/3EZvxbuVJH|last=Sommer|first=Will|date=14 Mar 2018|website=@willsommer|language=en|access-date=2018-03-14}}</ref> The conspiracy has been linked with the [[Pizzagate conspiracy theory|"Pizzagate"]] conspiracy theory. The conspiracy has also been linked to the hashtag, "#FollowTheWhiteRabbit".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/follow-the-white-rabbit-conspiracy-theory/|title='Follow the White Rabbit' is the most bonkers conspiracy theory you will ever read|date=2017-11-21|access-date=2018-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Gamergate controversy}}
{{Tor hidden services}}
{{Alt-right footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:8chan}}
[[Category:2channel]]
[[Category:American websites]]
[[Category:Internet trolling]]
[[Category:Community websites]]
[[Category:Free web software]]
[[Category:Internet forums]]
[[Category:Imageboards]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2013]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies]]
[[Category:Tor hidden services]]

QAnon

2018-08-02T11:12:18Z

DocWatson42: Performed cleanup.

{{pp-protected|expiry=00:54, 22 September 2018|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2018}}

'''QAnon''' ({{IPAc-en|k|j|uː|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|n}}) refers to a [[conspiracy theory]] centered on '''Q''', an [[online handle]] used on several [[image board]]s by a presumably [[Americans|American]]<ref name="nymag" /> pseudonymous individual or group of individuals<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theepochtimes.com/the-q-phenomenon_2581642.html|title=The 'Q' Phenomenon|last=Philipp|first=Joshua|date=July 2, 2018|work=The Epoch Times|access-date=July 14, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name="lvrj">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/crime/courts/suspect-in-hoover-dam-standoff-writes-trump-cites-conspiracy-in-letters/|title=Suspect in Hoover Dam standoff writes Trump, cites conspiracy in letters|last=Brean|first=Henry|date=July 13, 2018|work=Las Vegas Review-Journal|access-date=July 14, 2018|language=en-US|issn=1097-1645}}</ref> claiming to have access to classified information involving the [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] and its opponents in the [[United States]], and detailing a supposed secret counter-coup against the alleged "[[Deep state in the United States|deep state]]".

The [[conspiracy theory]], mainly popularized by supporters of U.S. President [[Donald Trump]] under the names ''The Storm'' and ''The Great Awakening'', has been widely characterized as a "baseless",<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/01/us/politics/what-is-qanon.html|title=What Is QAnon: Explaining the Internet Conspiracy Theory That Showed Up at a Trump Rally|last=Bank|first=Justin|last2=Stack|first2=Liam|last3=Victor|first3=Daniel|date=August 1, 2018|access-date=August 1, 2018|website=The New York Times|language=en|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/fringe-conspiracy-theory-qanon-there-s-plenty-merch-sale-amazon-n892561|title=Like the fringe conspiracy theory Qanon? There’s plenty of merch for sale on Amazon|last=Zadrozny|first=Brandy|last2= Collins|first2=Ben|date=July 18, 2018|work=NBC News|access-date=July 30, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thinkprogress.org/roseanne-barr-terrible-tweets-racist-abc-stays-silent-0bfe7cdc7996/|title=ABC cancels Roseanne Barr’s show after she posts racist, conspiratorial tweets|last=Rupar|first=Aaron|date=May 29, 2018|work=ThinkProgress|access-date=July 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> "unhinged",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2018/05/29/roseanne-ruined-roseanne/|title=Roseanne Ruined 'Roseanne'|last=Di Placido|first=Dani|date=May 29, 2018|work=Forbes|access-date=July 5, 2018|language=en|issn=0015-6914}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thinkprogress.org/rosanne-barr-promotes-pro-trump-conspiracy-theory-d52a65887183/|title=Roseanne Barr promotes an unhinged pro-Trump conspiracy theory on Twitter|last=Culp-Ressler|first=Tara|date=March 31, 2018|work=ThinkProgress|access-date=July 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> and "deranged conspiracy cult".<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/08/01/we-are-q-a-deranged-conspiracy-cult-leaps-from-the-internet-to-the-crowd-at-trumps-maga-tour/|title=‘We are Q’: A deranged conspiracy cult leaps from the Internet to the crowd at Trump’s ‘MAGA’ tour|last=Stanley-Becker|first=Isaac|date=August 1, 2018|website=Washington Post|language=en|issn=0190-8286|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>

Prominent adherents to the conspiracy theory include [[Roseanne Barr]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Curt Schilling]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/curt-schilling-backs-pro-trump-qanon-conspiracy-theory|title=Curt Schilling Backs Pro-Trump ‘QAnon’ Conspiracy Theory|last=Sommer|first=Will|date=June 26, 2018|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=July 5, 2018|language=en}}</ref> [[Ben Garrison]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/a-new-wave-of-qanon-activists-emerge-from-the-cult-of-maga/|title=A New Wave Of ‘QAnon’ Activists Emerge From The Cult Of MAGA|last=Holt|first=Jared|date=July 9, 2018|work=Right Wing Watch|access-date=July 13, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Laura Loomer]],<ref name=":4" /> [[Cheryl Sullenger]]<ref name=":2" /> and [[Lionel (radio personality)|Michael "Lionel" Lebron]].<ref group="tweet">{{cite tweet|number=995277257466896385|user=LionelNation|title=I'm a Proud Dedicated #QAnon Believer|author=The Lionel Nation|author-link=Lionel (radio personality)|date=May 12, 2018}}</ref> Personalities such as [[James Woods]]<ref group="tweet">{{cite tweet|number=990653477218017280|user=RealJamesWoods|title=I’m holding back my thoughts on #Q. Let’s see where the wind blows.|author=James Woods|author-link=James Woods|date=April 29, 2018}}</ref> and [[Jenna Jameson]]<ref group="tweet">{{cite tweet|number=947331329288368128|user=jennajameson|title=This hashtag though ——> #QAnon|author=Jenna Jameson|author-link=Jenna Jameson|date=December 31, 2017}}</ref> have publicly acknowledged the topic.

==History==
===Origin===
A person identifying as "Q Clearance Patriot" first appeared on the [[/pol/]] board of [[4chan]] on October 28, 2017, posting messages in a thread entitled "Calm Before the Storm",<ref name="nymag">{{cite news|url=http://nymag.com/selectall/2017/12/qanon-4chan-the-storm-conspiracy-explained.html|title=The Storm Is the New Pizzagate — Only Worse|last=Martineau|first=Paris|date=December 19, 2017|work=New York Magazine|access-date=March 26, 2018|issn=0028-7369}}</ref> which was a reference to Trump's cryptic description of a gathering of military leaders as "the calm before the storm".<ref name="nymag" /><ref name="newsweek" /> The poster later moved to [[8chan]], citing alleged security concerns.<ref name=":5" />

The handle implied that the anonymous poster held [[Q clearance]],<ref name="avclub">{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/theres-a-new-insane-conspiracy-theory-tearing-up-4chan-1821432397|title=There's a new, insane conspiracy theory tearing up 4chan|last=Colburn|first=Randall|date=December 19, 2017|work=AV Club}}</ref><ref name="ibt" /> a [[United States Department of Energy]] [[security clearance]] with access to classified information.

===False claims===
{{Expand section|date=July 2018}}
QAnon's posting campaign has a history of false, baseless and unsubstantiated claims. For example, QAnon has claimed on multiple occasions that [[North Korea]]n [[List of leaders of North Korea|Supreme Leader]] [[Kim Jong-un]] is a [[puppet ruler]] installed by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ywex8v/what-is-qanon-conspiracy-theory|title=A Guide to QAnon, the New King of Right-Wing Conspiracy Theories|last=Caffier|first=Justin|date=June 12, 2018|work=Vice|access-date=July 15, 2018|language=en-us|issn=1077-6788}}</ref>

On February 16, 2018, QAnon falsely accused [[U.S. Representative]] and former [[Democratic National Committee]] chairwoman [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]] of hiring [[El Salvador]]ian gang [[MS-13]] to murder DNC staffer [[Seth Rich]].<ref name="newsweek" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/qanon-the-storm/|title=The QAnon Conspiracy Is the Oldest Scam Out There|last=Rothschild|first=Mike|date=March 19, 2018|work=The Daily Dot|access-date=July 14, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Identity==
There has been much speculation regarding the motive and the identity of the poster, with theories ranging from the poster being a military intelligence officer to the posting campaign being an [[alternate reality game]] by [[Cicada 3301]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/who-is-q-anon/|title=Who is Q Anon, the internet's most mysterious poster?|last=Rothschild|first=Mike|date=May 29, 2018|work=The Daily Dot|access-date=July 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reactions==
[[Fox News]] commentator [[Sean Hannity]] has tweeted about QAnon, and the Russian government-funded network [[RT News]] has discussed the topic.<ref name=ibt>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/what-storm-conspiracy-theory-that-mysterious-white-house-official-qanon-leaking-secrets-1655194|title=What is The Storm? Conspiracy theory that mysterious White House official leaks secrets|first=Kashmira|last=Gander|date=January 15, 2018|work=International Business Times}}</ref>

The conspiracy theory was initially promoted by [[Alex Jones]] and [[Jerome Corsi]],<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/how-storm-biggest-fake-news-story-796725|title=How 'the Storm' Became the Biggest Fake News Story of 2018|last=Hayden|first=Michael Edison|date=February 1, 2018|work=Newsweek|issn=0028-9604|access-date=April 5, 2018}}</ref> but in May 2018 [[Right Wing Watch]] reported that Jones and Corsi had ceased to support QAnon, declaring the source to now be "completely compromised".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/stick-a-fork-in-qanon-alex-jones-and-jerome-corsi-claim-that-qanon-has-been-completely-compromised/|title=Stick A Fork In QAnon: Alex Jones And Jerome Corsi Claim That QAnon Has Been ‘Completely Compromised’|last=Mantyla|first=Kyle|date=May 11, 2018|work=Right Wing Watch|access-date=July 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2018, [[Reddit]] banned one of its communities discussing QAnon, /r/CBTS_Stream, for "encouraging or inciting violence and posting personal and confidential information". Following this, some followers moved to [[Discord (software)|Discord]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2018/3/15/17123964/reddit-discord-server-bans-cbts-uncensored-news|title=How closely do Discord and Reddit work together?|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=March 15, 2018|website=Polygon|access-date=April 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/reddit-bans-r-cbts_stream/|title=Reddit bans popular deep state conspiracy forum for 'inciting violence'|first=Andrew|last=Wyrich|date=March 15, 2018|access-date=April 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

On March 13, 2018, [[Operation Rescue (Kansas)|Operation Rescue]] vice president and pro-life activist [[Cheryl Sullenger]] referred to QAnon as a "small group of insiders close to President Donald J. Trump" and called his internet postings the "highest level of intelligence to ever be dropped publicly in our known history".<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/operation-rescue-hypes-qanon-blockbuster-intel-drop-about-planned-parenthood/|title=Operation Rescue Hypes QAnon ‘Blockbuster Intel Drop’ About Planned Parenthood|last=Blue|first=Miranda|date=March 15, 2018|work=Right Wing Watch|access-date=April 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.operationrescue.org/archives/blockbuster-intel-drop-reveals-trump-is-trying-to-end-planned-parenthood-twitter-attempts-censorship/|title=Blockbuster Intel Drop Reveals Trump is Trying to “End” Planned Parenthood – Twitter Attempts Censorship|date=March 13, 2018|first=Cheryl|last=Sullenger|author-link=Cheryl Sullenger|work=Operation Rescue|access-date=April 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>

On March 15, 2018, [[Kiev]]-based ''[[:uk:Рабочая газета|Rabochaya Gazeta]]'', the official newspaper of the [[Communist Party of Ukraine]], published an article calling QAnon a "military intelligence group".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://rg.kiev.ua/page5/article41143|title=Доживают ли Гавайи свои последние дни?|last=Gamma|first=Viktor|date=May 25, 2018|work=Rabochaya Gazeta|access-date=July 5, 2018|trans-title=Are we witnessing the final days of Hawaii?|lang=ru}}</ref>

On March 31, 2018, U.S. actress [[Roseanne Barr]] appeared to promote the conspiracy theory, which was subsequently covered by [[CNN]], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/31/politics/roseanne-barr-conspiracy-tweets/index.html|title=Roseanne tweets support of Trump conspiracy theory, confuses Twitter|last=Cole|first=Devan|work=CNN|access-date=April 1, 2018|date=December 19, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/03/31/the-conspiracy-theory-behind-a-curious-roseanne-barr-tweet-explained/|title=Analysis {{!}} The conspiracy theory behind a curious Roseanne Barr tweet, explained|last=Weigel|first=David|author-link=David Weigel|date=March 31, 2018|work=Washington Post|access-date=April 1, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/media/381123-roseanne-barr-faces-social-media-backlash-over-trump-conspiracy-theory-tweet |title= Roseanne Barr faces backlash over Trump conspiracy theory tweet |last=Bowden |first= Tohn |work=The Hill |access-date=March 31, 2018|date=March 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/06/opinion/qanon-trump-conspiracy-theory.html|title=Opinion {{!}} The Conspiracy Theory That Says Trump Is a Genius|date=April 6, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 6, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|first=Michelle|last=Goldberg|author-link=Michelle Goldberg}}</ref>

On June 15, 2018, a man armed with an [[Colt AR-15|AR-15]] was arrested after driving an armored vehicle to the [[Hoover Dam]] and blocking traffic on what he said was a mission from QAnon: to demand that the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] "release the [[United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General|OIG]] report" on the conduct of FBI agents during the investigation into [[Hillary Clinton email controversy|Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server]].<ref name="lvrj" /><ref name="nyt" /><ref name="tampabay">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tampabay.com/florida-politics/buzz/2018/07/16/conspiracy-theorist-qanon-promoted-then-deleted-by-hillsborough-county-gop/|title=Conspiracy theorist QAnon promoted, then deleted, by Hillsborough County GOP|last=March|first=William|date=July 16, 2018|work=Tampa Bay Times|access-date=July 16, 2018|issn=2327-9052}}</ref> The report had actually been released the day before, but followers of the conspiracy theory believe a secret, more damning report exists.<ref name="nyt" />

On June 26, 2018, [[WikiLeaks]] publicly accused QAnon of "leading anti-establishment Trump voters to embrace regime change and neo-conservatism".<ref group="tweet">{{cite tweet|number=1011441579565953025|user=wikileaks|title=Why is "Qanon" leading anti-establishment Trump voters to embrace regime change and neo-conservatism?|author=WikiLeaks|author-link=WikiLeaks|date=June 26, 2016}}</ref> QAnon had previously pushed for regime change in Iran.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mintpressnews.com/pro-trump-conspiracy-monger-qanon-calls-for-regime-change-in-iran/244686/|title=Pro-Trump Conspiracy-Monger “QAnon” Calls for Regime Change in Iran|last=Webb|first=Whitney|date=June 25, 2018|work=MintPress News|access-date=July 5, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Two days later, the whistleblower organization shared an analysis by [[Internet Party (New Zealand)|Internet Party]] president Suzie Dawson, claiming that QAnon's posting campaign is an "intelligence agency-backed [[Psychological warfare|psyop]]" aiming to "round up people that are otherwise dangerous to the Deep State (because they are genuinely opposed to it) usurp time & attention, & trick them into serving its aims".<ref group="tweet">{{cite tweet|number=1000795757983780865|user=wikileaks|title=
This analysis, unfortunately, increasingly appears that it may be correct|author=WikiLeaks|author-link=WikiLeaks|date=June 28, 2016}}</ref>

On June 28, 2018, a [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] article listed the anonymous "Q" among the 25 Most Influential People on the Internet in 2018. Counting more than 130,000 related discussion videos on YouTube, ''Time'' cited the wide range of this conspiracy theory and its more prominent followers and spreading news coverage.<ref name="timemag">{{cite news |url=http://time.com/5324130/most-influential-internet/ |title=25 Most Influential People on the Internet|issn=0040-781X |last=Chan |first=Melissa |date=June 28, 2018 |work=Time |access-date=June 28, 2018}}</ref>

On July 4, 2018, the [[Hillsborough County, Florida|Hillsborough County]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] shared on its official Facebook and Twitter accounts a YouTube video on QAnon, calling QAnon a "mysterious anonymous inside leaker of deep state activities and counter activities by President Trump". The posts were then deleted.<ref name="tampabay" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Thomsen |first=Jacqueline |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/397615-florida-county-gop-promoted-conspiracy-theory-on-twitter |title=Florida county GOP promoted, then deleted, conspiracy theory on Twitter |date=July 18, 2018 |work=The Hill |accessdate=July 21, 2018}}</ref>

An app called "QDrops" which promoted the conspiracy theory was published on the [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] and [[Google Play]]. It became the most popular paid app in the "entertainment" section of Apple's online store in April 2018, and the tenth most popular paid app overall. Apple pulled the app after an inquiry from [[NBC News]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/exclusive-apple-google-cashed-pizzagate-offshoot-conspiracy-app-n891726 |title=Apple, Google cashed in on Pizzagate-offshoot conspiracy app |last=Collins |first=Ben|date=July 16, 2018 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=July 19, 2018 |last2=Zadrozny |first2=Brandy |language=en-US}}</ref>

On August 1, 2018, following the ''en masse'' presence of QAnon supporters at the July 31, 2018 [[List of post-election Donald Trump rallies|Trump rally]] in [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]], [[Florida]],<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-qanon-conspiracy-theorists-showed-support-trump-tampa-rally-1051708|title=QAnon: Conspiracy theorists determined to expose a “deep state” child abuse ring show up to support Trump in Tampa|last=Porter|first=Tom|date=August 1, 2018|work=Newsweek|access-date=August 1, 2018|language=en}}</ref> [[MSNBC]] news anchors [[Hallie Jackson]], [[Brian Williams]], and [[Chris Hayes]] dedicated a portion of their respective television programs to the conspiracy theory.<ref>{{Cite episode|url=https://www.msnbc.com/hallie-jackson/watch/-we-are-q-conspiracy-cult-leaps-from-the-internet-to-trump-rally-1289927747781|title=Who is 'QAnon'? Bizarre conspiracy cult leaps from web to Trump rally|last=Jackson|first=Hallie|author-link=Hallie Jackson|series=MSNBC Live|series-link=MSNBC Live|date=August 1, 2018|publisher=MSNBC|access-date=August 1, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode|url=https://www.msnbc.com/brian-williams/watch/what-does-the-conspiracy-group-qanon-have-to-do-with-trump-1290472515536|title=What does the conspiracy group QAnon have to do with Trump?|last=Williams|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Williams|series=The 11th Hour with Brian Williams|series-link=The 11th Hour (news program)|date=August 2, 2018|publisher=MSNBC|access-date=August 2, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode|url=https://www.msnbc.com/all-in/watch/what-is-qanon-1290356291810|title=What is QAnon?|last=Hayes|first=Chris|author-link=Chris Hayes|series=All In with Chris Hayes|series-link=All In with Chris Hayes|date=August 1, 2018|publisher=MSNBC|access-date=August 2, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Responding to a question by [[David Martosko]] of ''[[Daily Mail|The Daily Mail]]'' asking if the White House encouraged the support of "QAnon fringe groups"—in light of their apparent hostile behavior toward [[CNN]] chief [[White House correspondent]] Jim Acosta<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/trump-florida-rally-supporters-cnn-jim-acosta-tampa-maga-a8472436.html|title=Trump supporters filmed hurling sustained abuse at journalists following 'Make America Great Again' rally|last=Embury-Dennis|first=Tom|date=August 1, 2018|work=The Independent|access-date=August 1, 2018|language=en-GB|issn=0951-9467}}</ref>—[[White House Press Secretary]] [[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]] denounced "any group that would incite violence against another individual", without specifically responding to the QAnon mention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2018/08/01/sanders-denounces-media-hecklers-at-trump-rally-then-slams-the-media/|title=Sanders denounces media hecklers at Trump rally – then slams the media|last=Fredericks|first=Bob|date=July 1, 2018|work=New York Post|access-date=July 1, 2018|language=en|issn=1090-3321}}</ref> She added that President Trump "certainly doesn't support groups that would support that type of behavior".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/01/politics/qanon-trump/|title=QAnon is the one conspiracy theory to rule them all|last=Cillizza|first=Chris|date=August 1, 2018|publisher=CNN|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Murder of Seth Rich]]
* [[Operation Mockingbird]]
* [[Pizzagate conspiracy theory]]

==References==
===Sources===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Tweets===
{{reflist|group=tweet|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/01/us/politics/what-is-qanon.html|title=What Is QAnon: Explaining the Internet Conspiracy Theory That Showed Up at a Trump Rally|last=Bank|first=Justin|last2=Stack|first2=Liam|last3=Victor|first3=Daniel|date=August 1, 2018|website=The New York Times|language=en|issn=0362-4331}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/08/01/why-the-qanon-conspiracy-is-the-natural-culmination-of-the-trump-era/|title=Why the QAnon conspiracy is the natural culmination of the Trump era|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=August 1, 2018|website=Washington Post|language=en|issn=0190-8286}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/as-the-bizarre-qanon-group-emerges-trump-rallies-go-from-nasty-to-dangerous/2018/08/01/063ed6f8-9585-11e8-a679-b09212fb69c2_story.html|title=As the bizarre QAnon group emerges, Trump rallies go from nasty to dangerous|last=Sullivan|first=Margaret|author-link=Margaret Sullivan (journalist)|date=August 1, 2018|website=Washington Post|language=en|issn=0190-8286}}
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/264627/the-story-of-q|title=The Story of Q|last=Mann|first=Ted|author-link=Ted Mann (writer)|date=June 19, 2018|website=Tablet|language=en|issn=2381-5663}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline}}

{{Conspiracy theories}}
{{Alt-right}}

[[Category:2010s controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:4chan phenomena]]
[[Category:Anonymous bloggers]]
[[Category:Classified information in the United States]]
[[Category:Conspiracy theories in the United States]]
[[Category:Fringe theories]]
[[Category:Internet manipulation and propaganda]]
[[Category:Propaganda in the United States]]
[[Category:Psychological warfare]]
[[Category:Satanic ritual abuse hysteria in the United States]]
[[Category:Unidentified people]]

Steven Barnes

2018-07-23T11:14:20Z

DocWatson42: /* Personal life */ Made a link more specific.

{{Infobox person
| name = Steven Barnes
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|3|1}}
| nationality = American
| occupation = Writer
| spouse =
}}

'''Steven Barnes''' (born March 1, 1952) is an American [[science fiction]] writer, lecturer, creative consultant, and {{clarify span|human performance technician.|reason=what is this?|date=September 2017}}

== Career ==
Barnes has written several episodes of [[The Outer Limits (1995 TV series)|''The Outer Limits'']] and ''[[Baywatch]]''. He has also written the episode [[Stargate SG-1 (season 1)|"Brief Candle"]] for ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' and the ''[[Andromeda (TV series)|Andromeda]]'' episode [[List of Andromeda episodes#Season 1|"The Sum of Its Parts"]]. Barnes's first published piece of fiction, the 1979 [[Novella|novelette]] "The Locusts", was written with [[Larry Niven]], and was a [[Hugo Award]] nominee.<ref name="Barnes' listing in ''Locus'' magazine's database of award nominees">[http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit7.html#286 Award nominees] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120020814/http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit7.html |date=2009-11-20 }}</ref><ref name="Excerpts of a March 2003 interview with Barnes in ''Locus'' magazine">[http://www.locusmag.com/2003/Issue03/Barnes.html interview]</ref> Barnes subsequently collaborated with Niven on several other books, including two books with both Niven and [[Jerry Pournelle]]. Barnes said he clashed politically with the two conservative writers but enjoyed working with them, calling it "a tremendous learning opportunity".<ref name=sh-interview/>

==Early life and education==
Barnes, was born on March 1, 1952 in [[Los Angeles, California]]. He has had a varied education, including a secondary education at [[Los Angeles High School]]. He continued at [[Pepperdine University]], majoring in Communication Arts.<ref name ="Black & White">''Steven Barnes: White & Black''. Locus Magazine; vol/issue 50/3[506] 2003. Pages 84-86.</ref> He is a certified [[hypnotherapy|hypnotherapist]], trained at the Transformative Arts Institute in [[San Anselmo, California]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

==Personal life==
Barnes is married to [[Tananarive Due]], a writer.<ref name=sh-interview>[http://www.strangehorizons.com/2002/20020729/interview.shtml Interview: Steven Barnes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008050036/http://www.strangehorizons.com/2002/20020729/interview.shtml |date=2013-10-08 }}, by Greg Beatty. ''Strange Horizons'', July 29, 2002. Retrieved August 31, 2013</ref> The couple live in [[Los Angeles]]. Barnes has a daughter from his first marriage and a son from his current marriage.

Barnes is also an avid practitioner of [[martial arts|martial and physical arts]]. He began studying in 1969.<ref name="Black & White"/> He is a [[Black belt (martial arts)|black belt]] in [[Kenpo|Kenpo Karate]] (BKF style), and [[Judo|Kodokan Judo]]. He holds an instructor certificate in [[Wu Ming Ta]], and has an instructor candidate ranking in Filipino [[Eskrima|Kali]] stick and knife fighting. He is an advanced student in [[Jun Fan]] [[kickboxing]] ([[Bruce Lee]] method under [[Dan Inosanto]]), and is an instructor in [[Wu-style t'ai chi ch'uan|Wu-style]] [[t'ai chi ch'uan]] under [[Hawkins Cheung]].

He is an intermediate student in self-defense pistol shooting (preferring the [[Weaver stance|Turnipseed modified Weaver method]]). He holds a [[Red belt (martial arts)|brown belt]] in [[The Jitsu Foundation|Shorenji Jiu Jitsu]], and intermediate rankings in [[Tae Kwon Do]] and [[Aikido]]. He completed the Yoga Works basic [[Hatha Yoga]] instructor program; is studying [[Pentjak Silat]] (an Indonesian fighting system) with Guru [[Stevan Plinck]], and [[Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga|Ashtanga Yoga]], an aerobic form of yoga.

==Bibliography==
* The [[Dream Park]] series:
** ''Dream Park'' (1981; with [[Larry Niven]])
** ''The Barsoom Project'' (1989; with Larry Niven)
** ''The California Voodoo Game'' (1992; with Larry Niven)
** ''The Moon Maze Game'' (2011; with Larry Niven)
* The Aubry Knight series:
** ''Street Lethal'' (1983)
** ''Gorgon Child'' (1989)
** ''Firedance'' (1993)
* The Heorot series:
** ''[[The Legacy of Heorot]]'' (1987; with Larry Niven and [[Jerry Pournelle]])
** ''[[Beowulf's Children]]'' (1995; with Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle)
* The Insh'Allah series:
** ''[[Lion's Blood]]'' (2002; winner of the 2003 [[Endeavour Award]])
** ''[[Zulu Heart]]'' (2003)
* The "Ibandi" series:
** ''Great Sky Woman'' (2006)
** ''Shadow Valley'' (2009)
* The Tennyson Hardwick Novels:
** ''[[Casanegra (novel)|Casanegra]]'' (2007; with [[Blair Underwood]] and [[Tananarive Due]])
** ''In the Night of the Heat'' (2008; with Blair Underwood and Tananarive Due)
** ''From Cape Town with Love'' (2010; with Blair Underwood and Tananarive Due)
** ''South by Southeast'' (September 2012; with Blair Underwood and Tananarive Due)
* Stand-alone novels, screenplays, and other works:
** ''[[The Descent of Anansi]]'' (1982; with Larry Niven)
** "[[To See the Invisible Man]]" (1986; a television script adapting a short story by [[Robert Silverberg]], for the 1980s revival of ''[[The New Twilight Zone|The Twilight Zone]]'')
** ''The Kundalini Equation'' (1986)
** ''[[Fusion (Eclipse Comics)|Fusion]]'' (1987) (issues #1–5 only)
** ''Achilles' Choice'' (1991) (with Larry Niven)
** ''Blood Brothers'' (1996)
** ''Iron Shadows'' (1997)
** ''[[Far Beyond the Stars]]'' (1998) (''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' novelization)
** ''[[The Lives of Dax]]'': "The Music Between the Notes" (1999)
** ''Saturn's Race'' (2000) (with [[Larry Niven]])
** ''Charisma'' (2002)
** ''[[The Cestus Deception]]'' (2004) (''[[Star Wars]]'' novel set in the [[Clone Wars (Star Wars)|Clone Wars]])
** ''Assassin and Other Stories'' (2010), a collection, [[ISFiC Press]]
** ''The Invisible Imam'', a novel included in ''Assassin and Other Stories''
** ''The Seascape Tattoo'' (2016), with [[Larry Niven]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*{{isfdb name|id=Steven_Barnes|name=Steven Barnes}}
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12742905 Black Science Fiction and Fantasy] with [[Tananarive Due]], Steven Barnes, and [[Sheree Thomas|Sheree R. Thomas]] on NPR, News & Notes, August 13, 2007 (Audio)
*[http://www.lexingtonfilm.com/stevenbarnesinterview.htm Audio Interview - Steven Barnes on the Horace J. Digby Report]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barnes, Steven}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]
[[Category:African-American novelists]]
[[Category:American male screenwriters]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:Black speculative fiction authors]]
[[Category:Endeavour Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male television writers]]
[[Category:Pepperdine University alumni]]
[[Category:Afrofuturist writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]

Steven Barnes

2018-07-23T10:35:03Z

DocWatson42: Made three minor corrections.

{{Infobox person
| name = Steven Barnes
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|3|1}}
| nationality = American
| occupation = Writer
| spouse =
}}

'''Steven Barnes''' (born March 1, 1952) is an American [[science fiction]] writer, lecturer, creative consultant, and {{clarify span|human performance technician.|reason=what is this?|date=September 2017}}

== Career ==
Barnes has written several episodes of [[The Outer Limits (1995 TV series)|''The Outer Limits'']] and ''[[Baywatch]]''. He has also written the episode [[Stargate SG-1 (season 1)|"Brief Candle"]] for ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'' and the ''[[Andromeda (TV series)|Andromeda]]'' episode [[List of Andromeda episodes#Season 1|"The Sum of Its Parts"]]. Barnes's first published piece of fiction, the 1979 [[Novella|novelette]] "The Locusts", was written with [[Larry Niven]], and was a [[Hugo Award]] nominee.<ref name="Barnes' listing in ''Locus'' magazine's database of award nominees">[http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit7.html#286 Award nominees] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120020814/http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit7.html |date=2009-11-20 }}</ref><ref name="Excerpts of a March 2003 interview with Barnes in ''Locus'' magazine">[http://www.locusmag.com/2003/Issue03/Barnes.html interview]</ref> Barnes subsequently collaborated with Niven on several other books, including two books with both Niven and [[Jerry Pournelle]]. Barnes said he clashed politically with the two conservative writers but enjoyed working with them, calling it "a tremendous learning opportunity".<ref name=sh-interview/>

==Early life and education==
Barnes, was born on March 1, 1952 in [[Los Angeles, California]]. He has had a varied education, including a secondary education at [[Los Angeles High School]]. He continued at [[Pepperdine University]], majoring in Communication Arts.<ref name ="Black & White">''Steven Barnes: White & Black''. Locus Magazine; vol/issue 50/3[506] 2003. Pages 84-86.</ref> He is a certified [[hypnotherapy|hypnotherapist]], trained at the Transformative Arts Institute in [[San Anselmo, California]].{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

==Personal life==
Barnes is married to [[Tananarive Due]], a writer.<ref name=sh-interview>[http://www.strangehorizons.com/2002/20020729/interview.shtml Interview: Steven Barnes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008050036/http://www.strangehorizons.com/2002/20020729/interview.shtml |date=2013-10-08 }}, by Greg Beatty. ''Strange Horizons'', July 29, 2002. Retrieved August 31, 2013</ref> The couple live in [[Los Angeles]]. Barnes has a daughter from his first marriage and a son from his current marriage.

Barnes is also an avid practitioner of [[martial arts|martial and physical arts]]. He began studying in 1969.<ref name="Black & White"/> He is a [[Black belt (martial arts)|black belt]] in [[Kenpo|Kenpo Karate]] (BKF style), and [[Judo|Kodokan Judo]]. He holds an instructor certificate in [[Wu Ming Ta]], and has an instructor candidate ranking in Filipino [[Eskrima|Kali]] stick and knife fighting. He is an advanced student in [[Jun Fan]] [[kickboxing]] ([[Bruce Lee]] method under [[Dan Inosanto]]), and is an instructor in [[Wu-style t'ai chi ch'uan|Wu-style]] [[t'ai chi ch'uan]] under [[Hawkins Cheung]].

He is an intermediate student in self-defense pistol shooting (preferring the [[Weaver stance|Turnipseed modified Weaver method]]). He holds a [[Red belt (martial arts)|brown belt]] in [[Jujutsu|Shorenji Jiu Jitsu]], and intermediate rankings in [[Tae Kwon Do]] and [[Aikido]]. He completed the Yoga Works basic [[Hatha Yoga]] instructor program; is studying [[Pentjak Silat]] (an Indonesian fighting system) with Guru [[Stevan Plinck]], and [[Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga|Ashtanga Yoga]], an aerobic form of yoga.

==Bibliography==
* The [[Dream Park]] series:
** ''Dream Park'' (1981; with [[Larry Niven]])
** ''The Barsoom Project'' (1989; with Larry Niven)
** ''The California Voodoo Game'' (1992; with Larry Niven)
** ''The Moon Maze Game'' (2011; with Larry Niven)
* The Aubry Knight series:
** ''Street Lethal'' (1983)
** ''Gorgon Child'' (1989)
** ''Firedance'' (1993)
* The Heorot series:
** ''[[The Legacy of Heorot]]'' (1987; with Larry Niven and [[Jerry Pournelle]])
** ''[[Beowulf's Children]]'' (1995; with Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle)
* The Insh'Allah series:
** ''[[Lion's Blood]]'' (2002; winner of the 2003 [[Endeavour Award]])
** ''[[Zulu Heart]]'' (2003)
* The "Ibandi" series:
** ''Great Sky Woman'' (2006)
** ''Shadow Valley'' (2009)
* The Tennyson Hardwick Novels:
** ''[[Casanegra (novel)|Casanegra]]'' (2007; with [[Blair Underwood]] and [[Tananarive Due]])
** ''In the Night of the Heat'' (2008; with Blair Underwood and Tananarive Due)
** ''From Cape Town with Love'' (2010; with Blair Underwood and Tananarive Due)
** ''South by Southeast'' (September 2012; with Blair Underwood and Tananarive Due)
* Stand-alone novels, screenplays, and other works:
** ''[[The Descent of Anansi]]'' (1982; with Larry Niven)
** "[[To See the Invisible Man]]" (1986; a television script adapting a short story by [[Robert Silverberg]], for the 1980s revival of ''[[The New Twilight Zone|The Twilight Zone]]'')
** ''The Kundalini Equation'' (1986)
** ''[[Fusion (Eclipse Comics)|Fusion]]'' (1987) (issues #1–5 only)
** ''Achilles' Choice'' (1991) (with Larry Niven)
** ''Blood Brothers'' (1996)
** ''Iron Shadows'' (1997)
** ''[[Far Beyond the Stars]]'' (1998) (''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' novelization)
** ''[[The Lives of Dax]]'': "The Music Between the Notes" (1999)
** ''Saturn's Race'' (2000) (with [[Larry Niven]])
** ''Charisma'' (2002)
** ''[[The Cestus Deception]]'' (2004) (''[[Star Wars]]'' novel set in the [[Clone Wars (Star Wars)|Clone Wars]])
** ''Assassin and Other Stories'' (2010), a collection, [[ISFiC Press]]
** ''The Invisible Imam'', a novel included in ''Assassin and Other Stories''
** ''The Seascape Tattoo'' (2016), with [[Larry Niven]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*{{isfdb name|id=Steven_Barnes|name=Steven Barnes}}
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12742905 Black Science Fiction and Fantasy] with [[Tananarive Due]], Steven Barnes, and [[Sheree Thomas|Sheree R. Thomas]] on NPR, News & Notes, August 13, 2007 (Audio)
*[http://www.lexingtonfilm.com/stevenbarnesinterview.htm Audio Interview - Steven Barnes on the Horace J. Digby Report]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barnes, Steven}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]
[[Category:African-American novelists]]
[[Category:American male screenwriters]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:Black speculative fiction authors]]
[[Category:Endeavour Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male television writers]]
[[Category:Pepperdine University alumni]]
[[Category:Afrofuturist writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]

Rene Strange

2018-07-20T06:07:50Z

DocWatson42: /* Career */ Corrected an instance of capitalization.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Rene Strange puppeteer.jpg|thumb|Rene Strange and marionette]]

'''Rene Strange''', also known as '''Renee Strange''' ({{Floruit|1940s–50s}}), was a comic entertainer known as the "singing cartoonist" and for her [[Sexual suggestiveness|''risqué'']] show using [[marionette]]s that she performed wearing black stockings. She appeared as part of [[Variety performance|variety performances]], on ice, and in [[pantomime]].

==Early life==
Rene Strange was the daughter of [[Leslie Strange]], originally known as Wilfred St Clair, who performed comic [[Charles Dickens|Dickensian]] pieces<ref name=pel>Leech, David. (2008) ''Pelham Puppets''. Ramsbury: Crowood Press. p. 34. {{ISBN|9781847970558}}.</ref> and impersonated famous figures of his time such as Adolf Hitler and Stan Laurel.<ref>[https://www.britishpathe.com/video/leslie-strange-issue-title-how-time-flies Leslie Strange – How Time Flies...] British Pathé, 24 October 1940. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</ref>

==Career==
Strange's act included drawing caricatures while singing, for which she became known as "the singing cartoonist", and the use of [[marionette]]s to perform comic routines to which she added a ''risqué'' element by wearing black stockings which showed off her legs.<ref name=pel/>

In 1940, Strange was filmed by [[Pathé News|British Pathé]] drawing a caricature of [[Winston Churchill]] and singing a patriotic song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/rene-strange-aka-large-lumps|title=Rene Strange Aka Large Lumps 1940|date=26 December 1940|website=British Pathé|access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> She appeared in the [[Royal Variety Performance]] in 1946.<ref>[https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/rene-strange-adjusting-her-stockings-before-the-curtain-news-photo/807637770#/rene-strange-adjusting-her-stockings-before-the-curtain-rises-for-the-picture-id807637770 Rene Strange adjusting her stockings before the curtain rises for the dress rehearsal of the Royal Command Variety Performance]. November 04, 1946. Getty Images. Retrieved 23 June 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.royalvarietycharity.org/royal-variety-performance/archive/detail/1946-london-palladium|title=Performances: 1946, London Palladium|website=Royal Variety Charity|language=en|access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> In 1951, she was filmed by British Pathé performing with puppets Annie Pride of the Rockies; Mr Bertram, an inspector of forms who inspects Rene's legs; and Samoa the Hula Hula Girl.<ref name=puppet>[https://www.britishpathe.com/video/puppet-girl Puppet Girl]. British Pathé, 19 November 1951. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</ref>

In 1952, she appeared with [[Norman Wisdom]] in a [[Val Parnell]] and [[Bernard Delfont]] production ''[[Paris to Piccadilly]]'', described as a new [[Folies Bergère]] revue, at the [[Prince of Wales Theatre]] in London.<ref>[http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/PrinceOfWalesTheatre/Paris.htm A Programme for the 1950s "Paris to Piccadilly" at the Prince of Wales Theatre]. arthurlloyd.co.uk Retrieved 12 July 2018.</ref> The same year, she also appeared in ''Pulling Strings'' with [[Ann Hogarth]], operator of [[Muffin the Mule]], in a film for [[New Realm Pictures]] produced by [[Harold Bairn]].<ref>[[Denis Gifford|Gifford, Denis]] (Ed.). ''The British Film Catalogue Volume 1: Fiction Film, 1895–1994''. 3rd edition. Routledge. {{ISBN|9781317740629}}.</ref>

Strange's marionettes employed adult themes and in 1953 she commissioned Bob Pelham of [[Pelham Puppets]] to make the Opera Singer with a heaving bosom, the Drunken Singer with wobbly legs, the Choirboy who had a halo but also a catapult, the Can-Can Dancer, and a Strip-tease Artist.<ref name=pel/>

In 1955, she performed with her marionettes at [[Liseberg]] amusement park in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden, as part of a variety performance headlined by the trampoline act [[Paulette and Renee]] that also featured [[Plate spinning|plate-spinners]] and [[Shadowgraphy (performing art)|shadowgraphs]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OSMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11 "Review Digest"], Wolfram, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', 16 July 1955, p. 11.</ref> In 1958, she starred with [[Benny Hill]], [[Jack Beckitt]], and [[Peter Vernon]] in a production at the [[Floral Theatre]], Scarborough.<ref name="Ross">{{cite book|author=Ross, Robert |title=Benny Hill – Merry Master of Mirth: The Complete Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVO_CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|year=2014|publisher=Batsford|location=London|isbn=978-1-84994-258-4|page=54}}</ref>

She was [[principal boy]] in pantomime,<ref name=puppet/> and appeared in ice shows and "ice pantomimes".<ref name=pel/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Rene Strange}}
* [https://www.britishpathe.com/video/rene-strange-aka-large-lumps Rene Strange sketching a picture of Winston Churchill], [[Pathé News|British Pathé]], 1940
* [https://www.britishpathe.com/video/puppet-girl Rene Strange puppet show] Silent footage from British Pathé, 1951

{{DEFAULTSORT:Strange, Rene}}
[[Category:20th-century British women]]
[[Category:British caricaturists]]
[[Category:British puppeteers]]
[[Category:Women cartoonists]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

Rene Strange

2018-07-20T06:07:03Z

DocWatson42: Performed minor cleanup.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Rene Strange puppeteer.jpg|thumb|Rene Strange and marionette]]

'''Rene Strange''', also known as '''Renee Strange''' ({{Floruit|1940s–50s}}), was a comic entertainer known as the "singing cartoonist" and for her [[Sexual suggestiveness|''risqué'']] show using [[marionette]]s that she performed wearing black stockings. She appeared as part of [[Variety performance|variety performances]], on ice, and in [[pantomime]].

==Early life==
Rene Strange was the daughter of [[Leslie Strange]], originally known as Wilfred St Clair, who performed comic [[Charles Dickens|Dickensian]] pieces<ref name=pel>Leech, David. (2008) ''Pelham Puppets''. Ramsbury: Crowood Press. p. 34. {{ISBN|9781847970558}}.</ref> and impersonated famous figures of his time such as Adolf Hitler and Stan Laurel.<ref>[https://www.britishpathe.com/video/leslie-strange-issue-title-how-time-flies Leslie Strange – How Time Flies...] British Pathé, 24 October 1940. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</ref>

==Career==
Strange's act included drawing caricatures while singing, for which she became known as "the singing cartoonist", and the use of [[marionette]]s to perform comic routines to which she added a ''risqué'' element by wearing black stockings which showed off her legs.<ref name=pel/>

In 1940, Strange was filmed by [[Pathé News|British Pathé]] drawing a caricature of [[Winston Churchill]] and singing a patriotic song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/rene-strange-aka-large-lumps|title=Rene Strange Aka Large Lumps 1940|date=26 December 1940|website=British Pathé|access-date=22 June 2018}}</ref> She appeared in the [[Royal Variety Performance]] in 1946.<ref>[https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/rene-strange-adjusting-her-stockings-before-the-curtain-news-photo/807637770#/rene-strange-adjusting-her-stockings-before-the-curtain-rises-for-the-picture-id807637770 Rene Strange adjusting her stockings before the curtain rises for the dress rehearsal of the Royal Command Variety Performance]. November 04, 1946. Getty Images. Retrieved 23 June 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.royalvarietycharity.org/royal-variety-performance/archive/detail/1946-london-palladium|title=Performances: 1946, London Palladium|website=Royal Variety Charity|language=en|access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> In 1951, she was filmed by British Pathé performing with puppets Annie Pride of the Rockies; Mr Bertram, an inspector of forms who inspects Rene's legs; and Samoa the Hula Hula Girl.<ref name=puppet>[https://www.britishpathe.com/video/puppet-girl Puppet Girl]. British Pathé, 19 November 1951. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</ref>

In 1952, she appeared with [[Norman Wisdom]] in a [[Val Parnell]] and [[Bernard Delfont]] production ''[[Paris To Piccadilly]]'', described as a new [[Folies Bergère]] revue, at the [[Prince of Wales Theatre]] in London.<ref>[http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/PrinceOfWalesTheatre/Paris.htm A Programme for the 1950s "Paris to Piccadilly" at the Prince of Wales Theatre]. arthurlloyd.co.uk Retrieved 12 July 2018.</ref> The same year, she also appeared in ''Pulling Strings'' with [[Ann Hogarth]], operator of [[Muffin the Mule]], in a film for [[New Realm Pictures]] produced by [[Harold Bairn]].<ref>[[Denis Gifford|Gifford, Denis]] (Ed.). ''The British Film Catalogue Volume 1: Fiction Film, 1895–1994''. 3rd edition. Routledge. {{ISBN|9781317740629}}.</ref>

Strange's marionettes employed adult themes and in 1953 she commissioned Bob Pelham of [[Pelham Puppets]] to make the Opera Singer with a heaving bosom, the Drunken Singer with wobbly legs, the Choirboy who had a halo but also a catapult, the Can-Can Dancer, and a Strip-tease Artist.<ref name=pel/>

In 1955, she performed with her marionettes at [[Liseberg]] amusement park in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden, as part of a variety performance headlined by the trampoline act [[Paulette and Renee]] that also featured [[Plate spinning|plate-spinners]] and [[Shadowgraphy (performing art)|shadowgraphs]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OSMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11 "Review Digest"], Wolfram, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', 16 July 1955, p. 11.</ref> In 1958, she starred with [[Benny Hill]], [[Jack Beckitt]], and [[Peter Vernon]] in a production at the [[Floral Theatre]], Scarborough.<ref name="Ross">{{cite book|author=Ross, Robert |title=Benny Hill – Merry Master of Mirth: The Complete Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mVO_CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54|year=2014|publisher=Batsford|location=London|isbn=978-1-84994-258-4|page=54}}</ref>

She was [[principal boy]] in pantomime,<ref name=puppet/> and appeared in ice shows and "ice pantomimes".<ref name=pel/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Rene Strange}}
* [https://www.britishpathe.com/video/rene-strange-aka-large-lumps Rene Strange sketching a picture of Winston Churchill], [[Pathé News|British Pathé]], 1940
* [https://www.britishpathe.com/video/puppet-girl Rene Strange puppet show] Silent footage from British Pathé, 1951

{{DEFAULTSORT:Strange, Rene}}
[[Category:20th-century British women]]
[[Category:British caricaturists]]
[[Category:British puppeteers]]
[[Category:Women cartoonists]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

Lara Trump

2018-07-19T12:55:01Z

DocWatson42: Made two minor corrections.

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Lara Trump
|image = Lara Trump 170119-A-DR853-615.jpg
|caption = Trump in January 2017
|birth_name = Lara Lea Yunaska
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|10|12}}
|birth_place = [[Wilmington, North Carolina]], U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place =
|alma_mater = [[North Carolina State University]] French Culinary Institute in New York
|occupation = {{flatlist|
*Television host
*television producer
*campaign spokesperson
}}
|years_active = 2012–present
|known_for = Producer of ''[[Inside Edition]]'' Producer/Host of ''[[Real News Update]]''
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Eric Trump]]|November 8, 2014}}
|children = 1
|parents =
|family = [[Family of Donald Trump|Trump]]
|website =
}}

'''Lara Lea Trump''' ({{nee|'''Yunaska'''}}; born October 12, 1982) is an American television host, television producer, and campaign advisor. She is married to [[Eric Trump]], the second son and third child of the current [[President of the United States]], [[Donald Trump]]. She is the host of ''[[Real News Update]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2017/aug/03/move-over-sean-hannity-meet-lara-trump-the-president-keeps-the-propaganda-in-the-family|title=Move over Sean Hannity, meet Lara Trump – the president keeps the propaganda in the family|last=Hyde|first=Marina|date=2017-08-03|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Lara Yunaska was born in [[Wilmington, North Carolina]], on October 12, 1982, tо Robert Luke Yunaska and Linda Ann Sykes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lara Yunaska Eric Trump’s Wife|url=http://dailyentertainmentnews.com/politics/lara-yunaska-eric-trumps-wife/}}</ref> She has a younger brother, Kyle Robert Yunaska.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/eric-trumps-brother-law-named-chief-staff-energy-department-office-706176|title=Eric Trump's brother-in-law has been named chief of staff of an Energy Department office|date=2017-11-08|work=Newsweek|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en}}</ref> She studied at [[North Carolina State University]] and the French Culinary Institute in New York.<ref name="Miller2017">{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=George E.|title=Who Is Lara Trump? 8 Things to Know About the President’s Daughter-in-Law|url=http://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/politics/a10213528/lara-trump-yunaska-eric-trump-wife/|accessdate=August 9, 2017|work=[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/politics/a10213528/lara-trump-yunaska-eric-trump-wife/|title=Who Is Lara Trump? 9 Things to Know About the President’s Daughter-in-Law|date=2017-09-12|work=Town & Country|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Lara had served as a story coordinator and [[TV producer|producer]] for the TV [[news magazine]] ''[[Inside Edition]]'' from 2012 to 2016, and after her father-in-law was elected president, she became an online producer and fundraiser for President Trump, and appears in front of the camera as a spokesperson the ''[[Real News Update]]'' reports produced by [[Trump Productions]].<ref name="Miller2017"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Trump now has a "real news" program on his Facebook, hosted by his daughter-in-law|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/8/2/16082750/trump-daughter-in-law-lara-facebook-program-real-news|website=Vox|accessdate=14 September 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/politics/news/a9289/lara-trump-vanessa-trump Lara Trump and Venessa Trump - Town and Country Magazine]</ref>

==Activism==
Lara supports animal rights and has advocated on behalf of wild horses and shelter animals.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hugo|first1=Kristin|title=THE TRUMP FAMILY LIKES TO KILL ANIMALS. CAN LARA TRUMP GET THEM TO STOP?|url=http://www.newsweek.com/animal-rights-group-asks-lara-trump-denounce-trophy-hunting-783588|website=Newsweek|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> Animal advocates [[NYCLASS]] have called on her to prevent trophy hunting,<ref>{{cite web|last1=JORGENSEN|first1=JILLIAN|title=Animal rights group calls on Lara Trump to fight trophy hunting|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/animal-rights-group-calls-lara-trump-fight-trophy-hunting-article-1.3757370|website=New York Daily News|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> starting with her husband, Eric Trump, who was photographed with several dead safari animals in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=DEAR TRUMPS: THAT KUDU HORN WON’T GIVE YOU A HARD ON|url=https://animalrightschannel.com/2018/01/17/dear-trumps-that-rhino-horn-wont-give-you-a-hard-on/|publisher=AnimalRightsChannel.com|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She married [[Eric Trump]] following a lengthy engagement on November 8, 2014, in a ceremony at [[Donald Trump]]'s [[Mar-a-Lago]] estate in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/eric-trump-marries-lara-yunaska-palm-beach-wedding-article-1.2004472|title=Eric Trump marries Lara Yunaska in Palm Beach wedding|work=NY Daily News|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Miller2017"/> On September 12, 2017, Lara gave birth to Eric Luke Trump, whom they call Luke, their first child.<ref>{{cite web|last=Puente|first=Maria|title=Eric and Lara Trump announce birth of son, POTUS' ninth grandchild|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2017/09/12/eric-and-lara-trump-announce-birth-son-potus-ninth-grandchild/658130001/|accessdate=September 12, 2017|newspaper=USA Today|date=September 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://people.com/babies/eric-trump-lara-trump-welcome-son-eric-luke-first-photo/|title=Eric and Lara Trump Welcome Son Eric|date=2017-09-12|work=PEOPLE.com|access-date=2017-09-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|id=nm8390554}}

{{Donald Trump}}
{{Trump family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Lara}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]
[[Category:American female equestrians]]
[[Category:American television hosts]]
[[Category:American television producers]]
[[Category:Women television producers]]
[[Category:American women philanthropists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:New York (state) Republicans]]
[[Category:North Carolina Republicans]]
[[Category:North Carolina State University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Manhattan]]
[[Category:People from Wilmington, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Trump family|Lara]]

Vox (Website)

2018-07-12T10:42:13Z

DocWatson42: Deleted two "nowiki" tags.

{{redirect|Vox.com|the former blogging platform|Vox (blogging platform)}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Vox
| logo = Vox logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| screenshot =File:Vox homepage.PNG
| collapsible = yes
| caption =
| url = {{URL|www.vox.com}}
| commercial = Yes
| type = News and opinion website
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| num_users =
| content_license =
| programming language =
| owner = [[Vox Media]]
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2014|04|06|df=no}}
| alexa = {{Increase}} 1,217 ({{as of|2018|2|lc=y}})<ref name="alexa">{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/vox.com |title= Vox.com Site Overview | website= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate=November 21, 2017 }}</ref>
| current_status = Active
}}

'''Vox''' is an American news and opinion website owned by [[Vox Media]]. The website was founded in 2014 by [[Melissa Bell (journalist)|Melissa Bell]], [[Matthew Yglesias]], and [[Ezra Klein]]. Vox is noted for its concept of explanatory journalism.<ref name="GuardianGoldenAge">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/22/upshot-vox-fivethirtyeight-data-journalism-golden-age|title=The Upshot, Vox and FiveThirtyEight: data journalism's golden age, or TMI?|website=theguardian.com|author=James Ball|date= April 22, 2014|accessdate=April 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://contently.com/strategist/2014/04/23/a-brief-history-of-explanatory-journalism/|title=A Brief History of Explanatory Journalism|website=contently.com|author=Natalie Burg|date=April 23, 2014|accessdate=April 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2016/02/29/explanatory-journalism-a-tool-in-the-war-against-polarization-and-dysfunction/|title=Explanatory journalism: A tool in the war against polarization and dysfunction|website=brookings.edu|author=Thomas E. Mann|date=February 29, 2016|accessdate=April 6, 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Ezra Klein]] left ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in January 2014 for a position with [[Vox Media]], the publishers of the sports website ''[[SB Nation]]'', technology website ''[[The Verge]]'', and video gaming website ''[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]''.<ref name="NYT: joining Vox" /> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described Vox Media as "a technology company that produces media" rather than its inverse, associated with "Old Media".<ref name="NYT: joining Vox" /> Klein expected to "improve the technology of news" and build an online platform better equipped for making news understandable.<ref name="NYT: joining Vox" /> The new site's 20-person staff was chosen for their expertise in topic areas and included ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''{{'s}} [[Matthew Yglesias]], Melissa Bell, and Klein's colleagues from ''The Washington Post''.<ref name="NYT: joining Vox" /><ref name="CJR">[http://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/voxcom_is_going_to_be_a_great_test_ezra_klein_critique_journalism.php Vox.com is going to be a great test of Ezra Klein’s critique of journalism], ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' (April 7, 2014).</ref>

Vox launched in early April 2014 with Klein as its editor-in-chief.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/authors/ezra-klein |title=Ezra Klein Editor-in-Chief|author=|date=|website=vox.com|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=January 30, 2017}}</ref> His opening [[editorial]] essay, "How politics makes us stupid", explained his distress about political polarization in the context of [[Yale Law School]] professor [[Dan Kahan]]'s theories on how people protect themselves from information that conflicts with their core beliefs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2014/04/journalism-and-democracy|title=Ezra Klein's strangled Vox|date=April 11, 2014|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref>

In June 2016, Vox suspended contributor [[Emmett Rensin]] for a series of tweets calling for anti-Trump [[riots]], including one on June 3, 2016 that urged, "If Trump comes to your town, start a riot." The tweets drew attention after violent [[Protests of the Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|anti-Trump protests]] took place in [[San Jose, California]] on the day of Rensin's tweet.<ref name="ByersSuspended">{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/06/03/media/vox-editor-suspended-trump-riots/index.html|title=Vox suspends editor for encouraging riots at Donald Trump rallies|date=June 3, 2016|publisher=CNN|last1=Byers|first1=Dylan|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name="CalledForRiots">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-trailguide-vox-suspends-editor-1464984232-htmlstory.html|title=Vox suspends editor who called for anti-Trump riots|date=June 3, 2016|publisher=Los Angeles Times|last1=Halper|first1=Evan|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/emmettrensin/status/738583628855156742|title=Advice: If Trump comes to your town, start a riot.|date=June 2, 2016|type=[[Twitter]] post|access-date=June 2, 2016|author=Emmett Rensin [emmettrensin]}}</ref><ref name="Wemple">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2016/06/03/what-will-a-suspension-do-for-a-vox-editor-who-urged-anti-trump-riots/|title=What will a suspension do for a Vox editor who urged anti-Trump riots?|date=June 3, 2016|publisher=Washington Post|last1=Wemple|first1=Eric|access-date=June 5, 2016}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Plank]] was hired in 2016 as a political correspondent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/vox-snags-mics-elizabeth-plank-871624 |title=Vox Snags Mic's Elizabeth Plank for Election Coverage |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=2016-03-01 |access-date=2017-06-24 }}</ref>

In September 2017, Vox announced that Ezra Klein would be taking a new role as editor-at-large, and that Klein's deputy, Lauren Williams, would be named editor-in-chief.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/09/26/media/ezra-klein-vox-lauren-williams/index.html|title=Lauren Williams named editor in chief of Vox; Ezra Klein to be editor at large|last=Stelter|first=Brian|work=CNN Money|access-date=2017-09-29}}</ref>

== Content ==
Vox's mission is to "explain the news", meaning it strives to make sure its readers "understand what just happened," by providing "contextual information that traditional news stories aren't designed to carry."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Klein |first1=Ezra |last2=Bell |first2=Melissa |last3=Yglesias |first3=Matt |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/3/28/5559144/nine-questions-about-vox |title=Nine questions about Vox |work=Vox |date=March 9, 2014 |accessdate=February 22, 2018}}</ref> In order to reuse work from authors prior to the relaunch in 2014, Vox creates "card stacks" in bright "canary yellow" that provide context and define terms within an article. The cards are perpetually maintained as a form of "wiki page written by one person with a little attitude".<ref name="NYT: melding"/> As an example, a card about the term "insurance exchange" may be reused on stories about the [[Affordable Care Act]].<ref name="NYT: melding"/>

The site uses Vox Media's Chorus [[content management system]], which enables journalists to easily create articles with complex visual effects and transitions, such as photos that change as the reader scrolls.<ref name="NYT: melding"/> Vox Media's properties target educated households with six-figure incomes and a head of house less than 35 years old.<ref name="NYT: melding"/>

== YouTube ==
Vox has a YouTube channel by the same name where they have regularly posted videos on news and informational subjects since 2014.<ref name="VoxYTabout"/> These videos are accompanied by an article on their website. The themes covered in the videos are usually similar to the themes covered in the regular, written articles on the website.{{cn|date=September 2017}}

The channel has over 4 million subscribers and over 889 million views as of April 2018.<ref name="VoxYTabout">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/voxdotcom/about|title=Vox Channel About Page|website=youtube.com|access-date=April 30, 2018}}</ref>

Content surrounds both current affairs, timeline of certain events, and interesting facts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/voxdotcom/featured|title=Vox Channel Home Page|website=youtube.com|accessdate=April 6, 2018}}</ref>

== Podcasts ==
Vox distributes six podcasts, all hosted by Vox staff:<ref name=Podcasts>{{cite web|title=Podcasts|url=https://www.vox.com/pages/podcasts|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>

* ''The Weeds'' is a twice-weekly [[round table (discussion)|roundtable]] podcast, hosted by Klein, Yglesias, and healthcare policy correspondent Sarah Kliff, focusing on U.S. national news with a focus on the fine details of public policy.<ref name=Podcasts /><ref>{{cite web|title=The Weeds|url=https://www.vox.com/the-weeds|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>
* ''The Ezra Klein Show'' is a weekly interview podcast in which Klein interviews guests in politics and media.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ezra Klein Show|url=https://www.vox.com/ezra-klein-show-podcast|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>
* ''I Think You're Interesting'' is a weekly interview podcast about the arts, entertainment, and pop culture, hosted by Vox's "critic at large" Todd VanDerWerff.<ref name = Podcasts /><ref>{{cite web|title=I Think You're Interesting|url=https://www.vox.com/i-think-youre-interesting|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>
* ''Worldly'' is a weekly roundtable podcast focusing on U.S. foreign policy and international affairs, hosted by [[Yochi Dreazen]], Zack Beauchamp, and Jennifer Williams.<ref name = Podcasts /><ref>{{cite web|title=Worldly|url=https://www.vox.com/worldly|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>
* ''The Impact'' is a weekly narrative podcast hosted by Kliff investigating the effects of policy decisions in practice.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Impact|url=https://www.vox.com/the-impact|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>
* ''Today, Explained'' is a daily podcast, hosted by Sean Ramaswaram, providing short explanations of items in the news.<ref name = Podcasts /><ref>{{cite web|title=Today, Explained|url=https://www.vox.com/today-explained|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>

== Reception ==
In March 2014, before it had officially launched, Vox was criticized by [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] media commentators, including [[Erick Erickson]], for a video it had published.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/ezra-kleins-vox-is-already-being-labeled-left-wing-propaganda-by-conservatives/359709/|title=Ezra Klein's Vox Is Already Being Labeled 'Left-Wing Propaganda' by Conservatives|last=Cosman|first=Ben|newspaper=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=November 3, 2016}}</ref>

The website's launch received significant media attention.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailydot.com/news/vox-explains-it-all/|title=How Vox is going to make its way to the top|date=April 7, 2014|newspaper=The Daily Dot|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref> Websites noted that the launch came around the same time as other data and explainer websites like [[FiveThirtyEight]] and the ''New York Times''{{'}} The Upshot.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/22/upshot-vox-fivethirtyeight-data-journalism-golden-age|title=The Upshot, Vox and FiveThirtyEight: data journalism's golden age, or TMI?|date=April 22, 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/04/07/klein-launches-vox/7420053/|title=Ezra Klein launches news site Vox.com|newspaper=USA TODAY|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref> Vox was described as using "[[Upworthy]]" style headlines to enhance shareability and to act as a "Wikipedia for ongoing news stories."<ref name=":5" />

Shortly after it launched, conservative writer [[David Harsanyi]] criticized the site's concept of "explanatory journalism" in an article in ''[[The Federalist (website)|The Federalist]]'' titled "How Vox makes us stupid", arguing that the website selectively chose facts, and that "explanatory journalism" inherently leaves out opposing viewpoints and different perspectives.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://thefederalist.com/2014/04/08/how-vox-makes-us-stupid/|title=How Vox makes us stupid|last=Politics|access-date=March 17, 2016}}</ref> Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry at ''[[The Week]]'' argued that the website produced "partisan commentary in question-and-answer disguise" and criticized the site for having a "starting lineup [that] was mostly made up of ideological liberals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://theweek.com/articles/445880/vox-derp-intellectual-stagnation-left|title=Vox, derp, and the intellectual stagnation of the left|website=[[The Week]]|access-date=March 17, 2016}}</ref> ''[[The Week]]''{{'}}s Ryu Spaeth described the site's operations as, "It essentially takes the news (in other words, what is happening in the world at any given moment in time) and frames it in a way that appeals to its young, liberal audience."<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Ryu Spaeth|url=http://theweek.com/articles/567586/gawker-meltdown-voxification-news-media|title=The Gawker meltdown and the Vox-ification of the news media|date=July 21, 2015|access-date=October 24, 2016}}</ref>

''[[The Economist]]'', commenting on Klein's launching essay "How politics makes us stupid", said the website was "bright and promising" and the premise behind the site was "profoundly honourable", and positively compared the site's mission to [[John Keats]]'s [[negative capability]].<ref name=":4" />

''[[The New York Times]]''{{'s}} [[David Carr (journalist)|David Carr]] associated Klein's exit for Vox with other "big-name journalists" leaving newspapers for digital start-ups, such as [[Walter Mossberg]] and [[Kara Swisher]] (''[[Re/code]]''), [[David Pogue]], and [[Nate Silver]].<ref name="NYT: joining Vox" />

In December 2014, the website [[Deadspin]] wrote a post listing each time Vox ran a correction for a factual error in an article.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theconcourse.deadspin.com/46-times-vox-totally-fucked-up-a-story-1673835447|title=46 Times Vox Totally Fucked Up a Story|last=Draper|first=Kevin|newspaper=The Concourse|language=en-US|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref> In an opinion piece in ''[[The Washington Times]]'', [[Christopher J. Harper]] criticized the site for numerous reporting mistakes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/7/christopher-harper-vox-news-website-needs-to-take-/?page=all|title=Vox news website needs to take serious look at how it 'reinvents' journalism|last=Harper|first=Christopher|date=January 7, 2015|website=The Washingtion Times |access-date=March 17, 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] presented [[Julia Belluz]] the Robert B. Balles Prize for Critical Thinking for her work on Vox. "We need more people in the media doing what Julia Bellux does ...".<ref name="Sept-Oct Issue">{{cite journal|last1=Fidalgo|first1=Paul|title=CSI's Balles Prize in Critical Thinking Awarded to Julia Belluz of Vox.com|journal=Skeptical Inquirer|date=2016|volume=40|issue=5|page=6}}</ref>

==Readership==
In June 2015, Vox had 54.1 million unique visitors, of which 41% were between the ages of 18 and 34, according to comScore Inc.<ref name="wsjvox">Alpert, Lukas I. [https://blogs.wsj.com/cmo/2015/08/12/comcast-invests-200-million-in-vox-media-valuing-digital-media-firm-at-1-billion/ Comcast Invests $200 Million in Vox Media]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. August 12, 2015. Accessed on 2016-06-26.</ref>

In a 2017 [[Nieman Lab]] interview, Ezra Klein stated of Vox's audience: "We watch our audience data pretty closely, and our audience data does not show or suggest to us that we are overwhelmingly read on one side or the other of the political sphere, which is good...And overall our audience leans a bit left, but it doesn’t lean overwhelmingly so."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/01/ezra-klein-hopes-vox-can-change-the-fact-that-people-who-are-more-into-the-news-read-the-news-more/|title=Ezra Klein hopes Vox can change the fact that “people who are more into the news read the news more”|work=Nieman Lab|access-date=2017-11-20}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="NYT: joining Vox">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/27/business/media/ezra-klein-joining-vox-media-as-web-journalism-asserts-itself.html |accessdate=December 26, 2014 |title=Ezra Klein Is Joining Vox Media as Web Journalism Asserts Itself |last1=Carr |first1=David |authorlink=David Carr (journalist) |date=January 26, 2014 |work=The New York Times |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6V7lOyGVm?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/27/business/media/ezra-klein-joining-vox-media-as-web-journalism-asserts-itself.html?_r=0 |archivedate=December 27, 2014 |deadurl=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="NYT: melding">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/07/business/media/voxcom-takes-melding-of-journalism-and-technology-to-next-level.html?_r=0 |accessdate=December 26, 2014 |title=Vox Takes Melding of Journalism and Technology to a New Level |last1=Kaufman |first1=Leslie |date=April 6, 2014 |work=The New York Times |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6V7lIdtpR?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/07/business/media/voxcom-takes-melding-of-journalism-and-technology-to-next-level.html?_r=1 |archivedate=December 27, 2014 |deadurl=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

}}

{{Vox Media}}
{{Portal bar|Education|History|United States|border=yes}}

[[Category:2014 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:American news websites]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2014]]
[[Category:Vox Media]]
[[Category:Progressivism in the United States]]

Vox (Website)

2018-07-12T10:41:09Z

DocWatson42: /* Reception */ Performed minor cleanup on punctuation.

{{redirect|Vox.com|the former blogging platform|Vox (blogging platform)}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Vox
| logo = Vox logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| screenshot =File:Vox homepage.PNG
| collapsible = yes
| caption =
| url = {{URL|www.vox.com}}
| commercial = Yes
| type = News and opinion website
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| num_users =
| content_license =
| programming language =
| owner = [[Vox Media]]
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2014|04|06|df=no}}
| alexa = {{Increase}} 1,217 ({{as of|2018|2|lc=y}})<ref name="alexa">{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/vox.com |title= Vox.com Site Overview | website= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate=November 21, 2017 }}</ref>
| current_status = Active
}}

'''Vox''' is an American news and opinion website owned by [[Vox Media]]. The website was founded in 2014 by [[Melissa Bell (journalist)|Melissa Bell]], [[Matthew Yglesias]], and [[Ezra Klein]]. Vox is noted for its concept of explanatory journalism.<ref name="GuardianGoldenAge">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/22/upshot-vox-fivethirtyeight-data-journalism-golden-age|title=The Upshot, Vox and FiveThirtyEight: data journalism's golden age, or TMI?|website=theguardian.com|author=James Ball|date= April 22, 2014|accessdate=April 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://contently.com/strategist/2014/04/23/a-brief-history-of-explanatory-journalism/|title=A Brief History of Explanatory Journalism|website=contently.com|author=Natalie Burg|date=April 23, 2014|accessdate=April 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2016/02/29/explanatory-journalism-a-tool-in-the-war-against-polarization-and-dysfunction/|title=Explanatory journalism: A tool in the war against polarization and dysfunction|website=brookings.edu|author=Thomas E. Mann|date=February 29, 2016|accessdate=April 6, 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Ezra Klein]] left ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in January 2014 for a position with [[Vox Media]], the publishers of the sports website ''[[SB Nation]]'', technology website ''[[The Verge]]'', and video gaming website ''[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]''.<ref name="NYT: joining Vox" /> ''[[The New York Times]]'' described Vox Media as "a technology company that produces media" rather than its inverse, associated with "Old Media".<ref name="NYT: joining Vox" /> Klein expected to "improve the technology of news" and build an online platform better equipped for making news understandable.<ref name="NYT: joining Vox" /> The new site's 20-person staff was chosen for their expertise in topic areas and included ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''{{'s}} [[Matthew Yglesias]], Melissa Bell, and Klein's colleagues from ''The Washington Post''.<ref name="NYT: joining Vox" /><ref name="CJR">[http://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/voxcom_is_going_to_be_a_great_test_ezra_klein_critique_journalism.php Vox.com is going to be a great test of Ezra Klein’s critique of journalism], ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' (April 7, 2014).</ref>

Vox launched in early April 2014 with Klein as its editor-in-chief.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/authors/ezra-klein |title=Ezra Klein Editor-in-Chief|author=|date=|website=vox.com|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=January 30, 2017}}</ref> His opening [[editorial]] essay, "How politics makes us stupid", explained his distress about political polarization in the context of [[Yale Law School]] professor [[Dan Kahan]]'s theories on how people protect themselves from information that conflicts with their core beliefs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2014/04/journalism-and-democracy|title=Ezra Klein's strangled Vox|date=April 11, 2014|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref>

In June 2016, Vox suspended contributor [[Emmett Rensin]] for a series of tweets calling for anti-Trump [[riots]], including one on June 3, 2016 that urged, "If Trump comes to your town, start a riot." The tweets drew attention after violent [[Protests of the Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016|anti-Trump protests]] took place in [[San Jose, California]] on the day of Rensin's tweet.<ref name="ByersSuspended">{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/06/03/media/vox-editor-suspended-trump-riots/index.html|title=Vox suspends editor for encouraging riots at Donald Trump rallies|date=June 3, 2016|publisher=CNN|last1=Byers|first1=Dylan|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name="CalledForRiots">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-trailguide-vox-suspends-editor-1464984232-htmlstory.html|title=Vox suspends editor who called for anti-Trump riots|date=June 3, 2016|publisher=Los Angeles Times|last1=Halper|first1=Evan|access-date=June 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/emmettrensin/status/738583628855156742|title=Advice: If Trump comes to your town, start a riot.|date=June 2, 2016|type=[[Twitter]] post|access-date=June 2, 2016|author=Emmett Rensin [emmettrensin]}}</ref><ref name="Wemple">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2016/06/03/what-will-a-suspension-do-for-a-vox-editor-who-urged-anti-trump-riots/|title=What will a suspension do for a Vox editor who urged anti-Trump riots?|date=June 3, 2016|publisher=Washington Post|last1=Wemple|first1=Eric|access-date=June 5, 2016}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Plank]] was hired in 2016 as a political correspondent.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/vox-snags-mics-elizabeth-plank-871624 |title=Vox Snags Mic's Elizabeth Plank for Election Coverage |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=2016-03-01 |access-date=2017-06-24 }}</ref>

In September 2017, Vox announced that Ezra Klein would be taking a new role as editor-at-large, and that Klein's deputy, Lauren Williams, would be named editor-in-chief.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/09/26/media/ezra-klein-vox-lauren-williams/index.html|title=Lauren Williams named editor in chief of Vox; Ezra Klein to be editor at large|last=Stelter|first=Brian|work=CNN Money|access-date=2017-09-29}}</ref>

== Content ==
Vox's mission is to "explain the news", meaning it strives to make sure its readers "understand what just happened," by providing "contextual information that traditional news stories aren't designed to carry."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Klein |first1=Ezra |last2=Bell |first2=Melissa |last3=Yglesias |first3=Matt |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/3/28/5559144/nine-questions-about-vox |title=Nine questions about Vox |work=Vox |date=March 9, 2014 |accessdate=February 22, 2018}}</ref> In order to reuse work from authors prior to the relaunch in 2014, Vox creates "card stacks" in bright "canary yellow" that provide context and define terms within an article. The cards are perpetually maintained as a form of "wiki page written by one person with a little attitude".<ref name="NYT: melding"/> As an example, a card about the term "insurance exchange" may be reused on stories about the [[Affordable Care Act]].<ref name="NYT: melding"/>

The site uses Vox Media's Chorus [[content management system]], which enables journalists to easily create articles with complex visual effects and transitions, such as photos that change as the reader scrolls.<ref name="NYT: melding"/> Vox Media's properties target educated households with six-figure incomes and a head of house less than 35 years old.<ref name="NYT: melding"/>

== YouTube ==
Vox has a YouTube channel by the same name where they have regularly posted videos on news and informational subjects since 2014.<ref name="VoxYTabout"/> These videos are accompanied by an article on their website. The themes covered in the videos are usually similar to the themes covered in the regular, written articles on the website.{{cn|date=September 2017}}

The channel has over 4 million subscribers and over 889 million views as of April 2018.<ref name="VoxYTabout">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/voxdotcom/about|title=Vox Channel About Page|website=youtube.com|access-date=April 30, 2018}}</ref>

Content surrounds both current affairs, timeline of certain events, and interesting facts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/voxdotcom/featured|title=Vox Channel Home Page|website=youtube.com|accessdate=April 6, 2018}}</ref>

== Podcasts ==
Vox distributes six podcasts, all hosted by Vox staff:<ref name=Podcasts>{{cite web|title=Podcasts|url=https://www.vox.com/pages/podcasts|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>

* ''The Weeds'' is a twice-weekly [[round table (discussion)|roundtable]] podcast, hosted by Klein, Yglesias, and healthcare policy correspondent Sarah Kliff, focusing on U.S. national news with a focus on the fine details of public policy.<ref name=Podcasts /><ref>{{cite web|title=The Weeds|url=https://www.vox.com/the-weeds|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>
* ''The Ezra Klein Show'' is a weekly interview podcast in which Klein interviews guests in politics and media.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Ezra Klein Show|url=https://www.vox.com/ezra-klein-show-podcast|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>
* ''I Think You're Interesting'' is a weekly interview podcast about the arts, entertainment, and pop culture, hosted by Vox's "critic at large" Todd VanDerWerff.<ref name = Podcasts /><ref>{{cite web|title=I Think You're Interesting|url=https://www.vox.com/i-think-youre-interesting|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>
* ''Worldly'' is a weekly roundtable podcast focusing on U.S. foreign policy and international affairs, hosted by [[Yochi Dreazen]], Zack Beauchamp, and Jennifer Williams.<ref name = Podcasts /><ref>{{cite web|title=Worldly|url=https://www.vox.com/worldly|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>
* ''The Impact'' is a weekly narrative podcast hosted by Kliff investigating the effects of policy decisions in practice.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Impact|url=https://www.vox.com/the-impact|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>
* ''Today, Explained'' is a daily podcast, hosted by Sean Ramaswaram, providing short explanations of items in the news.<ref name = Podcasts /><ref>{{cite web|title=Today, Explained|url=https://www.vox.com/today-explained|website=Vox|publisher=Vox Media|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref>

== Reception ==
In March 2014, before it had officially launched, Vox was criticized by [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] media commentators, including [[Erick Erickson]], for a video it had published.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/03/ezra-kleins-vox-is-already-being-labeled-left-wing-propaganda-by-conservatives/359709/|title=Ezra Klein's Vox Is Already Being Labeled 'Left-Wing Propaganda' by Conservatives|last=Cosman|first=Ben|newspaper=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=November 3, 2016}}</ref>

The website's launch received significant media attention.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailydot.com/news/vox-explains-it-all/|title=How Vox is going to make its way to the top|date=April 7, 2014|newspaper=The Daily Dot|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref> Websites noted that the launch came around the same time as other data and explainer websites like [[FiveThirtyEight]] and the ''New York Times''{{'}} The Upshot.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/22/upshot-vox-fivethirtyeight-data-journalism-golden-age|title=The Upshot, Vox and FiveThirtyEight: data journalism's golden age, or TMI?|date=April 22, 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/04/07/klein-launches-vox/7420053/|title=Ezra Klein launches news site Vox.com|newspaper=USA TODAY|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref> Vox was described as using "[[Upworthy]]" style headlines to enhance shareability and to act as a "Wikipedia for ongoing news stories."<ref name=":5" />

Shortly after it launched, conservative writer [[David Harsanyi]] <nowiki/>criticized the site's concept of "explanatory journalism" in an article in ''[[The Federalist (website)|The Federalist]]'' titled "How Vox makes us stupid", arguing that the website selectively chose facts, and that "explanatory journalism" inherently leaves out opposing viewpoints and different perspectives.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://thefederalist.com/2014/04/08/how-vox-makes-us-stupid/|title=How Vox makes us stupid|last=Politics|access-date=March 17, 2016}}</ref> Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry at ''[[The Week]]'' argued that the website produced "partisan commentary in question-and-answer disguise" and criticized the site for having a "starting lineup [that] was mostly made up of ideological liberals."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://theweek.com/articles/445880/vox-derp-intellectual-stagnation-left|title=Vox, derp, and the intellectual stagnation of the left|website=[[The Week]]|access-date=March 17, 2016}}</ref> ''[[The Week]]''{{'}}s Ryu Spaeth described the site's operations as, "It essentially takes the news (in other words, what is happening in the world at any given moment in time) and frames it in a way that appeals to its young, liberal audience."<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Ryu Spaeth|url=http://theweek.com/articles/567586/gawker-meltdown-voxification-news-media|title=The Gawker meltdown and the Vox-ification of the news media|date=July 21, 2015|access-date=October 24, 2016}}</ref><nowiki/>

''[[The Economist]]'', commenting on Klein's launching essay "How politics makes us stupid", said the website was "bright and promising" and the premise behind the site was "profoundly honourable", and positively compared the site's mission to [[John Keats]]'s [[negative capability]].<ref name=":4" />

''[[The New York Times]]''{{'s}} [[David Carr (journalist)|David Carr]] associated Klein's exit for Vox with other "big-name journalists" leaving newspapers for digital start-ups, such as [[Walter Mossberg]] and [[Kara Swisher]] (''[[Re/code]]''), [[David Pogue]], and [[Nate Silver]].<ref name="NYT: joining Vox" />

In December 2014, the website [[Deadspin]] wrote a post listing each time Vox ran a correction for a factual error in an article.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theconcourse.deadspin.com/46-times-vox-totally-fucked-up-a-story-1673835447|title=46 Times Vox Totally Fucked Up a Story|last=Draper|first=Kevin|newspaper=The Concourse|language=en-US|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref> In an opinion piece in ''[[The Washington Times]]'', [[Christopher J. Harper]] criticized the site for numerous reporting mistakes.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/7/christopher-harper-vox-news-website-needs-to-take-/?page=all|title=Vox news website needs to take serious look at how it 'reinvents' journalism|last=Harper|first=Christopher|date=January 7, 2015|website=The Washingtion Times |access-date=March 17, 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]] presented [[Julia Belluz]] the Robert B. Balles Prize for Critical Thinking for her work on Vox. "We need more people in the media doing what Julia Bellux does ...".<ref name="Sept-Oct Issue">{{cite journal|last1=Fidalgo|first1=Paul|title=CSI's Balles Prize in Critical Thinking Awarded to Julia Belluz of Vox.com|journal=Skeptical Inquirer|date=2016|volume=40|issue=5|page=6}}</ref>

==Readership==
In June 2015, Vox had 54.1 million unique visitors, of which 41% were between the ages of 18 and 34, according to comScore Inc.<ref name="wsjvox">Alpert, Lukas I. [https://blogs.wsj.com/cmo/2015/08/12/comcast-invests-200-million-in-vox-media-valuing-digital-media-firm-at-1-billion/ Comcast Invests $200 Million in Vox Media]. ''The Wall Street Journal''. August 12, 2015. Accessed on 2016-06-26.</ref>

In a 2017 [[Nieman Lab]] interview, Ezra Klein stated of Vox's audience: "We watch our audience data pretty closely, and our audience data does not show or suggest to us that we are overwhelmingly read on one side or the other of the political sphere, which is good...And overall our audience leans a bit left, but it doesn’t lean overwhelmingly so."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/01/ezra-klein-hopes-vox-can-change-the-fact-that-people-who-are-more-into-the-news-read-the-news-more/|title=Ezra Klein hopes Vox can change the fact that “people who are more into the news read the news more”|work=Nieman Lab|access-date=2017-11-20}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="NYT: joining Vox">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/27/business/media/ezra-klein-joining-vox-media-as-web-journalism-asserts-itself.html |accessdate=December 26, 2014 |title=Ezra Klein Is Joining Vox Media as Web Journalism Asserts Itself |last1=Carr |first1=David |authorlink=David Carr (journalist) |date=January 26, 2014 |work=The New York Times |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6V7lOyGVm?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/27/business/media/ezra-klein-joining-vox-media-as-web-journalism-asserts-itself.html?_r=0 |archivedate=December 27, 2014 |deadurl=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

<ref name="NYT: melding">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/07/business/media/voxcom-takes-melding-of-journalism-and-technology-to-next-level.html?_r=0 |accessdate=December 26, 2014 |title=Vox Takes Melding of Journalism and Technology to a New Level |last1=Kaufman |first1=Leslie |date=April 6, 2014 |work=The New York Times |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6V7lIdtpR?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/07/business/media/voxcom-takes-melding-of-journalism-and-technology-to-next-level.html?_r=1 |archivedate=December 27, 2014 |deadurl=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

}}

{{Vox Media}}
{{Portal bar|Education|History|United States|border=yes}}

[[Category:2014 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:American news websites]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2014]]
[[Category:Vox Media]]
[[Category:Progressivism in the United States]]

Japanophilie

2018-07-02T10:05:39Z

DocWatson42: /* 21st century */ Made three minor corrections.

[[File:Lafcadio Hearn portrait.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lafcadio Hearn]], {{aka}} Koizumi Yakumo, a notable Irish-Greek international scholar and author well known for his strong interest in Japanese culture.]]

'''Japanophilia''' refers to the appreciation and love of Japanese culture, people or history.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Japanophile|encyclopedia=Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged|year=200|publisher= Merriam-Webster|quote= one who especially admires and likes Japan or Japanese ways|url=http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com|accessdate=2016-02-21}}</ref> In Japanese, the term for Japanophile is {{nihongo|"shinnichi"|親日}}, with "親" {{nihongo|"shin"|しん}} equivalent to the English prefix 'pro-', and "日" {{nihongo|"nichi"|にち}}, meaning "Japanese" (as in the word for Japan {{nihongo|"Nihon"|日本}}). The term was first used as early as the 18th century, switching in scope over time.

==History==

===Early usage===

The term "Japanophile" traces back to the late 18th and early 19th centuries before Japan became more open to foreign trade. [[Carl Peter Thunberg]] and [[Philipp Franz von Siebold]] helped introduce Japanese flora, artworks, and other objects to Europe which spiked interest.<ref>{{cite book|title=William and Henry Walters, the Reticent Collectors|author=William R. Johnston|year=1999|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=0-8018-6040-7|page=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Topsy-Turvy 1585|author=Robin D. Gill|year=2004|publisher=Paraverse Press|isbn=0-9742618-1-5|page=25}}</ref> [[Lafcadio Hearn]], an Irish-Greek author who made his home in Japan in the 19th century, was described as "a confirmed Japanophile" by [[Tuttle Publishing|Charles E. Tuttle Company]] in their forewords to several of his books.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lafcadio Hearn|first= Heather|last= Hale|newspaper=Japanfile, the Website of [[Kansai Time Out]] Magazine|date=September 1990|url= http://www.japanfile.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=139|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210917/http://japanfile.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=139 |archivedate=2016-03-05 }}</ref> Others may include [[Jules Brunet]], a [[French Army]] officer who played a famous role in the Japanese [[Boshin War]].

===20th century===

In the first decade of the 20th century, several British writers lauded Japan. In 1904, for example, [[Beatrice Webb]] wrote that Japan was a "rising star of human self-control and enlightenment", praising the "innovating collectivism" of the Japanese, and the "uncanny" purposefulness and open-mindedness of its "enlightened professional elite." [[H. G. Wells]] similarly named the élite of his ''[[A Modern Utopia]]'' "samurai". In part this was a result of the decline of British industrial primacy, with Japan and Germany rising comparatively. Germany was seen as a threat close to hand, but Japan was seen as a potential ally. The British sought efficiency as the solution to issues of productivity, and after the publication of [[Alfred Stead]]'s 1906 book ''Great Japan: A Study of National Efficiency'', pundits in Britain looked to Japan for lessons. This interest however, ended with [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Parallax Visions: Making Sense of American-East Asian Relations|author=Bruce Cumings
|chapter=Archaeology, Descent, Emergence: American Mythology and East Asian Reality|year=1999|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-2924-7|page=25}}</ref>

[[General officer|General]] [[José Millán-Astray]], the founder of the [[Spanish Legion]], stated that the [[samurai]] warrior code [[Bushido]] exerted a great influence on him. Defining Bushido as "a perfect creed", Millán-Astray said that "the Spanish legionnaire is also a samurai and practices the Bushido essentials: Honor, Valor, Loyalty, Generosity, and Sacrifice", and added that [[Spain]] would become a great power like Japan by adhering to the code's principles.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jensen |first=Geoffrey |date=2002 |title=Irrational Triumph: Cultural Despair, Military Nationalism, and the Ideological Origins of Franco's Spain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJRO8XheXvsC |location=[[Reno, Nevada]] |publisher=[[University of Nevada Press]] |page=150 |isbn=0874174813 |author-link= }}</ref> He also made a Spanish translation of [[Inazo Nitobe]]'s book ''[[Bushido: The Soul of Japan]]'' and a prologue to it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2009/138541/meta_a2009v54n2p218.pdf |title=Millán-Astray’s Translation of Nitobe’s Bushido: The Soul of Japan |last=Beeby |first=Allison |last2=Rodríguez |first2=María Teresa |date=2009 |website=[[Autonomous University of Barcelona]] |access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>

===21st century===

{{further|Anime and manga fandom}}
In the early 2000s, derogatory slang terms were created to demean those who appreciated [[Japanese popular culture]]. The term ''wapanese'' (from ''white Japanese'', or possibly also ''wannabe Japanese'') first emerged in 2002 as a term used to describe a white person who is obsessed with Japanese culture, which includes [[anime]] and [[manga]]. The term ''weeaboo'' (or ''weeb'' later, compare ''[[wikt:dweeb|dweeb]]'') came from a comic strip created by [[Nicholas Gurewitch]] in which the term had no meaning other than it was something unpleasant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japanpowered.com/otaku-culture/am-i-a-weeaboo-what-does-weeaboo-mean-anyway|title=Am I a Weeaboo? What does Weeaboo Mean Anyway?|publisher=Japan Powered|author=Chris Kincaid|date=2015-08-30|accessdate=2016-02-21}}</ref> According to an unpublished MA thesis, [[4chan]] quickly picked up the word, and applied it in an abusive way in place of the already existing wapanese term.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Jesse Christian|title=Japanese animation in America and its fans|url=http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/8736/thesis.pdf|accessdate=12 December 2015}}</ref>

It is debatable whether ''weeaboo'' has the same meaning as the Japanese term ''[[otaku]]'' (people with obsessive interests) as ''weeaboo'' has been used as a [[blanket term]] that implies a connection. ''Frog-kun'' from [[Crunchyroll]] states that the meaning of the word ''Otaku'' is hindered by [[cultural appropriation]], and that some [[Western culture|westerners]] believe that it can only be used to describe a Japanese person.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-feature/2016/08/22/feature-found-in-translation-the-evolution-of-the-word-otaku-part-1|title=FEATURE: Found in Translation - The Evolution of the Word 'Otaku' [PART 1]|publisher=[[Crunchyroll]]|author=Frog-kun|date=August 22, 2016|accessdate=August 26, 2016}}</ref> In a blog post on [[Anime News Network]], Justin Sevakis gives a difference between the two, saying that there is nothing wrong with loving Japanese culture. He points out that a person only becomes a ''weeaboo'' when they start to be obnoxious, immature, and ignorant about the culture they love.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/answerman/2014-08-22/.77818|title=Nobody Loves the Weeaboo|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|author=Justin Sevakis|date=August 22, 2014|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref> Matt Jardin from the ''[[Alaska Dispatch]]'' gave an opinion on the definition saying that weeaboos blindly prefer things from Japan while looking down on anything else despite obvious merit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adn.com/arts/2016/09/29/going-to-senshi-con-here-are-5-terms-you-need-to-know/|title=Going to Senshi Con this weekend? Here are 5 terms to know.|work=[[Alaska Dispatch]]|author=Matt Jardin|date=September 29, 2016|accessdate=May 18, 2017}}</ref> Rocket News 24 did a number of interviews with Japanese citizens asking them what they thought of "weeaboos". A "general consensus" was that they felt that any foreign interest in Japan was a good thing, and that ignorance might over time become understanding of their culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rocketnews24.com/2016/04/07/what-do-japanese-people-think-of-weeaboos%E3%80%90video%E3%80%91/|title=What do Japanese people think of "weeaboos"?【Video】|publisher=Rocket News 24|author=evie lund|date=Apr 7, 2016|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rocketnews24.com/2016/04/21/japanese-people-react-to-weeaboo-cringe-videos-on-youtube/|title=Japanese people react to "weeaboo cringe videos" on YouTube【Video】|publisher=Rocket News 24|author=evie lund|date=Apr 21, 2016|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Japan}}
* [[Japanization]]
* [[Japanification]]: cultural assimilation into Japanese society
* [[Japonism]]
* [[Japanese studies]]
* [[Cool Japan]]
* [[Japan Expo]]
* [[Anime and manga fandom]]
* [[Anime club]]
* [[Sinophile]]
* [[Korean Wave]]
* [[Taiwanese Wave]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cultural appreciation}}

[[Category:18th-century neologisms]]
[[Category:Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Admiration of foreign cultures]]
[[Category:Japanese subcultures]]
[[Category:Asian culture]]
[[Category:Orientalism by type]]
[[Category:Japanese nationalism]]

Verändere dein Bewusstsein

2018-06-26T07:05:57Z

DocWatson42: Cleaned up layout and other matters.

{{primary sources|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox book
| name = ''How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence''
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = How to change your mind pollan.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[Michael Pollan]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| subject =
| genre =
| publisher = [[Penguin Press]]
| pub_date = 2018
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = Hardcover
| pages = 480
| isbn = 978-1594204227
| dewey =
| congress =
| oclc =
}}

'''''How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence''''' is a 2018 book by [[Michael Pollan]]. It chronicles the long and storied history of [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelic drugs]], from their turbulent 1960s heyday to the resulting countermovement and backlash. Through his coverage of the recent resurgence in this field of research, as well as his own personal use of psychedelics via a "mental travelogue", Pollan seeks to illuminate not only the mechanics of the drugs themselves, but also the inner workings of the human mind and consciousness.

== Reception ==
Kevin Canfield of the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' wrote: "In 'How to Change Your Mind', Pollan explores the circuitous history of these often-misunderstood substances, and reports on the clinical trials that suggest psychedelics can help with depression, addiction and the angst that accompanies terminal illnesses. He does so in the breezy prose that has turned his previous books—these include ''[[The Omnivore's Dilemma]]'' and ''[[Cooked: A Natural History of Transformation|Cooked]]'', the inspiration for his winning Netflix docuseries of the same name—into bestsellers."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/books/article/How-to-Change-Your-Mind-by-Michael-Pollan-12922833.php|title='How to Change Your Mind', by Michael Pollan|last=Canfield|first=Kevin|date=|work=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=2018-06-01}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:2018 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books by Michael Pollan]]
[[Category:Psychedelic drug research]]

Skyscraper (2018)

2018-04-12T08:21:32Z

DocWatson42: /* Synopsis */Added a link.

{{Infobox film
| name = Skyscraper
| image = Skyscraper (2018) film poster.png
| alt =
| caption = Teaser poster
| director = [[Rawson Marshall Thurber|Rawson M. Thurber]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Beau Flynn]]
* [[Dwayne Johnson]]
* Rawson M. Thurber
* Hiram Garcia
}}
| writer = Rawson M. Thurber
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dwayne Johnson]]
* [[Neve Campbell]]
* [[Ng Chin Han|Chin Han]]
* [[Roland Møller]]
* [[Pablo Schreiber]]
* [[Byron Mann]]
* [[Hannah Quinlivan]]
* [[Noah Taylor]]
}}
| music = [[Steve Jablonsky]]
| cinematography = [[Robert Elswit]]
| editing = Michael Sale
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Legendary Entertainment|Legendary Pictures]]
* [[Perfect World Pictures]]
* [[Seven Bucks Productions]]
*Flynn Picture Co.
}}
| distributor = [[Universal Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2018|7|13|US}}
| runtime =
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Skyscraper''''' is an upcoming American [[action film|action]] [[disaster film|disaster]] [[thriller film|thriller]] film directed and written by [[Rawson Marshall Thurber|Rawson M. Thurber]]. The film stars [[Dwayne Johnson]], [[Neve Campbell]], [[Ng Chin Han|Chin Han]], [[Roland Møller]], [[Pablo Schreiber]], [[Byron Mann]], [[Hannah Quinlivan]], and [[Noah Taylor]]. Filming started September 2017 in [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, Canada.
It will be released in 3D by [[Universal Pictures]] on July 13, 2018.

== Synopsis ==
Former FBI agent and amputee Will Sawyer lives in the tallest and "safest" skyscraper in Hong Kong with his family. The skyscraper itself houses several floors that function as [[arcology|its own society]] and despite the risks highlighted by Sawyer, who is the building's head of security, his bosses insist that it is impenetrable. True to Sawyer's belief, the building comes under attack by terrorists, forcing Sawyer to take action.

== Cast ==
* [[Dwayne Johnson]] as Will Sawyer, a former [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] Hostage Rescue Team leader, who now assesses security for skyscrapers.
* [[Neve Campbell]]<ref name="CampbellCast" /> as Sarah Sawyer, Will's wife
* [[Ng Chin Han|Chin Han]]<ref name="HanCast" />
* [[Roland Møller]]<ref name="MollerCast" />
* [[Pablo Schreiber]]<ref name="SchreiberCast" />
* [[Byron Mann]]<ref name="Aug2017D" />
* [[Hannah Quinlivan]]<ref name="Aug2017D" />
* [[Noah Taylor]]<ref name="TaylorCast" />
* [[Jason Day (fighter)|Jason Day]]<ref>https://www.facebook.com/DwayneJohnson/photos/a.448580834383.229946.406433779383/10156036943844384/?type=3&theater</ref>
* [[Byron Lawson]]
* Elfina Luk

== Production ==
On May 26, 2016, it was announced that [[Legendary Entertainment]] had won the bidding war for the Chinese-set action adventure film ''Skyscraper'', which [[Dwayne Johnson]] would star as a lead.<ref name="May2016THR">{{cite news|last1=Kit|first1=Borys|title=Legendary Wins Bidding War for China-Set Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson Action Movie (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/legendary-wins-bidding-war-china-897718|accessdate=May 27, 2016|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=May 26, 2016}}</ref> [[Rawson Marshall Thurber]] attached as a scriptwriter, film director, and producer, while [[Beau Flynn]] would produce the film through his Flynn Picture Company, with Johnson's [[Seven Bucks Productions]], while [[Universal Pictures]] would handle the distribution rights.<ref name="May2016THR" /> On June 22, 2017, it was reported that [[Neve Campbell]] had signed on the project to star along with Johnson, who would play a former FBI Hostage Rescue Team leader and war veteran and now head of security for skyscrapers.<ref name="CampbellCast">{{cite news|last1=Jr|first1=Mike Fleming|title=Neve Campbell Joins Dwayne Johnson In ‘Skyscraper’|url=http://deadline.com/2017/06/neve-campbell-skyscraper-movie-dwayne-johnson-1202118429/|accessdate=July 28, 2017|work=Deadline|date=June 22, 2017}}</ref> In July 2017, [[Ng Chin Han|Chin Han]] and [[Pablo Schreiber]] joined the cast of the film.<ref name="HanCast">{{cite news|last1=Ramos|first1=Dino-Ray|title=‘Ghost In The Shell’ Star Chin Han To Scale ‘Skyscraper’ With Dwayne Johnson|url=http://deadline.com/2017/07/ghost-in-the-shell-chin-han-skyscraper-dwayne-johnson-neve-campbell-universal-1202136987/|accessdate=July 28, 2017|work=Deadline|date=July 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="SchreiberCast">{{cite news|last1=N'Duka|first1=Amanda|title=Pablo Schreiber Joins Dwayne Johnson In ‘Skyscraper’|url=http://deadline.com/2017/07/pablo-schreiber-dwayne-johnson-skyscraper-movie-legendary-1202137680/|accessdate=July 28, 2017|work=Deadline|date=July 27, 2017}}</ref> In August 2017, [[Byron Mann]] and [[Hannah Quinlivan]] joined the cast, while a few days later, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' confirmed that [[Noah Taylor]] had also been cast in the film.<ref name="Aug2017D">{{cite news|last1=N'Duka|first1=Amanda|title=Legendary’s ‘Skyscraper’ Adds Byron Mann & Hannah Quinlivan|url=http://deadline.com/2017/08/legendary-skyscraper-movie-byron-mann-hannah-quinlivan-1202140084/|accessdate=August 2, 2017|work=Deadline|date=August 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name="TaylorCast">{{cite news|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|title=‘Preacher’ Actor Noah Taylor Joins Dwayne Johnson in Legendary’s ‘Skyscraper’ (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/noah-taylor-skyscraper-dwayne-johnson-1202517425/|accessdate=August 7, 2017|work=Variety|date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> On August 22, 2017, [[Roland Møller]] was added to the cast of the film for one of the main roles.<ref name="MollerCast">{{cite news|last1=N'Duka|first1=Amanda|title=Roland Møller Cast In Rawson Marshall Thurber’s ‘Skyscraper’|url=http://deadline.com/2017/08/roland-moller-skyscraper-universal-legendary-1202153726/|accessdate=August 22, 2017|work=Deadline|date=August 22, 2017}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] on the film began on August 14, 2017 in [[Vancouver]], British Columbia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson To Film In Vancouver - 604 Now|url=https://604now.com/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-film-vancouver/|accessdate=August 14, 2017|work=604 Now|date=April 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhwani|first1=Ashley|title=Dwayne ‘The Rock’ Johnson reflects on first time in Vancouver - Surrey Now-Leader|url=https://www.surreynowleader.com/buzz/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-reflects-on-first-time-in-vancouver/|accessdate=August 14, 2017|work=Surrey Now-Leader|date=August 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ip|first1=Stephanie|title=Actor Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson shares life lessons learned from Vancouver|url=http://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/actor-dwayne-the-rock-johnson-shares-life-lessons-learned-from-vancouver|accessdate=August 14, 2017|work=Vancouver Sun|date=August 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Goundry|first1=Nick|title=Dwayne Johnson preps Vancouver filming {{!}} KFTV News|url=http://www.kftv.com/news/2017/07/19/dwayne-johnson-preps-skyscraper-filming-in-vancouver|accessdate=July 28, 2017|work=www.kftv.com|date=July 19, 2017|language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Skyscraper'' is scheduled to be released in 3D on July 13, 2018 by [[Universal Pictures]].<ref name="Mar2017V">{{cite news|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|title=Dwayne Johnson’s ‘Skyscraper’ Gets July 2018 Release Date|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/universal-legendary-dwayne-johnsons-skyscraper-for-july-2018-1202009703/|accessdate=July 28, 2017|work=Variety|date=March 15, 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.skyscrapermovie.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|5758778}}

==See also==
* ''[[Die Hard]]'' (1988), set in a terrorist takeover of a high-rise office tower
* ''[[The Towering Inferno]]'' (1974), film set in the world's tallest building on fire

{{Rawson Marshall Thurber}}

[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American action thriller films]]
[[Category:American adventure thriller films]]
[[Category:American action adventure films]]
[[Category:2010s action thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s adventure films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]]
[[Category:Films set in China]]
[[Category:Films set in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rawson Marshall Thurber]]
[[Category:Films produced by Beau Flynn]]
[[Category:Legendary Pictures films]]

{{action-adventure-film-stub}}

Skyscraper (2018)

2018-04-12T08:13:01Z

DocWatson42: /* Synopsis */Performed minor cleanup, in part for clarity.

{{Infobox film
| name = Skyscraper
| image = Skyscraper (2018) film poster.png
| alt =
| caption = Teaser poster
| director = [[Rawson Marshall Thurber|Rawson M. Thurber]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Beau Flynn]]
* [[Dwayne Johnson]]
* Rawson M. Thurber
* Hiram Garcia
}}
| writer = Rawson M. Thurber
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dwayne Johnson]]
* [[Neve Campbell]]
* [[Ng Chin Han|Chin Han]]
* [[Roland Møller]]
* [[Pablo Schreiber]]
* [[Byron Mann]]
* [[Hannah Quinlivan]]
* [[Noah Taylor]]
}}
| music = [[Steve Jablonsky]]
| cinematography = [[Robert Elswit]]
| editing = Michael Sale
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Legendary Entertainment|Legendary Pictures]]
* [[Perfect World Pictures]]
* [[Seven Bucks Productions]]
*Flynn Picture Co.
}}
| distributor = [[Universal Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2018|7|13|US}}
| runtime =
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Skyscraper''''' is an upcoming American [[action film|action]] [[disaster film|disaster]] [[thriller film|thriller]] film directed and written by [[Rawson Marshall Thurber|Rawson M. Thurber]]. The film stars [[Dwayne Johnson]], [[Neve Campbell]], [[Ng Chin Han|Chin Han]], [[Roland Møller]], [[Pablo Schreiber]], [[Byron Mann]], [[Hannah Quinlivan]], and [[Noah Taylor]]. Filming started September 2017 in [[Vancouver]], British Columbia, Canada.
It will be released in 3D by [[Universal Pictures]] on July 13, 2018.

== Synopsis ==
Former FBI agent and amputee Will Sawyer lives in the tallest and "safest" skyscraper in Hong Kong with his family. The skyscraper itself houses several floors that function as its own society and despite the risks highlighted by Sawyer, who is the building's head of security, his bosses insist that it is impenetrable. True to Sawyer's belief, the building comes under attack by terrorists, forcing Sawyer to take action.

== Cast ==
* [[Dwayne Johnson]] as Will Sawyer, a former [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] Hostage Rescue Team leader, who now assesses security for skyscrapers.
* [[Neve Campbell]]<ref name="CampbellCast" /> as Sarah Sawyer, Will's wife
* [[Ng Chin Han|Chin Han]]<ref name="HanCast" />
* [[Roland Møller]]<ref name="MollerCast" />
* [[Pablo Schreiber]]<ref name="SchreiberCast" />
* [[Byron Mann]]<ref name="Aug2017D" />
* [[Hannah Quinlivan]]<ref name="Aug2017D" />
* [[Noah Taylor]]<ref name="TaylorCast" />
* [[Jason Day (fighter)|Jason Day]]<ref>https://www.facebook.com/DwayneJohnson/photos/a.448580834383.229946.406433779383/10156036943844384/?type=3&theater</ref>
* [[Byron Lawson]]
* Elfina Luk

== Production ==
On May 26, 2016, it was announced that [[Legendary Entertainment]] had won the bidding war for the Chinese-set action adventure film ''Skyscraper'', which [[Dwayne Johnson]] would star as a lead.<ref name="May2016THR">{{cite news|last1=Kit|first1=Borys|title=Legendary Wins Bidding War for China-Set Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson Action Movie (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/legendary-wins-bidding-war-china-897718|accessdate=May 27, 2016|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=May 26, 2016}}</ref> [[Rawson Marshall Thurber]] attached as a scriptwriter, film director, and producer, while [[Beau Flynn]] would produce the film through his Flynn Picture Company, with Johnson's [[Seven Bucks Productions]], while [[Universal Pictures]] would handle the distribution rights.<ref name="May2016THR" /> On June 22, 2017, it was reported that [[Neve Campbell]] had signed on the project to star along with Johnson, who would play a former FBI Hostage Rescue Team leader and war veteran and now head of security for skyscrapers.<ref name="CampbellCast">{{cite news|last1=Jr|first1=Mike Fleming|title=Neve Campbell Joins Dwayne Johnson In ‘Skyscraper’|url=http://deadline.com/2017/06/neve-campbell-skyscraper-movie-dwayne-johnson-1202118429/|accessdate=July 28, 2017|work=Deadline|date=June 22, 2017}}</ref> In July 2017, [[Ng Chin Han|Chin Han]] and [[Pablo Schreiber]] joined the cast of the film.<ref name="HanCast">{{cite news|last1=Ramos|first1=Dino-Ray|title=‘Ghost In The Shell’ Star Chin Han To Scale ‘Skyscraper’ With Dwayne Johnson|url=http://deadline.com/2017/07/ghost-in-the-shell-chin-han-skyscraper-dwayne-johnson-neve-campbell-universal-1202136987/|accessdate=July 28, 2017|work=Deadline|date=July 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name="SchreiberCast">{{cite news|last1=N'Duka|first1=Amanda|title=Pablo Schreiber Joins Dwayne Johnson In ‘Skyscraper’|url=http://deadline.com/2017/07/pablo-schreiber-dwayne-johnson-skyscraper-movie-legendary-1202137680/|accessdate=July 28, 2017|work=Deadline|date=July 27, 2017}}</ref> In August 2017, [[Byron Mann]] and [[Hannah Quinlivan]] joined the cast, while a few days later, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' confirmed that [[Noah Taylor]] had also been cast in the film.<ref name="Aug2017D">{{cite news|last1=N'Duka|first1=Amanda|title=Legendary’s ‘Skyscraper’ Adds Byron Mann & Hannah Quinlivan|url=http://deadline.com/2017/08/legendary-skyscraper-movie-byron-mann-hannah-quinlivan-1202140084/|accessdate=August 2, 2017|work=Deadline|date=August 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name="TaylorCast">{{cite news|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|title=‘Preacher’ Actor Noah Taylor Joins Dwayne Johnson in Legendary’s ‘Skyscraper’ (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/noah-taylor-skyscraper-dwayne-johnson-1202517425/|accessdate=August 7, 2017|work=Variety|date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> On August 22, 2017, [[Roland Møller]] was added to the cast of the film for one of the main roles.<ref name="MollerCast">{{cite news|last1=N'Duka|first1=Amanda|title=Roland Møller Cast In Rawson Marshall Thurber’s ‘Skyscraper’|url=http://deadline.com/2017/08/roland-moller-skyscraper-universal-legendary-1202153726/|accessdate=August 22, 2017|work=Deadline|date=August 22, 2017}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] on the film began on August 14, 2017 in [[Vancouver]], British Columbia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson To Film In Vancouver - 604 Now|url=https://604now.com/dwayne-johnson-the-rock-film-vancouver/|accessdate=August 14, 2017|work=604 Now|date=April 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhwani|first1=Ashley|title=Dwayne ‘The Rock’ Johnson reflects on first time in Vancouver - Surrey Now-Leader|url=https://www.surreynowleader.com/buzz/dwayne-the-rock-johnson-reflects-on-first-time-in-vancouver/|accessdate=August 14, 2017|work=Surrey Now-Leader|date=August 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ip|first1=Stephanie|title=Actor Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson shares life lessons learned from Vancouver|url=http://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/actor-dwayne-the-rock-johnson-shares-life-lessons-learned-from-vancouver|accessdate=August 14, 2017|work=Vancouver Sun|date=August 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Goundry|first1=Nick|title=Dwayne Johnson preps Vancouver filming {{!}} KFTV News|url=http://www.kftv.com/news/2017/07/19/dwayne-johnson-preps-skyscraper-filming-in-vancouver|accessdate=July 28, 2017|work=www.kftv.com|date=July 19, 2017|language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Skyscraper'' is scheduled to be released in 3D on July 13, 2018 by [[Universal Pictures]].<ref name="Mar2017V">{{cite news|last1=Kroll|first1=Justin|title=Dwayne Johnson’s ‘Skyscraper’ Gets July 2018 Release Date|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/universal-legendary-dwayne-johnsons-skyscraper-for-july-2018-1202009703/|accessdate=July 28, 2017|work=Variety|date=March 15, 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.skyscrapermovie.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|5758778}}

==See also==
* ''[[Die Hard]]'' (1988), set in a terrorist takeover of a high-rise office tower
* ''[[The Towering Inferno]]'' (1974), film set in the world's tallest building on fire

{{Rawson Marshall Thurber}}

[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American action thriller films]]
[[Category:American adventure thriller films]]
[[Category:American action adventure films]]
[[Category:2010s action thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s adventure films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]]
[[Category:Films set in China]]
[[Category:Films set in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rawson Marshall Thurber]]
[[Category:Films produced by Beau Flynn]]
[[Category:Legendary Pictures films]]

{{action-adventure-film-stub}}

8kun

2018-03-20T03:35:59Z

DocWatson42: Performed minor cleanup.

{{other uses|8chan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox website
| name = 8chan
| logo = InfiniteChan∞chanLogo.svg
| logo alt = A green infinity symbol left of the word chan.
| logo caption =
| logo size = 200px
| screenshot =
| alt =
| caption =
| url = {{URL|https://8ch.net}}
| slogan =
| commercial = Yes
| type = [[Imageboard]]
| language = English (users can create language specific boards)
| registration = Optional
| author = [[Fredrick Brennan]]
| owner = [[:ja:ジム・ワトキンス|Jim Watkins]] N.T. Technology ([[2channel]])<ref>[https://8ch.net/who.html 8chan] – Who owns 8chan?</ref>
| launch date = {{start date and age|2013|10|22|df=no}}
| alexa = {{DecreasePositive}} 3,939 Worldwide 1,471 United States ({{as of|2018|02|25|alt=July 2017}})<ref name="alexa">{{cite web|url= http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/8ch.net |title= 8ch.net Site Info | publisher= [[Alexa Internet]] |accessdate= February 25, 2018 }}</ref>
| current status = Online
}}

'''8chan,''' also called '''Infinitychan''', is an American [[imageboard]] website composed of user-created [[Internet forum|boards]]. Each board is moderated by its owner, with minimal interaction from other site administration.<ref name="faq">{{cite web|last=Brennan|first=Fredrick|url=https://8ch.net/faq.html|title=FAQ|publisher=Infinitechan|website=8chan.co|accessdate=November 23, 2014}}</ref> To own a board one must either create it or claim it if the board has had inactivity for over a week.

The site allows any content to be posted, so long as it adheres to United States law.

Several of the site's boards have played an active role in the [[Gamergate controversy]], encouraging Gamergate affiliates to frequent 8chan after the topic was banned on the unaffiliated imageboard [[4chan]]. The site has been linked to Internet [[subculture]]s and activism.

As of August 2015, the site was the 10,204th most visited site in the world,<ref name="alexa" /> and in November 2014, it was receiving an average of 35,000 unique visitors per day and 400,000 posts per week when it was at a higher rank.<ref name=Howell2014 />

==History==
8chan was created in October 2013 by computer programmer [[Fredrick Brennan]],<ref name=Howell2014 /><ref>{{cite interview|last=Brennan |first=Fredrick |interviewer=Sam Machkovech |title=Full transcript: Ars interviews 8chan founder Fredrick Brennan |url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2015/03/full-transcript-ars-interviews-8chan-founder-fredrick-brennan/ |work=Ars Technica |accessdate=June 15, 2015 |date=March 17, 2015 |deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125135937/http://arstechnica.com/business/2015/03/full-transcript-ars-interviews-8chan-founder-fredrick-brennan/ |archivedate=November 25, 2015 |df=mdy }}</ref> also known by the nickname "Hotwheels."<ref name="KYM"/> Brennan created the website after he observed what he perceived to be rapidly escalating [[surveillance]] and a loss of [[free speech]] on the Internet.<ref name=Howell2014 /> Brennan, who considers the imageboard [[4chan]] to have grown into authoritarianism, describes 8chan as a "free-speech-friendly" alternative,<ref name="Howell2014">{{cite web|last=Howell O'Neill|first=Patrick|date=November 17, 2014|url=http://www.dailydot.com/politics/8chan-pedophiles-child-porn-gamergate/|title=8chan, the central hive of Gamergate, is also an active pedophile network|work=The Daily Dot}}</ref> and originally conceptualized the site while experiencing a [[psychedelic experience|psychedelic mushrooms trip]].<ref name="KYM"/><ref name=WashPost />

No experience or programming knowledge is necessary for users to create their own boards.<ref name="faq" /> Since as early as March 2014, its [[FAQ]] has stated only one rule that is to be globally enforced: "Do not post, request, or link to any content illegal in the United States of America. Do not create boards with the sole purpose of posting or spreading such content."<ref name="faq" /> Brennan has claimed that, while he finds some of the content posted by users to be "reprehensible," he feels personally obligated to uphold the site's integrity by tolerating discussion he does not necessarily support regardless of his moral stance.<ref name=Howell2014 />

Brennan agreed to partner 8chan with the Japanese message board [[2channel]],<ref name="KYM">{{cite interview|url=http://knowyourmeme.com/blog/interviews/qa-with-fredrick-brennan-of-8chan|title=Q&A with Fredrick Brennan of 8chan|last=Brennan |first=Fredrick |interviewer=Don Caldwell |date=October 9, 2014|work=[[Know Your Meme]]|accessdate=December 18, 2014}}</ref> and subsequently relocated to the [[Philippines]] in October 2014.<ref name=Chen />

In January 2015, the site changed its [[Domain name|domain]] 8chan.co to 8ch.net after multiple people filed reports complaining to 8chan’s [[Domain name registrar|registrar]] that the message board hosted [[child pornography]]. Despite subsequently regaining the domain, the site remained at 8ch.net, with the old domain redirecting to it.<ref name=WashPost />

Numerous bugs in the Infinity software led to the funding and development of a successor platform dubbed "Infinity Next". After a several-month-long testing period, a migration to the new software was attempted in December 2015, but failed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ghostbin.com/paste/qt2ww |format=Plaintext |title=qt2ww |last=Moon |first=Joshua |date=2015-12-19 |accessdate=2015-12-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20151219125144/https://ghostbin.com/paste/qt2ww |archivedate=December 19, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>{{clarify|date=December 2015}} In January 2016, development was halted, and the main developer, Joshua Moon, was fired by Brennan.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Brennan|first1=Fredrick|title=Infinity Never|url=https://medium.com/@infinitechan/infinity-never-3d5f733af739#.dfm7b7te5|website=Medium|accessdate=2 February 2016|language=English|date=26 January 2016}}</ref> Brennan himself would officially resign in July 2016, turning the site over to its owner, Jim Watkins and his son, Ron.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@infinitechan/hotwheels-a-postmortem-9ea800d9227b|title="Hotwheels" — a postmortem|last=8chan.co|date=2016-07-04|website=Medium|access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref> He cited the failure of the "Infinity Next" project and disillusionment with what 8chan had become as reasons.<ref name=":0" />

==Controversies==

===Child pornography===
''[[The Washington Post]]'' described it as "the more-lawless, more-libertarian, more 'free' follow-up to 4chan."<ref name="WashPost">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/01/13/this-is-what-happens-when-you-create-an-online-community-without-any-rules/|title=This is what happens when you create an online community without any rules|work=[[The Washington Post]]|last=Caitlin|first=Dewey|date=January 13, 2015}}</ref> Boards have been created to discuss topics such as [[child rape]]. While the sharing of illegal content is against site rules, ''[[The Daily Dot]]'' wrote that boards do exist to share sexualized images of minors in provocative poses, and that some users of those boards do post links to explicit child pornography hosted elsewhere.<ref name="Howell2014"/> When asked whether such boards were an inevitable result of free speech, Brennan responded, "Unfortunately, yes. I don’t support the content on the boards you mentioned, but it is simply the cost of free speech and being the only active site to not impose more 'laws' than those that were passed in [[Washington, D.C.]]"<ref name="Howell2014"/>

In August 2015 8chan was blacklisted from [[Google Search]] for containing content constituting "suspected child abuse content."<ref name=ars-8chancensor>{{cite web|title=8chan-hosted content disappears from Google searches|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/08/8chan-hosted-content-disappears-from-google-searches/|last=Machkovech|first=Sam|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=August 14, 2015|accessdate=August 17, 2015}}</ref>

===Gamergate===
{{main article|Gamergate controversy}}
On September 18, 2014, the website gained prominence in the [[Gamergate controversy]] after 4chan banned discussion of Gamergate,<ref name=Howell2014 /><ref name="Chen"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Audureau|first=William|title=4chan, wizardchan, 8chan... s'y retrouver dans la jungle des forums anonymes les plus populaires du Web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2014/10/15/4chan-wizardchan-8chan-le-guide-des-forums-anonymes-les-plus-populaires-du-web_4505380_4408996.html|work=[[Le Monde]]|location=France|language=French|date=October 15, 2014}}</ref> whereupon 8chan became one of several hubs of Gamergate activity.<ref name=Howell2014 /><ref name="Chen">{{cite web|last=Chen|first=Adrian|date=October 27, 2014|url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/10/gamergate-supporters-party-at-strip-club.html|title=Gamergate Supporters Partied at a Strip Club This Weekend|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref><ref name="Buzz"/><ref name="Guardian 2015-01-13" /> "/gg/," 8chan's initial Gamergate-oriented board, also gained attention after being compromised by members of the internet troll group [[Gay Nigger Association of America]], forcing Gamergate activists to migrate to "/gamergate/." This replacement quickly became the site's second most populous board.<ref name="Buzz">{{cite web|last1=Bernstein|first1=Joseph|title=GamerGate’s Headquarters Has Been Destroyed By Trolls|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/gamergates-headquarters-has-been-destroyed-by-trolls|publisher=''[[Buzzfeed]]''|date=December 4, 2014}}</ref>

===Swatting incidents===
In January 2015 the site was used as a base for [[swatting]] exploits in [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Seattle]], and [[Burnaby|Burnaby, British Columbia]], most of them tied to the victims' criticism of Gamergate and 8chan's association with it;<ref name="Mattise">{{cite web|last=Mattise|first=Nathan|date=January 4, 2015|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/01/8chan-tries-swatting-gamergate-critic-sends-cops-to-an-old-address/|title=8chan tries "swatting" GamerGate critic, sends cops to an old address|work=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> the attacks were coordinated on a [[Internet forum|board]] on the website called "/baphomet/."<ref name="Guardian 2015-01-13">{{cite news |last=Hern |first=Alex |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/13/gamergate-hits-new-low-with-attempts-to-send-swat-teams-to-critics |title=Gamergate hits new low with attempts to send Swat teams to critics |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 13, 2015 |accessdate=January 15, 2015 }}</ref> One of the victims of a swatting attack said that she was singled out because she had followed someone on [[Twitter]].<ref name="GlobalNews 2015-01-15">{{cite news |last=McElroy |first=Justin |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/1773840/police-called-to-burnaby-womens-home-by-online-harassers/ |title=Police falsely called to Burnaby women’s home by online harassers |work=[[Global News]] |date=January 15, 2015 |accessdate=January 15, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameranx.com/updates/id/26081/article/canadian-victim-of-gamergate-swatting-attempt-comes-forward/|title=Canadian Victim of Gamergate SWATing Attempt Comes Forward|work=Gameranx|last=Cheong|first=Ian Miles|date=January 13, 2015|accessdate=January 16, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116035109/http://www.gameranx.com/updates/id/26081/article/canadian-victim-of-gamergate-swatting-attempt-comes-forward/|archivedate=January 16, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://bc.ctvnews.ca/reckless-swatting-prank-sends-police-to-b-c-woman-s-home-1.2189547|title=Reckless ‘swatting’ prank sends police to B.C. woman’s home|work=[[CTV News]]|date=January 14, 2015|accessdate=September 30, 2015|author=}}</ref> On February 9, 2015, contents on the "/baphomet/" subboard were wiped after [[doxxing|personal information]] of [[Katherine B. Forrest|Katherine Forrest]], the presiding judge in the [[Silk Road (marketplace)|Silk Road]] case, had been posted there.<ref name="silkroad">{{Cite web| title = Notorious 8chan "subboard" has history wiped after federal judge’s doxing| first = Sam |last = Machkovech|work = Ars Technica| date = February 12, 2015| accessdate = February 13, 2015| url = https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/02/notorious-8chan-subboard-has-history-wiped-after-federal-judges-doxing/}}</ref>

=== Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016===
In July 2016, US presidential candidate [[Donald Trump]] tweeted an image of [[Hillary Clinton]] with a background of money and a six pointed star, seen by some as resembling the [[Star of David]] containing the message "Most corrupt candidate ever". The image had been posted to 8chan's /pol/ board as early as June 22, over a week before Trump's team tweeted it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mic.com/articles/147711/donald-trump-s-star-of-david-hillary-clinton-meme-was-created-by-white-supremacist|title=Mic Discovered Who Created Trump's Anti-Semitic Hillary Meme – And It's Disturbing|first=Anthony|last=Smith|work=[[Mic (media company)|Mic]]|date=July 3, 2016|accessdate=August 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wendling |first=Mike |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37021991|title=Trump's shock troops: Who are the 'alt-right'? |work=BBC News |date=August 26, 2016 |accessdate=September 9, 2016}}</ref> [[CBC News]] called 8chan an [[alt-right]] forum.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kwong |first=Matt |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/hillary-clinton-alt-right-donald-trump-white-nationalist-hate-groups-1.3736506|title='Alt-right' rising: Clinton takes on Trump's embrace by white nationalists |work=CBC News |date=August 26, 2016 |accessdate=September 9, 2016}}</ref>

=== QAnon ===
During 2018, a group called "Operation Rescue" promoted a conspiracy theory called "The Storm", which gathered support across Twitter and other parts of the Internet. The controversey centers on a user that refers to himself as “Q” and promotes theories about a [[Deep state in the United States|"deep state"]]. [[Sean Hannity]] has notably retweeted QAnon hashtags on his twitter feed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2018/02/20/anti-abortion-group-operation-rescue-has-become-fully-red-pilled-by-an-8chan-conspiracy-theory_partner/|title=Anti-abortion group Operation Rescue has become fully “red-pilled” by an 8chan conspiracy theory|date=2018-02-20|work=Salon|access-date=2018-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mediamatters.org/blog/2018/01/08/infowars-fully-embraces-storm-conspiracy-theory-called-new-pizzagate/219005|title=Infowars fully embraces “The Storm,” a conspiracy theory called “the new Pizzagate”|date=2018-01-08|work=Media Matters for America|access-date=2018-03-14|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@willsommer/meet-the-storm-the-conspiracy-theory-taking-over-the-pro-trump-internet-3ec94bf7d8a3|title=Meet “The Storm,” the conspiracy theory taking over the pro-Trump internet|last=Sommer|first=Will|date=2018-01-12|website=Medium|access-date=2018-03-14}}</ref> A group on Reddit was banned on March 14, 2018 over promoting the conspiracy theory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/willsommer/status/974040645781291009|title=Reddit has banned the main subreddit devoted to the right-wing "#QAnon" conspiracy theory popular on Infowars, and is apparently purging a bunch of users' accounts as wellpic.twitter.com/3EZvxbuVJH|last=Sommer|first=Will|date=14 Mar 2018|website=@willsommer|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-03-14}}</ref> The conspiracy has been linked with the conspiracy theory [[Pizzagate conspiracy theory|"Pizzagate"]]. The conspiracy has also been linked to the hashtag, "#FollowTheWhiteRabbit".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/follow-the-white-rabbit-conspiracy-theory/|title='Follow the White Rabbit' is the most bonkers conspiracy theory you will ever read|date=2017-11-21|access-date=2018-03-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Gamergate controversy}}
{{Tor hidden services}}
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Kunstraub von Boston

2018-01-05T09:18:00Z

DocWatson42: /* Stolen artwork */ Made two minor corrections.

{{good article}}
[[File:Empty Frames at Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.jpg|thumb|right|The frame which once held ''[[The Storm on the Sea of Galilee]]''|alt=An empty frame hanging on a wall, between several portraits]]
In the early hours of March 18, 1990, guards at the [[Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum]] in [[Boston]] admitted two men posing as police officers responding to a disturbance call. Once inside, the men tied up the guards and, over the next hour, [[art theft|stole 13 works of art]] valued at $500 million{{snd}}the largest-value theft of private property in history. Despite efforts by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) and multiple probes around the world, no arrests have been made and no works have been recovered. The museum initially offered a reward of $5 million for information leading to their recovery, but in 2017 this was doubled temporarily to $10 million with an expiration date set to the end of the year.

The stolen works were originally purchased by art collector [[Isabella Stewart Gardner]] (1840–1924) and intended to be left on permanent display at the museum with the rest of her collection. Since the collection and its layout are permanent, empty frames remain hanging both in homage to the missing works and as placeholders for when they are returned. Experts are puzzled by the choice of paintings that were stolen, especially since more valuable artwork was untouched. Among the stolen works was ''[[The Concert (Vermeer)|The Concert]]'', one of only 34 known works by [[Johannes Vermeer|Vermeer]] and thought to be the most valuable unrecovered painting at over $200 million. Also missing is ''[[The Storm on the Sea of Galilee]]'', [[Rembrandt]]'s only known [[seascape]]. Other works by Rembrandt, [[Edgar Degas|Degas]], [[Édouard Manet|Manet]], and [[Govaert Flinck|Flinck]] were also stolen.

According to the FBI, the stolen artwork was moved through the region and offered for sale in [[Philadelphia]] during the early 2000s. They believe the thieves were members of a [[Organized crime|criminal organization]] based in the [[Mid-Atlantic states|mid-Atlantic]] and [[New England]]. They also claim to have identified two suspects, although they have not been publicly identified and are now deceased. Boston gangster [[Robert Donati|Bobby Donati]], murdered in 1991 as a result of ongoing gang wars, has been cited as a possible collaborator in the heist. Significant evidence suggests that [[Hartford, Connecticut]] gangster Robert Gentile knows the location of the works, although he denies involvement.

==Robbery==
Around midnight on Sunday morning, March 18, 1990, a red [[Dodge Daytona]] pulled up near the side entrance of the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum along Palace Road.<ref name ="Smithsonian" /><ref name=searchcont /> Two men with fake police uniforms waited for at least an hour in the car, possibly trying to avoid being noticed by people leaving a [[St. Patrick's Day]] party nearby.<ref name=abathstory>{{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/03/10/guard-who-opened-door-robbers-notorious-gardner-museum-heist-under-suspicion-years-later/1TUiDyi1GbcnBgQT64oISP/story.html |title=Decades after the Gardner heist, police focus on guard |first=Stephen |last=Kurkjian |work=Boston Globe |date=March 2013 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928031507/http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/03/10/guard-who-opened-door-robbers-notorious-gardner-museum-heist-under-suspicion-years-later/1TUiDyi1GbcnBgQT64oISP/story.html |archivedate=2015-09-28 |df= }}</ref> Later at around 1{{nbsp}}a.m., security guard Richard Abath returned to the front desk after patrolling the museum to switch positions with the other security guard. The two guards were the only people in the building. At this time, Abath opened and quickly shut the Palace Road door, claiming he was trained to do this to ensure the door was locked. He claimed security logs from other nights would show that he had done this many times previously. The FBI has seized the logs, but has not commented on the issue further.<ref name = abathstory />

[[File:ISGardnerMuseum.JPG|thumb|right|The Gardner Museum in 2008|alt=refer to caption]]

At 1:24{{nbsp}}a.m., one of the two men outside pushed the buzzer near the door and told Abath they were policemen who heard of a disturbance in the courtyard, and requested to be let inside. Abath knew he should not let uninvited guests inside, but he was unsure on whether the rule applied to police officers. He could see the men and believed them to be police officers based on their uniforms. With his partner on patrol, Abath decided to buzz in the men.<ref name = abathstory /> When the intruders arrived at the main security desk, one of them told Abath that he looked familiar and there was a default warrant out for his arrest. Abath stepped out from behind his desk, where the only alarm button to alert police could be accessed. He was quickly asked for his ID, ordered to face the wall, and then handcuffed. Abath believed the arrest was a misunderstanding, until he realized he hadn't been frisked before being cuffed, and one officer's mustache was made of wax.<ref name = abathstory /> The second security guard arrived minutes later and was also handcuffed, after which he asked the intruders why he was being arrested. The thieves explained that they were not being arrested, but rather this was a robbery, and proceeded to take the guards to the museum's basement. They handcuffed the guards to pipes and wrapped duct tape around their hands, feet, and heads.<ref name=insider>{{cite news|date=May 2009 |first=Milton |last=Esterow |title=Inside the Gardner Case |url=http://www.artnews.com/2009/05/01/inside-the-gardner-case/ |work=ArtNews |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225044341/http://www.artnews.com/2009/05/01/inside-the-gardner-case/ |archivedate=2014-12-25 |df= }}</ref>

Since the museum was equipped with motion detectors, the thieves' movements throughout the museum were recorded. After tying up the guards, the thieves went upstairs to the Dutch Room. As one of them approached [[Rembrandt]]'s ''Self-Portrait'' (1629), a local alarm sounded, which they immediately smashed. They pulled the painting off the wall and attempted to take the wooden panel out of its heavy frame. Unsuccessful at the attempt, they left the painting on the floor. They cut Rembrandt's ''[[The Storm on the Sea of Galilee]]'' out of the frame, as well as ''[[A Lady and Gentleman in Black]]''. They also removed [[Vermeer]]'s ''[[The Concert (Vermeer)|The Concert]]'' and [[Govaert Flinck]]'s ''[[Landscape with an Obelisk]]'' from their frames. Additionally, they also took a Chinese bronze [[Gu (vessel)|gu]] from the [[Shang Dynasty]].<ref name=insider />

Elsewhere in the museum, they stole five [[Degas]] drawings and an eagle [[finial]]. The finial lay at the top of a [[Napoleon]]ic flag, which they attempted to unscrew from the wall, but failed.<ref name=livescience /> [[Manet]]'s ''[[Chez Tortoni]]'' was also stolen from its location in the Blue Room. Motion detector records show that the only footsteps detected in the Blue Room that night were at 12:27{{nbsp}}a.m. and again at 12:53{{nbsp}}a.m. These times match to when Abath said he passed through on patrol. The frame for the painting was found on security chief Lyle W. Grindle's chair near the front desk.<ref name = abathstory /> The thieves made two trips to their car with artwork during the theft, which lasted 81 minutes. Before leaving, they visited the guards once more, telling them "You’ll be hearing from us in about a year," although they were never heard from again.<ref name ="Smithsonian" /> The guards remained handcuffed until police arrived at 8:15{{nbsp}}a.m. later that morning.<ref name=insider />

==Stolen artwork==
Altogether, thirteen pieces were stolen at an estimated loss of $500 million, making the robbery the largest private property theft in history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2012/03/hot-canvases |title=Hot Canvases: A new book shatters myths about art theft |first=David |last=Menconi |work=Harvard Magazine |date=March–April 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322000716/http://harvardmagazine.com/2012/03/hot-canvases |archivedate=2015-03-22 |df= }}</ref> Empty frames remain hanging in the museum, both in homage to the missing works and as placeholders for when they are returned.<ref name=McShane>{{cite book |last= McShane |first= Thomas |title= Stolen Masterpiece Tracker |year= 2006 |publisher= Barricade Books |isbn=978-1-56980-314-1 |first2= Dary |last2= Matera |chapter= 18. No Boston Tea Party at Isabella's |lastauthoramp= yes}}</ref> One of the paintings, ''The Concert'', was Gardner's first major acquisition and one of only 34 known Vermeer works in the world.<ref name=fbigallery /> It is thought to be the most valuable unrecovered stolen painting, with a value estimated at over $200 million.<ref name="stolen">{{cite web|title=PBS – Stolen |url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/stolen/index.html |website=PBS.org |accessdate=12 February 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221032916/http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/stolen/index.html |archivedate=21 February 2016 |df= }}</ref> Another painting, ''The Storm on the Sea of Galilee'', is Rembrandt's only known [[seascape]].<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped-from-the-walls-and-the-headlines-74998018/ |title=Ripped from the Walls (and the Headlines) |author=Robert M. Poole |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20170605082748/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/ripped-from-the-walls-and-the-headlines-74998018/ |date=July 2005 |archivedate=June 5, 2017 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> The bronze finial was taken from the top of a [[Napoleon]]ic flag, possibly appearing like [[gold]] to the thieves.<ref name=fbigallery /> The museum is offering a $100,000 reward for this piece alone.<ref name=theftnews>{{cite web|title=Official Gardner Museum Site – Theft News |url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/news/theft |publisher=Isabella Stewart Garndner Museum |accessdate=October 8, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029051932/http://www.gardnermuseum.org/news/theft |archivedate=October 29, 2015 |df= }}</ref>

The museum stresses that the paintings be kept in good condition by whoever has them. Museum director, Anne Hawley has stated that the works should be kept in a stable environment of 50% humidity and 70 °F. Additionally, they should be kept away from light and stored in acid-free paper. Hawley also noted to avoid rolling the paintings, which will crack the paint. If these guidelines are not followed, the paintings could be damaged and drop in value. More repainting would need to be done too, which hurts the paintings' integrity.<ref name ="Smithsonian" />

The following are the thirteen stolen works, all of which are still missing.<ref name=livescience>{{cite web|title=Lost Art: Photos of the Paintings Stolen from Gardner Museum |url=http://www.livescience.com/51808-photos-paintings-stolen-from-gardner-museum.html |publisher=LiveScience |accessdate=October 8, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004065621/http://www.livescience.com/51808-photos-paintings-stolen-from-gardner-museum.html |archivedate=October 4, 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref name=fbigallery>{{cite web|title=FBI – Have You Seen These? |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2013/march/reward-offered-for-return-of-stolen-gardner-museum-artwork/image/hi-res |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |accessdate=September 8, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915152819/https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2013/march/reward-offered-for-return-of-stolen-gardner-museum-artwork/image/hi-res |archivedate=September 15, 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella/ |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |accessdate=February 27, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624024938/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella/ |archivedate=June 24, 2016 |df= }}</ref>
<gallery class="center" mode="nolines" classes="center">
File:Vermeer The concert.JPG|alt=refer to caption|[[The Concert (Vermeer)|''The Concert'']] by [[Vermeer]] ({{circa}} 1664–1666)
File:Rembrandt Christ in the Storm on the Lake of Galilee.jpg|alt=refer to caption|''[[The Storm on the Sea of Galilee]]'' by [[Rembrandt]] (1633)
File:A lady and gentleman in black, by Rembrandt.jpg|alt=refer to caption|''[[A Lady and Gentleman in Black]]'' by Rembrandt{{efn|name=fn1|The museum believes ''A Lady and Gentleman in Black'' to be a Rembrandt; however some scholars, including the Rembrandt Research Project in Amsterdam, say it is not.<ref name=insider />}} (1633)
File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 076.jpg|alt=refer to caption|''[[Landscape with an Obelisk]]'' by [[Govert Flinck]]{{efn|name=fn2|''Landscape with an Obelisk'' was formerly attributed to Rembrandt until being associated with his pupil, Flinck.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vigderman|first=Patricia|title=The Memory Palace of Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_0f2uIlN0C&pg=PA151|publisher=Hol Art Books|isbn=978-1-936102-24-2|page=151}}</ref>}} (1638)
File:Édouard Manet Chez Tortoni.jpg|alt=refer to caption|''[[Chez Tortoni]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]] ({{circa}} 1878–1880)
File:La Sortie de Pesage by E Degas.jpg|alt=refer to caption|''La Sortie de Pesage'' by [[Degas]] (date unknown)
File:Rembrandt - Self portrait etching - ISGM.jpg|alt=refer to caption|''Self-Portrait''{{efn|name=fn3|This ''Self-Portrait'' is postage-stamp sized. Not to be confused with Rembrandt's ''Self-Portrait'' (1629) oil painting also at the museum, which the thieves attempted to steal but did not take.<ref name=insider />}} by Rembrandt ({{circa}} 1634)
File:Degas - Cortege aux Environs de Florence.jpg|alt=refer to caption|''Cortege aux Environs de Florence'' by Degas ({{circa}} 1857–1860)
File:Degas - Program for an artistic soiree 1.jpg|alt=refer to caption|''Program for an Artistic Soirée 1'' by Degas (1884)
File:Degas - Program for an artistic soiree 2.jpg|alt=refer to caption|''Program for an Artistic Soirée 2'' by Degas (1884)
File:Degas Three Mounted Jockeys.jpg|alt=refer to caption|''Three Mounted Jockeys'' by Degas ({{circa}} 1885–1888)
File:Ku robbed from Isabella Stewart Gardner Musuem.gif|alt=refer to caption|An ancient Chinese [[Gu (vessel)|gu]] ({{circa}} 1200–1100 BC){{efn|name=fn4|The gu is dated during the [[Shang Dynasty]]}}
File:Finial robbed from Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.jpg|alt=refer to caption|A bronze eagle [[finial]] ({{circa}} 1813–1814)
</gallery>

;Notes
{{reflist|group=nb}}
{{notelist}}

==Investigation==
The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] took control of the case on the grounds that the artwork could likely cross state lines.<ref name=nydn /> They have conducted hundreds of interviews with probes stretching across the world involving [[Scotland Yard]], [[Japan]]ese and [[France|French]] authorities, private investigators, museum directors, and art dealers.<ref name ="Smithsonian" /> The FBI believes the thieves were members of a [[Organized crime|criminal organization]] based in the [[Mid-Atlantic states|mid-Atlantic]] and [[New England]], and that the stolen paintings were moved through [[Connecticut]] and the [[Philadelphia]] area in the years following the theft. Some of the art may have been offered for sale in Philadelphia in the early 2000s, including ''The Storm on the Sea of Galilee''; however, their knowledge of what happened to the works after the attempted sale is limited.<ref name=searchcont /><ref>{{cite news |title= FBI Says It Has Clues in '90 Boston Art Heist |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/us/fbi-says-it-has-clues-in-1990-isabella-stewart-gardner-museum-art-heist.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&smid=tw-nytimes&_r=0 |work= The New York Times |accessdate= March 18, 2013}}</ref><ref name=fbipress1>{{cite press release|url=https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/boston/press-releases/2013/fbi-provides-new-information-regarding-the-1990-isabella-stewart-gardner-museum-art-heist |title=FBI Provides New Information Regarding the 1990 Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Art Heist: Information Sought from Those in Philadelphia and Connecticut Who May Have Knowledge of the Art's Location |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation, Boston Division |first=Greg |last=Comcowich |date=March 18, 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710143612/https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/boston/press-releases/2013/fbi-provides-new-information-regarding-the-1990-isabella-stewart-gardner-museum-art-heist |archivedate=July 10, 2017 |deadurl=no}}</ref> The FBI stated it believed to know the identity of the thieves in 2013, but in 2015 announced that they were now deceased. They have declined to identify the individuals.<ref>{{cite web|title=FBI says two suspects who stole $500m in art from Boston museum are dead |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/aug/07/fbi-isabella-stewart-gardner-museum-art-theft-suspects-dead |website=The Guardian |accessdate=12 August 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814003900/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/aug/07/fbi-isabella-stewart-gardner-museum-art-theft-suspects-dead |archivedate=14 August 2015 |df= }}</ref>

[[File:Sketches of Suspects Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft.jpg|thumb|right|Sketches of the suspects|alt=refer to caption]]
No single motive or pattern has emerged through the thousands of pages of evidence gathered.<ref name ="Smithsonian" /> The selection of works puzzles the experts, specifically since more valuable artworks were available.<ref name=McShane /> The FBI's lead agent assigned to the case, Geoffrey J. Kelly, finds it difficult to understand why this assortment of items was stolen despite the thieves being in the museum for enough time to take whatever they wished. On their way to the finial, the thieves passed by two [[Raphael]]s and a [[Botticelli]] painting.<ref name=insider /> [[Titian]]'s ''[[The Rape of Europa (Titian)|The Rape of Europa]]'', which is one of the museum's most well-known and valuable pieces, was not stolen.<ref name=insider /> Due to the brutish ways the criminals handled the robbery, cutting the paintings from their frames and smashing frames for two Degas sketches, investigators believe the thieves were amateur criminals, not experts commissioned to steal particular works.<ref name = abathstory /> Some investigators believe the works were destroyed, explaining why they have not reappeared.<ref name="Smithsonian" /> Theories on the theft include that it was organized by the [[Irish Republican Army]] in order to raise money or bargain for the release of imprisoned comrades. Another theory states [[Whitey Bulger]] was the ringleader of the theft. At the time of the heist, he was Boston's top crime boss and an FBI informant.<ref name ="Smithsonian" />

The museum first offered a [[Bounty (reward)|reward]] of $1 million, but that was later increased to $5 million in 1997.<ref name ="Smithsonian" /> The reward is for "information that leads directly to the recovery of all of [their] items in good condition",<ref name=fbipress1 /> which remains on offer more than a quarter-century later.<ref name ="Smithsonian" /> In May, 2017, the bounty was doubled to $10 million, with an expiration date set for midnight on December 31st of that year.<ref name="10million">{{cite web|last1=Gardner Museum staff|title=Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum : Gardner Museum doubles reward to $10 million for return of stolen art|url=http://www.gardnermuseum.org/resources/theft/reward_doubled|website=www.gardnermuseum.org|accessdate=26 May 2017|language=en|date=May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/23/arts/design/gardner-museum-doubles-reward-for-recovery-of-stolen-masterpieces.html |title=Gardner Museum Doubles Reward for Recovery of Stolen Masterpieces |last=Bowley |first=Graham |date=2017-05-23 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2017-05-24 |issn=0362-4331 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524073316/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/23/arts/design/gardner-museum-doubles-reward-for-recovery-of-stolen-masterpieces.html |archivedate=2017-05-24 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Shelley |url=http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/12/15/million-reward-for-stolen-gardner-museum-artwork-set-expire-end/3PD4IlwNU26FKpo4hLUCzK/story.html |title=$10m reward for stolen Gardner museum artwork set to expire at end of 2017 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=2017-12-15 |accessdate=2017-12-16 }}</ref> Federal authorities have stated they will not charge anyone who voluntarily turns in the artwork, but anyone caught knowingly in possession of stolen items could be prosecuted.<ref name=suffolk_globe /><ref name=searchcont /> The thieves cannot face charges because the five-year statute of limitations has expired.<ref name=searchcont>{{cite web|last1=Murphy |first1=Shelley |title=Search for artworks from Gardner heist continues 25 years later |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/03/17/gardner-museum-art-heist-one-boston-most-enduring-mysteries-years-later/9U3tp1kJMa4Zn4uClI1cdM/story.html |website=bostonglobe.com |accessdate=12 February 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215221154/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/03/17/gardner-museum-art-heist-one-boston-most-enduring-mysteries-years-later/9U3tp1kJMa4Zn4uClI1cdM/story.html |archivedate=15 February 2016 |df= }}</ref>

===Loss of DNA evidence===
In 2010, the FBI announced that some evidence from the original crime scene had been sent to the FBI's Laboratory in [[Quantico, Virginia]] for retesting with the hope of finding new [[DNA]] evidence to identify the culprits of the theft.

In June 2017, ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' reported that some of the crime scene evidence collected by the FBI was missing and that, even after an exhaustive search, they were unable to locate the [[handcuffs]] and [[duct tape]] that were used to immobilize the museum's two security guards. The handcuffs and duct tape could have contained traces of DNA material from the thieves.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Shelley |last2=Kurkjian |first2=Stephen |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/06/12/evidence-gardner-museum-thefts-that-might-bear-dna-missing/bQgapZNs1FKlTczoAijqnJ/story.html |title=Evidence in Gardner Museum thefts that might bear DNA is missing |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=2017-06-12 |accessdate=2017-06-12 }}</ref>

===Leads===
In 1994, the museum director Anne Hawley received a letter that promised the return of the pieces for $2.6 million. If interested, the museum had to get ''The Boston Globe'' to publish a coded message in a business story. The message was published, but the writer disappeared after law enforcement got involved.<ref name=nydn />

Late one night in 1997, ''[[Boston Herald]]'' reporter Tom Mashberg was driven to a warehouse in [[Red Hook, Brooklyn]] by William Youngworth to see what was purported to be ''The Storm on the Sea of Galilee''. Youngworth was a career criminal and associate to New England art thief Myles Connor Jr.<ref name=nydn /> Mashberg had been investigating the theft and was briefly allowed to view the painting with a flashlight. He was given a vial of paint chips for authenticity. These were later confirmed by experts to be fragments of Dutch 17th-century origin—but not from the stolen painting.<ref name ="Smithsonian" /> It was never concretely determined to be real or fake, and the FBI quit speaking to Youngworth after not making any progress.<ref name=nydn /> The painting has since disappeared.<ref name ="Smithsonian" />

[[File:Suffolk Downs.jpg|thumb|right|[[Suffolk Downs]] was searched in December 2015 without result|alt=Suffolk Downs]]
On August 6, 2015, police released a video from the night before the theft, that is believed to show a dry run of the robbery. Two men appear on the tape; one of them remains unidentified, while the other has been confirmed as Richard Abath, a security guard on duty the night of the heist. The video appears to show Abath buzzing the unidentified man into the museum twice within a few minutes. The man stayed for about three minutes in the lobby, then returned to a car and drove off.<ref>{{cite web|title=New video shows possible dry run for Gardner Museum art Heist |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2015/08/06/new-video-shows-possible-dry-run-for-gardner-museum-art-heist/rxxqmXXfKI8ap180aT2BjL/story.html?p1=ClickedOnBreakingNewsBox |website=boston.com |accessdate=12 February 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125203802/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2015/08/06/new-video-shows-possible-dry-run-for-gardner-museum-art-heist/rxxqmXXfKI8ap180aT2BjL/story.html?p1=ClickedOnBreakingNewsBox |archivedate=25 January 2016 |df= }}</ref> Police say the video opens new lines of investigation, and ''[[The New York Times]]'' points out that it draws new attention to Abath as a potential collaborator.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jones |first1=Jonathan |title=Is America's greatest art heist about to be solved? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2015/aug/07/americas-greatest-art-heist-solved-isabella-stewart-gardner-museum |website=The Guardian |accessdate=12 February 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214212739/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2015/aug/07/americas-greatest-art-heist-solved-isabella-stewart-gardner-museum |archivedate=14 February 2016 |df= }}</ref> However, the guards have previously been interviewed and deemed too unimaginative to have pulled off the heist.<ref name ="Smithsonian" />

In December 2015 FBI agents searched [[East Boston]]'s [[Suffolk Downs]] [[horse racing]] track, acting on a tip consistent with rumors among Suffolk Downs employees in the 1990s that the stolen art was there. Stables, parts of the grandstand closed since the early 1990s, and two safes (which had to be drilled open) were searched without result. <ref name=suffolk_globe>{{cite web|last1=Kurkjian |first1=Stephen |title=Search of Suffolk Downs for Gardner Museum masterpieces came up empty – The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/12/27/search-suffolk-downs-for-gardner-museum-masterpieces-came-empty/H1iiRlZopLFfxOkM9Nm41J/story.html |website=BostonGlobe.com |publisher=The Boston Globe |accessdate=7 January 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231020612/http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/12/27/search-suffolk-downs-for-gardner-museum-masterpieces-came-empty/H1iiRlZopLFfxOkM9Nm41J/story.html |archivedate=31 December 2015 |df= }}</ref>

=== Potential collaborators ===
{{further|Robert Donati#Possible role in Gardner Museum theft}}

Boston [[gangster]] [[Bobby Donati]] may have been involved in the heist. New England art thief Myles J. Connor Jr., in prison at the time of the robbery, has stated that he and associate Bobby Donati eyed the museum in the 1980s and Donati oversaw the operation.<ref name ="Smithsonian" /> Shortly before the robbery, Donati was seen at a nightclub with a sack of police uniforms.<ref name=nydn /> Donati worked under Boston crime boss [[Vincent M. Ferrara|Vincent Ferrara]], and visited him in prison in the early 1990s. When Ferrara asked about the robbery, Donati said he "buried the stuff" and would find a way to negotiate his release. Donati was murdered in 1991 as a result of ongoing gang wars.<ref name=nydn />

[[Hartford]], [[Connecticut]] gangster Robert "Bobby the Cook" Gentile has been suggested on multiple occasions as knowing the location of the Gardner works.<ref name=suffolk_globe /><ref name=courant /> In May 2012, FBI agents searched Gentile's home in [[Manchester, Connecticut|Manchester]], Connecticut. They did not find any stolen works, despite searching his preferred hiding spot beneath a false floor with the help of his son. However, in the basement, they found a sheet of paper listing what each stolen piece might draw on the [[black market]].<ref name=suffolk_globe /> In January 2016, the FBI contrived gun charges against Gentile to force him to reveal the location of the missing works. During a hearing, a federal prosecutor revealed significant evidence tying Gentile to the crime. The prosecutor stated that Gentile and mob partner Robert Guarente attempted to use the return of two stolen pieces to reduce a prison sentence for one of their associates. Guarente's wife told investigators in early 2015 that her husband once had possession of some of the art, and gave two paintings to Gentile before Guarente died of cancer in 2004. Also, while in federal prison during 2013–2014, Gentile told at least three people he had knowledge of the stolen art. In 2015, Gentile submitted to a [[polygraph|lie detector]] test, denying advanced knowledge of the heist or ever possessing any paintings. The result showed a 0.1% chance that he was truthful.<ref name=courant>{{cite web|last1=Mahoney |first1=Edmund H. |title=Prosecutors Reveal More Evidence They Say Ties Robert Gentile To Gardner Museum Robbery |url=http://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-robert-gentile-gardner-museum-art-heist-0107-20160106-story.html |website=courant.com |publisher=Hartford Courant |accessdate=7 January 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082228/http://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-robert-gentile-gardner-museum-art-heist-0107-20160106-story.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df= }}</ref> According to Gentile's lawyer, federal agents are convinced that Gentile has the stolen works.<ref name=suffolk_globe /> Gentile's home was searched again by the FBI on May 2, 2016, even though his lawyer insists that if Gentile had the stolen artwork or knowledge of its whereabouts, he would have turned it in for the reward money a long time ago.<ref name="wcvb2may">{{Cite web|url=http://m.wcvb.com/news/fbi-returns-to-home-of-man-linked-to-500m-art-heist/39340372 |title=FBI searching mobster's home for stolen Gardner masterpieces |website=WCVB |access-date=2016-05-02 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510215744/http://m.wcvb.com/news/fbi-returns-to-home-of-man-linked-to-500m-art-heist/39340372 |archivedate=2016-05-10 |df= }}</ref> On September 5, 2017, Gentile was scheduled to be sentenced for a separate weapons charge in Connecticut.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-robert-gentile-gardner-museum-sentencing-20170905-story.html|title=Feds Say Gentile's Feigning Mental Issues, But Gangster's Sentencing Postponed|last=MAHONY|first=EDMUND H.|work=courant.com|access-date=2017-09-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

When the museum raised its bounty in 1997, Myles J. Connor Jr. said he could locate the missing artwork in exchange for [[legal immunity]]. Authorities rejected his offer. Connor now believes that the Gardner works have passed into other, unknown hands. “I was probably told, but I don’t remember,” he said, blaming a heart attack that affected his memory.<ref name ="Smithsonian" /> Louis Royce, another Boston area gangster, claims he is still owed 15% for devising the plan for two fake policemen to request access to the museum at night.<ref name=nydn>{{cite web|last1=Connelly |first1=Sherryl |title=Possible leads in $500M Boston museum robbery in 1990 |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/leads-500m-boston-museum-robbery-1990-article-1.2115903 |website=NY Daily News |publisher=NY Daily News |accessdate=8 January 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213151704/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/leads-500m-boston-museum-robbery-1990-article-1.2115903 |archivedate=13 December 2015 |df= }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Due to the high profile of the museum theft, it has been referenced and parodied in many different works. The theft was the subject of the 2005 documentary ''Stolen'', which first appeared in a slightly different version on [[Court TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalfilmcircuit.com/stolen/pressbook_stolen.pdf |title=Stolen: Is it still a masterpiece if no one can find it? |first=Rebecca |last=Dreyfus |date=April 13, 2006 |work=Stolen pressbook |publisher=International Film Circuit |accessdate=June 24, 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713045940/http://www.internationalfilmcircuit.com/stolen/pressbook_stolen.pdf |archivedate=July 13, 2011 |df= }}</ref> The more well-known paintings have been referenced in multiple TV shows, including ''[[The Blacklist (TV series)|The Blacklist]]'' episode "The Courier",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bostonherald.com/entertainment/television/television_news/2013/10/starring_role_for_boston_on_new_hit_blacklist |title=Starring role for Boston on new hit Blacklist |first=Mark |last=Perigard |date=October 30, 2013 |publisher=Boston Herald |accessdate=December 9, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126132327/http://www.bostonherald.com/entertainment/television/television_news/2013/10/starring_role_for_boston_on_new_hit_blacklist |archivedate=January 26, 2016 |df= }}</ref> ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[American History X-cellent]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bostonherald.com/entertainment/television/television_news/2010/04/%E2%80%98simpsons%E2%80%99_cracks_case_gardner_heist |title='Simpsons' crack case of Gardner heist |date=April 13, 2010 |publisher=Boston Herald |accessdate=December 9, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126120453/http://www.bostonherald.com/entertainment/television/television_news/2010/04/%E2%80%98simpsons%E2%80%99_cracks_case_gardner_heist |archivedate=January 26, 2016 |df= }}</ref> ''[[Drunk History]]'' episode "Boston",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cc.com/video-clips/uo66zq/drunk-history-art-heist---uncensored |title=Art Heist – Uncensored Drunk History Video Clip – Comedy Central |first=Mark |last=Perigard |date=July 30, 2013 |publisher=Comedy Central |accessdate=December 1, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222104921/http://www.cc.com/video-clips/uo66zq/drunk-history-art-heist---uncensored |archivedate=December 22, 2015 |df= }}</ref> and ''[[American Greed]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100000093 |title=American Greed – Unsolved $300 Million Art Heist |date=October 14, 2012 |publisher=CNBC |accessdate=December 11, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120206/http://www.cnbc.com/id/100000093 |archivedate=December 22, 2015 |df= }}</ref>

Several books were written by former investigators: ''Artful Deception'' (2012) by James J. McGovern; ''Priceless: How I Went Undercover to Rescue the World's Stolen Treasures'' (2010), by [[Robert King Wittman|Robert Wittman]] and John Shiffman; and ''Stolen Masterpiece Tracker'' (2006) by Thomas McShane.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://crimescenedb.com/isabella-stewart-gardner-museum-heist/ |title=Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Heist {{!}} Crime Scene Database |last=Database |first=Crime Scene |website=crimescenedb.com |language=en-GB |access-date=2017-04-15 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517003130/http://crimescenedb.com/isabella-stewart-gardner-museum-heist/ |archivedate=2017-05-17 |df= }}</ref><ref name="globe_mar2013">{{cite web|last1=Valencia |first1=Milton |title=Observers, investigators say now is time to find Gardner art before it is lost – The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/03/24/observers-investigators-say-now-time-find-gardner-art-before-lost/Z4HQc74zz6ek7QWOcZvNsO/story.html |website=BostonGlobe.com |publisher=The Boston Globe |accessdate=8 January 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125145212/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/03/24/observers-investigators-say-now-time-find-gardner-art-before-lost/Z4HQc74zz6ek7QWOcZvNsO/story.html |archivedate=25 January 2016 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/07/arts/design/07wittman.html |title=F.B.I. Art Sleuth, Now Author of ‘Priceless’ |last=Kennedy |first=Randy |date=2010-06-06 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2017-04-15 |issn=0362-4331 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517004838/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/07/arts/design/07wittman.html |archivedate=2017-05-17 |df= }}</ref>

Stephen Kurkjian, a reporter for ''The Boston Globe'', has written a book about his experience titled ''Master Thieves: The Boston Gangsters Who Pulled Off the World’s Greatest Art Heist'' (2015).<ref name="nydn" /> Journalist [[Ulrich Boner|Ulrich Boser]] wrote a book called ''The Gardner Heist'' (2009), leaning heavily on the documented investigation of Harold Smith, an insurance underwriter who worked on art cases.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/feb/19/ulrich-boser-gardner-heist |title=Sketching in the details of the Gardner heist |last=Capps |first=Kriston |date=2009-02-19 |work=The Guardian |access-date=2017-04-14 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516215827/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/feb/19/ulrich-boser-gardner-heist |archivedate=2017-05-16 |df= }}</ref>

The theft is central to the plot of the 2013 novel ''Irreplaceable'' by Charles Pinning.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Coale |first1=Sam |title=Book review: ‘Irreplaceable’ a delightful tale with R.I. color |url=http://www.providencejournal.com/article/20131117/ENTERTAINMENT/311179957 |website=providencejournal.com |publisher=Providence Journal |accessdate=4 July 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815202629/http://www.providencejournal.com/article/20131117/ENTERTAINMENT/311179957 |archivedate=15 August 2016 |df= }}</ref> It also features in ''The Art Forger'' (2012) by [[B.A. Shapiro]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Taylor|first1=Art|title=Book World: Drawing on reality|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/book-world-drawing-on-reality/2012/10/21/3771ac9e-0668-11e2-858a-5311df86ab04_story.html|website=The Washington Post|accessdate=March 26, 2017|date=October 21, 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|1990s|Boston|Criminal justice|Visual arts}}
*[[1990 in the United States]]
*[[Crime in Massachusetts]]
*[[List of stolen paintings]]
*[[300 million yen robbery]], 1968 theft of cash from armored car in Japan also carried out by a thief posing as a police officer, likewise still unsolved
*[[Great Brink's Robbery]], 1950 theft of $2.7 million in cash and financial instruments, also in Boston, at the time also the largest theft in American history
*[[John Tillmann (art thief)]], along with his wife and mother-in-law stole over ten thousand pieces of art over decades in largest haul by a single art thief
*[[1972 Montreal Museum of Fine Arts robbery]], largest art theft and largest theft of private property in Canadian history.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum}}
*[http://www.gardnermuseum.org/ Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160624024938/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/vc_majorthefts/arttheft/isabella/ FBI theft page] and [https://www.fbi.gov/gardner/ Mar 2013 update]
*{{IMDb title|0453552|Stolen}}

[[Category:1990 crimes in the United States]]
[[Category:1990 in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:20th century in Boston]]
[[Category:Art crime]]
[[Category:Robberies in the United States]]
[[Category:Individual thefts]]
[[Category:Crime in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Unsolved crimes in the United States]]
[[Category:March 1990 events]]
[[Category:Museum crime]]

Mary und die Blume der Hexen

2018-01-04T07:57:17Z

DocWatson42: Cleaned up layout and other matters.

{{Expand Japanese|メアリと魔女の花|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mary and the Witch's Flower
| image = Mary_and_the_witch's_flower_poster.jpg
| caption = Teaser poster
| film name = {{Infobox name module
| kanji = メアリと魔女の花
| romaji = Meari to Majo no Hana
}}
| director = [[Hiromasa Yonebayashi]]
| producer = [[Yoshiaki Nishimura]]
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Riko Sakaguchi
* Hiromasa Yonebayashi
}}
| based on = {{based on|''The Little Broomstick''|[[Mary Stewart (novelist)|Mary Stewart]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maryflower.jp/sp/ |title=『メアリと魔女の花』公式サイト |accessdate=4 February 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301072351/http://www.maryflower.jp/sp/ |archivedate=1 March 2017 }}</ref>
| editing =
| cinematography = Toru Fukushi
| music = Takatsugu Muramatsu
| studio = [[Studio Ponoc]]{{Plainlist|
| distributor = [[Toho]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|2017|07|08}}
| country = Japan
| language = Japanese
| gross = [[USD|$]]31.1 million<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&country=JP&id=maryandthewitchsflower.htm|title= Mary and the Witch's Flower|accessdate= 1 July 2017|work= [[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref>
}}

{{nihongo|'''''Mary and the Witch's Flower'''''|メアリと魔女の花|Meari to Majo no Hana|lead=yes}} is a 2017 Japanese [[Anime|anime]] [[Fantasy|fantasy film]] directed by [[Hiromasa Yonebayashi]] and produced by [[Studio Ponoc]], based on ''The Little Broomstick'' by [[Mary Stewart (novelist)|Mary Stewart]]. This is Studio Ponoc's first feature film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ponoc.jp/works/category/feature/ |title=長編 - 作品カテゴリー - STUDIO PONOC（スタジオポノック） |work=[[Studio Ponoc]] |date=15 December 2016 |accessdate=4 February 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100101/http://www.ponoc.jp/works/category/feature/ |archivedate=5 February 2017 }}</ref> The film tells a story of a girl named Mary who finds a mysterious flower that can give her the power to become a witch, which lasts for one night only.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/12/16/13984298/studio-ghibli-director-new-movie-mary-and-the-witch-flower |title=Former Ghibli director unveils new animated film, Mary and the Witch's Flower |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=16 December 2016 |accessdate=4 February 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205181240/http://www.polygon.com/2016/12/16/13984298/studio-ghibli-director-new-movie-mary-and-the-witch-flower |archivedate=5 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4vF4LDRrpo |title=Mary and The Witch's Flower Teaser Trailer (Official) |work=[[YouTube]] |date=14 December 2016 |accessdate=4 February 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204091119/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4vF4LDRrpo |archivedate=4 February 2017 }}</ref> The film was released in Japan on July 8, 2017.

==Plot==

A girl encounters a strange flower that grants magical powers and picks it to take it home.

==Voice cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Character
! Japanese Voice actor
! English Voice actor<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.madman.com.au/news/mary-and-the-witchs-flower-english-cast-announced/|title=Mary and the Witch's Flower English Cast Announced|work=Madman Entertainment|access-date=2017-10-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Mary
| [[Hana Sugisaki]]
| [[Ruby Barnhill]]
|-
| Peter
| [[Ryunosuke Kamiki]]
| Louis Ashbourne Serkis
|-
| Madame Mumblechook
| [[Yūki Amami]]
| [[Kate Winslet]]
|-
| Doctor Dee
| [[Fumiyo Kohinata]]
| [[Jim Broadbent]]
|-
| Red Headed Witch
| [[Hikari Mitsushima]]
| [[Teresa Gallagher]]
|-
| Flanagan
| [[Jiro Sato (actor)|Jiro Sato]]
| [[Ewen Bremner]]
|-
| Zebedee
| [[Kenichi Endō]]
| [[Rasmus Hardiker]]
|-
| Banks
| [[Eriko Watanabe]]
| [[Morwenna Banks]]
|-
| Charlotte
| [[Shinobu Otake]]
| [[Lynda Baron]]
|-
|}

==Production==

'''''Mary and the Witch's Flower''''' is a 2017 Japanese [[Anime|anime]] [[Movie theater|theatrical film]] produced by [[List of animation studios owned by The Walt Disney Company#Disney Animation Japan|Walt Disney Animation (Japan), Inc. Japan]] and additional animation by [[Actas]], [[Amuse, Inc.|Amuse]], [[Eiken (studio)|Eiken]], [[Gonzo (company)|Gonzo]], [[J.C. Staff]], [[Kadokawa Daiei Studio|Kadokawa]], [[Khara (studio)|Khara, Inc.]], [[Shin-Ei Animation]], [[Toho]], in association with [[Chukyo TV]], D.N. Dreams Partners, [[Fukuoka Broadcasting Corporation|Fukuoka Broadcasting]], Hakuhodo DY Partners, [[Hiroshima Telecasting|Hiroshima Telecasting (HTV)]], Kenon, Lawson, Line, [[Miyagi Television Broadcasting|Miyagi Television Broadcasting (Japan), Inc.]], [[Nippon Television Network|Nippon Television, Inc.]], [[Sapporo Television Broadcasting|Sapporo Television Broadcasting Company]], [[Shizuoka Daiichi Television|Shizuoka Daiichi Television]], [[Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation|Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation]], additional newspapers by [[Yomiuri Shimbun]] and additional pre-production sound by [[Tambourine Studios|Tamborine Sound Studios]].

==Release==
''Mary and the Witch's Flower'' was released theatrically in Japan on July 8, 2017 by distributor [[Toho]], airing on 458 screens across Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-07-10/mary-and-the-witch-flower-anime-film-earns-428-million-yen-to-open-at-no.2/.118622|title=Mary & the Witch's Flower Anime Film Earns 428 Million Yen to Open at #2|date=July 10, 2017|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=August 22, 2017}}</ref> [[Altitude Film Distribution|Altitude Film Sales]] announced at the [[Berlin International Film Festival]] that it had acquired the worldwide rights to the film, and would release the film within the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-02-02/altitude-film-sales-acquires-worldwide-rights-to-mary-and-the-witch-flower-anime-film/.111766|title=Altitude Film Sales Acquires Worldwide Rights to Mary and the Witch's Flower Anime Film|date=February 2, 2017|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=August 22, 2017}}</ref> [[Madman Entertainment]] announced that it had secured the rights to the film within Australia and New Zealand,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madman.com.au/news/madman-entertainment-to-release-mary-and-the-witchs-flower/|title=Madman Entertainment to release ‘Mary and The Witch’s Flower’|date=February 3, 2017|last=Ip|first=Sly|publisher=[[Madman Entertainment]]|accessdate=August 22, 2017}}</ref> and would premiere the film theatrically at [[Madman Anime Festival]] in Melbourne on November 5, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madman.com.au/news/mary-and-the-witchs-flower-australia-premiere-madman-anime-festival/|title=Mary and the Witch’s Flower to have Australian premiere at Madman Anime Festival Melbourne!|last=Browne|first=Tessa|date=August 22, 2017|publisher=[[Madman Entertainment]]|accessdate=August 22, 2017}}</ref> [[GKIDS]] later announced that it would distribute the film within North America, with a limited opening premiere scheduled for January 18, 2018, before a wide release on January 19, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-08-01/gkids-licenses-mary-and-the-witch-flower-film/.119603|title=GKIDS Licenses Mary and the Witch's Flower Film|date=August 1, 2017|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=August 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2017/10/mary-and-the-witchs-flower-studio-ponoc-gkids-fathom-events-hiromasa-yonebayashi-yoshiaki-nishimura-kate-winslet-1202190173/|title= 'Mary And The Witch's Flower' Sets Special One-Night Event For Nationwide Premiere|work=Deadline|last1=Ramos|first1=Dino-Ray|date=October 18, 2017|accessdate=October 19, 2017}}</ref>

The English dub of Mary and the Witch's Flower (starring Ruby Barnhill, Kate Winslet, Jim Broadbent) was directed by Hiromasa Yonebayashi and produced by Geoffrey Wexler. The English dub was recorded in September 2017 in London, and had its premiere in Los Angeles on October 23, 2017.

==Reception==
The film opened at second place, grossing ¥428 million during its opening weekend in Japan; this was an increase compared to Yonebayashi's previous film, ''[[When Marnie Was There]]'' (2014), which had grossed ¥378.86 million in its first weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-07-10/mary-and-the-witch-flower-anime-film-earns-428-million-yen-to-open-at-no.2/.118622|title=Mary & the Witch's Flower Anime Film Earns 428 Million Yen to Open at #2|author=|date=|publisher=}}</ref>

==Music==
Composer Muramatsu Takatsugu, who also scored Yonebayashi's last film ''[[When Marnie Was There]]'', is in charge of the soundtrack for Mary and the Witch's Flower. Joshua Messick, one of the world's leading performers of the hammered dulcimer, a percussion and string instrument, participated in the score recording. <ref name="Soundtrack">{{cite web|title=Mary and the Witch's Flower Original Soundtrack|url=http://www.yesasia.com/global/mary-and-the-witchs-flower-original-soundtrack-japan-version/1060110506-0-0-0-en/info.html|website=yesasia.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Hammered Dulcimer on 'Mary and The Witch’s Flower' Soundtrack|url=http://joshuamessick.com/soundtrack-mary-witchs-flower/|website=Joshua Messick}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://maryflower.jp/}} {{ja icon}}
* {{imdb title|6336356}}
* {{ann|anime|19223|noparen=true}}

{{Hiromasa Yonebayashi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mary anđ the Witch's Flower}}
[[Category:2010s fantasy films]]
[[Category:2017 anime films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Fantasy anime and manga]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:Films based on children's books]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hiromasa Yonebayashi]]
[[Category:Japanese films]]
[[Category:Japanese animated fantasy films]]
[[Category:Toho animated films]]
[[Category:Witchcraft in film]]

{{anime-film-stub}}

Studio Ponoc

2018-01-04T07:55:20Z

DocWatson42: Cleaned up a reference and other matters.

{{Infobox company
| name =
| logo = Studio Ponoc logo.png
| logo_size = 250px
| logo_alt = Sans serif black font spelling Studio Ponoc. The first "o" in Ponoc appears to be a clock with red hands pointing to the 12 o'clock position. This refers to Ponoc being the Bosnian-Serbo-Croatian word for midnight.
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| trading_name =
| native_name = 株式会社スタジオポノック
| native_name_lang = ja
| romanized_name = Kabushiki-gaisha Sutajio Ponokku
| type = [[Kabushiki kaisha|KK]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Anime]]
| genre =
| fate =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2015|04|15}} in [[Musashino, Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
| founder = [[Yoshiaki Nishimura]]
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city = Musashino, Tokyo
| hq_location_country = Japan
| num_locations = 1
| key_people = Yoshiaki Nishimura Hiromasa Yonebayashi
| products =
| brands =
| services =
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| website = {{URL|ponoc.jp}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{nihongo|'''Studio Ponoc'''|株式会社スタジオポノック|Kabushiki-gaisha Sutajio Ponokku}} is a Japanese [[anime|animation]] studio based in [[Musashino, Tokyo]], [[Japan]]. It was founded by [[Yoshiaki Nishimura]] in April 2015. Its first feature film, ''[[Mary and the Witch's Flower]]'', was released in 2017.

==History==
[[Yoshiaki Nishimura]] founded Studio Ponoc on April 15, 2015 with several animators formerly with [[Studio Ghibli]].<ref name="ann 20150616">{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-06-16/ghibli-producer-yoshiaki-nishimura-works-at-new-studio/.89158|title=Ghibli Producer Yoshiaki Nishimura Works at New Studio|date=June 16, 2015|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=December 15, 2016|archivedate=December 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6mmjTSPvi}}</ref><ref name="empireonline 20161215">{{cite web|url=http://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/studio-ponoc-aims-bring-ghibli-magic-mary-witch-flower/|title=Studio Ponoc aims to bring the Ghibli magic with Mary And The Witch's Flower|first=James|last=White|date=December 15, 2016|publisher=''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]''|accessdate=December 15, 2016|archivedate=December 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6mmkypn16}}</ref><ref name="ann 20161215"/> The name of the studio comes from the [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] word [[wikt:ponoć#Serbo-Croatian|ponoć]], for "midnight", meant to signify "the beginning of a new day".<ref name="ann 20161215">{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-12-15/former-ghibli-staffers-studio-ponoc-unveils-mary-and-the-witch-flower-anime-film/.109925|title=Former Ghibli Staffers' Studio Ponoc Unveils Mary and the Witch's Flower Anime Film|date=December 15, 2016|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=December 15, 2016|archivedate=December 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6mmiuO7bV}}</ref>

The studio worked on an advertisement for [[West Japan Railroad|JR West]] for its 2015 summer campaign.<ref name="ann 20150616"/> ''[[Mary and the Witch's Flower]]'', the studio's first feature film, was released in 2017. The film is based on ''[[The Little Broomstick]]'' by [[Mary Stewart (novelist)|Mary Stewart]]. Several former employees of [[Studio Ghibli]] have joined the studio to work on the film.<ref name="ann 20161215"/><ref name="telegraph 20161215">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/prepare-spirited-away-magic-studio-ghibli-back-make-world-brighter/|title=Prepare to be spirited away: as if by magic, Studio Ghibli is back to make the world a brighter place|first=Robbie |last=Collin |date=December 15, 2016 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=December 15, 2016|archivedate=December 15, 2016|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6mmjyckL7|registration=yes}}</ref>

==Works==
===Short works===
*Television ad spot for [[West Japan Railroad|JR West]] (2015)

===Films===
*{{nihongo|''[[Mary and the Witch's Flower]]''|メアリと魔女の花|Meari to Majo no Hana}} (2017, directed by [[Hiromasa Yonebayashi]])

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{youtube|c=UC0CJ9Fh3yxpEvI8ipPd8bWA}}
* {{Ann|company|15354}}

{{Animation industry in Japan}}
{{Studio Ghibli}}

[[Category:Animation studios in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Japanese companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Media companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Musashino, Tokyo]]

Verfolgung von Menschen mit Albinismus

2017-12-22T02:41:35Z

DocWatson42: /* Tanzania */ Cleaned up a reference and other matters.

{{globalize|date=August 2017}}
[[File:Social revolution psoter 1 2.jpg|thumb|Awareness poster against the prejudice of albinos in Africa]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
[[File:Albinisitic man portrait.jpg|right|thumb|A child with [[albinism]]]]
{{Discrimination sidebar}}
'''Persecution of people with albinism''' (sometimes abbreviated PWA<ref name="UTSS history" />) is based on the belief that certain body parts of [[Albinism|albinistic]] people can transmit magical powers. Such [[superstition]] is present especially in some parts of the [[African Great Lakes]] region, it has been promulgated and exploited by [[witch doctor]]s and others who use such body parts as ingredients in rituals, concoctions and [[potions]] with the claim that their [[Witchcraft|magic]] will bring prosperity to the user (''[[muti]]'' or [[medicine murder]])<ref>{{cite web |last=Schühle |first=Judith |title=Medicine Murder of People with Albinism in Tanzania – How Casino Capitalism Creates Rumorscapes and Occult Economies (Working Paper No. 2-13) |url= http://www.fu-berlin.de/sites/cas/forschung/publikationen/working-papers/_CAS-Working-2-13_Schuehle.pdf |website=FU-Berlin.de |publisher=Center for Area Studies, Freie Universität Berlin |access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref>

As a result, people with albinism have been persecuted, killed and dismembered, and graves of albinos dug up and desecrated. At the same time, people with albinism have also been ostracised and even killed for exactly the opposite reason, because they are presumed to be cursed and bring bad luck. The persecutions of people with albinism take place mostly in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n communities, especially among [[East Africa]]ns.<ref name="Cruz-Inigo">{{cite journal |last1=Cruz-Inigo|first1=Andres E. |last2=Ladizinski|first2=Barry |last3=Sethi|first3=Aisha |date=January 2011 |title=Albinism in Africa: Stigma, Slaughter and Awareness Campaigns |work=Dermatologic Clinics |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=79–87 |doi=10.1016/j.det.2010.08.015 |url= http://www.derm.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8635(10)00140-3/fulltext |access-date=18 April 2014}} Also available [http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0733-8635/PIIS0733863510001403.pdf in PDF format].</ref>{{rp|81}}

Albinism is a genetically inherited condition which is very rare and, worldwide, affects approximately one in twenty thousand people<ref>Steiefel, (2014) Hats on for skin health: Albinos in Africa a population at risk http://www.stiefel.com/en/community-interest/hatsonforskinhealth.html Accessed 20 April 2014</ref> Although rare in the western world, albinism is quite common in sub-Saharan Africa, likely as a result of [[consanguinity]].<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" /> Both parents, who may or may not be albinos themselves, must carry the gene if it is to be passed on to the child. Albinism occurs in both males and females and is not specific to any race or ethnic group. Statistics prove that fifty percent of albinistic people in [[Tanzania]] have a known albinistic relative,<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|80}} although very few understand or are educated about the medical and genetic causes of this condition. Many believe it is a punishment from God or bad luck, and that their "disease" could be contagious, which is often the view of even members of the medical and professional community. These misconceptions, coupled with the lack of education, are some of the key reasons that albinism is so heavily persecuted. This lack of knowledge about people with albinism means that folktales and superstition in the name of witchcraft take the place of medical and scientific facts in the minds of many native Africans, with and without albinism, which in turn has major effects on the social integration of albinistic people into African society. Ninety-eight percent of albinos die by the age of forty for reasons which could easily be prevented.<ref>{{cite report |last=Morton |first=T. |date=2014 |title=''Watu Kama Sisi'': Reducing Skin Cancer, Stigma and Violence Against Albinos in the Mara Region |publisher=[[Under the Same Sun]] |location=Canada / Tanzania}}</ref>

==Current statistics of persecution of albinistic people==

A report was released on 1 April 2014 by the [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania, office of the Canadian charity [[Under the Same Sun]]. Titled ''Reported Attacks of Persons with Albinism'', the document reviews 180 countries and lists 129 recent killings and 181 other attacks, all within 23 African countries. These attacks include mutilation, violence, violation of graves, and cases of asylum-seeking.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Reported Attacks of Persons with Albinism – Most Recent Attacks Included. |publisher=[[Under the Same Sun]] |location=Canada / Tanzania |url= http://www.underthesamesun.com/sites/default/files/PWA%20Attacks%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=}}</ref>

=== Tanzania ===
In Tanzania, albinos represent one in every 1429 births, a much higher rate than in any other nation. According to [[Al-Shymaa Kway-Geer]], an albino member of parliament, there are 6977 officially registered albinos in Tanzania.<ref name="IFRC">{{cite web |publisher=[[International Federation of Red Cross]] and [[Red Crescent Societies]]. |title=Advocacy Report: Through Albino Eyes – The Plight of Albino People in Africa's Great Lakes Region and a Red Cross Response |date=2009 |work=IFRC.org |url= https://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/general/177800-Albinos-Report-EN.pdf |access-date=18 April 2014}}</ref> However, it is believed that there may be up to 17000 undocumented.<ref name="BBC wife">{{cite news |date=2008 |title=Man 'tried to sell' albino wife |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7726743.stm |access-date=24 April 2014 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> A number of albinos have migrated to the [[Dar es Salaam]] area, as they feel safer in an urban setting. Tanzania is thought to have the largest population of albinos in Africa.<ref name="Malone">{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Malone |url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1215949/The-albino-tribe-butchered-feed-gruesome-trade-magical-body-parts.html |title=The albino tribe butchered to feed a gruesome trade in 'magical' body parts |date=24 September 2009 |access-date=24 September 2009 |work=[[Daily Mail]] |location=London}}</ref> Albinos are especially persecuted in Shinyanga and Mwanza, where witch doctors have promoted a belief in the potential magical and superstitious properties of albinos' body parts. There are further issues which arise when there is lack of education about albinism. Fathers often suspect the mother of the albino child of infidelity with a white man or that the child is the ghost of a European colonist.<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" /> This can cause immense strain on families and relationships. An albino child is often seen as a bad omen and treated as unwanted. Many albino babies become victims of infanticide due to these superstitious views.

=== Malawi ===
After 2015 when Tanzania enacted tougher steps against violence against albinos, Malawi has seen a "steep upsurge in killings" with 18 reported killings since November 2014, and the likely toll being higher because of missing persons and unreported murders.<ref name=cbs>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/malawi-albinos-hunted-and-murdered-for-their-limbs/| author=AP| title=Albino people are being hunted for their body parts |publisher=CBS| date=June 7, 2016 |accessdate=June 7, 2016}}</ref> President [[Peter Mutharika]] has formed a committee to study the situation.<ref name=cbs/>

==Origins of myths and superstition causing persecution of people with albinism==
African rituals and spiritual ideas about albinism have led to the brutal murder of and attacks on innocent men, women and especially children. These ideas have been around for many generations, but in recent years witch doctors have been teaching misconceived ideas about the promise of wealth, success and power when albino hair or limbs are used in a potion as part of witchcraft practices. This has gained public attention nationally and internationally as these crimes have been reported as crimes against human rights. "Infanticide, kidnapping, amputations, and decapitations, committed for purposes of supplying highly valued body parts used for amulets, which are then sold in underground witchcraft market."<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|79}} Therefore, this causes great unrest and angst among the albino population, who must be protected and often live in a state of solitude simply to protect their own lives and to prevent being hunted like animals.<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|80}}

US congressman [[Gerry Connolly]] in 2010 introduced legislation to protect albinos and urge local governments to protect albinos, stating that "With their help and the passage of this resolution today, maybe we can bring an end to these horrific and heinous crimes."<ref>This Day Reporter, (16 March 2010) US Congress passes new law against albinos torture, killings (http://www.thisday.co.tz/?l=10722. Accessed 15 April 2014</ref>

It is clear that "the main driving forces underlying these profiling crimes are ignorance, myth, and superstition, such as the belief that individuals with albinism possess superpowers or that their body parts bestow fortune and health."<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|79}} It is commonly known that in many communities, predominantly in Tanzania and parts of east Africa, superstitious views derived from ancient spiritual beliefs and reinforced by local witch doctors have been carried through centuries of ritualistic practices and mythical beliefs. This creates a serious risk to the lives of persons with albinism as the people believe it will bring them wealth, power, success or health depending on the variances of interpretation. Senior police officers claim that these body parts may be sold for as much as [[United States dollar|US$]]75,000 on the black market<ref name="IFRC" /> for a set of arms, legs, ears, and genitals from an individual with albinism.<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|79}}<ref name="IFRC" /> Therefore, there has been an extensive amount of albino murders in the past decade especially in Burundi and Tanzania, where in 2007 more than seventy documented killings took place and one hundred and fifty body parts of albinos were reported to have been chopped off. Now the number of killings is well over one hundred, with low conviction rates, and albinos continue to have limbs severed, leaving many crippled or severely maimed, traumatized and tortured in the process.<ref name="IFRC" />

This threat to albinos has the potential to cause extreme trauma and stress in their daily lives, which are already impacted by the stress of their condition, affecting skin and eyesight, placing albinos in a constant state of insecurity and distrust. According to Navi Pillay, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, because of the social and educational exclusion which can often occur there are often very low education levels in albinos, so that they lack social and economic tools to live productive lives.<ref name="Pillay">Pillay, Navi (13 March 2014) "People with albinism have the right to live without fear or bullying, discrimination, social exclusion, killing and dismemberment". United Nations High Commissioner. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8N_w5C8FWE&feature=youtu.be Accessed 4 October 2014</ref> It also "is a common belief that albinos have low brain capacity and are unable to function at the same level as 'normal people'.<ref>Kuster R,(2000) White skin, black souls. New African, p. 382</ref> Therefore, their ability to learn is often deficient due to the fact that one hundred percent of albinos suffer from some form of visual impairment<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" /> and there often are not sufficient educational facilities, learning supplies or funding to support children with limited sight. This causes extensive bullying, exclusion from peer groups, low self-esteem and confidence, along with emotional and mental illness stemming from rejection by society and often family members who harbor superstitious myths about albinos. It is clearly revealed that no matter what mythical or spiritual mantra a person may be following or believing about albinos there is a general view in "nearly all cultures in the region of east Africa held and some still hold the view that albinos are less desirable beings who are less than human."<ref name="UTSS history">{{cite web |work=Under the Same Sun |date=15 July 2013 |title=History of Attacks Against Persons with Albinism (PWA) |url= http://www.underthesamesun.com/sites/default/files/History%20of%20Attacks%20against%20PWA.pdf |access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Therefore, homes and schools specifically for albinos, such as Buhangija Albino School, have been created as safe environments for learning, growing and permanently residing. Many children fear to ever return to their families, believing that they may be killed by even their closest relatives. Ukerewe Island is a key example of this, displayed in the film home to a large community of people with albinism where 62 albinos reside, most likely to remain in solitude and away from albino hunters.<ref name="ITSOTS">Freeland, Harry (2014) In the Shadow of the Sun http://intheshadowofthesun.org/long-synopsis Accessed 29 April 2014</ref>

The UN report submitted as part of the Human Rights Council resolution 23/13 of 13 June 2013 states that albinos are often regarded as "ghosts and not human beings, who can be wiped off the global map."<ref name="UNHRC 2013">United Nations General Assembly: Human Rights Council, 24th Session (12 September 2013) Persons with Albinism. Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Accessed 24 April 2014</ref>{{rp|5}} They are often persecuted as devils or people who are a bad omen or suffer from a curse. In some communities it is "believed that contact with them will bring bad luck, sickness or death."<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|5}} Therefore, this is discrimination and mental and emotional persecution alone, where severe bullying of children, exclusion and abandonment occurs even without brutal physical persecution.

However, the issues which have created a spotlight for the Human Rights Council of the United Nations are the murder of albinos for medicine and dismemberment, and attacks and murder of persons with albinism. Another myth that imposes a risk on people with albinism is the belief that "sexual intercourse with a woman or a girl with albinism can cure HIV/AIDS."<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|5}} Sacrifice of albinos is believed also to "appease the god of the mountain"<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|5}} when fear of a volcano eruption is possible, and it is believed that pulling the hair of albinos can bring good luck. It has also been reported that "miners use the bones of persons with albinism as amulets or bury them where they are drilling for gold.<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|5}} The attacks which occur usually result in the death or severe mutilation of the albino, which according to the Human rights council can in "some cases involve trade in organs, trafficking in persons and sale of children, infanticide and abandonment of children."<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|6}}

==Action against persecution==
With escalating killings, President [[Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete|Kikwete]] publicly and repeatedly condemned [[witch doctor]]s, their helpers and middlemen, and the clients, which include members of the police force, for these murders. Victims include [[child abduction|children snatched or abducted]] from their parents. The killers and their accomplices use hair, arms, legs, skin, eyes, genitals, and blood in rituals or for witch potions.<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />

The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has published a preliminary report regarding discrimination which has been directed toward people with albinism.<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|5}} This report has been submitted as part of the Human Rights Council resolution 23/13 of 13 June 2013. It reinforced that "states would adopt specific measures to protect and preserve the rights to life and security of persons with albinism, as well as their right not to be subject to torture and ill treatment, and ensure their access to adequate health care, employment, education and justice."<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|1}} The discrimination of albinos is often demonstrated by family members and relatives especially at birth, and ill-treatment by general society is widespread where there are severe issues of social exclusion and stigma. The Resolution 23/13 explains the Human Rights council's concerns about "attacks against persons with albinism".<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|3}} Therefore, the Council encouraged the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to submit a report. Navi Pillay is the current United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. As the representative, on 11 March 2014 she submitted a message which overviewed the current status of discrimination against persons with albinism and possible pathways for change and development in protection of albinos. "People with albinism have the right to live without fear or bullying, discrimination, social exclusion, killing and dismemberment."<ref name="Pillay" /> This footage was published on 13 March 2014 to overview the current situation surrounding albinos who live in fear of being murdered or captured for the purposes of murder medicine and witch doctors belief in the magical potential of albino hair and limbs.

Also a key issue is the influence of educating the public to encourage the removal of the social stigma associated with albinos in a society which does not completely understand that albinism is not a curse or a spiritual ghost, but simply a skin condition. In Zimbabwe albinos have been given the name ''sope'' which indicated that they are possessed by evil spirits, and in Tanzania they are known as ''nguruwe'' meaning 'pig', or ''zeru'' which means 'ghost'.<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" /> The Report discusses the "most serious human rights violations faced by persons with albinism, primarily focusing on the ritual killings and attacks to which they are subjected."<ref name="UNHRC 2013" />{{rp|3}} It also includes recommendations to the international community and member states action towards persons with albinism.

Under the Same Sun led by albinism activist Peter Ash is organisation aiming to protect albinos from persecution and he delivered an oral intervention to the Human Rights Council in its 23rd session on 7 June 2013 on behalf of the East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders project (EHAHRDP). His submission stated:

"Today I wish to address a little known but very serious human rights violation being perpetrated against people with albinism in many African nations. My NGO, Under the Same Sun, has evidence of the witchcraft related attacks and killings of 207 people with albinism in 16 African nations. The majority of the victims are children. From Tanzania and Burundi in the East, to Nigeria and Cote d'Ivoire in the West and South Africa and Swaziland in the South, people born with this genetic condition live in fear every day. There exists a lucrative black market in albino body parts used to make what is promoted as powerful ''[[muti]]'' medicine. The hand, arm or any albino organ is combined with other ingredients and then sold for thousands of dollars: $3,000 for a hand or over $100,000 for an entire set of organs. Sometimes body parts are even shipped across borders. We seek a day when people with albinism will take their rightful place in all levels of African society and such days of discrimination will be a faint memory. To this end, we call on this Council to pass a resolution condemning acts of violence and discrimination against persons with albinism and to request the OHCHR or the Advisory Committee to carry out a study on such violations. As Edmund Burke so rightly stated, "all that is necessary for evil to prevail is for good men to do nothing."<ref>Ash, Peter (7 June 2013) Human Rights Council: 23rd Session Item 5: General Debate. Oral Intervention East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project (EHAHRDP) http://www.underthesamesun.com/sites/default/files/Speech%20to%20UN%20June%202013.pdf Accessed 24 April 2014</ref>

==Future plans==

International federation Secretary General Bekele Geleta states that "Albinism is one of the most unfortunate vulnerabilities… and needs to be addressed immediately at international level."<ref name="IFRC" />{{rp|20}} This is a cry for international exposure and help to ensure that people suffering from albinism can be protected from inhumane killings and to be sheltered from the merciless hunters of albino body parts for their potions and spiritual medicine. "The main issues that should be addressed include skin cancer prevention education, stigma and discrimination denouncement, and swift prosecution of albino hunters and their sponsors."<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|80}} Therefore, it is clear that albinos are facing many issues in their lives, and must be protected on the basis of human rights even if they look different and unlike any other race on earth. It is "imperative to inform the medical community and the general national and international public about the tragedies faced by albinos to protect them from skin cancer and ritualistic murders by individuals seeking wealth through clandestine markets perpetuating witchcraft."<ref name="IFRC" />

A number of steps were taken by the government to protect the albino population. The president ordered a crackdown on witchdoctors in the spring of 2008.<ref name="bbc403">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/7327989.stm |publisher=[[BBC]] |title=Tanzania in witchdoctor crackdown |date=3 April 2008 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In addition, an albino woman, [[Al-Shymaa Kway-Geer]], was named to become a member of the parliament, the first albino in such a position in the [[history of Tanzania]]. Police have also been advised to generate lists of albinos and provide special protection for them.<ref name="BBC721">{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7518049.stm |first=Karen |last=Allen |title=Living in fear: Tanzania's albinos |date=21 July 2008 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

To foil [[graverobber]]s, graves of the albinistic were to be sealed with concrete.<ref name=bbc727>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7527729.stm|title=Tanzania Albinos Targeted Again |work=[[BBC News]] |date=27 July 2008 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=3 January 2010}}</ref> However, by October 2008, killings had not abated, and while some suspects had been apprehended, no convictions had taken place.<ref name="kul">{{cite web| url=http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=d9487de6-5eeb-4b6e-b21f-4863db51113c |title=Crackdown vowed after Tanzania albino girl killed, mutilated |first=John |last=Kulekana |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=21 October 2008}}</ref> It was estimated that over 50 murders had taken place since March 2007, many of them in the mining and fishing communities near Lake Victoria, especially at [[Mwanza]], [[Shinyanga]] and [[Mara, Tanzania|Mara]].<ref name="kii">{{cite web |url= http://allafrica.com/stories/200810200901.html |first=Orton |last=Kiishweko |title=Tanzania: JK Orders Crackdown to Stem Murder of Albinos |date=20 October 2008 |work=The Citizen |location=Dar es Salaam}}</ref>

In January 2009, "Prime Minister Pinda had declared war on the albino hunters, and in an effort to stop the trade in albino body parts he had revoked the licenses of all the country's [[witch doctor]]s who use the body parts in their black magic fetishes."<ref>http://www.themorningstarr.co.uk/2009/01/24/tanzania-albino-hunting-update/</ref>

===Convictions against albino hunters===
The first ever conviction for the killing of an albino in Tanzania occurred on 23 September 2009 at the High Court in [[Kahama, Tanzania|Kahama]].<ref name="Albinos call for public hanging of murderers" /><ref name="Albino killers 'should be hanged'" /><ref name="Howden">{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Howden |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/three-sentenced-to-hang-for-murder-of-an-african-ghost-1792295.html |title=Three sentenced to hang for murder of an African 'ghost' |date=24 September 2009 |access-date=20 April 2014 |work=[[The Independent]] |location=London}}</ref><ref name="Men severed albino boy's legs in ritual killing">{{cite web |url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/09/23/2694777.htm?section=world|title=Men severed albino boy's legs in ritual killing |date=23 September 2009|access-date=24 September 2009 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Company]]}}</ref> This was a "landmark verdict" was due to the fact that there have been more than 50 murders known at this time and this was the first actual conviction.<ref name="Howden" /> The conviction came about following the murder and mutilation of a 14-year-old boy, Matatizo Dunia, who was attacked by three men in [[Bukombe]] district in [[Shinyanga Region]] in December 2008.<ref name="Howden" /><ref name="Men severed albino boy's legs in ritual killing" /><ref name="Death for Tanzania albino killers" /><ref name="Tanzanian albino killers death sentence">{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/2009/09/090923_tanz_albino.shtml |title=Tanzanian albino killers death sentence |date=23 September 2009 |access-date=24 September 2009 |work=[[BBC World Service]] |publisher=[[BBC]]}} Includes audio.</ref> The men carried Dunia from his home late at night before brutally murdering him. <ref name="Malone" />

One of them was later found with Dunia's leg in his possession.<ref name="Malone" /> The rest of Dunia's body parts were located concealed in shrubbery.<ref name="Malone" /> The men confessed a desire to sell Dunia's parts to a witch doctor, yet despite this, their legal team had not anticipated the [[capital punishment|death sentence]] of hanging which the three men would receive.<ref name="Malone" /><ref name="Death for Tanzania albino killers">{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8270446.stm |title=Death for Tanzania albino killers |date=23 September 2009 |access-date=24 September 2009 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

The Canada- and Tanzania-based [[Under The Same Sun]] albinism activist organisation praised the breakthrough but its founder Peter Ash remarked: "This is one conviction. There are 52 other families still awaiting justice".<ref name="Three men to hang for Tanzania albino murder">{{cite news |first=George |last=Obulutsa |url= https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE58M0IE20090923 |title=Three men to hang for Tanzania albino murder |date=23 September 2009 |access-date=24 September 2009 |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The Tanzania Albino Society's chairman Ernest Kimaya called for the [[public execution|hanging to be made public]] to further demonstrate to others that the issue of killing albinos was to be taken seriously.<ref name="Albinos call for public hanging of murderers">{{cite web |url= http://thecitizen.co.tz/newe.php?id=15284 |title=Albinos call for public hanging of murderers |date=24 September 2009 |access-date=24 September 2009 |work=[[The Citizen (South Africa)|The Citizen]]}}</ref><ref name="Albino killers 'should be hanged'">{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8273139.stm |title=Albino killers 'should be hanged' |date=24 September 2009 |access-date=24 September 2009 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref name="Albino killers to be hanged">{{cite web|url=http://gbcghana.com/news/28493detail.html |title=Albino killers to be hanged |date=25 September 2009 |access-date=25 September 2009 |publisher=[[Ghana Broadcasting Corporation]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928213536/http://gbcghana.com/news/28493detail.html |archivedate=28 September 2009 }}</ref>

This issue with witchcraft and its power and influence is that a witch doctor has, as he is almost always "revered by society as ultimate truth."<ref name="UTSS history" />{{rp|3}} Most tribes in ancient times would have committed infanticide upon an albino child seeing it as a bad omen, practiced by the [[Sukuma people|Sukuma]], the [[Digo people|Digo]] and the [[Maasai people|Maasai]].<ref name="UTSS history" />{{rp|5}} However, in some tribes the albinos were made the sacrifices of offerings to the gods or for such uses as potions which is what they are still hunted for today in the 21st century. "One of the most dangerous myths and the crux of recent attacks against PWA is that their body parts can be made into potions that give good luck and wealth to its users."<ref name="UTSS history" />{{rp|4}}

In 2006 some of the first publicly reported killings were spoken about in the media, such as 34-year-old albino woman, Arithi, who was murdered with her arms and legs hacked off and sold. Some cases which have been key in recent years firstly occurred in 2008 when a Tanzanian man tried to sell his albino wife for a price of US$3,000 to Congolese businessmen.<ref name="BBC wife" /> Although the businessmen managed to escape their arrest, Interpol has been assigned to attempt to track these men. this is what led to President Jakaya Kikewere ordering a tightening of police and protection from prosecution, however due to corruption there is still proof that even policeman are being bribed and "bought off" to turn a blind eye to certain crimes if they are receiving pecuniary gain. Although according to BBC News one hundred and seventy witch doctors have been arrested for involvement in inhumane interactions and intentions with albinos.<ref name="BBC wife" />

Another example which occurred where two mothers who were attacked by gangs with machetes in order to get to their albino children. The men broke into a refugee house known as the Lugufu Camp in Kigoma in search of the children; although the children remained untouched the women received severe injuries.<ref name="Howden" /> A further case uncovered by US congressman Gerry Connolly was the November 2008 in Ruyigi, Burundi where the case of a 6-year old albino girl who was shot dead and her head and limbs where hacked off, leaving only her dismembered torso.<ref>This Day Reporter (16 March 2010) US Congress passes new law against albinos torture, killings (http://www.thisday.co.tz/?l=10722. Accessed 15 April 2014</ref>

==Organizations to prevent persecution==

Many organisations have been set up to help protect and provide for albino communities. Films have also been produced to encourage, educate and create an international understanding of the trials which albinos are facing in a modern world still dealing with ancient rituals and practices which encourage murder for medicine. This is against all international human rights legislation and therefore it is important that albinos are collectively protected. Organisations such as National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (NOAH),<ref>The National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (NOAH) http://www.albinism.org</ref> Tanzania Albino Centre (TAC)<ref>Tanzania Albino Center (TAC) http://www.tanzaniaalbino.org/ )</ref> based in Arusha, Tanzania; aiming to "improve the lives of albinos with educational and medical assistance so that they may live safe, accepted, and prosperous lives in the society of their choice."<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" /> Other groups include Assisting Children in Need (ACN);<ref>Assisting Children in Need (ACN) http://www.assistingchildreninneed.com</ref> and Under the Same Sun<ref name="underthesamesun.com">Ash, Peter (2014) http://www.underthesamesun.com/home.php Under the Same Sun (2014). Accessed 20 April 2014</ref> where Ash, an albino himself, states his aspirations and purpose for the project: "I have a dream that one day in Africa, people with albinism will take their rightful place throughout every level of society, and that the days of discrimination against persons with albinism will be a faint memory!"<ref name="underthesamesun.com" />

The International Federation of Red Cross (IFRC) is a key part of the albino protection movement who are working to integrate albinos back into society safely in Burundi "striving to minimize their vulnerability to hunters, skin cancer, and educational and social marginalization."<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|84}} The IFRC particularly works with protecting mothers and children who are fearing persecution and they assist them in providing safe homes and protection where children are frightened of attacker's and by providing a special arena for the albinos it ensures safety protection and an environment of love, understanding of one another all with albinism, and unity in the battle against persecution and discrimination. The Red Cross have made it very clear in their publications that the government must also take drastic steps in protection of persons with albinism to stop the persecution. They have stated that it is imperative that the government strives to "Ensure effective legal protection for people with albinism, use local administrative structures to locate and protect albino people in hiding and conduct public anti-discrimination campaigns and extend medical services to albinos in need."<ref name="IFRC" />

Asante Mariamu is another organisation which was created after the survival of Mariamu Staford from an anti-albino attack which is determined to ensure that there is "swift prosecution and convictions of their killers" and therefore encouraging justice.<ref name="Cruz-Inigo" />{{rp|84}} This story was presented to the US House of Representatives in March 2010 where US Congressman Gerry Connolly was impacted by this horrific story and "moved me to take action."<ref name="TDR">This Day Reporter (16 March 2010) US Congress passes new law against albinos torture, killings. http://www.thisday.co.tz/?l=10722. Accessed 15 April 2014</ref> He introduced a bill to take action to severe violence being performed against albinos in east Africa and to bring justice and punishment to perpetrators. He spoke to the house in March 2010 urging his colleagues "to join me and Mariamu Stanford in bringing international attention to this horrific abuse of human rights."<ref name="TDR" /> This legislation condemns any injury, murder or mutilation of albinos and specifically urges the local east African government especially in Tanzania and Burundi "to take immediate action to prevent further violence against persons with albinism."<ref name="TDR" /> There are many more which are working on protecting albinos from persecution, and providing adequate health care, sun protection and learning facilities to ensure that albinos are treated fairly and with all human rights, and not hunted as animals in fear of their life. Albino Awareness day has also been created by Dr Aisha Sethi who is an assistant professor of dermatology in the Pritzker School of Medicine which is celebrated on 4th may each year. The President has also appointed Al-Shymaa Kway-Geer as an albino MP who seeks to be a voice in the Tanzanian parliament for protection against persecution of albinos in society and encourages facilities and support of their physical, medical, AND education protection and enhancement.

===Under the Same Sun (UTSS)===
{{Main|Under the Same Sun}}
[[Under the Same Sun]] is a Canadian-founded organisation with support focused on Tanzania and based in Dar es Salam, founded in 2008 by [[Peter Ash (activist)|Peter Ash]] with a vision to "promote via advocacy and education, the wellbeing of persons who are often marginalised or misunderstood. We are driven by the belief that all persons have intrinsic value and since they are created in the image of God."<ref>Ash, Peter (2014) Under the Same Sun: UTSS Information fact brochure http://www.underthesamesun.com/sites/default/files/About%20Us%20Brochure.pdf</ref> Therefore, they are acting upon the moral and human rights values to support victims to end the discrimination and persecution of innocent albinos. According to [[Under The Same Sun]], to eradicate attacks against albinos, "it is necessary to focus on eliminating reliance on witchcraft beliefs by strengthening the provision of infrastructure such as schools and hospitals while enhancing the sense of fairness by improving on the system of justice."<ref name="UTSS history" />{{rp|4}} Therefore, regaining albinos their rights to being treated as human, fairly as functioning members of society who may look different and suffer severe vulnerabilities die to their physical condition, but do not deserve to be murdered or hurt in any way because of ancient myths claiming sacrifice of these people will create future benefit for another person.

==Films highlighting persecution of albinism==

Films which have been created are also helping to raise awareness and tell the stories of the albino crisis of persecution, beginning with ''[[In My Genes]]'', a 2009 Kenyan [[Documentary film|documentary]] directed by [[Lupita Nyong'o]] (later a key actor from the 2013 film ''[[Twelve Years a Slave]]''). It was followed in 2010 by ''[[White and Black: Crimes of Color]]'', by Canadian filmmaker Jean-François Méan, which tells the story of Vicky Ntetema, a Tanzanian journalist who investigated the trade for albino body parts in Tanzania. This film became the cornerstone of a national campaign sponsored by [[Under the Same Sun]] to end the wave of violence. After the film's broadcast, the murder rate, which had been steady for three years, dropped by 90%.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201211230077.html</ref>{{Update after|2012|12|31|Articles with obsolete information from December 2012|reason=More recent 2013–2015 sources indicate that the numbers have gone up again, significantly. See talk page.}}

[[White Shadow (film)|''White Shadow'']], a [[Germany|German]]–[[Italy|Italian]]–[[Tanzania]]n 2013 [[drama film]] written, produced and directed by Noaz Deshe, drew international attention to the issue, screening at various [[film festival]]s, winning the Lion of the Future Award at the Venice festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=Noaz Deshe on his Film, White Shadow: A Fight for Survival in East Africa|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2014/01/24/noaz-deshe-on-his-film-white-shadow-a-fight-for-survival-in-east-africa/|access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sundance Interview with Noaz Deshe, director of White Shadow|url=http://cltampa.com/artbreaker/archives/2014/01/27/sundance-interview-with-noaz-deshe-director-of-white-shadow|access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=70th Venice Film Festival Award Winners |url= http://collider.com/venice-film-festival-award-winners/ |access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref> Also released in 2013, ''[[In the Shadow of the Sun (documentary)|In the Shadow of the Sun]]'', a documentary filmed in Tanzania over the course of six years by Harry Freeland, featured the struggles of [[Josephat Torner]], a campaigner for de-mystification of the superstitions about albinistic people and their use for witchcraft; and teenaged Vedastus, who hopes to survive albino-hunters to adulthood.<ref name="ITSOTS" />
And also The Beautiful Ones Are Born, a yet to be released short film by one of the youngest Nigerian Film maker Dami Taiwo.

==Other African countries==
By June 2008 killings had been reported in neighboring [[Kenya]] and possibly also the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]].<ref name="kul" /><ref name="nyt">{{Cite news
|title=Albinos, Long Shunned, Face Threat in Tanzania |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 June 2008 |last=Gettleman |first=Jeffrey |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/world/africa/08albino.html}}</ref>

In October 2008 [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] reported on the further expansion of killings of albinos to the [[Ruyigi]] region of [[Burundi]]. Body parts of the victims are then smuggled to Tanzania where they are used for witch doctor rituals and potions.<ref name="afp">{{cite web| url=http://www.france24.com/20081014-burundis-albinos-flee-sorcerers-organ-traders |first=Esdras |last=Ndikumanna |title=Burundi's albinos flee sorcerers and organ traders |publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=14 October 2008}}</ref> Albinos have become "a commercial good", commented Nicodeme Gahimbare in Ruyigi, who established a local safe haven in his fortified house.<ref name="afp" />

By 2010 cases had also been reported from Swaziland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/2020/africans-albinism-hunted-tanzania/story?id=11446434 |last1=Chung|first1=J. |last2=Diaz|first2=J. |title=Africans with Albinism Hunted: Limbs Sold on Tanzania's Black Market |date=26 August 2010 |access-date=29 November 2010}}</ref>

===South Africa===
====Biology====
Oculocutaneous albinism, OCA2, is the most common gene type of albinism inherited disorders among the indigenous people Southern Africa. It occurs at a frequency of 1:4000. The incidence in [[Sotho people]] in northern South Africa is at its highest, with a ratio of 1:1500 in neonates.<ref name="doi.org">Patricia M. Lund Retha Gaigher. A health intervention programme for children with albinism at a special school in South Africa. Health Education Research, Volume 17, Issue 3, 1 June 2002, Pages 365–372, https://doi.org/10.1093/her/17.3.365 Accessed 3 September 2017</ref> Albinism is the largest cause of childhood visual impairment in northern South Africa with a frequency of 1:1900 among the black population.<ref name="ReferenceA">Patricia M Lund and Julie S Taylor. Lack of adequate sun protection for children with oculocutaneous albinism in South Africa. BMC Public Health20088:225
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-225 Accessed 3 September 2017</ref> Statistics on albinism in [[South Africa]] are largely incomplete however, studies quoted by the [[World Health Organisation]] in 2006 reported that 1:4000 were born with albinism, compared to about 1:20 000 worldwide.<ref>http://www.wcapd.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Fact-Sheet_albinism.pdf Accessed 3 August 2017</ref>

South African [[human geneticist]], [[Trefor Jenkins]] has made vast contributions to assist in understanding the social and cultural milieu of albinism, the medical risks and implications, resolving the molecular basis and aetiology for OCA2 in Southern Africa.<ref>Int J Ophthalmol. 2014; 7(3): 563–573. Published online 2014 Jun 18. doi: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.03.31 Accessed 3 September 2017</ref><ref>http://www.irinnews.org/news/2006/02/16/too-white-be-black-challenge-albinism Accessed 3 September 2017</ref>

====Skin Cancer====
Children with albinism in rural areas are exposed to high levels of ultraviolet light without the adequate protective gear resulting in skin damage. Only 12% of public schools provided SPF15 sunscreen for children with albinism. [[Squamous cell carcinoma]] of the head and neck is the most common type of cutaneous tumours in African patients with albinism. Non melanoma cancers, namely basal and squamos cell carcinoma, which are usually rare in black populations are common among the vulnerable group living with albinism. A South African study of 111 participants with OCA revealed that 23%
of these participants developed skin cancer with the head area being the most commonly affected site.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Many people from rural areas like the Eastern Cape with albinism are unaware of the precautionary measures required to protect their skin. Dr Willie Visser, head of the dermatology division at Stellenbosch University and [[Tygerberg Hospital]], said that while white South Africans presented with skin cancer only after the age of 60, most albinos presented with skin cancer as young as 20. The government health facilities are required to provide sunblock lotion to albinos on a monthly basis however this need is not always met due to stock-outs and lack of knowledge on the part of health workers.<ref>https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/lifestyle/albinos-have-higher-cancer-risk-7632653 Accessed 3 August 2017</ref><ref>http://www0.sun.ac.za/vivus/vivus-1-february-2017/engagement/doctors-reach-out-to-children-at-risk-for-skin-cancer.html Accessed 3 August 2017</ref>

====Racial classification====
Racial appearance and descent played a key role in the racial classification process during [[Apartheid]]. Additionally, different sociological and psychological give skin colour its many connotations. Skin colour is traditionally an instant indicator of identifying race and racial differences. Traditional definitions of race suggest that race and colour are inseparable however, for people with albinism race and colour are not linked. Though colour and race are used interchangeably, they remain independent grounds for discrimination. Individuals living with albinism should be protected against unfair discrimination on the basis of their race as well as their skin tone. Individuals living with albinism are exposed to discrimination, stigmatisation and prejudice based on their colour as well as their race. Skin tone discrimination may be interracial or it can be intraracial. Intraracial skin colour discrimination occurs when an individual of a particular racial group makes a distinction on the basis of skin colour between persons of the same racial group, while interracial colourism takes place when an individual of a particular racial group makes a distinction on the basis of skin colour between persons of another racial group. Scott argues that because current classifications of race do not afford people living with albinism adequate protection, a new category of colour should be proposed.<ref>Scott S. A new category of colour: Analyzing albinism under Title VII of the Americans with Disabilities Act. J Gender Race & Just 1999;2(2):508.</ref> Mswela argues that additional divisions and classifications of race will reinforce problems associated with race.<ref>S Afr J BL 2013;6(1):25-27. DOI:10.7196/SAJBL.236 http://www.sajbl.org.za/index.php/sajbl/article/view/236/287 Accessed 3 September 2017</ref>

====Discrimination====
The difference in appearance in the child with albinism creates socialization and adaption problems. The distinctive phenotypical difference of black (African) people with albinism and the rest of the population group leads to barriers in social integration thus ostracism.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> South Africans living with albinism are among the most vulnerable in the country and there is hardly a serious attempt to protect these citizens from human rights violations, violent crimes, and threats. The extent of violent crimes for people with albinism is not as high as other African countries however, surges of violent crimes against people with albinism have been noted.<ref>Maureen Mswela. African Human Rights Law Journal, Volume 17 Number 1, Aug 2017, p. 114 - 133. https://journals.co.za/content/journal/10520/EJC-8dc964ce9 Accessed 3 September 2017</ref> Their sensitivity to sunlight, which limits the extent to which they can participate in outdoor activities, contributes to the physical and social isolation of children living with albinism.<ref name="doi.org"/> There has been an obligation and responsibility placed on the government to protect vulnerable people after the constitutional court decision on the [[Carmichele v Minister of Safety & Security]] case. The litigation in the Carmichele case creates a strategy for bringing a precautionary suit against the state based on the contention that the state has a duty to protect persons with albinism from violent acts.<ref>M Mswela ‘Violent attacks against persons with albinism in South Africa: A human rights perspective ’ (2017) 17 African Human Rights Law Journal 114-133
https://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1996-2096/2017/v17n1a6 Accessed 3 September 2017</ref> The South African government has designated the month of September as Albinism Awareness month.<ref>https://www.westerncape.gov.za/general-publication/raising-awareness-about-albinism Accessed 3 September 2017</ref> Thando Hopa, is a 24-year-old Public Prosecutor and model living with albinism. She is one of the few black albino models and albinism activists in the world.<ref>http://www.sundayworld.co.za/lifestyle/2017/07/24/south-african-model-thando-hopa-works-with-whoopi-goldberg-on-pirelli-calendar Accessed 3 September 2017</ref><ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/02/south-africa-model-albinism-prejudice Accessed 3 September 2017</ref>

====Myths====
Many African communities depend on traditional explanations of albinism rather than the biomedical explanation. This often leads to a negative socialisation of the individual with albinism.<ref name="doi.org"/> People living with albinism are often referred to by derogatory names such as 'inkawu', the [[Nguni languages|Nguni]] term for white baboon, 'isishawa' a [[Zulu people|Zulu]] translation of a person who is cursed as well as 'zeru zeru' which means ghost like.<ref>http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2017/06/05/being-black-in-a-white-skin-students-with-albinism-battle-prejudice Accessed 3 September 2017</ref>
The Swahili term 'zeru' is also commonly used in [[Tanzania]].<ref>http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sowetan/archive/2008/09/03/under-skins-of-fear Accessed 3 September 2017</ref>

Three people were convicted of the murder of 20 year old Thandazile Mpunzi, including her 17 year old boyfriend. The boyfriend lured Mpunzi to an isolated area on the afternoon of August 1, 2015 in the Phelandaba area of Emanguzi in northern [[KwaZulu-Natal]]. She was strangled, murdered and body parts dismembered. They planned to sell the body parts of Thandazile Mpunzi for a fortune. They claimed that a [[traditional healer]] told them they would get rich if they mixed Mpunzi's blood and parts with 'muthi'. Two of the accused pleaded guilty of murder and are sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. Numerous accounts of murdered as well as missing people with albinism are reported. The trading of albino body parts has become a lucrative business.<ref>https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21700395-superstition-fuelling-grisly-trade-human-body-parts-tanzania-shows-how-it-can-be Accessed 3 September 2017</ref><ref>http://www.enca.com/south-africa/kzn-teenager-gets-18-year-sentence-albino-girlfriends-muti-murder Accessed 3 September 2017</ref><ref>http://www.enca.com/south-africa/missing-albino-boys-family-not-suspects-says-police Accessed 3 September 2017</ref>

==International reaction==
After events involving murders of albino people by three Tanzanian men had been publicised by the [[BBC News|BBC]] and others, the [[European Parliament]] strongly condemned the killing of albinos in Tanzania on 4 September 2008.<ref name="EU">{{cite web |url= http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2008-0413+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN |title=Resolution on the killing of albinos in Tanzania |publisher=[[European Parliament]] |date=4 September 2008}}</ref>
The U.S. House of Representatives passed H. Resolution 1088, introduced by Rep. Gerry Connolly ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]], [[Virginia|VA]]), by a vote of 418-1 on 22 February 2010.<ref>[http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-hr1088/show H. Resolution 1088 at opencongress.org]</ref> The resolution condemns the attacks and killings; categorizes them as human rights violations, and urges the governments of Tanzania and Burundi to vigorously prosecute such cases and to conduct educational campaigns to combat the superstitious beliefs that underlie the violent attacks.

== See also ==
* [[Child sacrifice in Uganda]]
* [[Witchcraft accusations against children in Africa]]
* [[Discrimination based on skin color]]
* [[colorism]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==

*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/01/130125-albino-albinism-tanzania-witch-doctors/ ''National Geographic'' photo article]. "Inside the Lives of Albinos in Tanzania", January 2013
*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131011-albino-killings-witch-doctors-tanzania-superstition/ ''National Geographic'' article]. "As Tanzania's Albino Killings Continue, Unanswered Questions Raise Fears", October 2013
*[http://www.smallplanet.gr/en/documentaries/chronologically/2008-2009/238-zeru-zeru-the-ghosts ''Zeru Zeru: The Ghosts''], documentary about the hunting of albino individuals in Tanzania; by Small Planet Productions
*[http://rtd.rt.com/films/albino-africa/#part-1 RT documentary] about Josephat Torner, an activist for the Tanzania Albinism Society
*[http://www.underthesamesun.com/resources Additional documents] from the organisation [[Under the Same Sun]]

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110527143050/http://mnada.net/alb/index.htm Tanzania Albino Society website] (archive from 2011)
*[http://www.pamoko.org Pamoko.org], a website accounting for the media campaign that took place in Tanzania after the broadcast of the documentary ''[[White and Black]]''
*[http://albinism-in-africa.com/ Albinism-in-Africa.com], website for a project that aims to provide accurate and accessible information on albinism in Africa, as well as information on advocacy, education, projects, and research
*http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/06/living-albinism-south-africa-160613062821350.html
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGkykrfqUoY
*http://www.ann7.com/stop-killing-us-people-with-albinism/
*http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2001/22media.pdf

{{Discrimination}}

[[Category:Albinism]]
[[Category:African witchcraft]]
[[Category:Burundian society]]
[[Category:Ivorian society]]
[[Category:Nigerian society]]
[[Category:South African society]]
[[Category:Swazi society]]
[[Category:Tanzanian society]]

[[Category:Discrimination|Albinism]]
[[Category:Persecution|Albinism]]
[[Category:Witch hunting]]
[[Category:Colorism| ]]
[[Category:Cultural studies]]
[[Category:Politics and race]]
[[Category:Skin pigmentation]]

[[fr:Albinisme#Préjugés et croyances sur l'albinisme]]

Laura J. Richardson

2017-11-30T12:34:09Z

DocWatson42: Performed minor cleanup.

{{Infobox military person
|name= Laura J. Richardson
|nickname=
|birth_date=
|birth_place=
|image=Laura J. Richardson (3).jpg
|caption= Laura J. Richardson, as a Major General
|allegiance= {{flagicon|United States}} United States
|branch= [[File:United States Department of the Army Seal.svg|20px|United States Army seal]] [[United States Army]]
|serviceyears= 1986–present
|rank= [[File:Army-USA-OF-08.svg|border|28px]] [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]]
|commands=
Operational Test Command, [[Fort Hood]] Army garrison, [[Fort Myer]] 5th battalion, [[101st Aviation Regiment]]
|unit= [[United States Army Forces Command]]
|battles= [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]]
|awards= [[Defense Superior Service Medal]] [[Legion of Merit]] (2) [[Bronze Star Medal]]
|relations=Major General Jim Richardson (husband)
}}

'''Laura J. Richardson''' is a Lieutenant General of the United States. An [[United States Army Aviation Branch|army aviator]], Richardson flew [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk]] helicopters. Promoted to brigadier general in 2011, she served in various commands at [[Fort Hood]] and served as chief of staff for communication in the [[International Security Assistance Force]] in Afghanistan. In June 2017, she was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed deputy commander of the [[United States Army Forces Command]].

== Early life ==
Laura J. Richardson is from [[Colorado]]. She attended [[Metropolitan State University of Denver|Metropolitan State College]] in [[Denver]] where she earned a [[bachelor of science]] degree in psychology.<ref name=bragg>{{cite news|last1=Brooks|first1=Drew|title=Forces Command welcomes Richardson to Fort Bragg as new deputy commanding general|url=http://www.fayobserver.com/news/20170707/forces-command-welcomes-richardson-to-fort-bragg-as-new-deputy-commanding-general|accessdate=16 November 2017|newspaper=[[The Fayetteville Observer]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=brooks>{{cite news|last1=Brooks|first1=Drew|title=Senate OKs First Female Army Officer To Become Forces Command Deputy|url=http://taskandpurpose.com/senate-oks-first-female-army-officer-become-forces-command-deputy/|accessdate=16 November 2017|work=Task & Purpose |agency=Fayetteville Observer|date=11 June 2017}}</ref><ref name=army>{{cite web|title=Frocked Brigadier General Laura J. Richardson|url=https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/238382.pdf|publisher=US Army|accessdate=16 November 2017}}</ref> She was an [[All America]]n swimmer and earned her [[pilot's license]] at the age of 16.<ref name=bragg/> Richardson was a member of the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]].<ref name=army/>

== Junior and field officer career ==
Richardson was commissioned into the [[United States Army Aviation Branch]] in 1986 as a second lieutenant.<ref name=bragg/> Richardson flew [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk]] helicopters in the 128th Assault Helicopter Company.<ref name=brooks/><ref name=army/> She was promoted to first lieutenant in 1988 and subsequently was administrative officer, executive officer and platoon leader in the 1st battalion of the [[501st Aviation Regiment (United States)|501st Aviation Regiment]].<ref name=army/> She transferred to the [[17th Aviation Brigade (United States)|17th Aviation Brigade]] as an assistant logistics officer in 1989 and served in South Korea before returning to the 501st Aviation Regiment as a personnel officer in the 4th battalion in 1990.<ref name=bragg/><ref name=army/> Richardson commanded the HQ company of the 4th battalion from September 1990 to September 1991, being promoted to captain in March 1991.<ref name=army/>

Richardson attended the Aviation Officer Advanced Course at [[Fort Rucker]] in 1991–1992 and was made a company commander in the 1st Battalion, [[158th Aviation Regiment]] in July 1992. She was later personnel officer of the [[6th Cavalry Brigade]]{{dn|date=November 2017}} at [[Fort Hood]]. In 1995–1996 she was a trainer in the [[Battle Command Training Program]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]] before she spent a year as a student at the [[Army Command and General Staff College]]. Promoted to major in March 1997 Richardson became operations officer and then executive officer of the 9th Battalion, [[101st Aviation Regiment]].<ref name=army/>

Richardson served as a military aide to Vice President [[Al Gore]] between February 1999 and January 2001. That year she was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and became deputy operations officer of the [[101st Airborne Division]]. From July 2002 to May 2004 Richardson was commander of the 5th battalion of the 101st Aviation Regiment and served with that unit on [[Operation Iraqi Freedom]]. She was Army campaign planner with the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans from 2004 to 2006 and graduated with a [[master of science]] degree from the [[Industrial College of the Armed Forces]] at [[Fort McNair]] in June 2007. Promoted to colonel she was commander of the Army garrison at [[Fort Myer]] until October 2009 when she was chief of the [[US Senate]] liaison division for the [[Secretary of the Army]].<ref name=army/>

== General officer career ==
In July 2011, Richardson was promoted to brigadier general and appointed commanding general of the Operational Test Command at [[Fort Hood]].<ref name=army/> She was subsequently appointed commanding general of support for the [[1st Cavalry Division (United States)|1st Cavalry Division]] at Fort Hood, a position she left in 2013 to become deputy chief of staff, communication for the [[International Security Assistance Force]] in Afghanistan.<ref name=brooks/><ref name=thayer>{{cite news|last1=Thayer|first1=Rose L|title=‘Team Richardson’ leaves lasting mark on Fort Hood|url=http://kdhnews.com/fort_hood_herald/across_the_fort/team-richardson-leaves-lasting-mark-on-fort-hood/article_92043f68-e0ab-11e3-a861-001a4bcf6878.html|accessdate=16 November 2017|work=[[Killeen Daily Herald|The Killeen Daily Herald]]|date=21 May 2014|language=en}}</ref> Richardson returned to the United States after a year and became chief legislative liaison to the [[Office of the Secretary of the Army]].<ref name=thayer/>

In June 2017, Richardson was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed deputy commander of he [[United States Army Forces Command]] (USAFC), replacing Lieutenant General [[Patrick J. Donahue II]] who was retiring.<ref name=brooks/> She was appointed by USAFC commander General [[Robert B. Abrams]] who said the decision took "less than a second".<ref name=bragg/> This was despite never having worked with Richardson; Abrams said "I know her reputation. I’ve seen her work... She’s the exact right leader at the exact right time".<ref name=bragg/> Her appointment was confirmed by the US Senate and she became the first woman to hold the position officially, Major General Jody Daniels holding it for the week prior to Richardson's appointment on a temporary basis only.<ref name=brooks/> USAFC is the largest command in the US Army representing 770,000 soldiers and civilians including 200,000 regular army soldiers stationed in the United States and the entire National Guard and Army Reserve.<ref name=bragg/>

==Personal life ==
Richardson is married to Major General James Richardson.{{when|date=November 2017}}<ref name=bragg/><ref name="army.mil">{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/139420/major_general_jim_richardson_commanding_general_amcom|title=Major General Jim Richardson, Commanding General, AMCOM|publisher=}}</ref> They have one daughter.<ref name="army.mil"/>

== Awards and decoration ==
As follows:<ref name=army/>

*Defense Superior Service Medal
*Legion of Merit (with 2 Oak Leaf Clusters)
*Bronze Star Medal
*Meritorious Service Medal (with 4 Oak Leaf Clusters)
*Air Medal (with 6 Oak Leaf Clusters)
*Joint Service Commendation Medal
*Army Commendation Medal (with Oak Leaf Cluster)
*Army Achievement Medal (with 2 Oak Leaf Clusters)
*Parachutist Badge
*Air Assault Badge
*Senior Army Aviator Badge
*Vice Presidential Service Badge
*Army Staff Identification Badge

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Female generals of the United States Army]]
[[Category:People from Colorado]]
[[Category:Metropolitan State University of Denver alumni]]
[[Category:Women in the Iraq War]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2014)]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Iraq War]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project

2017-11-14T21:31:35Z

DocWatson42: /* History */ Performed minor cleanup.

{{Infobox organization
| name = Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
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| founder = Drew Sullivan [[Paul Radu]]
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| purpose = Combat [[corruption]], [[crime prevention]]
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The '''Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project''' ('''OCCRP'''), founded in 2006, is a consortium of investigative centers, media and journalists operating in [[Eastern Europe]], the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and Central America. OCCRP is the only full-time investigative reporting organization that specializes in [[organized crime]] and [[corruption]]. It publishes its stories through local media and in English and Russian through its website. In 2017, NGO Advisor ranked it 69th in the world in their annual list of the 500 best non-governmental organizations (NGO).

==History==

OCCRP was founded by veteran journalists Drew Sullivan and [[Paul Radu]]. Sullivan was serving as the editor of the [[Center for Investigative Reporting]] (CIN) and Radu worked with an early Romanian center. The team paired with colleagues in the region on a story looking at energy traders. The project showed traders were buying power at below production rates while the public was paying increasingly higher fees. In 2007 the project won the first ever [[Global Shining Light Award]]<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://gijn.org/awards/
|title=The Global Shining Light Award
|date=2016
}}</ref> given out by the [[Global Investigative Journalism Network]]. Radu and Sullivan realized more cross-border investigative reporting was needed and started OCCRP with a grant from the [[United Nations Democracy Fund]].

OCCRP was an early practitioner of collaborative, cross-border investigative journalism by [[non-profit journalism]] organizations, an approach that is gaining recognition in the United States and now Europe. It is a partner of the [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ) in Jordan, Connectas in [[Colombia]], the [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] in South Africa, [[InsightCrime]] in Colombia, and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ]] (ICIJ) in Washington. It has worked with hundreds of news organizations including ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[Financial Times]]'', ''[[Le Soir]]'', the [[BBC]], [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]], [[Al Jazeera]] and other major media.

==Work==
===Investigations===
The project has been involved in a number of high-profile investigations, including looking at the offshore services industry, organized crime ownership in football clubs, casinos and the security industry.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5684942,00.html
|title=Private security firms in the Balkans harbor corruption, observers say
|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]
|date=2010-06-19
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/vintu-cercetat-alaturi-de-kiss-laszlo-pentru-o-frauda-de-8-milioane-de-euro-559934.html
|title=Vîntu, cercetat alături de Kiss Laszlo, pentru o fraudă de 8 milioane de euro
|publisher=[[Jurnalul Naţional]]
|date=2010-11-16
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.viennareview.net/story/02388-hungary-corruption-continues
|title=In Hungary, Corruption Continues
|publisher=[[The Vienna Review]]
|date=2009-04-09}}</ref> In 2013, it broke new ground on the [[Magnitsky]] case, the largest tax fraud in Russian history, and demonstrated that funds stolen from the Russian treasury ended up in a company now owned by the son of Moscow's former transportation minister. Some of the money was used to buy high-end real estate near Wall Street.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/magnitsky_stories/#
|title=Magnitsky Stories
|publisher=Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project
|date=2013-06-09
}}</ref> US prosecutors have since sought to seize $18 million in property from the company.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Seeks Seizure Of Real Estate Connected To Magnitsky Fraud Scheme|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/us-seeks-seizure-of-manhattan-real-estate-magnitsky-fraud-scheme-prevezon/25102020.html|accessdate=27 November 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe]]|date=Sep 10, 2013}}</ref>

Working with [[Sveriges Television|SVT]] Swedish Television and the [[TT news agency|TT News Agency]], it uncovered that the Swedish/Finnish Telecom giant TeliaSonera (now [[Telia Company|Telia]]), [[VimpelCom Ltd.|Vimpelcom]] and other phone companies had paid about $1 billion in bribes to companies controlled by [[Gulnara Karimova]], daughter of Uzbekistan's president [[Islam Karimov]]. More than $800 million in assets were seized or frozen by law enforcement after the scandal. Vimpelcom paid a $775 million fine for their part in the bribes. The story won numerous international awards.

OCCRP worked on the [[Panama Papers]] project with the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] and [[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] producing more than 40 stories on corruption through the use of offshore entities including how friends close to Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] were receiving large sums of money through offshore companies, how the President of Azerbaijan [[Ilham Aliyev]] owned a majority of his country's mining industry through offshore companies and how President [[Petro Poroshenko]] in Ukraine had violated Ukrainian law and avoided taxes using offshore companies.

It investigated an assassination attempt on a Russian banker which led the Moldovan government to ban the pro-Russian Patria political party from the 2014 elections and the party's leader to flee the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rise.md/video-asasin-in-lege/|title=Asasin-in-lege|publisher=[[RISE Moldova]]|date=2014-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-briefs/2734-moldova-pro-russia-party-banned-from-elections-after-occrp-expose|title=Moldova: Pro-Russia Party Banned From Elections After OCCRP Expose|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-11-28}}</ref> It also looked at a massive [[money laundering]] scheme, the [[Russian Laundromat]], that moved tens of billions of dollars into Europe using offshore companies, fake loans and bribed Moldovan judges. Some of the Russian banks involved were owned in part by [[Igor Putin]], a cousin of Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://reportingproject.net/the-russian-laundromat/|title=Laundromat|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

Its stories on [[Montenegro]]'s long-time President and Prime Minister [[Milo Đukanović]] led to street demonstrations, calls for his removal and intense scrutiny by the [[European Union]] and [[NATO]] of its membership applications. Two series looked at the cozy ties between Đukanović and organized crime. One series traced the President's family-owned bank, [[Prva Banka]] (First Bank), and how the president privatized it to his brother cheaply, moved massive state funds into the bank and then loaned the money out to his family, friends and organized crime on overly favorable terms. When the bank failed under the weight of these bad loans, the president bailed it out with taxpayer money. The Central Bank said the government lied about repaying the loan{{which|date=May 2016}} simply shuttling funds back and forth and claiming the loan was repaid.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Family First Bank|publisher=OCCRP|date=2012-05-20}}</ref> A second series examined how the president through his staff kept close relationships to international drug traffickers like [[Darko Saric]], to the point where municipalities controlled by the president's party gave prime coastal property almost for free to the wanted kingpin. It also showed how the [[Italian mafia]] was [[smuggling cigarettes]] to Italy from an island off the coast of Montenegro owned by his good friend [[Stanko Subotic]] and controlled by his head of security.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reportingproject.net/unholy-alliances/|title=Unholy Alliances|publisher=OCCRP|date=2014-07-01}}</ref>

===''Person of the Year Award''===
Since 2012, OCCRP has dedicated the ''Person of the Year Award'' that "recognizes the individual who has done the most in the world to advance organized criminal activity and corruption".<ref name=NM>{{cite web|title=Venezuelan president wins OCCRP person of the year for 2016|url=https://www.occrp.org/personoftheyear/2016/|publisher=OCCRP|accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref>

* '''2012''' – [[Ilham Aliyev]], President of Azerbaijan – '''Other mentions:''' [[Naser Kelmendi]], Milo Đukanović, Vladimir Putin, [[Miroslav Mišković]], [[Islam Karimov]], [[Darko Šarić]]<ref>{{cite web|title=OCCRP names Aliyev "Person of the Year"|url=https://www.occrp.org/index.php/en/press-box/1772-occrp-names-aliyev-qperson-of-the-year-q|publisher=OCCRP|accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref>

* '''2013''' – [[Parliament of Romania]] – '''Other mentions:''' Darko Šarić, [[Gulnara Karimova]]<ref>{{cite web|title=OCCRP announces 2013 Organized Crime and Corruption “Person of the Year”|url=https://www.occrp.org/index.php/en/press-box/2269-occrp-announces-2013-organized-crime-and-corruption-person-of-the-year|publisher=OCCRP|accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref>

* '''2014''' – [[Vladimir Putin]], President of the Russian Federation – '''Other mentions:''' [[Viktor Orbán]], Milo Đukanović<ref>{{cite web|title=OCCRP Person of the Year - Vladimir Putin|url=https://www.occrp.org/personoftheyear/2014/|publisher=OCCRP|accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref>

* '''2015''' – [[Milo Đukanović]], Prime Minister of Montenegro – '''Other mentions:''' [[Ilham Aliyev|First Family of Azerbaijan]], [[Nikola Gruevski]]<ref>{{cite web|title=OCCRP announces 2015 Organized Crime and Corruption ‘Person of the Year’ Award|url=https://www.occrp.org/personoftheyear/2015/|publisher=OCCRP|accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref>

* '''2016''' – [[Nicolás Maduro]], President of Venezuela – '''Other mentions:''' [[Rodrigo Duterte]], [[Bashar al-Assad]], [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL/ISIS]], [[Raúl Castro]]/Luis Alberto Rodríguez, Vladimir Putin<ref name=NM/>

== Mission ==
OCCRP’s goal is to help the people of the world understand how organized crime and corruption resides in their countries and in their governments.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/about-us|title=About Us|last=OCCRP|website=www.occrp.org|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref> The organization doesn’t belong to any country, political philosophy or set of beliefs other than that all people should be allowed to choose their own governments and lead their own lives in safety, liberty and opportunity.<ref name=":0" /> Its reporters and editors come from dozens of countries.<ref name=":0" />

OCCRP's mission statement says, "Our world is increasingly polarized. The world’ media channels are rife with [[propaganda]], [[misinformation]] and simply wrong information. We must all strive to understand how our increasingly complex society works. We must be able to find the truth to make the kinds of decisions we need to. We are committed in our small way to telling the truth the best we can."<ref name=":0" />

OCCRP has become one of the world’s largest investigative reporting organizations, generating more than 60 cross-border investigations per year.<ref name=":0" /> The OCCRP Network websites inform more than 6 million readers and viewers every month, and 200 million other readers and viewers have access through legacy media which publish its work.<ref name=":0" /> The ever-widening impact of OCCRP stories demonstrates that when enough people possess the right kind of information they can bring about the right kind of change.<ref name=":0" />

The organization also trains reporters and partners in advanced journalism techniques, builds practical, high-use tools used to improve the efficiency of reporting and publishing and is actively reinventing [[investigative journalism]] to be more interactive, more effective, more impactful and relevant to readers.<ref name=":0" />

== Impact ==
Since 2009, OCCRP's reporting has led to:
* US$ 4.2 billion in assets frozen or seized by governments.<ref name=":0" />
* 55 criminal investigations launched as a result of its stories.<ref name=":0" />
* 25 calls for action by civil or international bodies.<ref name=":0" />
* 115 arrest warrants issued with 7 subjects on the run.<ref name=":0" />
* 12 major sackings, including a President, Prime Minister and CEOs of major international corporations.<ref name=":0" />
* Over 1,300 company closures and court decisions.<ref name=":0" />
The organization has returned more than 56,000 percent to governments through seizures and fines, an almost unheard of success.<ref name=":0" />

==Members==
Member centers include the [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] (CIN) in [[Sarajevo]], the [[RISE Project]] in Bucharest, the Centar za istrazivacko novinarstvo - Serbia (CINS)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cins.org.rs/|title=EUnet Hosting - Domain Name Parking|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Belgrade]], Investigative Journalists of Armenia ([[Hetq Online|HETQ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hetq.am|title=Hetq - Новости, статьи и расследования|date=15 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Yerevan]], the Bulgarian Investigative Journalism Center<ref>http://www.bijc.eu/en/index.php</ref> in [[Sofia]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Átlátszó.hu|hu}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlatszo.hu|title=atlatszo.hu|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Budapest]], MANS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mans.co.me/|title=MANS — Mreža za afirmaciju nevladinog sektora|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Montenegro]], Re:Baltica<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebaltica.lv/en/|title=Re:Baltica|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Riga]], SCOOP-Macedonia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.mk/|title=СКУП|work=СКУП}}</ref> in [[Skopje]], Bivol.bg<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bivol.bg|title=Bivol.bg|work=Bivol.bg}}</ref> in [[Bulgaria]], Slidstvo.info<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slidstvo.info/|title=Головна|work=Слідство.Інфо - Агенція журналістських розслідувань}}</ref> in [[Ukraine]], The Czech Center for Investigative Reporting<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.investigace.cz/|title=České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku - České centrum pro investigativní žurnalistiku|publisher=}}</ref> in [[Prague]] and [[RISE Moldova]] in [[Chisinau]] among others. It is also partnered with [[Novaya Gazeta]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kyiv Post]] in [[Kiev]]. New member centers were added to the OCCRP Network between 2015 and 2016, including the Investigative Reporting Project Italy (IRPI), [[Direkt36]] in Hungary, Slidstvo.Info in Ukraine, and DOSSIER in Austria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/members|title=OCCRP Network Members|last=OCCRP|website=www.occrp.org|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref>

Its parent organization is the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based non-profit organization which operates the organization on behalf of the member centers. Romanian journalist [[Paul Radu|Paul Cristian Radu]] is the executive director and American Drew Sullivan is the project's editor.

== Funding and Partnerships ==
OCCRP is supported by grants by the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID), the [[International Center for Journalists]] (ICFJ), the [[United States Department of State]], the [[Switzerland|Swiss Confederation]], the [[Open Society Foundations]] (OSF), [[Google Ideas]] and the [[John S. and James L. Knight Foundation|Knight Foundation]].<ref name=":0" />

The OCCRP network also has projects and programs funded in part or done in partnership with other organizations including the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] (ICIJ), the [[Stockholm School of Economics]], InSight, [[Arab Reporters for Investigative Journalism]] (ARIJ), Connectas, and the [[African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting]] (ANCIR).

OCCRP is a registered name of the Journalism Development Network, a Maryland-based charitable organization (501(c)3).

==Awards and recognition==
OCCRP is one of the most-decorated media organizations in the non-profit media world. It won the 2015 European Press Prize Special Award for its work, with the judges saying "the OCCRP is a memorably motivated, determined force for good everywhere it operates. Its members do not get rich, but the societies they serve are richer and cleaner for the scrutiny only true, independent journalism can provide." <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/european-press-prize-2015-winners-announcement-499549241.html|title=European Press Prize 2015 Winners Announcement | publisher=PR Newswire|date=2016-04-15}}</ref>

It won the 2015 [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]] Tom Renner award for "The Khadija Project," an initiative to continue the work of imprisoned OCCRP/RFE reporter [[Khadija Ismayilova]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ire.org/awards/ire-awards/winners/2015-ire-award-winners/#.Vx0TZTB94hc |title=2015 IRE Award winners | publisher=IRE|date=2016-04-16}}</ref> It has been a finalist for three years running for the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]]' [[Daniel Pearl Award for Outstanding International Investigative Reporting]]. It was a 2010 finalist for its project on the illegal document trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/press-box/640-occrp-finalist-for-pearl-award|title=OCCRP Finalist for Pearl Award|publisher=OCCRP|date=2010-03-18}}</ref> It won the 2011 [[Daniel Pearl]] Award for its project<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/5491/|title=OCCRP Wins Daniel Pearl Global Investigative Journalism Award|publisher=HETQ|date=2011-10-18}}</ref> "Offshore Crime, Inc.",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/offshore/|title=Offshore Crime, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref> a series of stories documenting [[offshore tax havens]], the criminals who use them and millions of dollars in lost tax money. It was again a finalist in 2013 for its story about an international [[money laundering]] ring called the Proxy Platform.<ref>{{cite web|title=stories on crime, corruption and public health are Daniel Pearl Awards finalists|url=http://www.icij.org/blog/2013/09/powerful-cross-border-stories-crime-corruption-and-public-health-are-daniel-pearl|publisher=ICIJ|accessdate=Sep 12, 2013}}</ref> It won the Global Shining Light Award in 2008 for investigative reporting under duress for its series on energy traders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmcumeds/memo/press/ucps1202.htm|publisher=[[Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee]] of the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|title=Memorandum submitted by Drew Sullivan|date=January 2009}}</ref> OCCRP was double finalist for the same award in 2013 for its stories on the first family of Montenegro's bank, "First Family, First Bank".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://reportingproject.net/first_bank/en/|title=First Bank – First Family|publisher=}}</ref> It won the award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gijc2013.org/2013/10/15/global-shining-light-award-winners-announced/|title=Global Shining Light Award Winners Announced|author=GIJN Staff|date=15 October 2013|work=Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2013}}</ref> for its stories on the first family of Azerbaijan's ownership of major companies in that country. It partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists for a project on [[tobacco smuggling]]<ref>
{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/global/19montenegro.html?pagewanted=2
|title=Montenegro Reaches for Respectability With Port
|publisher=[[New York Times]]
|date=2010-08-18
}}</ref> that won the [[Overseas Press Club]] Award and [[Investigative Reporters and Editors]]'s Tom Renner Award for crime reporting.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4884
|publisher=[[American Journalism Review]]
|title=Playing Defense
|date=June 2010
}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/projects/tobacco-project/1-latest-projects/245-icij-wins-tom-renner-award|title=ICIJ Wins Tom Renner Award
|publisher=OCCRP
|date=2009-04-02
}}</ref>It was a finalist for the 2013 Online Journalism Award for small website investigative reporting and won the [[South East Europe Media Organisation]]'s 2013 SEEMO award with [[Center for Investigative Reporting (Bosnia and Herzegovina)]] for its story on boiler-room scams.

==Controversy==
===Journalist Khadija Ismayilova===

OCCRP and [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org|title=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> journalist [[Khadija Ismayilova]], based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] became a ''cause célèbre'' when she was blackmailed by an unknown party with video captured in her bedroom using a camera installed in the wall. The camera was planted two days after OCCRP/RFERL published a story<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_president_aliyev_daughters_tied_to_telecoms_firm/24248340.html|title=Azerbaijani President's Daughters Tied To Fast-Rising Telecoms Firm|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> by Ismayilova about the presidential family in Azerbaijan and how it secretly owned [[Azerfon]], a mobile phone company with a monopoly 3G license. A note  threatened to show the videos if Ismayilova did not stop her work. She refused and the videos were shown on at least two websites. Ismayilova complained that prosecutors were doing very little<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1474-azerbaijan-fails-to-investigate-harassment-of-occrp-reporter|title=Azerbaijan Fails to Investigate Harassment of OCCRP Reporter|publisher=}}</ref> to identify the culprits who are widely believed to have been the government of Azerbaijan.

After this incident, Ismayilova went on to publish articles showing that the first family also owned shares in six major goldfields<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1495-azerbaijans-president-awarded-family-stake-in-gold-fields|title=Azerbaijan's President Awarded Family Stake in Gold Fields|first=|last=OCCRP|publisher=}}</ref> and they owned one of the construction companies that built the new showcase Crystal Hall<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reportingproject.net/occrp/index.php/en/ccwatch/cc-watch-indepth/1499-presidents-family-benefits-from-eurovision-hall|title=President’s Family Benefits from Eurovision Hall|first=|last=OCCRP|publisher=}}</ref> auditorium in Baku, the site of the 2012 [[Eurovision Song Contest]]. She was detained by state prosecutors in December 2014 on charges that she incited a fellow journalist to commit suicide by denying him a chance to return to his job at [[Radio Free Europe]], despite the fact that she had no hiring authority. The journalist later retracted his statements on his Facebook page and attempted to flee to Moscow. The arrest was criticized around the world by dozens of governments, media and civil society organizations.

OCCRP started the Khadija Project,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/corruptistan/azerbaijan/khadijaismayilova/|title=The Khadija Project sektora|publisher=}}</ref> a investigative reporting effort to continue Ismayilova's work. Editor Drew Sullivan, when initiating the project, said if governments arrest one investigative reporter, twenty would take their place. They vowed to look at the political elite in Azerbaijan and how they have materially benefited from their high positions. OCCRP did more than a dozen major investigations including some using the [[Panama Papers]]. OCCRP found the First Family of Azerbaijan had more than $140 million in high end London Property, owned a large percentage of the luxury hotel and banking businesses in Baku, had received more than $1 billion in bribes from telecom companies and other stories.

Ismayilova was released from prison on May 25, 2016.

==External links==
* [https://www.occrp.org Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]
* [http://www.cin.ba Center for Investigative Reporting - Bosnia and Herzegovina]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Panama Papers leak}}
{{Portal bar|Economics|Journalism|Politics}}

[[Category:Investigative journalism]]
[[Category:News agencies]]
[[Category:Online magazines]]
[[Category:Journalism organisations in Europe]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2006]]

Lyndsey Scott

2017-09-15T06:04:50Z

DocWatson42: /* Modeling */ Made a minor correction.

{{Infobox model
| name = Lyndsey Scott
| image = Lyndsey Scott in flowers (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Lyndsey Scott in 2016
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1984}}<ref name="Pando"/>
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence = {{ubl|[[Beverly Hills, California]]<ref name="Times"/>|[[Roosevelt Island]] in New York City<ref name="W"/>}}
| nationality = American
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active = 2008–present
| known_for =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| height = 5 ft 9 in<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/20/tech/web/lyndsey-scott-model-coder/index.html|title=She's a beauty and a geek: Supermodel is a coder|last=Khorram|first=Yasmin|date=January 21, 2014|work=[[CNN]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref>
| hair_color = dark brown
| eye_color = dark brown<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lyndseyscott.com/reel/|title=Acting Reel & Resume|last=Scott|first=Lyndsey|accessdate=17 August 2017}}</ref>
| agency = [[Elite Model Management]]<ref name="NYMag"/>
| module =
| website = http://www.lyndseyscott.com/
}}

'''Lyndsey Scott''' is an American [[model (person)|model]], [[iOS]] [[mobile app]] [[software developer]], and actress. She was the first [[African American]] model to sign an [[Runway (fashion)#Exclusive|exclusive runway contract]] with [[Calvin Klein]]. Between modeling assignments for prestigious fashion houses like [[Gucci]], [[Prada]], and [[Victoria's Secret]], she writes [[mobile apps]] for [[iPhone]]s and [[iPad]]s. She has been credited for challenging the stereotypes about models and computer programmers, and for inspiring young women to code.

== Early life ==

Lyndsey Scott was born in 1984, and grew up in [[West Orange, New Jersey]], as the eldest of four children.<ref name="Pando"/><ref name="SI">{{cite news|url=https://www.si.com/swim-daily/2014/01/22/casting-call-lyndsey-scott|title=Casting Call: Lyndsey Scott|last=Shore|first=Rebecca|date=January 22, 2014|work=[[Sports Illustrated]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Amherst Magazine">{{cite news|url=https://www.amherst.edu/amherst-story/magazine/issues/2014-spring/beyond-campus/the-beauty-of-coding|title=The Beauty of Coding|last=Duke|first=Katherine|date=Spring 2014|work=[[Amherst Magazine]]|publisher=[[Amherst College]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}} Also online at [https://issuu.com/amherstmagazine/docs/amherst_spring_2014/39 Issuu].</ref> Her father founded a home healthcare company after having been a programmer for the [[National Security Agency]].<ref name="Telegraph"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://obits.nj.com/obituaries/starledger/obituary.aspx?n=moses-scott&pid=184578841|title=Moses Scott Obituary|date=March 19, 2017|work=[[The Star-Ledger]]|accessdate=4 August 2017}}</ref> She practiced [[martial arts]] since the age of nine, and earned a [[black belt (martial arts)|black belt]] in [[Taekwondo]].<ref name="W">{{cite news|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/this-weeks-model|title=This Week's Model: Lyndsey Scott|last=Rao|first=Priya|date=December 11, 2009|work=[[W (magazine)|W]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref>

Scott endured bullying and taunting while growing up. She says she was the only black person in her first three years at [[Newark Academy]], her New Jersey [[University-preparatory school|preparatory high school]], and so thin – at {{convert|5|ft|8|in}} and {{convert|80|lb}} – that she said she was called a "monster".<ref name="NPR">{{cite news|url=http://www.npr.org/2014/03/20/291896460/lyndsey-scott-runway-model-and-tech-programmer|title=Lyndsey Scott: Runway Model And Tech Programmer|last=Martin|first=Michel|authorlink=Michel Martin|date=March 20, 2014|work=[[NPR]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG10788668/Lyndsey-Scott-interview-the-model-who-goes-from-underwear-to-software.html|title=From underwear to software: meet Lyndsey Scott, the model with a geeky secret|last=Brumfitt|first=Stuart|date=April 26, 2014|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="LinkedIn">{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/lyndseyscott/|title=Lyndsey Scott, CTO & Senior iOS Engineer at RYSE UP Inc.|last=Scott|first=Lyndsey|work=[[LinkedIn]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref> She says peers would invite then uninvite her from parties, and tell her she couldn't sit with them in the dining room.<ref name="Times"/> "It got so bad in high school I couldn't even look people in the face. I would hide out in school so I wouldn't have to eat lunch in the cafeteria or see people in between classes."<ref name="CNN"/>

Scott attended [[Amherst College]], where she studied [[theatre]], [[economics]], and [[physics]], before taking [[computer science]], and loving it.<ref name="Telegraph"/> She also ran and did [[high jump]] for the Amherst [[track and field]] team, earning [[All-America#Track and field|All-America]] status for the [[400 meter dash]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www3.amherst.edu/sports/2003_2004/m-itrack/0418_littlethree.html|title=Amherst College Athletics: Track & Field: Amherst Women Second, Men Third at Little III's|date=April 18, 2004|publisher=[[Amherst College]]|accessdate=4 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/style-beauty/news/a37979/what-models-really-think-about-france-banning-extremely-skinny-models/|title=What 5 Models Really Think About France Banning Extremely Skinny Models|last=Jung|first=Helin|last2=Manning|first2=Charles|date=Mar 20, 2015|work=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|accessdate=14 August 2017}}</ref> She graduated [[Amherst College]] in 2006 with a joint degree in [[theatre]] and [[computer science]].<ref name="Pando">{{cite web|url=https://pando.com/2014/01/02/from-coding-to-the-catwalk-this-high-fashion-model-has-a-secret-double-life/|title=From coding to the catwalk: This high fashion model has a secret double life|last=DeAmicis|first=Carmel|date=January 2, 2014|work=[[PandoDaily]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}} Also online at [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/03/lyndsey-scott-_n_4536206.html Huffington Post].</ref><ref name="Farfetch">{{cite news|url=https://www.farfetch.com/editorial/great-scott.aspx|title=Great Scott!|last=Moat|first=Hollie|year=2014|publisher=[[Farfetch]]|accessdate=28 July 2017}}</ref>

== Modeling ==
[[File:Lyndsey Scott being made up.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Scott being made up]]
[[File:Lyndsey Scott being combed.jpg|right|thumb|Scott with her hair being combed]]
After college, Scott was more interested in acting than computer science, and began pursuing auditions in [[New York City]]. Her body had changed in college, partly due to taking [[bodybuilding supplements|weight-gain supplements]], and she says she "started looking more like a model".<ref name="BI2014"/><ref name="Telegraph"/> So, with the encouragement of friends, she applied for modeling work, but was turned down by every agency she approached for two years; her parents urged her to take up computer science jobs.<ref name="BI2014"/><ref name="Telegraph"/><ref name="Pando"/>

Scott had, however, put her picture on the website [[Models.com]], and in 2008 she was contacted by Click Model Management of New York City.<ref name="W"/><ref name="NYMag">{{cite news|url=http://nymag.com/fashion/models/lscott/lyndseyscott/|title=Lyndsey Scott - Fashion Model - Profile on New York Magazine|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://models.com/models/lyndsey-scott|title=Lyndsey Scott - Model Profile - Photos & latest news|work=[[Models.com]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref> ''[[Elle Girl]]'' featured her in a video about the day of a fashion model, including some of her Click new model training.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKQMo8qInhY|title=Cool Jobs: Fashion Model - YouTube|date=May 5, 2008|work=[[ELLEgirl]]|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref> She was then 24, which was considered old for a model.<ref name="Match"/> The agency asked her to trim five years from her age,<ref name="Telegraph"/><ref name="Pando"/> and for her first few years modeling she claimed to have been born in 1990.<ref name="NYMag"/><ref name="Essence">{{cite news|url=http://www.essence.com/2010/04/07/model-behavior-lyndsey-scott|title=Model Behavior: Fresh-Faced Lyndsey Scott|last=Williams|first=Tia|date=April 7, 2010|work=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]]|accessdate=17 August 2017}}</ref>

Even with an agency contract, Scott wasn't immediately successful. In early 2009 Scott's work was handing out [[flyer (pamphlet)|flyer]]s on a street corner when she got a call from fashion house [[Calvin Klein]].<ref name="Telegraph"/><ref name="Times"/> During [[New York Fashion Week]], she became the first [[black people|black]] model to sign an [[Runway (fashion)#Exclusive|exclusive runway contract]] with Calvin Klein.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2009/02/lyndsey_scott_first_black_mode.html|title=Lyndsey Scott: First Black Model to Score Calvin Exclusive|last=Lim|first=James|date=February 20, 2009|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref> [[Bethann Hardison]] said that no model in recent history had made such an impact.<ref name="Essence"/>
Other prestigious modeling jobs followed: in her first years as a model, she modeled for [[Vera Wang]], [[DKNY]], [[Baby Phat]], [[Fendi]], [[Gucci]], [[Louis Vuitton]], and the [[Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2009|2009 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show]], and appeared in the magazines Italian ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'', ''[[Teen Vogue]]'', and ''[[W (magazine)|W]]''.<ref name="NYMag"/> [[Style.com]] listed her as a top 10 newcomer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021062138/http://www.style.com/trendsshopping/stylenotes/101909_Top_Ten_New_Faces/|title=Style.com's Spring 2010 Top Ten New Faces|last=Leader|first=Romney|date=October 2009|work=[[Style.com]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref> In the 2010 fall NYFW, she was the only black model walking runways for [[Prada]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a4873/great-scott-6900/?click=main_sr|title=Great Scott|last=O'Neil|first=Megan|date=September 24, 2010|work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref> She also changed agencies to [[Elite Model Management]], which was more accepting of her actual age.<ref name="NYMag"/><ref name="Telegraph"/>

In December 2013, Scott responded to a question on [[Quora]], the question and answer website, about "What does it feel like to go from physically unattractive to attractive?". She wrote about being awkward and bullied in [[high school]], then getting model looks after college, and the advantages and problems that came with that, while still programming in taped glasses at home.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.quora.com/Physical-Appearances-of-People/What-does-it-feel-like-to-go-from-physically-unattractive-to-attractive/answer/Lyndsey-Scott-2|title=Lyndsey Scott's answer to What does it feel like to go from physically unattractive to attractive? - Quora|last=Scott|first=Lyndsey|date=December 24, 2014|work=[[Quora]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref> Her answer was reprinted in ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', ''[[Business Insider]]'', and [[PopSugar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/quora/2013/12/27/model_lyndsey_scott_on_the_benefits_of_attractiveness.html|title=Model Lyndsey Scott on the benefits of attractiveness.|last=Scott|first=Lyndsey|date=December 27, 2013|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/victorias-secret-model-on-attractiveness-2013-12/|title=Victoria's Secret Model On Attractiveness|last=Lutz|first=Ashley|date=December 13, 2013|work=[[Business Insider]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.popsugar.com/tech/Lyndsey-Scott-Model-Coder-36249001|title=Lyndsey Scott: Model and Coder|last=Scott|first=Lyndsey|date=December 9, 2014|work=[[PopSugar]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref>

Until that time, Scott had kept her programming separate from her modeling.<ref name="CNN"/> That Quora post drew attention to her programming skills; from then on, she was covered as the model with a [[secret identity]] as a coder.<ref name="BI2014"/><ref name="Pando"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a18891/meet-the-model-that-knows-how-to-code/|title=Meet the Model That Knows How to Code - Lyndsey Scott Model|last=Friedlander|first=Ruthie|date=January 6, 2014|work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oystermag.com/victorias-secret-model-lyndsey-scott-is-a-secret-coding-genius|title=Victoria's Secret Model Lyndsey Scott Is A Secret Coding Genius|date=January 8, 2014|work=[[Oyster (magazine)|Oyster]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref> Others credited her with disproving the stereotypes that fashion models had no brains, and computer programmers were pasty-faced geeks.<ref name="CNN"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/vannale/2014/08/18/meet-lyndsey-scott-model-actress-and-app-developer/#4942963a667e|title=Meet Lyndsey Scott: Model, Actress And App Developer|last=Le|first=Vanna|date=August 18, 2014|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="NPR"/> The fashion magazine ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'' combined her passions by asking her to report on the [[Apple Worldwide Developers Conference]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/models/a2504/lyndsey-scott-reports-on-apple-conference/|title=What to Know from Apple's Latest Tech Conference - Apple New OS System Yosemite|last=Scott|first=Lyndsey|date=June 6, 2014|work=[[Harper's Bazaar]]|accessdate=28 July 2017}}</ref> and [[Maria Shriver]] asked her to detail her favorite [[mobile apps]] for [[NBC News]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/maria-shriver/apps-i-live-model-coder-lyndsey-scott-n177716|title=Apps I Live By: Model & Coder Lyndsey Scott|last=Shriver|first=Maria|authorlink=Maria Shriver|date=August 12, 2014|work=[[NBCNews.com]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref>

== Computer programming ==

Scott started programming at the age of 12, by writing games for her [[TI-89]] graphing calculator and sharing them with friends in [[middle school]].<ref name="BI2014">{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/lyndsey-scott-model-and-coder-2014-1|title=Lyndsey Scott, A Model And Coder|last=Russell|first=Kyle|date=January 2, 2014|work=[[Business Insider]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Match">{{cite news|url=http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Environnement/Une-top-model-de-genie-665586|title=Lyndsey Scott - Un cerveau et des stilettos|language=French|last=Lefebvre|first=Claire|date=December 9, 2014|work=[[Paris Match]]|accessdate=14 August 2017}}</ref> She learned the [[Java (programming language)|Java]] and [[C++]] programming languages and the [[MIPS architecture]] at Amherst College, but taught herself the skills she used for writing her own applications, [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Objective C]], and [[iOS]].<ref name="CNN"/><ref name="Pando"/> She says that though she enjoyed programming in college, she went into acting and modeling professionally because she never saw herself spending her life around other computer programmers; after graduating, most of her programming was done alone.<ref name="Yale">{{cite news|url=http://yaledailynews.com/blog/2014/03/28/lyndsey-scott-the-runway-coder/|title=Lyndsey Scott: The Runway Coder|date=March 28, 2014|work=[[Yale Daily News]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref> By 2017, she considered herself primarily a programmer.<ref name="Times"/>

Scott is also passionate about educating others to program, especially young women. She maintains a profile on [[Stack Overflow]], a website where users gain reputation for providing answers about [[computer programming]].<ref name="Stack Overflow">{{cite web|url=https://stackoverflow.com/cv/lyndseyscott|title=Lyndsey Scott, iOS Developer|last=Scott|first=Lyndsey|work=[[Stack Overflow]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref> In early 2014, she was one of the top 2% of users; she had over 2,000 reputation points, and her profile had been viewed over 38,000 times.<ref name="BI2014"/><ref name="Farfetch"/><ref name="Telegraph"/> For a month in 2015, she was the top ranked user for iOS questions on the site.<ref name="Harlem Times">{{cite news|url=http://theharlemtimes.com/education/inventempower-women-in-engineering-summit-2015-hosted-by-the-office-of-student-affairs-nyu-polytechnic-school-of-engineering|title=Invent/Empower: Women in Engineering Summit 2015 Hosted by the Office of Student Affairs, NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering|last=Drake|first=Cynica|work=The Harlem Times|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://engineering.nyu.edu/news/2015/03/16/empowering-next-generation-history-becomes-herstory|title=Empowering the Next Generation: History Becomes HERStory|date=March 16, 2015|publisher=[[New York University Tandon School of Engineering]]|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref> She is the author of multiple iOS programming tutorials on RayWenderlich.com,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raywenderlich.com/u/lyndsey|title=lyndsey Profile|last=Scott|first=Lyndsey|work=Ray Wenderlich|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref> was a representative for [[Code.org#Hour of Code|Code.org's second Hour of Code]] learning initiative, making a video teaching programming with Disney's ''[[Frozen (2013 film)|Frozen]]'' characters,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6s5oxGmbXy4|title=Hour of Code Video Chat with Lyndsey Scott|last=[[Code.org]]|date=December 9, 2014|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/code-org-releases-frozen-hour-of-code-tutorial/|title=Code.org Releases 'Frozen' Hour of Code Tutorial|date=November 20, 2014|publisher=[[The Walt Disney Company]]|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref> and she is a mentor at [[Girls Who Code]], an organization teaching programming to teenage girls.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/av/magazine-26473950/lyndsey-scott-the-model-who-dreams-in-code|title=Lyndsey Scott: The model who dreams in code|last=Bressanin|first=Anna|date=March 10, 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}} Video also [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbKwoz4juoc on YouTube].</ref> She has given talks on programming at schools in [[Harlem]] and [[NYU]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.amny.com/news/model-lyndsey-scott-talks-tech-with-female-students-1.10006960|title=Model Lyndsey Scott talks tech with female students|last=Vagelatos|first=Alexa|date=March 3, 2015|work=[[AM New York]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="CNN"/> and mentored [[Girl Scouts]] in programming in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.hacker.fund/girlscouts/|title=Empowering Girl Scouts in LA!|last=Scott|first=Lyndsey|publisher=Hacker Fund|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref>

Her combination of modeling and coding is seen as inspirational to young women: she was named to the ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'' "Inspire 100" list in 2014, and the [[AskMen]] "Top 99 Outstanding Women 2015" list, which called her "an inspiration for scores of young girls".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elleuk.com/life-and-culture/news/g23399/elle-inspire-100-women-empower-victoria-beckham-angelina-jolie-malala-emma-watson/?slide=5|title=ELLE Inspire 100|date=October 31, 2014|work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|accessdate=14 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askmen.com/specials/2015_top_99/54-lyndsey-scott.html|title=#54 Lyndsey Scott - Top 99 Outstanding Women 2015|work=[[AskMen]]|date=Mar 26, 2015|accessdate=14 August 2017}}</ref>
She was a keynote speaker for the [[Harvard]] Undergraduate Women in Business in 2014, and a presenter for the [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] Freedom Awards in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huwib.org/|title=Program History|publisher=Harvard Undergraduate Women in Business|accessdate=19 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/news/2015/04/14/17th-annual-ford-freedom-award-celebrates-technopreneurs.html|title=17th Annual Ford Freedom Award Celebrates Technopreneurs: Builders of the Innovation Economy|work=[[Ford Motor Company]]|accessdate=19 August 2017}}</ref>

=== Applications ===
Scott's earliest [[iOS]] [[mobile app]]s were written on her own, for the company she founded and named "Standable, Inc.", in 2011.<ref name="Amherst Magazine"/><ref name="Stack Overflow"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sugar-rautbord/forbes-list-the-worlds-10_b_5526296.html|title=Forbes List — The World’s 100 Most Powerful Women 2014|last=Rautbord|first=Sugar|date=June 24, 2014|work=[[HuffPost]]|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref> Scott's first published app was [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/educate!/id635598823?mt=8 Educate!] in support of a non-profit also called Educate!, supporting young [[Uganda]]n scholars, and founded by two Amherst students.<ref name="CNN"/><ref name="Pando"/> Her second was iPort, intended to help models organize their [[career portfolio]] digitally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110135309/https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/iport/id711536891?mt=8|title=iPort on the App Store on iTunes|work=[[Internet Archive]]|accessdate=11 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qEXdCpErkc8|title=Introducing... iPort|last=Scott|first=Lyndsey|date=October 8, 2013|work=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="CNN"/><ref name="Pando"/> Scott says she developed it because it was something she personally needed, as her paper portfiolio books were heavy and falling apart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcodesign.com/3024561/victorias-secret-model-develops-an-app-for-models|title=Victoria’s Secret Model Develops An App, For Models|last=Dunne|first=Carey|date=January 9, 2014|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="NPR"/> Her third, in 2014, was The Matchmaker, a [[social networking]] that would alert a user physically near another user compatible in love, friendship or business.<ref name="Yale"/><ref name="Times">{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lyndsey-scott-the-top-model-who-codes-in-the-bath-c8v07c3xc|title=Lyndsey Scott, the top model who codes in the bath|last=de Bertodano|first=Helena|date=July 10, 2017|work=[[The Times]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref> Code Made Cool, released in conjunction with Scott's 2014 appearance on the cover of ''[[Asos]]'' magazine, was an iPhone app that taught girls programming via [[drag and drop]] in fantasy scenarios with animated pictures of [[Ryan Gosling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812160217/https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/code-made-cool/id847803806?mt=8|title=Code Made Cool on the App Store on iTunes|work=[[Internet Archive]]|accessdate=11 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Today">{{cite news|url=http://www.today.com/style/victorias-secret-model-lyndsey-scotts-passion-computer-programming-2D79477357|title=Victoria's Secret model Lyndsey Scott's passion? Computer programming|last=Kim|first=Eun Kyung|date=April 3, 2014|work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}} Also online at [http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/victorias-secret-model-lyndsey-scotts-passion-computer-programming-f2D79477357 NBC News] and [http://thegrio.com/2014/04/04/victorias-secret-model-lyndsey-scotts-passion-computer-programming/ The Grio].</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asos.com/women/fashion-news/2014_03_26-wed/guess-what-dropped-today-new-asos-mag/|title=Watch This Behind-The-Scenes Video of ASOS Cover Star, Model Lyndsey Scott|last=Mahanty|first=Shannon|date=March 26, 2014|work=[[ASOS.com]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/02/lyndsey-scott-asos-magazine_n_5077026.html|title=Lyndsey Scott Brings Brains And Beauty To ASOS Magazine|last=Parks|first=Chanel|date=April 2, 2014|work=[[HuffPost]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theybf.com/2014/04/08/fresh-face-model-hot-computer-programmer-lyndsey-scott-rocks-asos-magazine|title=FRESH FACE: Model & HOT Computer Programmer Lyndsey Scott Rocks ASOS Magazine|date=April 8, 2014|work=The Young, Black, and Fabulous|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref>{{citekill|date=September 2017}} Squarify converts rectangular images or videos to squares for easy [[Instagram]] usage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/US/app/id854433059?mt=8|title=Squarify (for images & videos) on the App Store|work=[[Apple Inc.]]|accessdate=11 September 2017}}</ref>

Later apps were written for other companies. beautifulBook was written for FireBloom Media, and displays classic literature in stylish fonts and backgrounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/beautifulbook/id988673309?mt=8|title=beautifulBook on the App Store|work=[[Apple Inc.]]|accessdate=11 September 2017}}</ref> imDown, written for the company of the same name in 2016, which later became Tallscreen, allows users to film and share vertical videos of up to a minute in length.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225135550/https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/imdown-discover-watch-share/id954395400?mt=8|title=imDown - discover, watch, and share video stories around the world on the App Store|work=[[Internet Archive]]|accessdate=11 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/03/03/imdowns-mobile-entertainment-network-focuses-on-one-mintue-vertical-videos/|title=imDown’s mobile entertainment network focuses on one-minute vertical videos|last=Perez|first=Sarah|date=March 3, 2016|work=[[TechCrunch]]|accessdate=20 August 2017}}</ref> Ryse Up is a multimedia application to connect established and emerging musical artists, produced by the company of the same name for which Scott is [[Chief technology officer|CTO]] and senior engineer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ryse-up/id1226225851?mt=8|title=RYSE UP on the App Store|work=[[Apple Inc.]]|accessdate=11 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Times"/> All were [[iOS|Apple mobile]] applications available on the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]], though iPort, The Matchmaker, imDown, and Code Made Cool were not available as of 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/developer/lyndsey-scott/id635598826|title=Lyndsey Scott Apps on the App Store|work=[[Apple Inc.]]|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Lyndsey Scott in jean jacket and visor.jpg|right|thumb|Scott in 2017]]
Early in her modeling career, Scott lived on [[Roosevelt Island]] in New York City; she said that compared to downtown Manhattan, her apartment was bigger for less money, and she could be involved in the community.<ref name="W"/> By 2017, she lived in [[Beverly Hills, California]].<ref name="Times"/> In 2016, she was sued by an unhappy renter who leased her Roosevelt Island apartment through [[Airbnb]], and said that the apartment was dilapidated and the area unsafe; Scott said the posted photos, descriptions and reviews were verifiable and accurate.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nypost.com/2016/08/30/airbnb-renter-duped-into-paying-9k-for-dingy-apartment-suit/|title=Bnb renter duped into paying $9K for dingy apartment: suit|last=Marsh|first=Julia|date=August 30, 2016|work=[[New York Post]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.llnyc.com/58990-attorney-seeks-comfy-modern-vibe-on-airbnb-gets-exposed-roach-trap-lawsuit|title=Model Lyndsey Scott Sued for Allegedly Misrepresenting Airbnb|last=Cameron|first=Christopher|date=August 30, 2016|work=[[Luxury Listings NYC]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/manhattan/victoria-secret-model-airbnb-suit-defends-nyc-apartment-article-1.2772971|title=Victoria’s Secret model being sued for ‘misleading’ Airbnb listing defends her Roosevelt Island apartment|last=Ross|first=Barbara|date=August 31, 2016|work=[[New York Daily News]]|accessdate=27 July 2017}}</ref>

Scott's father died of [[leukemia]] in early 2017. He had been very proud of her, and they [[text message]]d daily.<ref name="Times"/>
{{-}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Lyndsey Scott}}
* [http://www.lyndseyscott.com/ Lyndsey Scott] official site
* {{imdb name|3891817|Lyndsey Scott}}

{{2000-2009VSFashion Show}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scott, Lyndsey}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:African-American female models]]
[[Category:American female models]]
[[Category:African-American models]]
[[Category:African-American women engineers]]
[[Category:African-American engineers]]
[[Category:American women engineers]]
[[Category:American computer programmers]]
[[Category:Female models from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from West Orange, New Jersey]]

Fitbit

2017-09-08T07:12:17Z

DocWatson42: /* See also */ Alphabetized list.

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Fitbit Inc.
| logo = Fitbit logo16.svg
| logo_size = 250
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NYSE|FIT}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = James Park ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) Eric Friedman ([[Chief technology officer|CTO]])
| industry = [[Consumer electronics]]
| products = Fitbit Tracker
| subsid = [[Pebble (watch)|Pebble]]
| foundation = [[San Francisco]], California, United States ({{Start date|2007|05|01}})<ref name=crunchbase>{{cite web |title=Fitbit Company Profile |url=http://www.crunchbase.com/company/fitbit |work=CrunchBase |publisher=[[TechCrunch]] |accessdate=2009-09-17}}</ref>
| founders = [[James Park (entrepreneur)|James Park]] Eric Friedman
| location = San Francisco, California, United States
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.fitbit.com}}
}}

'''Fitbit''' ({{NYSE|FIT}}) is an American company headquartered in [[San Francisco]], [[California]], known for its products of the same name, which are [[activity tracker]]s, [[wireless]]-enabled [[wearable technology]] devices that measure data such as the [[Pedometer|number of steps walked]], heart rate, quality of [[sleep]], steps climbed, and other personal metrics involved in [[Physical fitness|fitness]]. The first product released was the ''Fitbit Tracker''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/06/11/fitbit-tracker-pedometer-lifestyle-heatlh-lifetracking.html|title=Getting Fitbit|last=Ewalt|first=David M.|date=2010-06-11|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-03-29|language=en}}</ref> Some evidence has found that the use of similar devices results in less weight loss rather than more.<ref name=Jak2016>{{cite journal|last1=Jakicic|first1=JM|last2=Davis|first2=KK|last3=Rogers|first3=RJ|last4=King|first4=WC|last5=Marcus|first5=MD|last6=Helsel|first6=D|last7=Rickman|first7=AD|last8=Wahed|first8=AS|last9=Belle|first9=SH|title=Effect of Wearable Technology Combined With a Lifestyle Intervention on Long-term Weight Loss: The IDEA Randomized Clinical Trial|url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2016.12858|journal=JAMA|volume=316|issue=11|pages=1161–1171|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.12858|issn=0098-7484|quote=Among young adults with a BMI between 25 and less than 40, the addition of a wearable technology device to a standard behavioral intervention resulted in less weight loss over 24 months. Devices that monitor and provide feedback on physical activity may not offer an advantage over standard behavioral weight loss approaches.|date=September 20, 2016|pmid=27654602}}</ref>

== Products ==
{{Main article|List of Fitbit products}}
[[File:Fitibit Flex.jpg|thumb|The Fitbit Flex, with the functioning unit out of the replaceable wristband.]]
Alongside the activity trackers, ''Fitbit'' offers a website and [[mobile app]] for [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[Windows 10 Mobile]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2014/06/25/fitbit-ios-update/#4NyFvr9N9iqz|title=Fitbit Updates App With Exercise and Run-Tracking Features|last=Bell|first=Karissa|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The trackers can be synced to smart devices via [[Bluetooth]] or uploaded to a computer running [[Windows]] or [[macOS]] using the Bluetooth USB [[dongle]]. Users have the ability to log their food, activities, and weight, to track over time and can set daily and weekly goals for themselves for steps, calories burned and consumed, and distance walked. Calories in versus calories out is more accurately measured when app users keep their tracker on. However, the app can be used without a tracker to measure calories on a [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]] app. The app offers a [[community page]] where users can challenge themselves and compete against other users. The social element anticipates an increase in motivation, finding that users take an average of 700 more steps per day when they have friends on the app.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/fitbit-software-update-makes-your-tracker-more-personal-ces-2017/|title=Fitbit's new software update makes your tracker more personal|last=Graziano|first=Dan|date=January 5, 2017|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Users can choose to share their progress pictures and achievement badges.

The company plans to release its Fitbit Ionic smartwatch in October 2017 for $300.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Simon|first1=Michael|title=Meet Fitbit Ionic: A little smartwatch, a lot of fitness tracker|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/3219717/software-health/meet-fitbit-ionic-a-little-smartwatch-a-lot-of-fitness-tracker.html|website=Macworld.com|publisher=macworld.com|accessdate=28 Aug 2017}}</ref>

=== Health effects ===
In those who are [[overweight]] or [[obesity|obese]], a 2016 study indicates that the use of wearable technology combined with standard behavioral weight loss intervention results in less weight loss after two years of use when compared to usual weight loss interventions.<ref name=Jak2016/> There was no evidence that the devices altered the amount that people exercised or their diet compared to control.<ref name=Jak2016/> A 2015 study found use of lifestyle apps demonstrate promising results in promoting healthy living in adults.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Impact of a Web-Based App (eBalance) in Promoting Healthy Lifestyles: Randomized Controlled Trial|last=Eysenbach|first=Gunther|pmc=4376125|pmid=25732936|doi=10.2196/jmir.3682|volume=17|journal=J Med Internet Res|page=e56}}</ref> It is unclear whether these devices affect the amount of physical activity children engage in.<ref>{{cite journal|last2=McNarry|first2=MA|last3=Mackintosh|first3=KA|date=November 23, 2016|title=Feasibility and Effectiveness of Using Wearable Activity Trackers in Youth: A Systematic Review.|journal=JMIR mHealth and uHealth|volume=4|issue=4|pages=e129|pmid=27881359|last1=Ridgers|first1=ND|doi=10.2196/mhealth.6540|pmc=5143467}}</ref>

=== Accuracy ===
A small 2014 study of eight fit band devices during a 69-minute workouts that included 13 different activities found the bands were at best "reasonably accurate", with the Fitbit Zip and Fitbit One scoring 10.1% and 10.4% error ratings, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title = Does your fitness band really work? Scientists analyse tracking tech|url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2653178/Does-fitness-band-really-work-Scientists-analyse-tracking-tech-Fitbit-no-effective-pedometer.html|accessdate = 2015-09-10}}</ref>

A small 2015 study had participants wear multiple devices on their wrists and hips performing different walking/running speeds on a treadmill. Fitbit devices worn on the hip accurately measured steps taken within 1 step of 100% accuracy. Devices worn on the wrist, however, were off by an average of 11 steps per minute. When measuring the number of calories burned, Fitbit devices worn on the hip underestimated by an average of 6%, while devices worn on the wrist overestimated calories burned by 21%. Authors concluded that both the Fitbit One and Fitbit Flex devices reliably measured step counts and energy expenditure, with hip-based Fitbit devices being more accurate than wrist-based devices.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Fitbit®: An accurate and reliable device for wireless physical activity tracking|url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167527315002764|journal = International Journal of Cardiology|pmc = 4406840|pmid = 25795203|pages = 138–140|volume = 185|doi = 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.038|first = Keith M.|last = Diaz|first2 = David J.|last2 = Krupka|first3 = Melinda J.|last3 = Chang|first4 = James|last4 = Peacock|first5 = Yao|last5 = Ma|first6 = Jeff|last6 = Goldsmith|first7 = Joseph E.|last7 = Schwartz|first8 = Karina W.|last8 = Davidson}}</ref> These measurements did not address the question of health effects.

===Recall===
Fitbit, working with the Consumer Protection Safety Commission, recalled the Fitbit Force on February 20, 2014 because some users experienced allergic reactions to the materials used in the product.<ref name="ForceCEO">[https://www.fitbit.com/forcesupport CEO letter 2/20/14]. February 20, 2014.</ref> On March 12, 2014, the [[Consumer Product Safety Commission]] (CPSC) made the recall official.<ref name="ForceRecall">{{cite web|url=https://www.cpsc.gov/en/Recalls/2014/Fitbit-Recalls-Force-Activity-Tracking-Wristband/|title=Fitbit Recalls Force Activity-Tracking Wristband Due to Risk of Skin Irritation|last=|first=|date=March 12, 2014|publisher=|access-date=|quote=The firm has received about 9,900 reports of the wristband causing skin irritation and about 250 reports of blistering.|work=U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission}}</ref> At that time, it was revealed that there were 9,900 reports of skin irritation and 250 reports of blistering .<ref name="ForceRecall" /> The product is no longer for sale on Fitbit's website.

In April 2017, a woman claimed her ''Fitbit Flex 2'' malfunctioned and caught on fire, causing second-degree burns on her arm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/woman-sufferd-2nd-degree-burns-fitbit-exploded/story?id=46977279|title=Fitbit says woman's tracker didn't explode on its own|last=Allen|first=Karma|date=April 29, 2017|website=ABC News|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Following an investigation, ''Fitbit'' is adamant the cause of the exploding tracker was due to external forces, assuring its customers it is not aware of any other complaints and they can confidently wear their own ''Fitbit'' with no concerns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/04/25/fitbit--investigating-report-exploding-flex-2-fitness-band/100883662/|title=Fitbit says it's investigating report of exploding Flex 2|last=Baig|first=Edward C.|date=April 25, 2017|website=USA Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

== History ==
Headquartered in San Francisco, California, Fitbit was founded on May 1, 2007 by James Park (CEO) and Eric Friedman (CTO). On May 7, 2015, Fitbit announced it had filed for [[IPO]] with a [[NYSE]] listing.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-07/fitbit-files-for-ipo-to-seek-nyse-listing-i9el5rz0 |title=Fitbit Files for IPO, to Seek NYSE Listing |date=May 7, 2015 |author=Hadi, Mohammed |agency=Bloomberg News |accessdate=2015-05-10 }}</ref> The IPO was filed for $358 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestreet.com/story/13171588/1/fitbit-updates-ipo-pricing-as-apple-watch-gets-set-for-retail-launch.html |title=Fitbit Updates IPO Pricing |author=Chris Ciaccia |publisher=TheStreet |date=June 2, 2015 }}</ref> The company's stock began trading with the symbol "FIT"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seekingalpha.com/news/2504406-fitbit-files-for-ipo-reports-strong-growth-profits |title=Fitbit files for IPO, reports strong growth/profits |date=May 7, 2015 |accessdate=2015-05-10 |author=Jhonsa, Eric }}</ref> on June 18, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://money.cnn.com/2015/06/18/investing/fitbit-ipo-stock-bounce/ |title=Fitbit stock surges nearly 50% |date=June 18, 2015 |accessdate=2015-12-20 |author=Ananya Bhattacharya }}</ref> After Fitbit's stocks fell more than 50% in 2016, CEO James Park announced in October that the company was undergoing a major transformation from what he called a "consumer electronics company" to a "digital healthcare company."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnbc.com/2016/10/06/fitbit-ceo-reveals-hes-transforming-the-mission-and-purpose-of-the-company.html|title=Fitbit CEO reveals he’s transforming the mission and purpose of the company|last=Stevenson|first=Abigail|date=October 6, 2016|work=|access-date=2016-10-06|via=CNBC}}</ref>

On December 7, 2016, Fitbit officially announced that they acquired assets from [[Pebble (watch)|Pebble]], including key personnel, as the company decided to stop producing wearable technology. The acquisition excludes Pebble's hardware products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://investor.fitbit.com/press/press-releases/press-release-details/2016/Fitbit-Inc-Acquires-Assets-from-Pebble/default.aspx|title=Fitbit, Inc. Acquires Assets from Pebble|last=|first=|date=December 7, 2016|website=fitbit.com|publisher=Fitbit|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.getpebble.com/2016/12/07/fitbit/|title=Pebble’s Next Step|last=|first=|date=December 7, 2016|website=getpebble.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>

In January 2017, Fitbit acquired Romania-based smartwatch startup ''Vector Watch SRL'' for $15 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/10/vector-smart-watch-startup-acquired-by-fitbit-as-wearable-giant-expands-its-team/|title=Fitbit acquires the Vector smart watch startup, as the wearable giant continues its roll-up|last=Butcher |first=Mike|date=January 11, 2017|website=TechCrunch|publisher=|access-date=January 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2017/02/23/fitbit-paid-38-million-for-its-two-smartwatch-acqu.aspx|title=Fitbit Paid $38 Million for Its 2 Smartwatch Acquisitions|last=Niu |first=Evan|date=February 23, 2017|website=TheMotleyFool|publisher=|access-date=April 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==

[[File:FitbitStand.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Dedicated Fitbit retail stand stocked with different Fitbit Flex trackers]]

=== Awards ===
Fitbit has won numerous awards, including runner-up at TechCrunch50 in 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2008/09/10/yammer-takes-techcrunch50s-top-prize/|title=Yammer Takes Top Prize At TechCrunch50|publisher=AOL|work=TechCrunch}}</ref> and Innovation honoree and best in the Health & Wellness category at CES 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cesweb.org/awards/innovations/2009honorees.asp|title=CES Innovation Awards|work=International CES}}</ref> In 2016, Fitbit ranked 37 out of the 50 most innovative companies for that year.<ref>Fast Company. “[http://www.fastcompany.com/most-innovative-companies The Most Innovative Companies of 2016].” February 19, 2016. March 30, 2016.</ref>

=== Privacy concerns ===
To set up and use the hardware, one has to create an account with Fitbit and agree to data collection, transfer and privacy rules.<ref>[https://www.fitbit.com/uk/legal/terms-of-service "Terms Of Service”] Creating an Account, February 9, 2017.</ref>

Starting in June 2011, Fitbit was criticized for its website's default activity-sharing settings, which made users' manually-entered physical activities available for public viewing.<ref name="Fitbit blog response">{{cite web| url=http://blog.fitbit.com/?p=463 |title=Fitbit Blog |work=Fitbit Blog}}</ref> All users had the option to make their physical activity information private, but some users were unaware that the information was public by default. One specific issue, which technology blogs made fun of, was that some users were including details about their sex lives in their daily exercise logs, and this information was, by default, publicly available.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gizmodo.com/5817784/dear-fitbit-users-kudos-on-the-30-minutes-of-vigorous-sexual-activity-last-night |title=Dear Fitbit Users, Kudos On the 30 Minutes of "Vigorous Sexual Activity" Last Night |author=Jack Loftus |publisher=Gawker Media |work=Gizmodo}}</ref> Fitbit responded to criticism by making all such data private by default and requesting that search engines remove indexed user profile pages from their databases.<ref name="Fitbit blog response" />

The company's devices have also been used in criminal investigations; in one instance, a rape claim against an unnamed intruder was turned around to a criminal charge for false reports based on data from the claimant's Fitbit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abc27.com/2015/06/19/police-womans-fitness-watch-disproved-rape-report/ |title=Police: Woman’s fitness watch disproved rape report |work=ABC27 |date=June 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fusion.net/story/158292/fitbit-data-just-undermined-a-womans-rape-claim/ |title=Fitbit data just undermined a woman’s rape claim |date=June 29, 2015 |work=Fusion}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/11/when-fitbit-is-the-expert-witness/382936/ |title=When Fitbit Is the Expert Witness |work=The Atlantic |date=November 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/how-your-fitbit-data-can-and-will-be-used-against-you-in-a-court-of-law-34580 |title=How your Fitbit data can and will be used against you in a court of law |date=November 24, 2014 |work=The Conversation |author=David Glance}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_HOMICIDE_MYSTERY_FITBIT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |title=Man pleads not guilty in murder case using Fitbit evidence |date=April 28, 2017 |work=The Associated Press |author=AP}}</ref>

=== Surveillance ===
A Fitbit played a role in solving a murder.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/04/26/fitness_trackers_are_poised_to_help_solve_crimes_especially_against_women.html|title=How a Fitbit Helped Solve a Murder Case|last=Schwedel|first=Heather|date=April 26, 2017|work=Slate|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Connie Dabate was murdered by her husband Richard Dabate. Initially, Richard framed the situation, telling police and law enforcement officials that an intruder had broken into their home and fatally shot his wife. However, Connie’s Fitbit tracker showed that she was at the gym at the time Richard told police his wife was shot. Using Connie’s Fitbit and analyzing her movements, analysts were able to create a timeline that proved Richard had created a false story.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Watts|first1=Amanda|title=Cops use murdered woman's Fitbit to charge her husband|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/25/us/fitbit-womans-death-investigation-trnd/index.html|website=CNN|accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref>

On March 5, 2017, Kelly Herron<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/health-fitness/a9125929/jogger-fitness-tracker-assault/|title=This Jogger Fought Off a Mid-Run Assault and Her Fitness Tracker Captured the Entire Thing|last=Narins|first=Elizabeth|date=March 13, 2017|work=Cosmopolitan|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref> was using a public bathroom, when a man, who had been convicted of previous sex crimes, attempted to rape Herron. Herron fought her way out of the crime and the story became widely circulated because her Fitbit had tracked her frantic movements during her escape.

On March 10, 2015, Jeannine M. Risley fabricated a story<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2016/04/21/prosecutors-say-fitbit-device-exposed-fibbing-in-rape-case/|title=Prosecutors Say Fitbit Device Exposed Fibbing in Rape Case|last=Gershman|first=Jacob|date=April 21, 2016|website=The Wall Street Journal|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref> in which an intruder appeared in her employer’s home she was staying at and raped her. Risley told police that a man had assaulted her around midnight. Police found a Fitbit lying on the floor when they arrived at the scene. Prosecutors used the Fitbit as evidence and data to determine what had occurred. The Fitbit revealed that Risley was active throughout the night, and the Fitbit surveillance analysis demonstrated Risley had not gone to bed like she stated to the police; therefore, proving Risley had lied to the police.

== See also ==
* [[Garmin]]
* [[Jawbone (company)|Jawbone]]
* [[Key finder]]
* [[Microsoft Band]]
* [[Misfit (company)]]
* [[Quantified Self]]
* [[Smart keychain]]
* [[Smartwatch]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Fitbit}}
* {{official website|http://www.fitbit.com/}}

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